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6754165020588278070 | Justin Guarini | Justin Guarini - wikipedia Justin Guarini Jump to : navigation , search Justin Guarini Guarini playing with fellow musicians at the Atlanta Hard Rock Cafe in 2012 . Background information Birth name Justin Eldrin Bell Also known as Lil ' Sweet ( 1978 - 10 - 28 ) October 28 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Columbus , Georgia Origin Doylestown , Pennsylvania , United States Genres Jazz soul funk R&B pop Occupation ( s ) Singer - songwriter actor television host Instruments Piano guitar vocals Years active 2002 -- present Labels RCA Justice Entertainment Website JustinGuarini.com Justin Guarini ( born Justin Eldrin Bell ; October 28 , 1978 ) is an American singer / musician , actor , host and producer , who in 2002 was the runner - up on the first season of American Idol . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Beginnings 2.2 American Idol 2.2. 1 American Idol performances 2.3 2003 -- 2004 : Justin Guarini 2.4 2005 -- 2007 : Stranger Things Have Happened 2.5 2008 -- 2009 : Revolve 2.6 2010 -- present : Acting , hosting and performing 3 Discography 3.1 Albums 3.1. 1 Studio albums 3.1. 2 Other contributions 3.2 EPs 3.3 Songs 4 Filmography and theater 4.1 Films 4.2 Theater roles 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Guarini was born in Columbus , Georgia . His father , Eldrin Bell , is African - American and is a former Atlanta , Georgia , Chief of Police , and former Chairperson of Clayton County Commission ( Georgia ) . His mother , Kathy Pepino Guarini is Italian American , and was a journalist for WTVM TV in Columbus , and later for CNN . Guarini was primarily raised by his mother and stepfather , physicist Jerry Guarini , in Philadelphia 's suburb of Doylestown , Pennsylvania . He attended Central Bucks High School East . Career ( edit ) Beginnings ( edit ) Guarini 's musical experience started at age four when he was accepted by the Atlanta Boy Choir . After moving to Pennsylvania in 1985 , he joined the Archdiocese of Philadelphia Boys Choir . Throughout his school years Guarini sang in school choirs , and from 1996 to 2000 was the lead soloist in an award - winning a cappella group named The Midnight Voices . The group released an independent album in 1999 with proceeds benefiting a music scholarship fund at Guarini 's alma mater , Central Bucks High School East in Buckingham , Pennsylvania . He was a director / performer at the Riverside Haunted Woods in Bridgeton , Pennsylvania , in 2001 . His high school and college theatre credits include the lead roles in The Mystery of Edwin Drood , The Little Prince , The Pirates of Penzance , The Taming of the Shrew , and Once on This Island . In addition to singing and stage performing , Guarini plays the piano , guitar , and banjo . After studying vocal performance and theater studies at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia , Guarini later moved to New York City where he attended the School for Film and Television . He worked in New York nightclubs , and auditioned for New York Theatre before successfully auditioning for American Idol in April 2002 . Shortly after being chosen for American Idol , he was offered a role in the Broadway production of The Lion King . Guarini wrote about his decision between the two offers in his exclusive 2008 blog for the television site , Fancast , stating , `` I had attended master classes ... I learned Zulu and Sotho phrases , as well as the music from the show . It was a dream almost come true at the time . But , now I knew I was onto something , and I was n't letting go . I politely declined the offer of a role ... '' . He was also considering a contract offer from an independent record label , but the show 's rules prohibited participants from having existing record contracts . American Idol ( edit ) Idol judge Simon Cowell praised Guarini 's performance in the show 's first season , at one early audition telling him `` Justin , you know , occasionally you 're very privileged when you do a competition like this to hear somebody undiscovered who has a voice like yours '' , with Guarini ultimately becoming the runner - up to winner Kelly Clarkson in September 2002 . Soon after , Guarini signed with American Idol 's 19 Management and secured a record deal with RCA . Prior to the American Idol Tour , he was the only contestant asked to appear on The Oprah Winfrey Show , on which Oprah Winfrey told him , `` Justin , you have it . '' Justin leaping down stairs as he sings on the American Idol Tour in Atlanta , Georgia ( 2002 ) . Reviews during the American Idol Tour described Guarini as a `` revelation '' ( Los Angeles Times ) , and `` easily the best performer '' ( Boston Herald ) . American Idol performances ( edit ) Week Theme Song Sung Artist Order Result Top 30 Semifinal Group 2 `` Ribbon in the Sky '' Stevie Wonder 10 Advanced Top 10 Motown `` For Once in My Life '' Stevie Wonder 6 Safe Top 8 1960s `` Sunny '' Bobby Hebb 7 Safe Top 7 1970s `` Someday We 'll All Be Free '' Donny Hathaway Bottom 2 Top 6 Big Band `` Route 66 '' Nat King Cole Safe Top 5 Burt Bacharach Love Songs `` The Look of Love '' Dusty Springfield Safe Top 4 1980s 1990s `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` Get Here '' Michael Jackson Brenda Russell 8 Safe Top 3 Idol 's Choice Judges ' Choice `` Let 's Stay Together '' `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' Al Green Elton John 5 Safe Top 2 Finale `` Before Your Love '' `` Get Here '' `` A Moment Like This '' Justin Guarini Oleta Adams Justin Guarini 5 Runner - Up 2003 -- 2004 : Justin Guarini ( edit ) JustinGuarini concert screencap His self - titled album , Justin Guarini , debuted in June 2003 , coinciding with the single releases of the current second season American Idol top two finalists and the movie From Justin to Kelly , in which Guarini co-starred with Kelly Clarkson . The film was critically panned , while the album sold 146,000 copies . In December 2003 Guarini was dropped from RCA Records . Guarini had a role in the 2004 pre-Broadway New York Stage and Film Powerhouse Theater workshop / presentation of the musical Good Vibrations at Vassar College . His performance ( which included singing , dancing , acting , and playing guitar ) landed Guarini an offer to continue the role in the original Broadway production , which he eventually declined . 2005 -- 2007 : Stranger Things Have Happened ( edit ) Guarini co-produced his second album Stranger Things Have Happened , independently released in December 2005 through his own production company , Justice Entertainment , Ltd ... The album of reinvented jazz standards was described by Allmusic as `` a successful reinvention ... where his natural skills shine '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer said that `` Guarini displays an agile , attractive voice with good phrasing , supported by a sophisticated and funky backing ensemble . '' Guarini wrote , co-arranged and recorded a benefit song released with H.H. Gayuna Cealo , and a song for the documentary series Project Everlasting , in August 2006 and featured on the Today Show . The title track from his album Stranger Things Have Happened was also used in the documentary . From 2007 to 2011 , TV Guide Network signed Guarini as permanent co-host for Idol Wrap and Idol Tonight . On - air duties with the network expanded to include guest hosting / appearances on other TV Guide Network shows , hosting movie premiere specials , and serving as a member of TV Guide Network 's awards show team with on - air coverage of awards shows such as the Grammy Awards and Emmy Awards . 2008 -- 2009 : Revolve ( edit ) Guarini in The American Idol Experience motorcade at Walt Disney World in 2009 . In May 2008 , Guarini released an acoustic EP titled Revolve comprising three songs ( `` Sweet Time '' , `` Rock Bottom '' , and `` When She Cries '' ) co-written and co-produced with Shaun Ingram . Versions of the songs are planned to be included on a future solo album . While stepping out to support the opening of The American Idol Experience at Disney 's Hollywood Studios in February 2009 , Guarini confirmed his impending marriage to his fiancée , Reina Capodici . In an exclusive pictorial of the wedding , People reported that the couple married on September 26 , 2009 . 2010 -- present : acting , hosting and performing ( edit ) Wicked with Justin Guarini as Fiyero . Guarini became a part of the Broadway community with his 2010 Broadway debut as Carlos in a musical adaptation of Pedro Almodovar 's film , Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown . Critics called Guarini 's debut `` surprisingly charming '' , `` captivating '' and `` extremely likeable '' . Guarini played Will , one of the three male leads in Green Day 's rock musical American Idiot performing March 1 , 2011 , through the show 's closing night , April 24 , 2011 . On April 26 , 2011 , his first child with Capodici , William Neko Bell Guarini , was born . His second child , Asher , was born on February 25 , 2013 . In 2013 , Guarini was cast in a modern Broadway production of William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet as Paris . After its Broadway run , the live - filmed stage play was released in movie theaters . Guarini joined the Broadway production of Wicked , in the role of Fiyero from February 25 to December 14 , 2014 . Other stage work includes lead roles in regional reproductions of Rent , Chicago , Company and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat . Original regional productions include Ghost Brothers of Darkland County as one of two feuding brothers in 2012 at the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta , Georgia . In It 's a Wonderful Life , A Live Radio Play Guarini voiced George Bailey in a 2015 on - stage comedic production . In 2015 , he starred in the New York City Center Encores presentation Paint Your Wagon . Praised by critics , Guarini played the outcast Mexican miner . Guarini starred in the 2015 original musical `` Moonshine : The Hee Haw Musical '' premiering at the Dallas Theater Center on September 2 through October 11 , and Mamma Mia ! in 2016 . Also in 2016 , Guarini was cast in Broadway 's new In Transit , the first a cappella musical with book , music and lyrics by Kristen Anderson - Lopez . Guarini participates in Equity staged readings of The Awakening of Angel DeLuna , hosts and / or performs for various Broadway and stage - related benefits , and other industry - related events including Broadway on the Hudson , the Times Square Tony Awards Simulcast in 2014 and 2015 , adding executive producer duties in 2015 . He was an executive producer for the 2015 revival of the musical Side Show . In 2016 Guarini attended the Tony Awards , and co-hosted backstage coverage of the live broadcast in conjunction with BroadwayHD.com . He 's also acted in independent film projects such as the drama and action film Fast Girl , The Unknown : Frankie The Squirrel , Mafioso II : The Son and short film Tilt - a-Whirl for the Dances With Films festival . Since 2015 , Guarini has been starring as Lil ' Sweet in Diet Dr Pepper television commercials , and web marketing . In 2016 , Dr Pepper `` promoted '' tunes for a Lil ' Sweet `` album '' with video clips , promotional pictures of the character , and the character 's own Twitter page . All commercials and clips are available on Dr Pepper 's YouTube channel . Guarini has been a recurring commentator for Today , MSNBC , Fox News Channel , Style Channel , Comcast and Larry King Live . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) An EP of original music will be released by Guarini approximately July 30 , 2016 . Studio albums ( edit ) Year Album details Peak Certifications ( sales threshold ) US 1999 The Midnight Voices As lead vocalist Released : 1999 -- US sales : N / A 2003 Justin Guarini Released : June 10 , 2003 Label : RCA Records 20 US sales : 146,000 2005 Stranger Things Have Happened Released : December , 2005 Label : Justice Entertainment , Ltd -- US sales : N / A `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Other contributions ( edit ) Foreign Shores by David Hughes ( featured vocalist ) 2009 The Awakening of Angel DeLuna ( cast album ) 2009 I Could Use a Drink by Drew Gasparini ( featured vocalist ) 2012 Where the Sky Ends : Music by Michael Mott by Michael Mott ( featured vocalist ) 2014 Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ( Original Broadway Cast ) 2011 Paint Your Wagon ( cast album ) 2014 EPs ( edit ) Revolve ( Acoustic ) ( May 2008 ) Songs ( edit ) Did You Know That I Know Your Journey ? ( 2006 ) ( vocals , music , co-produced ) Everlasting for documentary Project Everlasting ( 2006 ) ( vocals , music , lyrics , piano ) What You Wo n't Do for Love for Drivetime Reflections ( 2010 ) ( vocals ) Filmography and theater ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Year Title Role 2003 From Justin to Kelly Justin Bell 2008 Fast Girl Darryl K. Sands 2014 Romeo and Juliet Paris Theater roles ( edit ) Good Vibrations ( 2004 ) as Jan The Awakening of Angel DeLuna ( 2009 ) as Fred Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ( 2010 -- 2011 Broadway ) as Carlos American Idiot ( 2011 Broadway ) as Will Rent ( 2011 Regional ) as Roger Davis Chicago ( 2011 Regional ) as Billy Flynn Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 Regional ) as Drake McCandless Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 2012 Regional ) as Joseph It 's a Wonderful Life : A Live Radio Play ( 2012 Regional ) as Jake Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 Broadway ) as Paris Wicked ( 2014 Broadway ) as Fiyero Paint Your Wagon ( 2015 New York City Center ) as Julio Company ( 2015 Regional ) as Bobby Moonshine : That Hee Haw Musical ( 2015 Regional ) First Gentleman ( 2016 NYC ) Mamma Mia ! ( 2016 Regional ) as Sam Carmichael Cake Off ( 2016 Regional ) multiple roles In Transit ( 2016 Broadway ) as Trent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Boy Choir to perform at the Monastery of the Holy Spirit News '' . Rockdalecitizen.com. 2011 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini in world premiere of Stephen King musical '' . Philly.com. 2012 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A Comeback for Justin Guarini '' . TV Fanatic. 2007 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` From Justin To Kelly ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( 2003 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Where 's Justin Guarini These Days ? Not On RCA Records , Apparently - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Idol Star Guarini Leaves Company of Good Vibrations '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Alumni Justin Guarini Planning Summer Wedding Access Hollywood - Celebrity News , Photos & Videos '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol 's Justin Guarini Marches Down the Aisle '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Guarini Joins Broadway 's Women on the Verge ; Casting Complete Archived August 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , August 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini 's ' Breakdown ' getting a beatdown from theater critics '' . Content.usatoday.com. 2010 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( 5 November 2010 ) . `` Broadway 's ' Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ' lacks an edge '' -- via washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` Theater review : ' Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ' at the Belasco Theatre Culture Monster Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2010 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Davey Havok , Justin Guarini , Van Hughes Will Be New Leads of Broadway 's American Idiot '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini Welcomes Son William Neko -- Moms & Babies -- Moms & Babies - People.com '' . Celebritybabies.people.com. 2011 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini Welcomes Son Asher -- Moms & Babies -- Celebrity Babies and Kids - Moms & Babies - People.com '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway s Romeo and Juliet with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad Coming to Fathom Events Network of Movie Theaters Nationwide '' . The Gilmer Mirror . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Amabile Angermiller , Michele ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Guarini Nabs Lead in ' Wicked ' on Broadway '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Caroline Bowman and Kara Lindsay Will Be Broadway 's New Wicked Witches ; Robin De Jesus , Matt Shingledecker to Also Join Cast '' . Playbill . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bert Osborne . `` '' Ghost Brothers of Darkland County '' a musical horror story that t `` . Accessatlanta.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Skinner , Shuler Hensley , Justin Guarini Set for GHOST BROTHERS OF DARKLAND COUNTY Workshop , 12 / 5 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Photo Flash : First Look at Justin Guarini , Lauren Molina , Jill Paice and More in Bucks County 's IT 'S A WONDERFUL LIFE '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Paint Your Wagon , ' Starring Keith Carradine , Opens at Encores ! '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Theater Review : At Encores ! , Paint Your Wagon '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` First Look ! Take a Gander at Broadway - Aimed Moonshine : That Hee Haw Musical Broadway Buzz '' . Broadway.com. 2015 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Flash : Meet the ' MOONSHINE ' Cast & Creative Team , Beginning Previews Tonight in Dallas ! '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Blank , Matthew ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Drink Up ! See Justin Guarini and Rose Hemingway Go Country in Moonshine : That Hee Haw Musical '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Hayley Levitt ( 2016 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Justin Guarini Joins the Muny Cast of Mamma Mia ! '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Viagas , Robert ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Telly Leung , Justin Guarini Among Cast of A Cappella Broadway Musical In Transit '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Eddie Varley . `` Justin Guarini 's ' AWAKENING ' '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Star Justin Guarini and More Join NYCLU 's Broadway Stands Up for Freedom '' . TheaterMania.com . July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini & Krysta Rodriguez to Host BROADWAY ON THE HUDSON on 9 / 27 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini and Kerry Butler to Host Times Square Tony Awards Simulcast '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini and Deborah Cox Will Host Times Square Simulcast of Tony Awards '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News : 38 '' . BroadwayHD. 2016 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Writer , Matt Smith2 ; Theatre , Specialties Include ; Entertainment , Other Forms of ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` 16 Fun Facts We Learned on the Tonys Behind - the - Scenes Livestream Show '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` Diet Dr Pepper -- Lil ' Sweet Self Employed '' . youtube.com. 2015 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Diet Dr Pepper -- Lil ' Sweet ' Birthday ' ( 2015 ) . YouTube . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beltrone , Gabriel ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Diet Dr Pepper 's Lil ' Sweet Is Back , and Sweet - Talking All Over Your House , in New Ads '' . Adweek . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Lil ' Sweet '' . Diet Dr Pepper . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Lil ' Sweet ( @ DietDrPepper ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini : New EP on PledgeMusic '' . Pledgemusic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( 23 May 2011 ) . `` American Idol finale : After 10 years , the beat goes on '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Clarke . `` BWW CD Reviews : Broadway Records ' WHERE THE SKY ENDS : THE MUSIC OF MICHAEL MOTT Awakens Dreamers '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - Guarini to star in ' Good Vibrations ' '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eddie Varley . `` Justin Guarini 's ' AWAKENING ' '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian Scott Lipton ( 2010 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Justin Guarini Is Happy on the Verge '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ask a Star : Justin Guarini of American Idiot Videos '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast Announced for Justin Guarini - Led RENT at Surflight '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Idiot 's Justin Guarini Will Star in Media Theatre 's Chicago '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini Will Star in Muny Production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Christine Dwyer , Jenni Barber , Justin Guarini & More to Join Cast of WICKED in February '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights From Paint Your Wagon With Keith Carradine , Alexandra Socha and Justin Guarini '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Look at Keith Carradine , Alexandra Socha , and Justin Guarini in Paint Your Wagon '' . TheaterMania.com . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Call : First Look at Justin Guarini in Bucks County Playhouse Production of Company '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini , Rose Hemingway & More Will Star in MOONSHINE : THAT HEE HAW MUSICAL at Dallas Theater Center '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andy Lefkowitz ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Guarini Leads Cast of Moonshine : That Hee Haw Musical '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Justin Guarini , Rachel Bay Jones , Michael Rupert , Sally Struthers Set for Reading of First Gentleman Musical '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini , Michele Ragusa and Euan Morton to Lead New Musical CAKE OFF at Bucks County Playhouse '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) . `` In Transit on Broadway : Justin Guarini joins a capella musical cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Official website Justin Guarini on IMDb Justin Guarini at AllMusic American Idol season 1 Finalists Kelly Clarkson Justin Guarini Nikki McKibbin Tamyra Gray R.J. Helton Christina Christian Ryan Starr A.J. Gil Jim Verraros EJay Day Other sources Tour `` A Moment Like This '' `` Before Your Love '' American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Related programming Idol ( series ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game VIAF : 53844788 LCCN : no2003089620 MusicBrainz : d7fff0a4 - 3adf - 40fb - a6bc - 09db41b4b618 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Guarini&oldid=808133680 '' Categories : 1978 births Male actors from Pennsylvania 21st - century American singers 21st - century American male actors African - American musicians American male film actors American Idol participants American jazz singers American male singers American people of Italian descent People from Doylestown , Pennsylvania American pianists Living people Musicians from Columbus , Georgia University of the Arts ( Philadelphia ) alumni American male stage actors 19 Recordings artists Actors from Columbus , Georgia Singers from Pennsylvania Male actors of Italian descent 21st - century American guitarists Guitarists from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Guitarists from Philadelphia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 02 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings in the diet dr. pepper commercial | [
"Justin Guarini (born Justin Eldrin Bell; October 28, 1978) is an American singer/musician, actor, host and producer, who in 2002 was the runner-up on the first season of American Idol."
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-1028725434339068858 | 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship | 2018 College football Playoff national championship - wikipedia 2018 College football Playoff national championship Jump to : navigation , search 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship Alabama Crimson Tide Georgia Bulldogs ( 12 -- 1 ) ( 13 -- 1 ) SEC SEC 26 23 Head coach : Nick Saban Head coach : Kirby Smart AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP OT Total Alabama 0 0 10 10 6 26 Georgia 0 13 7 0 23 Date January 8 , 2018 Season 2017 Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Location Atlanta , Georgia MVP Offensive : # 13 QB Tua Tagovailoa , Fr . Alabama Defensive : # 94 DT Da'Ron Payne , Jr . Alabama Favorite Alabama by 3.5 National anthem Zac Brown Band Referee Dan Capron ( Big Ten ) Halftime show Georgia Redcoat Marching Band Million Dollar Band Attendance 77,430 United States TV coverage Network ESPN / ESPN Radio / ESPN Deportes Announcers Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Sean McDonough , Todd Blackledge , Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons ( ESPN Radio ) College Football Playoff National Championship < 2017 2019 > The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season . The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26 -- 23 in overtime . Alabama overcame a 13 -- 0 deficit at halftime . Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game . The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season . Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and the Rose Bowl , respectively , on January 1 , 2018 . The championship game was played at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia on January 8 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 2018 College Football Playoff 3 Teams 3.1 Alabama 3.2 Georgia 4 Game summary 4.1 Scoring summary 4.2 Statistics 5 Broadcasting 6 Dispute 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship took place at Mercedes - Benz Stadium The Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4 , 2015 . 2018 College football Playoff ( edit ) Semifinals Championship January 1 -- Sugar Bowl Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans 1 Clemson 6 4 Alabama 24 January 8 -- National Championship Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta 4 Alabama ( OT ) 26 January 1 -- Rose Bowl Rose Bowl , Pasadena 3 Georgia 23 2 Oklahoma 48 3 Georgia ( 2OT ) 54 This bracket : view talk edit The College Football Playoff ( CFP ) selected four teams to advance to the playoff : the Clemson Tigers , Oklahoma Sooners , Georgia Bulldogs , and Alabama Crimson Tide . Teams ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) See also : 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24 -- 6 to reach the championship game . The Tide had a 12 -- 1 season , becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers . The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban . Georgia ( edit ) See also : 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54 -- 48 in double overtime to reach the championship game . The Bulldogs had a 13 -- 1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers , 28 -- 7 . The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart . Game summary ( edit ) After winning the coin toss , Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game . After two plays , quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown . Alabama began their first drive of the game , and , after eleven plays , that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40 - yard field goal . The teams each had three - and - outs for the game 's first two punts . During Georgia 's ensuing drive , the quarter ended , with no score . After a failed third down conversion , on the second play of the second quarter , Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41 - yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three . Alabama 's ensuing drive went nowhere , as they gained four yards on three plays and punted . Georgia took the ball and drove down the field , and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10 - yard - line ; the Tide defense held , however , and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6 -- 0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half . On Alabama 's next drive , the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama 's JK Scott punted for the third time . Just prior to the punt , Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room , reportedly with a left shoulder injury . Both defenses then forced punts , and Georgia took back over with 1 : 19 remaining in the half on their own 31 - yard - line . Nine plays later , on Alabama 's 1 - yard - line , Mecole Hardman took a direct snap , faked a handoff , and ran into the end zone for the game 's first touchdown , putting Georgia up 13 -- 0 going into halftime . Because they deferred the coin toss , Alabama received the ball first in the second half . They started their drive on their own 22 - yard - line . Tua Tagovailoa , Alabama 's backup quarterback , started the second half for the Tide ; that drive quickly resulted in a three - and - out . The initial punt was blocked , but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt . Georgia started their drive on their own 36 - yard - line , but punted on 4th & 17 . Alabama took over on their own 44 - yard - line . The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives ; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6 - yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs , but Georgia immediately responded with an 80 - yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman , putting Georgia up 20 -- 7 . On the second play of Alabama 's ensuing drive , Tagovailoa , while scrambling to the left , threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia 's Deandre Baker . Up 13 , the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama 's 39 - yard - line . The Tide defense responded immediately , however , as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia 's drive , returning the pick to the UGA 40 - yard - line . The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43 - yard field goal that put Bama within ten . The teams then traded punts . Just prior to Alabama 's punt , it was announced that an Alabama defensive back , Kyriq McDonald , had collapsed on the sideline ; the situation was described as a `` serious medical emergency '' . He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious . Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive , and punted . The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3 : 49 . With three seconds remaining in the game , Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game - winning 36 - yard field goal to the left , sending the game to overtime . In overtime , Georgia scored on a 51 - yard field goal . On Alabama 's first offensive play in overtime , Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16 - yard loss , but immediately followed that with a game - winning 41 - yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith . Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game , and Da'Ron Payne was named the defensive player of the game . Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP Alabama Georgia 14 : 14 14 55 7 : 40 Georgia 41 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 7 : 33 13 70 5 : 19 Georgia 27 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 6 0 : 07 9 69 1 : 12 Georgia Mecole Hardman 1 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 0 13 8 : 52 7 56 1 : 59 Alabama Henry Ruggs III 6 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good 7 13 6 : 52 93 1 : 55 Georgia Mecole Hardman 80 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 20 5 : 20 6 15 1 : 06 Alabama 43 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 10 20 9 : 24 8 71 2 : 15 Alabama 30 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 13 20 3 : 49 8 66 3 : 21 Alabama Calvin Ridley 7 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good 20 20 OT - 9 Georgia 51 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 20 23 OT 25 Alabama DeVonta Smith 41 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa 26 23 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 26 23 Statistics ( edit ) OT Total No. 4 Crimson Tide 0 0 10 10 6 26 No. 3 Bulldogs 0 13 7 0 23 Statistics Alabama Georgia First downs 20 22 Plays -- yards 71 -- 371 77 -- 365 Rushes -- yards 39 -- 184 45 -- 133 Passing yards 187 232 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 17 -- 32 -- 1 16 -- 32 -- 2 Time of possession 26 : 17 33 : 43 Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast Team Player Statistics Alabama Passing Tua Tagovailoa 14 / 24 , 166 yds , 3 TD , 1 INT Rushing Najee Harris 6 car , 64 yds Receiving Calvin Ridley 4 rec , 32 yds , 1 TD Georgia Passing Jake Fromm 16 / 32 , 232 yds , 1 TD , 2 INT Rushing Sony Michel 14 car , 98 yds Receiving Riley Ridley 6 rec , 82 yds Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast Broadcasting ( edit ) The game was televised nationally by ESPN . On January 8 , 2018 , the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime . This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams ) , and originated from Centennial Olympic Park . Dispute ( edit ) Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers in the 2018 Peach Bowl , the UCF Knights claimed the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football . UCF held a victory parade at Disney World and hung a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement . The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches , many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska ; Frost himself ( who coached UCF in the game ) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract . The selection committee controversially ranked undefeated UCF 12th at the end of the regular season , below a number of two - loss teams from the Power Five conferences , which left them out of the CFP . The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll , receiving 57 first - place votes , while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first - place votes -- the first time in the CFP era that the AP poll did not have a unanimous No. 1 team . Additionally , the Knights finished the 2017 football season as the No. 1 team in the Colley Bias Free Matrix Rankings . The Colley Matrix is recognized by the NCAA in its list of `` national champion major selections . '' See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kirshner , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` A Big Ten officiating crew is working the all - SEC National Championship '' . sbnation.com . SB Nation . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alex Scarbrough ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Santa Clara and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018 -- 20 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Committee Rankings : Final Top 25 Rankings '' ( PDF ) . College Football Playoff . December 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama 's Sugar Bowl win against Clemson sets up all - SEC final : Final score , stats , analysis '' . nola.com . January 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Seth ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Georgia to play for national championship after Rose Bowl win in 2 OT '' . ajc.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Drape , Joe ; Tracy , Marc ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` National Championship Game : Georgia vs. Alabama Live Score '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` CFP players of the game : Alabama 's Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar to Perform at College Football Playoff Title Game '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , Matt ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF is really claiming a national championship '' . tampabay.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Having a Parade at Disney World for National Championship Caliber Season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gartland , Dan ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Hanging a National Championship Banner at Its Stadium '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF AD Says Coaches Will Be Paid National Championship Bonuses '' . SI.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ September 1 , 2018 ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Alabama is No. 1 in final AP poll for 11th time ; UCF 6th '' . Msn.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roger Simmons ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` National champions : UCF Knights finish season ranked No. 1 in Colley Matrix '' . orlandosentinel.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship at Wikimedia Commons College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Links to related articles 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 16 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 16 ) Camellia ( Dec. 16 ) Cure ( Dec. 16 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 16 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 19 ) Frisco ( Dec. 20 ) Gasparilla ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 22 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 23 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 23 ) Dollar General ( Dec. 23 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 ) Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) Cactus ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 27 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 27 ) Texas ( Dec. 27 ) Foster Farms ( Dec. 27 ) Military ( Dec. 28 ) Camping World ( Dec. 28 ) Alamo ( Dec. 28 ) Holiday ( Dec. 28 ) Belk ( Dec. 29 ) Cotton ( Dec. 29 ) Sun ( Dec. 29 ) Music City ( Dec. 29 ) Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) Fiesta ( Dec. 30 ) Liberty ( Dec. 30 ) Orange ( Dec. 30 ) TaxSlayer ( Dec. 30 ) Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Peach ( Jan. 1 ) College Football Playoff games : Rose ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 8 ) All - 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3825895971368483904 | Click (2006 film) | Click ( 2006 film ) - wikipedia Click ( 2006 film ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2015 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Click Theatrical release poster Directed by Frank Coraci Produced by Adam Sandler Jack Giarraputo Neal H. Moritz Steve Koren Mark O'Keefe Written by Steve Koren Mark O'Keefe Starring Adam Sandler Kate Beckinsale Christopher Walken Henry Winkler David Hasselhoff Julie Kavner Sean Astin Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Dean Semler Edited by Jeff Gourson Production company Revolution Studios Happy Madison Original Film Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $82.5 million Box office $237.7 million Click is a 2006 American science fiction comedy - drama film directed by Frank Coraci , written by Steve Koren and Mark O'Keefe , and produced by Adam Sandler , who also starred in the lead role . The film co-stars Kate Beckinsale as his wife Donna and Christopher Walken as Morty . Sandler plays an overworked architect who neglects his family . When he acquires a universal remote that enables him to `` fast forward '' through unpleasant or outright dull parts of his life , he soon learns that those seemingly bad moments that he skips over contained valuable time with his family and important life lessons . Throughout the story , a man named Morty explains how the remote works and issues warnings . Filming began in late 2005 and was finished by early 2006 . The film was released in the United States on June 23 , 2006 , by Columbia Pictures . It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Makeup , making this the only Sandler film to be nominated for an Oscar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 6 Awards and nominations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Michael Newman ( Adam Sandler ) is a hardworking architect , married to his longtime sweetheart , Donna Newman ( Kate Beckinsale ) with two children , Ben and Samantha . Michael is easily pushed around by his overbearing boss , John Ammer ( David Hasselhoff ) , and often chooses work over family . While going in search of a universal remote control at the retail store Bed Bath & Beyond , Michael falls onto a bed and then proceeds to the section marked `` Beyond '' . He befriends a mysterious man named Morty ( Christopher Walken ) , who gives him the remote control for free and warns him that it can never be returned . To Michael 's amazement , he finds that this remote can actually control time and space , as if reality were a television program . He can revisit past memories , lower volume of surrounding noise , and freeze or fast forward through time . At first , Michael uses the remote to have fun , but then starts to use it for his benefit . He uses its universal language adaptor to interpret for foreign clients or to relive moments from his childhood . During a camping trip in Lake Winnipesaukee , his parents had a barbeque , but the other kids had declined his invitation in favor of another family that was better off . This affected Michael 's adult personality ; he is determined to succeed in order to avoid raising his family in the same squalor his parents did . Morty attempts to explain the error of Michael 's work ethic , and reminds him to not to take Donna for granted by showing some of Michael 's past girlfriends who were homely or had awful personalities . However , Michael ultimately uses the remote to skip quarrels with Donna , to avoid suffering a cold by skipping to the point at which he recovers , and to skip a family dinner in order to finish an important project . Later , Morty reveals that when Michael fast - forwards through time , his body is on `` auto - pilot '' , meaning his mind skips ahead while his body goes through the motions of everyday life . After seeing his children upset that he can not afford new bicycles he promised for them , Michael decides to use the remote to fast forward to when Ammer delivers on his promised partnership , but learns that it was one whole year ahead . Michael finds out that , during the span of that year , he entered marriage counseling ; his children prefer to watch CSI instead of Dragon Tales ; and he missed the death of his dog . To make matters worse , the remote begins fast - forwarding on its own , as a feature that would automatically follow Michael 's preferences based on how he used it . Michael 's various attempts to dispose of or destroy the remote fail , giving him the resolve to regain agency of his life . The next day , Ammer tells Michael he is retiring and suggests that one day Michael may end up CEO . Momentarily forgetting his plan to outfox the remote , Michael says he would like to end up CEO ; the remote reacts accordingly and fast - forwards to the year 2017 . In the future Michael has achieved everything he wished , and is now the new CEO of the company after Ammer moves to Morocco with Donna 's best friend , Janine ( Jennifer Coolidge ) . Michael has all the material wealth and luxuries he could ever want , albeit at the cost of his family 's state . Michael has become very unhealthy over the ten years causing him to become obese and discovers he resides in a penthouse by himself . After discovering his new life , and unaware that he and Donna have been divorced , Michael wishes to go back to his house , and the remote fast forwards him there . However , when he returns to his old house Michael is resented by everyone in his family and realizes the divorce . He also discovers that Donna has married Bill , who coached Ben 's swim team . While visiting his family , Michael meets Ben who is now an overweight teenager with self - esteem issues from copying his father 's eating habits and Samantha who has grown into a beautiful young lady , but moody with similar attitude problems like Ben 's . He then fights with Donna and Bill , before confronting Morty who reveals his life choices caused him to become an overweight workaholic who neglected his family . The new family dog then pounces on him , causing him to fall and hit his head on a brick wall , knocking him into a coma . Having `` learned '' from Michael when he skipped his cold , the remote fast forwards through Michael 's coma and transports him to 2023 , where he has finally woken up . Michael had suffered a heart attack while in a coma , but is no longer obese . Ben is also in shape and is now Michael 's partner . Michael is devastated when Ben tells him his father Ted ( Henry Winkler ) has died , and Michael , while visiting his father 's grave , tries to use the remote to go to the moment when Ted was on his deathbed , but Morty appears , saying that it will not take him there ; the time travel function only works for events Michael was physically present . Michael uses the remote to take him to the point when he last saw Ted alive , which is when Ted made an impromptu visit to his son 's and grandson 's office . Michael sees that , while on auto - pilot , he had remained emotionally distant , and brusquely rejected his father 's offer for a night out with him . Even coldly telling Ted , that he `` always knew '' , when Ted said he would teach Michael the infamish coin trick ( something that Ted is extremely prideful of ) . Heartbroken , Ted walked away with Ben . Although aghast , Michael `` pauses '' Ted to get in his last words and tell his unaware father that he loves him too and will miss him . At the graveyard , Morty reveals he is in fact the Angel of Death . Upset with his life , Michael begs to go to a `` good place '' , and fast forwards to Ben 's wedding in the year 2029 . Although Michael is glad , he also sees Samantha calling Bill `` Dad '' , and the shock triggers a second heart attack . When Michael awakens in a hospital wing , Morty appears and tells him that he has chosen his path and is powerless to do anything about it . Michael 's family arrives , and Ben tells his dad their business is in trouble , so he has cancelled his honeymoon to leave temporarily and patch things up . Michael tries to tell Ben it is n't fair for him to neglect his wife , but to no avail . After Ben and Samantha leave , Michael struggles out of the bed and feebly chases after them . Not wanting Ben to make the same mistakes he did , Michael tries to reach Ben before he leaves for his flight . Although Morty protests that Michael will die unless he goes back to the hospital , Michael insists he needs to speak his last words to his family . Michael reaches his family and collapses , but manages to convince Ben that family must come first ; he reassures the others that he still loves them , and Morty approaches to take him . The family weeps as Michael dies . Michael wakes up in the bed onto which he had collapsed at Bed Bath & Beyond , convinced that the events have all been a crazy dream . As he wakes up he sees a store employee ( Nick Swardson ) , who earlier said he had no friends , so Michael picks him up and throws him onto the bed in a playful manner . He cheerfully drives through town and reminds his parents that his door is always open for them . When he arrives back at his own home , he finds the remote on the kitchen counter along with a note by Morty , who says `` good guys need a break '' . Michael now realizes his experience was not a dream , but a warning . He throws the remote in the trash , and it does not reappear , indicating that he has ultimately made the right choice . The film ends with Michael offering to play with his kids . Cast ( edit ) Adam Sandler as Michael `` Mike '' Newman Emilio Cast as Michael `` Mike '' Newman at 10 years old Kate Beckinsale as Donna Newman , Michael 's wife Christopher Walken as Morty , the `` Angel of Death '' David Hasselhoff as Johnny `` John '' Ammer , Michael 's boss Henry Winkler as Theodore `` Ted '' K. Newman , Michael 's father Julie Kavner as Trudy Newman , Michael 's mother Sean Astin as Bill , Ben 's swimming coach ( and Donna 's second husband in the alternate timeline ) Jennifer Coolidge as Janine , Donna 's best friend Sophie Monk as Stacey Michelle Lombardo as Linda Joseph Castanon as Benjamin `` Ben '' Newman , Michael 's son , at 7 years old Jonah Hill as Ben at 17 years old Jake Hoffman as Ben at 22 -- 30 years old Danielle Tatum McCann as Samantha `` Sam '' Newman , Michael 's daughter , at 5 years old Lorraine Nicholson as Samantha at 15 years old Katie Cassidy as Samantha at 27 years old Cameron Monaghan as Kevin O'Doyle , Michael 's rude , obnoxious ten year - old next - door neighbor who boasts a lot . Rachel Dratch as Alice / Alan , Michael 's assistant Jana Kramer as Julie Newman Nick Swardson as a Bed Bath & Beyond employee Rob Schneider as Prince Habeeboo ( uncredited ) James Earl Jones as himself / Narrator ( voice only , uncredited ) Terry Crews as Man singing in car ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) On February 15 , 2003 , Frank Coraci was hired and set to direct Click . Steve Koren and Mark O'Keefe wrote the script for the film . Adam Sandler , Jack Giarraputo and Neal H. Moritz produced the film with the budget of $82.5 million for release in 2006 . On March 11 , 2004 , it was announced that Adam Sandler , Emilio Cast , Kate Beckinsale , Christopher Walken , David Hasselhoff , Henry Winkler , Julie Kavner , Sean Astin , Jennifer Coolidge , Sophie Monk , Michelle Lombardo , Joseph Castanon , Jonah Hill , Jake Hoffman , Danielle Tatum McCann , Lorraine Nicholson , Katie Cassidy , Cameron Monaghan , Rachel Dratch , Nick Swardson , Rob Schneider and Billy Slaughter joined the film . James Earl Jones joined the cast on March 14 to play himself and the narrator . On April 8 , 2005 , it was announced that Rupert Gregson - Williams would compose the music for the film . In May 8 , Columbia Pictures acquired distribution rights to the film . Click was filmed at Shreveport , Louisiana . The film 's plot is similar to a story from the Goosebumps book series , also entitled `` Click '' , which was made into an episode of the franchise 's television series in 1997 . The content of the show prompted widespread discussion over whether the material was influential or borrowed for the 2006 film . Release ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2015 ) The film screened out of competition at the San Sebastian International Film Festival . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 32 % based on 167 reviews . The average score is a 4.7 out of 10 , and the consensus is : `` This latest Adam Sandler vehicle borrows shamelessly from It 's a Wonderful Life and Back to the Future , and fails to produce the necessary laughs that would forgive such imitation . '' Metacritic gave it a score of 45 out of 100 , which indicates `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Click grossed $137,355,633 in the United States and $100,325,666 internationally , with a total gross of $237,681,299 worldwide . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Academy Award for Best Makeup ( Nominated ) 33rd People 's Choice Awards : Favorite Movie Comedy ( Won ) 2006 Teen Choice Awards : Choice Movie -- Comedy ( Nominated ) 2007 Kids ' Choice Awards : Favorite Movie ( Nominated ) 2007 Kids ' Choice Awards : Favorite Movie Actor ( Won ) See also ( edit ) List of films featuring diabetes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Click ( 2006 ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Willis , John ; Monush , Barry , eds. ( 2010 ) . Screen World Volume 58 : The Films of 2006 . Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1557837295 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Goosebumps '' Click ( TV Episode 1997 ) . IMDb . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ TIL of an episode of Goosebumps called `` Click '' , which preceded the movie and has an identical plot ... Reddit . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Goosebumps '' Click ( 1997 ) Reviews & Ratings . IMDb . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Movies that were blatantly plagerized . The SuperHeroHype Forums . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ IMDb `` Click '' Message Boards . IMDb . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Click Movie Reviews , Pictures . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Click Reviews , Ratings , Credits . Metacritic . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Click ( 2006 film ) Official website Click on IMDb Click at AllMovie Click at Rotten Tomatoes Click at Box Office Mojo Adam Sandler Interview for Click ( hide ) Films directed by Frank Coraci Murdered Innocence ( 1995 ) The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) The Waterboy ( 1998 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 2004 ) Click ( 2006 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Blended ( 2014 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Click_(2006_film)&oldid=804765149 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2000s comedy films American fantasy - comedy films American films Alternate timeline films Columbia Pictures films Films directed by Frank Coraci Films set in New York City Films set in New Hampshire Films set in the future Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in the 1980s Films set in the 1990s Films set in 2006 Films set in 2007 Films set in 2016 Films set in 2017 Films set in the 2000s Films set in the 2010s Films set in the 2020s Films set in the 2030s Science fantasy films Time in fiction Time travel films Happy Madison films Personifications of death in fiction Revolution Studios films Films produced by Adam Sandler Original Film films Film scores by Rupert Gregson - Williams Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from September 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 00 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played adam sandler's daughter in click | [
"Danielle Tatum McCann as Samantha \"Sam\" Newman, Michael's daughter, at 5 years old\n\nLorraine Nicholson as Samantha at 15 years old\nKatie Cassidy as Samantha at 27 years old\n\n",
"Danielle Tatum McCann as Samantha \"Sam\" Newman, Michael's daughter, at 5 years old\n\nLorraine Nicholson as Samantha at 15 years old\nKatie Cassidy as Samantha at 27 years old\n\n",
"Danielle Tatum McCann as Samantha \"Sam\" Newman, Michael's daughter, at 5 years old\n\nLorraine Nicholson as Samantha at 15 years old\nKatie Cassidy as Samantha at 27 years old\n\n"
] | [
"Danielle Tatum McCann",
"Lorraine Nicholson",
"Katie Cassidy"
] |
-212370159914025999 | Clara Edwards | Clara Edwards - wikipedia Clara Edwards For the composer , see Clara Edwards ( composer ) . Clara Edwards ( Hope Summers ) . Clara Edwards ( originally Bertha Edwards , Bertha Johnson and then Clara Johnson ) is a fictional character on the American television sitcom The Andy Griffith Show ( 1960 -- 1968 ) . Clara was portrayed by actress Hope Summers . Summers appeared as Bertha / Clara in 32 episodes of TAGS and was one of only a few characters ( the others being Andy Taylor , Aunt Bee , and Opie Taylor ) who appeared in all eight seasons of the show 's run . The character migrated to the show 's spin - off series Mayberry R.F.D. . Overview ( edit ) Clara lives in the fictional community of Mayberry , North Carolina on `` The Andy Griffith Show '' ( TAGS ) and `` Mayberry RFD '' . Clara 's best friend is her past classmate Aunt Bee . The two women have a warm , yet competitive relationship , which began on a high school basketball team . The kinship would continue with such domestic contests as jarring pickles ( TAGS , `` The Pickle Story , Episode # 31 ) '' , and planting prize roses ( TAGS , `` Only a Rose '' , Episode # 212 ) . In `` The Pickle Story '' , TAGS , episode # 31 , Clara and Bee both compete for a blue ribbon at the county fair with their entries of pickles . Clara wins the ribbon . Clara is a descendant of the town 's settlers , and a widow . ( However , in Episode 14 of Season 6 , she pointedly tells the guest character , Harlan Robinson , played by Woody Chambliss , that she is not `` Mrs . '' but `` Miss '' Edwards . ) She has a brother ( who never appears on the show ) , and an adult nephew Ferdie , who makes one appearance . She also has a son , Gale , who never appears on the show . She occasionally looks after Sheriff Andy Taylor and son Opie , when their Aunt Bee is out of town . Clara and Bee rival for the attentions of visiting single gentlemen , one of whom is Hubert Saint John , who takes a fancy to Bee as she reminds him of his late wife . When Bee cuts ties , Clara attempts to charm him . For a dozen years straight , Clara won Blue Ribons for her pickles at the Mayberry County Fair , and annoyingly trumps every Mayberry flower contest . She is the organist at All Souls Church . Along with Bee , she composes a pro Mayberry anthem ( `` My Home Town '' ) . Clara teaches Opie piano , and joins his rock group as pianist / manager . She , Bee and friend Myrtle , take a free trip to Mexico . As a prominent church lady , and later , town council member ( `` Mayberry RFD '' ) , she heavyhandedly asserts herself on such matters as parades ( `` Mayberry 's Float '' , RFD episode # 39 ) , and scorning such locals as Howard ( TAGS , `` Howard The Comedian '' , episode # 216 and `` The Panel Show '' , RFD episode # 6 ) , and Millie ( `` The Church Play '' , RFD episode # 8 ) . In season one of TAGS , the character appeared twice ( including Episode # 23 ) as `` Bertha Edwards . '' In the second season she became `` Clara Johnson '' and remained so until the fifth - season episode `` The Pageant , '' when she morphed into `` Clara Edwards . '' She remained Clara Edwards until the end of the series ' run . In spite of the name changes , the character was the same . See also ( edit ) Aunt Bee Hope Summers References ( edit ) The Andy Griffith Show : The Complete Series . Paramount , 2007 . Beck , Ken , and Clark , Jim . The Andy Griffith Show Book . St. Martin 's Griffin , 2000 . Kelly , Richard . The Andy Griffith Show . Blair , 1984 . Mayberry , North Carolina TV series The Andy Griffith Show Episodes Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Episodes Characters Mayberry R.F.D. Episodes Telefilm Return to Mayberry Main characters Andy Taylor Opie Taylor Bee Taylor Barney Fife Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker Sam Jones Gomer Pyle Goober Pyle Recurring characters Ernest T. Bass Otis Campbell Helen Crump Briscoe Darling Jr . The Darlings Clara Edwards Warren Ferguson The Fun Girls Floyd Lawson Flora Malherbe Howard Sprague Thelma Lou Related programs No Time for Sergeants The Danny Thomas Show The Jim Nabors Hour The New Andy Griffith Show Related topics Mount Airy Pilot Mountain Desilu Productions Rural purge `` What it Was , Was Football '' Mayberry Machiavelli Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clara_Edwards&oldid=845611837 '' Categories : The Andy Griffith Show characters Fictional characters from North Carolina Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 23 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who plays clara johnson on the andy griffith show | [
"Clara Edwards (originally Bertha Edwards, Bertha Johnson and then Clara Johnson) is a fictional character on the American television sitcom The Andy Griffith Show (1960 – 1968). Clara was portrayed by actress Hope Summers.\n"
] | [
"actress Hope Summers"
] |
6105128595560601172 | Worst Cooks in America | Worst Cooks in America - Wikipedia Worst Cooks in America Jump to : navigation , search Worst Cooks in America Genre Reality television Cooking show Judges Anne Burrell ( season 1 -- present ) Beau MacMillan ( season 1 ) Robert Irvine ( season 2 ) Bobby Flay ( season 3 -- 5 ) Tyler Florence ( season 6 , 8 , 12 - present ) Rachael Ray ( season 7 , 9 -- 11 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 39 Production Executive producer ( s ) Bob Kirsh Nicola Moody Pip Wells Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California and New York City Running time 42 Minutes Production company ( s ) Optomen Productions , Inc . Release Original network Food Network Original release January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) -- present Chronology Followed by Worst Bakers in America External links Production website Worst Cooks in America is an American reality television series that premiered on January 3 , 2010 , on the Food Network . The show takes 12 to 16 contestants ( referred to as `` recruits '' ) with very poor cooking skills through a culinary boot camp , to earn a cash prize of $25,000 and a Food Network cooking set . The recruits are trained on the various basic cooking techniques including : baking , knife skills , temperature , seasoning and preparation . The final challenge is to cook a restaurant quality three - course meal for three food critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Season 1 : 2010 2.1 Recruits 2.2 Contestant progress 3 Season 2 : 2011 3.1 Recruits 3.2 Contestant progress 3.3 Differences between seasons 1 and 2 4 Season 3 : 2012 4.1 Recruits 4.2 Contestant progress 5 Season 4 : 2013 5.1 Recruits 5.2 Contestant progress 6 Season 5 : 2014 6.1 Recruits 6.2 Contestant progress 7 Season 6 : 2015 7.1 Recruits 7.2 Contestant progress 8 Season 7 : Celebrity Edition 8.1 Recruits 8.2 Contestant progress 9 Season 8 : 2016 9.1 Recruits 9.2 Contestant progress 10 Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 10.1 Recruits 10.2 Contestant progress 11 Season 10 : 2017 11.1 Recruits 11.2 Contestant progress 12 Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 12.1 Recruits 12.2 Contestant progress 13 Season 12 : 2018 13.1 Recruits 13.2 Contestant progress 14 Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 14.1 Recruits 14.2 Contestant Progress 15 Judging Records 16 References 17 External links History ( edit ) The show premiered on January 3 , 2010 . The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1 . MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2 , followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3 -- 5 . On November 20 , 2014 , a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Burrell to host Season 6 , to debut on January 4 , 2015 . Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4 -- 5 . Rachael Ray and Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition , which premiered September 23 , 2015 . During the finale of Season 7 , a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence . Season 1 : 2010 ( edit ) Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp . They have six recruits each , and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left . The final two create a three - course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs . Recruits ( edit ) Twelve chefs competed in the first season of Worst Cooks in America . Hometowns and occupations are available from the Food Network website . Chef Anne 's team was known as the Red Team and Chef Beau 's team was known as the Blue Team . Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Rachel Coleman 23 Brooklyn , New York Marketing Website editor Winner February 1 Jennifer `` Jenny '' Cross 21 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Waitress Runner - up February 1 Jennifer `` Jen '' Vecchio 38 Cumberland , Rhode Island Dance Studio Owner Eliminated January 31 Eddie Chang 32 Jersey City , New Jersey IT project manager Marque Hernandez 41 Brea , California Director of Clinical Operations Eliminated January 24 Rebecca Hooper 43 Sandy , Utah Salon Owner Sophia Gettys 27 Aurora , Colorado Stay - at - home Mom Eliminated January 17 Susie Shoman 53 Georgetown , South Carolina Grants administrator and entrepreneur Kelly Johnson 31 Scottsdale , Arizona Corporate litigation attorney Eliminated January 10 David Summey 29 Charlotte , North Carolina Salesman Wilhelmina Josephine 29 Aliso Viejo , California Insurance claims adjuster Eliminated January 3 Hamed Hamad 24 North Hollywood , California Journalist and fashion consultant Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Rachel IN IN IN IN WIN BTM WIN WINNER Jenny * IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN RUNNER - UP Jen IN IN WIN IN WIN WIN OUT Eddie BTM WIN BTM BTM IN WIN OUT 5 Marque WIN WIN BTM BTM IN OUT 6 Rebecca WIN BTM IN WIN IN OUT 7 Sophia * IN IN IN OUT 8 Susie IN BTM IN OUT 9 Kelly IN OUT 10 David BTM OUT 11 Wilhelmina OUT 12 Hamed OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Beau won the bet on whose team member made the best crepes . Season 2 : 2011 ( edit ) Casting for season 2 of Worst Cooks in America was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport , Hotel & Convention Center on March 27 , 2010 . The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2 . Food Network 's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2 . Season 2 debuted on January 2 , 2011 . In this season the chefs had eight recruits each . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Joshie Berger 36 Brooklyn , New York Attorney Winner February 20 Georgann `` Georg '' Coleman 38 Chicago , Illinois Speech pathologist Runner - up February 20 Carlos Manuel 28 Atlanta , Georgia Banker Eliminated February 13 Kelsey Milos 22 Kings , Illinois Hair stylist Kat Rose 37 Newnan , Georgia Stay - at - home mother Eliminated February 6 Tyrone `` Ty '' Miller 33 Trenton , New Jersey Property manager Jennifer `` Jen '' MacLean 43 Sparta , New Jersey Operating room nurse Eliminated January 30 Kelly Gray 32 New York , New York Aerobics instructor Erika Rumsey 27 Elgin , Illinois Account manager Eliminated January 23 Anna Altomari 44 Aliso Viejo , California RN Case manager Priscilla Harden 60 Sugar Land , Texas Retired teacher Eliminated January 16 Matt Crespi 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania PhD Student Anthony Scinto 32 Crestwood , Illinois Mechanical engineer Eliminated January 9 Jeff Longcor 25 Somerville , Massachusetts Environmental contractor Lina Yu 28 Arcadia , California Production manager Eliminated January 2 Eric Ricupero 34 Quincy , Massachusetts Bar owner Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode Rank Contestant 5 6 7 Joshie IN IN IN WIN WIN 9th IN IN BTM BTM IN WINNER Georg IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Carlos IN IN WIN WIN IN 6th WIN WIN WIN WIN OUT Kelsey * WIN IN IN WIN BTM 2nd BTM IN WIN IN OUT 5 Kat * WIN IN BTM IN IN BTM BTM BTM OUT 6 Ty IN IN IN IN BTM 3rd IN BTM OUT 7 Jen IN BTM IN WIN IN 7th IN OUT 8 Kelly IN IN IN IN IN 5th WIN OUT 9 Erika BTM WIN IN WIN IN 8th OUT 10 Anna IN IN IN IN WIN 4th OUT 11 Priscilla IN IN BTM WIN OUT 12 Matt BTM IN WIN IN OUT 13 Anthony IN IN OUT 14 Jeff IN BTM OUT 15 Lina OUT 16 Eric OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Robert won the bet on whose team member made the best burgers . Differences between seasons 1 and 2 ( edit ) In the first episode , a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were . After tasting all the items , the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef . The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team . In the second season , the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode . In the penultimate episode of the season , the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert . After this , in the first season , the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe . In the second one , the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs , and a special guest enjoyed a main dish . After learning and replicating a dessert , the recruits had to prepare a meal for both chefs and a surprise guest , usually a spouse or other family member . The first season 's main dishes were an improved version of the recruits ' audition meal . The special guests in the second season got to choose what they wanted the students to make them . Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer , main dish , and dessert for a panel of three food critics . The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses . In season 2 , the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant . Season 3 : 2012 ( edit ) Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3 replacing Robert Irvine . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kelli Powers 40 Los Angeles , California Stay - at - home mother Winner April 1 Vinnie Caligiuri 47 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Mortgage broker Runner - up April 1 Melissa Rhodes 28 Naples , Florida Nursing Student Eliminated March 25 David Shelton 26 Longview , Texas Unemployed Tiffany Michelle 27 Los Angeles , California Poker player and actress Eliminated March 18 Dorothy Strouhal 38 Cove , Texas Make - up artist Anthony Schiano 33 Massapequa , New York Mechanical engineer Eliminated March 11 Benjamin Dennis 37 Dallas , Texas Stay - at - home father Quit March 11 Sean `` Bennett '' Bennett 36 New York City Automotive Spokesperson Eliminated March 4 Sarina Weeraprajuk 31 West Covina , California Wedding photographer Erica Weidner 53 Long Beach , New York Court Reporter Student Eliminated February 26 Robert `` Bob '' Tamke 44 Massapequa Park , New York DJ Sherrill Moss - Solomon 55 New York , New York Fundraiser Eliminated February 19 Rachel Margolin 31 New York , New York Night Club Promoter Richard Chen 55 Queens , New York Attorney Eliminated February 12 Libby Floyd 46 Eden Prairie , Minnesota ShopNBC host Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Kelli WIN IN IN IN IN IN BTM WIN BTM WIN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Vinnie IN WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Melissa IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN BTM IN OUT David IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT 5 Tiffany WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN BTM IN OUT 6 Dorothy IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN WIN WIN WIN OUT 7 Anthony IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN OUT 8 Benjamin IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN QUIT 9 Bennett IN IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 10 Sarina BTM IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 11 Erica IN IN BTM IN OUT 12 Bob IN WIN IN IN OUT 13 Sherrill IN BTM OUT 14 Rachel BTM BTM OUT 15 Richard OUT 16 Libby OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 , Team Bobby ( blue team ) won the first challenge , he therefore got to choose one person from Team Anne ( red team ) to go to his team , and then choose one person from his team to go to the other team . He chose David to go to Team Anne 's team and chose Melissa from Team Anne 's team to join his team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to quit Season 4 : 2013 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Alina Bolshakova 28 Riga , Latvia Caretaker / Actress Winner March 31 Rasheeda Brown 30 Germantown , Maryland Correctional Officer Runner - up March 31 Chet Pourciau 40 New Orleans , Louisiana Interior Designer Eliminated March 24 Suzanne `` Sue '' Mangogna 42 Northport , New York Single Mother Carla Johnson 47 Long Beach , California Alcohol & Drug Counselor Eliminated March 17 Michael Haydin 25 Rye Brook , New York Accountant Carrie Lee Riggins 32 Carmel , New York Ballerina / Actress Eliminated March 10 Crystal Lonneberg 30 Weehawken , New Jersey Actress / Artist Aadip Desai 36 Sacramento , California Writer / Musician Eliminated March 3 Alex Stein 26 Dallas , Texas Bail Bondsman Michael `` Big Mike '' Paul 24 Thomson , Georgia Woodworker Eliminated February 24 Robert `` Dr. Bob '' Schaefer 58 Pleasant Hill , California Chiropractor Tim Burger 42 Novi , Michigan Former Marine Eliminated February 17 Diana De Rosa 62 Huntington , New York Photographer Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Alina BTM WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN WIN IN WIN WINNER Rasheeda IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Chet WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT Sue IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN WIN WIN OUT 5 Carla IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM BTM WIN OUT 6 Michael WIN IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM IN OUT 7 Carrie Lee IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 8 Crystal IN WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 9 Aadip IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Alex IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Mike IN BTM OUT 12 Bob BTM BTM OUT 13 Tim OUT 14 Diana OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 5 : 2014 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Amber Brauner 37 Redlands , California Tattoo Artist Winner March 31 Jamie Thomas 41 New York , New York Flight Attendant Runner - up March 31 Daniel `` Danny '' Beyda 43 Long Island , New York Radiologist Eliminated March 24 Mike Glazer 30 Chicago , Illinois Writer Carie Pullano - Keller 34 Chester , Virginia Promotional Model Eliminated March 17 Stephanie St. Aubin 26 Washington , DC Secretary Danielle Ruiz - Wiley 25 Staten Island , New York Stay at Home Mom Eliminated March 10 Carol Holder 64 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Joe Slaughter 28 Los Angeles , California Actor / Dancer Eliminated March 3 Ken Hsu 29 Seattle , Washington Personal Trainer Lance Green 31 New York , New York Music Producer Eliminated February 24 Benjamin `` Benji '' Hunter Brown III 29 Nashville , Tennessee Live Music Booking Agent Muneerah Warner 33 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Abstinence Advisor Eliminated February 16 Casey Pentony 26 Hollywood , California Nurse Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Amber WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN BTM IN WIN IN WIN WINNER Jamie WIN IN WIN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Danny IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM IN OUT Mike IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 5 Carrie IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 6 Stephanie IN IN BTM IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Danielle IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 8 Carol IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN OUT 9 Joe IN IN WIN WIN OUT 10 Ken IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Lance BTM IN OUT 12 Benji BTM IN OUT 13 Muneerah OUT 14 Casey OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 Team Anne ( red team ) won the first challenge , she therefore got to choose one person from Team Bobby ( blue team ) to go to her team , and then chose one person from her team to go to the other team . She chose Stephanie to go to Team Bobby 's team and chose Carrie from Team Bobby 's team to join her team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( IN ) The contestant get switched by the host to the other team . Ex : A member of the red team goes to the blue team , and a member of the blue team goes to the red team . Season 6 : 2015 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6 , replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons . The season premiered on January 4 , 2015 to 2,123,000 viewers . The second episode was lower at 1,456,000 viewers , with the third episode rising to 1,732,000 viewers and the fourth episode reached 1,689,000 viewers . the 5th episode reached 1,634,000 viewers . The sixth episode received 1.55 million viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kristen Redmond 25 Austin , Texas Singer / Songwriter Winner February 15 Genique Freeman 33 Fayetteville , North Carolina Esthetician Runner - up February 15 Leopold `` Leo '' Nunan 36 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Performance Artist Eliminated February 8 Sarah Bettendorf 33 Los Angeles , California Art Teacher Norman Wilson 46 Detroit , Michigan Executive Protection Eliminated February 1 Sharif Dean 27 Los Angeles , California Personal Trainer David Eric Rosenberg 51 Las Vegas , Nevada Theatre Usher Eliminated January 25 Kortni Montgomery 25 New Orleans , Louisiana Customer Service Rep Michael `` Six '' Muldoon 25 Queens , New York Magician Eliminated January 18 Mike Kennedy 45 Scottsdale , Arizona Private Investigator Stephanie Streisand * 25 Los Angeles , California Writer Withdrew January 11 Susie Babin 61 Bush , Louisiana Retired Eliminated January 11 Jason Dixon 30 Chicago , Illinois Artist Eliminated January 5 Christina Oster 38 Zion , Illinois Single Mom Contestant Stephanie Streisand was deemed too ill to continue on January 11 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Kristen IN WIN WIN IN IN WIN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Genique IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Leo IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT Sarah WIN IN IN BTM BTM IN WIN WIN BTM WIN OUT 5 Norman WIN IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN OUT 6 Sharif IN WIN BTM WIN IN IN BTM IN OUT 7 David BTM IN BTM IN WIN BTM OUT 8 Kortni BTM IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 9 Six IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Mike IN BTM IN IN OUT 11 Stephanie IN IN WDR 12 Susie IN BTM OUT 13 Jason OUT 14 Christina OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness . Season 7 : Celebrity Edition ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 7 . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . Because this season had only 7 total recruits , each team 's worst recruit from that week 's Main Dish challenge competed head to head in a quickfire elimination challenge instead of eliminating both recruits each week . This challenge involved more basic cooking techniques ( e.g. knife skills ) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael . The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Jenni `` JWoww '' Farley 29 Reality Television Star Winner October 28 Kendra Wilkinson 30 Former Playboy Model & Television Personality Runner - up October 28 Ellen Cleghorne 49 Saturday Night Live Actress Eliminated October 21 Barry Williams 60 The Brady Bunch Actor Eliminated October 14 Chris Soules 33 The Bachelor Star Eliminated October 7 Jaleel White 38 Actor , Television Host Eliminated September 30 Dean Cain 48 Television Actor Eliminated September 23 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Jenni IN WIN IN WIN WIN WINNER Kendra IN WIN BTM WIN BTM RUNNER - UP Ellen WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Barry BTM BTM WIN OUT 5 Chris WIN IN OUT 6 Jaleel IN OUT 7 Dean OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 8 : 2016 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Nick Slater 24 Rancho Cucamonga , California Construction Worker Winner February 14 Lawrence Crawford 26 Deptford , New Jersey Army Combat Medic Runner - up February 14 Ginny Meerman 50 Millersville , Maryland Project Supervisor Eliminated February 7 Taylor Hooper 24 Boston , Massachusetts Marine Veteran Holgie Forrester 66 Twentynine Palms , California Retired / Actress Eliminated January 31 Chanda Havard 36 Chicago , Illinois Real Estate Agent Donna Koen 60 Newburyport , Massachusetts Lunch Lady & Hairdresser Eliminated January 24 Rachel Thomas 27 Tampa , Florida Stay - at - Home Wife Ernie Adkins 44 Mardela Springs , Maryland Truck driver Eliminated January 17 Glenda Galeano 40 Miami , Florida Event Coordinator / Actress Ty Snow 39 Pasadena , California Special Education Teacher Eliminated January 10 Cindy Nguyen 28 Las Vegas , Nevada Bartender David Fouts 42 Wales , Wisconsin Senior Project Manager Eliminated January 4 Jeni Erdman 51 Dousman , Wisconsin Group Tour Coordinator Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Nick WIN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN TIE WIN WINNER Lawrence IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN RUNNER - UP Ginny WIN BTM WIN IN BTM TIE IN WIN WIN OUT Taylor IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN WIN TIE OUT 5 Holgie IN WIN IN IN IN TIE BTM IN OUT 6 Chanda BTM IN IN BTM WIN WIN BTM IN OUT 7 Donna IN BTM WIN IN IN BTM OUT 8 Rachel BTM IN BTM WIN WIN BTM OUT 9 Ernie IN BTM IN IN OUT 10 Glenda IN BTM BTM BTM OUT 11 Ty IN IN OUT 12 Cindy IN IN OUT 13 David OUT 14 Jeni OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . The season premiered on September 14 , 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Loni Love 44 The Real Co-Host & Comedian Winner November 2 Nicole Sullivan 46 Former MadTV Star , Comedian , & Actress Runner - up November 2 John Henson 49 Former Talk Soup & Wipeout host Eliminated October 26 Mike Situation Sorrentino 34 Reality Television Personality Matt Dallas 33 Television Actor & YouTube Personality Eliminated October 19 Mindy Cohn 50 The Facts of Life & Scooby - Doo Actress Eliminated October 12 Tommy Davidson 52 Comedian & Actor Eliminated September 28 Barbara Eden 85 Film & Television Actress ( I Dream of Jeannie & Harper Valley P.T.A. ) Eliminated September 21 Kenya Moore 45 Miss USA 1993 & The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star Eliminated September 14 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Loni IN IN TIE IN WIN IN IN WINNER Nicole IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN IN RUNNER - UP WIN WIN BTM WIN IN BTM OUT Mike IN BTM WIN WIN IN WIN OUT 5 Matt WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 6 Mindy IN IN TIE BTM OUT 7 Tommy IN IN OUT 8 Barbara BTM OUT 9 Kenya OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 10 : 2017 ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10 . The season premiered on January 1 , 2017 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Daniel Mar 35 Burbank , California Photographer Winner March 5 Ann Odogwu 34 Houston , Texas Flight Attendant Runner - Up March 5 Laura Docker 36 Fort Worth , Texas Lawyer Eliminated February 26 Mandy Thornton 24 Hanover , Massachusetts Medical Assistant Adam Cooke 32 Rancho Cucamonga , California Auto Mechanic Eliminated February 19 Brittany Lenore 27 Chicago , Illinois Spiritual Speaker Jeff West 36 Douglassville , Pennsylvania Vending Machine President Eliminated February 12 Kayla Kurtz 27 Kent , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 29 Maria Marcello 40 Torrance , California Stay - at - Home Mom Matt Josephs 35 Richmond , Virginia Sports Radio Producer Eliminated January 22 Jake Michaels 21 Manteno , Illinois Model & Singer Eliminated January 15 Jetta Linda Ostrofsky 66 Sacramento , California Retired Stephen Hawkins 67 Temecula , California Retired Eliminated January 8 Buffy Mykkanen 29 Portland , Oregon Tech Support Cedrick Miller 22 El Paso , Texas Cashier Eliminated January 1 Lester Turchin 65 Fort Lauderdale , Florida Retired Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Daniel IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN WINNER Ann WIN IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN SAVE IN IN RUNNER - UP Mandy IN IN IN TIE IN WIN WIN BTM IN BTM IN OUT Laura IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN WIN IN OUT 5 Brittany WIN IN IN TIE WIN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT 6 Adam IN IN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Jeff IN WIN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN IN OUT 8 Maria IN IN WIN IN WIN OUT 9 Kayla IN IN IN TIE SAVE OUT 10 Matt IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Jetta IN IN BTM OUT 12 Jake BTM IN IN OUT 13 Stephen BTM IN OUT 14 Buffy IN IN OUT 15 Cedrick OUT 16 Lester OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . In Episode 6 , Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to send anyone from their teams home . Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition . The season premiered on August 23 , 2017 Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Perez Hilton 39 Gossip Blogger Winner October 11 Melissa Peterman 46 Actress & Comedienne Runner - up October 11 Nora Dunn 65 Actress & Comedienne Eliminated October 4 Vivica A. Fox 53 Actress Eliminated October 4 Sean Lowe 33 Reality Star Eliminated September 27 Carmen Electra 45 Model & Actress Withdrew September 13 due to injuries Carson Kressley 47 TV Personality Eliminated September 6 Erik Estrada 68 Star of CHiPs Eliminated August 30 Note : Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20 . In Episode 7 , airing on October 4 , both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill . Vivica won the drill , re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge . Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Perez IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WINNER Melissa IN WIN IN WIN WIN IN SAVE IN BTM IN IN IN WIN RUNNER - UP Nora SAVE TIE IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT Vivica IN IN IN IN WIN TIE SAVE IN OUT RTN OUT 5 Sean IN IN IN IN BTM TIE IN IN IN IN OUT 6 Carmen BTM IN BTM WIN IN WDR 7 Carson IN TIE WIN IN OUT 8 Erik IN TIE OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness or injury . ( RTN ) The contestant won the redemption Skill Drill and returned to the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . Season 12 : 2018 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 12 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Hazell Mckenzie 36 Brooklyn , New York Graduate Student Winner March 11 Steven Crowley 31 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Runner - Up March 11 Asaf Goren 25 Los Angeles , California Dancer Eliminated March 4 Sharon Shvarzman 32 Staten Island , New York Drag Performer Shatima Ruffin 34 Hampton Roads , Virginia Receptionist Eliminated February 25 Lacey Stout 28 Collinsville , Oklahoma Stay - at - Home Mom Robyn Hayden 31 Charleston , South Carolina Balloon Artist Eliminated February 18 Brandon Arroyo 27 Cleveland , Ohio Sports Reporter Eliminated February 11 Spencer Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Sylvia Jefferies 47 Charleston , South Carolina Stay - at - Home Mom Quit January 28 Lily Frey 63 Anaheim , California Retired Eliminated January 28 Skyler Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Eliminated January 21 Priscilla Nguyen 26 Hattiesburg , Mississippi Receptionist Eliminated January 14 Kevin Pettice 24 Charlotte , North Carolina Administrative Assistant Kayrene Curtis 44 Rocky River , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 7 Jonathan Farhat 37 Livermore , California Safety Professional Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hazell WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN WINNER Steven BTM IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Sharon WIN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Asaf IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM OUT 5 Lacey * IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT 6 Shatima IN IN BTM BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 7 Robyn IN IN IN WIN BTM BTM OUT 8 Brandon IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT 9 Spencer * BTM IN BTM IN BTM OUT 10 Lily IN WIN IN OUT 11 Sylvia IN BTM BTM QUIT 12 Skyler IN BTM OUT 13 Priscilla IN OUT 14 Kevin IN OUT 15 Jonathan OUT 16 Kayrene OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to leave the competition . In episode 5 , contestants Lacey and Spencer switch teams instead of being eliminated , Lacey on Chef Anne 's Team and Spencer on Chef Tyler 's team . Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 ( edit ) Tyler Florence returns with Anne Burrell to host season 4 of the Celebrity Edition . This is the first Celebrity Edition to not feature Rachael Ray as a judge . The season premiered on April 15 , 2018 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status La Toya Jackson 61 Singer & Icon Winner May 20 Ian Ziering 53 Actor Runner - Up May 20 Catherine Bach 64 The Dukes of Hazzard Star Eliminated May 13 Oscar Nunez 59 The Office Star Maria Bamford 48 Comedienne Eliminated May 6 Nolan Gould 19 Modern Family Star Eliminated April 29 Bronson Pinchot 58 Actor Eliminated April 22 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 La Toya WIN WIN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Ian WIN IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Catherine IN WIN IN BTM OUT Oscar BTM BTM BTM IN OUT 5 Maria IN IN IN OUT 6 Nolan SAVE IN OUT 7 Bronson IN OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenged and was out of the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . Judging Records ( edit ) Judge Wins Losses Anne Burrell 8 5 Bobby Flay Rachael Ray Tyler Florence Beau MacMillan 0 Robert Irvine 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' is n't just a title : They 're horrible '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' : Worst thing I watched most of last night '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Red Team ( Chef Anne Burrell ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Blue Team ( Chef Beau MacMillan ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scattergood , Amy ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Casting Calls : Season 2 of Worst Cooks in America Wants You ! -- Los Angeles Restaurants and Dining -- Squid Ink '' . Blogs.laweekly.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network is looking for HOPELESS HOME COOKS ! '' . Worstcookscasting.wordpress.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Powered by Google Docs '' . Docs.google.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Superstar Chefs Anne Burrell And Bobby Flay Transform Kitchen - Challenged Contestants in Season Three of Primetime Competition Series Worst Cooks in America '' ( pdf ) . Food Network . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WORST COOKS IN AMERICA : Season Three -- Contestant Overview '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Host on Shop NBC '' . Libby Floyd . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.4. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.11. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.18. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.25. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Burrell and Rachael Ray Kick Off the New Year with Season 10 of Worst Cooks in America FN Dish -- Food Network Blog '' . FN Dish -- Food Network Blog. 2016 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Social Media Food Failures '' . Food Network . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America , Season 11 : Meet the Celebrity Recruits '' . Food Com . Jump up ^ `` A Fresh Batch of Cooking - Challenged Celebrities Enter Boot Camp '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( since 2013 ) Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives ( since 2006 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) I Hart Food ( since 2017 ) Iron Chef America ( since 2005 ) Iron Chef Gauntlet ( since 2017 ) Iron Chef Showdown ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Kids BBQ Championship ( since 2016 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( since 2016 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Trisha 's Southern Kitchen ( since 2012 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Cupcake Wars ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Food Network Star Kids ( 2016 ) Guilty Pleasures ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Worst Bakers in America ( 2016 ) See also : Food Network pilots and specials Food Network Canada original programming Current Bake with Anna Olson ( since 2012 ) Carnival Eats ( since 2014 ) Chopped Canada ( since 2014 ) David Rocco 's Dolce Vita ( since 2010 ) Food Factory ( since 2012 ) You Gotta Eat Here ! ( since 2012 ) Former 2000s debuts The 100 Mile Challenge ( 2009 ) Chef at Home ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Chef School ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Christine Cushing Live ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Christine Cushing : Cook with Me ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Chuck 's Day Off ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Everyday Exotic ( since 2008 -- 2009 ) The Family Restaurant ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Food Jammers ( 2006 -- 2010 ) French Food at Home ( 2007 -- 2010 ) The Heat with Mark McEwan ( 2008 -- 2010 ) I Do , Let 's Eat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Kitchen Equipped ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Licence to Grill ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Made to Order ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Man - Made Food ( 2004 -- unknown ) Restaurant Makeover ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Ricardo and Friends ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Sugar ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Summer 's Best ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Surreal Gourmet ( 2002 -- 2006 ) The Thirsty Traveler ( 2002 -- 2006 ) 2010s debuts Chef in Your Ear ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Dinner Party Wars ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Eat St. ( 2011 -- 2015 ) From Spain with Love with Annie Sibonney ( 2011 ) Ice Cold Cash ( 2012 ) Recipe for Success ( 2004 -- unknown ) Recipe to Riches ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Top Chef Canada ( 2011 -- 2017 ) World 's Weirdest Restaurants ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Worst_Cooks_in_America&oldid=843094832 '' Categories : 2010 American television series debuts 2010s American television series Food Network series Television series by All3Media Food reality television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 21 : 00 . 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"\n\nContestant\nAge\nOccupation\nStatus\n\n\nPerez Hilton\n39\nGossip Blogger\nWinner October 11\n\n\nMelissa Peterman\n46\nActress & Comedienne\nRunner-up October 11\n\n\nNora Dunn\n65\nActress & Comedienne\nEliminated October 4\n\n\nVivica A. Fox\n53\nActress\nEliminated October 4\n\n\nSean Lowe\n33\nReality Star\nEliminated September 27\n\n\nCarmen Electra\n45\nModel & Actress\nWithdrew September 13 due to injuries\n\n\nCarson Kressley\n47\nTV Personality\nEliminated September 6\n\n\nErik Estrada\n68\nStar of CHiPs\nEliminated August 30\n\n"
] | [
"Perez Hilton"
] |
7818035199000264772 | Can't Take My Eyes Off You | Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - wikipedia Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You Jump to : navigation , search `` I Love You Baby '' redirects here . For the film of that name , see I Love You Baby ( film ) . `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' Cover of the 1967 US single Single by Frankie Valli from the album Frankie Valli : Solo B - side `` The Trouble With Me '' Released May 1967 ( 1967 - 05 ) Format 7 '' Recorded April 1967 Genre Pop rock Length 2 : 58 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Bob Crewe Bob Gaudio Producer ( s ) Bob Crewe Frankie Valli singles chronology `` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) `` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli . The song was among his biggest hits , earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week , stuck behind `` Windy '' by The Association . It was co-written by Bob Gaudio , a bandmate of Valli 's in The Four Seasons . It was Valli 's biggest solo hit until he hit # 1 in 1974 with `` My Eyes Adored You '' . `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' has had hundreds of cover versions , many of which have been on the charts in different countries . The song is a staple of television and film soundtracks , even being featured as part of the plot of some films , such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song . Its chorus has also become a popular football chant , with supporters of various teams inserting their club 's name or a popular player 's name into the beat ( for instance , A.S. Roma fans sing `` Francesco Totti , la la , la la la la ! '' ) . The Valli version was also used by NASA as a wake - up song on the STS - 126 space shuttle mission , to celebrate the anniversary of astronaut Christopher Ferguson , one of the mission 's crew members . The song is frequently erroneously attributed to Frank Sinatra . Contents ( hide ) 1 Credits 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Notable cover versions 3.1 1967 -- 1969 3.2 1970 -- 1989 3.3 1990 -- 1999 3.4 2000 -- 2009 3.5 2010 -- present 4 References 5 External links Credits ( edit ) The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio . Arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio . The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue , with Bob Crewe producing and Phil Ramone as the engineer . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 18 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box Notable cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years , in many countries , under both versions of the title . A few notable examples of cover versions that appeared on the charts : 1967 -- 1969 ( edit ) The Lettermen ( # 7 in 1967 , in a medley with `` Goin ' Out of My Head '' ) A version by Andy Williams made it to # 5 on the UK singles chart in 1968 . The arranger and producer was Nick DeCaro and the conductor was Eddie Karam . This version is included in the soundtrack of the 2001 film Bridget Jones 's Diary . In 2002 he recorded a new version of the song , as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen , which reached # 23 in the UK singles charts . Vicki Carr recorded a cover of the song on her 1967 album It Must Be Him . Nancy Wilson ( # 52 in 1969 ) Engelbert Humperdinck covered the song on his 1968 album A Man Without Love . The Easybeats covered the song on their 1968 album Vigil , only released on the UK / European version of the album . The Supremes performed the song for the first time in 1969 , in one of Diana Ross ' last performance on TV with the group , with Mary Wilson on lead . A translated version in Swedish was recorded by Anni - Frid Lyngstad ( later of ABBA ) and was released as the B - side to her debut single `` Din '' in 1967 . The recording has also been released on Lyngstad 's compilation albums . 1970 -- 1989 ( edit ) In 1970 , Brook Benton recorded the song on his album Brook Benton Today . In 1972 , Bobby Darin performed the song on his summer television series , Dean Martin Presents : The Bobby Darin Amusement Company , and this version was included in the 2004 album Aces Back to Back . In 1974 , Anna Maria Alberghetti performed the song as part of a medley on the 1974 Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon . In 1975 , Julio Iglesias sang the song on his TV show . Shirley Bassey recorded this as a United Artist Single in 1976 . In 1978 actors Robert De Niro , Christopher Walken and John Cazale sang the lyrics in the movie The Deer Hunter . Maureen McGovern ( # 27 on the US Adult Contemporary chart in 1979 ; # 5 Canadian AC in 1980 ) . In 1982 , San Francisco based disco band Boys Town Gang performed a disco version of the song which reached number one in the Netherlands , Belgium , Spain and number four in the United Kingdom . This version was also successful in Japan , receiving a gold digital certification by the RIAJ in 2011 , and is also on games such as Just Dance 4 . In 1987 , Hong Kong singer Prudence Liew recorded a Cantonese version and released it as the fourth single from her sophomore album , Why . In 1989 , Michelle Pfeiffer sang the song in The Fabulous Baker Boys . 1990 -- 1999 ( edit ) 1991 , onwards various versions from by disco singer Gloria Gaynor . 1991 , Pet Shop Boys used part of the song on their cover version of U2 's `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' , which reached # 4 in the U.K. and # 72 in the U.S. 1992 , Dutch singers Gerard Joling and Tatjana Šimić recorded a duet version of the song ( including a rap segment by Darrell Bell ) , which peaked at # 5 in the Dutch Top 40 charts . 1993 , the song was recorded by a-ha singer Morten Harket for the soundtrack of the movie Coneheads ( 1993 ) . 1994 , Russian singer Philipp Kirkorov recorded this song for his album I 'm not a Rafael . 1995 , Christian rock band Daniel Amos recorded a version of the song on their album Songs of the Heart . 1996 , Manic Street Preachers recorded a version of the song and used it as the third B - side on their single `` Australia '' , the fourth to be taken from the hit album Everything Must Go . 1997 , German singer Tommy Fischer released his German disco version `` Weil ich dich liebe '' ( covered in 2008 by Two 4 Pop ) 1997 , Xysma , the pioneering Finnish grindcore band , covered the song in their later career after transforming into a rock band on their EP Singles . 1998 , Lauryn Hill ( # 35 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and # 2 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart in 1998 and # 8 on the Australian Singles Charts ) . This version was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1999 . 1999 , Heath Ledger sang the song in the film 10 Things I Hate About You . 1999 , Denise Richards sang the song in the film Drop Dead Gorgeous . 2000 -- 2009 ( edit ) 2000 , Japanese singer Ringo Sheena , for the single `` Tsumi to Batsu '' . 2000 , Hong Kong singer Leon Lai did a Cantonese version in his album Beijing Station . 2000 , Sheena Easton recorded her version for her album Fabulous . 2001 , Jimmy Somerville released his version as a single . 2001 , British group Muse , for the single `` Dead Star '' / `` In Your World '' . 2002 , Japanese singer Tommy february6 , on her eponymous album . 2004 , Jennifer Peña recorded a Latin version of the song , `` No Hay Nadie Igual Como Tú '' , which reached # 33 on the Latin charts . 2004 , Bad Manners , for The Ultimate Bad Collection - Crooners . 2006 , Barry Manilow including this song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties . 2007 , Greek singer Efi Thodi included this song in her album I Love You Baby . 2008 , John Barrowman recorded a cover for his album Music Music Music . 2008 , Chinese soft rock duet Yu Quan recorded a cover as an EP titled Fall in Love with Your Beauty . 2008 , Frankie Valli 's version of the song was played by NASA as the morning wake - up call for astronaut Christopher Ferguson , in honor of his anniversary while he was on the STS - 126 Space Shuttle mission . 2010 -- present ( edit ) In 2010 , A cappella group Straight No Chaser included a cover of the song on their album With a Twist . In 2010 , Clay Aiken included a cover of the song on his album Tried and True . In 2011 , Japanese R&B singer Misia , included a cover of the song as a B - side to her single `` Kioku '' . The song was later included on her cover album , Misia no Mori : Forest Covers . In 2011 , Taiwanese - American singer - songwriter Joanna Wang , included a cover of the song on her cover album , The Things We Do for Love . 2011 , Stereophonics frontman Kelly Jones sang an acoustic version of the song in tribute to former Wales national football team manager Gary Speed . The song has been an adopted anthem for Welsh football fans during Speed 's playing career with Wales after being used in a BBC Wales promo for the 1994 World Cup qualifying campaign . In 2013 , South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation performed a version of this song as part of their Japan 2nd Tour ~ Girls&Peace ~ and 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour - Girls & Peace . In 2013 , the vocal harmony group The Overtones covered the song for the official soundtrack of the German movie Buddy , and also included the song on the Christmas and Mother 's Day editions of their 2013 platinum selling album , Saturday Night at the Movies . In 2014 , John Lloyd Young covered the song for the movie Jersey Boys about the band The Four Seasons where he played Frankie Valli . He was also the original performer on the Broadway musical of the same name which premiered in 2005 . Jessie J recorded her version in 2016 , for the French cosmetics brand Make Up For Ever . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Frankie Valli Site '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . 1967 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . The Billboard book of number 1 hits . p. 398 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Valli - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You / The Trouble With Me ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , July 15 , 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Musicoutfitters.com '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Love , Andy by Andy Williams , album sleeve , 1967 . New York : Columbia Records CS 9566 Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Engelbert Humperdinck - A Man Without Love ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Du är så underbart rar - recording '' . musicbrainz.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Brook Benton - Brook Benton Today ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - lijst van week 24 , 1982 '' . Top40.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 74 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gloria Gaynor - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - YourDancefloorTV on YouTube . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` JAARLIJST 1992 '' . Members.chello.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Coneheads - Original Soundtrack Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic. 1993 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lauryn Hill Awards '' . AllMusic. 1975 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` MP3 file '' . Spaceflight.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Girls ' Generation Second Japan Arena Tour Set List Retrieved April 5th , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour Set List . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Official Frankie Valli Site '' . Retrieved 2010 - 2 - 16 . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers The Four Seasons Frankie Valli Tommy DeVito Bob Gaudio Nick Massi Charles Calello Joe Long Gerry Polci Albums Sherry & 11 Others ( 1962 ) The 4 Seasons Greetings ( 1962 ) Big Girls Do n't Cry and Twelve Others ( 1963 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Ai n't That a Shame and 11 Others ( 1963 ) Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons ( 1963 ) Dawn ( 1964 ) Rag Doll ( 1964 ) Born to Wonder ( 1964 ) Stay and Other Great Hits ( 1964 ) 4 Seasons Entertain You ( 1965 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Big Hits by Burt Bacharach ... Hal David ... Bob Dylan ( 1965 ) Working My Way Back to You and More Great New Hits ( 1966 ) Lets Hang On ( 1966 ) On Stage with The Four Seasons ( 1965 ) New Gold Hits ( 1967 ) Edizione D'Oro ( Gold Edition ) ( 1968 ) The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette ( 1969 ) Half and Half ( 1970 ) Chameleon ( 1972 ) Who Loves You ( 1975 ) Helicon ( 1977 ) The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons ( 2002 ) Singles `` Bermuda '' `` Sherry '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Candy Girl '' `` New Mexican Rose '' `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' `` Stay '' `` Ronnie '' `` Alone ( Why Must I Be Alone ) '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Silence Is Golden '' `` Save It for Me '' `` Sincerely '' `` Big Man in Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Bye , Bye , Baby ( Baby Goodbye ) '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Girl Come Running '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine ( Anymore ) '' `` Let 's Hang On ! '' `` Do n't Think Twice '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' `` Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) '' `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' `` The Proud One '' `` Tell It to the Rain '' `` Beggin ' '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` C'mon Marianne '' `` Lonesome Road '' `` Watch the Flowers Grow '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` My Eyes Adored You '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Who Loves You '' `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' `` Silver Star '' `` Grease '' Related topics Discography Members Albums Songs The Four Lovers The Wonder Who ? Bob Crewe `` Ces soirées - là '' Jersey Boys : Original Broadway Cast Recording Jersey Boys ( musical ) Jersey Boys ( film ) Book : The Four Seasons Jimmy Somerville Discography Studio albums Read My Lips Dare to Love Manage the Damage Home Again Compilations The Singles Collection 1984 / 1990 The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville , Bronski Beat and The Communards For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat , The Communards & Jimmy Somerville Singles `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Comment te dire adieu '' `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' `` Read My Lips ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 91 Remix ) '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Hurt So Good '' `` By Your Side '' `` The Number One Song in Heaven '' `` Why ? ( Almighty Mix ) '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` Johnny Remember Me '' `` Lover Man '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` From This Moment On '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` But Not Tonight '' `` I Was Born This Way '' `` Tell Me Why '' Related articles Bronski Beat The Communards Book Nancy Wilson Albums Like in Love Something Wonderful The Swingin 's Mutual ! Nancy Wilson / Cannonball Adderley Broadway -- My Way Hollywood -- My Way Yesterday 's Love Songs / Today 's Blues Today , Tomorrow , Forever The Nancy Wilson Show ! Tender Loving Care Lush Life Welcome to My Love But Beautiful Love , Nancy A Nancy Wilson Christmas R.S.V.P. ( Rare Songs , Very Personal ) Turned to Blue Songs `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` You 've Got Your Troubles '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` She Called Me Baby '' `` Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Related articles Discography Jazz Profiles The Lettermen Tony Butala Bobby Poynton Donovan Tea Studio albums Once Upon a Time ( 1962 ) The Best of The Lettermen ( 1966 ) I Have Dreamed ( 1969 ) Spin Away ( 1972 ) Singles `` The 7th Dawn '' `` Allentown Jail '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Chanson D'Amour '' `` Come Back Silly Girl '' `` Eastward '' `` How Is Julie ? '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Love '' `` Our Winter Love '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` Secretly '' `` Shangri - La '' `` She Cried '' `` Silly Boy ( She Does n't Love You ) '' `` Sweet September '' `` Theme from A Summer Place '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Where or When '' Related Vocal Group Hall of Fame Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Take_My_Eyes_Off_You&oldid=835262141 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles 1969 singles Songs written by Bob Crewe Songs written by Bob Gaudio Frankie Valli songs The Four Seasons ( band ) songs Jay and the Americans songs Andy Williams songs Lauryn Hill songs Barry Manilow songs The Lettermen songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Schlager songs Maureen McGovern songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in the Netherlands Song recordings produced by Bob Crewe 1967 songs Philips Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 16 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did cant take my eyes off of you come out | [
"\n\n\"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\"\n\n\n\nCover of the 1967 US single\n\n\n\nSingle by Frankie Valli\n\n\nfrom the album Frankie Valli: Solo[1]\n\n\nB-side\n\"The Trouble With Me\"\n\n\nReleased\nMay 1967 (1967-05)\n\n\nFormat\n7\"\n\n\nRecorded\nApril 1967\n\n\nGenre\nPop rock\n\n\nLength\n2:58\n\n\nLabel\nPhilips\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nBob Crewe\nBob Gaudio\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nBob Crewe\n\n\nFrankie Valli singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Proud One\"\n(1966)\n\"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\"\n(1967)\n\"I Make a Fool of Myself\"\n(1967)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Proud One\"\n(1966)\n\"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\"\n(1967)\n\"I Make a Fool of Myself\"\n(1967)\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"May 1967"
] |
6625310563050212144 | Qatar | Qatar - wikipedia Qatar This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 August 2018 . For other places with the same name , see Qatar ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 25 ° 30 ′ N 51 ° 15 ′ E / 25.500 ° N 51.250 ° E / 25.500 ; 51.250 State of Qatar دولة قطر ( Arabic ) Dawlat Qatar Flag Emblem Anthem : السلام الأميري As - Salam al - Amiri ( transliteration ) Amiri Salute Location and extent of Qatar ( dark green ) on the Arabian Peninsula . Capital and largest city Doha 25 ° 18 ′ N 51 ° 31 ′ E / 25.300 ° N 51.517 ° E / 25.300 ; 51.517 Official languages Arabic Other languages English Ethnic groups ( 2015 ) 88.4 % non-Qatari 11.6 % Qatari Religion Islam Demonym Qatari Government Unitary constitutional monarchy Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani Deputy Emir Abdullah bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani Prime Minister Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani Legislature Consultative Assembly Establishment Qatar National Day 18 December 1878 Declared independence 1 September 1971 Independence from the United Kingdom 3 September 1971 Area Total 11,581 km ( 4,471 sq mi ) ( 158th ) Water ( % ) 0.8 Population 2017 estimate 2,641,669 ( 140th ) 2010 census 1,699,435 ( 148th ) Density 176 / km ( 455.8 / sq mi ) ( 76th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $357.338 billion ( 51st ) Per capita $128,702 ( 1st ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $183.807 billion ( 56th ) Per capita $66,202 ( 6th ) Gini ( 2007 ) 41.1 medium HDI ( 2014 ) 0.850 very high 32nd Currency Riyal ( QAR ) Time zone AST ( UTC + 3 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 974 ISO 3166 code QA Internet TLD . qa قطر . You may need rendering support to display the Arabic text in this article correctly . Qatar ( / ˈkætɑːr / , / ˈkɑːtɑːr / ( listen ) , / ˈkɑːtər / or / kəˈtɑːr / ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qatar ( ˈqɑtʕɑr ) ; local vernacular pronunciation : ( ˈɡɪtʕɑr ) ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qatar ) , is a sovereign state located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether it should be regarded as a constitutional or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighboring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . An arm of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island monarchy of Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high - income economy , backed by the world 's third - largest natural - gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani founded the state in the early 19th century . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98 % in favour . In the 21st century , Qatar emerged as a significant power in the Arab world , reportedly supporting several rebel groups during the Arab Spring both financially and through its globally expanding media group , Al Jazeera Media Network . For its size , Qatar wields disproportionate influence in the world , and has been identified as a middle power . This increased influence of Qatar and its role during the Arab Spring , especially during the Bahraini uprising in 2011 , worsened longstanding tensions with Saudi Arabia , the neighboring United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) , and Bahrain . In June 2017 , those three countries and Egypt cut off diplomatic relations with the country , accusing it of supporting and funding terrorism and manipulating internal affairs of its neighboring states . Qatar will host the 2022 FIFA World Cup from 21 November -- 18 December , becoming the first Arab country to do so . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 Early and late Islamic period ( 661 -- 1783 ) 2.3 Bahraini and Saudi rule ( 1783 -- 1868 ) 2.4 Ottoman rule ( 1871 -- 1915 ) 2.5 British rule ( 1916 -- 1971 ) 2.6 Independence and aftermath ( 1971 -- present ) 3 Politics 3.1 Sharia law 3.2 Human rights 3.3 Foreign relations 3.4 Military 4 Administrative divisions 5 Geography 5.1 Biodiversity and environment 5.2 Climate 6 Economy 6.1 Energy 7 Demographics 7.1 Religion 7.2 Languages 8 Culture 8.1 Arts and museums 8.2 Media 8.3 Music 8.4 Sport 9 Education 10 Healthcare 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) Pliny the Elder , a Roman writer , documented the earliest account pertaining to the inhabitants of the Peninsula around the mid-first century AD , referring to them as the Catharrei , a designation which may have derived from the name of a prominent local settlement . A century later , Ptolemy produced the first known map to depict the peninsula , referring to it as Catara . The map also referenced a town named `` Cadara '' to the east of the peninsula . The term ' Catara ' ( inhabitants , Cataraei ) was exclusively used until the 18th century , after which ' Katara ' emerged as the most commonly recognised spelling . Eventually , the modern derivative Qatar was adopted as the country 's name . In Standard Arabic , the name is pronounced ( ˈqɑtʕɑr ) , while in the local dialect it is ( ˈɡitʕar ) . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Qatar Antiquity ( edit ) Dot carvings at Jebel Jassassiyeh , dating to c. 4000 BC Human habitation of Qatar dates back to 50,000 years ago . Settlements and tools dating back to the Stone Age have been unearthed in the peninsula . Mesopotamian artefacts originating from the Ubaid period ( c. 6500 -- 3800 BC ) have been discovered in abandoned coastal settlements . Al Da'asa , a settlement located on the western coast of Qatar , is the most important Ubaid site in the country and is believed to have accommodated a small seasonal encampment . Kassite Babylonian material dating back to the second millennium BC found in Al Khor Islands attests to trade relations between the inhabitants of Qatar and the Kassites in modern - day Bahrain . Among the findings were 3,000,000 crushed snail shells and Kassite potsherds . It has been suggested that Qatar is the earliest known site of shellfish dye production , owing to a Kassite purple dye industry which existed on the coast . In 224 AD , the Sasanian Empire gained control over the territories surrounding the Persian Gulf . Qatar played a role in the commercial activity of the Sasanids , contributing at least two commodities : precious pearls and purple dye . Under the Sasanid reign , many of the inhabitants in Eastern Arabia were introduced to Christianity following the eastward dispersal of the religion by Mesopotamian Christians . Monasteries were constructed and further settlements were founded during this era . During the latter part of the Christian era , Qatar comprised a region known as ' Beth Qatraye ' ( Syriac for `` house of the Qataris '' ) . The region was not limited to Qatar ; it also included Bahrain , Tarout Island , Al - Khatt , and Al - Hasa . In 628 , Muhammad sent a Muslim envoy to a ruler in Eastern Arabia named Munzir ibn Sawa Al Tamimi and requested that he and his subjects accept Islam . Munzir obliged his request , and accordingly , most of the Arab tribes in the region converted to Islam . After the adoption of Islam , the Arabs led the Muslim conquest of Persia which resulted in the fall of the Sasanian Empire . Early and late Islamic period ( 661 -- 1783 ) ( edit ) Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent , c. 850 . Qatar was described as a famous horse and camel breeding centre during the Umayyad period . In the 8th century , it started benefiting from its commercially strategic position in the Persian Gulf and went on to become a centre of pearl trading . Substantial development in the pearling industry around the Qatari Peninsula occurred during the Abbasid era . Ships voyaging from Basra to India and China would make stops in Qatar 's ports during this period . Chinese porcelain , West African coins and artefacts from Thailand have been discovered in Qatar . Archaeological remains from the 9th century suggest that Qatar 's inhabitants used greater wealth to construct higher quality homes and public buildings . Over 100 stone - built houses , two mosques , and an Abbasid fort were constructed in Murwab during this period . However , when the caliphate 's prosperity declined in Iraq , so too did it in Qatar . Qatar is mentioned in 13th - century Muslim scholar Yaqut al - Hamawi 's book , Mu'jam Al - Buldan , which alludes to the Qataris ' fine striped woven cloaks and their skills in improvement and finishing of spears . Much of Eastern Arabia was controlled by the Usfurids in 1253 , but control of the region was seized by the prince of Ormus in 1320 . Qatar 's pearls provided the kingdom with one of its main sources of income . In 1515 , Manuel I of Portugal vassalised the Kingdom of Ormus . Portugal went on to seize a significant portion of Eastern Arabia in 1521 . In 1550 , the inhabitants of Al - Hasa voluntarily submitted to the rule of the Ottomans , preferring them to the Portuguese . Having retained a negligible military presence in the area , the Ottomans were expelled by the Bani Khalid tribe in 1670 . Bahraini and Saudi rule ( 1783 -- 1868 ) ( edit ) A map of East Arabia in 1794 . In 1766 , the Utub tribe of Al Khalifa migrated from Kuwait to Zubarah in Qatar . By the time of their arrival , the Bani Khalid exercised weak authority over the peninsula , not withholding that the largest village was ruled by a distant kin of the Bani Khalid . In 1783 , Qatar - based Bani Utbah clans and allied Arab tribes invaded and annexed Bahrain from the Persians . The Al Khalifa imposed their authority over Bahrain and extended their area of jurisdiction to Qatar . A partially restored section of the ruined town of Zubarah . Following the swearing in of Saud ibn Abd al - Aziz as crown prince of the Wahhabi in 1788 , he moved to expand his empire eastward towards the Persian Gulf and Qatar . After defeating the Bani Khalid in 1795 , the Wahhabi were attacked on two fronts . The Ottomans and Egyptians assaulted the western front , while the Al Khalifa in Bahrain and the Omanis launched an attack against the eastern front . Upon being made aware of advancements by the Egyptians on the western frontier in 1811 , the Wahhabi amir reduced his garrisons in Bahrain and Zubarah in order to re-position his troops . Said bin Sultan of Muscat capitalised on this opportunity and raided the Wahhabi garrisons on the eastern coast , setting fire to the fort in Zubarah . The Al Khalifa were effectively returned to power thereafter . As punishment for piracy , an East India Company vessel bombarded Doha in 1821 , destroying the town and forcing hundreds of residents to flee . In 1825 , the House of Thani was established with Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani as the first leader . Although Qatar had the legal status of a dependency , there was a popular sentiment of resentment against the Al Khalifa . In 1867 , the Al Khalifa , along with the ruler of Abu Dhabi , sent a massive naval force to Al Wakrah in an effort to crush the Qatari rebels . This resulted in the maritime Qatari -- Bahraini War of 1867 -- 1868 , in which Bahraini and Abu Dhabi forces sacked and looted Doha and Al Wakrah . However , the Bahraini hostilities were in violation of the 1820 Anglo - Bahraini Treaty . The joint incursion , in addition to the Qatari counterattack , prompted British political agent Lewis Pelly to impose a settlement in 1868 . His mission to Bahrain and Qatar and the resulting peace treaty were milestones because they implicitly recognised the distinctness of Qatar from Bahrain and explicitly acknowledged the position of Mohammed bin Thani . In addition to censuring Bahrain for its breach of agreement , the British protectorate asked to negotiate with a representative from Qatar , a role which Mohammed bin Thani was selected to fulfil . The results of the negotiations left the nation with a new - found sense of political identity , although it did not gain an official standing as a protectorate until 1916 . Ottoman rule ( 1871 -- 1915 ) ( edit ) Qatar in an 1891 Adolf Stieler map Old city of Doha , January 1904 . Under military and political pressure from the governor of the Ottoman Vilayet of Baghdad , Midhat Pasha , the ruling Al Thani tribe submitted to Ottoman rule in 1871 . The Ottoman government imposed reformist ( Tanzimat ) measures concerning taxation and land registration to fully integrate these areas into the empire . Despite the disapproval of local tribes , Al Thani continued supporting Ottoman rule . However , Qatari - Ottoman relations soon stagnated , and in 1882 they suffered further setbacks when the Ottomans refused to aid Al Thani in his expedition of Abu Dhabi - occupied Al Khor . In addition , the Ottomans supported the Ottoman subject Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab who attempted to supplant Al Thani as kaymakam of Qatar in 1888 . This eventually led Al Thani to rebel against the Ottomans , whom he believed were seeking to usurp control of the peninsula . He resigned as kaymakam and stopped paying taxes in August 1892 . In February 1893 , Mehmed Hafiz Pasha arrived in Qatar in the interests of seeking unpaid taxes and accosting Jassim bin Mohammed 's opposition to proposed Ottoman administrative reforms . Fearing that he would face death or imprisonment , Jassim retreated to Al Wajbah ( 10 miles west of Doha ) , accompanied by several tribe members . Mehmed 's demand that Jassim disband his troops and pledge his loyalty to the Ottomans was met with refusal . In March , Mehmed imprisoned Jassim 's brother and 13 prominent Qatari tribal leaders on the Ottoman corvette Merrikh as punishment for his insubordination . After Mehmed declined an offer to release the captives for a fee of 10,000 liras , he ordered a column of approximately 200 troops to advance towards Jassim 's Al Wajbah Fort under the command of Yusuf Effendi , thus signalling the start of the Battle of Al Wajbah . Effendi 's troops came under heavy gunfire by a sizable troop of Qatari infantry and cavalry shortly after arriving to Al Wajbah . They retreated to Shebaka fortress , where they were again forced to draw back from a Qatari incursion . After they withdrew to Al Bidda fortress , Jassim 's advancing column besieged the fortress , resulting in the Ottomans ' concession of defeat and agreement to relinquish their captives in return for the safe passage of Mehmed Pasha 's cavalry to Hofuf by land . Although Qatar did not gain full independence from the Ottoman Empire , the result of the battle forced a treaty that would later form the basis of Qatar 's emerging as an autonomous country within the empire . British rule ( 1916 -- 1971 ) ( edit ) Zubarah Fort built in 1938 . The Ottoman Empire fell into disorder after losing battles in different fronts in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. Qatar took part in the Arab revolt against the Ottomans . The revolt was successful and Ottoman rule in the country further declined . The United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire accorded their recognition to Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani and his successors ' right to rule over the whole of the Qatari Peninsula . The Ottomans renounced all their rights to Qatar and , following the outbreak of the First World War , Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani ( who was pro-British ) forced them to abandon Doha in 1915 . As a result of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire , Qatar became a British protectorate on 3 November 1916 . On that day , the United Kingdom signed a treaty with Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani to bring Qatar under its Trucial System of Administration . While Abdullah agreed not to enter into any relations with any other power without prior consent of the British government , the British guaranteed the protection of Qatar from all aggression by sea . On 5 May 1935 , Abdullah signed another treaty with the British government which granted Qatar protection against internal and external threats . Oil reserves were first discovered in 1939 . However , exploitation was delayed by World War II . The influence of the British Empire started diminishing after World War II , particularly after the Independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 . In the 1950s , oil began replacing pearling and fishing as Qatar 's main sources of revenue . Oil earnings began to fund the expansion and modernisation of Qatar 's infrastructure . Pressure for a British withdrawal from the Arab emirates in the Persian Gulf increased during the 1950s . When Britain officially announced in 1968 that it would politically disengage from the Persian Gulf in three years ' time , Qatar joined Bahrain and seven other Trucial States in a federation . Regional disputes , however , quickly compelled Qatar to resign and declare independence from the coalition which would eventually evolve into the United Arab Emirates . Independence and aftermath ( 1971 -- present ) ( edit ) Traditional dhows in front of the West Bay skyline as seen from the Doha Corniche . The State of Qatar entered into a general maritime truce with the United Kingdom in 1968 . A General Treaty was concluded between the two on 3 November 1916 . The General Treaty reserved foreign affairs and defence to the United Kingdom but allowed internal autonomy . On 3 September 1971 , those `` special treaty arrangements '' that were `` inconsistent with full international responsibility as a sovereign and independent state '' were terminated . This was done under an agreement reached between the Ruler of Qatar and the Government of the United Kingdom . In 1991 , Qatar played a significant role in the Gulf War , particularly during the Battle of Khafji in which Qatari tanks rolled through the streets of the town and provided fire support for Saudi Arabian National Guard units that were engaging Iraqi Army troops . Qatar allowed coalition troops from Canada to use the country as an airbase to launch aircraft on CAP duty and also permitted air forces from the United States and France to operate in its territories . In 1995 , Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani seized control of the country from his father Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani , with the support of the armed forces and cabinet , as well as neighbouring states and France . Under Emir Hamad , Qatar has experienced a moderate degree of liberalisation , including the launch of the Al Jazeera television station ( 1996 ) , the endorsement of women 's suffrage or right to vote in municipal elections ( 1999 ) , drafting its first written constitution ( 2005 ) and inauguration of a Roman Catholic church ( 2008 ) . In 2010 , Qatar won the rights to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup , making it the first country in the Middle East to be selected to host the tournament . The Emir announced Qatar 's plans to hold its first national legislative elections in 2013 . They were scheduled to be held in the second half of 2013 , but were postponed in June 2013 and may be delayed until 2019 . In 2003 , Qatar served as the US Central Command headquarters and one of the main launching sites of the invasion of Iraq . In March 2005 , a suicide bombing killed a British teacher at the Doha Players Theatre , shocking the country , which had not previously experienced acts of terrorism . The bombing was carried out by Omar Ahmed Abdullah Ali , an Egyptian resident in Qatar who had suspected ties to Al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula . In 2011 , Qatar joined NATO operations in Libya and reportedly armed Libyan opposition groups . It is also currently a major funder of weapons for rebel groups in the Syrian civil war . Qatar is pursuing an Afghan peace deal and in January 2012 the Afghan Taliban said they were setting up a political office in Qatar to facilitate talks . This was done in order to facilitate peace negotiations and with the support of other countries including the United States and Afghanistan . Ahmed Rashid , writing in the Financial Times , stated that through the office Qatar has `` facilitated meetings between the Taliban and many countries and organisations , including the US state department , the UN , Japan , several European governments and non-governmental organisations , all of whom have been trying to push forward the idea of peace talks . Suggestions in September 2017 by the presidents of both the United States and Afghanistan have reportedly lead to protests from senior officials of the American State Department . In June 2013 , Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani became the Emir of Qatar after his father handed over power in a televised speech . Sheikh Tamim has prioritised improving the domestic welfare of citizens , which includes establishing advanced healthcare and education systems , and expanding the country 's infrastructure in preparation for the hosting of the 2022 World Cup . Qatar participated in the Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh , who was deposed in the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings . In June 2017 , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates , and Bahrain cut off diplomatic relations with Qatar , citing the country 's alleged support of groups they considered to be extremist . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Qatar Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani with U.S. President Donald Trump in May 2017 Qatar is either a constitutional or an absolute monarchy ruled by the Al Thani family . The Al Thani dynasty has been ruling Qatar since the family house was established in 1825 . In 2003 , Qatar adopted a constitution that provided for the direct election of 30 of the 45 members of the Legislative Council . The constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98 % in favour . The eighth Emir of Qatar is Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani , whose father Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani handed power to him on 25 June 2013 . The supreme chancellor has the exclusive power to appoint and remove the prime minister and cabinet ministers who , together , constitute the Council of Ministers , which is the supreme executive authority in the country . The Council of Ministers also initiates legislation . Laws and decrees proposed by the Council of Ministers are referred to the Advisory Council ( Majilis Al Shura ) for discussion after which they are submitted to the Emir for ratification . A Consultative Assembly has limited legislative authority to draft and approve laws , but the Emir has final say on all matters . The current Council is composed entirely of members appointed by the Emir , as no legislative elections have been held since 1970 when there were partial elections to the body . Legislative elections have been postponed until at least 2019 . Qatari law does not permit the establishment of political bodies or trade unions . Sharia law ( edit ) See also : Human rights in Qatar According to Qatar 's Constitution , Sharia law is the main source of Qatari legislation , although in practice , Qatar 's legal system is a mixture of civil law and Sharia law . Sharia law is applied to family law , inheritance , and several criminal acts ( including adultery , robbery and murder ) . In some cases , Sharia - based family courts treat a female 's testimony as being worth half that of a man . Codified family law was introduced in 2006 . Islamic polygyny is permitted . Judicial corporal punishment is common in Qatar due to the Wahhabi interpretation of Sharia Law , although in Qatar it had originally been a Hanbali school of mainstream Sunnism . Flogging is employed as a punishment for alcohol consumption or illicit sexual relations . Article 88 of Qatar 's criminal code declares that the penalty for adultery is 100 lashes , and in 2006 , a Filipino woman received that punishment . In 2010 , at least 18 people ( mostly foreign nationals ) were sentenced to receive between 40 and 100 lashes for offences involving `` illicit sexual relations '' or alcohol consumption . In 2011 , at least 21 people ( mostly foreign nationals ) were sentenced to between 30 and 100 lashes for the same reasons , and in 2012 , six expatriates were sentenced to either 40 or 100 lashes . Only Muslims considered medically fit are liable to have such sentences carried out . It is unknown if the sentences were implemented . In April 2013 , a Muslim expatriate was sentenced to 40 lashes for alcohol consumption , and in June 2014 , a Muslim expatriate was sentenced to 40 lashes for consuming alcohol and driving under the influence . Stoning is a legal punishment in Qatar , and apostasy and homosexuality are crimes punishable by the death penalty . Blasphemy can result in up to seven years in prison , while proselytising can incur a 10 - year sentence . Alcohol consumption is partially legal in Qatar ; some five - star luxury hotels are allowed to sell alcohol to their non-Muslim customers . Muslims are not allowed to consume alcohol , and those caught consuming it are liable to flogging or deportation . Non-Muslim expatriates can obtain a permit to purchase alcohol for personal consumption . The Qatar Distribution Company ( a subsidiary of Qatar Airways ) is permitted to import alcohol and pork ; it operates the one and only liquor store in the country , which also sells pork to holders of liquor licences . Qatari officials have also indicated a willingness to allow alcohol in `` fan zones '' at the 2022 FIFA World Cup . Until 2011 , restaurants on the Pearl - Qatar ( a man - made island near Doha ) were allowed to serve alcoholic drinks . In December 2011 , however , Pearl restaurants were told to stop selling alcohol . No explanation was given for the ban , though speculation included encouraging a more pious image before a significant election and rumours of a financial dispute between the government and resort developers . The alcohol ban was later lifted . In 2014 , a modesty campaign was launched to remind tourists of the country 's restrictive dress code . Female tourists were advised not to wear leggings , miniskirts , sleeveless dresses , or short or tight clothing in public . Men were warned against wearing only shorts and singlets . Human rights ( edit ) Main article : Human rights in Qatar According to the U.S. State Department , expatriate workers from nations throughout Asia and parts of Africa voluntarily migrate to Qatar as low - skilled labourers or domestic servants , but some subsequently face conditions indicative of involuntary servitude . Some of the more common labour rights violations include beatings , withholding of payment , charging workers for benefits for which the employer is responsible , restrictions on freedom of movement ( such as the confiscation of passports , travel documents , or exit permits ) , arbitrary detention , threats of legal action , and sexual assault . Many migrant workers arriving for work in Qatar have paid exorbitant fees to recruiters in their home countries . As of 2014 , certain provisions of the Qatari Criminal Code allows punishments such as flogging and stoning to be imposed as criminal sanctions . The UN Committee Against Torture found that these practices constituted a breach of the obligations imposed by the UN Convention Against Torture . Qatar retains the death penalty , mainly for threats against national security such as terrorism . Use of the death penalty is rare and no state executions have taken place in Qatar since 2003 . In Qatar , homosexual acts are illegal and can be punished by death . Under the provisions of Qatar 's sponsorship law , sponsors have the unilateral power to cancel workers ' residency permits , deny workers ' ability to change employers , report a worker as `` absconded '' to police authorities , and deny permission to leave the country . As a result , sponsors may restrict workers ' movements and workers may be afraid to report abuses or claim their rights . According to the ITUC , the visa sponsorship system allows the exaction of forced labour by making it difficult for a migrant worker to leave an abusive employer or travel overseas without permission . Qatar also does not maintain wage standards for its immigrant labourers . Qatar commissioned international law firm DLA Piper to produce a report investigating the immigrant labour system . In May 2014 DLA Piper released over 60 recommendations for reforming the kafala system including the abolition of exit visas and the introduction of a minimum wage which Qatar has pledged to implement . In May 2012 , Qatari officials declared their intention to allow the establishment of an independent trade union . Qatar also announced it will scrap its sponsor system for foreign labour , which requires that all foreign workers be sponsored by local employers . Additional changes to labour laws include a provision guaranteeing that all workers ' salaries are paid directly into their bank accounts and new restrictions on working outdoors in the hottest hours during the summer . New draft legislation announced in early 2015 mandates that companies that fail to pay workers ' wages on time could temporarily lose their ability to hire more employees . In October 2015 Qatar 's Emir signed into law new reforms to the country 's sponsorship system , with the new law taking effect within one year . Critics claim that the changes could fail to address some labour rights issues . The country enfranchised women at the same time as men in connection with the 1999 elections for a Central Municipal Council . These elections -- the first ever in Qatar -- were deliberately held on 8 March 1999 , International Women 's Day . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign relations of Qatar Former Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in 2013 . As a small country with larger neighbours , Qatar seeks to project influence and protect its state and ruling dynasty . The history of Qatar 's alliances provides insight into the basis of their policy . Between 1760 and 1971 , Qatar sought formal protection from the high transitory powers of the Ottomans , British , the Al - Khalifas from Bahrain , the Arabians , and the Wahhabis from Saudi Arabia . Qatar 's rising international profile and active role in international affairs has led some analysts to identify it as a middle power . Qatar was an early member of OPEC and a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) . It is a member of the Arab League . The country has not accepted compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction . Embassy of Qatar in Washington , D.C. Qatar also has bilateral relationships with a variety of foreign powers . Qatar hosts the Al Udeid Air Base , a joint U.S. - British base , which acts as the hub for all American and British air operations in the Persian Gulf . It has allowed American and British forces to use an air base to send supplies to Iraq and Afghanistan . According to leaked documents published in The New York Times , Qatar 's record of counter-terrorism efforts was the `` worst in the region '' . The cable suggested that Qatar 's security service was `` hesitant to act against known terrorists out of concern for appearing to be aligned with the U.S. and provoking reprisals '' . Qatar has mixed relations with its neighbours in the Persian Gulf region . Qatar signed a defence co-operation agreement with Iran , with whom it shares the largest single non-associated gas field in the world . It was the second nation , the first being France , to have publicly announced its recognition of the Libyan opposition 's National Transitional Council as the legitimate government of Libya amidst the 2011 Libyan civil war . In 2014 , Qatar 's relations with Bahrain , Saudi Arabia , and the United Arab Emirates came to a boiling point over Qatar 's support for the Muslim Brotherhood and reportedly funding extremist groups in Syria . This culminated in the three aforementioned countries withdrawing their ambassadors from Qatar in March 2014 . Qatar was also involved in the CIA - led Timber Sycamore covert operation to train and arm Syrian rebels . Qatar 's flag in Libya after the Libyan Civil War ; Qatar played an influential role during the Arab Spring . In recent years , Qatar has been using Islamist militants in a number of countries including Egypt , Syria , Libya , Somalia and Mali to further its foreign policy . Courting Islamists from the Muslim Brotherhood to Salafist groups has served as a power amplifier for the country , as it believes since the beginning of the Arab Spring that these groups represented the wave of the future . David Cohen , the Under Secretary for terrorism and financial intelligence at the U.S. Treasury , said that Qatar is a `` permissive jurisdiction for terrorist financing . '' There is evidence that these groups supported by Qatar include the hard - line Islamic militant groups active in northern Syria . As of 2015 , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Turkey are openly backing the Army of Conquest , an umbrella group of anti-government forces fighting in the Syrian Civil War that reportedly includes an al - Qaeda linked al - Nusra Front and another Salafi coalition known as Ahrar ash - Sham . Qatar supported the democratically elected President Mohamed Morsi with diplomatic support and the state - owned Al Jazeera network before he was deposed in a military coup led by Abdel - Fattah el - Sisi . Qatar offered Egypt a $7.5 billion loan during the year he was in power . Qatar 's alignment with Hamas , first reported in early 2012 , has drawn criticism from Israel , the United States , Egypt and Saudi Arabia , `` who accuse Qatar of undermining regional stability by supporting Hamas . '' However , the Foreign Minister of Qatar has denied supporting Hamas and corrected their alleged claims , stating `` We do not support Hamas but we support the Palestinians . '' Following a peace agreement , Qatar pledged $1 billion in humanitarian aid to Gaza . The US Combined Air and Space Operations Center ( CAOC ) at Al Udeid Air Base provides command and control of air power throughout Iraq , Syria , Afghanistan , and 17 other nations . Qatar has hosted academic , religious , political , and economic conferences . The 11th annual Doha Forum recently brought in key thinkers , professionals of various backgrounds , and political figures from all over the world to discuss democracy , media and information technology , free trade , and water security issues . In addition , the forum has featured the Middle East Economic Future conference since 2006 . In more recent times , Qatar has hosted peace talks between rival factions across the globe . Notable among these include the Darfur Agreement . The Doha Declaration is the basis of the peace process in Darfur and it has achieved significant gains on the ground for the African region . Notable achievements included the restoration of security and stability , progress made in construction and reconstruction processes , return of displaced residents and uniting of Darfur people to face challenges and push forward the peace process . Qatar donated £ 88.5 million in funds to finance recovery and reconstruction in Darfur . In June 2017 , Saudi Arabia , the UAE , Bahrain , Egypt and Yemen broke diplomatic ties with Qatar , accusing Qatar of supporting terrorism , escalating a dispute over Qatar 's support of the Muslim Brotherhood , considered a terrorist organization by those 5 Arab nations . Saudi Arabia explained the move to be a necessary measure in protecting the kingdom 's security . Qatari troops were also removed from the military coalition in Yemen . Egypt closed its airspace and seaports to all Qatari transportation . In June 2018 , Saudi Arabia announced a bid to construct a waterway , Salwa Canal , on their border with Qatar which shall in effect turn the latter into an island country . Military ( edit ) Main article : Qatar Armed Forces A Qatari Dassault Mirage 2000 flying over Libya Qatar Armed Forces during joint exercises with the U.S. military The Qatar Armed Forces are the military forces of Qatar . The country maintains a modest military force of approximately 11,800 men , including an army ( 8,500 ) , navy ( 1,800 ) and air force ( 1,500 ) . Qatar 's defense expenditures accounted for approximately 4.2 % of gross national product in 1993 , and 1.5 % of gross domestic product in 2010 , the most recent year available in the SIPRI statistical database . Qatar has recently signed defense pacts with the United States and United Kingdom , as well as with France earlier in 1994 . Qatar plays an active role in the collective defense efforts of the Gulf Cooperation Council ; the other five members are Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Bahrain , the UAE , and Oman . The presence of the large Al Udeid Air Base , operated by the United States and several other UN nations , provides a guaranteed source of defense and national security . In 2008 Qatar spent US $2.355 billion on military expenditures , 2.3 % of the gross domestic product . Qatari special forces have been trained by France and other Western countries , and are believed to possess considerable skill . They also helped the Libyan rebels during the 2011 Battle of Tripoli . The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ) found that in 2010 -- 14 Qatar was the 46th - largest arms importer in the world . However , SIPRI writes , Qatar 's plans to transform and significantly enlarge its armed forces have accelerated . Orders in 2013 for 62 tanks and 24 self - propelled guns from Germany were followed in 2014 by a number of other contracts , including 24 combat helicopters and 3 early - warning - and - control aircraft from the USA , and 2 tanker aircraft from Spain . In 2015 , Qatar was the 16th largest arms importer in the world , and in 2016 , it was the 11th largest , according to SIPRI . Qatar 's military participated in the Saudi Arabian -- led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis . In 2015 , Al Jazeera America reported : `` Numerous reports suggest that the Saudi - led coalition against opposition groups in Yemen has indiscriminately attacked civilians and used cluster bombs in civilian - populated areas , in violation of international law . '' Many civilians have been killed and the large parts of the infrastructure in this region is now destroyed . Hospitals have also been bombed by the Saudis and those operating with them . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Municipalities of Qatar Municipalities of Qatar in 2004 Since 2015 , Qatar has been divided into eight municipalities ( Arabic : baladiyah ) . Al Shamal Al Khor Umm Salal Al Daayen Al Rayyan Doha Al Wakrah Al - Shahaniya For statistical purposes , the municipalities are further subdivided into 98 zones ( as of 2015 ) , which are in turn subdivided into blocks . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Qatar Desert coast Desert landscape in Qatar The Qatari peninsula protrudes 160 kilometres ( 100 mi ) into the Persian Gulf , north of Saudi Arabia . It lies between latitudes 24 ° and 27 ° N , and longitudes 50 ° and 52 ° E. Most of the country consists of a low , barren plain , covered with sand . To the southeast lies the Khor al Adaid ( `` Inland Sea '' ) , an area of rolling sand dunes surrounding an inlet of the Persian Gulf . There are mild winters and very hot , humid summers . The highest point in Qatar is Qurayn Abu al Bawl at 103 metres ( 338 ft ) in the Jebel Dukhan to the west , a range of low limestone outcroppings running north - south from Zikrit through Umm Bab to the southern border . The Jebel Dukhan area also contains Qatar 's main onshore oil deposits , while the natural gas fields lie offshore , to the northwest of the peninsula . Biodiversity and Environment ( edit ) See also : Wildlife of Qatar Arabian oryx , the national animal of Qatar Ostriches in Qatar Qatar signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 11 June 1992 , and became a party to the convention on 21 August 1996 . It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan , which was received by the convention on 18 May 2005 . A total of 142 fungal species have been recorded from Qatar . A book recently produced by the Ministry of Environment documents the lizards known or believed to occur in Qatar , based on surveys conducted by an international team of scientists and other collaborators . For two decades , Qatar has had the highest per - capita carbon dioxide emissions in the world , at 49.1 metric tons per person in 2008 . Qataris are also some of the highest consumers of water per capita per day , using around 400 litres . In 2008 Qatar launched its National Vision 2030 which highlights environmental development as one of the four main goals for Qatar over the next two decades . The National Vision pledges to develop sustainable alternatives to oil - based energy to preserve the local and global environment . Climate ( edit ) hide Climate data for Qatar Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 22 ( 72 ) 23 ( 73 ) 27 ( 81 ) 33 ( 91 ) 39 ( 102 ) 42 ( 108 ) 42 ( 108 ) 42 ( 108 ) 39 ( 102 ) 35 ( 95 ) 30 ( 86 ) 25 ( 77 ) 33 ( 92 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 14 ( 57 ) 15 ( 59 ) 17 ( 63 ) 21 ( 70 ) 27 ( 81 ) 29 ( 84 ) 31 ( 88 ) 31 ( 88 ) 29 ( 84 ) 25 ( 77 ) 21 ( 70 ) 16 ( 61 ) 23 ( 74 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 12.7 ( 0.5 ) 17.8 ( 0.701 ) 15.2 ( 0.598 ) 7.6 ( 0.299 ) 2.5 ( 0.098 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 2.5 ( 0.098 ) 12.7 ( 0.5 ) 71 ( 2.794 ) Source : http://us.worldweatheronline.com/doha-weather-averages/ad-dawhah/qa.aspx Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Qatar Graphical depiction of Qatar 's product exports in 28 color - coded categories ( 2011 ) . Commercial district in Doha . Before the discovery of oil , the economy of the Qatari region focused on fishing and pearl hunting . A report prepared by local governors of Ottoman Empire in 1892 states that total income from pearl hunting in 1892 is 2,450,000 kran . After the introduction of the Japanese cultured pearl onto the world market in the 1920s and 1930s , Qatar 's pearling industry crashed . Oil was discovered in Qatar in 1940 , in Dukhan Field . The discovery transformed the state 's economy . Now , the country has a high standard of living for its legal citizens . With no income tax , Qatar ( along with Bahrain ) is one of the countries with the lowest tax rates in the world . The unemployment rate in June 2013 was 0.1 % . Corporate law mandates that Qatari nationals must hold 51 % of any venture in the Emirate . As of 2016 , Qatar has the fourth highest GDP per capita in the world , according to the International Monetary Fund . It relies heavily on foreign labor to grow its economy , to the extent that migrant workers compose 86 % of the population and 94 % of the workforce . Qatar has been criticized by the International Trade Union Confederation . The economic growth of Qatar has been almost exclusively based on its petroleum and natural gas industries , which began in 1940 . Qatar is the leading exporter of liquefied natural gas . In 2012 , it was estimated that Qatar would invest over $120 billion in the energy sector in the next ten years . The country is a member state of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) , having joined in 1961 . Qatar Airways Airbus A380 , Qatar Airways , one of the world 's largest airlines , links over 150 international destinations from its base in Doha . High - rise buildings in Doha . In 2012 , Qatar retained its title of richest country in the world ( according to per capita income ) for the third time in a row , having first overtaken Luxembourg in 2010 . According to the study published by the Washington - based Institute of International Finance , Qatar 's per capita GDP at purchasing power parity ( PPP ) was $106,000 ( QR387 , 000 ) in 2012 , helping the country retain its ranking as the world 's wealthiest nation . Luxembourg came a distant second with nearly $80,000 and Singapore third with per capita income of about $61,000 . The research put Qatar 's GDP at $182 bn in 2012 and said it had climbed to an all - time high due to soaring gas exports and high oil prices . Its population stood at 1.8 million in 2012 . The same study published that Qatar Investment Authority ( QIA ) , with assets of $115 bn , was ranked 12th among the richest sovereign wealth funds in the world . Qatar Central Bank 's office in Doha . Established in 2005 , Qatar Investment Authority is the country 's sovereign wealth fund , specializing in foreign investment . Due to billions of dollars in surpluses from the oil and gas industry , the Qatari government has directed investments into United States , Europe , and Asia Pacific . As of 2013 , the holdings were valued at $100 billion in assets . Qatar Holding is the international investment arm of QIA . Since 2009 , Qatar Holding has received $30 -- 40bn a year from the state . As of 2014 , it has investments around the world in Valentino , Siemens , Printemps , Harrods , The Shard , Barclays Bank , Heathrow Airport , Paris Saint - Germain F.C. , Volkswagen Group , Royal Dutch Shell , Bank of America , Tiffany , Agricultural Bank of China , Sainsbury 's , BlackBerry , and Santander Brasil . The country has no taxes , but authorities have announced plans to levy taxes on junk food and luxury items . The taxes would be implemented on goods that harm the human body -- for example fast food , tobacco products , and soft drinks . The rollout of these initial taxes is believed to be due to the fall in oil prices and a deficit that the country faced in 2016 . Additionally , the country has seen job cuts in 2016 from its petroleum companies and other sectors in the government . Energy ( edit ) Oryx GTL plant in Qatar As of 2012 , Qatar has proven oil reserves of 15 billion barrels and gas fields that account for more than 13 % of the global resource . As a result , it is the richest state per - capita in the world . None of its 2 million residents live below the poverty line and less than 1 % are unemployed . Qatar 's economy was in a downturn from 1982 to 1989 . OPEC quotas on crude oil production , the lower price for oil , and the generally unpromising outlook on international markets reduced oil earnings . In turn , the Qatari government 's spending plans had to be cut to match lower income . The resulting recessionary local business climate caused many firms to lay off expatriate staff . With the economy recovering in the 1990s , expatriate populations , particularly from Egypt and South Asia , have grown again . Oil production will not remain at the peak level of 500,000 barrels ( 80,000 m3 ) per day for long as the national oil fields are projected to be largely depleted by 2023 . However , large natural gas reserves have been located off Qatar 's northeast coast . Qatar 's proved reserves of gas are the third - largest in the world , exceeding 250 trillion cubic feet ( 7,000 km3 ) . The economy was boosted in 1991 by completion of the $1.5 - billion Phase I of North Field gas development . In 1996 , the Qatargas project began exporting liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) to Japan . Further phases of North Field gas development costing billions of dollars are in various stages of planning and development . Qatar 's heavy industrial projects , all based in Umm Said , include a refinery with a 50,000 barrels ( 8,000 m3 ) per day capacity , a fertiliser plant for urea and ammonia , a steel plant , and a petrochemical plant . All these industries use gas for fuel . Most are joint ventures between European and Japanese firms and the state - owned Qatar General Petroleum Corporation ( QGPC ) . The US is the major equipment supplier for Qatar 's oil and gas industry , and US companies are playing a major role in North Field gas development . Qatar 's National Vision 2030 has made investment in renewable resources a major goal for the country over the next two decades . Qatar pursues a vigorous programme of `` Qatarisation '' , under which all joint venture industries and government departments strive to move Qatari nationals into positions of greater authority . Growing numbers of foreign - educated Qataris , including many educated in the US , are returning home to assume key positions formerly occupied by expatriates . To control the influx of expatriate workers , Qatar has tightened the administration of its foreign manpower programmes over the past several years . Security is the principal basis for Qatar 's strict entry and immigration rules and regulations . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Qatar Skyline of Doha The number of people in Qatar fluctuates considerably depending on the season , since the country relies heavily on migrant labour . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million , with non-Arab foreigners making up a vast majority of Qatar 's population . Only 313,000 of the population ( 12 % ) were Qatari citizens , while the remaining 2.3 million ( 88 % ) were expatriates . The combined number of South Asians ( from the countries of the Indian subcontinent including Sri Lanka ) by themselves represent over 1.5 million people ( 60 % ) of Qatar 's population . Among these , Indians are the largest community , numbering 650,000 in 2017 , followed by 350,000 Nepalis , 280,000 Bangladeshis , 145,000 Sri Lankans , and 125,000 Pakistanis . The contingent of expatriates which are not of South Asian origin represent around 28 % of Qatar 's population , of which the largest group is 260,000 Filipinos and 200,000 Egyptians , plus many other nationalities ( including nationals of other Arab countries , Europeans , etc . ) . Qatar 's first demographic records date back to 1892 , and were conducted by Ottoman governors in the region . Based on this census , which includes only the residents in cities , the total population in 1892 was 9,830 . Populations Year Pop . ± % 1904 27,000 -- 1970 111,133 + 311.6 % 1986 369,079 + 232.1 % 522,023 + 41.4 % 744,029 + 42.5 % 1,699,435 + 128.4 % 2013 1,903,447 + 12.0 % 2016 2,545,000 + 33.7 % Source : Qatar Statistics Authority ( 1904 -- 2004 ) ; 2010 Census ; 2013 est. 2016 The 2010 census recorded the total population at 1,699,435 . In January 2013 , the Qatar Statistics Authority estimated the country 's population at 1,903,447 , of which 1,405,164 were males and 498,283 females . At the time of the first census , held in 1970 , the population was 111,133 . The population has tripled in the decade to 2011 , up from just over 600,000 people in 2001 , leaving Qatari nationals as less than 15 % of the total population . The influx of male labourers has skewed the gender balance , and women are now just one - quarter of the population . Projections released by Qatar Statistical Authority indicates that the total population of Qatar could reach 2.8 million by 2020 . Qatar 's National Development Strategy ( 2011 -- 16 ) had estimated that the country 's population would reach 1.78 m in 2013 , 1.81 m in 2014 , 1.84 m in 2015 and 1.86 m in 2016 -- the yearly growth rate being merely 2.1 % . But the country 's population has soared to 1.83 million by the end of 2012 , showing 7.5 % growth over the previous year . Qatar 's total population hit a record high of 2.46 million in November 2015 , an increase of 8.5 % from the previous year , far exceeding official projections . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Qatar Mosque in Qatar Religion in Qatar ( 2010 ) Islam ( 67.7 % ) Christianity ( 13.8 % ) Hinduism ( 13.8 % ) Buddhism ( 3.1 % ) Others ( 0.7 % ) Unaffiliated ( 0.9 % ) Islam is Qatar 's predominant religion and is the official status although not the only religion practiced in the country . Most Qatari citizens belong to the Salafi Muslim movement of Wahhabism , and between 5 -- 15 % of Muslims in Qatar follow Shia Islam with other Muslims sects being very small in number . In 2010 , Qatar 's population was 67.7 % Muslim , 13.8 % Christian , 13.8 % Hindu , and 3.1 % Buddhist ; other religions and religiously unaffiliated people accounted for the remaining 1.6 % . Sharia law is the main source of Qatari legislation according to Qatar 's Constitution . The Christian population is composed almost entirely of foreigners . Since 2008 , Christians have been allowed to build churches on ground donated by the government , though foreign missionary activity is officially discouraged . Active churches include the Mar Thoma Church , Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church , the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and the Anglican Church of the Epiphany . There are also two Mormon wards . Languages ( edit ) Arabic is the official language of Qatar , with Qatari Arabic the local dialect . Qatari Sign Language is the language of the deaf community . English is commonly used as a second language , and a rising lingua franca , especially in commerce , to the extent that steps are being taken to try to preserve Arabic from English 's encroachment . English is particularly useful for communication with Qatar 's large expatriate community . Reflecting the multicultural make - up of the country , many other languages are also spoken , including Persian , Baluchi , Hindi , Malayalam , Urdu , Pashto , Kannada , Tamil , Telugu , Nepali , Sinhalese , Bengali , Tagalog , and Bahasa Indonesia . In 2012 , Qatar joined the international French - speaking organisation of La Francophonie ( OIF ) as a new associate member . However , in December 2013 , the French daily Le Monde revealed that Qatar , which has very few native French speakers , had not yet paid any contribution to the OIF , while the outgoing Administrator of the OIF complained in 2015 that Qatar had not kept any of the promises it made when it joined the organisation and had never paid its annual membership fees . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Qatar Qatar 's culture is similar to other countries in Eastern Arabia , being significantly influenced by Islam . Qatar National Day , hosted annually on 18 December , has had an important role in developing a sense of national identity . It is observed in remembrance of Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani 's succession to the throne and his subsequent unification of the country 's various tribes . Since 1 July 2008 , Hamad Bin Abdulaziz Al - Kawari has been the Minister for Culture , Arts and Heritage of Qatar . Arts and museums ( edit ) Main articles : Qatar Museums Authority , Collecting practices of the Al - Thani Family , and Qatari art Museum of Islamic Art , Doha Several senior members of Qatar 's ruling Al Thani family are noted collectors of Islamic and contemporary art . The Museum of Islamic Art , opened in 2008 , is regarded as one of the best museums in the region . This , and several other Qatari museums , like the Arab Museum of Modern Art , falls under the Qatar Museums Authority ( QMA ) which is led by Sheikha Al - Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al - Thani , the sister of the ruling Emir of the State of Qatar , and the prominent collector and art patron Sheikh Hassan bin Mohammed Al Thani . The QMA also sponsors artistic events abroad , such as major exhibitions by Takahashi Murakami in Versailles ( 2010 ) and Damien Hirst in London ( 2012 ) . Qatar is the world 's biggest buyer in the art market by value . The Qatari cultural sector is being developed to enable the country to reach world recognition to contribute to the development of a country that comes mainly from its resources from the gas industry . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media of Qatar The news desk of Al Jazeera English , a Qatari news channel Qatar 's media was classified as `` not free '' in the 2014 Freedom of the Press report by Freedom House . TV broadcasting in Qatar was started in 1970 . Al Jazeera is a main television network headquartered in Doha , Qatar . Al Jazeera initially launched in 1996 as an Arabic news and current affairs satellite TV channel of the same name , but has since expanded into a global network of several speciality TV channels known collectively as the Al Jazeera Media Network . It has been reported that journalists practice self - censorship , particularly in regards to the government and ruling family of Qatar . Criticism of the government , Emir and ruling family in the media is illegal . According to article 46 of the press law `` The Emir of the state of Qatar shall not be criticised and no statement can be attributed to him unless under a written permission from the manager of his office . '' Journalists are also subject to prosecution for insulting Islam . In 2014 , a Cybercrime Prevention Law was passed . The law is said to restrict press freedom , and carries prison sentences and fines for broad reasons such as jeopardising local peace or publishing false news . The Gulf Center for Human Rights has stated that the law is a threat to freedom of speech and has called for certain articles of the law to be revoked . Press media has undergone expansion in recent years . There are currently seven newspapers in circulation in Qatar , with four being published in Arabic and three being published in English . There are also newspapers from India , Nepal and Sri Lanka with editions printed from Qatar . In regards to telecommunication infrastructure , Qatar is the highest ranked Middle Eastern country in the World Economic Forum 's Network Readiness Index ( NRI ) -- an indicator for determining the development level of a country 's information and communication technologies . Qatar ranked number 23 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking , unchanged from 2013 . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Qatar The music of Qatar is based on Bedouin poetry , song and dance . Traditional dances in Doha are performed on Friday afternoons ; one such dance is the Ardah , a stylised martial dance performed by two rows of dancers who are accompanied by an array of percussion instruments , including al - ras ( a large drum whose leather is heated by an open fire ) , tambourines and cymbals with small drums . Other percussion instruments used in folk music include galahs ( a tall clay jar ) and tin drinking cups known as tus or tasat , usually used in conjunction with a tabl , a longitudinal drum beaten with a stick . String instruments , such as the oud and rebaba , are also commonly used . Sport ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Qatar 2015 Ladies Tour of Qatar Association football is the most popular sport in Qatar , both in terms of players and spectators . The Qatar national under - 20 team finished runners - up to West Germany in the 1981 FIFA World Youth Championship after a 4 -- 0 defeat in the final . In January 2011 , the Asian Football Confederation 's fifteenth Asian Cup was held in Qatar . It was the second time Qatar had hosted the tournament , with the other instance being the 1988 edition . On 2 December 2010 , Qatar won their bid to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup , despite never previously qualifying for the FIFA World Cup Finals . Local organisers are planning to build 9 new stadiums and expand 3 existing stadiums for this event . Qatar 's winning bid for the 2022 World Cup was greeted enthusiastically in the Persian Gulf region as it was the first time a country in the Middle East had been selected to host the tournament . However , the bid has been embroiled in much controversy , including allegations of bribery and interference in the investigation of the alleged bribery . European football associations have also objected to the 2022 World Cup being held in Qatar for a variety of reasons , from the impact of warm temperatures on players ' fitness , to the disruption it might cause in European domestic league calendars should the event be rescheduled to take place during winter . In May 2014 , Qatari football official Mohammed bin Hammam was accused of making payments totalling £ 3m to officials in return for their support for the Qatar bid . However , a FIFA inquiry into the bidding process in November 2014 cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing . Qatar Emir Cup in 2009 The Guardian , a British national daily newspaper , produced a short documentary named `` Abuse and exploitation of migrant workers preparing emirate for 2022 '' . A 2014 investigation by The Guardian reports that migrant workers who have been constructing luxurious offices for the organisers of the 2022 World Cup have not been paid in over a year , and are now `` working illegally from cockroach - infested lodgings . '' For 2014 , Nepalese migrants involved in constructing infrastructure for the 2022 World Cup died at a rate of one every two days . The Qatar 2022 organising committee have responded to various allegations by claiming that hosting the World Cup in Qatar would act as a `` catalyst for change '' in the region . Though football is the most popular sport , other team sports have experienced considerable success at senior level . In 2015 , the national handball team emerged as runners - up to France in the World Men 's Handball Championship as hosts , however the tournament was marred by numerous controversies regarding the host nation and its team . Further , in 2014 , Qatar won the world championship in men 's 3x3 basketball . Khalifa International Tennis and Squash Complex in Doha hosted the WTA Tour Championships in women 's tennis between 2008 and 2010 . Doha holds the WTA Premier tournament Qatar Ladies Open annually . Since 2002 , Qatar has hosted the annual Tour of Qatar , a cycling race in six stages . Every February , riders are racing on the roads across Qatar 's flat land for six days . Each stage covers a distance of more than 100 km , though the time trial usually is a shorter distance . Tour of Qatar is organised by the Qatar Cycling Federation for professional riders in the category of Elite Men . The Qatar Army Skydiving Team has several different skydiving disciplines placing among the top nations in the world . The Qatar National Parachute team performs annually during Qatar 's National Day and at other large events , such as the 2015 World Handball Championship . Doha four times was the host of the official FIVB Volleyball Men 's Club World Championship and three times host FIVB Volleyball Women 's Club World Championship . Doha one time Host Asian Volleyball Championship . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Qatar UNESCO Institute for Statistics Literacy Rate Qatar population plus 15 1985 -- 2015 Qatar University , main area Qatar University , east view Qatar hired the RAND Corporation to reform its K -- 12 education system . Through Qatar Foundation , the country has built Education City , a campus which hosts local branches of the Weill Cornell Medical College , Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science , Georgetown University School of Foreign Service , Northwestern 's Medill School of Journalism , Texas A&M 's School of Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts and other Western institutions . The illiteracy rate in Qatar was 3.1 % for males and 4.2 % for females in 2012 , the lowest in the Arab - speaking world , but 86th in the world . Citizens are required to attend government - provided education from kindergarten through high school . Qatar University , founded in 1973 , is the country 's oldest and largest institution of higher education . In November 2002 , emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani created The Supreme Education Council . The Council directs and controls education for all ages from the pre-school level through the university level , including the `` Education for a New Era '' initiative which was established to try to position Qatar as a leader in education reform . According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities , the top - ranking universities in the country are Qatar University ( 1,881 st worldwide ) , Texas A&M University at Qatar ( 3,905 th ) and Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar ( 6,855 th ) . In 2008 , Qatar established the Qatar Science & Technology Park in Education City to link those universities with industry . Education City is also home to a fully accredited international Baccalaureate school , Qatar Academy . In addition , two Canadian institutions , the College of the North Atlantic ( headquarters in Newfoundland and Labrador ) and the University of Calgary , have inaugurated campuses in Doha . Other for - profit universities have also established campuses in the city . In 2009 , under the patronage of H.H. Sheikha Mozah Al Missned , the World Innovation Summit for Education ( WISE ) was established with the aim of transforming education through innovation . In 2012 , Qatar was ranked third from the bottom of the 65 OECD countries participating in the PISA test of maths , reading and skills for 15 - and 16 - year - olds , comparable to Colombia or Albania , despite having the highest per capita income in the world . As part of its national development strategy , Qatar has outlined a 10 - year strategic plan to improve the level of education . Furthermore , the government has launched educational outreach programs , such as Al - Bairaq . Al - Bairaq was launched in 2010 aims to provide high school students with an opportunity to experience a research environment in the Center for Advanced Materials in Qatar University . The program encompasses the STEM fields and languages . 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The Committee notes with interest that authorities are presently considering amendments to the Prison Act that would abolish flogging . '' ( Par . 12 ) Jump up ^ `` Death penalties in the world - Qatar '' . 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LGBT relationships are illegal in 74 countries , research finds '' . The Independent . 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` International unions warn Qatar 's work visa system allows employers to use forced labour '' . ITUC - CSI - IGB . Jump up ^ Owen Gibson ( 14 May 2014 ) . `` Qatar government admits almost 1,000 fatalities among migrants '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Qatar to allow trade union , scrap ' sponsor ' system '' . Al Arabiya. 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Nigel ( 21 July 2014 ) . `` Qatar Announces New Labour Law Reforms Amid Workers ' Rights Outcry '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Walker , Lesley ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` Firms in Qatar who fail to pay workers on time could face suspensions '' . Doha News . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter Kovessy ( 27 October 2015 ) . `` Qatar 's Emir signs into law kafala changes ( updated ) '' . Doha News . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 's inaction on labor reform a ' human rights disaster ' , Amnesty '' . RT . Russia Today . 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar : New reforms Wo n't Protect Migrant Workers '' . Human Rights Watch . 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chris Arsenault ( 28 October 2015 ) . `` Qatar complicit in ' modern slavery ' despite reforms -- unions '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Miles , Hugh ( 2005 ) . Al - Jazeera . ^ Jump up to : Boghardt , Lori Plotkin ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Qatar Is a U.S. Ally . They Also Knowingly Abet Terrorism . What 's Going On ? '' . New Republic . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Two overarching goals have driven Qatari policy . One has been to maximize Qatar 's influence on the regional and international stage . This originally reflected the personal ambition of the former ruler and current emir 's father , Shaykh Hamad bin Khalifa al Thani , and his foreign minister and eventual prime minister , Shaykh Hamad bin Jassim al Thani . The two men directed foreign policy until the father abdicated in favor of his son , Emir Tamim bin Hamad al Thani , in July 2013 . The second objective has been to preserve the security of the ruling family and state . Jump up ^ H Rahman ( 2005 ) . The Emergence of Qatar . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7103 - 1213 - 6 . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar relies on US base amid Gulf tensions '' . FT.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Zacharia , Janine ( 4 March 2008 ) . `` For Qatar , relations with West are a balancing act '' . New York Times . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Mazzetti ; C.J. Chivers ; Eric Schmitt ( 30 June 2013 ) . `` Taking Outsize Role in Syria , Qatar Funnels Arms to Rebels '' . New York Times . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar and Saudi Arabia sign defense agreement '' . Tehrantimes.com. 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar recognizes Libyan rebels after oil deal '' . Al Jazeera. 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , David D. ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` Qatar 's Support of Islamists Alienates Allies Near and Far '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Islam Hassan ( 31 March 2015 ) . `` GCC 's 2014 Crisis : Causes , Issues and Solutions '' . Al Jazeera Research Center . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Norton , Ben ( 28 June 2016 ) . `` CIA and Saudi weapons for Syrian rebels fueled black market arms trafficking , report says '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Jay Solomon ( 10 October 2014 ) , U.S. - Qatar Alliance Strains Coalition Against Islamic State , Wall Street Journal ^ Jump up to : John Defterios ( 27 October 2014 ) . CNN `` ISIS : Can coalition cut off funding of world 's wealthiest terror group ? '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Army of Conquest ' rebel alliance pressures Syria regime '' . Yahoo News . 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf allies and ' Army of Conquest ' '' . Al - Ahram Weekly . 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kim Sengupta ( 12 May 2015 ) . `` Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ The Daily Beast . `` Qatar Sends Aid Money to Help Egypt '' . TheDailyBeast.com . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Al - Jazeera Effect '' . Foreign Policy . 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Reuters . `` Egypt Returns $2 Billion to Qatar in Sign of Growing Tensions '' . Voanews.com . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ bbc.com : `` Hamas political leaders leave Syria for Egypt and Qatar '' , 28 February 2012 Jump up ^ `` Gaza conflict spotlights role of Qatar , the Hamas - funding U.S. ally '' . 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Attiyah to CNN : Israel does n't want peace '' . 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar pledges $1 billion for Gaza rebuilding at Cairo conference '' . 12 October 2014 . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Enriching the Middle East 's Economic Future Conferences '' . Qatar Conferences . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan Minister Lauds Doha Declaration For Initiating Darfur Peace Process '' . Qatar Chronicle. 9 June 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar donates $88.5 Million for Darfur '' . 24 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Six nations cut diplomatic ties to Qatar as Arab rift deepens '' . Hurriyet Daily News . 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saudi Arabia , UAE , Egypt and Bahrain break diplomatic ties with Qatar over ' terrorism ' '' . The Guardian . 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen cuts diplomatic ties with Qatar : state news agency '' . reuters. 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` To ' make Qatar an island ' Saudi Arabia plans to dig canal along border : Report Free Press Kashmir '' . freepresskashmir.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia to turn Qatar into an island by digging massive canal -- report '' . RT International . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Chief , Habib Toumi , Bureau ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Saudi Arabia moves ahead with Salwa canal plan '' . GulfNews . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia sets bidding deadline for Salwa Canal that will make Qatar island '' . DailySabah . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia is building a canal to turn Qatar into an island '' . AMN - Al - Masdar News المصدر نيوز. 2018 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Military expenditure by country as percentage of gross domestic product , 2003 -- 2016 '' ( PDF ) . SIPRI . Jump up ^ `` The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Strange Power of Qatar by Hugh Eakin '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in International Arms Transfer , 2014 '' . www.sipri.org . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TIV of arms imports to the top 50 largest importers , 2016 - 2016 '' . SIPRI . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia uses terrorism as an excuse for human rights abuses '' . Al Jazeera America . December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen crisis : Who is fighting whom ? '' . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Airstrike Hits Doctors Without Borders Hospital in Yemen '' . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen conflict : MSF hospital destroyed by air strikes '' . 27 October 2015 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Municipalities '' . Qatar Ministry of Municipality and Environment . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Population census '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics . April 2015 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population By Gender , Municipality And Zone , March 2004 '' . General Secretariat for Development Planning . Archived from the original on 12 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` List of Parties '' . Convention on Biological Diversity . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan . State of Qatar '' ( PDF ) . Convention on Biological Diversity . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ A.H. Moubasher ( 1993 ) . Soil Fungi in Qatar and Other Arab Countries . Centre for Scientific and Applied Research , University of Qatar . p. i -- xvi , 570 pp. , 86 plates . ISBN 978 - 99921 - 21 - 02 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Lizards Living in Qatar. 2014 . First edition , Published in Doha ( Qatar ) , 2014 , 5 June ( World Environment Day ) . 570 pages . Archived 8 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` CO2 emissions ( metric tons per capita ) '' . Data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Fred ( 14 January 2010 ) . `` Qatar to use biofuels ? What about the country 's energy consumption ? '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Qatar National Vision 2030 '' . Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics . Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Rasoul Sorkhabi ( 2010 ) . `` The Qatar Oil Discoveries '' . GEO ExPro Magazine . 7 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Nordland , Rod ( 25 June 2013 ) . `` New Hope for Democracy in a Dynastic Land '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects ( PPP valuation of country GDP ) '' . IMF . October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bill Crane ( 20 April 2015 ) . Gravediggers of the Gulf . Jacobin . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar : Migrant Construction Workers Face Abuse '' . Human Rights Watch . Jump up ^ Robert Tuttle ( 22 May 2014 ) . World Cup Host Qatar Ranked Among Worst Places to Work by Unions . Bloomberg . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar tourist guide '' . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Doing Business in Qatar : 2012 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies '' ( PDF ) . US & Foreign Commercial Service And US Department of State . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar '' . OPEC . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Richest Countries '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Kortekaas , Vanessa ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` New Qatar emir shakes up sovereign wealth fund '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Holding LLC Among Investors in BlackBerrys $1 Billion Convertible Debt '' . Berryreview.com. 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hall , Camilla ( 30 October 2013 ) . `` Qatar fund quietly builds $1 bn Bank of America stake '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hall , Camilla ( 4 July 2013 ) . `` Qatar : what 's next for the world 's most aggressive deal hunter ? '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taxes on junk food , luxury items to be rolled out in Qatar soon '' . 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` layoffs Archives -- Doha News '' . Doha News . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Simon Lincoln Reader ( 12 November 2013 ) . `` Qatar shows how money can solve most problems '' . Bdlive.co.za . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Census in Qatar '' . Qatar Statistics Authority . Archived from the original on 20 April 2010 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population structure '' . Qatar Statistics Authority . 31 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Qatar 's delicate balancing act '' . BBC News . 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar population hits 2.5 million on worker influx - People Tengrinews '' . En.tengrinews.kz . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Pandit , Mobin ( 5 January 2013 ) . `` Population rise will push up rents '' . The Peninsula Qatar . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Kovessy , Peter . `` Though many leave Qatar , there are more people here than ever '' . DohaNews.Co . Doha News . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Global Religious Landscape . Pew Forum . Jump up ^ `` Population By Religion , Gender And Municipality March 2004 '' . Qatar Statistics Authority . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report on International Religious Freedom -- Qatar '' . US Department of State . Archived from the original on 21 August 2014 . The official state religion follows the conservative Wahhabi tradition of the Hanbali school of Islam Jump up ^ `` Tiny Qatar 's growing global clout '' . BBC . 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 's modern future rubs up against conservative traditions '' . Reuters. 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rising power Qatar stirs unease among some Mideast neighbors '' . Reuters. 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Report on International Religious Freedom -- Qatar '' . US Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Religious Composition by Country '' ( PDF ) . Global Religious Landscape . Pew Forum . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christians to Welcome Qatar 's First Christian Church '' . Christianpost.com. 24 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CIA The World Fact Book '' . State.gov. 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report on Qatar '' . Cumorah Project . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Anglican Centre in Qatar '' . Epiphany-qatar.org . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : David B. Barrett ; George Thomas Kurian ; Todd M. Johnson ( 2001 ) . World Christian encyclopedia : a comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world . 1 . Oxford University Press . p. 617 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510318 - 2 . Jump up ^ Baker , Colin ; Jones , Sylvia Prys ( 1998 ) . Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education . Multilingual Matters . p. 429 . ISBN 978 - 1853593628 . Jump up ^ Guttenplan , D.D. ( 11 June 2012 ) . `` Battling to Preserve Arabic From English 's Onslaught '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Facts '' . First Qatar Orthodontic Conference . Jump up ^ Jacot , Martine ( 23 December 2013 ) . `` Le Qatar ne paie pas ses contributions à la francophonie '' . Retrieved 5 June 2017 -- via Le Monde . Jump up ^ `` Clément Duhaime : `` Le Qatar n'a pas tenu ses promesses '' à l'OIF - JeuneAfrique.com `` . 22 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamrava , Mehran ( 2013 ) . Qatar : Small State , Big Politics . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0801452093 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar National Day 2011 '' . Time Out Doha. 29 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everything you need to know about Qatar National Day 2012 '' . Doha News . 10 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Art in Qatar : A Smithsonian in the sand '' . The Economist. 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` QMA Board of Trustees '' . Qatar Museums Authority . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar revealed as the world 's biggest contemporary art buyer '' . The Art Newspaper . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Bohas , Alexander . `` The Political Trump - Cards of Cultural Potency Qatar 's Policy of ' Cultural Grandeur ' '' . Chaos International . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Qatar Freedom of the Press '' . Freedom House . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Barrie Gunter ; Roger Dickinson ( 6 June 2013 ) . News Media in the Arab World : A Study of 10 Arab and Muslim Countries . A&C Black . p. 33 . ISBN 1 - 4411 - 0239 - 6 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Blanchard , Christoper ( 2014 ) . Qatar : Background and U.S. Relations . Congressional Research Service . p. 17 . ISBN 9781437987089 . Jump up ^ Roth , Richard J. ( 8 May 2013 ) . `` Awaiting a Modern Press Law in Qatar '' . New York Times . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New cybercrime law could have serious consequences for press freedom in Qatar '' . cpj.org. 27 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar : New Cyber Crime Law poses real threat to Freedom of Expression '' . gc4hr.org. 17 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Report : Qatar 2010 . Oxford Business Group . 2010 . p. 237 . ISBN 9781907065446 . Jump up ^ `` NRI Overall Ranking 2014 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arts and Culture '' . Embassy of Qatar in London . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Heritage and Culture '' . Qatar e-Gov . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar -- a Sporting Nation '' . Qatar e-Government . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibbes , Martin ; Schiller , Emma ( 4 January 2011 ) . `` Fox Sports brings you everything you need to know -- and a few things you do n't -- about the Asian Cup '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul Radford ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Russia , Qatar win 2018 and 2022 World Cups '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's Top Leagues protest against 2022 winter World Cup in Qatar '' . Qatar Chronicle. 12 August 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa wants Qatar 2022 postponed to Winter '' . Qatar Chronicle. 20 July 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport -- Qatar World Cup : ' £ 3m payments to officials ' corruption claim '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup inquiry clears Qatar but criticises English FA '' . BBC . 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Pattisson , Pete ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` Revealed : Qatar 's World Cup ' slaves ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . So entrenched is this exploitation that the Nepalese ambassador to Qatar , Maya Kumari Sharma , recently described the emirate as an `` open jail '' . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ; Pattisson , Pete ( 28 July 2014 ) . `` Qatar World Cup : migrants wait a year to be paid for building offices '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Owen Gibson and Pete Pattisson ( 23 December 2014 ) . Death toll among Qatar 's 2022 World Cup workers revealed . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 14 June 2014 ) . `` Qatar hits back at allegations of bribery over 2022 World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Match report '' ( PDF ) . International Handball Federation . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIBA 3x3 World Championships '' . International Basketball Federation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The homepage of Tour of Qatar '' . Letour.fr. 1 December 1994 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gay , Chris . `` Skydive Mag -- Incredible Demo at Doha '' . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` QVA -- Qatar Volleyball Association '' . QVA . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Nick ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) . `` The Education City contracts : A case study from VCU in Qatar '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` In the occasion of Literacy Arab Day , Qatar has the Lowest Illiteracy Rates in 2012 '' . Qatar Statistics Authority . 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar constitution '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our history '' . Qatar University . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hendengren , Adam ( 25 June 2013 ) . `` SPECIAL REPORT : UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST '' . Your Middle East . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Data on Education -- Qatar '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Margery K. ; Tarfa Nasser Alnaimi ; Shaikha Hamad Alhajri ( 1 November 2010 ) . `` National student research fairs as evidence for progress in Qatar 's Education for a New Era '' . Improving Schools . 13 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 248 . doi : 10.1177 / 1365480210390083 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 -- via SAGE Journals . Jump up ^ `` Education for a New Era '' . Supreme Education Council . Archived from the original on 13 September 2005 . Retrieved 25 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar '' . Ranking Web of Universities . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stenden University Qatar '' . Archived from the original on 16 May 2009 . Retrieved 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ PISA 2012 Results in Focus . OECD. 2014 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Key findings -- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development '' . Oecd.org . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Al - Bairaq World '' . Qu.edu.qa. 6 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . 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Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Lingua Franca Nova 196 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 21 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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"State of Qatarدولة قطر (Arabic)Dawlat Qatar\n\n \n \n Flag\n \n \n \n Emblem\n \n \nAnthem: السلام الأميريAs-Salam al-Amiri (transliteration)Amiri Salute\nLocation and extent of Qatar (dark green) on the Arabian Peninsula.\nCapitaland largest city\nDoha25°18′N 51°31′E / 25.300°N 51.517°E / 25.300; 51.517Official languages\nArabicOther languages\nEnglishEthnic groups (2015[1])\n88.4% non-Qatari11.6% QatariReligion \nIslamDemonym\nQatariGovernment\nUnitary constitutional monarchy\n• Emir \nTamim bin Hamad Al Thani• Deputy Emir \nAbdullah bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani• Prime Minister \nAbdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani\nLegislature\nConsultative AssemblyEstablishment\n• Qatar National Day \n18 December 1878• Declared independence \n1 September 1971• Independence from the United Kingdom \n3 September 1971\nArea • Total\n11,581 km2 (4,471 sq mi) (158th)• Water (%)\n0.8Population• 2017 estimate\n2,641,669[2] (140th)• 2010 census\n1,699,435[3] (148th)• Density\n176/km2 (455.8/sq mi) (76th)GDP (PPP)\n2018 estimate• Total\n$357.338 billion[4] (51st)• Per capita\n$128,702[4] (1st)GDP (nominal)\n2018 estimate• Total\n$183.807 billion[4] (56th)• Per capita\n$66,202[4] (6th)Gini (2007)\n41.1[5]mediumHDI (2014)\n 0.850[6]very high · 32ndCurrency\nRiyal (QAR)Time zone\nAST (UTC+3)Drives on the\nright[7]Calling code\n+974ISO 3166 code\nQAInternet TLD\n.qaقطر.",
"State of Qatarدولة قطر (Arabic)Dawlat Qatar\n\n \n \n Flag\n \n \n \n Emblem\n \n \nAnthem: السلام الأميريAs-Salam al-Amiri (transliteration)Amiri Salute\nLocation and extent of Qatar (dark green) on the Arabian Peninsula.\nCapitaland largest city\nDoha25°18′N 51°31′E / 25.300°N 51.517°E / 25.300; 51.517Official languages\nArabicOther languages\nEnglishEthnic groups (2015[1])\n88.4% non-Qatari11.6% QatariReligion \nIslamDemonym\nQatariGovernment\nUnitary constitutional monarchy\n• Emir \nTamim bin Hamad Al Thani• Deputy Emir \nAbdullah bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani• Prime Minister \nAbdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani\nLegislature\nConsultative AssemblyEstablishment\n• Qatar National Day \n18 December 1878• Declared independence \n1 September 1971• Independence from the United Kingdom \n3 September 1971\nArea • Total\n11,581 km2 (4,471 sq mi) (158th)• Water (%)\n0.8Population• 2017 estimate\n2,641,669[2] (140th)• 2010 census\n1,699,435[3] (148th)• Density\n176/km2 (455.8/sq mi) (76th)GDP (PPP)\n2018 estimate• Total\n$357.338 billion[4] (51st)• Per capita\n$128,702[4] (1st)GDP (nominal)\n2018 estimate• Total\n$183.807 billion[4] (56th)• Per capita\n$66,202[4] (6th)Gini (2007)\n41.1[5]mediumHDI (2014)\n 0.850[6]very high · 32ndCurrency\nRiyal (QAR)Time zone\nAST (UTC+3)Drives on the\nright[7]Calling code\n+974ISO 3166 code\nQAInternet TLD\n.qaقطر."
] | [
"$128,702[4] (1st)",
"$66,202[4] (6th)"
] |
7110194298534113857 | Z1 (computer) | Z1 ( computer ) - wikipedia Z1 ( computer ) Replica of the Z1 in the German Museum of Technology in Berlin The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938 . It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability , reading instructions from punched celluloid film . The Z1 was the first freely programmable computer in the world which used Boolean logic and binary floating - point numbers , however it was unreliable in operation . It was completed in 1938 and financed completely from private funds . This computer was destroyed in the bombardment of Berlin in December 1943 , during World War II , together with all construction plans . The Z1 was the first in a series of computers that Zuse designed . Its original name was `` V1 '' for VersuchsModell 1 ( meaning Experimental Model 1 ) . After WW2 , it was renamed `` Z1 '' to differentiate from the flying bombs designed by Robert Lusser . The Z2 and Z3 were follow - ups based on many of the same ideas as the Z1 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Construction 3 Reconstruction 4 Quotation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Design ( edit ) Diagrams from Zuse 's May 1936 patent for a binary switching element using a mechanism of flat sliding rods . The Z1 was based on such elements . The Z1 contained almost all the parts of a modern computer , i.e. control unit , memory , micro sequences , floating - point logic and input -- output devices . The Z1 was freely programmable via punched tape and a punched tape reader . There was a clear separation between the punched tape reader , the control unit for supervising the whole machine and the execution of the instructions , the arithmetic unit , and the input and output devices . The input tape unit read perforations in 35 - millimeter film . The Z1 was a 22 - bit floating - point value adder and subtracter , with some control logic to make it capable of more complex operations such as multiplication ( by repeated additions ) and division ( by repeated subtractions ) . The Z1 's instruction set had nine instructions and it took between one and twenty cycles per instruction . The Z1 had a 64 - word floating - point memory , where each word of memory could be read from -- and written to -- by the control unit . The mechanical memory units were unique in their design and were patented by Konrad Zuse in 1936 . The machine was only capable of executing instructions while reading from the punched tape reader , so the program itself was not loaded in its entirety into internal memory in advance . The input and output were in decimal numbers , with a decimal exponent and the units had special machinery for converting these to and from binary numbers . The input and output instructions would be read or written as floating - point numbers . The program tape was 35 mm film with the instructions encoded in punched holes . Construction ( edit ) `` Z1 was a machine of about 1000 kg weight , which consisted from some 20000 parts . It was a programmable computer , based on binary floating - point numbers and a binary switching system . It consisted completely of thin metal sheets , which Zuse and his friends produced using a jigsaw . '' `` The ( data ) input device was a keyboard ... The Z1 's programs ( Zuse called them Rechenpläne ) were stored on punch tapes by means of an 8 - bit code '' Construction of the Z1 was privately financed . Zuse got money from his parents , his sister Lieselotte , some students of the fraternity AV Motiv ( cf . Helmut Schreyer ) and Kurt Pannke ( a calculating machines manufacturer in Berlin ) to do so . Zuse constructed the Z1 in his parents ' apartment ; in fact , he was allowed to use the living room for his construction . In 1936 , Zuse quit his job in airplane construction in order to build the Z1 . Zuse is said to have used `` thin metal strips '' and perhaps `` metal cylinders '' or glass plates to construct Z1 . There were probably no commercial relays in it ( although the Z3 is said to have used a few telephone relays ) . The only electrical unit was an electric motor to give the clock frequency of 1 Hz ( cycle per second ) to the machine . ' The memory was constructed from thin strips of slotted metal and small pins , and proved faster , smaller , and more reliable , than relays . The Z2 used the mechanical memory of the Z1 , but used relay - based arithmetic . The Z3 was experimentally built entirely of relays . The Z4 was the first attempt at a commercial computer , reverting to the faster and more economical mechanical slotted metal strip memory , with relay processing , of the Z2 , but the war interrupted the Z4 development . ' The Z1 was never very reliable in operation due to poor synchronization due to internal and external stresses on the mechanical parts . Reconstruction ( edit ) Reconstruction of Z1 The original Z1 was destroyed by the Allied air raids in 1943 , but in 1986 Zuse decided to rebuild the machine . He constructed thousands of elements of the Z1 again , and finished rebuilding the device in 1989 . The rebuilt Z1 ( pictured ) is displayed at the German Museum of Technology in Berlin . Quotation ( edit ) Konrad Zuse : `` There is a replica of this Model in the Museum of Traffic and Technology in Berlin . Back then it did n't function well , and in that regard the replica is very reliable -- it also does n't work well . '' See also ( edit ) History of computing hardware Analytical Engine Difference engine Z2 Z3 Z4 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bauer , Friedrich L. ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) . Origins and Foundations of Computing : In Cooperation with Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 78 . ISBN 9783642029929 . Jump up ^ Zuse , Konrad ( 1976 ) . The Plankalkül . GMD . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Priestley , Mark ( 2011 ) . A Science of Operations : Machines , Logic and the Invention of Programming . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84882 - 554 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rojas , Raúl ( Spring 2006 ) . `` The Zuse Computers '' . RESURRECTION the Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society ( 37 ) . ISSN 0958 - 7403 . Jump up ^ OBITUARY : Konrad Zuse - People - News - The Independent Jump up ^ Rojas , R ( 1997 ) . `` Konrad Zuse 's Legacy : The Architecture of the Z1 and Z3 '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 19 ( 2 ) : 5 -- 15 . doi : 10.1109 / 85.586067 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Computer '' , G.A. Erskine , CERN , Geneva , Switzerland ^ Jump up to : Konrad Zuse - the first relay computer , History of Computers article Jump up ^ Who Made the First Computer , Chris Malcolm , 2000 Jump up ^ Hans Dieter Hellige : Geschichten der Informatik - Visionen , Paradigmen , Leitmotive . Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 00217 - 0 . P. 36 . Further reading ( edit ) Zuse , Konrad ( 1993 ) . The Computer - My Life . Springer - Verlag . ISBN 3 - 540 - 56453 - 5 . Rojas , Raul ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) . `` The Design Principles of Konrad Zuse 's Mechanical Computers '' . arXiv : 1603.02396 ( cs. OH ) . Paper describes the design principles of Zuse Z1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zuse Z1 . Zuse , Horst . `` The life and work of Konrad Zuse '' . EPEmag . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . `` Zuse Z1 detailed information '' . Horst Zuse . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . `` An informative website about Zuse Z1 '' . hide Computers designed by Konrad Zuse Z1 ( 1938 ) Z2 ( 1940 ) Z3 ( 1941 ) Z4 ( 1945 ) Z5 ( 1953 ) Z11 ( 1955 ) Z22 ( 1955 ) Z23 ( 1961 ) Z25 ( 1963 ) Z31 ( 1963 ) Z64 ( 1961 ) S1 ( 1942 ) S2 ( 1943 ) GND : 4605696 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z1_(computer)&oldid=844077786 '' Categories : 1930s computers One - of - a-kind computers Mechanical computers German inventions of the Nazi period Computer - related introductions in 1938 Konrad Zuse Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 12 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who built the worlds first binary digit computer z1 | [
"The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938.[1][2] It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched celluloid film."
] | [
"Konrad Zuse"
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235950198995373037 | Evening | Evening - Wikipedia Evening Not to be confused with Sunset or Dusk . For other uses , see Evening ( disambiguation ) . Dusk in Coquitlam , British Columbia , Canada Evening in Parambikkulam , Kerala , India View on the bay of Naples , overlooking Mount Vesuvius at 7 : 30 pm local solar / standard time Evening is the period of time at the end of the day , usually from about 6pm to bedtime . It is a daily astronomic event of variable time period between daytime and night , and the period in which the daylight is decreasing , after the afternoon and before night . There is no exact time for when evening begins and ends ( equally true with night ) . Though the term is subjective , evening is typically understood to begin shortly before sunset and during twilight ( sunset and twilight vary throughout the year ) , lasting until night -- typically astronomical sunset . There can be no precise definition in terms of clock time , but it is socially considered to start around 6 pm. and to last until nighttime or bedtime . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Significance for humans 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word is derived from the Old English ǣfnung , meaning `` the coming of evening , sunset , time around sunset '' , which originated from ' æfnian ' meaning `` become evening , grow toward evening '' . The Old English , ' æfnian ' originated from ' æfen ' ( eve ) , which meant ' the time between sunset and darkness ' , and was synonymous with even ( Old English æfen ) which meant the end of the day . The use of evening dates from the mid 15th century . Significance for humans ( edit ) Some languages that use the time of day in greeting have a special greeting for evening , such as the English ' good evening ' . Typically people do not leave somebody and say `` good evening '' . Good Evening is a greeting . Even if it is n't night yet , when one greets someone , they can greet them with `` good evening '' and when they leave they say `` good night '' , rather than saying `` good evening '' as a farewell , despite that it may still be night . Many people greet someone with the shortened ' evening ' rather than ' good evening ' . Social and family activities are often held during this time , such as supper or more formal social gatherings and entertainment , such as parties , in particular dance parties . See also ( edit ) Crepuscular -- animals that are active primarily in the early morning and the evening Evening dress ( disambiguation ) Vespers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/evening Jump up ^ https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/evening Jump up ^ https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/uk/london Jump up ^ `` Definition of evening in English '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.etymonline.com/word/even?ref=etymonline_crossreference Jump up ^ https://www.dealideal.net/single-post/2015/11/23/When-to-say-Good-Morning-Afternoon-Evening-Night-When-do-the-afternoon-end-and-the-evening-start External links ( edit ) Quotations related to Evening at Wikiquote Media related to Evening at Wikimedia Commons Parts of a day Dawn -- Twilight -- Sunrise Morning Daytime Evening Sunset -- Twilight -- Dusk Night Related articles : Belt of Venus Blue hour Golden hour Terminator Daylight Forenoon Noon Afternoon Midnight Midnight sun Polar night Zodiacal light GND : 4521782 - 8 This standards - or measurement - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evening&oldid=856011558 '' Categories : Parts of a day Evening Standards and measurement stubs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Адыгабзэ ܐܪܡܝܐ تۆرکجه Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Ido Interlingua Italiano עברית Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Lietuvių Lumbaart മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 ГӀалгӀай 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 08 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what time does afternoon end and evening start | [
"Evening is the period of time at the end of the day, usually from about 6pm to bedtime[1]. It is a daily astronomic event of variable time period between daytime and night, and the period in which the daylight is decreasing, after the afternoon and before night. There is no exact time for when evening begins and ends (equally true with night). Though the term is subjective, evening is typically understood to begin shortly before sunset [2] and during twilight (sunset and twilight vary throughout the year)[3], lasting until night – typically astronomical sunset. There can be no precise definition in terms of clock time, but it is socially considered to start around 6 pm. and to last until nighttime or bedtime.[4] \n"
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"about 6pm"
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3692235393635574151 | Beauty and the Beast (Disney song) | Beauty and the Beast ( Disney song ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( Disney song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Beauty and the Beast '' Song by Angela Lansbury from the album Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released October 29 , 1991 Genre Show tune Length 2 : 44 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Howard Ashman Alan Menken Producer ( s ) Howard Ashman Alan Menken Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack track listing `` The Mob Song '' ( 8 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 9 ) `` To the Fair '' ( Score ) ( 10 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' is a song written by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken for the Disney animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . The film 's theme song , the Broadway - inspired ballad was first recorded by British - American actress Angela Lansbury in her role as the voice of the character Mrs. Potts , and essentially describes the relationship between its two main characters Belle and the Beast , specifically how the couple has learned to accept their differences and in turn change each other for the better . Additionally , the song 's lyrics imply that the feeling of love is as timeless and ageless as a `` tale as old as time '' . Lansbury 's rendition is heard during the famous ballroom sequence between Belle and the Beast , while a shortened chorale version plays in the closing scenes of the film , and the song 's motif features frequently in other pieces of Menken 's film score . `` Beauty and the Beast '' was subsequently recorded as a pop duet by Canadian singer Celine Dion and American singer Peabo Bryson , and released as the only single from the film 's soundtrack on November 25 , 1991 . Lansbury was initially hesitant to record `` Beauty and the Beast '' because she felt that it was not suitable for her aging singing voice , but ultimately completed the song in one take . In order to promote the film , Disney decided to release `` Beauty and the Beast '' as a single , and first recruited solely Dion to record a radio - friendly version of it . However , the studio was concerned that the then - relatively obscure singer would not attract a large enough audience in the United States on her own , so they hired the more prominent Bryson to be her duet partner . At first Dion was also hesitant to record `` Beauty and the Beast '' because she had just recently been fired from recording the theme song of the animated film An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) . First heard during the film 's end credits , the single was produced by Walter Afanasieff who also arranged it with Robbie Buchanan , and included on Dion 's self - titled album . The single was accompanied by a music video . Directed by Dominic Orlando , it combined footage of the singers recording the song at The Power Station with excerpts from the film . Both versions of `` Beauty and the Beast '' were very successful , garnering both a Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song , as well as Grammy Awards for Best Song Written for Visual Media and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . The single was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and the Grammy Award for Song of the Year . Lansbury 's performance has been universally lauded by both film and music critics . While the Dion - Bryson version received mixed reviews from critics who felt that it was inferior to Lansbury 's original , the single became a commercial success , peaking at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming the better - known of the two renditions . In addition to returning Disney songs to the pop charts after a thirty - year absence , the success of `` Beauty and the Beast '' also launched Dion 's career and established her as a bankable recording artist . After `` Beauty and the Beast '' became the first Disney song to undergo a complete pop transformation , several contemporary artists were inspired to release their own radio - friendly renditions of Disney songs throughout the decade . Considered to be among Disney 's best and most popular songs , `` Beauty and the Beast '' has since been covered by numerous artists . In 2004 , the American Film Institute officially recognized `` Beauty and the Beast '' as one of the greatest songs in film history , ranking it 62nd . The song is also featured in the 2017 live - action adaptation ; sung by Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts during the film and also as a duet cover version by Ariana Grande and John Legend during the end credits . Grande and Legend 's version of the song is an homage to the cover performed by Dion and Bryson for the 1991 film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 2 Animation of the Beauty and the Beast and ballroom sequence 3 Music and lyrical interpretation 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Awards and recognition 5 Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson version 5.1 Background and recording 5.2 Composition 5.3 Reception 5.4 Music video 5.5 Live performances 5.6 Personnel 5.7 Formats and track listings 5.8 Charts and certifications 5.8. 1 Weekly charts 5.8. 2 Year - end charts 5.8. 3 Certifications and sales 5.9 Release history 6 Ariana Grande and John Legend version 6.1 Charts and certifications 6.1. 1 Weekly charts 6.1. 2 Certifications and sales 7 Covers and use in media 8 Impact and legacy 8.1 Parodies 9 See also 10 References Writing and recording ( edit ) At first English actress Angela Lansbury was hesitant to record `` Beauty and the Beast '' because it had been written in a style with which she was unfamiliar ; she ultimately recorded the song in one take . `` Beauty and the Beast '' was written by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken in 1990 . Intending for the song to be `` the height of simplicity '' , the songwriters drew much of its influence from Broadway music . Due to Ashman 's failing health , some of Beauty and the Beast 's pre-production was relocated to a hotel in Fishkill , New York near Ashman 's residence to accommodate the ailing lyricist . Out of all the songs he has written for Beauty and the Beast , Menken devoted the most time to the title song . The track was first recorded by British - American actress Angela Lansbury , who voices the character Mrs. Potts , an enchanted teapot . The songwriters first introduced `` Beauty and the Beast '' to Lansbury as a demo recording , which was accompanied by a note asking her if she might possibly be interested in singing it . Although a seasoned film and stage performer who had previously done her own singing for Disney in the musical film Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) , Lansbury , who was more accustomed to performing uptempo songs , was hesitant to record the ballad because of its unfamiliar rock style . Although she liked the song , Lansbury also worried that her aging singing voice was no longer strong enough to record `` Beauty and the Beast '' , and was especially concerned about having to sustain its longer notes . Lansbury suggested that the songwriters ask someone else to sing `` Beauty and the Beast '' , but they insisted that she simply `` sing the song the way ( she ) envisioned it . '' On October 6 , 1990 , `` Beauty and the Beast '' was recorded in a studio in New York accompanied by a live orchestra because the songwriters preferred to have all performers and musicians record together opposed to separating the singers from the instrumentalists . On the day of her scheduled recording session , Lansbury 's flight was delayed due to a bomb threat , which prompted an emergency landing in Las Vegas . Unaware of her whereabouts for several hours , the filmmakers had begun making plans to reschedule the session until Lansbury finally telephoned the studio once she arrived safely in New York . At the behest of one of the directors , Lansbury recorded a demo of the song for them to use in the event that no other actress was available to sing it on her behalf , or no character other than Mrs. Potts was deemed suitable . Ultimately , Lansbury recorded her version in one take , which wound up being used in the final film . Producer Don Hahn recalled that the actress simply `` sang ' Beauty and the Beast ' from beginning to end and just nailed it . We picked up a couple of lines here and there , but essentially that one take is what we used for the movie . '' Lansbury 's performance moved everyone who was present in the recording studio at the time to tears . Meanwhile , the actress credits recording the song with ultimately helping her gain further perspective on Mrs. Potts ' role in the film . Some of Ashman 's cut lyrics from the 1991 film were reinstated for the version in the 2017 film . Animation of the Beauty and the Beast and ballroom sequence ( edit ) The scene in Beauty and the Beast during which the song is heard is the moment when Belle and the Beast 's true feelings for each other are finally established . Set in the ballroom of the Beast 's castle , `` Beauty and the Beast '' is performed by the character Mrs. Potts , an enchanted teapot , midway through the film as she explains the feeling of love to her young teacup son Chip , referring to the emotion as `` a tale as old as time '' . According to Armen Karaoghlanian of Interiors , `` Belle familiarizes the Beast with the waltz and as soon he feels comfortable , he gracefully moves her across the floor '' . Afterwards , the song continues to play instrumentally as Belle and the Beast retire to the balcony for a romantic candlelit dinner . Believed to be the `` centerpiece that brings Beauty and her Beast together , '' the sequence offers an insight into both characters ' psyches . From the Beast 's perspective , it is the moment he realizes that he wants to confess his true feelings for Belle to her and `` decides he wants to tell Belle he is in love with her . '' Meanwhile , Belle begins to fall in love with her captor . Writing for The Globe and Mail , Jennie Punter reviewed it as the scene in which `` romance finally blossoms . '' Film critic Ellison Estefan , writing for Estefan Films , believes that the sequence is responsible for `` add ( ing ) another dimension to the characters as they continue to fall deeply in love with each other . '' Explaining the song 's role in the film , director Kirk Wise described the scene as `` the culmination of their relationship , '' while producer Don Hahn pegged it as `` the bonding moment of the film when the two main characters finally get together . '' Play media Supervising animator James Baxter was responsible for syncing the two traditionally animated characters with their constantly changing computer - animated environment ; principal design of the ballroom was handled by Scott F. Johnston . The scene had long been envisioned as having a more live - action feel to it than the rest of the film , an idea that originated from story artists Brenda Chapman and Roger Allers , who were the first to suggest that the ballroom be built using computers . As the film 's executive producer , former Head of Disney 's film division Jeffrey Katzenberg recalled that he began working on Beauty and the Beast deciding what its `` wowie '' moment would be , defining this as `` the moment in the movie where you see what 's on the screen and go , ' Wow - IEE ' '' ; this ultimately became the film 's ballroom sequence . According to Hahn , the scene was conceived out of the filmmakers ' desire to manipulate the camera in order to `` sweep '' the audience away . Allers and Chapman conceived the ballroom in order to provide the characters with an area in which they could linger , and were surprised by the amount of artistic freedom with which they were provided by the animators , who agreed to adjust to the changes in perspective that would result from the moving camera . While Allers decided to raise the camera in order to view the dancing couple from the overhead chandelier , Chapman decided to rotate the camera around Belle 's skirt as the couple danced past it . In their dance together , Belle and the Beast move toward the camera , as we pan up and into the 3D chandelier . In the next shot , the camera slowly drops from the ceiling as we once again move alongside the 3D chandelier . This adds depth to the scene , as the chandelier is placed at the forefront of the image and Belle and the Beast are in the distance . This shot continues as we move down below and gracefully move around them . The Beast then sways Belle around and near the camera , once again providing us with an illusion that a camera is following these characters around in an actual ballroom . In a wide shot of Belle and the Beast dancing , the camera begins dollying back as Mrs. Potts and Chip appear in the frame . These beautiful compositions and camera movements show us how space functions within an animated feature film . -- Armen Karaoghlanian of Interiors Regarded as an example of `` a pronounced use of height and of vertical movement in sets and settings , in virtual camera movement ... and in the actions of characters '' by Epics , Spectacles and Blockbusters : A Hollywood History author Sheldon Hall , Beauty and the Beast was one of the first feature - length animated films to use computer - generated imagery , which is prominently exhibited throughout the film 's `` elaborate '' ballroom sequence . Light Science : Physics and the Visual Arts author Thomas D. Rossing believes that the filmmakers aimed to achieve `` a moving perspective that would follow the dancers around the room , giving visual expression to the soaring emotions of the scene . '' CGI supervisor Jim Hillin was hired by Hahn to oversee the design of the scene 's graphics . However , because the computer - animation medium was so unfamiliar to the filmmakers at the time , at one point they had considered having Belle and the Beast simply dance in complete darkness -- save for a single spotlight -- should the project be unsuccessful ; they jokingly referred to this idea as the `` Ice Capades '' version . First rendered as a simple cube , the filmmakers used computers to design the ballroom as a production set , making it the first full - dimensional computer - generated colored background in history . Unlike Disney 's previous CGI ventures , Beauty and the Beast 's ballroom was a much more detailed task that required animators to work exclusively with computers to compose , animate and color the scene . According to Hillin , the revolutionary use of computers allowed for a combination of theatrical lighting and `` sweeping '' perspectives , which ultimately introduced live - action techniques to animation . To make the scene a `` special moment '' for the characters , a `` virtual camera '' was used to allow the animators to create the illusion of tracking , panning and zooming that `` establish ( es ) the mood '' while helping audiences experience what the characters themselves are experiencing . Imitating tracking shot s , the camera frequently soars and zooms around the couple . The camera first follows Belle and the Beast as they enter the ballroom before panning until it finally returns to focus on the two characters . In his book Basics Animation 02 : Digital Animation , author Andrew Chong wrote that `` The sweeping camera move with a constantly shifting perspective during the ballroom sequence was a composition of traditionally drawn elements for the characters with digitally animated scenery . '' Several computer animators , layout artists , art directors and background artists used their combined efforts to achieve the scene 's end results ; the ballroom 's official dimensions read 72 feet high , 184 feet long and 126 feet wide . The space also houses 28 windows and a dome that measures 86 by 61 feet ; the dome 's mural was first hand - painted before it was texture - mapped onto it using a computer . Each element was carefully constructed individually . Timothy Wegner described the finished product in his book Image Lab as a `` huge and elegant '' ballroom in which `` the walls are decorated with elaborate moldings , Corinthian columns , and hundreds of candles . '' Writing for Combustible Celluloid , Jeffrey M. Anderson believes that `` The animators understood that the new technology could n't be used to represent organic beings , so they simply used it for backgrounds ; i.e. the swirling , spinning ballroom during the ' Beauty and the Beast ' dance number . '' At first , Belle and the Beast were vaguely represented by computer - animated box and egg - shaped `` stand - ins '' in order to choreograph their dance while the ballroom was still little more than a `` chicken wire '' frame . Andrew Osmond , author of 100 Animated Feature Films , described this crude depiction of the characters as `` wire frames moving in staccato . '' The characters were eventually updated to `` stiff , line - drawn '' versions of themselves . Because Belle and the Beast are so `` interconnected '' during this scene , both characters were animated solely by Belle 's supervising animator James Baxter ; the Beast 's supervising animator Glen Keane eventually traced over Baxter 's work . Baxter prepared himself for animating the scene by studying ballet dancers in addition to taking dance lessons himself . Throughout the entire film , Belle moves with a ballerina 's turnout ; the Los Angeles Times film critic Charles Solomon observed that Belle looks `` liveliest and prettiest '' during this scene . At one point , both Baxter and Keane plotted out their characters ' routine themselves under the guidance of a professional dance coach . A software created by Pixar named CAPS ( Computer Animation Production System ) allowed the animators to paint Belle and the Beast using computers as opposed to the more conventional and time - consuming method of painting animated characters by hand . Art director Brian McEntee suggested a blue and gold colour scheme for the characters ' costumes at a late - night meeting because he felt that the colors were `` compelling '' and `` regal '' . Adhering to the ballroom 's blue and gold color scheme , Belle 's gold ballgown complements the trim on the Beast 's tuxedo , as well as the color of the ballroom itself , while the Beast 's royal blue attire complements his eyes , the night sky , the curtains and the floor tiles . Meanwhile , Julia Alexander of Movie Mezzanine wrote that `` The elegance of their costumes against the background of a golden hall and a star filled sky adds to the whimsical romanticism of the movie . '' The entire sequence took several months to complete , much of which was spent syncing the traditionally animated couple with their computer - animated environment , which otherwise would have been virtually impossible had the filmmakers decided to use a more traditional method . When Beauty and the Beast was released , many animators were impressed with the studio for `` pushing the envelope '' , while some considered the scene to be `` a miserable failure '' , accusing its new technology of distracting from `` the moment '' . Describing the scene as `` an early experiment in computer animation , '' Josh Larsen of Larsen on Film observed that the ballroom sequence features `` the camera swooping in and around to provide an expansive sense of space that 3 - D still is n't able to capture . '' In her book The Beautiful Ache , author Leigh McLeroy wrote that the scene represents `` one of those strange moments where love creeps in against all odds and insists on staying put . '' Audiences tend to remember the ballroom sequence as `` the one in which Belle and the Beast share a romantic dance as the camera files and spins around them . '' Angela Lansbury recalled being `` astonished '' when she first saw the `` huge '' and `` unique '' scene . In Moviepilot 's Chris Lucas ' opinion , `` The ballroom scene remains the one that truly symbolizes their adoration for each other . '' IGN believes that the scene `` signals the completion of ( the Beast 's ) inner change - from irascible recluse into ( Belle 's ) true love . '' Music and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) The bridge and verse of the film version , featuring Angela Lansbury . The original film version of `` Beauty and the Beast '' performed by Lansbury was written in the key of G - flat major at a `` moderately slow '' tempo of 84 beats per minute ( Andante ) , at a duration of two minutes and forty - six seconds . An `` eloquent '' rock - influenced pop song with a `` calm '' and `` lilting '' melody , Stephen Whitty of NJ.com described `` Beauty and the Beast '' as a `` Broadway ballad . '' Film critic Roger Ebert described the song 's melody as `` haunting '' , while Entertainment Weekly 's Lisa Schwarzbaum dubbed the song as a `` lullaby '' . The Disney Song Encyclopedia author Thomas S. Hischak described Menken 's melody as `` flowing '' , while BuzzFeed 's Aylin Zafar wrote that the song is `` Tender and warm . '' Writing for the Chicago Tribune , Gene Siskel described Lansbury 's voice , which spans two octaves from B ♭ to E ♭ , as `` richly textured '' . Meanwhile , Michael Cheang of The Star and Bill Gibron of PopMatters wrote that Lansbury performed using a `` fragile '' `` calm , motherly '' tone . Instrumentally , `` Beauty and the Beast '' features several chord changes , woodwinds , and violins . GamesRadar observed that `` Beauty and the Beast '' includes a key change during which `` the music swells , and then the orchestra subsides to leave just trembling violins . '' Describing the ballad as `` soaring '' , TV Guide compared `` Beauty and the Beast '' to `` Shall We Dance ? '' from the musical The King and I . R.L. Shaffer of IGN identified `` Beauty and the Beast '' as a `` tear - jerking poetic ballad . '' Film Genre 2000 : New Critical Essays author Wheeler W. Dixon believes that the song 's lyrics are about the couple 's `` implicit promise of regeneration through love . '' 29 lines in length , all of which are exactly five syllables , `` Beauty and the Beast '' is a love song about a couple 's transformation from friends into `` something more '' . The film 's theme song , its lyrics `` capture the essence of the film '' by describing the relationship between Beauty and the Beast 's two main characters , specifically citing ways in which the two have changed each other for the better and finally learned to accept their differences and mistakes . According to Jake Cole of Not Just Movies , the first stanza begins `` in earnest , and the subtlety of it has the ironic effect of being overpowering . '' Beginning with Lansbury singing the lyrics `` Tale as old as time , true as it can be , '' JoBlo.com wrote that the song `` offers a sure sign of romance between the Beauty and her Beast . '' Meanwhile , Songfacts believes that `` The message of the song is that a couple can be ' as old as time ' no matter how different they are . '' According to Chris Lucas of Moviepilot , Ashman 's lyrics describe the couple 's `` hesitation and surprise at falling in love unexpectedly , '' while author Thomas S. Hischak wrote in The Disney Song Encyclopedia that the song is `` about how two tentative hearts are united in love . '' Featuring the line `` Barely even friends , then somebody bends , unexpectedly , '' Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune believes that the ballad `` makes the case for all lovers to look past their partners ' faults and into their hearts , '' while Cole wrote , `` Ashman goes for the truth ... we do n't know we 're in love until we spend time with someone and unforced adjustments make the pieces fall into place . '' The Emperor 's Old Groove : Decolonizing Disney 's Magic Kingdom author Brenda Ayres cited the song as an `` ( indicator ) that a reciprocal power relationship has developed between Belle and the Beast ... confirm ( ing ) ' his transformation , her legitimacy , and their powerful unity . '' According to the lyricist 's website , `` Beauty and the Beast '' summarizes the way in which `` Belle tames the beast and finds the happy ending she has dreamed about . '' The Meanings of `` Beauty and the Beast '' : A Handbook author Jerry Griswold believes that the song 's opening line `` tale as old as time '' alludes to the fact that Belle 's story is an ancient , timeless one `` deliberately situated within the context of other traditional tales ; '' hers is simply `` the newest incarnation '' of it . The Translation of the Songs in Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' : an example of Manipulation author Lucía Loureiro Porto agrees that although the song `` does not tell any story , it is made of phrases that imply that love is as old a feeling as mankind . '' According to Perry Seibert of AllMovie , `` Beauty and the Beast '' is `` as sappy as Ashman ever got as a lyricist . '' Seibert believes that the song `` acknowledges its own banality ... without minimizing or mocking its inherently sweet description of true love . '' Reflecting upon Ashman 's death , Roger Moore of the Chicago Tribune believes that the song `` was ( Ashman 's ) farewell to love and life and imagination . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' continues to be constantly lauded by both film and music critics alike . Film critic Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised `` Beauty and the Beast '' , describing it as `` a glorious ballad '' while dubbing it Ashman and Menken 's `` biggest triumph '' . Beliefnet called the song `` stirring '' , while Hal Hinson of The Washington Post considers it to be among the film 's best . Roger Moore of the Chicago Tribune referred to `` Beauty and the Beast '' as a `` brilliant '' song that `` can move you to tears , '' while James Berardinelli of ReelViews cited it among the film 's most `` memorable '' songs . Anthony Quinn of The Independent highlighted `` Beauty and the Beast '' as the film 's best song , going on to praise Lansbury 's `` magnificent '' performance , while the Deseret News ' Chris Hicks called it `` beautiful . '' Simon Brew of Den of Geek specifically enjoyed the lyrics `` bittersweet and strange , finding you can change , '' describing the song as `` superb . '' Lansbury 's vocal performance has also been singled out for praise : Slant Magazine 's Jaime N. Christley wrote that Lansbury `` delivers the film 's title tune , gooey treacle that it is , like nobody 's business . '' Describing the song as `` beautiful '' , the Chicago Tribune 's Gene Siskel wrote that `` Beauty and the Beast '' is `` performed poignantly by the richly textured voice of Angela Lansbury . '' Similarly , PopMatters ' Bill Gibron penned , `` the moment Angela Lansbury 's trite teapot steps up to sing the title song , all dry eye bets are off . '' The New York Post 's Lou Lumenick wrote that `` Beauty and the Beast '' was `` unforgettably delivered by Angela Lansbury . '' Aylin Zara of BuzzFeed opined that Lansbury 's version is superior to the single , penning , `` Though the commercial pop version of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' sung by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson , is great , the film version -- performed by Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Potts -- is even better . Tender and warm ... it tugs at all the right heartstrings to get your eyes a little misty . '' Rachael Monaco of AXS cited `` Tale as old as time . Tune as old as song . Bittersweet and strange . Finding you can change . Learning you were wrong . Certain as the sun rising in the East . Tale as old as time , song as old as rhyme , Beauty and the Beast '' as the film 's best lyric . Entertainment Weekly 's Darren Franich , however , admitted to preferring `` Be Our Guest '' and `` Belle '' over `` Beauty and the Beast '' . `` By far the songwriters ' biggest triumph is the title song , which becomes even more impressive in view of the not - very - promising assignment to create a ' Beauty and the Beast theme song . But the result is a glorious ballad , one that is performed in two versions , as both a top - 40 style duet heard over the closing credits and a sweet , lilting solo sung by Ms. Lansbury during the film 's most meltingly lovely scene . For the latter , which also shows off the film 's dynamic use of computer - generated animation , the viewer would be well advised to bring a hanky . '' -- The New York Times ' Janet Maslin The ballroom sequence during which Belle and the Beast dance to `` Beauty and the Beast '' continues to be praised , especially for its use of computer animation . The first time the `` Beauty and the Beast '' musical sequence was made available to the public , it was in the form of an unfinished scene at the New York Film Festival in September 1991 , to which Disney had been invited to premiere an incomplete version of Beauty and the Beast that largely consisted of uncolored pencil tests and storyboards . The New York Times ' Janet Maslin appreciated being previewed to the unfinished ballroom scene , writing , `` when the radiant sight of Beauty and the Beast waltzing together , to the sound of the lilting theme song by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman stirs emotion even in this sketchy form , then both the power and the artifice of animation make themselves felt . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly crowned the sequence the film 's `` centerpiece . '' Writing for The Seattle Times , Candice Russel described it as an `` irresistible highlight '' , while The Globe and Mail 's Jennie Punter called the scene `` glorious . '' David Parkinson of Radio Times identified the ballroom sequence as the scene in which the film 's use of CGI is `` seen to best advantage . '' The Chicago Tribune 's Dave Kehr praised both layout artist Lisa Keene and computer animator Jim Hillin 's combined efforts on the scene , identifying it as the film 's `` most impressive setting . '' When Beauty and the Beast was re-released in 3D in 2012 , Annlee Ellingson of Paste appreciated the way in which the sequence was adapted , describing it as `` positively vertiginous . '' Mike Scott of The Times - Picayune hailed it as a `` gorgeous '' and `` memorable '' scene that `` still stands out as one of the film 's more dazzling '' , while Joanna Berry of The National wrote that `` the ballroom sequence now seems to sparkle even more . '' Although Boxoffice 's Todd Gilchrist 's response towards the film 's 3D conversion overall was mixed , the critic admitted that `` the times when the animators use computer animation to render the backgrounds '' , including during `` the dance sequence between Belle and Beast ... are effective , immersive and maybe even memorable . '' Contrastingly , Chris Hicks of the Deseret News felt that `` Today , the ballroom sequence no longer feels fresh and new after so many recent computer - animated 3 - D efforts , but that does n't diminish the power of its gorgeous design . '' Although James Berardinelli of ReelViews had originally reviewed the sequence as `` the best scene in the movie '' , he felt that the 3D conversion `` diminishes the romance and emotion of the ballroom dance . '' To viewers at the time , the computer effects in this climactic sequence were astonishing . The Beauty and the Beast ballroom sequence `` thematized marriage in the dance '' by illustrating a `` nuptial rehearsal '' which contrasts the `` now '' ( 3D animation ) with `` then '' ( 2D animation ) in a `` successful marriage of character and set '' . The Studios After the Studios explains : `` This chronological fusion was itself classicised by Mrs Potts ' song : she turns a moment of industrial novelty into balance '' . Awards and recognition ( edit ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' has won several awards . The song garnered the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 49th Golden Globe Awards in January 1992 . The following March , `` Beauty and the Beast '' won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 64th Academy Awards . The award was for Ashman , who had died of AIDS on March 14 , 1991 , eight months before the film 's release . Menken acknowledged Ashman in his acceptance speech , while thanking Lansbury , Dion , Bryson and Afanasieff for their contributions . Ashman 's domestic partner Bill Lauch accepted the award on his behalf . The following year , `` Beauty and the Beast '' garnered two wins out of eight nominations at the 35th Grammy Awards , one for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television . An instrumental version arranged and conducted by Richard S. Kaufman won the 1993 Grammy for Best Pop Instrumental Performance . This rendition was performed by the Nurenberg Symphony Orchestra for the album Symphonic Hollywood , under the record company Varese Sarabande . The James Galway instrumental movie version performed by The Galway Pops Orchestra and featured on the album Galway at the Movies was nominated in 1994 for the Best Pop Instrumental Performance Grammy . The American Film Institute ranked `` Beauty and the Beast '' 62nd on the organization 's list of the 100 greatest songs in film history . `` Beauty and the Beast '' is one of only four songs from Disney animated films to have appeared on the list . When BuzzFeed organized `` The Definitive Ranking Of The 102 Best Animated Disney Songs '' list , `` Beauty and the Beast '' was placed at number four , while the same website ranked the ballad Disney 's fifth greatest love song . Similarly , `` Beauty and the Beast '' is the fourth greatest Disney song according to M. `` Beauty and the Beast '' finished 14th on GamesRadar 's `` 30 best Disney songs in history '' ranking . On the website 's list of the `` Top 25 Disney Songs '' , IGN ranked `` Beauty and the Beast '' 22nd . While Broadway.com ranked the song the second greatest Academy Award - winning Disney song , Spin placed `` Beauty and the Beast '' at number 30 on the magazine 's ranking of `` Every Oscar Winner for Best Original Song '' . On her list of the `` 11 Highest - Charting Songs From Disney Movies '' , author Nicole James of Fuse wrote that the Dion - Bryson version `` cracked the Top 10 , going to No. 9 on the charts ( but No. 1 in our hearts ) . '' The same website included the pop version on its `` Top 20 Disney Songs by Pop Stars '' list . IGN placed the scene at number 83 on its ranking of the 100 greatest moments in film history . Total Film ranked the scene ninth on its list of the `` 50 Greatest Disney Movie Moments '' . In Den of Geek 's article `` Top 12 most memorable dance scenes in films '' , the ballroom sequence was ranked fifth . GamesRadar also included the scene on the website 's `` 50 Greatest Movie Dance Sequences '' , with author Kim Sheehan lauding it as `` more moving and romantic than most live - action dances . '' Oh No They Did n't ranked the song 2nd in its The Top 25 Disney Songs of All Time article , writing of its `` vintage feel ... brimming with life and originality '' , the `` surprising effectiveness '' of Lansbury 's performance , and the `` captivating on - screen animation '' . The song was listed 8th is Metro 's article Ranked -- the top 20 Disney songs ever , with writer Duncan Lindsay commenting `` ... this dance sequence with Angela Lansbury 's gorgeous tones was one of Disney 's most romantic . What a song . '' Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson version ( edit ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Single by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson from the album Beauty and the Beast , Celine Dion and Through the Fire Released November 25 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 25 ) Format CD single cassette single vinyl single Recorded October 1991 Studio The Power Station ( New York City , NY ) The Plant Recording Studios ( Sausalito , California ) Length 5 : 33 ( album version ) 4 : 04 ( radio edit ) Label Walt Disney Epic Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Howard Ashman Alan Menken Producer ( s ) Walter Afanasieff Celine Dion singles chronology `` L'amour existe encore '' ( 1991 ) L'amour existe encore 1991 `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast1991 `` Je danse dans ma tête '' ( 1992 ) Je danse dans ma tête 1992 Peabo Bryson singles chronology `` Closer Than Close '' ( 1991 ) Closer Than Close1991 `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast1991 `` Lost in the Night '' ( 1992 ) Lost in the Night1992 Music video `` Beauty and the Beast '' on YouTube Background and recording ( edit ) Much to Disney 's surprise , Beauty and the Beast received three separate Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song . To avoid dividing Academy voters and prevent a draw , Disney decided to promote the film 's title song ahead of its fellow nominees `` Belle '' and `` Be Our Guest '' by releasing `` Beauty and the Beast '' as a single , similar to the way in which Universal Pictures released `` Somewhere Out There '' from the animated film An American Tail as a single in 1986 . Coincidentally , Ashman and Menken had written the song so that it could potentially experience success outside of the Beauty and the Beast film itself . Although Lansbury 's rendition was very much appreciated , it was considered to be unsuitable for a commercial release or radio airplay . Thus , the studio decided to make `` Beauty and the Beast '' the first Disney song to be arranged into a pop version of itself for the film 's end credits . Menken referred to this experience as a `` turning point '' in his career because it was also the first time one of his own compositions had ever undergone such a transformation . Producer Walter Afanasieff was hired to produce the pop version of the song , which he arranged with musician Robbie Buchanan . Menken commended Afanasieff for successfully making the song his own . Actress and singer Paige O'Hara , who voices Belle , was among the first artists to express interest in recording the pop version of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , but Disney dismissed her for being `` too Broadway '' . Unable to afford to hire a `` big singer '' at the time , Disney settled for rising Canadian recording artist Celine Dion . Because she was relatively unknown to American audiences at the time , the studio doubted that Dion would have much of an impact in the United States on her own and subsequently hired the more well - known American singer Peabo Bryson to record the song alongside her as a duet . Disney contacted Dion 's manager René Angélil about having his client record `` Beauty and the Beast '' while the singer was on tour in England . A fan of Dion 's music , Menken personally wrote the singer a letter of approval . Hailing from the French - Canadian province of Quebec , Dion had just begun to learn English . At first Dion was hesitant to commit to the project due to having just recently been fired from recording `` Dreams to Dream '' , the theme song of the animated film An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) , in favor of American singer Linda Ronstadt , who had previously experienced great success with her rendition of `` Somewhere Out There '' . Ronstadt , who was producer Steven Spielberg 's first choice , only agreed to record `` Dreams to Dream '' after hearing Dion 's demo . Devastated by her termination , Dion eventually agreed to record `` Beauty and the Beast '' after listening to and being moved by Lansbury 's performance . Meanwhile , Bryson became involved with the project via Walt Disney Records Senior Vice President Jay Landers , who was friends with Walt Disney Pictures President of Music Chris Montan at the time . The song 's instruments were recorded first at The Plant Recording Studios in California . The singers later quickly recorded their vocals at The Power Station in New York over the Labor Day long weekend , while mixing was completed at The Record Plant in Los Angeles . The song was released as the only single from the film 's soundtrack , on which the song appears alongside Lansbury 's version , on November 25 , 1991 . Composition ( edit ) The single is a pop ballad that lasts a total of four minutes and three seconds . It begins in the key of F major at a moderately slow tempo of 72 beats per minute , before modulating to D major , then G major , and ending in E major . The orchestration of the `` conservatively - rendered pop song '' , as described by Filmtracks , includes an electric oboe , keyboard , synthesizer and acoustic guitar . Additionally , the song 's `` jazzy '' instrumentation heavily relies on drums , an instrument that is noticeably absent from the remainder of the soundtrack . According to Molly Lambert of Grantland , the track is `` a sweeping downtempo ... ballad '' that evokes the `` early ' 90s gossamer high - tech style '' , while Molly Horan of Refinery29 described it as a slow jam . According to the Chicago Tribune 's Brad Webber , Dion and Bryson 's vocals are `` resonant and multiflavored . '' The opening line `` Tale as old as time '' is preceded by Dion ad - libbing `` Ooh '' . Similarities have been drawn between the song and `` Somewhere Out There '' from the animated film An American Tail . Reception ( edit ) Unlike Lansbury 's original , the Dion - Bryson single has earned generally mixed reviews ; critics generally voice their preference for Lansbury 's version over Dion and Bryson 's . Filmtracks.com wrote that Dion 's performance `` made many fans wish that she had been given it as a solo . '' Arion Berger of Entertainment Weekly praised Dion 's vocals , describing `` Beauty and the Beast '' as `` a perfect showcase for what she 's best at . '' Describing the duet as `` extremely effective , '' Sputnikmusic 's Irving Tan lauded the single , writing , `` As the entirety of the film 's poignancy is hinged on the chemistry between Bryson and Dion , having the pair pull their assignment off beautifully is ultimately a fantastic conclusion to events . '' Jeff Benjamin of Fuse described the song as `` a fantastic duet . '' However , the Chicago Tribune 's Brad Webber panned the rendition as a `` sickly sweet , by - the - book ... standard '' that `` belie ( s ) ( Dion 's ) talent '' , while The Star 's Michael Cheang accused the single of being `` over-wrought . '' Critics have been vocal in their preference for Lansbury 's rendition ; while praising the film version , Spin 's Andrew Unterberger dismissed the single as `` unbearably cloying . '' Similarly , Kristian Lin of Fort Worth Weekly panned the single while complimenting Lansbury 's version , advising audience members to `` Clear out of the theater before Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson butcher the title song over the end credits , '' while Consequence of Sound 's Dan Caffrey felt that `` It 's a shame that the most globally known version of ' Beauty and the Beast ' is the one sang by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson as opposed to the one sung by '' Lansbury . At the 35th Grammy Awards , `` Beauty and the Beast '' won the award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals . Additionally , the song was nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year , but lost both to Eric Clapton 's `` Tears in Heaven '' . In Canada , `` Beauty and the Beast '' won a Juno Award for Single of the Year , beating Dion 's own `` If You Asked Me To '' . In 1993 , `` Beauty and the Beast '' also won an ASCAP Film and Television Music Award and ASCAP Pop Award for most performed song in the United States . Awarding the Dion - Bryson version an ' A ' grade , Grantland ranked the song second in its article `` Counting Down the Top 10 in ... KIDS MUSIC ! '' , while Refinery29 ranked it the fifth greatest cover of a Disney song . AXS included `` Beauty and the Beast '' among Dion 's `` Top five song lyrics or verses '' . `` Beauty and the Beast '' performed considerably well on charts around the world . The song peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Dion 's second top - ten hit on the chart after `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' . The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart . In Canada , `` Beauty and the Beast '' peaked at number two . Outside of North America , the song peaked within the top ten in New Zealand and the United Kingdom , while peaking within the top twenty in Australia , Netherlands and Ireland . The song sold over a million copies worldwide . Music video ( edit ) Dion and Bryson 's recording session at The Power Station was filmed and later interpolated with various scenes from the film in order to create a music video , was directed by Dominic Orlando . The video premiered on the music channel VH - 1 , thus airing to an audience who was not accustomed to seeing animated characters appear in the midst of their regular programming . Live performances ( edit ) At the 1992 Oscars , Angela Lansbury , Celine Dion , and Peabo Bryson sang a composite of both versions from the film , backed by dancers dressed as Belle and the Beast . Celine and Peabo also duetted at the Grammys , World Music Awards , AMA 's , Wogan , The Tonight Show , and Top of the Pops later that year . The duo reunited in 1996 to perform the song for the television special Oprah in Disneyland , while Lansbury provided an encore performance at the 25th Anniversary screening of the film . Each of the 3 respective artists have performed the song in concerts later in their careers , outside the context of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast . For example , Lansbury sang it at the 2002 Christmas concert with Mormon Tabernacle Choir . Similarly , Dion and Bryson duetted at the JT Super Producers 94 tribute concert to David Foster , and as part of Dion 's 1994 - 95 The Colour of My Love Tour , though they have also often sung with different duet partners . Dion has sung with Tommy Körberg , Brian McKnight , Terry Bradford , Maurice Davis , Barnev Valsaint , and René Froger among others ; Peabo has sung with Coko and Regine Velasquez . Personnel ( edit ) Celine Dion , Peabo Bryson - vocals Walter Afanasieff - acoustic guitar , synthesized bass , keyboards , synthesizer , drum programming , percussion Joel Peskin - oboe Ren Klyce : Akai AX73 and Synclavier programming Dan Shea : MacIntosh programming Formats and track listings ( edit ) 3 `` , 7 '' , 12 `` , cassette , CD single ( World ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- 3 : 57 `` The Beast Lets Belle Go '' ( Instrumental ) -- 2 : 19 CD maxi single ( Canada ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- 3 : 57 `` The Beast Lets Belle Go '' ( Instrumental ) -- 2 : 19 `` Des mots qui sonnent '' -- 3 : 56 `` Délivre - moi '' ( Live ) -- 4 : 19 Promotional CD single ( US ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( Short Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 30 `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 04 `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( Album Version ) -- 5 : 33 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 -- 92 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 36 Canada ( The Record 's Retail Singles Chart ) Canada ( The Record 's Contemporary Hit Radio ) 21 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 23 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 27 Ireland ( IRMA ) 12 Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) 67 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 75 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 157 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 64 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 784,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format United States January 7 , 1992 cassette 7 '' United Kingdom May 4 , 1992 CD cassette 7 '' Ariana Grande and John Legend version ( edit ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Single by Ariana Grande and John Legend from the album Beauty and the Beast and The Best Released February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Format Digital download Length 3 : 48 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Howard Ashman Alan Menken Producer ( s ) David Foster Ron Fair Ariana Grande singles chronology `` Everyday '' ( 2017 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 2017 ) `` Heatstroke '' ( 2017 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2017 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 2017 ) `` Heatstroke '' ( 2017 ) John Legend singles chronology `` Penthouse Floor '' ( 2016 ) Penthouse Floor2016 `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 2017 ) Beauty and the Beast2017 `` In America '' ( 2017 ) In America 2017 Music video `` Beauty and the Beast '' on YouTube Ariana Grande and John Legend covered `` Beauty and the Beast '' for the 2017 live - action adaption of the same name . The accompanying music video , directed by Dave Meyers premiered on Freeform on March 5 , 2017 . In March 2017 , Jennifer Thomas arranged an orchestral cover of the song featuring cellist Armen Ksajikian to coincide with the release of the 2017 film . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 64 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 41 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 70 France ( SNEP ) 71 Ireland ( IRMA ) 94 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 10 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) 6 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 60 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 16 South Korea ( Gaon ) 25 South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 52 US Billboard Hot 100 87 US Kid Digital Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 20 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Platinum 40,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Covers and use in Media ( edit ) In 1993 , jazz singer Chris Connor covered `` Beauty and the Beast '' for her album My Funny Valentine . In 1998 , O'Hara recorded a version of `` Beauty and the Beast '' for her album Dream with Me . This marked the first time O'Hara had ever recorded the song , although she has covered it live several times . Billboard reviewed O'Hara's performance positively , writing that the actress provides each song with `` the right youthful and gentle touch . '' In 2000 , singer Kenny Loggins covered the song on his children 's music album More Songs from Pooh Corner . In 2002 , music group Jump5 covered `` Beauty and the Beast '' for the Walt Disney Records compilation album Disneymania ; a music video was released later that year and included as a bonus feature on the film 's Platinum Edition DVD re-release , Beauty and the Beast : Special Edition . Belonging to a segment known as `` Chip 's Fun and Games - For the Young at Heart '' , the music video features the group performing their `` bouncy '' teen pop rendition of the song interpolated with scenes from the film . Lauren Duca of The Huffington Post described the group 's uptempo cover as `` ridiculously ' 90s pop '' . Meanwhile , musical duo H & Claire covered the song for the film 's Platinum Edition re-release in the United Kingdom , which Betty Clarke of The Guardian dismissed as a `` boring '' rendition . On the country - themed compilation album The Best of Country Sing the Best of Disney ( 2006 ) , `` Beauty and the Beast '' was covered by country band Diamond Rio . To support the film 's Diamond Edition re-release in 2010 , singer Jordin Sparks recorded an R&B version of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which was released on iTunes in September . A music video directed by Philip Andelman was included on the re-release as a bonus feature , part of the disc 's `` Music and More '' segment . The video depicts Sparks performing `` Beauty and the Beast '' in a castle . In 2011 , Sparks performed her rendition of the song live at the 30th anniversary of the televised Independence Day concert `` A Capitol Fourth '' . The cover is believed to have initiated the singer 's gradual transition from music to film . The compilation album Eurobeat Disney ( 2010 ) features a Eurobeat cover by singer Domino . In 2014 , actors Clare Bowen and Sam Palladio covered `` Beauty and the Beast '' for the television special Backstage with Disney on Broadway : Celebrating 20 Years , which documents the development of eight of Disney 's Broadway musicals . Both known for their roles in the television musical drama Nashville , Bowen , a fan of the film , arranged the cover herself to satisfy the documentary producers ' vision , who `` were looking for performers who could offer unexpected interpretations of the ( musicals ' ) familiar tunes . '' Hilary Lewis of The Hollywood Reporter observed that Bowen and Palladio 's rendition `` is more stripped down '' than the stage , Lansbury and Dion - Bryson versions . The song has been covered multiple times as part of the We Love Disney album series . We Love Disney France ( 2013 ) features a cover by singers Garou and Camille Lou while We Love Disney Australia ( 2014 ) features a cover by operatic pop vocal group Sole Mio ( 2014 ) . We Love Disney Indonesia ( 2015 ) featured a cover by Chilla Kiana , while We Love Disney Latino ( 2016 ) featured a cover by Jencarlos and Paula Rojo . The song appears in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film , which premiered in 1994 . When the song first premiered on Broadway , there were few Broadway musicals at the time that featured ballads about love . Originally covered live by actress Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts , `` Beauty and the Beast '' was included on the Original Broadway Cast Recording of the musical , again performed by Fowler . While critical reception towards the musical ranged from negative to mixed , John Simon of New York commended Fowler for `` manag ( ing ) to heat up and brighten ( her ) material '' . Within the realm of reality television talent competitions , `` Beauty and the Beast '' was covered on The Voice Australia by contestants Lionel Cole and Sabrina Batshon in 2014 . Candice Barnes of The Sydney Morning Herald reviewed that the `` song suited Sabrina best '' while it was `` too high '' for Cole , in the end accusing both contestants of `` destroying one of the best loved Disney songs with their vocal gymnastics . '' In 1998 , a version of the song , called `` Beauty and the Bees '' , was made for the 3D movie It 's Tough to be a Bug ! 's queue at Disney 's Animal Kingdom and Disney California Adventure Park . The song , written by Bruce Broughton and George Wilkins , was released on the album The Legacy Collection : Disneyland . * In 2017 D - Metal Stars created a Heavy Metal cover of the song on the album `` Metal Disney '' featuring Mike Vescera and Rudy Sarzo Impact and Legacy ( edit ) The overall success of Beauty and the Beast is partially attributed to the song 's popularity . Andrew Unterberger of Spin believes that the song `` set the template for the quivering love theme in ' 90s Disney movies '' . `` Beauty and the Beast '' was the first Disney song to undergo a complete pop rearrangement for commercial purposes . After the success of Disney 's The Little Mermaid revived the Disney musical in 1989 , Gary Trust of Billboard determined that `` Once Beauty and the Beast followed in 1991 ... Disney was dominating charts like never before '' . The single ended a thirty year - long absence of Disney - released chart hits between the 1960s and 1990s , and inspired several similar hits ; popular recording artists such as Elton John , Vanessa Williams , Michael Bolton , Christina Aguilera , and Phil Collins each experienced varying degrees of success with their own pop renditions of Disney songs throughout the decade . When a then - unknown Aguilera was selected to record a pop version of `` Reflection '' from Disney 's Mulan in 1998 , she felt honored `` to be in such wonderful company as '' Dion . Writing for Sputnikmusic , Irving Tan wrote that `` Although the number 's 1992 Academy Award for Best Original Song is something of an old chestnut at this point , it still bears some worth repeating - mainly as it is very likely the most famous of all the feature theme songs ever commissioned by Walt Disney Studios . '' Bill Gibron of PopMatters believes that the song `` proved that the pen and ink designs that drove the company for nearly 80 years could transcend the genre and turn into something seminal ... something special ... something sensational . '' The ballroom sequence continues to be held in high regard as one of Disney 's crowning achievements . Famous for successfully combining volumetric depth with dancing animated characters , the scene is now revered by film critics as a classic , groundbreaking and iconic moment in animation history , responsible for `` chang ( ing ) the game '' of contemporary animation . Gaye Birch of Den of Geek pegged the scene as a Disney landmark because its accomplishments were `` visually impressive in a way we had n't experienced in a Disney movie before '' . Huw Evans of Bournemouth University hailed the scene as `` quite possibly the best piece of animation done on any feature film . '' On the sequence 's pioneering use of computer - generated imagery , Annie Ellingson of Paste wrote that the ballroom was `` innovative at the time for compositing hand - drawn characters on a computer - generated backdrop to enable dramatic sweeping camera moves . '' Similarly , Empire 's Helen O'Hara believes that the scene `` paved the way for the new digital style of animation . '' Mike Scott of The Times - Picayune holds the scene responsible for the subsequent success of Pixar ' computer - animated films , concluding that `` the warm reaction to that single scene would serve as a major springboard for the computer - animation industry -- and a major blow to hand - drawn animation . '' In his 1995 review of Toy Story , film critic Roger Ebert encouraged audiences to re-watch Beauty and the Beast 's ballroom sequence to better understand the newer computer - animated film 's technology . According to Moving Innovation : A History of Computer Animation author Tom Vito , the scene `` made many skeptics in Hollywood begin to look at CG seriously , '' inspiring formerly `` hostile '' studio executives to pursue the new art form . Additionally , the scene is also appreciated as a dance sequence . The Houston Press ' Adam Castaneda extolled it as `` one of the finest dance sequences in the history of film . '' In 2012 , architect Mehruss Jon Ahi and filmmaker Armen Karaoghlanian designed an accurate floorplan of the ballroom , which was published in the Daily Mail . The golden ballgown Belle wears in the scene is now revered as iconic , with Vogue ranking it among the most famous dresses in history . The success of `` Beauty and the Beast '' established Canadian singer Celine Dion as an international recording artist . Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack continues to be best remembered for spawning the Dion - Bryson single , which established itself as an instant classic . The success of song is believed to have established Dion as a bankable recording artist . Before agreeing to record `` Beauty and the Beast '' , Dion had been fired from recording the theme song of An American Tail : Fievel Goes West in favor of the more well - known Linda Ronstadt . Although both singles were released around the same time , the success of Dion 's song ultimately eclipsed Ronstadt 's `` Dreams to Dream '' . Biography.com referred to `` Beauty and the Beast '' as Dion 's `` real breakthrough into pop music stardom . '' According to Lifetime , the song `` cemented her international success , '' while People wrote that the release of `` Beauty and the Beast '' is when the singer truly went `` global . '' In the wake of `` Beauty and the Beast '' 's success , young fans who had not yet learned Dion 's name would simply refer to her as `` Beauty and the Beast '' . The commercial success of `` Beauty and the Beast '' ultimately earned Dion a $10 million recording contract with Sony Music International ; the song was then included on Dion 's successful self - titled studio album , serving as the record 's `` cornerstone '' . American musician Prince was so moved by Dion 's performance on `` Beauty and the Beast '' after hearing it on the radio that he personally wrote a song for her to include on the album . According to Filmtracks.com , `` Beauty and the Beast '' offered `` a glimpse at a forthcoming mega-movie song presence for Celine Dion . '' Evidently , the singer has since recorded the theme songs of several blockbuster films , including `` When I Fall in Love '' from Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) , `` Because You Loved Me '' from Up Close & Personal ( 1996 ) and finally her signature song `` My Heart Will Go On '' from Titanic ( 1997 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast '' has since appeared on several of Dion 's greatest hits albums , while the singer has returned to Disney as a special guest to host various segments for certain Beauty and the Beast re-releases . In addition to establishing Bryson as a mainstream recording artist , the singer has since returned to Disney on two separate occasions to record pop versions of `` A Whole New World '' and `` As Long as There 's Christmas '' , the theme songs of the animated films Aladdin ( 1992 ) and Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) , respectively , both of which are duets . Although `` A Whole New World '' was very successful , `` Beauty and the Beast '' remains a larger hit for the singer . Bryson also included `` Beauty and the Beast '' on some of his compilation albums , including Through the Fire ( 1994 ) and Super Hits ( 2000 ) . Meanwhile , Afanasieff would go on to produce several Disney singles , including `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin , for which he reunited with Bryson , and `` Go the Distance '' from Hercules ( 1997 ) . In 2004 , Bryson was forced by the International Revenue Service ( IRS ) to auction off several of his personal belongings in order to help repay the singer 's $1.2 million tax dept , among them his Grammy Awards for `` Beauty and the Beast '' and `` A Whole New World '' . While the latter song 's Grammy was purchased by a friend and gifted back to the singer , Bryson 's Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals trophy for `` Beauty and the Beast '' was ultimately sold to a stranger for $15,500 . Both the song 's film and single versions have been included on several compilation albums released by Disney , including The Music of Disney : A Legacy in Song ( 1992 ) , Classic Disney : 60 Years of Musical Magic ( 1995 ) , Disney 's Superstar Hits ( 2004 ) , Ultimate Disney Princess ( 2006 ) , The Best Disney Album in the World ... Ever ! ( 2006 ) , and Now That 's What I Call Disney ( 2011 ) . In 2005 , actress and singer Julie Andrews , a Disney Legend , included Lansbury 's rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' on her album Julie Andrews Selects Her Favorite Disney Songs , although she does not cover the song herself ; the album is a simply compilation of Andrews ' favourite Disney songs . Parodies ( edit ) The song has been parodied and referenced both visually and musically in many forms . This Beauty and King Dork sequence is from the pilot of The Critic . The pilot episode of the animated TV series The Critic featured a minute - long `` musical lampoon '' of the Beauty and the Beast ballroom sequence and song entitled `` Beauty and King Dork '' , written and composed by The Simpsons writer Jeff Martin . In the context of the episode , the unappealing protagonist Jay Sherman falls in love with a beautiful actress named Valerie , and this song is performed as they dance in his apartment where they are serenaded by a sentient vacuum cleaner and toilet . AnimatedViews deemed it `` a spot - on rendition '' due to its use of singing furniture and `` lavish '' CGI - animated backgrounds . Hollywood.com listed it in its article The Best Parodies of Disney Songs from Cartoons , writing `` It 's a quick one , but the inclusion of singing dust busters , a Mork and Mindy reference , and Jay Sherman 's attempts to cover up the embarrassing lyrics make for one of the best gags on the list . '' It was TelevisionWithoutPity 's `` favorite musical number '' from the series . Slant Magazine saw it as a `` gut - busting parody '' . CantStopTheMovies said the `` nice scene '' was `` a bit crass '' due to the singing toilet , yet had mostly `` pretty great '' lyrics . In Disney 's fantasy film Enchanted ( 2007 ) , the Jon McLaughlin ballad `` So Close '' serves as a `` deliberate '' reference to both the song and scene . Because director Kevin Lima had always wanted to recreate the cinematography exhibited in Beauty and the Beast 's ballroom sequence in live - action , an entire dance sequence was filmed to accommodate his vision . In addition to being composed by Alan Menken , one - half of `` Beauty and the Beast '' 's songwriters , `` So Close '' was arranged by Robbie Buchanan , who arranged the Dion - Bryson single . In a duet with Jimmy Fallon , American singer Ariana Grande impersonated Dion while performing `` Beauty and the Beast '' live on the comedian 's late - night talk show in 2015 . M Magazine deemed it `` amazing '' , while 2DayFM said `` the singing is so good it gave me goosebumps '' . SugarScape deemed it `` pretty hilarious and surprisingly pretty much spot on '' . Billboard said the duo `` put their own spin '' on the song , and that she `` nailed her Celine impression '' . NineMSN called it a `` pitch - perfect rendition '' , while Access Hollywood said she belted out the song like a diva . The ballroom sequence was parodied in an episode of Family Guy . See also ( edit ) Academy Award for Best Original Song Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1992 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media Juno Award for Single of the Year List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1992 List of UK top 10 singles in 1992 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2017/music/news/ariana-grande-john-legend-beauty-and-the-beast-music-video-1202002624/ ^ Jump up to : Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` 🥀 '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . 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Though it 's fair to say that most prefer the film version of the song , Dion is still well remembered for her version , and many were disappointed to learn that she will not be performing the titular track for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Jump up ^ Berger , Arion ( April 17 , 1992 ) . `` Celine Dion ( 1992 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tan , Irving ( April 10 , 2011 ) . `` Soundtrack ( Disney ) -- Beauty and the Beast '' . Sputnikmusic . Sputnikmusic.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lin , Kristian ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Film Shorts '' . Fort Worth Weekly . Fort Worth Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caffrey , Dan ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Break Yo ' TV : `` The NeverEnding Story '' `` . Consequence of Sound . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McEachran , Leigh ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Will Celine Dion be even more popular in 2012 ? '' . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( 1991 ) . `` Beauty And The Beast -- Disney at its finest '' . Empire . Bauer Consumer Media Ltd . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2009 ) . Roger Ebert 's Four Star Reviews -- 1967 - 2007 . United States : Andrews McMeel Publishing . pp. 783 -- 784 . ISBN 9780740792175 . Jump up ^ Kanfer , Stefan ( 2000 ) . Serious Business : The Art and Commerce of Animation in America from Betty Boop to Toy Story . United States : Da Capo Press . p. 228 . ISBN 9780306809187 . Jump up ^ Castaneda , Adam ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` The Houston Symphony Goes to the Ball '' . Houston Press . Houston Press , LP . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Step - by - step cinema ! Designers draft floor plans of the most famous scenes in Hollywood history '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Popp , Emily ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` All of the Disney Princesses ' Wardrobes , Ranked '' . E !. Entertainment Television , LLC . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Sarah ( 23 March 2013 ) . `` Most Famous Dresses '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on 16 February 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Green , Brad ( 2001 ) . `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST : SOUNDTRACK '' . Urban Cinefile . Urban Cinefile . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Biography '' . Billboard . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Mary ( July 28 , 1992 ) . `` Cartoon theme gives Celine Dion 's career a boost '' . Star - News . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Biography '' . Biography.com . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CELINE DION '' . Lifetime . AETN UK . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion Biography '' . People . Time Inc . 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Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Gabrielle - Suzanne de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Celine Dion singles Singles discography Albums discography 1980s `` Listen to the Magic Man '' `` Michael 's Song '' `` Ca n't Live with You , Ca n't Live Without You '' 1990s `` ( If There Was ) Any Other Way '' `` Unison '' `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' `` The Last to Know '' `` Have a Heart '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' `` Love Can Move Mountains '' `` Water from the Moon '' `` Did You Give Enough Love '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Misled '' `` Love Lights the World '' `` Think Twice '' `` Only One Road '' `` Calling You '' `` Next Plane Out '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` To Love You More '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Falling into You '' `` Because You Loved Me '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` The Power of the Dream '' `` All by Myself '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Call the Man '' `` Make You Happy '' `` Dreamin ' of You '' `` Tell Him '' `` Be the Man '' `` The Reason '' `` My Heart Will Go On '' `` Immortality '' `` When I Need You '' `` I Hate You Then I Love You '' `` Miles to Go ( Before I Sleep ) '' `` It 's Hard to Say Goodbye '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` The Prayer '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Then You Look at Me '' 2000s `` Live ( for the One I Love ) '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` I Want You to Need Me '' `` If Walls Could Talk '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' `` God Bless America '' `` A New Day Has Come '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) '' `` At Last '' `` I Drove All Night '' `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' `` One Heart '' `` Stand by Your Side '' `` Faith '' `` You and I '' `` Beautiful Boy '' `` Miracle '' `` In Some Small Way '' `` Taking Chances '' `` Eyes on Me '' `` A World to Believe In '' `` Alone '' `` My Love '' 2010s `` Loved Me Back to Life '' `` Breakaway '' `` Incredible '' `` Water and a Flame '' `` Hymn '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Recovering '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Other `` Voices That Care '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Come Together Now '' `` Sing '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Book Category Portal Peabo Bryson Studio albums Peabo ( 1976 ) Reaching for the Sky ( 1977 ) Crosswinds ( 1978 ) We 're the Best of Friends ( 1979 ) Paradise ( 1980 ) I Am Love ( 1981 ) Born to Love ( 1983 ) Straight from the Heart ( 1984 ) Live album Live & More ( 1980 ) with Roberta Flack Singles `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Let the Feeling Flow '' ( 1981 ) `` Tonight , I Celebrate My Love '' ( 1983 ) `` If Ever You 're in My Arms Again '' ( 1984 ) `` Without You '' ( 1987 ) `` Show & Tell '' ( 1989 ) `` Can You Stop the Rain '' ( 1991 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' ( 1992 ) `` By the Time This Night Is Over '' ( 1993 ) Related articles Discography Book : Peabo Bryson Ariana Grande songs Discography Yours Truly `` Baby I '' `` Right There '' `` The Way '' `` Almost Is Never Enough '' Christmas Kisses `` Last Christmas '' `` Santa Baby '' `` Santa Tell Me '' My Everything `` Problem '' `` One Last Time '' `` Break Free '' `` Best Mistake '' `` Love Me Harder '' `` Bang Bang '' Dangerous Woman `` Dangerous Woman '' `` Be Alright '' `` Into You '' `` Side to Side '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Greedy '' `` Everyday '' Other songs `` Put Your Hearts Up '' `` E Più Ti Penso '' `` Focus '' `` No Tears Left to Cry '' Featured songs `` Adore '' `` All My Love '' `` Boys Like You '' `` Heatstroke '' `` Faith '' `` My Favorite Part '' `` Over and Over Again '' `` Research '' `` Popular Song '' Book Category Template WikiProject John Legend Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Get Lifted Once Again Evolver Wake Up ! Love in the Future Darkness and Light Live albums Live at SOB 's Solo Sessions Vol. 1 : Live at the Knitting Factory Singles `` Used to Love U '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Number One '' `` So High '' `` Save Room '' `` Heaven '' `` P.D.A. ( We Just Do n't Care ) '' `` Stereo '' `` Show Me '' `` Green Light '' `` If You 're Out There '' `` Everybody Knows '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' `` All of Me '' `` You & I ( Nobody in the World ) '' `` Glory '' `` Love Me Now '' Featured singles `` Finally '' `` Magnificent '' `` Move on Up '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` Getting Nowhere '' `` Do n't Say Goodbye '' `` Lay Me Down '' `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' `` One Man Can Change the World '' `` Listen '' Other songs `` Blame Game '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Run Run Run '' Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1960s `` Town Without Pity '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) `` Circus World '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) `` Forget Domani '' Lyrics by Norman Newell , Music by Riz Ortolani ( 1965 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' Lyrics by Charles Singleton , Eddie Snyder , Music by Bert Kaempfert ( 1966 ) `` If Ever I Would Leave You '' Lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner , Music by Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Michel Legrand ( 1968 ) `` Jean '' Music & Lyrics by Rod McKuen ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Whistling Away the Dark '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Henry Mancini ( 1970 ) `` Life Is What You Make It '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1971 ) `` Ben '' Lyrics by Don Black , Music by Walter Scharf ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) `` I Feel Love '' Lyrics by Betty Box , Music by Euel Box ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen '' Lyrics by Paul Williams , Music by Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` The Rose '' Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Fame '' Lyrics by Dean Pitchford , Music by Michael Gore ( 1980 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music & Lyrics by Peter Allen , Burt Bacharach , Christopher Cross , & Carole Bayer Sager ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by Jack Nitzsche & Buffy Sainte - Marie ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Lyrics by Irene Cara , Keith Forsey , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music & Lyrics by Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Lyrics by Tom Whitlock , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Lyrics by Franke Previte , Music by John DeNicola & Donald Markowitz ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music & Lyrics by Carly Simon / `` Two Hearts '' Lyrics by Phil Collins , Music by Lamont Dozier ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Blaze of Glory '' Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Alan Menken ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Elton John ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz , Music by Alan Menken ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by James Horner ( 1997 ) `` The Prayer '' Music & Lyrics by David Foster , Tony Renis , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics by Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) `` Until ... '' Music and lyrics by Sting ( 2001 ) `` The Hands That Built America '' Music and lyrics by Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr. ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics by Annie Lennox , Howard Shore & Frances Walsh ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music and lyrics by Mick Jagger & David A. Stewart ( 2004 ) `` A Love That Will Never Grow Old '' Lyrics by Bernie Taupin , Music by Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) `` The Song of the Heart '' Music and lyrics by Prince Rogers Nelson ( 2006 ) `` Guaranteed '' Music and lyrics by Eddie Vedder ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics by Ryan Bingham & T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) 2010s `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren ( 2010 ) `` Masterpiece '' Music & Lyrics by Madonna , Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Ordinary Love '' by U2 and Danger Mouse ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' by Common and John Legend ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' by Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` This Is Me '' by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media `` Somewhere Out There '' ( 1988 ) `` Two Hearts '' ( 1989 ) `` Let the River Run '' ( 1990 ) `` Under the Sea '' ( 1991 ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It For You '' ( 1992 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' ( 1995 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' ( 1996 ) `` Because You Loved Me '' ( 1997 ) `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( 1999 ) `` Beautiful Stranger '' ( 2000 ) `` When She Loved Me '' ( 2001 ) `` Boss of Me '' ( 2002 ) `` If I Did n't Have You '' ( 2003 ) `` A Mighty Wind '' ( 2004 ) `` Into the West '' ( 2005 ) `` Believe '' ( 2006 ) `` Our Town '' ( 2007 ) `` Love You I Do '' ( 2008 ) `` Down to Earth '' ( 2009 ) `` Jai Ho '' ( 2010 ) `` The Weary Kind '' ( 2011 ) `` I See the Light '' ( 2012 ) `` Safe & Sound '' ( 2013 ) `` Skyfall '' ( 2014 ) `` Let It Go '' ( 2015 ) `` Glory '' ( 2016 ) `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' ( 2017 ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(Disney_song)&oldid=836963731 '' Categories : Songs about animals Songs based on fairy tales 1990 songs 1991 songs 1991 singles 1990s ballads Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Celine Dion songs Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media Peabo Bryson songs Ariana Grande songs John Legend songs Pop ballads RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Song recordings produced by David Foster Song recordings produced by Walter Afanasieff Songs from Beauty and the Beast Songs with music by Alan Menken Songs with lyrics by Howard Ashman Vocal duets Walt Disney Records singles Epic Records singles Columbia Records singles Love themes Juno Award for Single of the Year singles Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 22 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the theme of the beauty and the beast | [
"\"Beauty and the Beast\" is a song written by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken for the Disney animated feature film Beauty and the Beast (1991). The film's theme song, the Broadway-inspired ballad was first recorded by British-American actress Angela Lansbury in her role as the voice of the character Mrs. Potts, and essentially describes the relationship between its two main characters Belle and the Beast, specifically how the couple has learned to accept their differences and in turn change each other for the better. Additionally, the song's lyrics imply that the feeling of love is as timeless and ageless as a \"tale as old as time\". Lansbury's rendition is heard during the famous ballroom sequence between Belle and the Beast, while a shortened chorale version plays in the closing scenes of the film, and the song's motif features frequently in other pieces of Menken's film score. \"Beauty and the Beast\" was subsequently recorded as a pop duet by Canadian singer Celine Dion and American singer Peabo Bryson, and released as the only single from the film's soundtrack on November 25, 1991."
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"\"Beauty and the Beast\""
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-4336944614090030663 | Diamond mining in India | Diamond mining in India - wikipedia Diamond mining in India Kollur Mine Bunder Project Majhgawan Mine Golkonda Diamond mining in India Diamond mining in India extends back into antiquity . From ancient times , India was the source of nearly all the world 's known diamonds , and until the discovery of diamonds in Brazil in 1726 , India was the only place where diamonds were mined . India has not been a major diamond - producing country since the 1700s , but diamond mining continues . In 2013 , India mined 37,515 carats of diamonds , from one industrial - scale mine and many artisanal mines ; this was less than one - tenth of one percent of the world production of 132.9 million carats . Contents 1 History 1.1 Ancient times 1.2 Medieval period ( 1200 to 1800 A.D. ) 2 Recent mining in Panna region ( Bundelkhand ) 3 See also 4 Citations History ( edit ) Ancient times ( edit ) Diamond mining as an industry appears to have originated between 800 and 600 B.C. in India . Accounts of early Indian diamond mining that reached Europe were often mixed with myths . Around 400 B.C. , the Greek physician Ctesias published Indika , a compilation of travelers ' tales about India ( he himself had never been to India ) . He described incredibly rich diamond deposits guarded by griffins . Pliny the Elder , in his Natural History ( 79 A.D. ) , correctly described diamonds being washed from river gravel in India . Medieval period ( 1200 to 1800 AD ) ( edit ) Diamonds were reported from numerous places across India , but most of the diamond mining took place by placer mining in the drainages of the Pennar and Krishna rivers in modern Andhra Pradesh state . Placer mining took place along the Krishna River for 300 km below Sangram . The most intensive mining was in a 60 km zone along the river , from the Kollur Mine to Paritala . This area was the source of many legendary gems , including the Koh - i - noor , Nizam , Hope , Regent , Great Mogul , and Orlov diamonds . India 's unique status as a producer of diamonds continued to fascinate Europeans . Marco Polo traveled along the coast of India in 1292 , and recorded tales he heard about diamonds being found in deep mountain valleys made nearly inaccessible by heat , lack of water , and venomous snakes . The French traveler Jean Baptiste Tavernier visited the Krishna River diggings in 1665 , and estimated that about 60,000 people were mining diamonds . The town of Karwan , near the fortress city of Golkonda , now a suburb of Hyderabad , became the world 's largest diamond - cutting and diamond - trading center . Golconda was not close to diamond mines , but owed its status as a diamond center to its location on a major trade route from the mines to the south and east . The diamonds became known as Golconda Diamonds , and in Europe , the word Golconda came to mean a place of great wealth . India continued to be the world 's leading source - and nearly the only source - of diamonds until diamonds were discovered in Brazil in 1726 . At first , Brazilian diamonds were reputed to be inferior , and did not command as high a price as the Indian article . To obtain better prices , Portuguese traders began shipping Brazilian diamonds through Goa , and then to Europe to be sold as genuine Golconda diamonds . Indian diamond mining declined rapidly in the 1700s , due to a combination of exhaustion of known deposits and competition from Brazil . Diamond mining in the Panna region around 1675 AD was initiated during the rule of Chhatrasal , the Bundela ruler. . Diamond mining has continued in Panna region . Recent mining in Panna region ( bundelkhand ) ( edit ) As of 2017 , there was one industrial - scale diamond mine in India , the Majhgawan mine , near the town of Panna , Madhya Pradesh . The deposit is in a kimberlite or lamproite pipe 6.5 ha in area , and yields 10 carats to the ton . Mining is done by an open pit , which was 85 m deep as of 2011 . Exploration drilling has established that the pipe continues down to at least 330 m . The mine is owned by the National Mineral Development Corporation ( NMDC ) , employs 199 people , and has a productive capacity of 84,000 carats per year . The mine began regular production in 1967 , and to date , has yielded slightly more than a million carats of diamonds . There are also numerous artisanal - scale mines . In the Panna mining district , the Madhya Pradesh government leases 8x8m plots to individuals , who wash the gravel for diamonds . All diamonds found are required to be handed over to the government diamond office in Panna , which markets the gems , and gives the sales proceeds to the finders , less taxes and 11.5 percent royalty . In 2016 , there were officially 952 artisanal mines , which yielded 835 carats of diamonds . However , there is an unknown number of small illegal mines , and an unknown amount of diamonds sold on the black market . The Rio Tinto Group discovered the Bunder diamond deposit in 2004 in Chhatarpur district near Buxwaha . The deposit is in an ecologically sensitive area . In February 2017 , Rio Tinto quit work on the project , and gave the deposit and all on - site equipment to the state government of Madya Pradesh . See also ( edit ) Mining in India Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ World Mineral Production 2009 - 2013 , British Geological Survey . Jump up ^ James Remington McCarthy , Fire in the Earth ( New York : Harper , 1942 ) 21 . Jump up ^ Detailed Information Dossier on Diamond in India , 2011 , India Geological Survey , p. 22 , 124 . Jump up ^ Marc Polo , The Travels of Marco Polo . Jump up ^ James Remington McCarthy , Fire in the Earth ( New York : Harper , 1942 ) 21 . Jump up ^ ( https://books.google.com/books?id=fghQhiowlycC&pg=PA52&dq=panna+diamond+mining+chhatrasal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_i4vD97rZAhWmyoMKHQA1DUgQ6AEISjAG#v=onepage&q=panna%20diamond%20mining%20chhatrasal&f=false Between History and Legend : Status and Power in Bundelkhand , Ravindra K. Jain , Orient Blackswan , 2002 , p. 52 ) Jump up ^ PRESENT STATUS OF DIAMOND MINING INDUSTRY OF PANNA by R.K. MALVIYA , Diamond : A Collection of Papers Presented at the Symposium Held on 6th , 7th and 8th September , 1969 at Panna , Geological Survey of India , p. 196 Jump up ^ Detailed Information Dossier on Diamond in India , 2011 , India Geological Survey , p. 50 - 53 . Jump up ^ Diamond mining project , Panna , NMDC , accessed 28 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ Neeraj Santoshi , `` Panna illegal mining rampant in India 's only diamond - producing region '' , Hindustan Times , 27 Jan. 2017 . Jump up ^ Swansy Afonso , `` Rio gifts India diamond mine to Madya Pradesh government '' , Bloomberg , 6 Feb. 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamond_mining_in_India&oldid=856084788 '' Categories : Mining in India Diamond industry in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 19 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which place is famous for diamonds in india | [
"The town of Karwan, near the fortress city of Golkonda, now a suburb of Hyderabad, became the world's largest diamond-cutting and diamond-trading center. Golconda was not close to diamond mines, but owed its status as a diamond center to its location on a major trade route from the mines to the south and east. The diamonds became known as Golconda Diamonds, and in Europe, the word Golconda came to mean a place of great wealth.\n"
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"The town of Karwan, near the fortress city of Golkonda, now a suburb of Hyderabad"
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-3229306657736993655 | Construction loan | Construction loan - wikipedia Construction loan Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2006 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs attention from an expert on the subject . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . When placing this tag , consider associating this request with a WikiProject . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A construction loan ( also called a home construction loan in the United States and self - build mortgage in the United Kingdom ) is any value added loan where the proceeds are used to finance construction of some kind . In the United States Financial Services industry , however , a construction loan is a more specific type of loan , designed for construction and containing features such as interest reserves , where repayment ability may be based on something that can only occur when the project is built . Thus , the defining features of these loans are special monitoring and guidelines above normal loan guidelines to ensure that the project is completed so that repayment can begin to take place . Contents ( hide ) 1 Underwriting of loans 2 Usual arrangements 3 Construction Management 4 References Underwriting of loans ( edit ) Almost all lenders are concerned that their money lent is repaid , so underwriting of construction loans usually focuses on how that might occur . In the most basic situation , that of an individual building a home for themselves , a business building a property for business use , or an investor building a property to rent out , the fundamental guideline is for the lender to imagine once the loan has been fully extended and converted into a normal mortgage and the building is occupied , whether the individual , business , or investor can afford to pay back the loan on a monthly basis . In the case of the individual , where the lender attempts to predict whether the individual can pay each month the loan payment that would occur once the person moves into the house , the lender would be primarily looking at the amount of income the individual receives . In the case of the business , a similar analysis would occur . In the case of an investor building rental property , a special appraisal would be ordered which would attempt to predict what the rents will be and whether they will be enough to pay back the loan , plus all expenses and still give the renter a certain minimum amount of income . The key point here is that no matter how valuable the building might be once completed , almost no lender would extend a loan for more than what the occupier could afford , because even though they will not have to make any payments during construction they would have to make monthly payments once completed and there can be no assurance that the owner would pay down the loan enough to make the monthly payments affordable once the project is completed . Beyond this guideline , the next most common rule is a minimum cash injection requirement . Even if , for example , a business might be able to afford a monthly payment of a loan high enough to pay for the entire construction project , many lenders would require them to instead use a certain minimum portion of their own cash to complete the project . The reason for this is both to psychologically and economically tie in the owner with the project ( hopefully making it less likely that they would walk away from the project if something goes wrong ) , and to give the lender a cushion whereby if something goes wrong they are more likely to be able to sell the real estate at a value that would better cover the loan amount . This guideline is often termed a `` loan to cost '' requirement , i.e. the lender will only loan up to 85 % of the project costs . The final major guideline is the maximum loan amount the lender will allow relative to the completed value of the project . This rule is designed to help ensure that , after the project is completed , if the borrower stops paying the payment , the lender can sell the property and hopefully recoup all the funds loaned . Construction Loans are often extended for developers who are seeking to build something but sell it immediately after building it . In this case , a special appraisal is ordered to attempt to predict the future sales value of the project . The first guideline above , affordability , is usually not used because the owner would immediately attempt to sell the property . However , it is used sometimes for example when a developer is building condominia , the lender might evaluate whether if the project was changed from condominia to apartments if the rents received would more than repay the loan each month . Cash injection requirements are often higher due to the added risk ( the immediate need to sell ) . The loan to value requirements however are often the most impactful . This is because the value is often calculated differently then how people might assume . For example , if a developer is building a 20 unit condominium project , a lender might not just loan a certain percentage of the predicted future total value of the condominia , but only a certain percentage of the value of the condominium project if , because of an emergency or unforeseen circumstance , the entire building had to be sold at once to one buyer ( known as a bulk sale ) . Since the realizable sales price in this case might be much lower , the maximum loan many lenders would extend would be much lower . Usual arrangements ( edit ) Funds are taken from the loan through a process referred to as a `` draw '' . A draw is the method by which funds are taken from the construction budget to pay material suppliers and contractors . Each lender has different requirements for processing a draw . For example , some allow the borrower to request draws online , while others require paperwork and periodic inspections . This process helps ensure that the loan proceeds are actually used for the construction and that the construction process is moving smoothly . The borrower is only charged interest on the amount borrowed at any one point . Instead of paying each month during construction , almost all construction loans in the United States have extra funds borrowed right away and stored in a locked account known as an `` interest reserve '' . Each month the monthly payments are taken from the account so that the borrower does not have to start paying out of pocket until the project is completed . In Australia , progress draws are interest only to minimise the outgoings for the borrower . Once the construction has been completed the loan reverts to the requested payment option the borrower selected at underwriting ( either interest only or principal and interest ) . Construction management ( edit ) Besides the underwriting guidelines detailed above , most lenders attempt to mitigate their risk in a variety of ways . The first involves due diligence on the general contractor , architect , soil upon which the property is to be built , environmental inspections , and appraisals . Then , while the construction process is ongoing , the lenders carefully inspect progress both to ensure construction is proceeding smoothly , as well as to ensure that all workers are being paid so that the security of the loan by the real estate is not violated by a mechanics lien . References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Construction_loan&oldid=772664889 '' Categories : Mortgage Loans Construction Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2006 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing unspecified expert attention Articles needing expert attention from November 2008 All articles needing expert attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 March 2017 , at 16 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when are funds dispersed on a construction loan | [
"Funds are taken from the loan through a process referred to as a \"draw\". A draw is the method by which funds are taken from the construction budget to pay material suppliers and contractors. Each lender has different requirements for processing a draw. For example, some allow the borrower to request draws online, while others require paperwork and periodic inspections. This process helps ensure that the loan proceeds are actually used for the construction and that the construction process is moving smoothly. The borrower is only charged interest on the amount borrowed at any one point."
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"a process referred to as a \"draw\""
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-3343208943689987454 | How It Feels To Be Colored Me | How It Feels to Be colored Me - wikipedia How It Feels to Be colored Me Jump to : navigation , search How It Feels To Be Colored Me ( 1928 ) is an essay by Zora Neale Hurston published in World Tomorrow as a `` white journal sympathetic to Harlem Renaissance writers '' , illustrating her circumstance as an African American woman in the early 20th century in America . Most of Hurston 's work involved her `` Negro '' characterization that were so true to reality , that she was known as an excellent anthropologist , `` As an anthropologist and as an African - American writer during the Harlem Renaissance , Hurston was uniquely situated to explore the critical possibilities of marginality . '' Coming from an all - black community in Eatonville , Florida , she lived comfortably due to her father holding high titles , John Hurston was a local Baptist preacher and the mayor of Eatonville . After the death of her mother in 1904 , at the age of nine years old , Hurston was forced to live with relatives in Jacksonville who worked as domestic servants . In her essay Hurston references Jacksonville where she describes that she felt `` thrown against a sharp white background '' . Eatonville and Jacksonville became the main influential settings for her essay `` How it Feels To Be Colored Me '' and her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God . In both writings Hurston begins to investigate the true meaning of individuality and personality , through the usage of anecdotes , imagery , tone , and figurative language . Hurston 's writings allow the reader to understand `` personal expression to the arena of public discourse without losing the ties to their home cultures and languages '' Plot summary ( edit ) Hurston begins the essay about her childhood in the town of Eatonville , Florida , where Hurston is the main character . Hurston describes how she sits on her front porch watching white people pass though her town . She greets her neighbors , dances and sings for the visiting white people . In return she receives money . Hurston becomes comfortable with her surroundings in the small town of Eatonville . At the age of thirteen her mother passes away and Hurston was sent away to leave her home in Jacksonville to attend a boarding school . At this point , Hurston is referred to as just another `` colored girl . '' She then elaborates how Eatonville was a safe zone for her since it was considered a `` colored town '' ( 358 ) . As time progressed , she realized the difference between herself and others surrounding her : her skin . She begins to feel a sense of isolation and loneliness . Although , Hurston claims that she does not consider herself `` tragically colored '' but a regular human being , `` At times I have no race , I am me '' ( 359 ) . She mentions her experience at a jazz club with a white friend , where through the music she expresses the racial difference and distance between their lives . She concludes her essay acknowledging the difference but refuses the idea of separation . `` I have no separate feeling about being an American citizen and colored '' ( 360 ) . She explains that if the racial roles were reversed , and blacks discriminated against whites , the outcome is the same for a white person 's experience amongst black people . In her final paragraph , she compares herself to a brown paper bag filled with random bits , just as everyone around her is a different colored paper bag filled with small bits and pieces that make each unique . Hurston concludes that every race is essential and special to the `` Great Stuffer of Bags . '' She encourages one not to focus on race , but one 's self - awareness and the similarities we all have in common . Historical background ( edit ) Hurston has written plays , essays , poetry , short stories , and novels with an emphasis on folkloric foundation . She graduated from Columbia University as an anthropologist . Some scholars claim `` Hurston belonged to the Depression - era group of black writers that also included Ralph Ellison and Richard Wright '' ( Encyclopedia of Women 's Autobiography ) . Similarly , to other black writers in this era , Hurston used her writings to expose the living conditions of black people , not only to black readers , but white readers . Although , Wright criticized Hurston for falsifying information and the perspective of black living even though Hurston presented social problems in her writing . Hurston and Wright both wrote about the importance of self - identity . Hurston 's work writings emerge from `` dislocation and disorientation . '' ( Encyclopedia of Women 's Autobiography ) Hurston 's writing is known to have boldness with `` heavy black english dialect . '' ( Encyclopedia of Women 's Autobiography ) Although , some scholars debate whether Hurston 's work is true Harlem Renaissance writing . Margaret Perry 's survey of all literature in the Harlem Renaissance , suggests `` Hurston should not be included in the literary canon of the Harlem Renaissance because the bulk of her work appeared after the ' true time of the Harlem Renaissance ' a period in the years 1925 to 1928 . '' ( Musser 28 ) Alice Walker was one of many who rediscovered Zora Neale Hurston . Walker had become interested in Hurston 's works and wrote I Love Myself When I Am Laughing ... And Then Again When I Am Looking Mean and Impressive : A Zora Neale Hurston Reader in 1979 . Similar to Hurston 's parallelism of life and her life in `` How It Feels To Be Colored Me '' , Walker 's writings were influenced by her own experiences . Walker not only rediscovered Hurston 's works , but revisited the era of the Harlem Renaissance . She placed a huge emphasis towards why the Harlem Renaissance writings were essential and lead the continuation of scholarship and publication of Hurston 's works after 1970 . `` How It Feels To Be Colored Me '' is an essential essay which is linked to the studies of African Literature , Feminist Literature , and African American Studies . Hurston 's essay also reveals her perspective of racial segregation through the usage of anecdotes , imagery , tone , and figurative speech . In the end she concludes we are all one race regardless of color . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Barbara ( 1985 ) . ( www.jstor.org/stable/1343471 `` Thresholds of Difference : Structures of Address in Zora Neale Hurston '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Critical Inquiry. 12 : 278 -- 289 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert and Gubar , Sandra and Susan ( 2007 ) . The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women . The Traditions in English : Early Twentieth Century through Contemporary . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 358 -- 361 . Jump up ^ Wald , Priscilla ( 1990 ) . ( www.jstor.org/stable/489811 `` Becoming Colored : The Self - Authorized Language of Difference in Zora Neale Hurston . '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . American Literary History . 2 : 79 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Heard , Matthew ( Winter 2007 ) . `` Dancing is Dancing No Matter Who is Doing it : Zora Neale Hurston , literacy , and Contemporary Writing Pedagogy . '' . Project Muse. 34 : 129 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Musser , Judith ( 1998 ) . ( www. jstor / stable / 468010 `` African American Women 's Short Stories in the Harlem Renaissance : Bridging a Tradition . '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . MELUS. 23 : 27 -- 47 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_It_Feels_To_Be_Colored_Me&oldid=791975455 '' Categories : 1928 essays American essays Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 July 2017 , at 17 : 26 . About Wikipedia | where was how it feels to be colored me published | [
"How It Feels To Be Colored Me (1928) is an essay by Zora Neale Hurston published in World Tomorrow as a \"white journal sympathetic to Harlem Renaissance writers\"[1], illustrating her circumstance as an African American woman in the early 20th century in America. Most of Hurston's work involved her \"Negro\" characterization that were so true to reality, that she was known as an excellent anthropologist, \"As an anthropologist and as an African- American writer during the Harlem Renaissance, Hurston was uniquely situated to explore the critical possibilities of marginality.\"[2][3]"
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"World Tomorrow"
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1372991614360386697 | Don't Cry for Me Argentina | Do n't Cry for Me Argentina - wikipedia Do n't Cry for Me Argentina `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' Single by Julie Covington from the album Evita B - side `` Rainbow High '' Released 12 November 1976 ( 1976 - 11 - 12 ) Format 7 '' Recorded 1976 Genre Pop Length 5 : 27 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber Tim Rice Producer ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber Tim Rice David Land Julie Covington singles chronology `` Two Worlds Apart '' ( 1973 ) `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( 1976 ) `` Only Women Bleed '' ( 1977 ) `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' is a song recorded by Julie Covington for the 1976 concept album , Evita , and was later included in the 1978 musical of the same name . The song was written and composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice while they were researching the life of Argentinian leader Eva Perón . It appears at the opening and near the end of the show , initially as the spirit of the dead Eva exhorting the people of Argentina not to mourn her , and finally during Eva 's speech from the balcony of the Casa Rosada . Covington was signed by the songwriters for the track , based on her previous work in musicals . The Evita album had taken 3 -- 4 months to record , since Rice was not satisfied with the intensity of the initial recordings . The song had a number of different titles before `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' was decided as the final one . The song shares its melody with `` Oh What a Circus '' from the same show and lyrically consists of platitudes where Eva tries to win the favour of the people of Argentina . It was released in the United Kingdom on 12 November 1976 as the first single from the album , accompanied by national and trade advertising , full - colour posters , display sleeves as well as radio interviews . The song reached number - one on the UK Singles Chart and earned a gold certification from the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , with over a million copies sold . It also reached the top of the charts in Australia , Belgium , Ireland , New Zealand and the Netherlands . `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' was critically appreciated , with Rice and Lloyd Webber winning the 1977 Ivor Novello award in the category of Best Song Musically and Lyrically . When Evita moved to a London theatre , Covington -- who had become disenchanted with the whole project -- refused to reprise the part of Eva and the role went to Elaine Paige . `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' has been covered by multiple artists , including The Carpenters , Olivia Newton - John , and Sinéad O'Connor as well as actors Lea Michele and Chris Colfer from the TV series Glee . In 1996 , American singer Madonna starred in the film adaptation of the musical in the title role . Her version of `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' was released as the second single from the film soundtrack on 4 February 1997 . It received positive reviews from music critics who praised her vocal performance . A separate version called the `` Miami Mix '' , which included re-recorded vocals in English and Spanish and an Argentinean bandoneon in the song 's intro , was promoted to radio . The song reached number one in France , Spain , and the European Hot 100 Singles , while the remix topped the US Dance Club Songs chart . The song also reached the top ten on the US Billboard Hot 100 and several other nations , and received gold certifications from five countries . Contents 1 Background and development 2 Recording and composition 3 Release and reception 4 Aftermath and impact 5 Track listing and formats 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts and certifications 8 Cover versions 9 Madonna version 9.1 Background 9.2 Recording and composition 9.3 Critical reception 9.4 Chart performance 9.5 Promotion and live performances 9.6 Track listings 9.7 Charts and certifications 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Background and development ( edit ) Co-writers of `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' , Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice . `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' was written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice while they were developing Evita for Broadway in 1976 . Both were extremely intrigued by the stories surrounding the life of Eva Perón while researching about her during the mid-1970s . Evita was initially produced as an album , before being adapted for the stage , following a formula that Lloyd Webber and Rice had employed during the production of Jesus Christ Superstar , their previous musical . The duo had written the songs for a female singer with good vocals . Rice and Webber 's research showed that Eva had not in reality delivered any major oration on the day of her husband Juan Perón 's inauguration ceremony , but not long after becoming Argentina 's new First Lady she started making highly emotional speeches , the intensity of which they wanted to capture with `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' . The song was composed to appear at the opening and near the end of the show , initially as the spirit of the dead Eva exhorting the people of Argentina not to mourn her , and finally during Eva 's speech from the balcony of Casa Rosada . Its melody is similar to the opening song of the musical , `` Oh What a Circus '' , and puts emphasis on Eva 's funeral . As `` Oh What a Circus '' ended with the character Che 's sarcastic questioning of the mourning behind Eva 's death , `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' started with only few lines being sung , while the rest of the song was reserved for the finale . After the song was composed , Lloyd Webber and Rice were struggling to find a suitable musical actress for the songs and the titular role , since the only one they knew , Yvonne Elliman , had moved to the United States . One day they were watching the British musical television show , Rock Follies , where they noticed actress and singer Julie Covington , who played an aspiring rock musician . Covington had played in London musicals like Godspell , and her acting abilities in Rock Follies convinced Rice and Lloyd Webber to sign her for Evita . Covington was extremely intrigued by their proposal , considering Eva Perón to be a non-commercial idea for a musical . Nevertheless , she thought that the songs were great compositions and signed on for recording them . Lloyd Webber and Rice immediately started recording and the first demos were those of `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' , `` I 'd Be Surprisingly Good for You '' and `` Buenos Aires '' , with just piano as an accompaniment . They moved on to sign a deal with MCA Records , to release an album based on the songs , however with extremely poor royalty rates since the record company executives did not expect the album to be a success . In the meantime , singers for all the other roles of the musical were also signed , and the cast moved to Olympic Studios in 1975 to start recording . Recording and composition ( edit ) Personnel working on the Evita album included recording engineer David Hamilton - Smith , Simon Philips on drums , Mo Foster on bass , Joe Moretti and Ray Russell on guitars and Anne Odell on keyboards . David Snell played the harp while Anthony Bowles conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra , while another choir called the London Boy Singles was directed by Alan Doggett . Members of The Grease Band , including bassist Alan Spenner and rhythm guitarist Neil Hubbard also played on the album . It took a total of 3 -- 4 months to finish the recording . `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( 1976 ) A 30 second sample of Covington 's recording of the song , which illustrates the pizzicato strings , and the flowing tempo introducing the opening lyrics . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The intensity which Rice looked for in the track was not immediately achieved during recording , because it is a sentimental ballad and because of its lyrics . As the delivery date of the recording approached , they got more tense since most of the album was put together . Only this song was left as they could not decide on the final title , and Rice tried out names which did not make sense within the political and dramatic atmosphere of the story . They had initially tried out various lyrics as the main hook and title of the song including `` It 's Only Your Lover Returning '' and `` All Through My Crazy and Wild Days '' amid fears that mentioning Argentina would reduce the commercial appeal . Rice recalled , `` What a crass decision ! It was probably the only time ( honest ) that I had made the mistake of caring more about a lyric 's potential outside the show than its importance within it , and as a result both song and show suffered . '' Covington had already recorded the phrase `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' for using it in the beginning of the show . Shortly before the album was finally mixed , Lloyd Webber suggested to Rice that the line also worked as the title of Eva 's speech . As soon as Covington recorded with the new name , the song fit `` perfectly '' in the mood of the sequence and was included in the album . The title of the song comes from an epitaph on a plaque at Eva Perón 's grave in the La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires . The plaque was presented by the city 's taxi drivers ' union and roughly translates as : `` Do n't cry for me Argentina , I remain quite near to you . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times wrote `` For years I have wondered , during ' Do n't Cry for Me , Argentina , ' why we were not to cry . Now I understand : We need not cry because ( a ) Evita got everything out of life she dreamed of , and ( b ) Argentina should cry for itself . Even poor Juan Peron ( sic ) should shed a tear or two ; he is relegated ... to the status of a ' walker , ' a presentable man who adorns the arm of a rich and powerful woman as a human fashion accessory . '' The song 's lyrics are a `` string of meaningless platitudes '' according to Rice , who felt that it worked as an emotionally intense but empty speech by a `` megalomaniac woman '' trying to win the favor of the Argentines . It features the lyrics `` And as for fortune , and as for fame / I never invited them in / Though it seemed to the world they were all I desired / They are illusions '' . Webber 's orchestral accompaniment added a different level to the track , with its composition consisting of pizzicato strings , and its flowing tempo introducing Covington 's opening vocals . The song jumps from being light to heavy and extravagant , with one section of it being hummed by choral voices . As the final lyrics goes , `` But all you have to do is look at me to know / That every word is true '' is sung , the London Philharmonic Orchestra comes into play with a huge climax and ends . According to the sheet music published by Music Sales Group , the song starts with a sequence of G / D -- A / D -- D -- Bm / D , changes to E -- E / D -- A / C ♯ -- E -- A -- D , with the chorus featuring a chord progression of A -- Bm -- Dmaj -- Gmaj -- G -- F ♯ m . The song is composed in the key of C major with Covington 's vocals spanning from the nodes of E to G ♯ . Release and reception ( edit ) `` Evita was always intended to be a stage show . And ' Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ' was very specifically written to be a key moment in the theatre , but the fact it became a hit was incidental . I could n't really understand how it became such a big hit . It was 6 minutes long , it had a minute instrumental by the London Symphony Orchestra and Julie Covington refused to promote it . It even went to number one in the disco chart , which I just could n't understand . I asked a friend of mine who was a DJ , why was it so popular -- he said , ' Because DJs are playing it to clear the dance floor ' . '' -- Rice talking about the song 's success to the Official Charts Company Following the completion of the recording of the album , the Evita team switched on to full promotion of the release , with photographer Tony Snowdon shooting the promotional pictures . The single version of `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' was released in the United Kingdom on 12 November 1976 , accompanied by national and trade advertising , full - colour posters , display sleeves as well as radio interviews . Another song from the musical , `` Rainbow High '' , was listed as its B - side . MCA marketing manager Stuart Watson explained to Billboard that their chief goal was to `` get an explanation of the story of Eva Perón over to the public '' . The song received critical appreciation , with The Sunday Times calling it a `` masterpiece '' . However , Rice and Lloyd Webber felt that they needed more promotion to reach the general audience who would buy the record . They had initially decided for a number of television show appearances and performances , but Covington was uninterested in the project altogether and refused to promote it further . Her reasons included wanting to perform the song with the same studio orchestra and accompaniments , and she was also against a single release from the album . The song was never performed live on British music show , Top of the Pops , since Covington refused and whenever it was featured on the show , a montage of images of the real Eva was shown in the backdrops . However , during the week it was number one , she appeared in the audience . Rice and Lloyd Webber then targeted BBC Radio 1 , which was in its infancy , but still popular among the general crowd . They had a fairly tight selection of songs they aired on their channels , and Radio 1 completely refused to add `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' in their playlists . Rice and Lloyd Webber panicked and were almost on the verge of releasing another track from Evita called `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' , recorded by Barbara Dickson , as the second single . But Radio 1 finally relented and started playing the song due to positive response from audiences . `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' debuted at number 37 on the UK Singles Chart on the week ending 25 December 1976 . It started climbing up the chart but for 3 weeks it was kept from reaching the top spot by David Soul 's `` Do n't Give Up on Us '' . On the week ending 12 February 1977 , the song reached the top of the charts . It was first certified silver in January 1977 , and then certified gold a month later by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , selling almost one million physical copies in the United Kingdom . Together with digital sales since it has sold about 1.01 million copies according to the Official Charts Company . The single also reached the top of the charts in Australia , Belgium , Ireland , New Zealand and Netherlands ; in the latter country it sold around 100,000 copies . Seeing the success of the single , Rice and Lloyd Webber proceeded with promoting the song in the United States . However , the personnel at MCA Records ' US office were not able to come to terms regarding how to promote the adult contemporary oriented track ; it was ultimately never sent to Top 40 / CHR radio , and did not appear on any US charts . Aftermath and impact ( edit ) When the cast of the London musical version of Evita was being decided , Rice and Lloyd Webber naturally approached Covington to play the titular role . However she chose not to reprise the role . Producer Hal Prince wanted to cast a relatively unknown actress to play Eva , and thus Elaine Paige was signed for the part . In 1977 , Rice and Lloyd Webber received the Ivor Novello award in the category of Best Song Musically and Lyrically . During the 1982 Falklands War between the United Kingdom and Argentina , the song was sometimes played sarcastically by British regimental bands as they deployed to the Falklands . They changed the lyrics , singing it as `` You do n't frighten me Argentina / The truth is we will defeat you / We 'll sink your carrier , with our Sea Harrier / And with our Sea Kings subs 'll be sinking '' . At the same time the Covington recording was banned from play on the BBC . The song was also banned in the Philippines during the dictatorship ( 1972 -- 86 ) of President Ferdinand Marcos . The life of former First Lady Imelda Marcos , Marcos ' wife , is similar to that of Evita Peron . The presentation of the musical Evita was repressed . In the United States , the song is also closely linked with Patti LuPone , who performed the role of Eva in the original Broadway production of the show . Track listing and formats ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' -- 5 : 24 `` Rainbow High '' -- 2 : 31 7 '' Double hit single `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' -- 5 : 23 `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' ( Performed by Yvonne Elliman ) -- 3 : 55 7 '' Old Gold single `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' -- 5 : 24 `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' ( Performed by Barbara Dickson ) -- 3 : 00 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Julie Covington -- vocals Andrew Lloyd Webber -- songwriter , record producer Tim Rice -- songwriter , record producer David Land -- record producer David Hamilton - Smith -- recording engineer Simon Philips -- drums Mo Foster -- bass Joe Moretti -- guitars Ray Russell -- guitars Anne Odell -- keyboards David Snell -- harp London Philharmonic Orchestra -- choir Credits adapted from the 7 '' single liner notes . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts Chart ( 1977 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Netherlands 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 1,010,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Since its release , `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' has been covered by numerous artists . One of the earliest covers of the song was by The Carpenters in 1977 , who recorded the track for their album , Passage . It was coupled with another song from Evita , `` On the Balcony of the Casa Rosada '' . The same year , Olivia Newton - John released the song as a single from her tenth studio album , Making a Good Thing Better . In 1978 , Shirley Bassey recorded a slower version of the track for her album , The Magic Is You ; she re-recorded it in 1993 on her album Sings the Songs of Andrew Lloyd Webber . Simon Gage from the Daily Express praised the rendition , saying that Bassey `` more than covers the ground '' with it . Singer Tom Jones ' interpretation of the song on his 1979 album , Rescue Me , received negative reviews , with biographer Lucy Ellis describing it as `` the most ludicrous massacre on the LP '' . American disco group Festival released a version in 1979 , a single off of an entire LP of disco covers of songs from Evita . Paloma San Basilio performed the song when she played the titular role on the Spanish adaptation of the musical in 1980 . Nacha Guevara , who also starred in the musical in 1986 , has performed the song live several times . Marti Webb covered the song on her album Wo n't Change Places ( 1981 ) and also included it in 1995 on the album , Music and Songs from Evita . AllMusic 's Joe Francis complimented the recording . Singer Sinéad O'Connor recorded `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' on her album Am I Not Your Girl ( 1992 ) . Her version received mixed response , with Joy Press from Spin who described the rendition as `` a melodramatic , sweeping ' Je ne regrette rien ' -- style apologia . O'Connor had a calling . Obsessed with purity and truth , she pitched herself somewhere between Christ and the Virgin Mary , as an asexual visionary whose suffering was Inextricably Intertwined with the pain of Ireland and of the world . '' Released as a CD maxi single , the song reached number 31 in Belgium Flanders and number 44 in Netherlands . An easy listening cover version of the song by The Mike Flowers Pops reached number 30 in the UK singles charts in 1996 . A punk rock version was recorded by alternative band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes in 1999 for their second studio album , Are a Drag . Angus Cargill , author of Hang the DJ : An alternative book of music lists was shocked by the complete revamp of the song as punk rock , saying that `` there 's a dark appeal in here , like the thought of taking a cattle prod to your grandma 's '' . It is covered by Webber 's younger brother and cello player Julian on the 2001 album , Lloyd Webber Plays Lloyd Webber . Another version was recorded in 2010 by TV series Glee 's actors Lea Michele and Chris Colfer , as the characters Rachel Berry and Kurt Hummel respectively . It was sung as a duet with each singer taking a different stanza and performing before a different audience in a split - scene . Their solo versions were also in Glee : The Music , The Complete Season Two and reached number 67 in the United Kingdom and number 97 in US . Multinational quartet Il Divo recorded it on their 2011 album , Wicked Game , and performed it live on tours . The group 's voice was considered suitable for musical numbers like `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' , by Ben Walsh from The Independent . Nicole Scherzinger performed the song live at the Andrew Lloyd Webber : 40 Musical Years tribute show . Louis Virtel from The Backlot complimented her vocals , saying that the performance `` has to be seen to be believed , as Scherzinger 's crystal - clear vocal soars like a glittery javelin '' . Madonna version ( edit ) `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' Single by Madonna from the album Evita Released 4 February 1997 Format 12 '' CD single Recorded 1995 ; Larrabee North and CTS Studios Genre Orchestral pop Length 5 : 34 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber Tim Rice Producer ( s ) Nigel Wright Alan Parker Andrew Lloyd Webber David Caddick Madonna singles chronology `` You Must Love Me '' ( 1996 ) `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( 1997 ) `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' ( 1997 ) Background ( edit ) In 1996 , Madonna starred in the film Evita , playing the titular role . For a long time , Madonna had desired to play Eva and even wrote a letter to director Alan Parker , explaining how she would be perfect for the part . After securing the role , she underwent vocal training with coach Joan Lader since Evita required the actors to sing their own parts . Lader noted that the singer `` had to use her voice in a way she 's never used it before . Evita is real musical theater -- its operatic , in a sense . Madonna developed an upper register that she did n't know she had . '' From the moment she was signed in the film , Madonna had expressed interest in recording a dance version of `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' . According to her publicist Liz Rosenberg , `` since ( Madonna ) did n't write the music and lyrics , she wanted her signature on that song ... I think on her mind , the best way to do it was go in the studio and work up a remix '' . For this , in August 1996 , while still mixing the film 's soundtrack , Madonna hired remixers Pablo Flores and Javier Garza . According to Flores , the singer wanted something that `` would be dance but faithful to the movie and to Argentina with a latin feel '' . Madonna herself said she wanted the remix to have a `` Latin flavor and elements of Tango music '' . The mix was completed in two weeks at Miami and Los Angeles . Madonna had to re-record the vocals of the track in English and Spanish , while an Argentinean bandoneon was added to the song 's intro . Named the `` Miami Mix '' , it was sent to radio stations and DJs on late December 1996 and was officially released as the soundtrack 's second single on 4 February 1997 . Barney Kilpatrick , VP of promotion for Warner Bros. Records , said that `` the only reason this mix is being done was to accommodate Top 40 radio ( ... ) since we have a two - disc soundtrack , we 're interested in selling albums , not singles '' . Warner Bros wanted to create buzz for the film with the song , not the single remix . There were also talks of releasing an Evita EP , containing remixes of `` Buenos Aires '' , `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' and `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' , but it never materialized . Recording and composition ( edit ) `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( Miami Mix ) A 30 second sample from the `` Miami Mix '' of Madonna 's version of the song . Unlike the original , it features elements of tango and Latin music . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Recording sessions for the film 's songs and soundtrack began in September 1995 , and took place at the CTS Studios in London with Madonna accompanied by co-actors Antonio Banderas and Jonathan Pryce . However , trouble arose as Madonna was not completely comfortable with laying down a `` guide vocal '' simultaneously with an 84 piece orchestra inside the studio . She was used to singing over a pre-recorded track and not have musicians listen to her . Also , unlike her previous soundtrack releases , she had little to no control over the project ; `` I 'm used to writing my own songs and I go into a studio , choose the musicians and say what sounds good or does n't ( ... ) To work on 46 songs with everyone involved and not have a big say was a big adjustment '' , she recalled . An emergency meeting was held between Parker , Lloyd Webber and Madonna where it was decided that the singer would record her part in a more contemporary studio while the orchestration would take place somewhere else . She also had alternate days off from the recording . According to the singer , she was very nervous during the first day of recording . She allegedly found herself `` petrified '' when it came to doing the song ; `` I had to sing ' Do n't Cry For Me Argentina ' in front of Andrew Lloyd Webber ( ... ) I was a complete mess and was sobbing afterward . I thought I had done a terrible job '' , she recalled . The final version recorded had many similarities to the original version by Covington , although it had a much faster pace and was created as an orchestral pop to cater to the contemporary music scene . According to the sheet music published by Musicnotes.com , Madonna 's version of the song is set in common time , with a slow groove tempo of 90 beats per minute . Madonna 's vocals on the song span from G to C. The song follows a basic sequence of C -- F ♭ -- C when Madonna sings `` It wo n't be easy , you 'll think it strange '' , and changes to G -- C on the second verse . Critical reception ( edit ) Upon release , the song generally received positive feedback . J. Randy Taraborrelli , author of Madonna : An Intimate Biography , wrote that `` As Evita Perón ( ... ) she is supple and strong , and does n't sound at all out of place '' . Author Lucy O'Brien wrote in the book , Madonna : Like an Icon , that although Madonna 's vocals lacked emotional complexity in the tune , she nevertheless created a `` compelling '' version , `` right up to its grand orchestral finale '' . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine commented : `` Easily one of Madonna 's greatest vocal performances to date , the singer 's dramatic interpretation of Evita 's unofficial theme song was both loyal and bizarrely autobiographical '' . Writing for the Los Angeles Times , David Gritten opined that `` show - stoppers like ' Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ' , which need to be belted out , sound comfortable for her '' . George Hatza from The Reading Eagle , said that `` ( Madonna ) sings ' Do n't Cry For Me Argentina ' in a beautiful , soaring , goosebump - inducing contralto '' . J.D. Considine , from The Baltimore Sun , said it was one of the `` big songs '' from the soundtrack . In her review of Evita , Janet Maslin from The New York Times commented that the track was `` tinglingly sung '' . Peter Travers from Rolling Stone , wrote : `` Madonna , to her credit , puts on quite a show . She sings . She tangos ( ... ) She even belts out ' Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ' to prove she 's just folks '' . Peter Keough , from the Boston Phoenix , praised Madonna 's `` stunning delivery '' of the track . He wrote : `` ( Madonna ) sings a softly lush soprano that captures Evita 's quiet vulnerability . Her full - lipped , precise notes stride across the song 's grandiose orchestrations . Webber 's songs allow her all the room she needs to be many things ; she succeeds at them all '' . A very positive review came from the Hartford Courant 's Greg Morago , who called the song `` a calculated , theatrical triumph of shameless pandering and steely determination that parallels the pop diva 's own rise to the top . Madonna makes this song her own ; she was born to play the chignon - coiffed , diamond - studded Santa Evita '' . The Huffington Post 's Matthew Jacobs placed it at number 26 of his list `` The Definitive Ranking Of Madonna Singles '' . Calling it one of Madonna 's most important songs , Jacobs considered the track a `` stand - in for the transition from Sexy Madonna to Adult Madonna '' . Similarly , Spin 's Annie Zaleski wrote that the `` nuanced but proud '' rendition of the song `` marked the start of Madonna 's Serious Phase , one where she balanced youthful coquettishness with a more mature , introspective outlook '' . AllMusic 's Jose F. Promis praised the `` Miami Mix '' version of the song ; `` ( ' Do n't Cry For Me Argentina ' ) was transformed into a passionate , flowing dance number '' , highlighting Madonna 's `` truly impassioned performance which infuriated musical purists but delighted her fans and public alike '' . In 2017 , Billboard ranked the `` Miami Mix '' as the 95th greatest pop song of 1997 ; Andrew Unterberger wrote that `` Pablo Flores and Javier Garza 's Miami Mix is just as responsible for the song 's chart success as Madonna 's Celine Dion vocal ambitions , taking the song from the balcony to the dance floor and giving it back to the people '' . In his review of Madonna 's second greatest hits album , GHV2 ( 2001 ) , Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic gave a more critical reception , as he felt the track was out of place among other Madonna songs ; `` the very presence of ' Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ' ( ... ) simply does not feel comfortable next to the rest of the savvy , modern music '' . A negative review came from NME 's Alex Needham , who wrote ; `` by 1996 Madonna was fast turning into the pop equivalent of Sunset Boulevard 's Norma Desmond , croaking , ' I 'm still big ! It 's just the Top 40 that got small ! '' , and that `` ' Do n't Cry For Me Argentina ' stank then , stinks now '' . Robert Christgau called it a `` dismal track '' and criticized its mixing . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the popularity of the `` Miami Mix '' version of the song enabled it to become the song with the most radio adds , and jumped to number 18 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart . Demand for the song continued to increase forcing Warner Bros. to release the CD single , and the song becoming eligible to chart . It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 17 the week of 22 February 1997 . The single ultimately peaked at number 8 the week of 1 March 1997 . `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' reached number 1 on the European Hot 100 Singles , the week of 8 February 1997 . The track also ranked within the top 20 of Billboard 's Adult Contemporary and Adult Top 40 charts while the `` Miami Mix '' reached the top of the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart . It ranked at number 87 on the year end chart for 1997 . In Canada , the song debuted on the RPM Top Singles chart at number 34 , the week of 10 March 1997 . It ultimately reached a peak of number 11 , the week of 7 April 1997 . In the United Kingdom , the song reached number 3 on the week of 28 December 1996 , and was present on the top 100 for a total of 13 weeks . It was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on 1 January 1997 for shipments of 400,000 copies . In Italy , it reached the second position of the FIMI Singles Chart . On the year - end Italian charts , it was ranked at number 21 . In Australia , `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' peaked at number 9 on the ARIA Singles Chart , staying on this position for one week and a total of 13 weeks on the chart . On the year - end ARIA charts , the song ranked at number 56 . In France , it topped the SNEP Singles Chart for one month . In Ireland , the song peaked at number 8 , the week of 19 December 1996 . The single also proved to be a commercial success in other countries such as Belgium , Germany , Spain and the Netherlands , where it managed to have top 5 placement . Promotion and live performances ( edit ) No official video was shot for the song . Instead , the scene from the movie , where Eva performs the song at the balcony of the Casa Rosada , was used . In 1993 , 2 years before being cast in Evita , Madonna performed an impromptu version of the song during her first visit to Argentina , as part of her Girlie Show World Tour . Eight years later , on her 2001 Drowned World Tour , an instrumental version of the song was used as an interlude , featuring several dancers doing a Tango number . The performance on 26 August 2001 , at The Palace of Auburn Hills , outside of Madonna 's hometown of Detroit was recorded and released in the live video album , Drowned World Tour 2001 . On the Buenos Aires stop of her Sticky & Sweet Tour , in December 2008 , after performing `` You Must Love Me '' , Madonna also performed `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' as scenes from Evita played on the backdrop screens . The performances of both songs in the city were recorded in the live CD - DVD titled , Sticky & Sweet Tour ( 2010 ) . The singer once again performed the song in Argentina during The MDNA Tour , in 2012 . For the performance , she had the word `` Eva '' painted across her back . Madonna also did a `` passionate rendition '' of `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' during the Miami stop of her Rebel Heart Tour on 23 January 2016 , accompanied by acoustic guitar . Track listings ( edit ) UK CD single `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( performed by Madonna ) -- 5 : 31 `` Santa Evita '' ( performed by Orchestra / John Mauceri ) -- 2 : 30 `` Latin Chant '' ( performed by Orchestra / John Mauceri ) -- 2 : 11 UK `` The Dance Mixes '' CD single / AU CD single / DE 12 '' single `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( Miami Mix Edit ) -- 4 : 31 `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( Miami Spanglish Mix Edit ) -- 4 : 29 `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( Miami Mix ) -- 6 : 51 `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( album version ) -- 5 : 31 US 12 '' / CD Maxi - single ( 1997 ) `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( Miami Mix Alternative Ending ) -- 7 : 59 `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( Miami Spanglish Mix ) -- 6 : 57 `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( Miami Mix Edit ) -- 4 : 29 `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( Miami Dub Mix ) -- 6 : 23 `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( Miami Mix Instrumental Version ) -- 6 : 55 `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( Miami Spanglish Mix Edit ) -- 4 : 28 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 14 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Czech Republic ( IFPI ) Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 6 Eurochart Hot 100 ( Music & Media ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary Singles ( Mahasz ) Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 9 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 21 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 11 Year - end charts Chart ( 1997 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 56 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 36 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 18 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 92 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 34 France ( SNEP ) 14 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 22 Italy ( FIMI ) 21 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 46 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 80 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 54 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 22 US Billboard Hot 100 87 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Julie Covington version List of Top 25 singles for 1977 in Australia List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1977 List of number - one singles of 1977 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles in 1977 ( New Zealand ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1970s Madonna version Book : Evita ( 1996 film ) List of European number - one hits of 1997 List of number - one singles of 1997 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1997 ( Spain ) List of number - one dance singles of 1997 ( U.S. ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clark 2015 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Rice 2012 , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : Rice 2012 , p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Rice 2012 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Queenan , Joe ( 7 September 2007 ) . `` The origin of Do n't Cry For Me , Argentina '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Mark ( 23 February 2003 ) . `` They 've got real team spirit in Buenos Aires '' . The Independent . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 3 , 1997 ) . `` Evita Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1997 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on 20 September 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina : Sheet Music '' . Music Sales Group . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Broadway Songs Ever '' ( 4 ed . ) . Sheet Music Plus . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Company 2012 , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Rice 2012 , p. 28 Jump up ^ `` New releases '' . Music Week : 43 . 13 November 1976 . ISSN 0265 - 1548 . Jump up ^ Murdoch , Wynter ( 22 January 1977 ) . `` MCA In a Major Promo On ' Evita ' '' . Billboard : 69 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rice 2012 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Humphries & Bracknell 2013 , p. 198 ^ Jump up to : `` Julie Covington : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` British single certifications -- Julie Covington -- Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Do n't Cry for Me Argentina in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Friday teaser '' . Evening Times . 3 May 1985 . p. 25 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sedghi , Ami ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kent 1993 , p. 130 ^ Jump up to : `` From the Music Capitals of the World '' . Billboard : 73 . 7 May 1977 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Knapp 2010 , p. 348 Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( 13 December 1998 ) . `` Do n't Cry For ' Evita ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lister , David ( 28 May 1994 ) . `` Pop ballads bite back in lyrical fashion '' . The Independent . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Boyce 2005 , p. 206 Jump up ^ Reaves , Joseph A. ( 19 May 1986 ) . `` Filipino ' Evita ' Strikes Responsive Chord '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenfield , Wendy ( 27 October 2007 ) . `` Mandy , Patti -- real cozy '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( UK 7 '' single liner notes ) . Julie Covington . MCA Records . 1977 . 006 - 98 665 . Jump up ^ Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( UK 7 '' Double hit single liner notes ) . Julie Covington . MCA Records . 1981 . 102 918 . Jump up ^ Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( UK 7 '' Gold single liner notes ) . Julie Covington . MCA Records . 1984 . OG 9420 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Julie Covington -- Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Julie Covington -- Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Julie Covington -- Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Julie Covington '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Julie Covington -- Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Julie Covington -- Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Julie Covington -- Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Julie Covington -- Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Julie Covington -- Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1977 '' . Ultratop & Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1977 '' . GfK Dutch Charts . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1977 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1977 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Scaping & Hunter 1978 , pp. 216 -- 217 Jump up ^ `` Passage > Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Competitive Crunch in a Softer Sound Market '' . Billboard : 8 . 17 December 1977 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gage , Simon . `` Album review : Shirley Bassey -- The Magic Is You / Thoughts of Love ( BGO ) '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2009 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Martínez Pimienta , Ivan ( 1 August 2015 ) . `` The `` Forever '' of Paloma San Basilio `` . El Universal ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Notimex ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` 1940 : Birth of talented actress and singer Nacha Guevara '' . El Siglo de Torreón ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Francis , Joe . `` Music & Songs from Evita > Marti Webb '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Press , Joy ( October 1994 ) . `` Platter du Jour : Universal Mother , Sinead O'Connor '' . Spin . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Sinead O'Connor -- Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 206 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cargill 2014 , p. 207 Jump up ^ Clarke 1998 , p. 763 Jump up ^ `` Glee Kids Sing Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' . Playbill. 9 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History : Glee Cast '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 : December 18 , 2010 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Ben ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` Il Divo , Royal Albert Hall , London '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Virtel , Louis ( 2 April 2013 ) . `` Watch : Nicole Scherzinger Owns ' Do n't Cry For Me Argentina ' '' . AfterEllen.com and TheBacklot.com . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael 2004 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2008 , p. 260 Jump up ^ Ciccone , Madonna ( November 1996 ) . `` The Madonna Diaries '' . Vanity Fair : 174 -- 188 . ISSN 0733 - 8899 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Chuck ( 25 January 1997 ) . `` ' Miami Mix ' makes people cry out for single release of Madonna 's ' Argentina ' '' . Billboard. 109 ( 04 ) : 100 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2008 , p. 261 Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2008 , p. 262 Jump up ^ Flick , Larry ( 26 October 1996 ) . `` Radio embraces Madonna 's Evita '' . Billboard. 108 ( 43 ) : 91 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rooksby 2004 , p. 79 ^ Jump up to : `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina : Madonna -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes.com . Alfred Publishing . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2008 , p. 286 Jump up ^ O'Brien 2008 , p. 307 Jump up ^ `` Madonna : GHV2 Music Review '' . Slant Magazine . 9 November 2001 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gritten , David ( 4 May 1996 ) . `` ' She 'll Surprise a Lot of People ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hatza , George ( 19 July 1996 ) . `` Madonna 's ' Evita ' has the appearance of a hit '' . Reading Eagle : 43 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Considine , J.D. ( 12 November 1996 ) . `` ' Evita ' soundtrack is no showstopper Review '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 25 December 1996 ) . `` Movie review - Evita ( 1996 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 10 January 1997 ) . `` Evita review '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 19 September 2011 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Keough , Peter ( 2 January 1997 ) . `` Evita bludgeons , but seduces '' . Boston Phoenix . Phoenix Media / Communications Group . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Morago , Greg ( 14 November 1996 ) . `` Album Review -- Motion Picture Soundtrack -- Evita '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Matthew ( 10 March 2015 ) . `` The Definitive Ranking Of Madonna Singles '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Zaleski , Annie ( 9 March 2015 ) . `` Express Yourself : What Is Madonna 's Greatest Era ? The SPIN staff dissects one woman 's three decades of pop stardom '' . Spin . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Promis , Jose F. ( 8 January 1997 ) . `` Madonna > Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` The 100 Greatest Pop Songs of 1997 : Critic 's Picks '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas Erlewine , Stephen . `` GHV2 > Madonna '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Needham , Alex ( 12 September 2005 ) . `` Madonna : GHV2 '' . NME . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 2001 ) . `` Consumer Guide Reviews '' . Robert Christgau . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 : Week of February 22 , 1997 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard Communications ( 8 February 1997 ) . `` Hits of the World : Eurochart Hot 100 '' . Billboard. 109 ( 6 ) : 41 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music '' . Billboard : YE - 11 , 34 . 27 December 1997 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 7850 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3176 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` British single certifications -- Madonna -- Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Do n't Cry for Me Argentina in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : The Official Top 40 '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on 10 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna : Discografia Italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . 1984 -- 1999 . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TI singoli più venduti del 1997 '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Madonna -- Do n't Cry For Me Argentina '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 1997 '' . ARIA . Archived from the original on 12 September 2009 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Madonna -- Do n't Cry For Me Argentina '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do n't Cry For Me Argentina '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri 2005 , p. 510 Jump up ^ Morton 2002 , p. 408 Jump up ^ Cocaro , Gabriel Martín . `` Madonna in Argentina : Her two visits '' . Rolling Stone ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Chansanchai , Athima ( 26 August 2001 ) . `` This fan gets to the bottom of Drowned World Tour 's appeal '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 9 October 2001 ) . `` Madonna 's ' Drowned ' Comes To Home Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hasty , Katie ( 29 October 2009 ) . `` Preview : ' Madonna Sticky and Sweet : Live from Buenos Aires ' concert film '' . HitFix . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` Album : Madonna , Sticky & Sweet Tour ( Warner Bros ) '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna delayed her show on Argentina due to fever '' ( in Spanish ) . RPP. 14 December 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamersly , Michael ( 24 January 2016 ) . `` Review : Madonna brings a heartfelt , personal touch to her Miami concert '' . Miami Herald . Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( UK CD single liner notes ) . Madonna . Warner Bros. Records . 1997 . W0384CD . Jump up ^ Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( UK `` The Dance Mixes '' CD single ) . Madonna . Warner Bros. Records . 1997 . W 0384LC , 5439 17423 7 . Jump up ^ Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( Australia CD single with fold - out poster liner notes ) . Madonna . Warner Bros. Records . 1997 . 9362438302 . Jump up ^ Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( Germany 12 '' single liner notes ) . Madonna . Warner Bros. Records . 1997 . 9362 43830 - 0 . Jump up ^ Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( US 12 '' single liner notes ) . Madonna . Warner Bros. Records . 1997 . 9 43809 - 2 . Jump up ^ Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( US CD maxi single liner notes ) . Madonna . Warner Bros. Records . 1997 . 9 43809 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Madonna -- Do n't Cry For Me Argentina '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Madonna -- Do n't Cry For Me Argentina '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Madonna -- Do n't Cry For Me Argentina '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 7759 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Czech Republic '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard : 78 . 15 February 1997 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : Do n't Cry For Me Argentina '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Madonna Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Hungary '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 23.01. 1997 - 29.01. 1997 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Madonna '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Madonna -- Do n't Cry For Me Argentina '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Madonna -- Do n't Cry For Me Argentina '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Madonna -- Do n't Cry For Me Argentina '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Madonna -- Do n't Cry For Me Argentina '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Madonna -- Do n't Cry For Me Argentina '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1997 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 1997 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . 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Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1997 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Madonna -- Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Madonna ; ' Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Madonna ; ' Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . References ( edit ) Boyce , D. George ( 2005 ) . The Falklands War . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 9780230801981 . Cargill , Angus ( 2014 ) . Hang the DJ : An Alternative Book of Music Lists . Faber & Faber . ISBN 9780571307173 . Clark , Mark Ross ( 2015 ) . The Broadway Song : A Singer 's Guide . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 935167 - 1 . Clarke , Donald ( 1998 ) . The Penguin Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0140513707 . Company , Official Charts ( 2012 ) . The Million Sellers . Music Sales Group . ISBN 9780857128829 . Ellis , Lucy ( 2009 ) . Tom Jones Close Up . Omnibus Press . ISBN 9780857121073 . Humphries , Patrick ; Bracknell , Steve ( 2013 ) . Top of the Pops 50th Anniversary . McNidder and Grace Limited . ISBN 9780857160638 . Knapp , Raymond ( 2010 ) . The American Musical and the Performance of Personal Identity . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9781400832682 . Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 978 - 0 - 64611 - 917 - 5 . Michael , Mick St. ( 2004 ) . Madonna ' Talking ' : Madonna in Her Own Words . Omnibus Press . ISBN 1844494187 . Morton , Andrew ( 2002 ) . Madonna . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 0 - 312 - 98310 - 7 . O'Brien , Lucy ( 2008 ) . Madonna : Like an Icon . Bantam Press . ISBN 9780552153614 . Rice , Tim ( 2012 ) . Oh , What a Circus . Hachette UK . ISBN 9781444762174 . Rooksby , Rikky ( 2004 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9883 - 3 . Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 . Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Scaping , Peter ; Hunter , Nigel ( 1978 ) . BPI Year Book 1978 . British Phonographic Industry . ISBN 0 - 906154 - 01 - 4 . Taraborrelli , Randy J. ( 2008 ) . Madonna : An Intimate Biography . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9780330454469 . External links ( edit ) `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( Madonna music video ) on YouTube `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( Glee ( Rachel & Kurt Full Duet ) on YouTube `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( Il Divo ( AOL Sessions ) on YouTube Navigation templates related to `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Cats Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group Evita Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Book and Lyrics by Tim Rice Selected songs `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' Versions 1976 Concept album 1978 Musical 1996 film ( soundtrack , accolades ) Historical characters Eva Perón Juan Perón Agustín Magaldi Related Op zoek naar Evita Musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Cricket The Wizard of Oz ( additional music and lyrics ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Albums Jesus Christ Superstar Evita ( 1976 concept album ) Evita ( 1996 film soundtrack ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' Related television Any Dream Will Do Superstar When Joseph Met Maria Ivor Novello Awards -- Best Song Musically and Lyrically 1960s `` She 's Leaving Home '' ( 1968 ) 1970s `` Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? '' ( 1970 ) `` Something '' ( 1971 ) `` Do n't Let It Die '' ( 1972 ) `` Without You '' ( 1973 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1974 ) `` Streets of London '' * ( 1975 ) `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( 1978 ) `` Baker Street '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` The Logical Song '' ( 1980 ) `` Woman in Love '' ( 1981 ) `` Memory '' ( 1982 ) `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' ( 1984 ) `` Against All Odds '' ( 1985 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1986 ) `` Do n't Give Up '' ( 1987 ) `` Something Inside So Strong '' ( 1988 ) `` They Dance Alone '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` The Living Years '' ( 1990 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1991 ) `` The Whole of the Moon '' ( 1992 ) `` Why '' ( 1993 ) `` If I Ever Lose My Faith in You '' ( 1994 ) `` Think Twice '' ( 1995 ) `` Common People '' ( 1996 ) `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' ( 1997 ) `` Paranoid Android '' ( 1998 ) `` Believe '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Strong '' ( 2000 ) `` Babylon '' ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' ( 2002 ) `` The Other Side '' ( 2003 ) `` Leave Right Now '' ( 2004 ) `` Dry Your Eyes '' ( 2005 ) `` Suddenly I See '' ( 2006 ) `` Elusive '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Is a Losing Game '' ( 2008 ) `` One Day Like This '' ( 2009 ) 2010s `` The Fear '' ( 2010 ) `` Becoming a Jackal '' ( 2011 ) `` The A Team '' ( 2012 ) `` Next to Me '' ( 2013 ) `` Strong '' ( 2014 ) `` Take Me to Church '' ( 2015 ) `` Was n't Expecting That '' ( 2016 ) `` Black Man in a White World '' ( 2017 ) * Awarded as The Best Song Olivia Newton - John Albums Singles Videography Tours Awards and honours Studio albums If Not for You Olivia Let Me Be There Long Live Love If You Love Me , Let Me Know Have You Never Been Mellow Clearly Love Come On Over Do n't Stop Believin ' Making a Good Thing Better Totally Hot Physical Soul Kiss The Rumour Warm and Tender Gaia : One Woman 's Journey Back with a Heart Indigo : Women of Song Stronger Than Before Grace and Gratitude Christmas Wish A Celebration in Song This Christmas Liv On Friends for Christmas Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Back to Basics : The Essential Collection 1971 -- 1992 The Definitive Collection Magic Gold 40 / 40 Live albums Love Performance Highlights from The Main Event One Woman 's Live Journey Olivia 's Live Hits Two Strong Hearts Live Soundtracks Grease Xanadu Two of a Kind A Few Best Men EPs Hotel Sessions Video releases Olivia Physical Olivia in Concert The Main Event Video Gold Live at the Sydney Opera House Singles `` Till You Say You 'll Be Mine '' `` If Not for You '' `` Banks of the Ohio '' `` What Is Life '' `` Just a Little Too Much '' `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' `` Let Me Be There '' `` Long Live Love '' `` I Honestly Love You '' `` If You Love Me , Let Me Know '' `` Have You Never Been Mellow '' `` Please Mr. Please '' `` Something Better to Do '' `` Let It Shine '' `` Come on Over '' `` Jolene '' `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' `` Every Face Tells a Story '' `` Sam '' `` You 're the One That I Want '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' `` A Little More Love '' `` Deeper Than the Night '' `` Rest Your Love on Me '' `` Magic '' `` Xanadu '' `` Suddenly '' `` Physical '' `` Make a Move on Me '' `` Landslide '' `` Heart Attack '' `` Tied Up '' `` Twist of Fate '' `` Soul Kiss '' `` When You Wish upon a Star '' `` The Grease Megamix '' `` Mickey ( Chew Fu Fix ) '' Featured singles `` I Ca n't Help It '' `` You Have to Believe '' Other songs `` Lift Me Up '' Concert tours Totally Hot World Tour Physical Tour The Main Event Tour Greatest Hits Tour One Woman 's Journey Tour 30 Musical Years Tour Heartstrings World Tour 2006 World Tour Grace and Gratitude Tour Body Heart & Spirit Tour An Evening with ONJ 2010 World Tour 2011 United States Tour A Summer Night with ONJ Summer Nights Two Strong Hearts Live Related articles Toomorrow ( soundtrack ) Olivia Newton - John : Hopelessly Devoted to You Max Born Pat Carrol John Farrar Tottie Goldsmith Chloe Rose Lattanzi ( daughter ) Matt Lattanzi ( first husband ) Emerson Newton - John ( nephew ) Book Category Madonna songs Singles Covers Unreleased songs 1980s singles `` Everybody '' `` Burning Up '' `` Holiday '' `` Lucky Star '' `` Borderline '' `` Like a Virgin '' `` Material Girl '' `` Crazy for You '' `` Angel '' `` Into the Groove '' `` Dress You Up '' `` Gambler '' `` Live to Tell '' `` Papa Do n't Preach '' `` True Blue '' `` Open Your Heart '' `` La Isla Bonita '' `` Who 's That Girl '' `` Causing a Commotion '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Spotlight '' `` Like a Prayer '' `` Express Yourself '' `` Cherish '' `` Oh Father '' `` Dear Jessie '' 1990s singles `` Keep It Together '' `` Vogue '' `` Hanky Panky '' `` Justify My Love '' `` Rescue Me '' `` This Used to Be My Playground '' `` Erotica '' `` Deeper and Deeper '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Fever '' `` Rain '' `` Bye Bye Baby '' `` I 'll Remember '' `` Secret '' `` Take a Bow '' `` Bedtime Story '' `` Human Nature '' `` You 'll See '' `` One More Chance '' `` Love Do n't Live Here Anymore '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Frozen '' `` Ray of Light '' `` Drowned World ( Substitute for Love ) '' `` The Power of Good - Bye '' `` Nothing Really Matters '' `` Beautiful Stranger '' 2000s singles `` American Pie '' `` Music '' `` Do n't Tell Me '' `` What It Feels Like for a Girl '' `` Die Another Day '' `` American Life '' `` Hollywood '' `` Me Against the Music '' `` Nothing Fails '' `` Love Profusion '' `` Hung Up '' `` Sorry '' `` Get Together '' `` Jump '' `` Hey You '' `` 4 Minutes '' `` Give It 2 Me '' `` Miles Away '' `` Celebration '' `` Revolver '' 2010s singles `` Give Me All Your Luvin ' '' `` Girl Gone Wild '' `` Masterpiece '' `` Turn Up the Radio '' `` Living for Love '' `` Ghosttown '' `` Bitch I 'm Madonna '' `` Hold Tight '' Promotional singles `` You Can Dance ( LP Cuts ) '' `` Erotic '' `` I Want You '' `` Sky Fits Heaven '' `` Impressive Instant '' `` GHV2 Megamix '' `` Into the Hollywood Groove '' `` Nobody Knows Me '' `` Imagine '' ( Live ) `` Superstar '' Other songs recorded `` Santa Baby '' `` I Surrender Dear '' `` Sooner or Later '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Sing '' `` Candy Shop '' `` Beat Goes On '' `` Gang Bang '' `` I Do n't Give A '' `` Devil Pray '' `` Unapologetic Bitch '' `` Illuminati '' `` Joan of Arc '' `` Iconic '' `` Holy Water '' `` Wash All Over Me '' `` Rebel Heart '' Other songs written `` Sidewalk Talk '' `` Each Time You Break My Heart '' `` Just a Dream '' `` Love Wo n't Wait '' `` The Greatest Hit '' `` Do n't Wanna Lose This Feeling '' `` Who 's That Chick ? '' Book Category Portal Template BNF : cb13987124r ( data ) GND : 30060369X LCCN : no98078016 VIAF : 184104526 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Cry_for_Me_Argentina&oldid=855107536 '' Categories : 1970s ballads 1976 singles 1976 songs 1997 singles The Carpenters songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles MCA Records singles Madonna ( entertainer ) songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Belgium Number - one singles in the Czech Republic Number - one singles in Hungary Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Spain Olivia Newton - John songs Pop ballads Sinéad O'Connor songs Single Top 100 number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Songs about Argentina Songs from Evita Songs with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Songs with lyrics by Tim Rice Song recordings produced by Nigel Wright ( record producer ) Song recordings produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber Song recordings produced by Alan Parker Song recordings produced by David Caddick UK Singles Chart number - one singles Warner Bros. Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Good articles EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 00 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the song don't cry for me argentina written | [
"\"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\" was written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice while they were developing Evita for Broadway in 1976. Both were extremely intrigued by the stories surrounding the life of Eva Perón while researching about her during the mid-1970s.[1] Evita was initially produced as an album, before being adapted for the stage, following a formula that Lloyd Webber and Rice had employed during the production of Jesus Christ Superstar, their previous musical. The duo had written the songs for a female singer with good vocals.[2]\n"
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"1976"
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-3781524301475508699 | Vietnam War casualties | Vietnam War casualties - wikipedia Vietnam War casualties Jump to : navigation , search The American War Memorial of the dead Vietnamese soldiers , Vietnam ( Hanoi ) . The Vietnam Veterans Memorial , USA ( Washington , D.C. ) . Two major war memorials commemorating the dead soldiers in . the Second Indochina War ( a.k.a. the Vietnam War and the American War ) . Estimates of casualties of the Vietnam War vary widely . Estimates include both civilian and military deaths in North and South Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia . The Vietnam War ( a.k.a. the Second Indochina War , the American War or ' Nam ) began in 1955 and ended in 1975 when North Vietnamese forces captured Saigon . During this period , the war escalated from an insurgency in South Vietnam assisted by the North Vietnamese government to direct military intervention in the south by North Vietnam to assist the insurgents and the intervention of military forces of the United States and other countries to assist South Vietnam . The war also spilled over into the neighboring countries of Cambodia and Laos . An exhaustive reckoning of the total casualties must include statistical information available for each theater of the war . Most of the fighting took place in South Vietnam ; accordingly it suffered the most casualties . Civilian deaths caused by both sides amounted to a significant percentage of total deaths , perhaps from 30 to nearly 50 percent . Civilian deaths caused by communist forces , which included the Viet Cong , North Vietnamese Army , Pathet Lao and Khmer Rouge , mostly resulted from assassinations and terror tactics . Civilian deaths caused by the armed forces of the governments of South Vietnam , Cambodia , Laos , the United States , South Korea , and other allies were primarily the consequence of extensive aerial bombing and the use of massive firepower in military operations conducted in heavily populated areas . The nature of the war often made it difficult to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants . A number of incidents occurred during the war in which civilians were deliberately targeted or killed . The best - known are the Massacre at Huế and the My Lai massacre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Total number of deaths 2 Major incidents 3 Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War 3.1 Deaths caused by North Vietnam / VC forces 3.2 Deaths caused by South Vietnam 3.3 Deaths caused by the American military 3.4 Deaths caused by the South Korean military 4 Army of the Republic of Vietnam 5 North Vietnamese and Viet Cong Military deaths 6 United States armed forces 6.1 Disproportion of African American casualties 7 Specific incidents 8 Aftereffects 9 Other nations ' casualties 9.1 Military 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Total number of deaths ( edit ) Waiting to Lift Off by James Pollock , Vietnam Combat Artists Program , CAT IV , 1967 . Courtesy of National Museum of the U.S. Army Deaths in Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 1974 ) per Guenter Lewy Allied military deaths 47,000 NVA / VC military deaths 444,000 Civilian deaths ( North and South Vietnam ) 627,000 Total deaths 1,118,000 Estimates of the total number of deaths in the Vietnam War vary widely . The wide disparity among the estimates cited below is partially explained by the different time periods of the Vietnam War covered by the studies and whether or not casualties in Cambodia and Laos were included in the estimates . Guenter Lewy in 1978 estimated 1,353,000 total deaths in North and South Vietnam during the period 1965 -- 1974 in which the U.S. was most engaged in the war . Lewy reduced the number of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese battle deaths claimed by the U.S. by 30 percent ( in accordance with the opinion of United States Department of Defense officials ) , and assumed that one third of the battle deaths of the VC / NVA were actually civilians . His estimate of total deaths is reflected in the table . A 1995 demographic study in Population and Development Review calculated 791,000 -- 1,141,000 war - related Vietnamese deaths , both soldiers and civilians , for all of Vietnam from 1965 -- 75 . The study came up with a most likely Vietnamese death toll of 882,000 , which included 655,000 adult males ( above 15 years of age ) , 143,000 adult females , and 84,000 children . Those totals include only Vietnamese deaths , and do not include American and other allied military deaths which amounted to about 64,000 . The study has been criticized for its small sample size , the imbalance in the sample between rural and urban areas , and the possible overlooking of clusters of high mortality rates . Also in 1995 , the Vietnamese government released its estimate of war deaths for the more lengthy period of 1955 -- 75 . According to the Vietnamese , Communist battle deaths totaled 1.1 million and civilian deaths of Vietnamese totaled 2.0 million . These estimates probably include battle deaths of Vietnamese soldiers in Laos and Cambodia , but do not include deaths of South Vietnamese and allied soldiers which would add nearly 300,000 for a grand total of 3.4 million military and civilian dead . A 2008 study by the BMJ ( formerly British Medical Journal ) came up with a higher toll of 3,812,000 dead in Vietnam between 1955 -- 2002 . For the period of the Vietnam War the totals are 1,310,000 between 1955 and 1964 , 1,700,000 between 1965 -- 74 and 810,000 between 1975 and 1984 . ( The estimates for 1955 -- 64 are much higher than other estimates ) . The sum of those totals is 3,091,000 war deaths between 1955 -- 75 . Uppsala University in Sweden maintains the Armed Conflict Database . Their estimates for conflict deaths in Vietnam are 164,923 from 1955 -- 64 and 1,458,050 from 1965 -- 75 for a total of 1,622,973 . The database also estimates combat deaths in Cambodia for the years 1967 -- 75 to total 259,000 . Data for deaths in Laos is incomplete . R.J. Rummel 's mid-range estimate in 1997 was that the total deaths due to the Vietnam conflict totaled 2,450,000 from 1954 -- 75 . Rummel calculated communist war deaths at 1,062,000 and South Vietnamese and allied war deaths of 741,000 , both totals including civilians inadvertently killed . He estimated that victims of democide ( deliberate killing of civilians ) included 214,000 by the communists and 98,000 by South Vietnam and its allies . Deaths in Cambodia and Laos were estimated at 273,000 and 62,000 respectively . Deaths in Vietnam War ( 1954 -- 75 ) per R.J. Rummel ( except where otherwise noted ) Low estimate of deaths Middle estimate of deaths High estimate of deaths Notes and comments North Vietnam / Viet Cong military and civilian war dead 533,000 1,062,000 1,489,000 includes an estimated 50,000 / 65,000 / 70,000 civilians killed by U.S / SVN bombing / shelling South Vietnam / U.S. / South Korea war military and civilian war dead 429,000 741,000 1,119,000 includes 360,000 / 391,000 / 720,000 civilians Democide by North Vietnam / Viet Cong 131,000 214,000 302,000 25,000 / 50,000 / 75,000 killed in North Vietnam , 106,000 / 164,000 / 227,000 killed in South Vietnam Democide by South Vietnam 57,000 89,000 284,000 Democide is the murder of persons by or at the behest of governments . Democide by the United States 4,000 6,000 10,000 Democide is the murder of persons by or at the behest of governments . Democide by South Korea 3,000 3,000 3,000 Rummel does not give a medium or high estimate . Subtotal Vietnam 1,156,000 2,115,000 3,207,000 Cambodians 273,000 273,000 273,000 Rummel estimates 212,000 killed by Khmer Rouge ( 1967 -- 1975 ) , 60,000 killed by U.S. and 1,000 killed by South Vietnam ( 1967 -- 73 ) . No estimate given for deaths caused by Viet Cong / North Vietnam ( 1954 -- 75 ) . Laotians 28,000 62,000 115,000 Source : Grand total of war deaths : Vietnam , Cambodia , and Laos ( 1954 -- 75 ) 1,450,000 2,450,000 3,595,000 Major incidents ( edit ) 1968 Tet Offensive -- Hanoi failed in its most ambitious goal of producing a general uprising in the South , it suffered more than 45,267 ( mainly Viet Cong ) deaths but gained a propaganda , political and strategic victory . 1972 Easter Offensive -- This saw 50,000 to 75,000 North Vietnamese combatants killed plus their loss of over 250 -- 700 tanks and APCs . The attack was broken up mainly by US air power . Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War ( edit ) Lewy estimates that 40,000 South Vietnamese civilians were assassinated by the Viet Cong / North Vietnamese ; 250,000 were killed as a result of combat in South Vietnam , and 65,000 were killed in North Vietnam . He suggests that another 222,000 civilians were counted as military deaths by the U.S. in compiling its `` body count . '' His estimated total of civilian deaths is 587,000 . It was difficult to distinguish between civilians and military personnel on the Viet Cong side as many persons were part - time guerrillas or impressed laborers who did not wear uniforms . Deaths caused by North Vietnam / VC forces ( edit ) Viet Cong killed hundreds of Montagnard civilians at the village of battle of Dak Son , 1967 R.J. Rummel estimated that NVA / VC forces killed around 164,000 civilians in democide between 1954 and 1975 in South Vietnam , from a range of between 106,000 and 227,000 , plus another 50,000 killed in North Vietnam . Rummel 's summary has a mid-level estimate of 17,000 South Vietnamese civil servants ( ARVN 's local millitia ) killed by North Vietnamese forces ( including the Viet Cong ) . In addition , at least 36,000 Southern civilians were executed for various reasons in the period 1967 -- 1972 . About 130 American and 16,000 South Vietnamese POWs died in captivity . During the peak war years , Lewy attributed almost a third of civilian deaths to the Viet Cong . Deaths caused by South Vietnam ( edit ) From 1964 to 1975 , an estimated 1,500 people died during the forced relocations of 1,200,000 civilians , another 5,000 prisoners died from ill - treatment and about 30,000 suspected communists and fighters were executed . 6,000 civilians died in the more extensive shellings . In Quảng Nam province 4,700 civilians were killed in 1969 . This totals , from a range of between 16,000 and 167,000 deaths caused by South Vietnam ( Diệm - era ) , and 42,000 and 118,000 deaths caused by South Vietnam ( post Diệm - era ) , excluding North Vietnamese forces killed by the ARVN in combat . Deaths caused by the American military ( edit ) Rummel estimated that American forces committed around 5,500 democidal killings between 1960 and 1972 , from a range of between 4,000 and 10,000 . Estimates for the number of North Vietnamese civilian deaths resulting from US bombing range from 50,000 -- 65,000 . Although information is sparse , American bombing in Cambodia is estimated to have killed between 40,000 and 150,000 civilians and combatants . Burial of 300 unidentified victims from the Huế Massacre , killed by communist forces and found after the ARVN and U.S. Marines retook the area in March , 1968 . U.S. Military photo 18.2 million gallons of Agent Orange ( Dioxin ) was sprayed by the U.S. military over more than 10 % of Southern Vietnam , as part of the U.S. herbicidal warfare program , Operation Ranch Hand , during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971 . Vietnam 's government claimed that 400,000 people were killed or maimed as a result of after effects , and that 500,000 children were born with birth defects . German historian Bernd Greiner mentions the following war crimes reported , and / or investigated by the Peers Commission and the Vietnam War Crimes Working Group , among other sources : -- Seven massacres officially confirmed by the American side . My Lai ( 4 ) and My Khe ( 4 ) claimed the largest number of victims with 420 and 90 respectively , and in five other places altogether about 100 civilians were executed . -- Two further massacres were reported by soldiers who had taken part in them , one north of Đức Pho in Quảng Ngãi Province in the summer of 1968 ( 14 victims ) , another in Bình Định Province on 20 July 1969 ( 25 victims ) . -- Tiger Force , a special operations force , murdered hundreds , possibly over a thousand , civilians . -- In the course of large - scale operations an unknown number of non-combatants were killed either accidentally or deliberately -- with the Army Inspector General estimating that more than 5,000 died in the course of Operation Speedy Express . Excluding deaths from artillery and air attacks , the total number of dead may have reached tens of thousands during the entire war . -- According to the ' Information Bureau of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam ' ( PRG ) , between April 1968 and the end of 1970 American ground troops killed about 6,500 civilians in the course of twenty - one operations either on their own or alongside their allies . Three of the massacres reported on the American side were not mentioned on the PRG list . Nick Turse , in his 2013 book , Kill Anything that Moves , argues that a relentless drive toward higher body counts , a widespread use of free - fire zones , rules of engagement where civilians who ran from soldiers or helicopters could be viewed as Viet Cong , and a widespread disdain for Vietnamese civilians led to massive civilian casualties and endemic war crimes inflicted by U.S. troops . One example cited by Turse is Operation Speedy Express , an operation by the 9th Infantry Division , which was described by John Paul Vann as , in effect , `` many My Lais '' . In more detail , Air force captain , Brian Wilson , who carried out bomb - damage assessments in free - fire zones throughout the delta , saw the results firsthand . `` It was the epitome of immorality ... One of the times I counted bodies after an air strike -- which always ended with two napalm bombs which would just fry everything that was left -- I counted sixty - two bodies . In my report I described them as so many women between fifteen and twenty - five and so many children -- usually in their mothers ' arms or very close to them -- and so many old people . '' When he later read the official tally of dead , he found that it listed them as 130 VC killed . Deaths caused by the South Korean military ( edit ) United States Marine recovered victim 's bodies who were killed by Korean Marines in Phong Nhi and Phong Nhat hamlets on February 12 , 1968 . 2nd Marine Brigade purportedly massacred Binh Tai citizens on 9 October 1966 . In December 1966 , Blue Dragon Brigade massacred Bình Hòa citizens . Second Marine Brigade massacred Phong Nhị citizens on 12 February 1968 . South Korean Marines purportedly massacred Hà My citizens on 25 February 1968 . Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( edit ) The Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974 , with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972 , with 39,587 combat deaths . According to Lewy , ARVN suffered between 171,331 and 220,357 deaths during the war . R.J. Rummel estimated that ARVN lost between 219,000 and 313,000 deaths during the war . Year 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 Total ( 1960 - 1974 ) ARVN combat deaths 2,223 4,004 4,457 5,665 7,457 11,242 11,953 12,716 27,915 21,833 23,346 22,738 39,587 27,901 31,219 254,256 North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military deaths ( edit ) Rummel reviewed the many casualty data sets , and this number is in keeping with his mid-level estimate of 1,011,000 North Vietnamese combatant deaths . The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974 . Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent . In addition , Guenter Lewy assumes that one - third of the reported `` enemy '' killed may have been civilians , concluding that the actual number of deaths of communist military forces was probably closer to 444,000 . According to the Vietnamese government in 2012 , there were 849,018 North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong military personnel deaths or missing during the Vietnam War ( including combat death and non-combat death ) . One third of the deaths of the VC / NVA were non-combat deaths . The Phoenix Program , a counterinsurgency program executed by the United States Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , United States special operations forces , and the Republic of Vietnam 's security apparatus , killed 26,369 suspected NLF operatives and informants . For historian Christian Appy , `` search and destroy was the principal tactic ; and the enemy body count was the primary measure of progress '' in Westmoreland 's war of attrition . Search and destroy was coined as a phrase in 1965 to describe missions aimed at flushing the Viet Cong out of hiding , while the body count was the measuring stick for the success of any operation . Competitions were held between units for the highest number of Vietnamese killed in action , or KIAs . U.S. Army and marine officers knew that promotions were largely based on confirmed kills . The pressure to produce confirmed kills resulted in massive fraud . One of the most thorough studies found that American commanders exaggerated body counts by 100 percent . United States armed forces ( edit ) Casualties as of 11 September 2017 : 58,318 KIA or non-combat deaths ( including the missing & deaths in captivity ) 1,602 MIA ( originally 2,646 ) 153,303 WIA ( excluding 150,332 persons not requiring hospital care ) 766 -- 778 POW ( 652 -- 662 freed / escaped * , 114 -- 116 died in captivity ) During the Vietnam War , 30 % of wounded service members died of their wounds . Note : * One escapee died of wounds sustained during his rescue 15 days later . Disproportion of African American casualties ( edit ) Blacks suffered disproportionately high casualty rates at the beginning of the Vietnam War but were 12.5 % of casualties for the entire conflict , in line with proportion of population . In 1965 alone they comprised almost one out of every four combat deaths . In October 1966 , Defense Secretary Robert McNamara initiated Project 100,000 which further lowered military standards for 100,000 additional draftees per year . McNamara claimed this program would provide valuable training , skills and opportunity to America 's poor -- a promise that was never carried out . Many black men who had previously been ineligible could now be drafted , along with many poor and racially intolerant white men from the southern states . The number of US military personnel in Vietnam jumped from 23,300 in 1965 to 465,600 by the end of 1967 . Between October 1966 and June 1969 , 246,000 soldiers were recruited through Project 100,000 , of whom 41 % were black , while blacks only made up about 11 % of the population of the US . Of the 27 million draft - age men between 1964 and 1973 , 40 % were drafted into military service , and only 10 % were actually sent to Vietnam . This group was made up almost entirely of either work - class or rural youth . College students who did not avoid the draft were generally sent to non-combat and service roles or made officers , while high school drop - outs and the working class were sent into combat roles . Blacks often made up a disproportionate 25 % or more of combat units , while constituting only 12 % of the military . Civil rights leaders including Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X , John Lewis , Muhammad Ali , and others , criticized the racial disparity in both casualties and representation in the entire military , prompting the Pentagon to order cutbacks in the number of African Americans in combat positions . Commander George L. Jackson said , `` In response to this criticism , the Department of Defense took steps to readjust force levels in order to achieve an equitable proportion and employment of Negroes in Vietnam . '' The army instigated myriad reforms , addressed issues of discrimination and prejudice from the post exchanges to the lack of black officers , and introduced `` Mandatory Watch And Action Committees '' into each unit . The proportion of black casualties began to decrease , and by late 1967 , black casualties had fallen to 13 % , and were below 10 % in 1970 to 1972 . Upon the war 's completion , black casualties made up 12.5 % of US combat deaths , approximately equal to percentage of draft - eligible black men , though still slightly higher than the 10 % who served in the military . Specific incidents ( edit ) Vietnamese women and children in Mỹ Lai before being killed in the massacre , March 16 , 1968 . They were killed seconds after the photo was taken . Photo by Ronald L. Haeberle 2,800 -- 6,000 civilians were killed by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces in the Massacre at Huế throughout February 1968 . 66 civilians were killed by South Korean forces in Binh Tai Massacre on October 9 , 1966 . 430 civilians were killed by South Korean forces in Bình Hòa massacre between December 3 and December 6 , 1966 . 79 civilians were killed by South Korean forces in Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre on February 12 , 1968 . 135 civilians were killed by South Korean forces in Hà My massacre on February 25 , 1968 . More than 500 civilians were killed by an American Army company during the My Lai Massacre on March 16 , 1968 . 19 civilians killed by American Forces Feb. 8 , 1968 in Quảng Nam Province . 80 -- 90 civilians killed by American Forces March 16 , 1968 , at My Khe . A Newsweek journalist claimed an unnamed official told him that an estimated 5,000 civilians died as `` collateral damage '' from the American military during Operation Speedy Express . Almost 252 Degar civilians were killed by the Viet Cong in the Đắk Sơn massacre on December 5 , 1967 . More than 25,000 South Vietnamese civilians were killed and almost a million become temporary refugees , with over 600,000 interned in South Vietnamese Government camps as a result of North Vietnam 's 1972 Easter Offensive . At least 81 civilians were killed by American Forces , Tiger Force 101st Airborne Division , during the Song Ve Valley and Operation Wheeler military campaigns . Aftereffects ( edit ) Unexploded ordnance especially bombs dropped by the United States , continue to detonate and kill people today . The Vietnamese government claims that Unexploded ordnance has killed some 42,000 people since the war officially ended . In 2012 alone , unexploded bombs and other ordnance claimed 500 casualties in Vietnam , Laos and Cambodia , according to activists and government databases . The United States has spent over $65 million since 1998 in an attempt to make Vietnam safe . Agent Orange and similar chemical substances , have also caused a considerable number of deaths and injuries over the years , including the US Air Force crew that handled them . The government of Vietnam says that 4 million of its citizens were exposed to Agent Orange , and as many as 3 million have suffered illnesses because of it ; these figures include the children of people who were exposed . The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or have health problems due to contaminated Agent Orange . On 9 August 2012 , the United States and Vietnam began a cooperative cleaning up of the toxic chemical on part of Da Nang International Airport , marking the first time Washington has been involved in cleaning up Agent Orange in Vietnam . Da Nang was the primary storage site of the chemical . Two other cleanup sites the United States and Vietnam are looking at is Biên Hòa , in the southern province of Đồng Nai -- a ' hotspot ' for dioxin -- and Phù Cát airport in the central province of Bình Định , says U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam David Shear . According to the Vietnamese newspaper Nhân Dân , the U.S. government is providing $41 million to the project , which will reduce the contamination level in 73,000 m3 of soil by late 2016 . Other nations ' casualties ( edit ) Cambodian Civil War 240,000 -- 300,000 killed Laotian Civil War 20,000 -- 62,000 killed Military ( edit ) South Korea 5,099 KIA 14,232 WIA 4 MIA Australia 426 KIA , 74 died of other causes 3,129 WIA 6 MIA ( all accounted for and repatriated ) Thailand 351 KIA 1,358 WIA New Zealand 37 KIA + 2 Civilians 187 WIA Philippines 9 KIA 64 WIA Republic Of China ( Taiwan ) 25 KIA People 's Republic Of China 1,446 KIA Soviet Union ~ 16 . See also ( edit ) Lai Đại Hàn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lewy , Guenter ( 1978 ) , America in Vietnam , New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 442 -- 453 ^ Jump up to : Charles Hirschman et al. , Vietnamese Casualties During the American War : A New Estimate , Population and Development Review , December 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Obermeyer , Ziad ; Murray , Christopher J.L. ; Gakidou , Emmanuela ( 2008 ) . `` Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia : analysis of data from the world health survey programme '' . BMJ. 336 ( 7659 ) : 1482 -- 1486 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. a137 . PMC 2440905 . PMID 18566045 . See Table 3 for most estimates . Jump up ^ Shenon , Philip , `` 20 Years After Victory , Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate , The New York Times , 23 April 1995 Jump up ^ `` UCDP / Prio Armed Conflict Database '' , Uppsala University , http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/datasets/ucdp_prio_armed_conflict_dataset/ , accessed 24 Nov 2014 ^ Jump up to : Rummel , R.J. `` Statistics of Vietnamese Democide '' , Lines 777 -- 785 , http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1B.GIF , accessed 24 Nov 2014 Jump up ^ Rummel , 1997 , line 61 Jump up ^ Rummel , 1997 , line 117 Jump up ^ https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/DBG.TAB9.1.GIF , accessed 24 Nov 2014 Jump up ^ Tran Van Tra , Tet , pp. 49 , 50 Jump up ^ Gabriel Kolko , Anatomy of a War ( New York : Pantheon Books , 1985 ) , pp. 327 -- 37 . Jump up ^ web site ( 1997 ) . `` North Vietnamese Army 's 1972 Eastertide Offensive '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Lewy , Guenter ( 1978 ) . America in Vietnam . New York : Oxford University Press . Appendix 1 , pp. 450 -- 453 Jump up ^ Thayer , Thomas C ( 1985 ) . War Without Fronts : The American Experience in Vietnam . Boulder : Westview Press . Ch. 12 . Jump up ^ Wiesner , Louis A. ( 1988 ) . Victims and Survivors Displaced Persons and Other War Victims in Viet - Nam . New York : Greenwood Press . p. 310 Jump up ^ Willbanks , James H. ( 2008 ) . The Tet Offensive : A Concise History . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 12841 - X . Jump up ^ Rand Corporation SOME IMPRESSIONS OF VIET CONG VULNERABILITIES AN INTERIM REPORT 1965 Jump up ^ James J.F. Forest Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century 2007 ISBN 978 - 0275990343 ^ Jump up to : Rummel 1997 Jump up ^ Michael Lee Lanning and Dan Cragg , Inside the VC and the NVA , ( Ballantine Books , 1993 ) , pp. 186 -- 188 Jump up ^ Rummel 1997 , Lines 457 & 459 . Jump up ^ Lewy , Guentner ( 1978 ) , America in Vietnam New York : Oxford University Press. , pp. 272 -- 3 , 448 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Rummel 1997 Lines 521 , 540 , 556 , 563 , 566 , 569 , 575 Jump up ^ Rummel 1997 Lines 613 ) Jump up ^ Marek Sliwinski , Le Génocide Khmer Rouge : Une Analyse Démographique ( L'Harmattan , 1995 ) , pp41 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kiernan , Ben ; Owen , Taylor . `` Bombs over Cambodia '' ( PDF ) . The Walrus ( October 2006 ) : 62 -- 69 . `` Previously , it was estimated that between 50,000 and 150,000 Cambodian civilians were killed by the bombing . `` Given the fivefold increase in tonnage revealed by the database , the number of casualties is surely higher . '' Kiernan and Owen later revised their estimate of 2.7 million tons of U.S. bombs dropped on Cambodia down to the previously accepted figure of roughly 500,000 tons : See Kiernan , Ben ; Owen , Taylor ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Making More Enemies than We Kill ? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia , and Weighing Their Implications '' . The Asia -- Pacific Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ New York Times `` Hue Massacre of 1968 Goes Beyond Hearsay '' September 22 , 1987 Jump up ^ Time magazine `` THE MASSACRE OF HUE '' Oct. 31 , 1969 Jump up ^ Agent orange victims day , Tuoitre news 2013 / 08 / 11 Jump up ^ History.com Operation Ranch Hand and Agent Orange Retrieved 25 / 09 / 12 Jump up ^ Greiner , Bernd ( 2010 ) . War Without Fronts : The USA in Vietnam . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300168047 . ^ Jump up to : Turse 2013 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Turse 2013 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Kim Chang - seok ( 2000 - 11 - 15 ) . 편견 인가 , 꿰뚫어 본 것인가 미군 정치 고문 제임스 맥 의 보고서 `` 쿠앙 남성 주둔 한국군 은 무능 부패 잔혹 '' . Hankyoreh ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Charles ( 2001 ) . `` America 's Korea , Korea 's Vietnam '' . Critical Asian Studies . Routledge. 33 ( 4 ) : 530 . ^ Jump up to : `` On War extra -- Vietnam 's massacre survivors '' . Al Jazeera. 2009 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Go Gyeong - tae ( 2001 - 04 - 24 ) . 특집 `` 그날 의 주검 을 어찌 잊으랴 '' 베트남 전 종전 26 돌 , 퐁니 퐁 넛촌 의 참화 를 전하는 사진 을 들고 현장 에 가다 . Hankyoreh ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ 여기 한 충격적인 보고서 가 있다 미국 이 기록한 한국군 의 베트남 학살 보고서 발견 . Ohmynews ( in Korean ) . 2000 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kwon , Heonik . After the massacre : commemoration and consolation in Ha My and My Lai . University of California Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24797 - 0 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Jeffrey J. ( 1988 ) , United States Army in Vietnam : Advice and Support : The Final Years , 1965 -- 1973 , Washington , D.C : Center of Military History , United States Army , p. 275 Jump up ^ Thayer , Thomas C ( 1985 ) . War Without Fronts : The American Experience in Vietnam . Boulder : Westview Press . p. 106 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Jeffrey J. ( 1988 ) , United States Army in Vietnam : Advice and Support : The Final Years , 1965 -- 1973 , Washington , D.C : Center of Military History , United States Army , p. 275 Jump up ^ Rummel 1997 , Line 102 . Jump up ^ Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM , QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO , datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Quản % 20lý % 20chỉ % 20đạo / Chuyên % 20đề % 204. doc Jump up ^ McCoy , Alfred W. ( 2006 ) . A question of torture : CIA interrogation , from the Cold War to the War on Terror . Macmillan . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8041 - 4 . Jump up ^ Harbury , Jennifer ( 2005 ) . Truth , torture , and the American way : the history and consequences of U.S. involvement in torture . Beacon Press . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0307 - 7 . Jump up ^ Appy , Christian G. ( 2000 ) . Working - Class War : American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam . Univ of North Carolina Press . p. 153 - 156 . Jump up ^ 3 new names added to Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall Jump up ^ `` Vietnam - era unaccounted for statistical report '' ( PDF ) . 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ US Military Operations : Casualty Breakdown ^ Jump up to : Vietnam War Statistics Archived 2015 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ American Vietnam War Casualty Statistics Jump up ^ Scott McGaugh ( 16 September 2012 ) . `` Learning from America 's Wars , Past and Present U.S. Battlefield Medicine Has Come a Long Way , from Antietam to Iraq '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Vietnam Prisoners of War -- Escapes and Attempts ^ Jump up to : Fighting on Two Fronts : African Americans and the Vietnam War ; Westheider , James E. ; New York University Press ; 1997 ; pgs. 11 -- 16 Jump up ^ African - Americans In Combat ^ Jump up to : War within war ; The Guardian ; September 14 , 2001 ; James Maycock Jump up ^ Working - Class War : American Combat Soldiers & Vietnam ; Appy , Christian ; University of North Carolina Press ; 2003 ; pgs. 31 -- 33 Jump up ^ Vietnam : The Soldier 's Revolt ^ Jump up to : Working - Class War : American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam : American Combat ^ Jump up to : `` Report of the Department of Army review of the preliminary investigations into the Mỹ Lai incident . Volume III , Exhibits , Book 6 -- Photographs , 14 March 1970 '' . From the Library of Congress , Military Legal Resources. ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` My Lai '' , Original broadcast PBS American Experience , 9 pm , April 26 , 2010 Time Index 00 : 35 ' into the first hour ( no commercials ) Jump up ^ Anderson , David L. The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War . 2004 , page 98 - 9 Jump up ^ Armstrong , Charles ( 2001 ) . Critical asian studies , Volume 33 , Issue 4 Page 530 : `` America 's Korea , Korea 's Vietnam '' . Jump up ^ BBC News Murder in the name of war -- My Lai 20 July 1998 Retrieved 25 / 09 / 12 Jump up ^ LA Times `` Civilian Killings Went Unpunished '' August 6 , 2006 Retrieved 26 / 09 / 12 Jump up ^ LA Times `` Verified Civilian Slayings '' August 6 , 2006 Retrieved 26 / 09 / 12 Jump up ^ Kevin Buckley , `` Pacification 's Deadly Price '' , Newsweek 1972 . Jump up ^ Time `` Đắk Sơn Massacre '' Dec. 15 , 1967 Jump up ^ Andrade , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Toledo Blade `` Rogue GIs unleashed wave of terror in Central Highlands '' 10 / 19 / 2003 , Retrieved 23 / 09 / 12 Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War Bomb Explodes Killing Four Children '' . Huffington Post . 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Vietnam war shell explodes , kills two fishermen The Australian ( April 28 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War Bombs Still Killing People 40 Years Later '' . The Huffington Post . 2013 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ben Stocking for AP , published in the Seattle Times May 22 , 2010 ( seattletimes.com/html/health/2011928849_apasvietnamusagentorange.html Vietnam , US still in conflict over Agent Orange ) Jump up ^ Jessica King ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) . `` U.S. in first effort to clean up Agent Orange in Vietnam '' . CNN . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. starts its first Agent Orange cleanup in Vietnam '' . Reuters . August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Heuveline , Patrick ( 2001 ) . `` The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia '' . Forced Migration and Mortality . National Academy Press . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 9780309073349 . Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the ( civil war ) in the order of 300,000 or less . Jump up ^ Banister , Judith ; Johnson , E. Paige ( 1993 ) . `` After the Nightmare : The Population of Cambodia '' . Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia : The Khmer Rouge , the United Nations and the International Community . Yale University Southeast Asia Studies . p. 87 . ISBN 9780938692492 . An estimated 275,000 excess deaths . We have modeled the highest mortality we can justify for the early 1970s . Jump up ^ Sliwinski estimates 240,000 wartime deaths , of which 40,000 were caused by U.S. bombing . He characterizes other estimates ranging from 600,000 -- 700,000 as `` the most extreme evaluations . '' See Sliwinski , Marek ( 1995 ) . Le Génocide Khmer Rouge : Une Analyse Démographique . Paris : L'Harmattan . pp. 42 , 48 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 738 - 43525 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : KOREA military army official statistics , AUG 28 , 2005 Archived 2011 - 07 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam War , 1962 -- 72 -- Statistics '' . Australian War Memorial . 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Australian servicemen listed as missing in action in Vietnam '' . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History By Spencer C. Tucker `` https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC&lpg=PA53&dq=the%20encyclopedia%20of%20the%20vietnam%20war%20page%2064&pg=PA176&output=embed '' Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Rolls Of Honour -- By Conflict '' . Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of the war in Vietnam VietnamWar.govt.nz , New Zealand and the Vietnam War '' . Vietnamwar.govt.nz. 1965 - 07 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Asian Allies in Viet - Nam Jump up ^ James F. Dunnigan ; Albert A. Nofi ( 2000 ) . Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War : Military Information You 're Not Supposed to Know . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25282 - X . External links ( edit ) National Archives AAD Searchable database . The Vietnam Center and Archive . Texas Tech University . Vietnam War Casualties Records search by names and / or dates . Vietnamese Casualties During the American war Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_War_casualties&oldid=829327981 '' Categories : People of the Vietnam War Vietnam War casualties Deaths in Vietnam Hidden categories : CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 23 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many us troops died in the vietnam war | [
"\n58,318 KIA or non-combat deaths (including the missing & deaths in captivity)[48]\n\n1,602 MIA (originally 2,646)[49]\n\n\n153,303 WIA (excluding 150,332 persons not requiring hospital care)[50]\n766–778 POW (652–662 freed/escaped*,[51][52] 114–116 died in captivity)[51][53]\n"
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"58,318"
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-2376476867656859483 | Nobody to Blame | Nobody to Blame - wikipedia Nobody to Blame Jump to : navigation , search `` Nobody to Blame '' Single by Chris Stapleton from the album Traveller Released November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 4 : 04 Label Mercury Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Chris Stapleton Barry Bales Ronnie Bowman Producer ( s ) Dave Cobb Chris Stapleton Chris Stapleton singles chronology `` Traveller '' ( 2015 ) `` Nobody to Blame '' ( 2015 ) `` Parachute '' ( 2016 ) `` Traveller '' ( 2015 ) `` Nobody to Blame '' ( 2015 ) `` Parachute '' ( 2016 ) `` Nobody to Blame '' is a song recorded by American country music artist Chris Stapleton . The song was released in November 2015 as the singer 's third single overall . Stapleton co-wrote the song with Barry Bales and Ronnie Bowman . It became Stapleton 's first top 10 single on the US Country Airplay chart . `` Nobody to Blame '' won Song of the Year at the ACM Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year end charts 5 Certifications 6 References 7 External links Composition ( edit ) The country rock song is a mid-tempo composition about a man looking back on the events following a break - up . His ex has kicked him out of the house and destroyed all of his belongings , often in sadistic fashion ( dumping out his whiskey , breaking his fishing rods , burning his guitar in a bonfire , running his hot rod car into a pond and putting sugar in the gas tank of his lawnmower ) . Despite her behavior , he admits there is `` nobody to blame '' but himself for his situation . Critical reception ( edit ) Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave the song a favorable review , saying that it `` is a 200 - proof country song that 'd fit neatly into any generation 's best of catalog . The second single from Traveller is full of steel guitar , fiddle and pain . It rambles along like the best from Waylon while providing a de facto education to the 21st century boy . Stapleton does n't deviate from what he does best : simple , honest story songs that lean heavy on his once - in - a-lifetime voice . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) The song first entered the Country Airplay chart at number 46 and the Hot Country Songs chart at number 50 for the chart dated November 21 , 2015 . The song peaked at number 10 on the Country Airplay chart , making it Stapleton 's first single to reach the top 10 . The song has sold 423,000 copies in the US as of November 2016 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 83 Canada Country ( Billboard ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 68 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 10 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 13 Year end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 55 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 36 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Country Update , November 9 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Now , with a fresh radio single , Traveller 's `` Nobody to Blame '' -- new at No. 46 on Country Airplay ( with 2.2 million in audience ) -- will Stapleton 's CMA wins translate to significant airplay ? `` I have no doubt that Chris will be on the radio , '' says UMG Nashville president Cindy Mabe . `` Will it be with this single ? That will be determined . But whether it 's this one or the next one or the one after , he will be a factor at country radio . Chris ' CMA performance undoubtedly moved people who will be calling their radio stations now . '' Jump up ^ Greenwald , Morgan ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` 13 Things to Know About the Billboard Charts This Week : Chris Stapleton Scores First Top 10 Hit & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Billboard staff ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ACM Awards 2016 : See the Full List of Winners '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smit , Owen R. ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Stapleton brings back introspective , old - school country music '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` ToC Critic 's Pick : Chris Stapleton , ' Nobody to Blame ' ( Listen ) '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . November 21 , 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : November 8 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Chris Stapleton Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search '' . Billboard Canada Country for Chris Stapleton . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Stapleton Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Chris Stapleton Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Chris Stapleton Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Chris Stapleton -- Nobody to Blame '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Chris Stapleton Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Traveller From A Room : Volume 1 From A Room : Volume 2 Songs recorded `` Traveller '' `` Fire Away '' `` Tennessee Whiskey '' `` Parachute '' `` Nobody to Blame '' `` Broken Halos '' `` Last Thing I Needed , First Thing This Morning '' `` Either Way '' Related articles The SteelDrivers The Jompson Brothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobody_to_Blame&oldid=796042871 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2015 singles Chris Stapleton songs Mercury Nashville singles Songs written by Chris Stapleton Song recordings produced by Dave Cobb Country rock songs Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 03 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the country song nobody to blame but me | [
"\"Nobody to Blame\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Chris Stapleton. The song was released in November 2015 as the singer's third single overall. Stapleton co-wrote the song with Barry Bales and Ronnie Bowman. It became Stapleton's first top 10 single on the US Country Airplay chart.[2] \"Nobody to Blame\" won Song of the Year at the ACM Awards.[3]"
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"Chris Stapleton"
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-1081977831975414056 | Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town (film) | Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town ( film ) - wikipedia Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town Written by Romeo Muller Directed by Arthur Rankin Jr . Jules Bass Voices of Fred Astaire Mickey Rooney Keenan Wynn Joan Gardner Paul Frees Robie Lester Narrated by Fred Astaire Music by Maury Laws Jules Bass ( lyrics ) Country of origin United States Japan Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Jules Bass Arthur Rankin Jr . Cinematography Kizo Nagashima Running time 51 mins Production company ( s ) Rankin / Bass Productions Distributor DreamWorks Classics NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Original release December 13 , 1970 Chronology Preceded by The Little Drummer Boy Followed by The Year Without a Santa Claus Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town is a 1970 Christmas stop motion animated television special produced by Rankin / Bass Productions . The film stars Fred Astaire as the narrator S.D. Kluger , Mickey Rooney as Kris Kringle / Santa Claus , Keenan Wynn as the Winter Warlock , and Paul Frees in various roles . The film tells the story of how Santa Claus and several Claus - related Christmas traditions came to be . It is based on the hit Christmas song Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town , which was introduced on radio by Eddie Cantor in 1934 , and the story of Saint Nicholas . The special was created using Japanese stop motion animation called `` Animagic '' , in which all the characters are made out of wood and plastic and animated via stop - motion photography . The special was originally telecast December 14 , 1970 by ABC and continues to air every year on sibling channel ABC Family ( now Freeform ) though both channels have at times edited the special to make room for commercials ( ABC has cut two key songs , as well as two other songs in half ; ABC Family / Freeform has cut several scenes that might be traumatizing to younger viewers , like Kris climbing , and leaping to escape to prevent children from doing dangerous stunts , Winter Warlock knowing Kris will return , and telling him he will never escape including the scene where the Burgermeister torches the seized toys in front of the children of Sombertown ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Credits 4 Musical numbers 5 Home video releases 6 Video game 6.1 Reception 7 Novelization 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Special Delivery `` S.D. '' Kluger ( voiced by and resembling Fred Astaire ) the mailman is introduced after a newsreel prologue , telling how children around the world are preparing for Christmas and Santa Claus ' arrival . When his snowmobile / mail truck breaks down , he tells the story of Santa Claus , answering the children 's letters to Santa . The story begins in the gloomy city of Sombertown , ruled by the ill - tempered Burgermeister Meisterburger ( voiced by Paul Frees ) . A baby arrives on his doorstep with a name tag reading `` Claus '' and note requesting that Burgermeister raise the child . He instead orders his lawkeeper Grimsley ( also voiced by Paul Frees ) to take the baby to the `` Orphan Asylum '' . On the way there , a gust of wind blows both sled and baby to the Mountain of the Whispering Winds , where the animals hide him from the evil Winter Warlock ( voiced by Keenan Wynn ) and convey him to an Elvish family by the name of Kringle in Rainbow River Valley . Led by Tanta Kringle ( voiced by Joan Gardner ) , the elf queen , she and the five Kringle elf brothers ( Ringle , Dingle , Zingle , Tingle and Wingle , all voiced by Frees ) adopt the baby and name him `` Kris '' . A few years later , Kris hopes to restore the Kringle family as `` The First Toymakers to the King '' . When Kris is old enough , he volunteers to deliver the elves ' toys to Sombertown . Unfortunately , the Burgermeister has outlawed all toys in the town after he trips on a toy left on the steps , and declares that anyone found possessing a toy will be arrested . On his way to Sombertown , Kris meets a lost penguin whom he names Topper as they evade the Winter Warlock who vows to catch him the next time he passes . In the town , he offers toys to two children washing their stockings by a water fountain . He is stopped by Miss Jessica ( voiced by Robie Lester ) , their lovely schoolteacher , but she softens toward Kris when he offers her a china doll as a `` peace offering '' . As Kris gives more toys , the Burgermeister arrives to arrest the children , but Kris gives him a yo - yo . He at first happily plays with it , but Grimsley reminds him he 's breaking his own law , leading to Burgermeister ordering Kris ' capture . As Kris and Topper return to the Kringles , the Winter Warlock captures them . But when Kris gives him a toy train as a present in exchange , the Warlock befriends Kris as his appearance changes . To repay him , he re-unites Kris with Jessica who informs him that the Burgermeister has destroyed all the toys and the children now want new ones . Kris promises to do so if the children behave themselves , promising to watch them through his magic snowball . When the Burgermeister hears that Kris means to bring more toys , he orders all doors and windows to be locked before their houses are searched . But Kris enters by the chimneys where the children hung their stockings to dry by the fire where Kris hid the toys . Thereafter Burgermeister sets a trap for Kris as he makes another delivery , and thus captures the Kringles , Topper , and Winter . Jessica pleads to release her friends , but he refuses . Jessica then asks Winter to break everyone out , but he refuses since he has no magic left except some magic feed corn to make reindeer to fly . With the reindeer 's help , the Kringles , Kris , Topper , and Winter escape . After months as an outlaw , Kris returns to the woods , where he grows a beard as a disguise . After Tanta suggests that he return to his birth name `` Claus '' for safety , Kris marries Jessica and the group travels to the North Pole to build their own castle and workshop . As the years pass , Kris still has to travel by night because he 's still an outlaw . Eventually , the Meisterburgers died off and fell out of power and their laws were abolished . The townspeople then look up to Kris who becomes Santa Claus and Jessica becomes Mrs. Claus . Santa then decides to limit his journeys to one night a year and chooses the right night . Christmas Eve , `` the night of profound love . '' Just as Santa is getting ready to leave , Winter tells him that he has his magic powers back to guarantee the world a white Christmas . At the end , after S.D. Kluger explains Santa 's true meaning , he remembers that he still has to deliver the children 's letters to him and leaves for the North Pole ( joined by Topper , Winter , the Kringle family , and a parade of children singing `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' ) during the credits . As they finally reach Santa 's workshop , we see Kris and Jessica 's shadows inside their castle . Santa steps outside and waves goodbye to the viewers as a group of children say , `` Merry Christmas ! '' Cast ( edit ) Fred Astaire -- S.D. Kluger , the storyteller Mickey Rooney -- Kris Kringle / Santa Claus Keenan Wynn -- Winter Warlock Robie Lester -- Mrs. Jessica Claus Paul Frees -- Burgermeister Meisterburger , Grimsley , Burgermeister 's soldiers , Newsreel Announcer , Kringle Brothers , Sombertown townsmen , Ebeneezer Scrooge - like man , CEO , Sombertown doctor , Topper the penguin , Horse . Joan Gardner -- Tanta Kringle , Sombertown townspeople , Business store clerk Andrea Sacino , Dina Lynn , Gary White , and Greg Thomas provide the voices of the Children ( Thomas also provided the voice of the Young Kris Kringle ) Credits ( edit ) Producer / Director -- Arthur Rankin , Jr. / Jules Bass Teleplay -- Romeo Muller Music -- Maury Laws Lyrics -- Jules Bass Based on `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' -- © Leo Feist Inc . N.Y. Music -- J. Fred Coots Lyrics -- Haven Gillespie Design -- Paul Coker , Jr . Continuity -- Don Duga Production Supervisor -- Kizo Nagashima Character Model Sculptors -- Ichiro Komuro ( uncredited ) / Kyoko Kita ( uncredited ) Animation -- Hiroshi Tabata ( uncredited ) / Takeo Nakamura ( uncredited ) Recording Engineers -- Jim Harris / John Boyd / Phil Kaye Editorial Supervision -- Irwin Goldress Orchestrations -- Maury Laws © 1970 Videocraft International , Ltd . Musical numbers ( edit ) CD cover `` The First Toymakers to the King '' sung by Tanta and the Kringles featuring the Mike Sammes Singers `` No More Toymakers to the King '' sung by Burgermeister Meisterburger and Grimsley `` Be Prepared to Pay '' a.k.a. `` If You Sit On My Lap Today '' sung by Kris and the Westminster Children 's Choir `` Put One Foot in Front of the Other '' sung by Kris and Winter featuring The Mike Sammes Singers `` My World is Beginning Today '' sung by Jessica `` Wedding Song '' a.k.a. `` What Better Way To Tell You '' sung by S.D. Kluger and The Mike Sammes Singers `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' sung by S.D. Kluger and the Westminster Children 's Choir Released by Rhino on October 1 , 2002 , the soundtrack for Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town is available along with that of Frosty the Snowman , the Rankin - Bass special produced the previous year in 1969 . This edition contains the full dialogue and all songs for both specials . Home video releases ( edit ) Beginning in 1989 , the special has been released numerous times on VHS and DVD . The 2005 DVD release included a CD single of Mariah Carey performing the title song . The special is also available as part of a DVD box set with other Rankin - Bass Christmas titles including Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , Frosty the Snowman , and Frosty Returns . In 2010 , the special was released in the same box set on Blu - ray Disc . In 2015 , both the special and Frosty the Snowman was released on Blu - ray Disc / DVD combo packs in the 45th Anniversary Collector 's Edition . Video game ( edit ) Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town ! Developer ( s ) 1st Playable Productions Publisher ( s ) Red Wagon Games Platform ( s ) Wii Nintendo DS Release US : November 8 , 2011 Genre ( s ) Platform Mode ( s ) Single player , multiplayer A video game was released on November 8 , 2011 for the Nintendo DS and Wii . Reception ( edit ) Novelization ( edit ) A novelization ( an oversized children 's hardback ) of the special was published by Running Press Book Publishers in 2008 . The script was adapted by Sierra Harimann with watercolor illustrations based on the original show by Mike Koelsch . There are some additional details in the book , although it is unknown if they are from the imagination of the author or were based on the original script . The Dismal Forest is at the foot of the Mountain of the Whispering Winds . The little girl and boy Kris meets when he arrives are named Annette and Andy . The Sombertown Dungeon was built like a fort with a courtyard in the center , and it is there that the reindeer land to rescue everyone . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town ! '' . IGN . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town ! '' . IGN . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town ( film ) Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town on IMDb Christmas portal film portal United States portal Japan portal 1970s portal ( hide ) Rankin / Bass Productions Television specials Return to Oz Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer The Edgar Bergen & Charlie McCarthy Show The Ballad of Smokey the Bear Cricket on the Hearth Mouse on the Mayflower The Little Drummer Boy Frosty the Snowman The Mad , Mad , Mad Comedians Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town Here Comes Peter Cottontail The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye : The Emperor 's New Clothes Mad Mad Mad Monsters Willie Mays and the Say - Hey Kid Red Baron That Girl in Wonderland ' Twas the Night Before Christmas The Year Without a Santa Claus The First Christmas : The Story of the First Christmas Snow The First Easter Rabbit Frosty 's Winter Wonderland Rudolph 's Shiny New Year The Little Drummer Boy , Book II The Easter Bunny Is Comin ' to Town The Hobbit Nestor , the Long - Eared Christmas Donkey The Stingiest Man in Town Jack Frost Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July The Return of the King Pinocchio 's Christmas The Leprechaun 's Christmas Gold The Flight of Dragons The Coneheads The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus The Wind in the Willows Santa Baby ! Feature films Willy McBean and his Magic Machine The Daydreamer The Wacky World of Mother Goose Mad Monster Party ? King Kong Escapes Marco The Last Dinosaur The Bermuda Depths The Bushido Blade The Ivory Ape The Last Unicorn The Sins of Dorian Gray The King and I Television series The New Adventures of Pinocchio Tales of the Wizard of Oz The King Kong Show The Smokey Bear Show The Tomfoolery Show The Reluctant Dragon and Mr. Toad Show The Jackson 5ive Show The Osmonds Kid Power Festival of Family Classics ThunderCats SilverHawks TigerSharks Karate Kat The Comic Strip Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus_Is_Comin%27_to_Town_(film)&oldid=815886327 '' Categories : 1970 animated films 1970 in American television 1970 television specials 1970s American animated films 1970s American television specials American Broadcasting Company television specials American films American children 's films Animated television specials Christmas television specials Elves in popular culture Films scored by Maury Laws Films directed by Jules Bass Films directed by Arthur Rankin Jr . Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the Arctic Santa Claus in film Santa Claus in television Stop - motion animated short films Rankin / Bass Productions television specials Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Add links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 21 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was santa claus is coming to town released | [
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town is a 1970 Christmas stop motion animated television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions. The film stars Fred Astaire as the narrator S.D. Kluger, Mickey Rooney as Kris Kringle/Santa Claus, Keenan Wynn as the Winter Warlock, and Paul Frees in various roles. The film tells the story of how Santa Claus and several Claus-related Christmas traditions came to be. It is based on the hit Christmas song Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town, which was introduced on radio by Eddie Cantor in 1934, and the story of Saint Nicholas."
] | [
"1970"
] |
-1688336288649267814 | Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life | Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- the Cradle of Life - wikipedia Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- the Cradle of Life Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life Theatrical release poster Directed by Jan de Bont Produced by Lawrence Gordon Lloyd Levin Screenplay by Dean Georgaris Story by Steven E. de Souza James V. Hart Based on Tomb Raider by Core Design Starring Angelina Jolie Gerard Butler Noah Taylor Ciarán Hinds Djimon Hounsou Til Schweiger Christopher Barrie Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography David Tattersall Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Mutual Film Company BBC Films Tele München Gruppe Toho - Towa Lawrence Gordon Productions Eidos Interactive Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( United States ) United International Pictures ( International ) Concorde Filmverleih ( Germany ) Toho - Towa ( Japan ) Release date July 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 21 ) ( premiere ) July 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 25 ) ( United States ) August 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 14 ) ( Germany ) August 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 22 ) ( United Kingdom ) September 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 20 ) ( Japan ) Running time 110 minutes Country Germany Japan United Kingdom United States Language English Mandarin Budget $95 million Box office $156.5 million Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life is a 2003 action - adventure film based on the Tomb Raider video game series . Angelina Jolie stars as the titular Lara Croft character with supporting performances from Gerard Butler , Ciarán Hinds , Chris Barrie , Noah Taylor , Til Schweiger , Djimon Hounsou and Simon Yam . An international co-production between the United States , the United Kingdom , Germany and Japan , the film was directed by Jan de Bont and is a sequel to the 2001 film Lara Croft : Tomb Raider . The Cradle of Life received mostly negative reviews , though critics noted it as an improvement on its predecessor , particularly in the action sequences , and continued to praise Jolie 's performance as Lara Croft . Despite this , it did not repeat its box office performance , grossing $156 million compared to the previous installment 's $275 million . It was still a financial success , and plans were made for a sequel , which were cancelled when Jolie declined to reprise her role as Croft . The series was rebooted in 2018 with Alicia Vikander taking over the title role . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Box office performance 5 Music 5.1 Soundtrack 5.2 Score 6 Home media 7 Cancelled sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) On Santorini island , Greece , a strong earthquake uncovers the Luna Temple . The temple was built by Alexander the Great to house his most prized treasures . Among these treasures is a glowing orb with a pattern resembling a code etched into it . Lara Croft ( Angelina Jolie ) finds this orb ; but crime lord Chen Lo ( Simon Yam ) attacks her group , kills her two companions and takes the orb . Lara escapes with a strange medallion . MI6 approaches Lara with information about Pandora 's box , an object from ancient legends that supposedly contains a deadly plague ( the companion to the origin of life itself ) . The box , hidden in the mysterious Cradle of Life , can only be found with a magical sphere that serves as a map . The sphere is the same orb that was stolen by Chen Lo , who plans to sell it to Jonathan Reiss ( Ciarán Hinds ) - a Nobel Prize winning scientist turned bio-terrorist . After the MI6 reveals that the sphere must be kept away from Reiss , Lara agrees to help them , with the condition that they release her old flame Terry Sheridan ( Gerard Butler ) , who is familiar with Chen Lo 's criminal operation . Together , Terry and Lara infiltrate Chen Lo 's lair , where he is smuggling the Terracotta Soldiers . Lara defeats him in a fight and learns that the orb is in Hong Kong . Retrieving the orb in a laboratory housed in a Hong Kong mall , Lara and Terry take refuge in a yacht . The next day , Lara uses the orb and learns the location of the mysterious Cradle of Life ; Tanzania in Africa . After Lara sends returns information to Bryce back at Croft Manor , Reiss and his men infiltrated the mansion and capture him and Hillary . Lara and Terry travel to Tanzania then meet up with Kosa ( Djimon Hounsou ) , the former 's longtime African friend . They question a local tribe about the Cradle of Life , wherein the chief states that the Cradle of Life is in a crater protected by the `` Bigfoots '' . As they set out on an expedition , Reiss ' men ambush them and kill the tribesmen . Outnumbered , Lara surrenders . Using her companions as hostages , Reiss forces Lara to lead him to the Cradle of Life . At the crater , they encounter the Bigfoots , cryptid apes that appear in and out of wet patches on dead trees . The creatures kill most of Reiss ' men . Lara manages to find the `` key hole '' and drops the Orb in it . The Bigfoots melt and the entrance to the Cradle of Life opens . Lara and Reiss are drawn into the Cradle , a labyrinth made of a strange crystalline substance where normal laws of physics do not apply . Inside , they find a pool of highly corrosive black acid ( linking back to one of the myths about Pandora 's box ) , in which the box floats . Terry arrives , frees the hostages and catches up to Lara . Lara fights Reiss , and knocks him into the acid pool , which kills and dissolves him . Terry then announces the intention to take the box for himself . When he refuses to back down , Lara regretfully shoots him dead , replaces the box in the pool and leaves . Cast ( edit ) Angelina Jolie as Lara Croft Gerard Butler as Terry Sheridan Ciarán Hinds as Jonathan Reiss Chris Barrie as Hillary Noah Taylor as Bryce Djimon Hounsou as Kosa Til Schweiger as Sean Simon Yam as Chen Lo Terence Yin as Xien Production ( edit ) The budget for the film was $95 million ( less than the first film 's $115 million budget ) , and like the first film , it was financed through Tele München Gruppe . The picture was also distributed internationally by Japanese company Toho - Towa . Filming lasted for three and a half months , which included six - day shoots on location in Hong Kong , Santorini , Llyn Gwynant in North Wales ( doubling for mainland China ) , and a two - week stint in Kenya for shooting at Amboseli and Hell 's Gate , with the remainder of the picture filmed on soundstages in the United Kingdom . One scene in the film was set in Shanghai , but it was shot on a set and not on location . The film also featured the new 2003 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon , first seen when Lara parachutes into the moving vehicle in Africa and takes over the wheel from Kosa . As part of Jeep 's advertising campaign , it was specially customised for the film by Jeep 's design team along with the film 's production designers , with three copies constructed for filming . 1,001 limited - run Tomb Raider models were produced -- available only in silver like the film version and minus its special customisations -- and put on the market to coincide with the release of the film . Jeep vice president Jeff Bell explained , `` ( The ad campaign ) is more than just a product placement ... the Jeep Wrangler Rubicon is the most capable Jeep ever built , so the heroic and extreme environment in which Lara Croft uses her custom Wrangler Rubicon in Tomb Raider is accurate . '' In the end , Lara 's Rubicon had less than two total minutes of screen time in the finished film . Release ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life holds a 25 % rating out of 171 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes , and a 43 / 100 rating on Metacritic . Salon described it as a `` highly enjoyable summer thrill ride . '' Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , stating that the film was `` better than the first one , more assured , more entertaining ... it uses imagination and exciting locations to give the movie the same kind of pulp adventure feeling we get from the Indiana Jones movies . '' David Rooney of Variety praised Jolie for being `` hotter , faster and more commanding than last time around as the fearless heiress / adventuress , plus a little more human . '' The film was nonetheless heavily panned . Rene Rodriguez of The Miami Herald called it `` another joyless , brain - numbing adventure through lackluster Indiana Jones territory '' ; James Berardinelli of ReelViews said `` The first Tomb Raider was dumb fun ; Cradle of Life is just plain dumb ... the worst action movie of the summer . '' Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe wrote , `` It 's a bullet - riddled National Geographic special ( that ) produces a series of dumb , dismal shootouts that are so woefully choreographed there 's reason to believe Debbie Allen may be behind them . '' He then said of director De Bont , `` He has yet to meet a contraption he could n't use to damage your hearing . '' Jolie earned a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Actress for her performance in the film . Box office performance ( edit ) The film debuted in fourth place with a take of $21.8 million . In the United Kingdom , the film opened at number three , earning £ 1.5 million in its first three days . The film finished with a domestic gross of $65 million . Paramount blamed the failure of the film on the poor performance of the then - latest installment of the video game series , Tomb Raider : The Angel of Darkness . After numerous delays , Angel of Darkness was rushed to shelves just over a month before the release of the movie , despite the final product being unfinished and loaded with glitches . It spawned mediocre sales while garnering mixed reviews from critics , and former Eidos Interactive senior executive Jeremy Heath - Smith , who was also credited as an executive producer in the film , resigned days after the game was released . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Various artists Released July 22 , 2003 Genre Alternative rock electronic Length 69 : 39 Label Hollywood Warner Bros . As with the original movie , the sequel opted to separate its soundtrack onto two CDs : the first , with tracks contributed by various artists ; the second with Alan Silvestri 's original score for the movie . Original Motion Picture Soundtrack No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Heart Go Faster '' Davey Brothers 3 : 30 2 . `` The Only Way ( Is the Wrong Way ) '' Filter 5 : 15 3 . `` Bad Girl '' Alexandra Slate 3 : 35 4 . `` Satellite '' ( Oakenfold Remix ) P.O.D. 4 : 52 5 . `` The Last High '' The Dandy Warhols 4 : 46 6 . `` Time '' Saliva 5 : 19 7 . `` Leave You Far Behind '' Lunatic Calm 3 : 13 8 . `` Jam for the Ladies '' ( Jason Nevins Remix ) Moby 4 : 01 9 . `` Starting Over '' The Crystal Method 5 : 49 10 . `` You Ca n't Look Away '' Sloth 3 : 47 11 . `` I Hate This '' Nadirah `` Nadz '' Seid 3 : 35 12 . `` Reason Is Treason '' Kasabian 3 : 45 13 . `` Into Hell Again '' 3rd Strike 3 : 11 14 . `` Tears from the Moon '' ( Stateside West Chillout Mix ) Conjure One featuring Sinéad O'Connor 6 : 06 15 . `` Flight to Freedom '' David A. Stewart 3 : 31 16 . `` Pandora 's Box '' Alan Silvestri 5 : 24 The track `` Did My Time '' by Korn was supposed to appear on the soundtrack , but due to problems with Korn 's record company , this did not happen . The song still appears during the films end credits . Score ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life ( Original Motion Picture Score ) Soundtrack album by Alan Silvestri Released July 25 , 2003 Genre Film score orchestra Length 117 minutes Label Varèse Sarabande Original Motion Picture Score No . Title Length 1 . `` Opening '' 1 : 39 2 . `` The Luna Temple '' 7 : 43 3 . `` Shark Attack '' 3 : 18 4 . `` '' I Need Terry Sheridan `` '' 5 : 40 5 . `` Arrival In China '' 1 : 46 6 . `` Captured By the Shay Ling '' 5 : 59 7 . `` Escape from Chen '' 4 : 19 8 . `` Flower Pagoda Battle '' 5 : 42 9 . `` Skydive Getaway '' 2 : 11 10 . `` Orb Transmission '' 1 : 42 11 . `` Journey to the Cradle of Life '' 6 : 23 12 . `` The Cradle of Life '' 6 : 33 13 . `` Pandora 's Box '' 5 : 24 14 . `` '' Not Meant to Be Found `` '' 0 : 45 15 . `` Lara Croft - Tomb Raider '' 0 : 52 Composed by Alan Silvestri Performed by London Symphony Orchestra Conducted by Alan Silvestri Home media ( edit ) Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Cradle of Life was released on DVD and VHS on November 18 , 2003 ; a Blu - Ray release followed on October 8 , 2013 . A 4K UHD Blu - Ray version was released on February 27 , 2018 . Cancelled sequel ( edit ) In March 2004 , producer Lloyd Levin said that The Cradle of Life had earned enough internationally for Paramount to bankroll a second sequel , but any hopes of it going into production were soon quelled by Jolie 's announcement that she had no desire to play Lara Croft a third time : `` I just do n't feel like I need to do another one . I felt really happy with the last one . It was one we really wanted to do . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Cradle of Life '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lara Croft Tomb Raider The Cradle of Life ( 2003 '' . British Film Institute . London . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Toho - Towa official website Archived 2009 - 02 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . ( English ) Jump up ^ Wales hosts Hollywood blockbusters Jump up ^ Budget for Tomb Raider - 2 With Angelina Jolie - edwardjayepstein.com Jump up ^ Tomb Raider Lara Croft to Drive Special Jeep Wrangler Rubicon - Motor Trend , 4 / 29 / 03 Jump up ^ Jeep Wrangler Tomb Raider Archived 2009 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . - Difflock.com Jump up ^ Lara Croft Tomb Raider - The Cradle of Life - Rotten Tomatoes ^ Jump up to : Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Cradle of Life - Metacritic Jump up ^ Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Cradle of Life - Salon.com , 7 / 25 / 03 Jump up ^ Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Cradle of Life - Chicago Sun - Times , 7 / 25 / 03 Jump up ^ Review : ' Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Cradle of Life ' - Variety.com , 7 / 25 / 03 Jump up ^ Tomb Raider : The Cradle of Life ( United States , 2003 ) - Reel Views , 7 / 25 / 03 Jump up ^ ' Lara Croft ' : Cradle of lifelessness - BostonGlobe.com , 7 / 25 / 03 Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for July 25 - 27 , 2003 - Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Lara 's second box office raid fails '' . BBC News . 2003 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Blame Game - Entertainment Weekly , 7 / 29 / 03 Jump up ^ Tomb Raider : Angel of Darkness - Metacritic Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/tomb-raider-the-cradle-of-life-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-mw0000041113 ^ Jump up to : `` Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Cradle of Life - Original Motion Picture Score '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Cradle of Life DVD Release Date November 18 , 2003 '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Cradle of Life , Paramount , 2018 - 02 - 27 , retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 Jump up ^ Jolie Finished Being Lara Croft - IGN.com , 3 / 16 / 04 External links ( edit ) Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life on IMDb Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life at AllMovie Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life at Box Office Mojo Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life at Rotten Tomatoes Tomb Raider Lara Croft Video games Main titles First series Tomb Raider ( 1996 ) II III The Last Revelation Chronicles The Angel of Darkness Second series Legend Anniversary Underworld Third series Tomb Raider ( 2013 ) Rise of the Tomb Raider Shadow of the Tomb Raider Spin - offs Handheld series Tomb Raider ( GBC ) Curse of the Sword The Prophecy Lara Croft series Guardian of Light Temple of Osiris Relic Run Go Films Lara Croft : Tomb Raider Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life Tomb Raider Other media Revisioned : Tomb Raider Tomb Raider ( comic ) Tomb Raider Collectible Card Game Corporate Square Enix Square Enix Europe Crystal Dynamics Eidos Montréal Square Enix Montreal Core Design Related List of media Toby Gard Book Films directed by Jan de Bont Speed ( 1994 ) Twister ( 1996 ) Speed 2 : Cruise Control ( 1997 ) The Haunting ( 1999 ) Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life ( 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lara_Croft:_Tomb_Raider_ -- _The_Cradle_of_Life&oldid = 865450507 '' Categories : 2003 films 2000s action films 2000s fantasy films 2000s sequel films 2003 soundtracks Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios American action adventure films American fantasy adventure films American films British action films British films English - language films Film scores Films directed by Jan de Bont Film soundtracks Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films set in Hong Kong Films set in Kenya Films set in Shanghai Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Greece Films shot in Wales German action films German films Girls with guns films Japanese action films Japanese films Live - action films based on video games Mutual Film Company films Paramount Pictures films Tomb Raider films Treasure hunt films Underwater action films Works based on Square Enix video games Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Articles that may contain original research from September 2015 All articles that may contain original research NPOV disputes from September 2015 All NPOV disputes Duration without hAudio microformat Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 01 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was lara croft cradle of life filmed | [
"Filming lasted for three and a half months, which included six-day shoots on location in Hong Kong, Santorini, Llyn Gwynant in North Wales[4] (doubling for mainland China), and a two-week stint in Kenya for shooting at Amboseli and Hell's Gate, with the remainder of the picture filmed on soundstages in the United Kingdom.[5] One scene in the film was set in Shanghai, but it was shot on a set and not on location.\n",
"Filming lasted for three and a half months, which included six-day shoots on location in Hong Kong, Santorini, Llyn Gwynant in North Wales[4] (doubling for mainland China), and a two-week stint in Kenya for shooting at Amboseli and Hell's Gate, with the remainder of the picture filmed on soundstages in the United Kingdom.[5] One scene in the film was set in Shanghai, but it was shot on a set and not on location.\n",
"Filming lasted for three and a half months, which included six-day shoots on location in Hong Kong, Santorini, Llyn Gwynant in North Wales[4] (doubling for mainland China), and a two-week stint in Kenya for shooting at Amboseli and Hell's Gate, with the remainder of the picture filmed on soundstages in the United Kingdom.[5] One scene in the film was set in Shanghai, but it was shot on a set and not on location.\n",
"Filming lasted for three and a half months, which included six-day shoots on location in Hong Kong, Santorini, Llyn Gwynant in North Wales[4] (doubling for mainland China), and a two-week stint in Kenya for shooting at Amboseli and Hell's Gate, with the remainder of the picture filmed on soundstages in the United Kingdom.[5] One scene in the film was set in Shanghai, but it was shot on a set and not on location.\n",
"Filming lasted for three and a half months, which included six-day shoots on location in Hong Kong, Santorini, Llyn Gwynant in North Wales[4] (doubling for mainland China), and a two-week stint in Kenya for shooting at Amboseli and Hell's Gate, with the remainder of the picture filmed on soundstages in the United Kingdom.[5] One scene in the film was set in Shanghai, but it was shot on a set and not on location.\n",
"Filming lasted for three and a half months, which included six-day shoots on location in Hong Kong, Santorini, Llyn Gwynant in North Wales[4] (doubling for mainland China), and a two-week stint in Kenya for shooting at Amboseli and Hell's Gate, with the remainder of the picture filmed on soundstages in the United Kingdom.[5] One scene in the film was set in Shanghai, but it was shot on a set and not on location.\n",
"Filming lasted for three and a half months, which included six-day shoots on location in Hong Kong, Santorini, Llyn Gwynant in North Wales[4] (doubling for mainland China), and a two-week stint in Kenya for shooting at Amboseli and Hell's Gate, with the remainder of the picture filmed on soundstages in the United Kingdom.[5] One scene in the film was set in Shanghai, but it was shot on a set and not on location.\n"
] | [
"Hong Kong",
"Santorini",
"Llyn Gwynant in North Wales",
"Llyn",
"Amboseli",
"Hell's Gate",
"on soundstages in the United Kingdom"
] |
-6808492361561115552 | Phloem | Phloem - wikipedia Phloem Jump to : navigation , search Cross-section of a flax plant stem : Pith Protoxylem Metaxylem I Phloem I Sclerenchyma ( bast fibre ) Cortex Epidermis In vascular plants , phloem is the living tissue that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates , in particular the sugar sucrose , to parts of the plant where needed . This transport process is called translocation . In trees , the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark , hence the name , derived from the Greek word φλοιός ( phloios ) meaning `` bark '' . The term was introduced by Nägeli in 1858 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Conducting cells ( Sieve elements ) 1.2 Parenchyma cells 1.2. 1 Companion cells 1.2. 2 Albuminous cells 1.3 Supportive cells 1.3. 1 Fibres 1.3. 2 Sclereids 2 Function 2.1 Girdling 2.2 Origin 3 Nutritional use 4 See also 5 References Structure ( edit ) Cross section of some phloem cells Phloem tissue consists of conducting cells , generally called sieve elements , parenchyma cells , including both specialized companion cells or albuminous cells and unspecialized cells and supportive cells , such as fibres and sclereids . Conducting cells ( sieve elements ) ( edit ) Main article : Sieve tube element simplified phloem and companion cells : Xylem Phloem Cambium Pith Companion Cells Sieve elements are the type of cell that are responsible for transporting sugars throughout the plant . At maturity they lack a nucleus and have very few organelles , so they rely on companion cells or albuminous cells for most of their metabolic needs . Sieve tube cells do contain vacuoles and other organelles , such as ribosomes , before they mature , but these generally migrate to the cell wall and dissolve at maturity ; this ensures there is little to impede the movement of fluids . One of the few organelles they do contain at maturity is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum , which can be found at the plasma membrane , often nearby the plasmodesmata that connect them to their companion or albuminous cells . All sieve cells have groups of pores at their ends that grow from modified and enlarged plasmodesmata , called sieve areas . The pores are reinforced by platelets of a polysaccharide called callose . Parenchyma cells ( edit ) They are of two types , aerenchyma and chlorenchyma . Other parenchyma cells within the phloem are generally undifferentiated and used for food storage . Companion cells ( edit ) The metabolic functioning of sieve - tube members depends on a close association with the companion cells , a specialized form of parenchyma cell . All of the cellular functions of a sieve - tube element are carried out by the ( much smaller ) companion cell , a typical nucleate plant cell except the companion cell usually has a larger number of ribosomes and mitochondria . The dense cytoplasm of a companion cell is connected to the sieve - tube element by plasmodesmata . The common sidewall shared by a sieve tube element and a companion cell has large numbers of plasmodesmata . There are two types of companion cells . Ordinary companion cells , which have smooth walls and few or no plasmodesmatal connections to cells other than the sieve tube . Transfer cells , which have much - folded walls that are adjacent to non-sieve cells , allowing for larger areas of transfer . They are specialized in scavenging solutes from those in the cell walls that are actively pumped requiring energy . Albuminous cells ( edit ) Albuminous cells have a similar role to companion cells , but are associated with sieve cells only and are hence found only in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms . Supportive cells ( edit ) Although its primary function is transport of sugars , phloem may also contain cells that have a mechanical support function . These generally fall into two categories : fibres and sclereids . Both cell types have a secondary cell wall and are therefore dead at maturity . The secondary cell wall increases their rigidity and tensile strength . Fibres ( edit ) Bast fibres are the long , narrow supportive cells that provide tension strength without limiting flexibility . They are also found in xylem , and are the main component of many textiles such as paper , linen , and cotton . Sclereids ( edit ) Sclereids are irregularly shaped cells that add compression strength but may reduce flexibility to some extent . They also serve as anti-herbivory structures , as their irregular shape and hardness will increase wear on teeth as the herbivores chews . For example , they are responsible for the gritty texture in pears , and in winter bears Function ( edit ) Unlike xylem ( which is composed primarily of dead cells ) , the phloem is composed of still - living cells that transport sap . The sap is a water - based solution , but rich in sugars made by photosynthesis . These sugars are transported to non-photosynthetic parts of the plant , such as the roots , or into storage structures , such as tubers or bulbs . During the plant 's growth period , usually during the spring , storage organs such as the roots are sugar sources , and the plant 's many growing areas are sugar sinks . The movement in phloem is multidirectional , whereas , in xylem cells , it is unidirectional ( upward ) . After the growth period , when the meristems are dormant , the leaves are sources , and storage organs are sinks . Developing seed - bearing organs ( such as fruit ) are always sinks . Because of this multi-directional flow , coupled with the fact that sap can not move with ease between adjacent sieve - tubes , it is not unusual for sap in adjacent sieve - tubes to be flowing in opposite directions . While movement of water and minerals through the xylem is driven by negative pressures ( tension ) most of the time , movement through the phloem is driven by positive hydrostatic pressures . This process is termed translocation , and is accomplished by a process called phloem loading and unloading . Phloem sap is also thought to play a role in sending informational signals throughout vascular plants . `` Loading and unloading patterns are largely determined by the conductivity and number of plasmodesmata and the position - dependent function of solute - specific , plasma membrane transport proteins . Recent evidence indicates that mobile proteins and RNA are part of the plant 's long - distance communication signaling system . Evidence also exists for the directed transport and sorting of macromolecules as they pass through plasmodesmata . '' Organic molecules such as sugars , amino acids , certain hormones , and even messenger RNAs are transported in the phloem through sieve tube elements . Girdling ( edit ) Main article : Girdling Because phloem tubes are located outside the xylem in most plants , a tree or other plant can be killed by stripping away the bark in a ring on the trunk or stem . With the phloem destroyed , nutrients can not reach the roots , and the tree / plant will die . Trees located in areas with animals such as beavers are vulnerable since beavers chew off the bark at a fairly precise height . This process is known as girdling , and can be used for agricultural purposes . For example , enormous fruits and vegetables seen at fairs and carnivals are produced via girdling . A farmer would place a girdle at the base of a large branch , and remove all but one fruit / vegetable from that branch . Thus , all the sugars manufactured by leaves on that branch have no sinks to go to but the one fruit / vegetable , which thus expands to many times normal size . Origin ( edit ) When the plant is an embryo , vascular tissue emerges from procambium tissue , which is at the center of the embryo . Protophloem itself appears in the mid-vein extending into the cotyledonary node , which constitutes the first appearance of a leaf in angiosperms , where it forms continuous strands . The hormone auxin , transported by the protein PIN1 is responsible for the growth of those protophloem strands , signaling the final identity of those tissues . SHORTROOT ( SHR ) , and microRNA165 / 166 also participate in that process , while Callose Synthase 3 ( CALS3 ) , inhibits the locations where SHORTROOT ( SHR ) , and microRNA165 can go . In the embryo , root phloem develops independently in the upper hypocotyl , which lies between the embryonic root , and the cotyledon . In an adult , the phloem originates , and grows outwards from , meristematic cells in the vascular cambium . Phloem is produced in phases . Primary phloem is laid down by the apical meristem and develops from the procambium . Secondary phloem is laid down by the vascular cambium to the inside of the established layer ( s ) of phloem . In some eudicot families ( Apocynaceae , Convolvulaceae , Cucurbitaceae , Solanaceae , Myrtaceae , Asteraceae , Thymelaeaceae ) , phloem also develops on the inner side of the vascular cambium ; in this case , a distinction between external phloem and internal phloem or intraxylary phloem is made . Internal phloem is mostly primary , and begins differentiation later than the external phloem and protoxylem , though it is not without exceptions . In some other families ( Amaranthaceae , Nyctaginaceae , Salvadoraceae ) , the cambium also periodically forms inward strands or layers of phloem , embedded in the xylem : Such phloem strands are called included phloem or interxylary phloem . Nutritional Use ( edit ) Stripping the inner bark from a pine branch . Phloem of pine trees has been used in Finland as a substitute food in times of famine and even in good years in the northeast . Supplies of phloem from previous years helped stave off starvation in the great famine of the 1860s . Phloem is dried and milled to flour ( pettu in Finnish ) and mixed with rye to form a hard dark bread , bark bread . The least appreciated was silkko , a bread made only from buttermilk and pettu without any real rye or cereal flour . Recently , pettu has again become available as a curiosity , and some have made claims of health benefits . However , its food energy content is low relative to rye or other cereals . Phloem from silver birch has been also used to make flour in the past . See also ( edit ) Apical dominance Phloem sap Xylem References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lalonde S. Wipf D. , Frommer W.B. ( 2004 ) . `` Transport mechanisms for organic forms of carbon and nitrogen between source and sink '' . Annu Rev Plant Biol. 55 : 341 -- 72 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. arplant. 55.031903. 141758 . PMID 15377224 . Jump up ^ Collins Edexcel International GCSE Biology , Student Book ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 745000 - 8 ) p. 124 Jump up ^ Nägeli , C.W. ( 1858 ) . Das Wachstum des Stammes und der Wurzel bei den Gefäßpflanzen und die Anordnung der Gefäßstränge im Stengel . Beitr Z Wiss Bot , Heft 1 : 1 -- 156 . link . Jump up ^ Buvat , R. ( 1989 ) . Phloem . In : Ontogeny , Cell Differentiation , and Structure of Vascular Plants . Springer , Berlin , Heidelberg . pp. 287 - 368 . link . ^ Jump up to : Raven , Peter H. ; Evert , R.F. ; Eichhorn , S.E. ( 1992 ) . Biology of Plants . New York , NY , U.S.A. : Worth Publishers . p. 791 . ISBN 1 - 4292 - 3995 - 6 . Jump up ^ Canny , MJ . Phloem Translocation . p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Turgeon , Robert ; Wolf , Shmuel ( 2009 ) . `` Phloem Transport : Cellular Pathways and Molecular Trafficking '' . Annual Review of Plant Biology . 60 : 207 -- 21 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. arplant. 043008.092045 . PMID 19025382 . Jump up ^ Lucas , William , et al . The Plant Vascular System : Evolution , Development and Functions . Journal of Integrative Plant Biology . 55 , 294 - 388 ( 2013 ) PMID 23462277 Jump up ^ Evert , Ray F. Esau 's Plant Anatomy . John Wiley & Sons , Inc , 2006 , pp. 357 -- 358 , ISBN 0 - 470 - 04737 - 2 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phloem . ( hide ) Biological tissues Animals Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Plants Dermal tissue : Epidermis Cuticle Pavement cell Guard cell Subsidiary cell Periderm Phellem Phelloderm Vascular tissue : Phloem Sieve tube Companion cell Phloem fiber Phloem parenchyma Xylem Tracheid Vessel element Xylem fiber Xylem parenchyma Ground tissue : Parenchyma Aerenchyma Chlorenchyma Mesophyll Pith Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Sclereid Fiber Meristematic tissue : Primary Protoderm Procambium Ground meristem Secondary Cork cambium Vascular cambium Mixed : Cortex Exodermis Endodermis Stele Histology GND : 4174299 - 0 NDL : 00570884 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phloem&oldid=834447946 '' Categories : Plant anatomy Plant physiology Tissues ( biology ) Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 19 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the function of the phloem in a plant | [
"In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose,[1] to parts of the plant where needed. This transport process is called translocation.[2] In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark, hence the name, derived from the Greek word φλοιός (phloios) meaning \"bark\". The term was introduced by Nägeli in 1858.[3][4]"
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"translocation"
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7953902017647745026 | 2018 Little League World Series results | 2018 Little League World Series results - wikipedia 2018 Little League World Series results Main article : 2018 Little League World Series The results of the 2018 Little League World Series were determined between August 16 and August 26 , 2018 in South Williamsport , Pennsylvania . 16 teams were divided into two groups , one with eight teams from the United States and another with eight international teams , with both groups playing a modified double - elimination tournament . In each group , the last remaining undefeated team faced the last remaining team with one loss , with the winners of those games advancing to play for the Little League World Series championship . Contents 1 Double - elimination stage 1.1 United States 1.1. 1 Winner 's bracket 1.1. 1.1 Game 2 : New York 5 , Iowa 2 1.1. 1.2 Game 4 : Texas 3 , Rhode Island 1 1.1. 1.3 Game 6 : Michigan 5 , Idaho 4 1.1. 1.4 Game 8 : Hawaii 2 , Georgia 0 1.1. 1.5 Game 14 : New York 2 , Texas 1 1.1. 1.6 Game 16 : Hawaii 8 , Michigan 3 1.1. 1.7 Game 24 : Hawaii 10 , New York 0 1.1. 2 Loser 's bracket 1.1. 2.1 Game 10 : Iowa 9 , Rhode Island 5 1.1. 2.2 Game 12 : Georgia 3 , Idaho 0 1.1. 2.3 Game 18 : Michigan 5 , Iowa 4 1.1. 2.4 Game 20 : Georgia 7 , Texas 6 1.1. 2.5 Game 22 : Georgia 4 , Michigan 3 1.1. 2.6 Game 26 : Georgia 7 , New York 3 1.2 International 1.2. 1 Winner 's bracket 1.2. 1.1 Game 1 : South Korea 4 , Puerto Rico 2 1.2. 1.2 Game 3 : Mexico 3 , Australia 2 1.2. 1.3 Game 5 : Japan 11 , Spain 1 1.2. 1.4 Game 7 : Panama 8 , Canada 3 1.2. 1.5 Game 13 : South Korea 5 , Mexico 1 1.2. 1.6 Game 15 : Japan 4 , Panama 2 1.2. 1.7 Game 23 : South Korea 10 , Japan 0 1.2. 2 Loser 's bracket 1.2. 2.1 Game 9 : Puerto Rico 6 , Australia 0 1.2. 2.2 Game 11 : Canada 2 , Spain 1 1.2. 2.3 Game 17 : Puerto Rico 3 , Panama 1 1.2. 2.4 Game 19 : Canada 6 , Mexico 4 1.2. 2.5 Game 21 : Puerto Rico 9 , Canada 4 1.2. 2.6 Game 25 : Japan 1 , Puerto Rico 0 1.3 Consolation games 1.3. 1 Game A : Rhode Island 15 , Australia 0 1.3. 2 Game B : Idaho 5 , Spain 0 2 Single - elimination stage 2.1 International championship : South Korea 2 , Japan 1 2.2 United States championship : Hawaii 3 , Georgia 0 2.3 Third place game : Japan 8 , Georgia 2 2.4 World championship game : Hawaii 3 , South Korea 0 3 References 4 External links Double - elimination United States Winner 's bracket IA 2 NY 5 ◄ Linescore TX 3 ◄ RI 1 Linescore ID 4 MI 5 ◄ Linescore GA 0 ( F / 11 ) HI 2 ◄ Linescore TX 1 NY 2 ◄ Linescore MI 3 HI 8 ◄ Linescore NY 0 ( F / 5 ) HI 10 ◄ Linescore Loser 's bracket IA 9 ◄ RI 5 Linescore GA 3 ◄ ID 0 Linescore IA 4 MI 5 ◄ Linescore TX 6 ( F / 9 ) GA 7 ◄ Linescore MI 3 GA 4 ◄ Linescore NY 3 GA 7 ◄ Linescore International Winner 's bracket KOR 4 ◄ PUR 2 ( F / 9 ) Linescore AUS 2 MEX 3 ◄ Linescore ESP 1 ( F / 5 ) JPN 11 ◄ Linescore PAN 8 ◄ CAN 3 Linescore KOR 5 ◄ MEX 1 Linescore PAN 2 JPN 4 ◄ Linescore JPN 0 ( F / 4 ) KOR 10 ◄ Linescore Loser 's bracket PUR 6 ◄ AUS 0 Linescore ESP 1 ( F / 10 ) CAN 2 ◄ Linescore PAN 1 PUR 3 ◄ Linescore CAN 6 ◄ MEX 4 Linescore PUR 9 ◄ CAN 4 Linescore JPN 1 ◄ PUR 0 Linescore Consolation games Rhode Island 15 ◄ Australia 0 ( F / 4 ) Linescore Idaho 5 ◄ Spain 0 Linescore Single - elimination International championship Japan 1 South Korea 2 ◄ Linescore United States championship Georgia 0 Hawaii 3 ◄ Linescore Third place game Georgia 2 Japan 8 ◄ Linescore World championship game South Korea 0 Hawaii 3 ◄ Linescore Double - elimination stage ( edit ) United States ( edit ) This template : view talk edit August 16 -- Game 2 New York 5 August 19 -- Game 14 Iowa New York August 16 -- Game 4 Texas Rhode Island August 22 -- Game 24 ( F / 5 ) Texas New York 0 August 17 -- Game 6 Hawaii 10 Michigan 5 August 19 -- Game 16 Idaho Michigan August 17 -- Game 8 ( F / 11 ) Hawaii 8 Georgia 0 Hawaii August 25 -- U.S. championship Hawaii August 18 -- Game 10 Georgia 0 Iowa 9 August 20 -- Game 18 Rhode Island 5 Michigan 5 Iowa August 22 -- Game 22 Michigan August 18 -- Game 12 Georgia Idaho 0 August 20 -- Game 20 ( F / 9 ) Georgia Texas 6 Georgia 7 August 23 -- Game 26 New York Georgia 7 Winner 's bracket ( edit ) Game 2 : New York 5 , Iowa 2 ( edit ) August 16 3 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Iowa 0 0 0 0 0 New York ◄ 0 X 5 5 0 WP : Gregory Bruno ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brody Watson ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Derek Mendez ( 1 ) Boxscore Game 4 : Texas 3 , Rhode Island 1 ( edit ) August 16 7 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Texas ◄ 0 0 0 0 6 Rhode Island 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Carter Pitts ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Tommy Turner ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Ryan Selvaggi ( 1 ) Boxscore Game 6 : Michigan 5 , Idaho 4 ( edit ) August 17 4 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Idaho 0 0 0 0 6 Michigan ◄ 0 0 0 0 5 8 WP : Preston Barr ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Braeden Newby ( 0 -- 1 ) Boxscore Game 8 : Hawaii 2 , Georgia 0 ( edit ) August 17 8 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Georgia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hawaii ◄ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 WP : Sean Yamaguchi ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ben Traxler ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : GA : None HI : Aukai Kea ( 1 ) Boxscore Game 14 : New York 2 , Texas 1 ( edit ) August 19 11 : 00 am EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Texas 0 0 0 0 0 0 New York ◄ 0 0 0 0 X 0 WP : Gregory Bruno ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Ryan Selvaggi ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Chris Bedford ( 1 ) Boxscore Game 16 : Hawaii 8 , Michigan 3 ( edit ) August 19 2 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Michigan 0 0 0 0 5 Hawaii ◄ 0 6 0 0 X 8 5 WP : Ka'olu Holt ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ryan Knaebel ( 0 -- 1 ) Boxscore Game 24 : Hawaii 10 , New York 0 ( edit ) August 22 7 : 30 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 New York 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 Hawaii ◄ 5 0 -- 10 7 0 WP : Aukai Kea ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Chris Bedford ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : NY : None HI : Sean Yamaguchi ( 1 ) Notes : Completed early due to mercy rule . Boxscore Loser 's bracket ( edit ) Game 10 : Iowa 9 , Rhode Island 5 ( edit ) August 18 3 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Iowa ◄ 0 0 9 8 Rhode Island 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 6 WP : Blake Larson ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Logan Lama ( 0 -- 1 ) Notes : Rhode Island is eliminated . Boxscore Game 12 : Georgia 3 , Idaho 0 ( edit ) August 18 8 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Georgia ◄ 0 0 0 10 0 Idaho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Tai Peete ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Braeden Newby ( 0 -- 2 ) Notes : Idaho is eliminated . Boxscore Game 18 : Michigan 5 , Iowa 4 ( edit ) August 20 3 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Iowa 0 0 0 0 6 Michigan ◄ 0 0 0 5 7 WP : Preston Barr ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Connor Duong ( 0 -- 1 ) Notes : Iowa is eliminated . Boxscore Game 20 : Georgia 7 , Texas 6 ( edit ) August 20 8 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 7 8 9 Texas 0 0 0 0 6 9 Georgia ◄ 0 0 0 0 0 7 10 WP : Ben Traxler ( 1 -- 1 ) LP : Richie Klosek ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : TX : Ryan Selvaggi ( 1 ) GA : Jansen Kenty ( 1 ) Notes : Texas is eliminated . Boxscore Game 22 : Georgia 4 , Michigan 3 ( edit ) August 22 3 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Michigan 0 0 0 0 Georgia ◄ 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Jansen Kenty ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brennan Hill ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : MI : Jarren Purify ( 1 ) , Oliver Service ( 1 ) GA : None Notes : Michigan is eliminated . Boxscore Game 26 : Georgia 7 , New York 3 ( edit ) August 23 7 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 New York 0 0 0 0 0 7 Georgia ◄ 0 X 7 8 0 WP : Tai Peete ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Derek Mendez ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Ben Traxler ( 1 ) Notes : New York is eliminated . Boxscore International ( edit ) This template : view talk edit August 16 -- Game 1 ( F / 9 ) Puerto Rico August 19 -- Game 13 South Korea South Korea 5 August 16 -- Game 3 Mexico Mexico August 22 -- Game 23 ( F / 4 ) Australia South Korea 10 August 17 -- Game 5 ( F / 5 ) Japan 0 Spain August 19 -- Game 15 Japan 11 Japan August 17 -- Game 7 Panama Panama 8 Canada August 25 -- International championship South Korea August 18 -- Game 9 Japan Puerto Rico 6 August 20 -- Game 17 Australia 0 Panama Puerto Rico August 22 -- Game 21 Puerto Rico 9 August 18 -- Game 11 ( F / 10 ) Canada Spain August 20 -- Game 19 Canada Mexico Canada 6 August 23 -- Game 25 Japan Puerto Rico 0 Winner 's bracket ( edit ) Game 1 : South Korea 4 , Puerto Rico 2 ( edit ) August 16 1 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 7 8 9 South Korea ◄ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Puerto Rico 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Ji - Hyung Choi ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Victor Cartagena ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Jun - Woo Lim ( 1 ) Boxscore Game 3 : Mexico 3 , Australia 2 ( edit ) August 16 5 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Australia 0 0 0 0 0 Mexico ◄ 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Alberto Gomez ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jake Calver ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : AUS : Oscar Hyde ( 1 ) MEX : None Boxscore Game 5 : Japan 11 , Spain 1 ( edit ) August 17 2 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Spain 0 0 0 0 -- 5 Japan ◄ 0 0 8 -- 11 14 0 WP : Shisei Fujimoto ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Juan Salazar ( 0 -- 1 ) Notes : Completed early due to mercy rule . Boxscore Game 7 : Panama 8 , Canada 3 ( edit ) August 17 7 : 10 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Panama ◄ 0 0 0 8 9 0 Canada 0 0 0 0 5 WP : Brian Villarreal ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ian Huang ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : PAN : Adan Sanchez ( 1 ) CAN : None Boxscore Game 13 : South Korea 5 , Mexico 1 ( edit ) August 19 9 : 00 am EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 South Korea ◄ 0 0 0 5 5 Mexico 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Shoo - Hoo Choi ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Alberto Gomez ( 1 -- 1 ) Home runs : KOR : Ji - Hyung Choi ( 1 ) MEX : None Boxscore Game 15 : Japan 4 , Panama 2 ( edit ) August 19 1 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Panama 0 0 0 0 0 Japan ◄ 0 0 X 0 WP : Shinji Furusawa ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Adan Sanchez ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : PAN : None JPN : Shisei Fujimoto ( 1 ) Boxscore Game 23 : South Korea 10 , Japan 0 ( edit ) August 22 7 : 30 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Japan 0 0 0 0 -- -- 0 0 South Korea ◄ 0 -- -- 10 11 0 WP : Yeong - Hyeon Kim ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Shisei Fujimoto ( 1 -- 1 ) Home runs : JPN : None KOR : Ji - Hyung Choi ( 2 ) Notes : Completed early due to mercy rule . Boxscore Loser 's bracket ( edit ) Game 9 : Puerto Rico 6 , Australia 0 ( edit ) August 18 2 : 30 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Puerto Rico ◄ 0 0 0 6 7 Australia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Yadiel Delgado ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Matthew White ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Luis Diaz ( 1 ) Home runs : PUR : Eric Rodriguez ( 1 ) AUS : None Notes : Australia is eliminated . Boxscore Game 11 : Canada 2 , Spain 1 ( edit ) August 18 6 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Spain 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Canada ◄ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 WP : Cole Balkovec ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Toni Cortes ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : ESP : Lucas Iriarte ( 1 ) CAN : None Notes : Spain is eliminated . Boxscore Game 17 : Puerto Rico 3 , Panama 1 ( edit ) August 20 1 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Panama 0 0 0 0 0 0 Puerto Rico ◄ 0 0 0 X WP : Roberto Joubert ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Arod McKenzie ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : John Lopez ( 1 ) Notes : Panama is eliminated . Boxscore Game 19 : Canada 6 , Mexico 4 ( edit ) August 20 6 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Canada ◄ 0 0 0 6 10 Mexico 0 0 0 0 5 0 WP : Ian Huang ( 1 -- 1 ) LP : Angel Martinez ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Nate Colina ( 1 ) Home runs : CAN : None MEX : Fernando Lopez ( 1 ) Notes : Mexico is eliminated . Boxscore Game 21 : Puerto Rico 9 , Canada 4 ( edit ) August 22 3 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Puerto Rico ◄ 0 0 9 9 Canada 0 0 0 5 WP : Eric Rodriguez ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jordan Jaramillo ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : PUR : Carlos De Jesus 2 ( 2 ) CAN : None Notes : Canada is eliminated . Boxscore Game 25 : Japan 1 , Puerto Rico 0 ( edit ) August 23 3 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Japan ◄ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Puerto Rico 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Masato Igarashi ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : John Lopez ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Shisei Fujimoto ( 1 ) Notes : Puerto Rico is eliminated . Boxscore Consolation games ( edit ) Game A : Rhode Island 15 , Australia 0 ( edit ) August 20 11 : 00 am EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Rhode Island ◄ 5 0 9 -- -- 15 10 Australia 0 0 0 0 -- -- 0 5 WP : Will Owens ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jake Calver ( 0 -- 2 ) Notes : Completed early due to mercy rule . Boxscore Game B : Idaho 5 , Spain 0 ( edit ) August 23 11 : 00 am EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Idaho ◄ 0 0 0 0 5 8 Spain 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Christopher Reynolds ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Juan Salazar ( 0 -- 2 ) Boxscore Single - elimination stage ( edit ) International championship : South Korea 2 , Japan 1 ( edit ) August 25 12 : 30 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Japan 0 0 0 0 0 5 South Korea ◄ 0 0 0 0 X 0 WP : Ji - Hyung Choi ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Shisei Fujimoto ( 1 -- 2 ) Sv : Yeong - Hyeon Kim ( 1 ) Home runs : JPN : None KOR : Ji - Hyung Choi ( 3 ) Notes : Japan is eliminated . Boxscore United States championship : Hawaii 3 , Georgia 0 ( edit ) August 25 3 : 30 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Georgia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hawaii ◄ 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Aukai Kea ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Connor Riggs - Soper ( 0 -- 1 ) Notes : Georgia is eliminated . Boxscore Third place game : Japan 8 , Georgia 2 ( edit ) August 26 10 : 00 am EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Georgia 0 0 0 0 0 6 Japan ◄ 0 7 0 0 X 8 9 WP : Masato Igarashi ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Chase Fralick ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : GA : None JPN : Masato Igarashi ( 1 ) Boxscore World championship game : Hawaii 3 , South Korea 0 ( edit ) August 26 3 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 South Korea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hawaii ◄ 0 0 0 X 7 0 WP : Ka'olu Holt ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Yeong - Hyeon Kim ( 1 -- 1 ) Home runs : KOR : None HI : Mana Lau Kong ( 1 ) Boxscore References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dates Announced for the 2018 Little League World Series Tournaments '' . littleleague.org . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Full schedule from littleleague.org Little League World Series Broadcasters World Series 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2001 2017 2018 2019 Results 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Qualification 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Regions United States Great Lakes Mid-Atlantic Midwest New England Northwest Southeast Southwest West International Asia - Pacific and Middle East Australia Canada Caribbean Europe and Africa Japan Latin America Mexico Middle East - Africa ( defunct ) Venues Howard J. Lamade Stadium Little League Volunteer Stadium Related MLB Little League Classic ( 2017 , 2018 , 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Little_League_World_Series_results&oldid=856683091 '' Categories : 2018 Little League World Series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 22 : 54 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who won the little league game between japan and puerto rico | [
"\n\nWinner's bracket[edit]\nGame 1: South Korea 4, Puerto Rico 2[edit]\n\nAugust 16 1:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n South Korea ◄\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n0\n0\n2\n4\n6\n0\n\n\n Puerto Rico\n0\n0\n0\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n4\n1\n\n\nWP: Ji-Hyung Choi (1–0) LP: Victor Cartagena (0–1) Sv: Jun-Woo Lim (1)Boxscore\n\nGame 3: Mexico 3, Australia 2[edit]\n\nAugust 16 5:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Australia\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n2\n1\n\n\n Mexico ◄\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n3\n6\n1\n\n\nWP: Alberto Gomez (1–0) LP: Jake Calver (0–1)Home runs:AUS: Oscar Hyde (1)MEX: NoneBoxscore\n\nGame 5: Japan 11, Spain 1[edit]\n\nAugust 17 2:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Spain\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n1\n5\n4\n\n\n Japan ◄\n0\n1\n0\n2\n8\n–\n11\n14\n0\n\n\nWP: Shisei Fujimoto (1–0) LP: Juan Salazar (0–1)Notes: Completed early due to mercy rule.Boxscore\n\nGame 7: Panama 8, Canada 3[edit]\n\nAugust 17 7:10 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Panama ◄\n3\n3\n0\n0\n0\n2\n8\n9\n0\n\n\n Canada\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n3\n5\n1\n\n\nWP: Brian Villarreal (1–0) LP: Ian Huang (0–1)Home runs:PAN: Adan Sanchez (1)CAN: NoneBoxscore\n\nGame 13: South Korea 5, Mexico 1[edit]\n\nAugust 19 9:00 am EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n South Korea ◄\n1\n0\n0\n2\n0\n2\n5\n5\n1\n\n\n Mexico\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n1\n3\n2\n\n\nWP: Shoo-Hoo Choi (1–0) LP: Alberto Gomez (1–1)Home runs:KOR: Ji-Hyung Choi (1)MEX: NoneBoxscore\n\nGame 15: Japan 4, Panama 2[edit]\n\nAugust 19 1:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Panama\n0\n0\n0\n2\n0\n0\n2\n2\n1\n\n\n Japan ◄\n2\n1\n0\n0\n1\nX\n4\n4\n0\n\n\nWP: Shinji Furusawa (1–0) LP: Adan Sanchez (0–1)Home runs:PAN: NoneJPN: Shisei Fujimoto (1)Boxscore\n\nGame 23: South Korea 10, Japan 0[edit]\n\nAugust 22 7:30 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n–\n0\n1\n0\n\n\n South Korea ◄\n4\n2\n0\n4\n–\n–\n10\n11\n0\n\n\nWP: Yeong-Hyeon Kim (1–0) LP: Shisei Fujimoto (1–1)Home runs:JPN: NoneKOR: Ji-Hyung Choi (2)Notes: Completed early due to mercy rule.Boxscore\n\n \n\n\n\nLoser's bracket[edit]\nGame 9: Puerto Rico 6, Australia 0[edit]\n\nAugust 18 2:30 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Puerto Rico ◄\n0\n0\n3\n1\n0\n2\n6\n7\n1\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n2\n\n\nWP: Yadiel Delgado (1–0) LP: Matthew White (0–1) Sv: Luis Diaz (1)Home runs:PUR: Eric Rodriguez (1)AUS: NoneNotes: Australia is eliminated.Boxscore\n\nGame 11: Canada 2, Spain 1[edit]\n\nAugust 18 6:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Spain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n5\n1\n\n\n Canada ◄\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n2\n9\n2\n\n\nWP: Cole Balkovec (1–0) LP: Toni Cortes (0–1)Home runs:ESP: Lucas Iriarte (1)CAN: NoneNotes: Spain is eliminated.Boxscore\n\nGame 17: Puerto Rico 3, Panama 1[edit]\n\nAugust 20 1:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Panama\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n\n\n Puerto Rico ◄\n0\n0\n0\n1\n2\nX\n3\n3\n1\n\n\nWP: Roberto Joubert (1–0) LP: Arod McKenzie (0–1) Sv: John Lopez (1)Notes: Panama is eliminated.Boxscore\n\nGame 19: Canada 6, Mexico 4[edit]\n\nAugust 20 6:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Canada ◄\n2\n3\n1\n0\n0\n0\n6\n10\n1\n\n\n Mexico\n0\n1\n3\n0\n0\n0\n4\n5\n0\n\n\nWP: Ian Huang (1–1) LP: Angel Martinez (0–1) Sv: Nate Colina (1)Home runs:CAN: NoneMEX: Fernando Lopez (1)Notes: Mexico is eliminated.Boxscore\n\nGame 21: Puerto Rico 9, Canada 4[edit]\n\nAugust 22 3:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Puerto Rico ◄\n1\n0\n4\n2\n0\n2\n9\n9\n3\n\n\n Canada\n1\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n4\n5\n1\n\n\nWP: Eric Rodriguez (1–0) LP: Jordan Jaramillo (0–1)Home runs:PUR: Carlos De Jesus 2 (2)CAN: NoneNotes: Canada is eliminated.Boxscore\n\nGame 25: Japan 1, Puerto Rico 0[edit]\n\nAugust 23 3:00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Japan ◄\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n1\n3\n0\n\n\n Puerto Rico\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n3\n1\n\n\nWP: Masato Igarashi (1–0) LP: John Lopez (0–1) Sv: Shisei Fujimoto (1)Notes: Puerto Rico is eliminated.Boxscore\n\n \n\n"
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-8524261764864838359 | List of Grace and Frankie episodes | List of Grace and Frankie episodes - wikipedia List of Grace and Frankie episodes Jump to : navigation , search Grace and Frankie is an American comedy series , which premiered on May 8 , 2015 , on Netflix . The series was created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris , and stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin as Grace and Frankie , two women whose lives are turned upside down when their husbands announce they are in love with each other and want to get married . The series also stars Sam Waterston , Martin Sheen , Brooklyn Decker , Ethan Embry , June Diane Raphael , and Baron Vaughn in supporting roles . On April 12 , 2017 , Netflix renewed the series for a fourth season . As of January 19 , 2018 , 52 episodes of Grace and Frankie have been released , concluding the fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2018 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 13 May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) 13 May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 13 March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 13 January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The End '' Tate Taylor Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Grace Hanson and Frankie Bergstein are brought to dinner by their lawyer husbands , Robert and Sol , under the assumption that the men are going to announce they are retiring , but the women are shocked when their husbands reveal they are actually leaving them , for each other , and want to get married now that same - sex marriage is legal . The men also reveal that they have been having an affair with each other for more than 20 years . The news quickly spreads to their horrified children . Despite their stark personality differences , Grace and Frankie strike up a bond when they both seek escape at the beach house the couples share . `` The Credit Cards '' Scott Winant Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Grace and Frankie are adjusting to living with each other , but the discovery that Robert and Sol have cut off their credit cards leaves them fuming . Frankie contemplates moving back to her home , since Sol is living with Robert , but eventually decides to stay with Grace at the beach house so they can continue supporting one another . Grace and Robert 's daughter Mallory is caught between her parents when she picks up some things from Robert 's for Grace , and later she bumps into Frankie and Sol 's son , Coyote , with whom she has a troubled history . `` The Dinner '' Bryan Gordon Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe - House May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Robert and Sol host a dinner party for their children , but they object to having to keep it a secret from Grace and Frankie . Meanwhile , the women have decided to take their minds off the impending divorce by returning to work ; unfortunately , Grace and Robert 's daughter Brianna , who now operates Grace 's cosmetics company , refuses to let her return for fear of being overshadowed , and Frankie 's attempt to apply for an art teacher position is derailed due to a misunderstanding . Mallory has to come to terms with being in the same room as Coyote but they eventually decide to put their troubles behind them . `` The Funeral '' Tim Kirkby Alexa Junge May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) When Robert and Sol 's law partner dies , both they and Grace and Frankie attend the funeral , which is the first function in which Robert and Sol have are to be an out and about couple together . Frankie is upset when Grace ditches her to spend time with Lydia , Robert 's sister , and later Grace fears that Frankie has overheard her say that she is ' stuck with her . ' Robert is surprised to find that he misses Grace almost as much as Sol misses Frankie . 5 5 `` The Fall '' Betty Thomas Billy Finnegan May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Sometime after the funeral , Brianna visits with the intention of having Grace set up an online dating profile , but winds up getting high with Frankie . They convince Grace to take them to get frozen yogurt , where Grace takes a nasty fall and breaks her hip . A series of comical and concerning events follow at the hospital , culminating in Grace 's realization of how much Frankie means to her . 6 6 `` The Earthquake '' Tristram Shapeero Jacquelyn Reingold May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) A minor earthquake sets off Frankie 's seismophobia , prompting Sol to drop everything to comfort her . Frankie questions how things with Sol started , and it is obvious there are still unresolved feelings between them . Grace goes on an online date but takes a face to one of Frankie 's troublesome students when the date goes disastrously wrong . Meanwhile , Coyote attempts to give Mallory a gift , but bumps into Mallory 's aggressive husband Mitch , who is far from thrilled to see him . 7 7 `` The Spelling Bee '' Tim Kirkby Julieanne Smolinski May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Frankie and Sol are both excited to watch the national spelling bee , but are disappointed to find that Grace and Robert are n't interested . Grace is saved from a disastrous date by Guy , an old friend of Robert 's who is looking to give up his life of adventure . Brianna gets a dog as an escape from her disastrous dating life , but finds herself with the hots for the dog 's foster owner . 8 8 `` The Sex '' Dennie Gordon David Budin & Brendan McCarthy May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Grace is ready to take things to the next level with Guy , but finds herself uncomfortable with the idea of being intimate after years of ( not ) sleeping with Robert . However , Frankie is on hand with her homemade organic lube . Frankie realizes her friend Jacob is flirting with her . Sol and Robert clear out Brianna 's old room but Sol is terrified of Brianna . Bud and Coyote have a brotherly talk . 9 9 `` The Invitation '' Matt Shakman Billy Finnegan May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Frankie is upset when Grace gets an invitation to Sol and Robert 's wedding and she does n't , but soon realizes that she needs to set boundaries with her ex-husband . Robert discovers Grace and Guy are dating and gatecrashes an afternoon golfing . Looking for a new angle for her business , Brianna discovers Frankie 's homemade lube and , after making all her colleagues experiment with it , realizes its potential . 10 10 `` The Elevator '' Miguel Arteta Laura Jacqmin May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Frankie , Grace , Sol , Robert and Bud become trapped in an elevator after signing their divorce papers , and remember a pivotal weekend spent at the beach house five years previously . Sol and Robert attempt to tell Grace and Frankie about their affair but are interrupted by the arrival of the kids , including a heavily pregnant Mallory and a Coyote in the height of his drug addiction . As events escalate , Mallory gives birth , Grace decides Brianna should take over her business , and Bud discovers his father 's relationship with Robert but decides to keep quiet . 11 11 `` The Secrets '' Andrew McCarthy Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe - House May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Grace is thrown when coming face to face with the student of Frankie 's who she kissed during the earthquake , and confides in Frankie , but is upset when Frankie tells Sol , who tells Robert , and then Guy finds out . Sol is furious to discover that Robert slept with another man 10 years ago when they had stopped seeing each other . Brianna gets closer with her co-worker but their date is gatecrashed by Coyote and Bud . 12 12 `` The Bachelor Party '' Julie Anne Robinson Jacquelyn Reingold May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Coyote and Bud enlist Brianna and Mallory 's help with arranging a bachelor party for Robert and Sol but there are differing opinions on what they would like . Things get worse when Robert 's conservative old boss arrives . Grace and Frankie hit the town for a `` yes night '' in an attempt to cheer Frankie up during her Sol purge . 13 13 `` The Vows '' Dean Parisot Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris & Alexa Junge May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) It 's the week before Robert and Sol 's wedding , and Robert is struggling to write vows that match Sol 's natural emotive words . Frankie is forced to break her purge from Sol to help him clear out their old house , but old memories reemerge and they end up sleeping with each other . Grace is furious with Sol when she finds out and orders him to tell Robert . She comforts Frankie , who finally recognizes her marriage is over . Meanwhile , Grace realizes she needs to break up with Guy , but runs into unexpected difficulties in doing so . The episode ends with Grace and Frankie walking down the beach together wrapped in a blanket comforting each other and Sol going home , but it 's not clear whether he tells Robert . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 14 `` The Wish '' Dean Parisot Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Robert is rushed to hospital after having a heart attack , stopping Sol 's plans to tell him about his affair with Frankie . With life - threatening surgery looming , Robert convinces Sol to marry him , and Grace and Frankie are forced to help , despite their own guilt about the infidelity . It 's not long before the children find out as well . Mallory reveals some big news . 15 `` The Vitamix '' Rebecca Asher Alexa Junge May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Grace and Frankie agree to go to Robert and Sol 's house ahead of them coming home , but it brings up bitter memories for both of them . Brianna , Mallory and Bud help Sol deal with Robert 's health insurance , while Mallory breaks the news to her father that she is pregnant with twins . 16 `` The Negotiation '' Trent O'Donnell Billy Finnegan May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Negotiations between Frankie and Brianna over her Yam lube get tough , while Frankie also reconnects with her former flame Jacob . Grace competes with her rival granny for Mallory 's children 's affection . 17 `` The Road Trip '' Arlene Sanford Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe - House May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Frankie convinces Grace to track down her former flame , Phil , who Grace had an affair with many years earlier . However , the reunion does n't go well . Sol is racked with guilt as he continues to lie to Robert . 18 5 `` The Test '' Andy Ackerman John Hoffman May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Frankie struggles with trying and failing to pass her driving test . Grace attempts to reconnect with old friends , but realizes that she has moved on from that part of her life now . 19 6 `` The Chicken '' Jann Turner Julie Durk May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Unable to keep his lie any longer , Sol admits to Robert that he slept with Frankie , and the latter furiously throws his new husband out . Grace coaches a young bartender in trying to get her a job at Brianna 's business . Frankie is conflicted over Jacob 's desire for romance . 20 7 `` The Boar '' Michael Showalter Julieanne Smolinski May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) When Sol turns up at the beach house having been kicked out by Robert , Frankie instead turns to Jacob and opens up about how she feels . Grace is panicked when she gets a message from Phil , despite their bad reunion . 21 8 `` The Anchor '' Melanie Mayron David Budin & Brendan McCarthy May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Frankie takes a furious stand against Brianna and her non-eco - friendly plans for her Yam lube . Phil and Grace go for lunch , but he drops the bombshell that he is still married , though his wife is very ill . Robert continues to reject a despairing Sol . 22 9 `` The Goodbyes '' Jason Ensler Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe - House May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Coyote 's birth mother arrives in town , and a family lunch with Frankie and Sol goes disastrously wrong . Grace is adamant she ca n't be with a married Phil , but her desire gets the better of her . Robert meets a new friend at the dog park . 23 10 `` The Loophole '' Lee Rose Billy Finnegan May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Grace and Phil enjoy a passionate night together , but complications arise as his wife goes missing . When Grace is forced to face the woman she has betrayed more than once , it becomes too much for her and she ends things . Sol and Robert square off against each other when they get involved in Frankie and Brianna 's lube battle . 24 11 `` The Bender '' Alex Hardcastle Brooke Wied & Alex Burnett May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Grace goes on a massive bender after her painful breakup with Phil , and crosses a line when Frankie tries to help her . Coyote and Bud meet Jacob . Frankie is reunited with Babe , an old friend , but she drops a bombshell ; she has terminal cancer . Robert and Sol discuss how to move forward now that they are back together . 25 12 `` The Party '' Wendey Stanzler Alexa Junge May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Grace is shocked when Frankie reveals Babe has asked her to help her die after a party to end all parties . Can a dying Babe reunite the warring women ? Sol and Robert decide to sell their house to start afresh . 26 13 `` The Coup '' Rebecca Asher Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Gifts from a departed Babe prompt Grace and Frankie to reevaluate their lives . After a disastrous birthday party for Bud when they are once again faced with their ex-husbands ' incompetence , they announce they are going into business making vibrators - much to the horror of their children . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 27 `` The Art Show '' Marta Kauffman Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Grace and Frankie have trouble applying for a business loan . Robert and Sol provide a tour of their new house to their children . Frankie is nervous that her paintings will not sell from her art show . Sol shows up at Frankie 's art show , with Frankie less than pleased . Bud bring his new date to the art show , and his siblings make fun of her eccentricity . Brianna and Barry discuss their own intentions and interpretations of their relationship . A special guest also shows up to Frankie 's art show . 28 `` The Incubator '' Arlene Sanford Billy Finnegan March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Grace and Frankie head to a business incubator in an attempt to get funding for their new venture . However , Frankie obtains the funding from an unknown source . Robert and Sol ponder the thought of retirement . 29 `` The Focus Group '' Ken Whittingham Wil Calhoun March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Robert and Sol have conflicting ideas about retirement . Both are persuaded to audition for a local play , with mixed results . Grace and Frankie host an open house to introduce their product , but they come across a particular clientele . 30 `` The Burglary '' Alex Hardcastle Brendan McCarthy & David Budin March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Grace and Frankie come home from a night out , only to find they have been robbed . The ladies take a class to better protect themselves . Sol is upset that he is not invited to happy hour with Robert and his theater friends . Robert compromises and hosts an awkward happy hour at their home . 31 5 `` The Gun '' Rebecca Asher Julie Durk March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Frankie learns the truth about Grace owning a gun . Sharing her displeasure , Frankie wants the gun removed from the house . Robert discusses his plans of coming out to his mother . Mallory and Brianna go out clubbing , and Brianna picks up a guy . Grace finds out the truth about the source of their business venture . 32 6 `` The Pot '' Andy Ackerman Julieanne Smolinski March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Grace is upset at Brianna over providing the business loan to Frankie . Frankie and Coyote barge in on Bud and Allison . Robert and Sol attempt to have an intimate night together , but Robert is haunted by his mother . Grace and Frankie 's children reunite the women to try and patch things up between the two . 33 7 `` The Floor '' Rebecca Asher Alexa Junge March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Coyote informs Bud that he is looking for a place of his own . Grace and Frankie injure themselves and put their business meeting in jeopardy . Robert discusses the vision of his mother with Sol and his friend John . 34 8 `` The Alert '' Melanie Mayron John Hoffman March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Grace and Frankie are excited about the website launch for their new product . Bud brings a questionable gift to Grace and Frankie , after their recent injury . Grace and Frankie conduct a business meeting with one of Grace 's longtime friends . Brianna and Mallory have dinner out , and they encounter Brianna 's escort . Brianna finds out more about her escort 's personal life . Sol and his secretary have a more in depth talk about retirement , only to find out it 's more of a two - way conversation about the subject at hand . 35 9 `` The Apology '' Ken Whittingham Alex Kavallierou & Sara Lohman March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Robert and Sol begin to enjoy their retirement together with various activities . Robert gets news about his mother . Frankie entertains Jacob by cooking dinner . Jacob shares news about his future plans , which upsets Frankie . Brianna and Mallory discuss the reason why Mallory cancelled her getaway vacation with Mitch . 36 10 `` The Labels '' Arlene Sanford Alex Burnett & Brooke Wied March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Coyote celebrates his sobriety birthday with his family present . Allison brings over a surprise to Bud to enhance their relationship . Grace and Frankie 's business is taking off , and they recruit their ex-husbands for assistance . The ladies encounter a possible competitor on the market . Frankie is nervous when it comes to telling Grace about going to Santa Fe with Jacob in the future . 37 11 `` The Other Vibrator '' Rebecca Asher Billy Finnegan March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Grace is not handling Frankie 's revelation well . Robert and Sol each encounter an anti-LGBT protest outside the theater where Robert is performing . However , each has a different experience . Grace is going to meet with a business competitor who she feels is trying to rip off her product . Robert is nervous over opening night . Frankie accuses Grace of moving on without her , and before she can share all her thoughts , she is unable to speak . 38 12 `` The Musical '' Arlene Sanford Wil Calhoun March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Opening night has arrived for Robert 's theater performance , but the protestors make their way inside to disrupt the show . However , Frankie 's medical episode has caused her family to leave during the show . Frankie eventually goes to the hospital where she learns her diagnosis . Allison reveals some surprising news to Bud . 39 13 `` The Sign '' Rebecca Asher Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Grace shares her concerns to Frankie about her health . Grace receives news that she 's being served from her competitor , but she finds an ulterior motive behind the papers . Robert and Sol have conflicting ideas about handling anti-LGBT protestors . Brianna travels to Baltimore to win back her ex Barry . Frankie makes a decision about moving to Santa Fe with Jacob . Mallory announces her separation from Mitch . Season 4 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 40 `` The Lodger '' Alex Hardcastle Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Frankie returns from Santa Fe to find Grace lodging with manicurist Sheree ( Lisa Kudrow ) . Sol is upset when Robert wants to stop attending rallies for gay rights with him . Bud and Allison throw a party to find out the sex of their unborn child . 41 `` The Scavengender Hunt '' Ken Whittingham Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Frankie admits how unhappy she is in Santa Fe as her jealousy towards Sheree concerns Grace . A ' scavengender ' hunt to find out the sex of Bud 's baby goes awry . 42 `` The Tappys '' Rebecca Asher Billy Finnegan January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Grace and Frankie break into Sheree 's former home to help prove her claim of ownership . Sol encourages Robert to use an award acceptance speech as a platform for activism . 43 `` The Expiration Date '' Alex Hardcastle John Hoffman January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Grace has to deal with her newfound relationship with Nick . Frankie goes to the bank and has an unpleasant surprise . 44 5 `` The Pop - Ups '' Rebecca Asher Julia Durk January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Declared legally dead , Frankie begins to think about where her life has taken her . Grace worries about how her age might affect her relationship with Nick , with surprising results . When Sol and Robert meet their eccentric next door neighbors , they disagree about the best course of action . 45 6 `` The Hinge '' Ken Whittingham Julieanne Smolinksi January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Frankie tries to reconnect with her estranged sister . Grace wants to fix a broken window in the house . Robert invites Sol to a folk music cruise . Bud wants Coyote and Allison to be friends . 46 7 `` The Landline '' Randall Keenan Winston Michael Platt & Barry Safchik January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Sol and Frankie team up to try and get Frankie declared `` undead '' as Grace faces some realities about herself and her life after attending a friend 's funeral with Robert . 47 8 `` The Lockdown '' Gail Lerner David Budin & Brendan McCarthy January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) After multiple false alarms , Allison decides to have an at home water birth and wants Frankie ( to Bud 's horror ) to deliver the baby . Robert and Sol agree to let Grace stay with them while she recovers from knee surgery . The past is confronted when the former couples ( along with Robert and Sol 's new neighbors ) are forced into lockdown when a local zoo orangutan escapes . 48 9 `` The Knee '' Rebecca Asher Gretchen Enders January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Grace undergoes knee surgery and Nick wants to show her his ability to care for people in need . Frankie is enjoying her new role as a grandmother , but Jacob is feeling tired of coming in second in her life and makes a startling revelation . 49 10 `` The Death Stick '' Ken Whittingham Brooke Wied January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Robert and Sol begin therapy . Grace and Frankie gets a surprise when they bring gifts to a fan of their vibrators . Brianna 's nemesis makes an offer . 50 11 `` The Tub '' Rebecca Asher Alex Burnett January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Grace is looking for a contractor to fix the house after the bathtub accident . Sol meets with his folk music cruise friend , Roy . Frankie takes Faith on a car ride . 51 12 `` The Rats '' Alan Poul Sara Lohman & Alex Kavallierou January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Grace and Frankie discover that in addition to having their pipes stolen they have a rat infestation . Bud has doubts whether Frankie should be allowed to babysit again . Robert 's musical opens . 52 13 `` The Home '' Marta Kauffman Melissa DiNicola & Billy Finnegan January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) The children suggest Grace and Frankie should live in an assisted living community . Sol and Robert realize something about their relationship . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - grace & frankie on netflix '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` A Friends Reunion Is Coming to Grace and Frankie Season 4 With Lisa Kudrow '' . EOnline . External links ( edit ) List of Grace and Frankie episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Grace_and_Frankie_episodes&oldid=828210686 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 05 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | grace and frankie season 4 has how many episodes | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal release date\n\n\n40\n1\n\"The Lodger\"\nAlex Hardcastle\nMarta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris\nJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)\n\n\nFrankie returns from Santa Fe to find Grace lodging with manicurist Sheree (Lisa Kudrow). Sol is upset when Robert wants to stop attending rallies for gay rights with him. Bud and Allison throw a party to find out the sex of their unborn child.\n\n\n41\n2\n\"The Scavengender Hunt\"\nKen Whittingham\nMarta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris\nJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)\n\n\nFrankie admits how unhappy she is in Santa Fe as her jealousy towards Sheree concerns Grace. A 'scavengender' hunt to find out the sex of Bud's baby goes awry.\n\n\n42\n3\n\"The Tappys\"\nRebecca Asher\nBilly Finnegan\nJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)\n\n\nGrace and Frankie break into Sheree's former home to help prove her claim of ownership. Sol encourages Robert to use an award acceptance speech as a platform for activism.\n\n\n43\n4\n\"The Expiration Date\"\nAlex Hardcastle\nJohn Hoffman\nJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)\n\n\nGrace has to deal with her newfound relationship with Nick. Frankie goes to the bank and has an unpleasant surprise.\n\n\n44\n5\n\"The Pop-Ups\"\nRebecca Asher\nJulia Durk\nJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)\n\n\nDeclared legally dead, Frankie begins to think about where her life has taken her. Grace worries about how her age might affect her relationship with Nick, with surprising results. When Sol and Robert meet their eccentric next door neighbors, they disagree about the best course of action.\n\n\n45\n6\n\"The Hinge\"\nKen Whittingham\nJulieanne Smolinksi\nJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)\n\n\nFrankie tries to reconnect with her estranged sister. Grace wants to fix a broken window in the house. Robert invites Sol to a folk music cruise. Bud wants Coyote and Allison to be friends.\n\n\n46\n7\n\"The Landline\"\nRandall Keenan Winston\nMichael Platt & Barry Safchik\nJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)\n\n\nSol and Frankie team up to try and get Frankie declared \"undead\" as Grace faces some realities about herself and her life after attending a friend's funeral with Robert.\n\n\n47\n8\n\"The Lockdown\"\nGail Lerner\nDavid Budin & Brendan McCarthy\nJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)\n\n\nAfter multiple false alarms, Allison decides to have an at home water birth and wants Frankie(to Bud's horror) to deliver the baby. Robert and Sol agree to let Grace stay with them while she recovers from knee surgery. The past is confronted when the former couples (along with Robert and Sol's new neighbors)are forced into lockdown when a local zoo orangutan escapes.\n\n\n48\n9\n\"The Knee\"\nRebecca Asher\nGretchen Enders\nJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)\n\n\nGrace undergoes knee surgery and Nick wants to show her his ability to care for people in need. Frankie is enjoying her new role as a grandmother, but Jacob is feeling tired of coming in second in her life and makes a startling revelation.\n\n\n49\n10\n\"The Death Stick\"\nKen Whittingham\nBrooke Wied\nJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)\n\n\nRobert and Sol begin therapy. Grace and Frankie gets a surprise when they bring gifts to a fan of their vibrators. Brianna's nemesis makes an offer.\n\n\n50\n11\n\"The Tub\"\nRebecca Asher\nAlex Burnett\nJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)\n\n\nGrace is looking for a contractor to fix the house after the bathtub accident. Sol meets with his folk music cruise friend, Roy. Frankie takes Faith on a car ride.\n\n\n51\n12\n\"The Rats\"\nAlan Poul\nSara Lohman & Alex Kavallierou\nJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)\n\n\nGrace and Frankie discover that in addition to having their pipes stolen they have a rat infestation. Bud has doubts whether Frankie should be allowed to babysit again. Robert's musical opens.\n\n\n52\n13\n\"The Home\"\nMarta Kauffman\nMelissa DiNicola & Billy Finnegan\nJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)\n\n\nThe children suggest Grace and Frankie should live in an assisted living community. Sol and Robert realize something about their relationship.\n\n"
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-6278158106691237826 | Renal glucose reabsorption | Renal glucose reabsorption - wikipedia Renal glucose reabsorption Jump to : navigation , search Renal glucose reabsorption is the part of kidney ( renal ) physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered glucose , preventing it from disappearing from the body through the urine . If glucose is not reabsorbed by the kidney , it appears in the urine , in a condition known as glucosuria . This is associated with diabetes mellitus . Firstly , the glucose in the proximal tubule is co-transported with sodium ions into the proximal convoluted tubule walls via the SGLT2 cotransporter . Some ( typically smaller ) amino acids are also transported in this way . Once in the tubule wall , the glucose and amino acids diffuse directly into the blood capillaries along a concentration gradient . This blood is flowing , so the gradient is maintained . Lastly , sodium / potassium ion active transport pumps remove sodium from the tubule wall and the sodium is put back into the blood . This maintains a sodium concentration gradient in the proximal tubule lining , so the first step continues to happen . Gliflozins such as canagliflozin inhibit renal glucose reabsorption , and are used in diabetes mellitus to lower blood glucose . Overview table ( edit ) Characteristics of glucose reabsorption Characteristic Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct system S1 S2 S3 Reabsorption ( % ) 98 Beyond the distal convoluted tubule : 2 % Reabsorption ( mmol / day ) Concentration Apical transport proteins SGLT2 SGLT1 Basolateral transport proteins GLUT2 GLUT1 Other reabsorption features References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sect. 7 , Ch. 6 : Characteristics of Proximal Glucose Reabsorption Jump up ^ Balis , Dainius A ; Tong , Cindy ; Meininger , Gary ( July 2014 ) . `` Effect of canagliflozin , a sodium -- glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor , on measurement of serum 1 , 5 - anhydroglucitol '' . J Diabetes. 6 ( 4 ) : 378 -- 380 . doi : 10.1111 / 1753 - 0407.12116 . ^ Jump up to : Walter F. , PhD . Boron . Medical Physiology : A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch . Elsevier / Saunders . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 3 . Page 793 Physiology of the kidneys and acid - base physiology Renal function Secretion clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein Renal function Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt / V Standardized Kt / V Measures of dialysis Hemodialysis product PAH clearance ( Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio ) Filtration Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins Acid - base balance Fluid balance Darrow Yannet diagram Body water : Intracellular fluid / Cytosol Extracellular fluid ( Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid ) Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap Arterial blood gas Winter 's formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion BUN - to - creatinine ratio Tubuloglomerular feedback Natriuresis Urine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renal_glucose_reabsorption&oldid=752012417 '' Categories : Renal physiology Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 November 2016 , at 00 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does primary active transport of sodium occur in the proximal convoluted tubule cells | [
"Firstly, the glucose in the proximal tubule is co-transported with sodium ions into the proximal convoluted tubule walls via the SGLT2 cotransporter. Some (typically smaller) amino acids are also transported in this way. Once in the tubule wall, the glucose and amino acids diffuse directly into the blood capillaries along a concentration gradient. This blood is flowing, so the gradient is maintained. Lastly, sodium/potassium ion active transport pumps remove sodium from the tubule wall and the sodium is put back into the blood. This maintains a sodium concentration gradient in the proximal tubule lining, so the first step continues to happen."
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-3785746040603028846 | List of Vampire Knight chapters | List of Vampire Knight chapters - wikipedia List of Vampire Knight chapters Jump to : navigation , search First volume of Vampire Knight , released in Japan by Hakusensha on July 5 , 2005 This is a list of volumes and chapters for the manga series Vampire Knight by Matsuri Hino . The series premiered in the January 2005 issue of LaLa magazine and has officially ended . The individual chapters have been collected and published in tankōbon volumes by Hakusensha , with the series concluding with nineteen volumes released in Japan as of November 2013 . Vampire Knight was adapted into a twenty - six episode anime series by Studio Deen . The first season aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between April 7 , 2008 and June 30 , 2008 . The second season , titled Vampire Knight Guilty , aired between October 6 , 2008 and December 29 , 2008 . Two drama CDs and two Japanese light novels have also been created based on the manga series . The series is licensed for an English language release in North America by Viz Media . In addition to publishing the individual volumes , the series was serialized in Viz 's Shojo Beat manga anthology from July 2006 , until the magazine was discontinued in 2009 . The series is licensed for English release in Singapore by Chuang Yi. and the Chuang Yi editions are being reprinted in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Volume list 2 Chapters not yet collected in tankōbon 3 See also 4 References Volume list ( edit ) No . Japan release date Japan ISBN Australian / New Zealand North American release date Australian / New Zealand North American ISBN July 10 , 2005 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 18301 - 3 February 10 , 2007 January 2 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 981 - 269 - 421 - 8 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0822 - 1 1st Night : `` Cross Academy Night Class '' 2nd Night : `` Zero 's Secret '' 3rd Night : `` The Vampire of Vampires '' 4th Night : `` The Promise ... '' 5th Night : `` My Dear Girl '' `` Night Class Side '' Editor 's Notes Yuki Cross goes on patrol , and spots two Day Class students trying to take pictures of the Night Class . One of them was hurt badly from falling , and Hanabusa Aido and Akatsuki Kain come to the scene after they smelled blood . Yuki tries to defend the two girls , but Aido is overcome in his hunger for blood and bites her hand , which had been cut on a branch previously . Zero Kiryu , the other guardian , appears and stops Aido , while Kaname Kuran , the President of the Night Class , gives them detention . Later on , Zero gets mysteriously ill and skips prefect duty on St. Xocolatl Day . It is revealed that Zero is actually a vampire , and that a Pureblood vampire had bitten him four years ago . He bites Yuki , overcome with his vampiric urges for blood . Afterwards he tries to run away from the Academy , but Yuki wo n't let him go . In the end , he gives her a gun , saying to shoot and kill him if he ever loses control of himself . December 2 , 2005 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 18302 - 0 March 14 , 2007 May 1 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 981 - 269 - 422 - 5 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1130 - 6 6th Night : `` Outside Cross Academy '' 7th Night : `` Night Party '' 8th Night : `` The Forbidden Act '' 9th Night : `` Choices Made '' Bonus Story : `` Sometimes There Are Lazy Days Too '' Bonus Story : `` I Must 've Been Born Under the ' Victim of Circumstances ' Star ... '' `` Vampires Covered in Blood Are Prohibited from Entering This Page ! ! '' Editor 's Notes Yuki and Zero go into town to do some shopping for the headmaster , and they are attacked by a fiendish vampire called a `` Level E '' . Two Night Class students , Takuma Ichijo and Senri Shiki , come just on time and slay it , and invite Yuki and Zero to their dormitory at midnight to find out why they killed one of their own kind . So they go , and are both surprised when it is revealed that it was actually Ichijo 's birthday party . Even Kaname attends , and he tells Yuki to sit beside him to be safe . There , Yuki learns that Kaname is one of the few remaining Pureblood vampires - vampires that inherited the powers from the original vampires themselves . Zero leaves , and Yuki finds him collapsed near the pool , and he tries to drink her blood for a second time . But before he can , a vampire hunter , and Zero 's old master , named Toga Yagari shoots him . Zero is locked away in one of the Headmaster 's rooms to recover , but Yuki realizes that he can recover quickly if he drinks human blood , so she lets him drink her blood . April 5 , 2006 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 18303 - 7 April 10 , 2007 October 2 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 981 - 269 - 423 - 2 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1324 - 9 10th Night : `` The Lord of the Moon Dormitory '' 11th Night : `` Memories of Snow , Blood , and Tenderness '' 12th Night : `` We Were Powerless Back Then '' 13th Night : `` He Who Pulls the Trigger '' 14th Night : `` The Late Arrival : A New Student '' Side Story : `` The Warmth That Slipped from Her Palm . And ... '' Editor 's Notes Kaname sinks into depression after finding out about Yuki and Zero 's forbidden act . Ichijo 's scary grandfather , Asato Ichijo ( known as `` Ichio '' ) abruptly visits Cross Academy , claiming to be having a casual visit with his grandson , but he appears to have a hidden agenda with Kaname . Ichijo asks Yuki why Kaname is so depressed , which leads to multiple flashbacks about her past , from Yuki 's arrival at the headmaster 's house ten years ago , to four years ago when Zero first started living with her and the headmaster , to Yuki witnessing Kaname bite Ruka after she convinced him not to bite Yuki . Zero almost succumbs to drinking her blood while she 's sleeping , Kaname witnesses the scene . Kaname tells Zero that the only reason why he 's letting him live is because Zero wo n't betray her . Zero hunts down a level E serial killer who almost kills Yuki . A mysterious new Night Class student named Maria Kurenai arrives at Cross Academy . Zero pulls his gun out at her , having flashbacks about the woman who turned him into a vampire . Kaname tells Ichijo that these events are not coincidence , and that he has arranged it that way . October 5 , 2006 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 18304 - 4 May 6 , 2007 April 1 , 2008 ISBN 978 - 981 - 269 - 539 - 0 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1563 - 2 15th Night : `` Tempest on the Board '' 16th Night : `` Motives , Hidden Agendas '' 17th Night : `` A Price to Pay '' 18th Night : `` Hope '' 19th Night : `` Wild Gears '' Extra Story : `` It 's Too Scary To Ask ' Why Only Me ? ' '' Editor 's Notes Maria Kurenai walks around the school grounds during the day , and is followed by a flustered Ichijo . Yuki goes to talk to Maria , but Zero tells her to stay away from her . Kaname asks Maria why she has come to the academy , and she confirms that she is actually a Pureblood controlling the mind of the real Maria . Zero helps Yuki with her homework , but begins to act weird . He runs off to the Moon Dormitory , and he points his gun at Maria , who says that she has been waiting for him , and that she is really Shizuka Hio , the one who turned Zero into a vampire . Yuki goes to help Zero , but she is stopped by Kaname , who erases all of her memories of that night . She wakes up the next day , and when she sees Maria she remembers what had happened . She asks Maria what she did with Zero , and Maria tells Yuki that to save Zero , she would either have to give herself up , or kill Kaname for her . At the ball later that night , Yuki asks Kaname why he erased her memories , and he said that he only did it to protect her , and they hug . She apologizes , and runs to the Moon Dorm to give herself up to Maria . Maria 's assistant , Ichiru , brings in her real body , and she switches her mind back to her original self , Shizuka Hio . She prepares to bite Yuki , but Zero comes in . He shoots her , and she walks away to tend to her wounds while her assistant fights Zero . It is revealed that her assistant is actually Zero 's twin brother Ichiru . While Shizuka tends to her wounds , Kaname comes in and penetrates her heart with his hand , killing her to protect Yuki . April 5 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 18305 - 1 September 12 , 2007 September 2 , 2008 ISBN 978 - 981 - 269 - 954 - 1 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1954 - 8 20th Night : `` Game Over '' 21st Night : `` Guilty '' 22nd Night : `` Things That Have Changed and Things That Have n't '' 23rd Night : `` Lost Lamb '' 24th Night : `` A ' Minor ' Incident '' `` Vampires Covered in Blood Are Prohibited from Entering This Page ! ! '' Editor 's Notes Zero smells blood , and a panicking Ichiru runs to Shizuka 's side . Kaname had disappeared , so Ichiru assumed that Zero was the one who killed Shizuka because he had shot her with his gun . Aido , who had been eavesdropping on Kaname and Shizuka , was the sole witness of her death . Ichiru flees angrily , vowing revenge against his twin brother Zero . The Night Class reports to the Vampire Senate that it was Zero who killed Shizuka Hio , and they send assassins to take care of him . Kaname interrupts , and stands against the Senate . He , Ichijo and Akatsuki Kain go to the Senate itself to testify for Zero , while Aido runs away to the Sun Dormitory because he was upset about witnessing Shizuka 's death . After watching Zero drink Yuki 's blood , however , he went back angrily . Later , a Day Class student collapses , with fang marks on her neck . Kaname openly suspects Zero , and Yuki shouts at him , saying that she wo n't talk to him again until he admits that Zero is innocent . Kaname discovers the culprit , while Zero has a vision of himself accidentally killing Yuki . Yuki asks him what 's wrong , and he , rejoiced that she was still alive , leans in to kiss her , but backs away . 6 October 5 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 18306 - 8 June 11 , 2008 March 10 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 981 - 276 - 352 - 5 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2353 - 8 25th Night : `` Vampire Soirée '' 26th Night : `` Kaname ... '' 27th Night : `` The Archives '' 28th Night : `` The Kuran Family '' 29th Night : `` Quickening '' Extra Story : `` Kaname - sama and I , Prior to the Night Class '' Editor 's Notes Zero stops the kiss , saying that he had a bad dream . But Yuki had already figured out what he was trying to do , and she avoided him all day . She and her best friend Yori go shopping , and they are interrupted by a little boy , who asks Yuki to help him find his mother . She helps the little boy , and he leads her to an abandoned building . She sees that he has different colored eyes , one blue eye and one red eye , and he drains her energy . The Night Class discovers her unconscious , and takes her to safety . Ichijo explains that the abandoned building was being used for Vampire Banquet , hosted by Aido 's father . Curious , she sneaks out , and sees all of the vampire parents introducing their daughters to Kaname . A female vampire , one of the last remaining Purebloods named Sara Shirabuki , tells them to leave Kaname alone , and she and Kaname talk . Yuki gets jealous and runs back into the room , where she starts to cry . Kaname comes in and asks her if she wants to become a vampire , and she says yes . But he claims that he did n't mean it , and takes her back home . During the long vacation , Yuki tries to find out her past , and goes with Zero and the headmaster to the Vampire Hunter Society . They find a book , but as soon as she turns to page containing the information she is looking for , the page sets itself on fire . Aido asks Kaname about his parents , and Kaname says that they were murdered . Back in Yuki 's room , Yuki feels guilty about always dragging Zero into her problems and he bites her . When Yuki notices he is drinking more than usual , she tells him to stop and when he does n't , she pushes him away . He then reveals that Yuki is the reason he is alive and he does n't mind being dragged into her problems because he always drinks her blood even though that is a sin . She then cries in his arms for the rest of the night . At the same time , Shiki is taken to the Vampire Senate , where he meets the little boy with the different coloured eyes . The little boy collapses , and Shiki 's father rises out of a pool of blood . It ends with the mysterious man asking Shiki to lend him his body . 7 April 5 , 2008 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 18307 - 5 October 10 , 2008 August 4 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 981 - 276 - 578 - 9 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2676 - 8 30th Night : `` For Whom the Blood Flows '' 31st Night : `` The Path to the Answer '' 32nd Night : `` The Make - Believe Sandbox '' 33rd Night : `` A Pureblood 's Lover '' 34th Night : `` Bloody World '' Side Story : `` Cross Family Vacation '' Editor 's Notes After the vacation ends , Yuki asks Kaname to tell her about her past , but he evades her questioning , and confesses his love for her . Zero , wanting to get some answers himself , goes to the Moon Dormitory and confronts Kaname . The two fight , and Zero ends up drinking Kaname 's blood . In the meantime , Ichiru comes to the academy , ushered in by the Vampire Senate itself . Yuki asks Kaname once more about her past , and he says that he will tell her if she becomes his lover ( as in girlfriend ) . The Night Class follows Yuuki around to protect her , and she has a picnic with Kaname . She demands , one last time , to know about her past , and she begins to have flashbacks . Overcome , she collapses . Ichijo and Shiki return to the academy , and they immediately confront Kaname . The man possessing Shiki confirms that he is really Kaname 's uncle , Rido Kuran , and that he has come to take Yuki . Kaname tells Rido that he will never touch Yuki , and flees . Yuki wakes up and has a frightening hallucination , and she attacks Zero , who says that she can do whatever she wants to him because she is the victim , not him . She shoves him away , and cries . Kaname climbs in through her window , and takes her away . It ends with Kaname sinking his fangs into Yuki 's neck . 8 October 10 , 2008 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 18308 - 2 February 10 , 2009 November 3 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 981 - 276 - 758 - 5 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3073 - 4 35th Night : `` Yuki '' 36th Night : `` The Unwanted '' 37th Night : `` Like a Sin '' 38th Night : `` Conspiracy '' Bonus Story : `` The Scarlet Cherry Blossoms Scattered Quietly '' Bonus Story : `` The Secret I Do n't Know '' `` Vampires Covered in Blood Are Prohibited from Entering This Page ! ! '' Editor 's Notes Kaname turns Yuki into a vampire , and Zero interrupts . He points his gun at Kaname in an angry rage , and prepares to shoot . But Yuki protects Kaname , declaring that he is her brother . She faints , and Kaname tells Zero that he would be happier if he was born as Yuki 's real brother . He takes Yuki to the Moon Dormitory , and leaves Aido and Kain to take care of her while she goes through her transformation . In the meantime , Rima Toya confronts Rido , and they have a battle . Rido critically injures Rima , but she manages to ward him out of Shiki 's body . Yuki wakes up and smells Rima 's blood , scared at first that the scent of blood was Zero 's . She , Aido and Kain go to the Sun Dormitory , and she goes to talk to Zero . He points his gun at the door and rejects her . Kaname goes to Rido 's coffin , and opens it with Ichiru 's help . He stabs a sword through his hand and Rido 's body , giving Rido the blood he needs to regenerate . Ichiru asks why Kaname ca n't personally kill Rido , and Kaname reveals that he is actually the ancient ancestor of Kuran . 9 November 5 , 2008 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 18309 - 9 August 10 , 2009 February 2 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 981 - 276 - 802 - 5 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3172 - 4 39th Night : `` The Academy in Turmoil '' 40th Night : `` The Arms That Held the Original Sin '' 41st Night : `` Artemis '' 42nd Night : `` Bloody Rose '' 43rd Night : `` Vampire Night '' Editor 's Notes Zero is imprisoned as Rido begins to revive slowly , and his army of Level E vampires approach the academy . Ichiru , fatally wounded , shoots Zero , and it is revealed that Ichiru was on Zero 's side all along , and that he was plotting to kill Rido , the one who made Shizuka Hio murder their parents . Ichiru tells Zero to eat him to become stronger , and he reluctantly does . Kaname approaches Yuki and tells her that it is time to flee , but she refuses . She kisses him and tells him that she will be fine , so he leaves while she grabs her Artemis rod , which transforms into a giant scythe . Aido battles against the Level E vampires , and he sees Rido , who hypnotizes him to sacrifice himself to become Rido 's food . Yuki jumps in and saves him , unaffected by Rido 's controlling powers , being a Pureblood herself . She begins to battle her Uncle Rido , and Zero comes in , having developed a new power to control the metallic vines of Bloody Rose which has attached to his body . They both battle while Kaname goes to the Vampire Senate , and forces them all to brutally kill themselves by ripping off their heads . The battle with Rido ends as Yuki stabs him in the heart during a moment of weakness , and Zero blows him into tiny little fragments . Kaname goes to kill Ichio , but Ichijo steps in , wanting to kill Ichio himself . Back at Cross Academy , Zero tells Yuki that he intends to kill all of the Purebloods , including her . She tells him that she can not die yet , and raises her scythe , ready to fight . 10 June 5 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 18310 - 5 December 10 , 2009 June 1 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 981 - 276 - 881 - 0 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3569 - 2 44th Night : `` Obsession '' 45th Night : `` Each In Their Place '' 46th Night : `` Enemies '' 47th Night : `` Each On Their Path '' 48th Night : `` The Wishes of Unrequited Lovers '' Extra Story : `` A Lady Talks About Her Love '' Extra Story : `` Cross 's Child - Care Diary , Part One '' Extra Story : `` Cross 's Child - Care Diary , Part Two '' `` CD Report '' Editor 's Notes Zero contemplates his relationship with Yuki and eventually tells her that he would n't have minded if she had killed him . Meanwhile , Maria Kurenai spies on Kaname and witnesses his destruction of the Vampire Senate . She notifies her parents , who informs the rest of vampire society . At the academy , the headmaster battles the Vampire Hunters and kills the Association President . He is then arrested . At the fallen Senate building , Sara Shirabuki arrives to find an unconscious Takuma Ichijo , and she apprehends him to find out more about Kaname . Meanwhile , Kaname arrives back at the academy and gets into a fight with Zero , but Yuki stops it before Kaname could deliver the final blow to Zero . Kaname leaves them alone for a few minutes , and Zero kisses Yuki . They then go down their own separate paths , with Zero vowing to kill Yuki the next time they meet . Yuki reunites with Kaname and they both leave the Academy together , the both of them spotting Zero carrying Ichiru 's body on their way . Later on , Aido , Ruka , and Kain are on the train so they can try to find Kaname and Yuki . Kain remembers some of his past experiences with Kaname and wonders to himself if the day when he 'll walk down his own path will ever come . 11 December 4 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19131 - 5 February 24 , 2010 December 7 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 9 - 814 - 29770 - 7 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3790 - 0 49th Night : `` Tonight , I Shall Hold You With My Bloodstained Hands '' 50th Night : `` Deep in that Dark Forest '' 51st Night : `` Dilemma '' 52nd Night : `` Beasts Madly in Love '' 53rd Night : `` Reunion '' `` Vampires Covered in Blood Are Prohibited from Entering This Page ! ! '' Editor 's Notes Ichijo wakes up and finds himself in the care of Sara Shirabuki , who saved his life after he tried sacrificing himself to kill Ichio . She asks him to tell her all he knows about Kaname , and she tears at his flesh when he refuses . Meanwhile , Yuki returns to the Kuran mansion with Kaname , and he admits all of his past wrongdoings to her . He tries to push her away , but she asks for him to taint her as well . They kiss and Kaname bites her . After that there is a one year time - skip , and the focus changes to Zero , who saves a little girl from being kidnapped by some ex-human vampires . He returns to his city apartment shortly after , and he is greeted by the headmaster , who was released from the Hunter Society . The headmaster informs Zero of a meeting that is about to take place between the Hunters and the vampires , with Zero as the future leader of the Hunter Society and Kaname as the future leader of the vampire society . Back at the Kuran mansion , Yuki studies with Aido , who is her teacher . During Kaname 's absence , she craves both his and Zero 's blood , and she wanders around the mansion confusedly . She feels guilty for having feelings for both Kaname and Zero , and she asks Kaname if she can stay by his side forever anyway . Meanwhile , the Hunters continue to set up for the meeting and the party afterwards , and Kain and Ruka visit the Hanadagi family to see if everything is fine . At the school , Zero 's old friend Kaito is hired as a teacher , and he meets Yori . The Hunters and the vampires have their meeting , and afterwards Zero discovers that Kaito snuck Yori into the party . Kaito says that if the vampires notice there is a ' lamb ' at the party and attack her , Zero will have the perfect excuse to kill Yuki . 12 July 5 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19132 - 2 October 19 , 2010 June 7 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 981 - 4323 - 63 - 5 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3938 - 6 54th Night : `` Enemy of Purebloods '' 55th Night : `` The Beginning of the Beginning '' 56th Night : `` Queen '' 57th Night : `` Two Weapons '' 58th Night : `` Sacrifice '' Bonus Story : `` A Load of Nonsense from a Certain Photo Lover '' `` Vampires Covered in Blood Are Prohibited from Entering This Page ! ! '' Editor 's Notes Yuki and Zero lock eyes , but they turn away from each other . Yori wanders around the ballroom , and Sara Shirabuki finds and talks to her . She tries to lure Yori away , but is stopped by Zero , who grabs her wrist . Yuki squeezes through the throng to get to the fracas , and she convinces Zero to let go of Sara . Zero takes Yori away , while Sara asks Yuki if she wants to be her friend . Kaname arranges for Yuki to meet privately with Yori and Zero , but Zero declines . At the party , Sara Shirabuki 's Pureblood fiance , Ouri , goes missing , as well as a vampire hunter . A scent of blood suddenly fills the air , and Yuki goes to investigate while Kain finds the remains of the dead Pureblood hidden underneath a tablecloth . Yuki finds Zero and Kaien investigating the body of the dead hunter , who committed suicide after becoming a vampire . Yuki wants to find out the truth , but she is rushed out of the ballroom . Meanwhile , Sara and Ichijo leave , and Sara reveals to Ichijo that she turned the hunter into a vampire and forced her to kill Ouri for her . Sara declares that one day she will become Queen . At the mansion , Yuki meets with the crowd that had gathered outside , and she is punished by Kaname for being so careless . Both Yuki and Zero ponder on the incident at the ball , and Zero believes that it is just the beginning . Later on , Kaname gives Yuuki Artemis back , and Yuki decides to go out on her own . She is accompanied by Aido , and visits the Pureblood Isaya Shoto . She tells Shoto that since Kurans are the only Purebloods able to wield hunter weapons , she will personally end the lives of any Pureblood who wishes to die . Yuki leaves , and Kaien walks out of the curtains . He and Isaya were apparently friends for over fifty years . At the Dahlia Academy Girls School , Sara goes on a tour with Ichijo , and ends up turning a group of human girls into her vampire servants . Zero and Kaito go to investigate , but Sara insists that Zero can not do anything to her because she turned them consensually . Back at the Kuran mansion , Kaname sits on a coffin while talking to Rido , who barely managed to survive . Kaname asks Rido why he sacrificed Haruka and Juri 's baby , who was also named Kaname like him . 13 December 3 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19133 - 9 May 10 , 2011 October 4 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 9 - 814 - 34100 - 4 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 4081 - 8 59th Night : `` Tombstones '' 60th Night : `` A Familiar Scent '' 61st Night : `` Beyond the Doors '' 62nd Night : `` Beyond the Memories '' 63rd Night : `` The Hunter and the Ancestor '' Bonus Story : `` A Certain Ill - Reputed Hunter '' Editor 's Notes Zero gets a few days off and visits his family 's graves . Yuki stops by the cemetery to visit her old nurse and runs into trouble when another Pureblood , Toma , attacks her , Yuki is badly injured , but Zero enters the scene and scares away the Pureblood . When Yuki falls unconscious , Zero takes her to a hunter safe house to recover with Aido trailing them . Yuki awakens and almost bites Zero . Kaname 's bats take Yuki back home , and Kaname finally reveals he is not her brother . Yuki drinks Kaname 's blood and receives the memories of his awakening and his distant past as the ancestor . Kaname 's past reveals the rise of vampires after a global cataclysm ten thousand years ago , and the trouble caused by the rising number of vampires turning humans into their servants and bringing them under their control . Yuki sees the woman that Kaname used to love . Meanwhile , Aido is captured by the Hunter Society in the hopes that he can reveal important information about Kaname . Zero and Aido discuss the origins of the Vampire Hunters ; a female Pureblood sacrificed herself to give the original Vampire Hunters their powers . Kaname 's memories reveal that the woman he cared about was the one who sacrificed herself . 14 June 3 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19134 - 6 October 10 , 2011 July 3 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 9 - 814 - 34136 - 3 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 4218 - 8 64th Night : `` A Proposition at the End of a Thousand Nights '' 65th Night : `` The Vicious Princess '' 66th Night : `` Once More From the Beginning '' 67th Night : `` A Sword That Cuts Everything '' 68th Night : `` Why ? '' `` Vampires Covered in Blood Are Prohibited from Entering This Page ! ! '' Editor 's Notes Yuki witnesses the origins of the Vampire Hunters in Kaname 's memories before waking up . Meanwhile , Sara Shirabuki kidnaps the president of a pharmaceutical company , and Ichijo is made aware of the fact that she is slowly creating a legion of obedient ex-human vampires . Kaname and Yuki decide to start their relationship over from the beginning . Despite Yuki 's protests , Kaname leaves the mansion to do what he says he had hesitated to do . Yuki tails Kaname , and ends up encountering Kaien Cross and Aido . Sara Shirabuki , using the power she obtained from Ouri , breaks into the Hanadagi family 's castle and steals the heart of the Head of the family . Hanadagi attempts to eat Aido 's father to regain his strength , but Hanadagi is murdered by Kaname . Yuki , Aido , and Kaien enter the castle just as Kaname decapitates Aido 's father , to their surprise . Kaname says that he is done hesitating , and apologizes to Yuuki before turning into bats and flying away . Yuki chases after him , but Kaien prevents her from leaving . Kaname is labeled as a dangerous vampire by the Hunter 's Association , and Yuki , as Kaname 's fiancee , is taken into their custody . 15 December 5 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19135 - 3 November 6 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 4947 - 7 69th Night : `` I am Yuki Kuran '' 70th Night : `` Collaborators '' 71st Night : `` The New Night Class '' 72nd Night : `` The Taste of Blood Tablets '' 73rd Night : `` The Relationship with Zero '' Bonus Story : `` Secrets '' Editor 's Notes Yuki is taken to the headquarters of the Hunter Society . There , she is questioned by Cross and Yagari , but she refuses to disclose any information about Kaname . Kaito takes a wounded child back to the headquarters , and Yuki is given permission to help find the culprit . Afterwards , Yuki visits members of the vampire aristocracy to introduce herself as the new head of the Kuran family . Yuki declares that she wants to re-establish the Night Class at Cross Academy , and Shiki , Rima , and Aido collaborate with her to bring it into fruition . Sara Shirabuki decides that she wants to enter the new Night Class with her servants . Meanwhile , as the new Night Class arrives at Cross Academy , Kaname kills the Head of the Hio family . Yuki hears of trouble going on in town , and she , Zero , and Maria go to stop it . Maria tells Yuki that she wants Zero for herself . Yuki talks with Ichijo about Kaname , but Sara uses her spider familiar to spy on them . Sara intervenes in their conversation just as Ichijo warns Yuki about the new blood tablets that are about to go on the market . Yuki has troubles containing her thirst for blood , so Zero takes Yuki to a secluded area where she can drink his blood . 16 May 2 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19136 - 0 March 5 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 5154 - 8 74th Night : `` The Pureblood Vampire 's Motive '' 75th Night : `` Puppet '' 76th Night : `` Tablet in the Darkness '' 77th Night : `` Yuki and Sara '' 78th Night : `` Contamination '' Editor 's Notes Yuki drinks Zero 's blood . Later , Cross mentions how Zero is no longer in a rush to kill Kaname , and Zero claims it is because of Kaname 's decision to kill off all of the Purebloods . Kaname , along with Ruka and Kain , attempt to assassinate Isaya Shoto . However , he is intercepted by Cross , who aims his sword at Kaname . Kaname claims that he will crush anyone who gets in his way , including Cross . While Cross is gone , Yagari tells Zero and Yuki that the rest of the Vampire Hunters support Kaname in his quest to eliminate the Purebloods . Kaname tells Cross that his next target is Sara Shirabuki . Meanwhile , at Cross Academy , the vampires begin acting strangely due to the brand new blood tablets . Yuki confronts Sara and she admits that she created the new blood tablets using her own blood . Two vampires under the influence of Sara 's contaminated tablets attack Yuki , and Yuki discovers that her own blood works as an antidote . Yuki starts confiscating the new blood tablets , while Sara tells Zero a secret . Later , Yuki discovers from Hanadagi 's former servant that Sara was the one who attacked him . Before she can react , Zero tells Yuki that he wo n't let her lay her hands on Sara . Zero tells Yuki the secret that Sara shared with him - that Kaname was responsible for orchestrating the death of Zero 's family - just as Kaname arrives at Cross Academy . 17 December 5 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19137 - 7 November 5 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 5701 - 4 79th Night : `` Rift '' 80th Night : `` A Confession of Love '' 81st Night : `` Those Wielding Her Weapons '' 82nd Night : `` Break - In '' 83rd Night : `` Bond '' Editor 's Notes 18 May 2 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19138 - 4 May 6 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 6433 - 3 84th Night : `` The King of Hubris , The Queen of Vanity '' 85th Night : `` I Will Succeed You '' 86th Night : `` Pursuer '' 87th Night : `` Masquerade Night '' 88th Night : `` A Seventeen Year Old 's Resolution '' Editor 's Notes 19 November 5 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19139 - 1 October 14 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 7391 - 5 89th Night : `` A Night to End a Thousand Nights '' 90th Night : `` Falling With You '' 91st Night : `` The Birds Who Have Forgotten the Song of Happiness '' 92nd Night : `` Proof of Knighthood '' The Last Night - 93rd Night : `` Vampire Knight '' Editor 's Notes Chapters not yet collected in tankōbon ( edit ) Special : `` Life '' Special : `` I Like You '' Special : `` Ai 's wish '' / `` I desire blood '' Special : Between the end of life and heaven '' See also ( edit ) List of Vampire Knight characters List of Vampire Knight episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight 2nd Season to Air in Japan in October '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved August 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight Goods : CD '' ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight Goods : Comic '' ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight '' . Chuang Yi . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2008 . Retrieved October 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 1 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight ( Manga ) V01 '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight , Vol. 1 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 2 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight ( Manga ) V02 '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight , Vol. 2 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 3 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight ( Manga ) V03 '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight , Vol. 3 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 4 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight ( Manga ) V04 '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight , Vol. 4 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 5 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight ( Manga ) V05 '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight , Vol. 5 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 6 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight ( Manga ) V06 '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight ( Manga ) V06 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 7 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight ( Manga ) V10 '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight Volume 7 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 8 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight ( Manga ) V08 '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight Volume 8 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 9 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight ( Manga ) V09 '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight Volume 9 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 10 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight ( Manga ) V10 '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.simonandschuster.biz/content/book.cfm?tab=1&pid=683147&er=9781421535692 Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 11 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Madman vol 11 '' . Jump up ^ `` Amazon vol 11 '' . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 12 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.chuangyi.com.sg/new2/ecatalogtitle.php?title=Vampire+Knight Jump up ^ http://www.aaaanime.com/item/Books/1421539381.html Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 13 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 14 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 15 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 16 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 17 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 18 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア 騎士 19 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vampire_Knight_chapters&oldid=787195355 '' Categories : Lists of manga volumes and chapters Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 00 : 33 . About Wikipedia | how many volumes of vampire knight are there | [
"This is a list of volumes and chapters for the manga series Vampire Knight by Matsuri Hino. The series premiered in the January 2005 issue of LaLa magazine and has officially ended. The individual chapters have been collected and published in tankōbon volumes by Hakusensha, with the series concluding with nineteen volumes released in Japan as of November 2013. Vampire Knight was adapted into a twenty-six episode anime series by Studio Deen. The first season aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between April 7, 2008 and June 30, 2008. The second season, titled Vampire Knight Guilty, aired between October 6, 2008 and December 29, 2008.[1] Two drama CDs and two Japanese light novels have also been created based on the manga series.[2][3]"
] | [
"nineteen"
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8189203927641473644 | Great Pacific garbage patch | Great Pacific garbage patch - wikipedia Great Pacific garbage patch Jump to : navigation , search The area of increased plastic particles is located within the North Pacific Gyre , one of the five major oceanic gyres . Play media Visualisation showing ocean garbage patches . The Great Pacific garbage patch , also described as the Pacific trash vortex , is a gyre of marine debris particles in the central North Pacific Ocean discovered between 1985 and 1988 . It is located roughly between 135 ° W to 155 ° W and 35 ° N and 42 ° N. The patch extends over an indeterminate area of widely varying range depending on the degree of plastic concentration used to define the affected area . The patch is characterized by exceptionally high relative concentrations of pelagic plastics , chemical sludge and other debris that have been trapped by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre . Its low density ( 4 particles per cubic meter ) prevents detection by satellite photography , or even by casual boaters or divers in the area . It consists primarily of a small increase in suspended , often microscopic , particles in the upper water column . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Information 3 Estimates of size 4 Photodegradation of plastics 5 Effect on marine life and humans 6 Controversy 7 Cleanup research 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Discovery ( edit ) The Patch is created in the gyre of the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone The great Pacific garbage patch was described in a 1988 paper published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) of the United States . The description was based on results obtained by several Alaska - based researchers in 1988 that measured neustonic plastic in the North Pacific Ocean . Researchers found high concentrations of marine debris accumulating in regions governed by ocean currents . Extrapolating from findings in the Sea of Japan , the researchers hypothesized that similar conditions would occur in other parts of the Pacific where prevailing currents were favorable to the creation of relatively stable waters . They specifically indicated the North Pacific Gyre . Charles J. Moore , returning home through the North Pacific Gyre after competing in the Transpac sailing race in 1999 , claimed to have come upon an enormous stretch of floating debris . Moore alerted the oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer , who subsequently dubbed the region the `` Eastern Garbage Patch '' ( EGP ) . The area is frequently featured in media reports as an exceptional example of marine pollution . The patch is not easily visible , because it consists of tiny pieces almost invisible to the naked eye . Most of its contents are suspended beneath the surface of the ocean , and the relatively low density of the plastic debris is , according to one scientific study , 5.1 kilograms per square kilometer of ocean area ( 5.1 mg / m ) . A similar patch of floating plastic debris is found in the Atlantic Ocean , called the North Atlantic garbage patch . Information ( edit ) The north Pacific Garbage Patch on a continuous ocean map It is thought that , like other areas of concentrated marine debris in the world 's oceans , the Great Pacific garbage patch formed gradually as a result of ocean or marine pollution gathered by oceanic currents . The garbage patch occupies a large and relatively stationary region of the North Pacific Ocean bound by the North Pacific Gyre ( a remote area commonly referred to as the horse latitudes ) . The gyre 's rotational pattern draws in waste material from across the North Pacific Ocean , including coastal waters off North America and Japan . As material is captured in the currents , wind - driven surface currents gradually move floating debris toward the center , trapping it in the region . There is no strong scientific data concerning the origins of pelagic plastics . In a study published in 2014 , researchers sampled 1571 locations throughout the worlds oceans , and determined that discarded fishing gear such as buoys , lines , and nets accounted for more than 60 % of the mass of plastic marine debris . According to a 2011 EPA report , `` The primary source of marine debris is the improper waste disposal or management of trash and manufacturing products , including plastics ( e.g. , littering , illegal dumping ) ... Debris is generated on land at marinas , ports , rivers , harbors , docks , and storm drains . Debris is generated at sea from fishing vessels , stationary platforms and cargo ships . '' Pollutants range in size from abandoned fishing nets to micro-pellets used in abrasive cleaners . Currents carry debris from the west coast of North America to the gyre in about six years , and debris from the east coast of Asia in a year or less . A 2017 study conducted by scientists from the University of California , Santa Barbara , and the University of Georgia , concluded that of the 9.1 billion tons of plastic produced since 1950 , close to 7 billion tons are no longer in use . The authors estimate that only 9 percent got recycled over the years , while another 12 percent was incinerated , leaving 5.5 billion tons of plastic waste to litter the oceans or land . Another recent Australian study focused on the high rate of seafloor plastic pollution , thereby highlighting an often overlooked aspect of oceanic plastic pollution . The researchers from the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania stated that `` while the huge volume of plastic debris accumulating in the world 's oceans and on beaches has received global attention , the amount of plastic accumulating on the seafloor is relatively unknown . '' Estimates of size ( edit ) The size of the patch is unknown , as is the precise distribution of debris , because large items readily visible from a boat deck are uncommon . Most debris consists of small plastic particles suspended at or just below the surface , making it difficult to accurately detect by aircraft or satellite . Instead , the size of the patch is determined by sampling . Estimates of size range from 700,000 square kilometres ( 270,000 sq mi ) ( about the size of Texas ) to more than 15,000,000 square kilometres ( 5,800,000 sq mi ) ( 0.4 % to 8 % of the size of the Pacific Ocean ) . Such estimates , however , are conjectural given the complexities of sampling and the need to assess findings against other areas . Further , although the size of the patch is determined by a higher - than - normal degree of concentration of pelagic debris , there is no standard for determining the boundary between `` normal '' and `` elevated '' levels of pollutants to provide a firm estimate of the affected area . Net - based surveys are less subjective than direct observations but are limited regarding the area that can be sampled ( net apertures 1 -- 2 m and ships typically have to slow down to deploy nets , requiring dedicated ship 's time ) . The plastic debris sampled is determined by net mesh size , with similar mesh sizes required to make meaningful comparisons among studies . Floating debris typically is sampled with a neuston or manta trawl net lined with 0.33 mm mesh . Given the very high level of spatial clumping in marine litter , large numbers of net tows are required to adequately characterize the average abundance of litter at sea . Long - term changes in plastic meso - litter have been reported using surface net tows : in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre in 1999 , plastic abundance was 335 000 items / km and 5.1 kg / km , roughly an order of magnitude greater than samples collected in the 1980s . Similar dramatic increases in plastic debris have been reported off Japan . However , caution is needed in interpreting such findings , because of the problems of extreme spatial heterogeneity , and the need to compare samples from equivalent water masses , which is to say that , if an examination of the same parcel of water a week apart is conducted , an order of magnitude change in plastic concentration could be observed . In August 2009 , the Scripps Institution of Oceanography / Project Kaisei SEAPLEX survey mission of the Gyre found that plastic debris was present in 100 consecutive samples taken at varying depths and net sizes along a 1,700 miles ( 2,700 km ) path through the patch . The survey also confirmed that , although the debris field does contain large pieces , it is on the whole made up of smaller items that increase in concentration toward the Gyre 's centre , and these ' confetti - like ' pieces are clearly visible just beneath the surface . Although many media and advocacy reports have suggested that the patch extends over an area larger than the continental U.S. , recent research sponsored by the National Science Foundation suggests the affected area may be much smaller . Recent data collected from Pacific albatross populations suggest there may be two distinct zones of concentrated debris in the Pacific . Photodegradation of plastics ( edit ) Main article : Photodegradation Washed up plastic waste on a beach in Singapore . The Great Pacific garbage patch has one of the highest levels known of plastic particulate suspended in the upper water column . As a result , it is one of several oceanic regions where researchers have studied the effects and impact of plastic photodegradation in the neustonic layer of water . Unlike organic debris , which biodegrades , the photodegraded plastic disintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remaining a polymer . This process continues down to the molecular level . As the plastic flotsam photodegrades into smaller and smaller pieces , it concentrates in the upper water column . As it disintegrates , the plastic ultimately becomes small enough to be ingested by aquatic organisms that reside near the ocean 's surface . In this way , plastic may become concentrated in neuston , thereby entering the food chain . Some plastics decompose within a year of entering the water , leaching potentially toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A , PCBs , and derivatives of polystyrene . The process of disintegration means that the plastic particulate in much of the affected region is too small to be seen . In a 2001 study , researchers ( including Charles Moore ) found concentrations of plastic particles at 334,721 pieces per km with a mean mass of 5,114 grams ( 11.27 lbs ) per km , in the neuston . Assuming each particle of plastic averaged 5 mm × 5 mm × 1 mm , this would amount to only 8 m per km due to small particulates . Nonetheless , this represents a high amount with respect to the overall ecology of the neuston . In many of the sampled areas , the overall concentration of plastics was seven times greater than the concentration of zooplankton . Samples collected at deeper points in the water column found much lower concentrations of plastic particles ( primarily monofilament fishing line pieces ) . Effect on marine life and humans ( edit ) Some of these long - lasting plastics end up in the stomachs of marine animals , and their young , including sea turtles and the black - footed albatross . Midway Atoll receives substantial amounts of marine debris from the patch . Of the 1.5 million Laysan albatrosses that inhabit Midway , nearly all are likely to have plastic in their digestive system . Approximately one - third of their chicks die , and many of those deaths are due to being fed plastic from their parents . Twenty tons of plastic debris washes up on Midway every year with five tons of that debris being fed to albatross chicks . Besides the particles ' danger to wildlife , on the microscopic level the floating debris can absorb organic pollutants from seawater , including PCBs , DDT , and PAHs . Aside from toxic effects , when ingested , some of these are mistaken by the endocrine system as estradiol , causing hormone disruption in the affected animal . These toxin - containing plastic pieces are also eaten by jellyfish , which are then eaten by fish . Many of these fish are then consumed by humans , resulting in their ingestion of toxic chemicals . While eating their normal sources of food , plastic ingestion can be unavoidable or the animal may mistake the plastic as a food source . Marine plastics also facilitate the spread of invasive species that attach to floating plastic in one region and drift long distances to colonize other ecosystems . Research has shown that this plastic marine debris affects at least 267 species worldwide . The United Nations Ocean Conference estimated that the oceans might contain more weight in plastics than fish by the year 2050 . Controversy ( edit ) There has been some controversy surrounding the use of the term `` garbage patch '' and photos taken off the coast of Manila in the Philippines in attempts to portray the patch in the media often misrepresenting the true scope of the problem and what could be done to solve it . Angelicque White , Associate Professor at Oregon State University , who has studied the `` garbage patch '' in depth , warns that `` the use of the phrase ' garbage patch ' is misleading ... It is not visible from space ; there are no islands of trash ; it is more akin to a diffuse soup of plastic floating in our oceans . '' In the article Dr. White and Professor Tamara Galloway , from the University of Exeter , call for regulation and cleanup and state that the focus should be on stemming the flow of plastic into the ocean from coastal sources . The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) agrees , saying : While `` Great Pacific Garbage Patch '' is a term often used by the media , it does not paint an accurate picture of the marine debris problem in the North Pacific Ocean . The name `` Pacific Garbage Patch '' has led many to believe that this area is a large and continuous patch of easily visible marine debris items such as bottles and other litter -- akin to a literal island of trash that should be visible with satellite or aerial photographs . This is not the case . -- Ocean Facts , National Ocean Service Cleanup research ( edit ) In April 2008 , Richard Sundance Owen , a building contractor and scuba dive instructor , formed the Environmental Cleanup Coalition ( ECC ) to address the issue of North Pacific pollution . ECC collaborates with other groups to identify methods to safely remove plastic and persistent organic pollutants from the oceans . The JUNK raft project was a trans - Pacific sailing voyage from June to August 2008 made to highlight the plastic in the patch , organized by the Algalita Marine Research Foundation . Project Kaisei , a project to study and clean up the garbage patch , launched in March 2009 . In August 2009 , two project vessels , the New Horizon and the Kaisei , embarked on a voyage to research the patch and determine the feasibility of commercial scale collection and recycling . The SEAPLEX expedition , a group of researchers from Scripps Institution of Oceanography , spent 19 days on the ocean in August , 2009 researching the patch . Their primary goal was to describe the abundance and distribution of plastic in the gyre in the most rigorous study to date . Researchers were also looking at the impact of plastic on mesopelagic fish , such as lanternfish . This group utilized a dedicated oceanographic research vessel , the 170 ft ( 52 m ) long New Horizon . In 2012 , Miriam C. Goldstein , Marci Rosenberg , and Lanna Cheng wrote : Plastic pollution in the form of small particles ( diameter less than 5 mm ) -- termed ' microplastic ' -- has been observed in many parts of the world ocean . They are known to interact with biota on the individual level , e.g. through ingestion , but their population - level impacts are largely unknown . One potential mechanism for microplastic - induced alteration of pelagic ecosystems is through the introduction of hard - substrate habitat to ecosystems where it is naturally rare . Here , we show that microplastic concentrations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre ( NPSG ) have increased by two orders of magnitude in the past four decades , and that this increase has released the pelagic insect Halobates sericeus from substrate limitation for oviposition . High concentrations of microplastic in the NPSG resulted in a positive correlation between H. sericeus and microplastic , and an overall increase in H. sericeus egg densities . Predation on H. sericeus eggs and recent hatchlings may facilitate the transfer of energy between pelagic - and substrate - associated assemblages . The dynamics of hard - substrate - associated organisms may be important to understanding the ecological impacts of oceanic microplastic pollution . The Goldstein et al. study compared changes in small plastic abundance between 1972 -- 1987 and 1999 -- 2010 by using historical samples from the Scripps Pelagic Invertebrate Collection and data from SEAPLEX , a NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer cruise in 2010 , information from the Algalita Marine Research Foundation as well as various published papers . At TEDxDelft2012 , Dutch Aerospace Engineering student Boyan Slat unveiled a concept for removing large amounts of marine debris from the five oceanic gyres . Calling his project The Ocean Cleanup , he proposed to use surface currents to let debris drift to specially designed arms and collection platforms . Operating costs would be minimal and the operation would be so efficient that it might even be profitable . The concept makes use of floating booms , that divert rather than catch the debris . This way bycatch would be avoided , although even the smallest particles would be extracted . According to Slat 's calculations , a gyre could be cleaned up in five years ' time , collecting at least 7.25 million tons of plastic across all gyres . He also advocated `` radical plastic pollution prevention methods '' to prevent gyres from reforming . Method , a producer of household products , markets a dish soap whose container is made partly of recycled ocean plastic . The company sent crews to Hawaiian beaches to recover some of the debris that had washed up . Artists such as Marina DeBris use trash from the garbage patch to create trashion , or clothes made out of trash . The main purpose is to educate people about the garbage patch . The 2012 Algalita / 5 Gyres Asia Pacific Expedition began in the Marshall Islands on 1 May , investigated the little - studied Western Pacific garbage patch , collecting samples for the 5 Gyres Institute , Algalita Marine Research Foundation and several other colleagues , including NOAA , SCRIPPS , IPRC and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute . From 4 October to 9 November 2012 , the Sea Education Association ( SEA ) conducted a research expedition to study plastic pollution in the North Pacific gyre . A similar research expedition was conducted by SEA in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2010 . During the Plastics at SEA 2012 North Pacific Expedition , a total of 118 net tows were conducted and nearly 70,000 pieces of plastic were counted to estimate the density of plastics , map the distribution of plastics in the gyre , and examine the effects of plastic debris on marine life . On 11 April 2013 , in order to create awareness , artist Maria Cristina Finucci founded The Garbage Patch State at UNESCO -- Paris in front of Director General Irina Bokova . It was the first of a series of events under the patronage of UNESCO and of the Italian Ministry of the Environment . In 2015 , The Ocean Cleanup project was a category winner in the Design Museum 's 2015 Designs of the Year awards . A fleet of 30 vessels , including a 32 metres ( 105 ft ) mothership , took part in a month - long voyage to determine how much plastic is present using trawls and aerial surveys . In 2016 , plans are in the concept stage to create floating Oceanscrapers , made from the plastic found in the Great Pacific garbage patch . In June , The Ocean Cleanup project launched a prototype boom , nicknamed Boomy McBoomface , off the coast of the Netherlands in the North Sea , with the intention that if tests with the 100 meter prototype go well plans to develop a 100 kilometer long scaled up version that would then be deployed in the Pacific would go forward . See also ( edit ) Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Southern Pacific Garbage Patch Indian Ocean garbage patch Marine debris North Atlantic garbage patch Plastic particle water pollution Plastic pollution Plastisphere References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See the relevant sections below for specific references concerning the discovery and history of the patch . A general overview is provided in Dautel , Susan L. `` Transoceanic Trash : International and United States Strategies for the Great Pacific Garbage Patch '' , 3 Golden Gate U. Envtl . L.J. 181 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ For this and what follows , see Moore ( 2004 ) and Moore ( 2009 ) , which includes photographs taken from the patch , Jump up ^ Day , Robert H. ; Shaw , David G. ; Ignell , Steven E. ( 1988 ) . `` Quantitative distribution and characteristics of neustonic plastic in the North Pacific Ocean . Final Report to US Department of Commerce , National Marine Fisheries Service , Auke Bay Laboratory . Auke Bay , AK '' ( PDF ) . pp. 247 -- 266 . Jump up ^ `` After entering the ocean , however , neuston plastic is redistributed by currents and winds . For example , plastic entering the ocean in Japan is moved eastward by the Subarctic Current ( in Subarctic Water ) and the Kuroshio ( in Transitional Water , Kawai 1972 ; Favorite et al. 1976 ; Nagata et al. 1986 ) . In this way , the plastic is transported from high - density areas to low - density areas . In addition to this eastward movement , Ekman stress from winds tends to move surface waters from the subarctic and the subtropics toward the Transitional Water mass as a whole ( see Roden 1970 : fig. 5 ) . Because of the convergent nature of this Ekman flow , densities tend to be high in Transitional Water . In addition , the generally convergent nature of water in the North Pacific Central Gyre ( Masuzawa 1972 ) should result in high densities there also . '' Day , etc ... 1988 , p. 261 ( Emphasis added ) ^ Jump up to : Moore , Charles ( November 2003 ) . `` Across the Pacific Ocean , plastics , plastics , everywhere '' . Natural History Magazine . Jump up ^ Berton , Justin ( 19 October 2007 ) . `` Continent - size toxic stew of plastic trash fouling swath of Pacific Ocean '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco : Hearst . pp. W -- 8 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Cecil Adams Why do n't we ever see pictures of the floating island of garbage ? Straight Dope / Chicago Reader Jump up ^ Steve Gorman Scientists study huge plastic patch in Pacific Reuters ^ Jump up to : Moore , C.J ; Moore , S.L ; Leecaster , M.K ; Weisberg , S.B ( 2001 ) . `` A Comparison of Plastic and Plankton in the North Pacific Central Gyre '' . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 42 ( 12 ) : 1297 -- 300 . PMID 11827116 . doi : 10.1016 / S0025 - 326X ( 01 ) 00114 - X . Jump up ^ Lovett , Richard A. ( 2 March 2010 ) . `` Huge Garbage Patch Found in Atlantic Too '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . Jump up ^ Victoria Gill ( 24 February 2010 ) . `` Plastic rubbish blights Atlantic Ocean '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ For this and what follows , see David M. Karl , `` A Sea of Change : Biogeochemical Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre '' , Ecosystems , Vol. 2 , No. 3 ( May -- Jun. , 1999 ) , pp. 181 -- 214 and , for gyres generally , Sverdrup HU , Johnson MW , Fleming RH. 1946 . The oceans , their physics , chemistry and general biology . New York : Prentice - Hall . Jump up ^ Eriksen , Marcus ; Lebreton , Laurent C.M. ; Carson , Henry S. ; Thiel , Martin ; Moore , Charles J. ; Borerro , Jose C. ; Galgani , Francois ; Ryan , Peter G. ; Reisser , Julia ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Plastic Pollution in the World 's Oceans : More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea '' . PLOS ONE . 9 ( 12 ) : e111913 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 4262196 . PMID 25494041 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0111913 . Jump up ^ Eriksen , Marcus ; Lebreton , Laurent C.M. ; Carson , Henry S. ; Thiel , Martin ; Moore , Charles J. ; Borerro , Jose C. ; Galgani , Francois ; Ryan , Peter G. ; Reisser , Julia ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Plastic Pollution in the World 's Oceans : More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea '' . PLOS ONE . 9 ( 12 ) . Table S2 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 4262196 . PMID 25494041 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0111913 . Jump up ^ Marine Debris in the North Pacific ( 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Ferris , David ( May -- June 2009 ) . `` Message in a bottle '' . Sierra . San Francisco : Sierra Club . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Faris , J. ; Hart , K. ( 1994 ) . `` Seas of Debris : A Summary of the Third International Conference on Marine Debris '' . N.C. Sea Grant College Program and NOAA . Jump up ^ `` Garbage Mass Is Growing in the Pacific '' . National Public Radio . 28 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plastic pollution threatens to smother our planet '' . NewsComAu . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Australian research uncovers high rate of plastic seafloor pollution - Xinhua English.news.cn '' . news.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Microplastic pollution of seafloor widespread along Australia 's south - east coast : study '' . ABC News . 2017 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Brassey , Dr Charlotte ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) . `` A mission to the Pacific plastic patch '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , P.G. ; Moore , C.J. ; Van Franeker , J.A. ; Moloney , C.L. ( 2009 ) . `` Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 364 ( 1526 ) : 1999 -- 2012 . JSTOR 40485978 . PMC 2873010 . PMID 19528052 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2008.0207 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 14 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Oceanic `` garbage patch '' not nearly as big as portrayed in media -- News & Research Communications -- Oregon State University `` . oregonstate.edu . Jump up ^ Young , Lindsay C. ; Vanderlip , Cynthia ; Duffy , David C. ; Afanasyev , Vsevolod ; Shaffer , Scott A. ( 2009 ) . Ropert - Coudert , Yan , ed . `` Bringing Home the Trash : Do Colony - Based Differences in Foraging Distribution Lead to Increased Plastic Ingestion in Laysan Albatrosses ? '' . PLoS ONE . 4 ( 10 ) : e7623 . Bibcode : 2009PLoSO ... 4.7623 Y . PMC 2762601 . PMID 19862322 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0007623 . Jump up ^ Thompson , R.C. ; Olsen , Y ; Mitchell , RP ; Davis , A ; Rowland , SJ ; John , AW ; McGonigle , D ; Russell , AE ( 2004 ) . `` Lost at Sea : Where is All the Plastic ? '' . Science . 304 ( 5672 ) : 838 . PMID 15131299 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1094559 . Jump up ^ Barnes , D.K.A. ; Galgani , F. ; Thompson , R.C. ; Barlaz , M. ( 2009 ) . `` Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 364 ( 1526 ) : 1985 -- 98 . JSTOR 40485977 . PMC 2873009 . PMID 19528051 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2008.0205 . Jump up ^ Barry , Carolyn ( 20 August 2009 ) . `` Plastic Breaks Down in Ocean , After All -- And Fast '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harbour snow dumping dangerous to environment : biologist '' . cbc.ca. 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beached whale in Spain dies from ingesting plastic waste '' Agence France - Presse 7 March 2013 Archived 6 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chris Jordan ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` Midway : Message from the Gyre '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Your Midway questions answered '' . BBC News . 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Charles ( 2 October 2002 ) . `` Great Pacific Garbage Patch '' . Santa Barbara News - Press . Jump up ^ Plastic - Filled Albatrosses Are Pollution Canaries in New Doc . Wired. 29 June 2012 . Accessed 6 - 11 - 13 Jump up ^ Rios , Lorena M. ; Moore , Charles ; Jones , Patrick R. ( 2007 ) . `` Persistent organic pollutants carried by synthetic polymers in the ocean environment '' . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 54 ( 8 ) : 1230 -- 7 . PMID 17532349 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2007.03. 022 . Jump up ^ Tanabe , Shinsuke ; Watanabe , Mafumi ; Minh , Tu Binh ; Kunisue , Tatsuya ; Nakanishi , Shigeyuki ; Ono , Hitoshi ; Tanaka , Hiroyuki ( 2004 ) . `` PCDDs , PCDFs , and Coplanar PCBs in Albatross from the North Pacific and Southern Oceans : Levels , Patterns , and Toxicological Implications '' . Environmental Science & Technology . 38 ( 2 ) : 403 -- 13 . Bibcode : 2004EnST ... 38 ... 403T . PMID 14750714 . doi : 10.1021 / es034966x . Jump up ^ Rogers , Paul . ci_13258216 ? nclick_check = 1 `` ' Pacific Garbage Patch ' expedition finds plastic , plastic everywhere . '' The Contra Costa Times ( Walnut Creek , CA ) 1 Sep 2009 : n . pag . Web . 4 Oct 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Marine biologists discover rubbish haul in stomach of dead whale in Taiwan '' ABC news . October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seabirds have plastic in their guts '' CBC news . Aug 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ocean plastic is the new DDT , Canadian scientist warns '' CBC news . Sep 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific sea birds dine on trash : researchers '' CBC news . October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Whales are starving -- their stomachs full of our plastic waste '' author Philip Hoare. 30 March 2016 Jump up ^ Greenpeace Plastic Ocean Report Jump up ^ `` UN Ocean Conference : Plastics Dumped In Oceans Could Outweigh Fish by 2050 , Secretary - General Says . '' The Weather Channel , weather.com/science/environment/news/united-nations-ocean-conference-antonio-guterres-plastics . Jump up ^ Knapton , Sarah ; Pearlman , Jonathan . `` ' Great Pacific Garbage Patch ' Is a Myth , Warn Experts , as Survey Shows There Is No ' Rubbish Island ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch ? '' . National Ocean Service . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Kate ( 29 January 2009 ) . `` The Great Garbage Swirl '' . Maui Time Weekly . Maui : Linear Publishing . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Applicable Technologies '' . gyrecleanup.org . Jump up ^ Yap , Britt ( 28 August 2008 ) . `` A raft made of junk crosses Pacific in 3 months '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 30 September 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Raft made of junk bottles crosses Pacific '' . msnbc. 28 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Jeavans , Christine ( 20 August 2008 ) . `` Mid-ocean dinner date saves rower '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 30 September 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Bryan ( 1 August 2009 ) . `` Expedition Sets Sail to the Great Plastic Vortex '' . Time . Retrieved 2 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Alison Cawood ( 12 August 2009 ) . `` SEAPLEX Day 11 Part 1 : Midwater Fish '' SEAPLEX `` . Archived from the original on 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Scientists Find ' Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch ' '' ( Press release ) . National Science Foundation . 27 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2009 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` : : SHIP OPERATIONS AND MARINE TECHNICAL SUPPORT : SHIPS : : '' . ucsd.edu . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 20 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Goldstein , M.C. ; Rosenberg , M. ; Cheng , L. ( 2012 ) . `` Increased oceanic microplastic debris enhances oviposition in an endemic pelagic insect '' . Biology Letters. 8 ( 5 ) : 817 -- 20 . PMC 3440973 . PMID 22573831 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2012.0298 . Jump up ^ Writers , Staff ; Report , Innovations . `` Plastic trash altering ocean habitats , Scripps study shows '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 12 Jump up ^ `` How the oceans can clean themselves -- Boyan Slat at TEDxDelft '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` BOYAN SLAT : THE MARINE LITTER EXTRACTION PROJECT -- TEDxDelft '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boyan Slat -- Marine Litter Extraction ( In Depth ) '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Ocean Cleanup '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Clean Your Hands and the Pacific '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 12 Jump up ^ Sea Education Association . `` Plastics at SEA North Pacific Expedition '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The garbage patch territory turns into a new state '' . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . Jump up ^ `` RIFIUTI DIVENTANO STATO , UNESCO RICONOSCE ' GARBAGE PATCH ' -- SITI -- PATRIMONIO ITALIANO UNESCO '' . rivistasitiunesco.it . Archived from the original on 3 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robarts , Stu ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ocean Cleanup project completes Great Pacific Garbage Patch research expedition '' . www.gizmag.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Plans for underwater ' oceanscraper ' revealed '' . Jump up ^ Neslen , Arthur ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Dutch prototype clean - up boom brings Pacific plastics solution a step closer '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/plastic-pollution-island-worst-in-world-henderson-south-pacific-university-tasmania-jennifer-lavers-a7737806.html Further reading ( edit ) Oliver J. Dameron ; Michael Parke ; Mark A. Albins ; Russell Brainard ( April 2007 ) . `` Marine debris accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands : An examination of rates and processes '' . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 54 ( 4 ) : 423 -- 433 . PMID 17217968 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2006.11. 019 . Rei Yamashita ; Atsushi Tanimura ( 2007 ) . `` Floating plastic in the Kuroshio Current area , western North Pacific Ocean '' . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 54 ( 4 ) : 485 -- 488 . PMID 17275038 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2006.11. 012 . Masahisa Kubota ; Katsumi Takayama ; Noriyuki Horii ( 2000 ) . `` Movement and accumulation of floating marine debris simulated by surface currents derived from satellite data '' ( PDF ) . School of Marine Science and Technology , Tokai University . Gregory , M.R. ; Ryan , P.G. ( 1997 ) . `` Pelagic plastics and other seaborne persistent synthetic debris : a review of Southern Hemisphere perspectives '' . In Coe , J.M. ; Rogers , D.B. Marine Debris : Sources , Impacts , Solutions . New York : Springer - Verlag . pp. 49 -- 66 . Moore , Charles G. ; Phillips , Cassandra ( 2011 ) . Plastic Ocean . Penguin Group . ISBN 9781452601465 . Density of plastic particles found in zooplankton trawls from coastal waters of California to the North Pacific Central Gyre -- Charles J Moore , Gwen L Lattin and Ann F Zellers ( 2005 ) The quantitative distribution and characteristics of neuston plastic in the North Pacific Ocean , 1984 -- 1988 -- RH Day , DG Shaw and SE Ignell ( 1988 ) Thomas Morton , ' Oh , This is Great , Humans Have Finally Ruined the Ocean ' , Vice Magazine , Vol. 6 , No. 2 ( 2007 ) , pp. 78 -- 81 . Hohn , Donovan ( 2011 ) . Moby - Duck : The True Story of 28,800 Bath Toys Lost at Sea . Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02219 - 9 . Hoshaw , Lindsey ( 9 November 2009 ) . `` Afloat in the Ocean , Expanding Islands of Trash '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2009 . Newman , Patricia ( 2014 ) . Plastic , Ahoy ! Investigating the Great Pacific Garbage Patch . Millbrook Press . ( Juvenile Nonfiction ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pacific Garbage Patch . Pacific Garbage Patch -- Smithsonian Ocean Portal `` Plastic Surf '' The Unhealthful Afterlife of Toys and Packaging : Small remnants of toys , bottles and packaging persist in the ocean , harming marine life and possibly even us by Jennifer Ackerman Scientific American August 2010 Plastic Paradise Movie -- independent documentary by Angela Sun uncovering the mystery of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch known as the Plastic Paradise The source of the garbage patches , pictures Irish Examiner article Mega Expedition Departs Honolulu on YouTube Midway , a plastic island on YouTube Climate change , meet your apocalyptic twin : oceans poisoned by plastic . Public Radio International . December 13 , 2016 By 2050 , the oceans could have more plastic than fish . Business Insider . January 27 , 2017 . Coordinates : 38 ° N 145 ° W / 38 ° N 145 ° W / 38 ; - 145 Ocean currents and gyres Currents Arctic Ocean East Greenland North Icelandic Norwegian Transpolar Drift Stream Atlantic Ocean Angola Antilles Azores Baffin Island Benguela Brazil Canary Cape Horn Caribbean East Greenland East Iceland Falkland Florida Guinea Gulf Stream Irminger Labrador Lomonosov Loop North Atlantic North Brazil North Equatorial Norwegian Portugal Slope Jet South Atlantic South Equatorial West Greenland West Spitsbergen Indian Ocean Agulhas Agulhas Return East Madagascar Equatorial Counter Indian Monsoon Indonesian Throughflow Leeuwin Madagascar Mozambique North Madagascar Somali South Australian South Equatorial West Australian Pacific Ocean Alaska Aleutian California Cromwell Davidson East Australian East Korea Warm Equatorial Counter Humboldt Indonesian Throughflow Kamchatka Kuroshio Mindanao North Equatorial North Korea Cold North Pacific Oyashio South Equatorial Tasman Front Southern Ocean Antarctic Circumpolar Tasman Outflow Gyres Major gyres Indian Ocean Gyre North Atlantic Gyre South Atlantic Gyre North Pacific Gyre South Pacific Gyre Other gyres Beaufort Gyre Ross Gyre Weddell Gyre Related Atmospheric circulation Boundary current Coriolis force Ekman transport Great Pacific garbage patch Indian Ocean garbage patch Marine debris North Atlantic garbage patch Thermohaline circulation Marine pollution Algal bloom Anoxic event Anoxic waters Aquatic toxicology Cultural eutrophication Cyanotoxin Dead zone Environmental impact of shipping Eutrophication Fish diseases and parasites Fish kill Friendly Floatees Great Pacific garbage patch Hypoxia Indian Ocean garbage patch Invasive species Marine debris Mercury in fish Nonpoint source pollution North Atlantic garbage patch Nutrient pollution Ocean acidification Ocean deoxygenation Oil spill Particle Plastic particle water pollution Point source pollution Shutdown of thermohaline circulation Stormwater Surface runoff Upwelling Urban runoff Water pollution Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pacific_garbage_patch&oldid=807253551 '' Categories : Marine garbage patches Pacific Ocean Plastics and the environment 1997 in the environment Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing more detailed references CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from May 2012 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 21 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does all the plastic go in the ocean | [
"The Great Pacific garbage patch, also described as the Pacific trash vortex, is a gyre of marine debris particles in the central North Pacific Ocean discovered between 1985 and 1988. It is located roughly between 135°W to 155°W and 35°N and 42°N.[1] The patch extends over an indeterminate area of widely varying range depending on the degree of plastic concentration used to define the affected area."
] | [
"The Great Pacific garbage patch"
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-1717013448446090698 | Parable of the Lost Sheep | Parable of the lost sheep - wikipedia Parable of the lost sheep Jump to : navigation , search Etching by Jan Luyken showing the triumphant return of the shepherd , from the Bowyer Bible . The Parable of the Lost Sheep is one of the parables of Jesus . It appears in the Gospels of Matthew ( Matthew 18 : 12 -- 14 ) and Luke ( Luke 15 : 3 -- 7 ) . It is about a shepherd who leaves his flock of ninety - nine sheep in order to find the one which is lost . It is the first member of a trilogy about redemption that Jesus tells after the Pharisees and religious leaders accuse him of welcoming and eating with `` sinners . '' The two parables that follow ( in Luke 's Gospel ) are those of the Lost Coin and the Prodigal Son . The parable of the Good shepherd , a pericope found in John 10 : 1 - 21 , derives from it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Narrative 2 Interpretation 3 Depiction in art 4 Hymns 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Narrative ( edit ) In the Gospel of Luke , the parable is as follows : He told them this parable . `` Which of you men , if you had one hundred sheep , and lost one of them , would n't leave the ninety - nine in the wilderness , and go after the one that was lost , until he found it ? When he has found it , he carries it on his shoulders , rejoicing . When he comes home , he calls together his friends , his family and his neighbors , saying to them , ' Rejoice with me , for I have found my sheep which was lost ! ' I tell you that even so there will be more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents , than over ninety - nine righteous people who need no repentance . '' -- Luke 15 : 3 - 7 , World English Bible Interpretation ( edit ) Depiction of the Good Shepherd by Jean - Baptiste de Champaigne showing the influence of this parable . The parable shares themes of loss , searching , and rejoicing with the Parable of the Lost Coin . The lost sheep or coin represents a lost human being . As in the analogy of the Good Shepherd , Jesus is the shepherd , thus identifying himself with the image of God as a shepherd searching for stray sheep in Ezekiel Ezekiel 34 : 11 -- 16 . Joel B. Green writes that `` these parables are fundamentally about God , ... their aim is to lay bare the nature of the divine response to the recovery of the lost . '' The rejoicing of the shepherd with his friends represents God rejoicing with the angels . The image of God rejoicing at the recovery of lost sinners contrasts with the criticism of the religious leaders which prompted the parable . Depiction in art ( edit ) James Tissot - The Good Shepherd ( Le bon pasteur ) - Brooklyn Museum The image from this parable of the shepherd placing the lost sheep on his shoulders ( Luke Luke 15 : 5 ) has been widely incorporated into depictions of the Good Shepherd . Consequently , this parable appears in art mostly as an influence on depictions of the Good Shepherd rather than as a distinct subject on its own . Hymns ( edit ) While there are innumerable references to the Good Shepherd image in Christian hymns , specific references to this parable can be recognised by a mention of the ninety - nine other sheep . Perhaps the best - known hymn describing this parable is `` The Ninety and Nine '' by Elizabeth C. Clephane ( 1868 ) , which begins : There were ninety and nine that safely lay In the shelter of the fold . But one was out on the hills away , Far off from the gates of gold . Away on the mountains wild and bare . Away from the tender Shepherd 's care . Away from the tender Shepherd 's care . See also ( edit ) Five Discourses of Matthew Life of Jesus in the New Testament Ministry of Jesus The Sheep and Goats References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Richard N. Longenecker , The Challenge of Jesus ' Parables , Eerdmans , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4638 - 6 , pp. 201 -- 204 . ^ Jump up to : Joel B. Green , The Gospel of Luke , Eerdmans , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2315 - 7 , p. 526 . Jump up ^ Walter Lowrie , Art in the Early Church , Pantheon Books , 1947 , ISBN 1 - 4067 - 5291 - 6 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ The Cyber Hymnal : The Ninety and Nine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Good Shepherd . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parable of the Lost Sheep . Biblical Art on the WWW : The Lost Sheep The parable in the book of Luke , NIV version The parable in the book of Matthew , NIV version Jesus Declares the Parable of the Lost Sheep from the Mormon Channel The Parable of the Lost Sheep from The Poem of the Man - God Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Parables of Jesus Canonical Gospels Barren Fig Tree Budding Fig Tree Counting the cost Drawing in the Net Faithful Servant Friend at Night Good Samaritan Good Shepherd Great Banquet Growing Seed Hidden Treasure Lamp Leaven Lost Coin Lost Sheep Master and Servant Mustard Seed New Wine into Old Wineskins Pearl Pharisee and the Publican Prodigal Son Rich Fool Rich man and Lazarus Scribe Sheep and Goats Sower Strong Man Talents or minas Tares Ten Virgins True Vine Tree and its Fruits Two Debtors Two Sons Unjust Judge Unjust Steward Unforgiving Servant Wedding Feast Wicked Husbandmen Wise and Foolish Builders Workers in the Vineyard Non-canonical / disputed Assassin Empty Jar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parable_of_the_Lost_Sheep&oldid=811275620 '' Categories : Parables of Jesus Animals in the Bible Metaphors referring to animals Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Frysk गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Indonesia Italiano မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 16 : 25 . About Wikipedia | what does the parable of the lost sheep mean | [
"The Parable of the Lost Sheep is one of the parables of Jesus. It appears in the Gospels of Matthew (Matthew 18:12–14) and Luke (Luke 15:3–7). It is about a shepherd who leaves his flock of ninety-nine sheep in order to find the one which is lost. It is the first member of a trilogy about redemption that Jesus tells after the Pharisees and religious leaders accuse him of welcoming and eating with \"sinners.\"[1] The two parables that follow (in Luke's Gospel) are those of the Lost Coin and the Prodigal Son. The parable of the Good shepherd, a pericope found in John 10:1-21, derives from it. "
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"redemption"
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-5445062915090801216 | Task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership | Task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership - wikipedia Task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership Jump to : navigation , search The task - relationship model is defined by Forsyth as `` a descriptive model of leadership which maintains that most leadership behaviors can be classified as performance maintenance or relationship maintenances . '' Task - oriented ( or task - focused ) leadership is a behavioral approach in which the leader focuses on the tasks that need to be performed in order to meet certain goals , or to achieve a certain performance standard . Relationship - oriented ( or relationship - focused ) leadership is a behavioral approach in which the leader focuses on the satisfaction , motivation and the general well - being of the team members . Task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership are two models that are often compared , as they are known to produce varying outcomes under different circumstances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualities of task - oriented leadership 2 Qualities of relationship - oriented leadership 3 Task - oriented vs. relationship - oriented leadership 4 Leadership substitution theory 5 Fiedler contingency model 5.1 Relevant studies 6 Situational leadership theory 7 See also 8 References Qualities of task - oriented leadership ( edit ) Task - oriented leaders focus on getting the necessary task , or series of tasks , in hand in order to achieve a goal . These leaders are typically less concerned with the idea of catering to employees and more concerned with finding the step - by - step solution required to meet specific goals . They will often actively define the work and the roles required , put structures in place , and plan , organize , and monitor progress within the team . The advantage of task - oriented leadership is that it ensures that deadlines are met and jobs are completed , and it 's especially useful for team members who do n't manage their time well . Additionally , these types of leaders tend to exemplify a strong understanding of how to get the job done , focusing on the necessary workplace procedures and delegating work accordingly to ensure that everything gets done in a timely and productive manner . However , because task - oriented leaders do n't tend to think much about their team 's well - being , this approach can suffer many of the flaws of autocratic leadership , including causing motivation and retention problems . Qualities of relationship - oriented leadership ( edit ) Relationship - oriented leaders are focused on supporting , motivating and developing the people on their teams and the relationships within . This style of leadership encourages good teamwork and collaboration , through fostering positive relationships and good communication . Relationship - oriented leaders prioritize the welfare of everyone in the group , and will place time and effort in meeting the individual needs of everyone involved . This may involve offering incentives like bonuses , providing mediation to deal with workplace or classroom conflicts , having more casual interactions with team members to learn about their strengths and weaknesses , creating a non-competitive and transparent work environment , or just leading in a personable or encouraging manner . The benefits of relationship - oriented leadership is that team members are in a setting where the leader cares about their well - being . Relationship - oriented leaders understand that building positive productivity requires a positive environment where individuals feel driven . Personal conflicts , dissatisfaction with a job , resentment and even boredom can severely drive down productivity , so these types of leaders put people first to ensure that such problems stay at a minimum . Additionally , team members may be more willing to take risks , because they know that the leader will provide the support if needed . The downside of relationship - oriented leadership is that , if taken too far , the development of team chemistry may detract from the actual tasks and goals at hand . The term `` people - oriented '' is used synonymously , whilst in a business setting , this approach may also be referred to as `` employee - oriented '' . Task - oriented vs. relationship - oriented leadership ( edit ) In the 1940s , research in leadership began straying away from identifying individual leadership traits , to analyzing the effects of certain leadership behaviors -- predominantly task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership . The table below compares task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership styles side - by - side : Task - Oriented Relationship - Oriented Emphasis on work facilitation Emphasis on interaction facilitation Focus on structure , roles and tasks Focus on relationships , well - being and motivation Produce desired results is a priority Foster positive relationships is a priority Emphasis on goal - setting and a clear plan to achieve goals Emphasis on team members and communication within Strict use of schedules and step - by - step plans , and a punishment / incentive system Communication facilitation , casual interactions and frequent team meetings Mixed conclusions have risen from studies that try to determine the effects of task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership : some show that relationship - oriented leadership produces greater productivity , while some show that task - oriented leaders create greater group efficacy . However , a common finding is that relationship - oriented leadership will generate greater cohesion within groups , as well as greater team learning . It is also supported that relationship - oriented leadership has stronger individual impact , and a positive effect on self - efficacy . A meta - analysis ( Burke et al. , 2006 ) conducted in 2006 integrated a wide spectrum of theoretical and empirical studies , and looked at the effects of leadership behaviors through multiple dimensions , including breaking down the specifics of task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership into subgroups such as `` initiating structure '' , `` consideration '' , and `` empowerment '' . Its main set of analyses investigated the relationship between task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership behaviors on the following outcomes : perceived team effectiveness , team productivity , and team learning / growth . Results concluded that task - oriented leadership and relationship - oriented leadership produce a relatively similar perceived team effectiveness , however actual team productivity was higher for relationship - oriented led teams than for task - oriented teams ( measured increase of 8 % and 4 % respectively ) . It has also been theorized that groups who perceive their leaders as more task - oriented achieve higher levels of task accomplishment . Leadership substitution theory ( edit ) In Forsyth , the leadership substitute theory is defined as `` a conceptual analysis of the factors that combine to reduce or eliminate the need for a leader . '' A leader may find that behaviors focusing on nurturing interpersonal relationships , or coordinating tasks and initiating structure , are not required in every situation . A study by Kerr and Jermier found that some contextual factors may negate the need for either task oriented or relationship oriented leadership behaviors , such as specific characteristics of group members , the task , or the organization . Groups composed of members who have a `` professional '' orientation or members who do not necessarily value group rewards , can neutralize or negate both task and relationship oriented leadership . Also , individuals who are highly trained and capable , or those who have a need for independence , may not require that their leader focus on task coordination . When the task is clear and routine , `` methodologically invariant , '' or involves automatic feedback about accomplishment , task oriented leadership may be unnecessary . Furthermore , a task that is intrinsically satisfying can remove the need for relationship oriented leadership behaviors . Finally , task oriented leadership can be neutralized / negated by several organizational characteristics ; a formal environment , inflexible structure , specific staff functions , cohesive work groups , organized rewards outside of the leaders control , and physical distance between the leader and members . The characteristics of organized rewards , cohesive work groups , and physical distance have also been shown to negate the need for relationship oriented leadership styles . Fiedler contingency model ( edit ) Main article : Fiedler contingency model The Fiedler contingency model argues that three situational components can determine whether task - oriented or relationship - oriented leadership is the better fit for the situation : Leader - Member Relations , referring to the degree of mutual trust , respect and confidence between the leader and the subordinates . Task Structure , referring to the extent to which group tasks are clear and structured . Leader Position Power , referring to the power inherent in the leader 's position itself . When there is a good leader - member relation , a highly structured task , and high leader position power , the situation is considered a `` favorable situation . '' Fiedler found that low - LPC leaders are more effective in extremely favourable or unfavourable situations , whereas high - LPC leaders perform best in situations with intermediate favourability . The table below shows a breakdown of the theory : Leader - Member Relations Task Structure Leader 's Position Power Most Effective Leader Good Structured Strong Task - oriented Good Structured Weak Task - oriented Good Unstructured Strong Task - oriented Good Unstructured Weak Relationship - oriented Poor Structured Strong Relationship - oriented Poor Structured Weak Relationship - oriented Poor Unstructured Strong Relationship - oriented Poor Unstructured Weak Task - oriented Relevant studies ( edit ) An experiment was conducted in 1972 with a total of 128 United States Military cadets in 4 - man groups , to test the predictive validity of Fiedler 's contingency model of leadership effectiveness . The experiment , which involved strong manipulation and specification of variables affecting situational favorableness , produced strong support for the contingency model . A study was conducted that determined if basketball athletes of different age groups ( lower high school to university level ) preferred training and instruction ( task - oriented ) behavior or social support ( relationship - oriented ) behavior . Analyses and results revealed a quadratic trend for preference in task - oriented behavior that progressively decreased lower high school through junior to senior levels , and increased at the university level . A linear trend was seen for preference in relationship - oriented behavior , which progressively increased as age went up . Situational leadership theory ( edit ) Main article : Situational leadership theory In the 1950s , management theorists from Ohio State University and the University of Michigan published a series of studies to determine whether leaders should be more task - or relationship - oriented . The research concluded that there is no single `` best '' style of leadership , and thus led to the creation of the situational leadership theory , which essentially argues that leaders should engage in a healthy dose of both task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership fit for the situation , and the people being led . The Blake Mouton Managerial Grid , also known as managerial grid model , serves as a framework to determine how one can balance task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership . It plots the degree of task - centeredness versus relationship - centeredness and identifies five combinations as distinct leadership styles . See also ( edit ) Leadership Trait leadership Transactional leadership Transformational leadership Leadership styles Situational leadership theory References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Forsyth , Donelson R. ( 2010 ) . Group Dynamics 5th edition . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 253 . ISBN 9780495599524 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Ronald J. Ebert , Ricky W. ( 2010 ) . Business essentials ( 8th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall . pp. 135 -- 136 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 705349 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Anzalone , Chris . `` Differences between Task - Oriented Leaders & Relational - Oriented Leaders '' . Demand Media . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Bass , B.M. ( 1990 ) . Bass & Stogdill 's handbook of leadership : Theory , research , and managerial applications ( 3rd ed . ) . New York , NY : Free Press . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Anthony Joseph , III ( 1968 ) . `` The Effects of Different Leadership Styles on Group Performance : A Field Experiment '' . Jump up ^ Moghaddam , Afsane Zamani ; Ghanbari , Ali ; Hosseinzadeh , Allahverdi ( 2011 ) . `` Relationship between the Leadership Method and Self Efficacy of the Staff '' . American Journal of Scientific Research ( 40 ) : 160 -- 172 . ^ Jump up to : Arana , Jose M. ; Chambel , M. Jose ; Curral , Luis ; Tabernero , Carmen ( Nov 2009 ) . `` The role of task - oriented versus relationship - oriented leadership on normative contract and group performance '' . Social Behavior and Personality : an international journal . 37 ( 10 ) : 1391 . doi : 10.2224 / sbp. 2009.37. 10.1391 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , C. Shawn ; Stagl , Kevin C. ; Klein , Cameron ; Goodwin , Gerald F. ; Salas , Eduardo ; Halpin , Stanley M. ( 2006 ) . `` What type of leadership behaviors are functional in teams ? A meta - analysis '' . The Leadership Quarterly ( 17 ) : 288 -- 307 . doi : 10.1016 / j. leaqua. 2006.02. 007 . Jump up ^ Sahertian , Pieter ; Soetjipto , Budi Eko ( June 2011 ) . `` Improving Employee 's Organizational Commitment , Self - Efficacy , and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Through the Implementation of Task - Oriented and Relationship - Oriented Leadership Behavior '' . The Business Review . 17 ( 2 ) : 48 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Jermier , S , J.M. ( 1978 ) . `` Substitutes for Leadership : Their meaning and measurement '' . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance . Jump up ^ Fiedler , Fred E. ( 1964 ) . `` A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness '' . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology . 1 ( 1 ) : 149 -- 190 . doi : 10.1016 / s0065 - 2601 ( 08 ) 60051 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chemers , Martin M. ; Skrzypek , George J. ( Nov 1972 ) . `` Experimental test of the contingency model of leadership effectiveness '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 24 ( 2 ) : 172 -- 177 . doi : 10.1037 / h0033371 . Jump up ^ Carron , A.V. ; Chelladurai , P. ( 1983 ) . `` Athletic Maturity and Preferred Leadership '' . Journal of Sport PSychology. 5 ( 4 ) : 371 -- 380 . Jump up ^ Johannsen , Murray . `` The Importance of Choosing the Right Leadership Style '' . Legacee . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Blake Mouton Managerial Grid '' . Mind Tools . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Task-oriented_and_relationship-oriented_leadership&oldid=835461646 '' Categories : Strategic management Leadership Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 21 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is task focused leader behavior most important | [
"The advantage of task-oriented leadership is that it ensures that deadlines are met and jobs are completed, and it's especially useful for team members who don't manage their time well. Additionally, these types of leaders tend to exemplify a strong understanding of how to get the job done, focusing on the necessary workplace procedures and delegating work accordingly to ensure that everything gets done in a timely and productive manner.[3]"
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"for team members who don't manage their time well"
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2987816080490072502 | ARPANET | ARPANET - wikipedia ARPANET Jump to : navigation , search For the episode of the television series The Americans , see Arpanet ( The Americans ) . ARPANET ARPANET logical map , March 1977 Type Data Location United States Protocols NCP , TCP / IP Established 1969 ; 49 years ago ( 1969 ) Closed Commercial ? No Funding Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) ARPA network map 1973 ARPA network map 1974 The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ( ARPANET ) was an early packet switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP / IP . Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet . The ARPANET was initially funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency ( ARPA ) of the United States Department of Defense . The packet switching methodology employed in the ARPANET was based on concepts and designs by Americans Leonard Kleinrock and Paul Baran , British scientist Donald Davies , and Lawrence Roberts . The TCP / IP communications protocols were developed for the ARPANET by computer scientists Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf , and incorporated concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin . As the project progressed , protocols for internetworking were developed by which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks . Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) funded the Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) . In 1982 , the Internet protocol suite ( TCP / IP ) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET . In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities , and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project , which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations . The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Creation 1.2 Debate on design goals 1.3 Deployment 1.4 Growth and evolution 1.5 Rules and etiquette 1.6 Technology 2 Software and protocols 2.1 Network applications 2.2 Password protection 3 ARPANET in popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 6.1 Oral histories 6.2 Detailed technical reference works 7 External links History ( edit ) Historically , voice and data communications were based on methods of circuit switching , as exemplified in the traditional telephone network , wherein each telephone call is allocated a dedicated , end to end , electronic connection between the two communicating stations . Such stations might be telephones or computers . The temporarily dedicated line typically comprises many intermediary lines which are assembled into a chain that reaches from the originating station to the destination station . With packet switching , a network could share a single communication link for communication between multiple pairs of receivers and transmitters . The earliest ideas for a computer network intended to allow general communications among computer users were formulated by computer scientist J.C.R. Licklider of Bolt , Beranek and Newman ( BBN ) , in April 1963 , in memoranda discussing the concept of the `` Intergalactic Computer Network '' . Those ideas encompassed many of the features of the contemporary Internet . In October 1963 , Licklider was appointed head of the Behavioral Sciences and Command and Control programs at the Defense Department 's Advanced Research Projects Agency ( ARPA ) . He convinced Ivan Sutherland and Bob Taylor that this network concept was very important and merited development , although Licklider left ARPA before any contracts were assigned for development . Sutherland and Taylor continued their interest in creating the network , in part , to allow ARPA - sponsored researchers at various corporate and academic locales to utilize computers provided by ARPA , and , in part , to quickly distribute new software and other computer science results . Taylor had three computer terminals in his office , each connected to separate computers , which ARPA was funding : one for the System Development Corporation ( SDC ) Q - 32 in Santa Monica , one for Project Genie at the University of California , Berkeley , and another for Multics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Taylor recalls the circumstance : `` For each of these three terminals , I had three different sets of user commands . So , if I was talking online with someone at S.D.C. , and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley , or M.I.T. , about this , I had to get up from the S.D.C. terminal , go over and log into the other terminal and get in touch with them . I said , `` Oh Man ! '' , it 's obvious what to do : If you have these three terminals , there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go . That idea is the ARPANET `` . Meanwhile , since the early 1960s , Paul Baran at the RAND Corporation had been researching systems that could survive nuclear war and developed the idea of distributed adaptive message block switching . Donald Davies at the United Kingdom 's National Physical Laboratory ( NPL ) independently invented the same concept in 1965 . His work , presented by a colleague , initially caught the attention of ARPANET developers at a conference in Gatlinburg , Tennessee , in October 1967 . He gave the first public demonstration , having coined the term packet switching , on 5 August 1968 and incorporated it into the NPL network in England . Larry Roberts at ARPA applied Davies ' concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET . The NPL network followed by the ARPANET were the first two networks in the world to use packet switching , and were themselves connected together in 1973 . The NPL network was using line speeds of 768 kbit / s , and the proposed line speed for ARPANET was upgraded from 2.4 kbit / s to 50 kbit / s . Creation ( edit ) Bob Taylor convinced ARPA 's Director Charles M. Herzfeld to fund a network project in February 1966 , and Herzfeld transferred a million dollars from a ballistic missile defense program to Taylor 's budget . Taylor hired Larry Roberts as a program manager in the ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office in January 1967 to work on ARPANET . In April 1967 , Roberts held a design session on technical standards . The initial standards for identification and authentication of users , transmission of characters , and error checking and retransmission procedures were discussed . At the meeting , Wesley Clark proposed minicomputers called Interface Message Processors ( IMPs ) should be used to interface to the network rather than the large mainframes that would be the nodes of ARPANET . Roberts modified the ARPANET plan to incorporate Clark 's suggestion . The plan was presented at the ACM Symposium in Gatlinburg , Tennessee , in October 1967 . Donald Davies ' work on packet switching and the NPL network , presented by a colleague ( Roger Scantlebury ) , came to the attention of ARPANET developers at this conference . Roberts applied Davies ' concept of packet switching for the ARPANET , and sought input from Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock . Building on his earlier work on queueing theory , Kleinrock modelled the performance of packet - switched networks , which underpinned the development of the ARPANET . The NPL network was using line speeds of 768 kbit / s , and the proposed line speed for ARPANET was upgraded from 2.4 kbit / s to 50 kbit / s . By mid-1968 , Roberts had prepared a complete plan for the computer network and gave a report to Taylor on June 3 , who approved it on June 21 . After approval by ARPA , a Request for Quotation ( RFQ ) was issued for 140 potential bidders . Most computer science companies regarded the ARPA proposal as outlandish , and only twelve submitted bids to build a network ; of the twelve , ARPA regarded only four as top - rank contractors . At year 's end , ARPA considered only two contractors , and awarded the contract to build the network to BBN Technologies on 7 April 1969 . The initial , seven - person BBN team were much aided by the technical specificity of their response to the ARPA RFQ , and thus quickly produced the first working system . This team was led by Frank Heart and included Robert Kahn . The BBN - proposed network closely followed Roberts ' ARPA plan : a network composed of small computers called Interface Message Processors ( or IMPs ) , similar to the later concept of routers , that functioned as gateways interconnecting local resources . At each site , the IMPs performed store - and - forward packet switching functions , and were interconnected with leased lines via telecommunication data sets ( modems ) , with initial data rates of 56 kbit / s . The host computers were connected to the IMPs via custom serial communication interfaces . The system , including the hardware and the packet switching software , was designed and installed in nine months . The BBN team continued to interact with the NPL team . The first - generation IMPs were built by BBN Technologies using a rugged computer version of the Honeywell DDP - 516 computer configured with 24 KB of expandable magnetic - core memory , and a 16 - channel Direct Multiplex Control ( DMC ) direct memory access unit . The DMC established custom interfaces with each of the host computers and modems . In addition to the front - panel lamps , the DDP - 516 computer also features a special set of 24 indicator lamps showing the status of the IMP communication channels . Each IMP could support up to four local hosts , and could communicate with up to six remote IMPs via leased lines . The network connected one computer in Utah with three in California . Later , the Department of Defense allowed the universities to join the network for sharing hardware and software resources . Debate on design goals ( edit ) In A Brief History of the Internet , the Internet Society denies that ARPANET was designed to survive a nuclear attack : It was from the RAND study that the false rumor started , claiming that the ARPANET was somehow related to building a network resistant to nuclear war . This was never true of the ARPANET , but was an aspect of the earlier RAND study of secure communication . The later work on internetworking did emphasize robustness and survivability , including the capability to withstand losses of large portions of the underlying networks . The RAND study was conducted by Paul Baran and was the first to build a theoretical model for communication using packet switching . In an interview he confirmed that while the ARPANET did not exactly share his project 's goal , his work had greatly contributed to the development of the ARPANET . Minutes taken by Elmer Shapiro of Stanford Research Institute at the ARPANET design meeting of 9 -- 10 October 1967 indicate that a version of Baran 's routing method and suggestion of using a fixed packet size was expected to be employed . According to Stephen J. Lukasik , who as Deputy Director and Director of DARPA ( 1967 -- 1974 ) was `` the person who signed most of the checks for Arpanet 's development '' : The goal was to exploit new computer technologies to meet the needs of military command and control against nuclear threats , achieve survivable control of US nuclear forces , and improve military tactical and management decision making . The ARPANET incorporated distributed computation , and frequent re-computation , of routing tables . This increased the survivability of the network in the face of significant interruption . Automatic routing was technically challenging at the time . The ARPANET was designed to survive subordinate - network losses , since the principal reason was that the switching nodes and network links were unreliable , even without any nuclear attacks . Resource scarcity supported the creation of the ARPANET , according to Charles Herzfeld , ARPA Director ( 1965 -- 1967 ) : The ARPANET was not started to create a Command and Control System that would survive a nuclear attack , as many now claim . To build such a system was , clearly , a major military need , but it was not ARPA 's mission to do this ; in fact , we would have been severely criticized had we tried . Rather , the ARPANET came out of our frustration that there were only a limited number of large , powerful research computers in the country , and that many research investigators , who should have access to them , were geographically separated from them . The ARPANET was operated by the military during the two decades of its existence , until 1990 . Deployment ( edit ) Historical document : First ARPANET IMP log : the first message ever sent via the ARPANET , 10 : 30 pm , 29 October 1969 . This IMP Log excerpt , kept at UCLA , describes setting up a message transmission from the UCLA SDS Sigma 7 Host computer to the SRI SDS 940 Host computer . The initial ARPANET consisted of four IMPs : University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where Leonard Kleinrock had established a Network Measurement Center , with an SDS Sigma 7 being the first computer attached to it ; The Augmentation Research Center at Stanford Research Institute ( now SRI International ) , where Douglas Engelbart had created the ground - breaking NLS system , a very important early hypertext system , and would run the Network Information Center ( NIC ) , with the SDS 940 that ran NLS , named `` Genie '' , being the first host attached ; University of California , Santa Barbara ( UCSB ) , with the Culler - Fried Interactive Mathematics Center 's IBM 360 / 75 , running OS / MVT being the machine attached ; The University of Utah School of Computing , where Ivan Sutherland had moved , running a DEC PDP - 10 operating on TENEX . The first successful message on the ARPANET was sent by UCLA student programmer Charley Kline , at 10 : 30 pm on 29 October 1969 , from Boelter Hall 3420 . Kline transmitted from the university 's SDS Sigma 7 Host computer to the Stanford Research Institute 's SDS 940 Host computer . The message text was the word login ; on an earlier attempt the l and the o letters were transmitted , but the system then crashed . Hence , the literal first message over the ARPANET was lo . About an hour later , after the programmers repaired the code that caused the crash , the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full login . The first permanent ARPANET link was established on 21 November 1969 , between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute . By 5 December 1969 , the entire four - node network was established . Growth and Evolution ( edit ) In March 1970 , the ARPANET reached the East Coast of the United States , when an IMP at BBN in Cambridge , Massachusetts was connected to the network . Thereafter , the ARPANET grew : 9 IMPs by June 1970 and 13 IMPs by December 1970 , then 18 by September 1971 ( when the network included 23 university and government hosts ) ; 29 IMPs by August 1972 , and 40 by September 1973 . By June 1974 , there were 46 IMPs , and in July 1975 , the network numbered 57 IMPs . By 1981 , the number was 213 host computers , with another host connecting approximately every twenty days . In 1973 a transatlantic satellite link connected the Norwegian Seismic Array ( NORSAR ) to the ARPANET , making Norway the first country outside the US to be connected to the network . At about the same time a terrestrial circuit added a London IMP . In 1975 , the ARPANET was declared `` operational '' . The Defense Communications Agency took control since ARPA was intended to fund advanced research . In September 1984 work was completed on restructuring the ARPANET giving U.S. military sites their own Military Network ( MILNET ) for unclassified defense department communications . Controlled gateways connected the two networks . The combination was called the Defense Data Network ( DDN ) . Separating the civil and military networks reduced the 113 - node ARPANET by 68 nodes . The MILNET later became the NIPRNet . Rules and etiquette ( edit ) Because of its government funding , certain forms of traffic were discouraged or prohibited . A 1982 handbook on computing at MIT 's AI Lab stated regarding network etiquette : It is considered illegal to use the ARPANet for anything which is not in direct support of Government business ... personal messages to other ARPANet subscribers ( for example , to arrange a get - together or check and say a friendly hello ) are generally not considered harmful ... Sending electronic mail over the ARPANet for commercial profit or political purposes is both anti-social and illegal . By sending such messages , you can offend many people , and it is possible to get MIT in serious trouble with the Government agencies which manage the ARPANet . Technology ( edit ) Support for inter-IMP circuits of up to 230.4 kbit / s was added in 1970 , although considerations of cost and IMP processing power meant this capability was not actively used . 1971 saw the start of the use of the non-ruggedized ( and therefore significantly lighter ) Honeywell 316 as an IMP . It could also be configured as a Terminal Interface Processor ( TIP ) , which provided terminal server support for up to 63 ASCII serial terminals through a multi-line controller in place of one of the hosts . The 316 featured a greater degree of integration than the 516 , which made it less expensive and easier to maintain . The 316 was configured with 40 kB of core memory for a TIP . The size of core memory was later increased , to 32 kB for the IMPs , and 56 kB for TIPs , in 1973 . In 1975 , BBN introduced IMP software running on the Pluribus multi-processor . These appeared in a few sites . In 1981 , BBN introduced IMP software running on its own C / 30 processor product . In 1983 , TCP / IP protocols replaced NCP as the ARPANET 's principal protocol , and the ARPANET then became one subnet of the early Internet . The original IMPs and TIPs were phased out as the ARPANET was shut down after the introduction of the NSFNet , but some IMPs remained in service as late as July 1990 . The ARPANET Completion Report , jointly published by BBN and ARPA , concludes that : ... it is somewhat fitting to end on the note that the ARPANET program has had a strong and direct feedback into the support and strength of computer science , from which the network , itself , sprang . In the wake of the decommissioning of the ARPANET on 28 February 1990 , Vinton Cerf wrote the following lamentation , entitled `` Requiem of the ARPANET '' : It was the first , and being first , was best , but now we lay it down to ever rest . Now pause with me a moment , shed some tears . For auld lang syne , for love , for years and years of faithful service , duty done , I weep . Lay down thy packet , now , O friend , and sleep . - Vinton Cerf Senator Albert Gore , Jr. authored the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 , commonly referred to as `` The Gore Bill '' , after hearing the 1988 concept for a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by Leonard Kleinrock . The bill was passed on 9 December 1991 and led to the National Information Infrastructure ( NII ) which Al Gore called the information superhighway . The ARPANET project was honored with two IEEE Milestones , both dedicated in 2009 . Software and protocols ( edit ) The starting point for host - to - host communication on the ARPANET in 1969 was the 1822 protocol , which defined the transmission of messages to an IMP . The message format was designed to work unambiguously with a broad range of computer architectures . An 1822 message essentially consisted of a message type , a numeric host address , and a data field . To send a data message to another host , the transmitting host formatted a data message containing the destination host 's address and the data message being sent , and then transmitted the message through the 1822 hardware interface . The IMP then delivered the message to its destination address , either by delivering it to a locally connected host , or by delivering it to another IMP . When the message was ultimately delivered to the destination host , the receiving IMP would transmit a Ready for Next Message ( RFNM ) acknowledgement to the sending , host IMP . Unlike modern Internet datagrams , the ARPANET was designed to reliably transmit 1822 messages , and to inform the host computer when it loses a message ; the contemporary IP is unreliable , whereas the TCP is reliable . Nonetheless , the 1822 protocol proved inadequate for handling multiple connections among different applications residing in a host computer . This problem was addressed with the Network Control Program ( NCP ) , which provided a standard method to establish reliable , flow - controlled , bidirectional communications links among different processes in different host computers . The NCP interface allowed application software to connect across the ARPANET by implementing higher - level communication protocols , an early example of the protocol layering concept incorporated to the OSI model . In 1983 , TCP / IP protocols replaced NCP as the ARPANET 's principal protocol , and the ARPANET then became one component of the early Internet . Network applications ( edit ) NCP provided a standard set of network services that could be shared by several applications running on a single host computer . This led to the evolution of application protocols that operated , more or less , independently of the underlying network service , and permitted independent advances in the underlying protocols . In 1971 , Ray Tomlinson , of BBN sent the first network e-mail ( RFC 524 , RFC 561 ) . By 1973 , e-mail constituted 75 percent of ARPANET traffic . By 1973 , the File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) specification had been defined ( RFC 354 ) and implemented , enabling file transfers over the ARPANET . The Network Voice Protocol ( NVP ) specifications were defined in 1977 ( RFC 741 ) , then implemented , but , because of technical shortcomings , conference calls over the ARPANET never worked well ; the contemporary Voice over Internet Protocol ( packet voice ) was decades away . Password protection ( edit ) The Purdy Polynomial hash algorithm was developed for ARPANET to protect passwords in 1971 at the request of Larry Roberts , head of ARPA at that time . It computed a polynomial of degree 2 + 17 modulo the 64 - bit prime p = 2 - 59 . The algorithm was later used by Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) to hash passwords in the VMS Operating System , and is still being used for this purpose . ARPANET in popular culture ( edit ) Computer Networks : The Heralds of Resource Sharing , a 30 - minute documentary film featuring Fernando J. Corbato , J.C.R. Licklider , Lawrence G. Roberts , Robert Kahn , Frank Heart , William R. Sutherland , Richard W. Watson , John R. Pasta , Donald W. Davies , and economist , George W. Mitchell . `` Scenario '' , a February 1985 episode of the U.S. television sitcom Benson ( season 6 , episode 20 ) , was the first incidence of a popular TV show directly referencing the Internet or its progenitors . The show includes a scene in which the ARPANET is accessed . There is an electronic music artist known as `` Arpanet '' , Gerald Donald , one of the members of Drexciya . The artist 's 2002 album Wireless Internet features commentary on the expansion of the internet via wireless communication , with songs such as NTT DoCoMo , dedicated to the mobile communications giant based in Japan . Thomas Pynchon mentions ARPANET in his 2009 novel Inherent Vice , which is set in Los Angeles in 1970 , and in his 2013 novel Bleeding Edge . The 1993 television series The X-Files featured the ARPANET in a season 5 episode , titled `` Unusual Suspects '' . John Fitzgerald Byers offers to help Susan Modeski ( known as Holly ... `` just like the sugar '' ) by hacking into the ARPANET to obtain sensitive information . In the spy - drama television series The Americans , a Russian scientist defector offers access to ARPANET to the Russians in a plea to not be repatriated ( Season 2 Episode 5 `` The Deal '' ) . Episode 7 of Season 2 is named ' ARPANET ' and features Russian infiltration to bug the network . In the television series Person of Interest , main character Harold Finch hacked ARPANET in 1980 using a homemade computer during his first efforts to build a prototype of the Machine . This corresponds with the real life virus that occurred in October of that year that temporarily halted ARPANET functions . The ARPANET hack was first discussed in the episode 2PiR where a computer science teacher called it the most famous hack in history and one that was never solved . Finch later mentioned it to Person of Interest Caleb Phipps and his role was first indicated when he showed knowledge that it was done by `` a kid with a homemade computer '' which Phipps , who had researched the hack , had never heard before . In the third season of the television series Halt and Catch Fire , the character Joe MacMillan explores the potential commercialization of ARPANET . See also ( edit ) . arpa , a top - level domain used exclusively for technical infrastructure purposes Computer Networks : The Heralds of Resource Sharing -- 1972 documentary film The Internet during the Cold War Project Cybersyn -- 1970 Chilean national net project Usenet , `` A Poor Man 's ARPAnet '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L.A Lievrouw - Handbook of New Media : Student Edition ( p. 253 ) ( edited by L.A Lievrouw , S.M. Livingstone ) , published by SAGE 2006 ( abridged , reprint , revised ) , 475 pages , ISBN 1412918731 ( Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 ) Jump up ^ G. Schneider ; J. Evans ; K. Pinard ( 2009 ) . The Internet - Illustrated . Cengage Learning . ISBN 0538750987 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ K.G. Coffman & A.M. Odlyzco - Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV - B : Systems and Impairments published by Academic Press 22 May 2002 , 1022 pages , Optics and Photonics , ISBN 0080513190 , ( edited by I. Kaminow & T. Li ) ( Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 ) Jump up ^ R. Oppliger ( 2001 ) . Internet and Intranet Security . Artech House . p. 12 . ISBN 1580531660 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ H. Bidgoli , ed. ( 2004 ) . The Internet Encyclopedia . 2 : G -- O. John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0471689963 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Roberts Manages The ARPANET Program '' . Living Internet.com . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` J.C.R. Licklider And The Universal Network '' , Living Internet Jump up ^ `` IPTO -- Information Processing Techniques Office '' , Living Internet Jump up ^ John Markoff ( 20 December 1999 ) . `` An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 22 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet '' . RAND corporation . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Scantlebury , Roger ( 25 June 2013 ) . `` Internet pioneers airbrushed from history '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Packets of data were the key ... '' . NPL . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Isaacson , Walter ( 2014 ) . The Innovators : How a Group of Hackers , Geniuses , and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution . Simon & Schuster . p. 237 . ISBN 9781476708690 . Jump up ^ `` The accelerator of the modern age '' . BBC News . 5 August 2008 . Retrieved 19 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cambell - Kelly , Martin ( Autumn 2008 ) . `` Pioneer Profiles : Donald Davies '' . Computer Resurrection ( 44 ) . ISSN 0958 - 7403 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Lawrence G. ( November 1978 ) . `` The Evolution of Packet Switching '' . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Davies '' . thocp.net ; `` Donald Davies '' . internethalloffame.org . Jump up ^ C. Hempstead ; W. Worthington . Encyclopedia of 20th - Century Technology . Routledge 8 Aug 2005 , 992 pages , ( edited by C. Hempstead , W. Worthington ) , . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . ( source : Gatlinburg , ... Association for Computing Machinery ) Jump up ^ M. Ziewitz & I. Brown ( 2013 ) . Research Handbook on Governance of the Internet . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 7 . ISBN 1849805040 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of the Internet '' . Internet Society . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John , Innovator who helped create PC , Internet and the mouse , New York Times , April 15 , 2017 , p. A1 Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Roberts Manages The ARPANET Program '' . Living Internet . 7 January 2000 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IMP -- Interface Message Processor '' . Living Internet . 7 January 2000 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Roberts '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Lawrence G. Dr ( November 1978 ) . `` The Evolution of Packet Switching '' . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gillies , James ; Cailliau , Robert ( 2000 ) . How the Web was Born : The Story of the World Wide Web . Oxford University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 0192862073 . Jump up ^ Isaacson , Walter ( 2014 ) . The Innovators : How a Group of Hackers , Geniuses , and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution . Simon & Schuster . p. 237 . ISBN 9781476708690 . Jump up ^ `` Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies '' . National Inventors Hall of Fame . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of the Internet '' . Internet Society . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Looking back at the ARPANET effort , 34 years later '' . February 2003 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Abbate , Jane ( 2000 ) . Inventing the Internet . MIT Press . p. 38 . ISBN 0262261332 . Jump up ^ Heart , Frank ; Kahn , Robert ; Ornstein , Severo ; Crowther , William ; Walden , David ( 1970 ) . `` The Interface Message Processor for the ARPA Computer Network '' ( PDF ) . AFIPS Proc. 36 : 565 . doi : 10.1145 / 1476936.1477021 . Jump up ^ Wise , Adrian . `` Honeywell DDP - 516 '' . Old-Computers.com . Retrieved 21 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of the Internet '' . Internet Society . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ( footnote 5 ) Jump up ^ Brand , Stewart ( March 2001 ) . `` Founding Father '' . Wired ( 9.03 ) . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shapiro : Computer Network Meeting of October 9 - 10 , 1967 '' . stanford.edu . Jump up ^ Lukasik , Stephen J. ( 2011 ) . `` Why the Arpanet Was Built '' . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 ( 3 ) : 4 -- 20 . doi : 10.1109 / MAHC. 2010.11 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Herzfeld on ARPANET and Computers '' . About.com . Retrieved 21 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Janet Abbate ( 2000 ) Inventing the Internet pp. 194 - 5 Jump up ^ Vernon W. Ruttan ( 2005 ) Is War Necessary for Economic Growth ? p. 125 ^ Jump up to : `` ARPANET -- The First Internet '' , Living Internet Jump up ^ Jessica Savio ( 1 April 2011 ) . `` Browsing history : A heritage site has been set up in Boelter Hall 3420 , the room the first Internet message originated in '' . Daily Bruin . UCLA . Jump up ^ Chris Sutton ( 2 September 2004 ) . `` Internet Began 35 Years Ago at UCLA with First Message Ever Sent Between Two Computers '' . UCLA . Archived from the original on 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NORSAR becomes the first non-US node on ARPANET , the predecessor to today 's Internet '' . NORSAR ( Norway Seismic Array Research ) . Archived from the original on 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ DEFENSE DATA NETWORK NEWSLETTER DDN - NEWS 26 , 6 May 1983 Jump up ^ ARPANET INFORMATION BROCHURE ( NIC 50003 ) Defense Communications Agency , December 1985 . Jump up ^ Fritz E. Froehlich ; Allen Kent ( 1990 ) . `` ARPANET , the Defense Data Network , and Internet '' . The Froehlich / Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications . 1 . CRC Press . pp. 341 -- 375 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 2900 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stacy , Christopher C. ( 7 September 1982 ) . Getting Started Computing at the AI Lab . AI Lab , Massachusetts Institute of Technology . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Kirstein , Peter T. ( July -- September 2009 ) . `` The Early Days of the Arpanet '' . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 31 ( 3 ) : 67 . doi : 10.1109 / mahc. 2009.35 . ISSN 1058 - 6180 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCP -- Network Control Program '' , Living Internet ^ Jump up to : `` TCP / IP Internet Protocol '' , Living Internet Jump up ^ `` NSFNET -- National Science Foundation Network '' , Living Internet Jump up ^ `` Digital Communication '' . Jump up ^ `` III '' . A History of the ARPANET : The First Decade ( Report ) . Arlington , VA : Bolt , Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981 . p. 132 . section 2.3. 4 Jump up ^ Abbate , Janet ( 11 June 1999 ) . Inventing the Internet . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ASIN B003VPWY6E . ISBN 0 - 262 - 01172 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones : Birthplace of the Internet , 1969 '' . IEEE Global History Network . IEEE . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones : Inception of the ARPANET , 1969 '' . IEEE Global History Network . IEEE . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Interface Message Processor : Specifications for the Interconnection of a Host and an IMP , Report No. 1822 , Bolt Beranek and Newman , Inc . ( BBN ) Jump up ^ Tomlinson , Ray . `` The First Network Email '' . BBN . Archived from the original on 6 May 2006 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Steven King ( Producer ) , Peter Chvany ( Director / Editor ) ( 1972 ) . Computer Networks : The Heralds of Resource Sharing . Archived from the original on 15 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scenario '' , Benson , Season 6 , Episode 132 of 158 , American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , Witt / Thomas / Harris Productions , 22 February 1985 Jump up ^ The X-Files Season 5 , Ep. 3 `` Unusual Suspects '' . Jump up ^ Season 2 , Episode 11 `` 2πR '' Jump up ^ Season 3 , Episode 12 `` Aletheia '' Jump up ^ `` BBC News - SCI / TECH - Hacking : A history '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Hobbes ' Internet Timeline - the definitive ARPAnet & Internet history '' . zakon.org . Further reading ( edit ) Norberg , Arthur L. ; O'Neill , Judy E. ( 1996 ) . Transforming Computer Technology : Information Processing for the Pentagon , 1962 -- 1982 . Johns Hopkins University . pp. 153 -- 196 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6369 - 1 . A History of the ARPANET : The First Decade ( Report ) . Arlington , VA : Bolt , Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981 . Hafner , Katie ; Lyon , Matthew ( 1996 ) . Where Wizards Stay Up Late : The Origins of the Internet . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 6837 - 6 . Abbate , Janet ( 11 June 1999 ) . Inventing the Internet . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . pp. 36 -- 111 . ASIN B003VPWY6E . ISBN 0 - 262 - 01172 - 7 . Banks , Michael A. ( 2008 ) . On the Way to the Web : The Secret History of the Internet and Its Founders . APress / Springer Verlag . ISBN 1 - 4302 - 0869 - 4 . Salus , Peter H. ( 1 May 1995 ) . Casting the Net : from ARPANET to Internet and Beyond . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 87674 - 1 . Waldrop , M. Mitchell ( 23 August 2001 ) . The Dream Machine : J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal . New York : Viking . ASIN B00008MNVW . ISBN 0 - 670 - 89976 - 3 . `` The Computer History Museum , SRI International , and BBN Celebrate the 40th Anniversary of First ARPANET Transmission '' . Computer History Museum . 27 October 2009 . Oral histories ( edit ) `` Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn '' . University of Minnesota , Minneapolis : Charles Babbage Institute . 24 April 1990 . Retrieved 15 May 2008 . Focuses on Kahn 's role in the development of computer networking from 1967 through the early 1980s . Beginning with his work at Bolt Beranek and Newman ( BBN ) , Kahn discusses his involvement as the ARPANET proposal was being written and then implemented , and his role in the public demonstration of the ARPANET . The interview continues into Kahn 's involvement with networking when he moves to IPTO in 1972 , where he was responsible for the administrative and technical evolution of the ARPANET , including programs in packet radio , the development of a new network protocol ( TCP / IP ) , and the switch to TCP / IP to connect multiple networks . `` Oral history interview with Vinton Cerf '' . University of Minnesota , Minneapolis : Charles Babbage Institute . 24 April 1990 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Cerf describes his involvement with the ARPA network , and his relationships with Bolt Beranek and Newman , Robert Kahn , Lawrence Roberts , and the Network Working Group . `` Oral history interview with Paul Baran '' . University of Minnesota , Minneapolis : Charles Babbage Institute . 5 March 1990 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Baran describes his work at RAND , and discusses his interaction with the group at ARPA who were responsible for the later development of the ARPANET . `` Oral history interview with Leonard Kleinrock '' . University of Minnesota , Minneapolis : Charles Babbage Institute . 3 April 1990 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Kleinrock discusses his work on the ARPANET . `` Oral history interview with Larry Roberts '' . University of Minnesota , Minneapolis : Charles Babbage Institute . 4 April 1989 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . `` Oral history interview with Stephen Lukasik '' . University of Minnesota , Minneapolis : Charles Babbage Institute . 17 October 1991 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Lukasik discusses his tenure at the Advanced Research Projects Agency ( ARPA ) , the development of computer networks and the ARPANET . Detailed technical reference works ( edit ) Roberts , Larry ; Marrill , Tom ( October 1966 ) . Toward a Cooperative Network of Time - Shared Computers . Fall AFIPS Conference . Roberts , Larry ( October 1967 ) . Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication . ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles . Davies , D.W. ; Bartlett , K.A. ; Scantlebury , R.A. ; Wilkinson , P.T. ( October 1967 ) . A digital communications network for computers giving rapid response at remote terminals . ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles . Roberts , Larry ; Wessler , Barry ( May 1970 ) . Computer Network Development to Achieve Resource Sharing . Proceedings of the Spring Joint Computer Conference , Atlantic City , New Jersey . Heart , Frank ; Kahn , Robert ; Ornstein , Severo ; Crowther , William ; Walden , David ( 1970 ) . The Interface Message Processor for the ARPA Computer Network ( PDF ) . 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference . AFIPS Proc. 36 . pp. 551 -- 567 . doi : 10.1145 / 1476936.1477021 . Carr , Stephen ; Crocker , Stephen ; Cerf , Vinton ( 1970 ) . Host - Host Communication Protocol in the ARPA Network . 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference . AFIPS Proc. 36 . pp. 589 -- 598 . doi : 10.1145 / 1476936.1477024 . RFC 33 . Ornstein , Severo ; Heart , Frank ; Crowther , William ; Russell , S.B. ; Rising , H.K. ; Michel , A. ( 1972 ) . The Terminal IMP for the ARPA Computer Network . 1972 Spring Joint Computer Conference . AFIPS Proc. 40 . pp. 243 -- 254 . McQuillan , John ; Crowther , William ; Cosell , Bernard ; Walden , David ; Heart , Frank ( 1972 ) . Improvements in the Design and Performance of the ARPA Network . 1972 Fall Joint Computer Conference part II . AFIPS Proc. 41 . pp. 741 -- 754 . Feinler , Elizabeth J. ; Postel , Jonathan B. ( January 1978 ) . ARPANET Protocol Handbook , NIC 7104 . Menlo Park : Network Information Center ( NIC ) , SRI International . ASIN B000EN742K . Roberts , Larry ( November 1978 ) . `` The Evolution of Packet Switching '' . Proceedings of the IEEE. 66 ( 11 ) : 1307 -- 1313 . doi : 10.1109 / PROC. 1978.11141 . Roberts , Larry ( September 1986 ) . `` The ARPANET & Computer Networks '' . ACM . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to ARPANET . `` ARPANET Maps 1969 to 1977 '' . California State University , Dominguez Hills ( CSUDH ) . 4 January 1978 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Walden , David C. ( February 2003 ) . `` Looking back at the ARPANET effort , 34 years later '' . Living Internet . East Sandwich , Massachusetts : livinginternet.com . Retrieved 17 August 2005 . `` Images of ARPANET from 1964 onwards '' . The Computer History Museum . Retrieved 29 August 2004 . Timeline . `` Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet '' . RAND Corporation . Retrieved 3 September 2005 . Kleinrock , Leonard . `` The Day the Infant Internet Uttered its First Words '' . UCLA . Retrieved 11 November 2004 . Personal anecdote of the first message ever sent over the ARPANET `` Doug Engelbart 's Role in ARPANET History '' . 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2009 . `` Internet Milestones : Timeline of Notable Internet Pioneers and Contributions '' . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Timeline . Waldrop , Mitch ( April 2008 ) . `` DARPA and the Internet Revolution '' . 50 years of Bridging the Gap . DARPA . pp. 78 -- 85 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . `` A picture of the ARPANET team '' . Archived from the original on 22 December 2014 . `` Robert X Cringely : A Brief History of the Internet '' . Research and education computer networks in the Americas National Brazil : RNP Canada : CANARIE Mexico : CUDI Latin America : RedCLARA USA : Internet2 ESnet Subnational Canada ACORN - NS ( NS ) Cybera ( AB ) ORION ( ON ) RISQ ( QC ) SRNet ( SK ) United States CalREN ( CA ) CEN ( CT ) ICN ( IL ) Merit Network ( MI ) NYSERNet ( NY ) OARnet ( OH ) OSHEAN ( RI ) UEN ( UT ) Historical Abilene ARPANET DDN CSNET Gigabit Chicago Gigabit Seattle NEARnet NIPRNet NSFNET SURAnet vBNS See also National research and education network Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) Offices Adaptive Execution Biological Technologies Defense Sciences Information Innovation Microsystems Technology Strategic Technology Tactical Technology Directors Johnson Betts Ruina Sproull Herzfeld Rechtin Lukasik Heilmeier Fossum Cooper Duncan Colladay Fields Reis Denman Lynn Fernandez Tether Dugan Prabhakar History ARPANET The Mother of All Demos Project AGILE Shakey the robot Aspen Movie Map Network Challenge Grand Challenge Annual budget $2.8 billion USD Employees 240 Website www.darpa.mil Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. 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"The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. The ARPANET was initially funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense.[1][2][3][4][5]"
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"Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)"
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5139415387278439301 | Constitutional Convention (United States) | Constitutional Convention ( United states ) - wikipedia Constitutional Convention ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original convention that created the U.S. Constitution . For that Constitution 's method of changing itself , see Article Five of the United States Constitution . `` Federal Convention '' redirects here . For other uses , see Federal Convention ( disambiguation ) . Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States The Constitutional Convention ( also known as the Philadelphia Convention , the Federal Convention , or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia ) took place from May 25 to September 17 , 1787 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation , the intention from the outset of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one . The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention . The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution , placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States . The most contentious disputes revolved around composition and election of the Senate , how `` proportional representation '' was to be defined ( whether to include slaves or other property ) , whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single president , how to elect the president , how long his term was to be and whether he could run for reelection , what offenses should be impeachable , the nature of a fugitive slave clause , whether to allow the abolition of the slave trade , and whether judges should be chosen by the legislature or executive . Most of the time during the Convention was spent on deciding these issues , while the powers of legislature , executive , and judiciary were not heavily disputed . Once the Convention began , the delegates first agreed on the principles of the Convention , then they agreed on Madison 's Virginia Plan and began to modify it . A Committee of Detail , assembled during the July 4 recess , eventually produced a rough draft of the constitution . Most of the rough draft remained in place , and can be found in the final version of the constitution . After the final issues were resolved , the Committee on Style produced the final version , and it was voted on and sent to the states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 2 The Convention 2.1 James Madison 's blueprint 2.2 The early debate 2.3 The first draft 2.4 Further modifications and concluding debate 2.5 Drafting and signing 3 Proposed plans 3.1 Virginia Plan 3.2 New Jersey Plan 3.3 Hamilton 's plan 3.4 Pinckney 's plan 3.5 Connecticut Compromise 4 Slavery 4.1 Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise 4.2 Three - Fifths Compromise 5 Delegates 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Historical context ( edit ) Before the Constitution was drafted , the nearly 4 million inhabitants of the 13 newly independent states were governed under the Articles of Confederation , created by the Second Continental Congress . It soon became evident to nearly all that the chronically underfunded Confederation government , as originally organized , was inadequate for managing the various conflicts that arose among the states . As the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of the states , any state had effective veto power over any proposed change . In addition , the Articles gave the weak federal government no taxing power : it was wholly dependent on the states for its money , and had no power to force delinquent states to pay . Once the immediate task of winning the American Revolutionary War had passed , the states began to look to their own interests , and disputes arose . These included a dispute between Maryland and Virginia over the Potomac River and opposition to Rhode Island 's imposing taxes on all traffic passing through it on the post road that linked all the states . James Madison suggested that state governments should appoint commissioners `` to take into consideration the trade of the United States ; to examine the relative situation and trade of said states ; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interests and permanent harmony '' . Another impetus for the convention was Shays ' Rebellion . A political conflict between Boston merchants and rural farmers over issues such as property seizures for tax debts had broken out into an open rebellion . This rebellion was led by a former Revolutionary War captain , Daniel Shays , himself a small farmer with tax debts , who had never received payment for his service in the Continental Army . The rebellion took months for Massachusetts to put down completely , and some desired a federal army that would be able to put down such insurrections . In September 1786 , at the Annapolis Convention , delegates from five states called for a Constitutional Convention in order to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation . The Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelphia on May 14 , 1787 . Rhode Island , fearing that the Convention would work to its disadvantage , boycotted the Convention and , when the Constitution was put to the states , initially refused to ratify it . The Convention ( edit ) Independence Hall 's Assembly Room Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century , very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14 , 1787 , and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured . ( New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings , on July 23 . ) James Madison arrived first , and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived . While waiting for the other delegates , the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan , which was designed and written by James Madison . On May 25 , the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House . George Washington was unanimously elected president of the Convention , and it was agreed that the discussions and votes would be kept secret until the conclusion of the meeting . Despite the sweltering summer heat , the windows of the meeting hall were nailed shut to keep the proceedings a secret from the public . Although William Jackson was elected as secretary , his records were brief and included very little detail . Madison 's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 , supplemented by the notes of Robert Yates , remain the most complete record of the Convention . Throughout the debate , delegates constantly referred to precedents from history in support of their position . Most commonly , they referred to the history of England , in particular the Glorious Revolution ( often simply called `` The Revolution '' ) , classical history ( mainly the Roman Republic and the leagues of Greek city - states ) , and recent precedents from Holland and Germany . Outside the Convention in Philadelphia , there was a national convening of the Society of the Cincinnati . Washington was said to be embarrassed . The 1776 `` old republican '' delegates like Elbridge Gerry ( MA ) found anything military or hereditary anathema . The Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia and New York convention was meeting to redefine its Confession , dropping the faith requirement for civil authority to prohibit false worship . Protestant Episcopalian Washington attended a Roman Catholic Mass and dinner . Revolution veteran Jonas Phillips , of the Mikveh Israel Synagogue , petitioned the Convention to avoid a national oath including belief in both Old and New Testaments . Merchants of Providence , Rhode Island , petitioned for consideration , though their Assembly had not sent a delegation . Manasseh Cutler came directly from the capital in New York and found himself a frequent dinner guest among the delegates . He carried grants of five million acres to parcel out among The Ohio Company and `` speculators '' , including some who were attending the Convention . A Philadelphia guest of Robert Morris , Noah Webster would write a pamphlet immediately after the signing . `` Leading Principles of the Federal Convention '' advocated adoption of the Constitution . It was published much earlier and more widely circulated than today 's better known Federalist Papers . James Madison 's blueprint ( edit ) While waiting for the Convention to formally begin , James Madison sketched out his initial draft , which became known as the Virginia Plan and reflected his views as a strong nationalist . By the time the rest of the Virginia delegation arrived , most of the Pennsylvania delegation had arrived as well . They agreed on Madison 's plan , and formed what came to be the predominant coalition . By the time the Convention started , the only blueprints that had been assembled were Madison 's Virginia Plan , and Charles Pinckney 's plan . As Pinckney did n't have a coalition behind his plan , Madison 's plan was the starting point for deliberations . James Madison , the author of the Virginia Plan The Convention agreed on several principles . Most importantly , they agreed that the Convention should go beyond its mandate merely to amend the Articles of Confederation , and instead should produce a new constitution outright . While some delegates thought this illegal , the Articles of Confederation were closer to a treaty between sovereign states than they were to a national constitution , so the genuine legal problems were limited . Another principle they agreed on was that the new government would have all the powers of the Confederation Congress , plus additional powers over the states . Once agreeing on these principles , the Convention voted on the Virginia plan and signaled their approval for it . Once this was done , they began modifying it . Madison 's plan operated on several assumptions that were not seriously challenged . During the deliberations , few raised serious objections to the planned bicameral congress , nor the separate executive function , nor the separate judicial function . As English law had typically recognized government as having two separate functions , law making embodied in the legislature , and law executing embodied in the king and his courts , the division of the legislature from the executive and judiciary was a natural and uncontested point . The division of the legislature into an upper and lower house was n't questioned either , despite the obscure origins of the English House of Lords and its role as the representative of the hereditary nobility . Americans had seldom known any but bicameral legislatures , both in Britain and in most state governments . The main exceptions to this were the dysfunctional Confederation Congress and the unicameral Pennsylvania legislature , which was seen as quickly vacillating between partisan extremes after each election . Experience had convinced the delegates that an upper house was necessary to tame the passions of the lower classes against the interests of wealthy merchants and landowners . Since America had no native hereditary aristocracy , the character of this upper house was designed to protect the interests of this wealthy elite , the `` minority of the opulent , '' against the interests of the lower classes , who constituted the majority of the population . On Thursday , June 7 , it was proposed that senators should be chosen directly by the state legislatures , instead of by popular vote , as this method was more likely to preserve the power of the upper classes . Convention delegate Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts observed that `` the great mercantile interest and of stockholders , is not provided for in any mode of election - they will however be better represented if the State legislatures choose the second branch . '' The proposal was carried unanimously . In England , at this day , if elections were open to all classes of people , the property of landed proprietors would be insecure . An agrarian law would soon take place . If these observations be just , our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation . Landholders ought to have a share in the government , to support these invaluable interests , and to balance and check the other . They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority . The Senate , therefore , ought to be this body ; and to answer these purposes , they ought to have permanency and stability . -- James Madison , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates The delegates also agreed with Madison that the executive function had to be independent of the legislature . In their aversion to kingly power , American legislatures had created state governments where the executive was beholden to the legislature , and by the late 1780s this was widely seen as being a source of paralysis . The Confederation government was the ultimate example of this . Furthermore , in the English tradition , judges were seen as being agents of the King and his court , who represented him throughout his realm . Madison believed that in the American states , this direct link between state executives and judges was a source of corruption through patronage , and thought the link had to be severed between the two , thus creating the `` third branch '' of the judiciary which had been without any direct precedent before this point . Madison , however , did not believe that the judiciary should be truly independent , but rather beholden to the legislature rather than the executive . At the Convention , some sided with Madison that the legislature should choose judges , while others believed the president should choose judges . A compromise was eventually reached that the president should choose judges and the Senate confirm them . In a few areas , Madison 's plan included provisions that had little support among the delegates . Few agreed with Madison that the legislature should be able to invalidate state laws , so the idea was dropped . While most thought there should be some mechanism to invalidate bad laws by congress , few agreed with Madison that a board of the executive and judges should decide on this . Instead , the power was given solely to the executive in the form of the veto . Many also thought this would be useful to protect the executive , whom many worried might become beholden to an imperial legislature . Also , during the deliberations , the New Jersey Plan was introduced , although it was more of a protest to the excessive national character of the Virginia plan , and was not seriously considered . The office of Vice President was also included later in the deliberations , mainly to provide the president a successor if he was unable to complete his term but also to provide presidential electors with an incentive to vote for at least one out of state candidate in addition to a `` favorite son '' from their own state or region . The early debate ( edit ) Each state was allowed to cast a single vote either for or against a proposal during the debates in accordance with the majority opinion of the state 's delegates . Throughout the Convention , delegates would regularly come and go , with only 30 -- 40 being present on a typical day . Consequently , if a state 's delegates were equally divided in their views on a given proposal , or if too few of the state 's delegates were in attendance to establish a quorum for the delegation when votes were being cast on a particular proposal , that state 's delegation had essentially no effect on the outcome of the vote on the proposal . Thus , for example , after two of New York 's three delegates abandoned the Convention in mid July with no intention of returning , New York was left unable to vote on any further proposals at the Convention , although Hamilton would continue to periodically attend and occasionally to speak during the debates . All communities divide themselves into the few and the many . The first are the rich and well born , the other the mass of the people . The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God ; and however generally this maxim has been quoted and believed , it is not true in fact . The people are turbulent and changing ; they seldom judge or determine right . Give therefore to the first class a distinct , permanent share in the government . They will check the unsteadiness of the second , and as they can not receive any advantage by a change , they therefore will ever maintain good government . Can a democratic assembly , who annually revolve in the mass of the people , be supposed steadily to pursue the public good ? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy . Their turbulent and uncontroling disposition requires checks . -- Alexander Hamilton , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates The first area of major dispute was the manner by which the lower house would be apportioned . A minority wanted it to be apportioned so that all states would have equal weight , though this was never seriously considered . Most wanted it apportioned in accordance with some mixture of property and population . Though there was discussion on how to calculate property for this purpose , the issue of property was later dropped because of its difficulty , and an assumption that property would closely correlate to population . Most accepted the desire among the slave states to count slaves as part of the population , although their servile status was raised as a major objection against this . The Three - Fifths Compromise assessing population by adding the number of free persons to three - fifths of `` all other persons '' ( slaves ) was agreed to without serious dispute . In 1783 , when attempting to assess a national taxation system , the Confederation Congress had considered a three fifths ratio , which did not achieve unanimity . This compromise resulted in a large coalition of states , including the small slave states of South Carolina and Georgia , backing the Virginia plan and thus expanding the power of the primary coalition . That the lower house was to be elected directly by the voters was also accepted without major dispute . Front side of the Virginia Plan More contentious than the lower house was the question of the upper house . Few agreed with Madison that its members should be elected by the lower house . James Wilson suggested election by popular vote versus election by state legislature , but his proposal was shot down 10 -- 1 by the delegates . Most delegates did n't question the intelligence of the voters , rather what concerned them was the slowness by which information spread in the late 18th century . At the time of the Convention , they noted that local newspapers said little of current events , and what little they had was sketchy and dated . Local papers even said little about the meeting of the Convention . Alexander Hamilton proposed extending the term in office for senators to life , considering earlier proposals of four and seven years inefficient to enable the `` rich and well born '' to have a `` distinct , permanent share in the government , '' which could `` check the imprudence of democracy . '' Moreover , Hamilton proposed that senators not be elected directly by the general public , but by `` electors '' chosen for that purpose . Besides the problems of direct election , the new Constitution was seen as such a radical break with the old system , by which delegates were elected to the Confederation Congress by state legislatures , that the Convention agreed to retain this method of electing senators to make the constitutional change less radical . The more difficult problem was the issue of apportionment . The Connecticut delegation offered a compromise , whereby the number of representatives for each state in the lower house would be apportioned based on the relative size of the state 's population , while the number of representatives in the upper house would be the same for all of the states , irrespective of size . The large states , fearing a diminution of their influence in the legislature under this plan , opposed this proposal . Unable to reach agreement , the delegates decided to leave this issue for further consideration later during the meeting . The delegates could n't agree on whether the executive should be a single person , or a board of three . Many wished to limit the power of the executive and thus supported the proposal to divide the executive power between three persons . The possible problems of this system , in addition to the knowledge that George Washington would probably be the first president , calmed the fears enough so that the proponents of a singular executive could accumulate a large coalition . This issue came up occasionally after the matter was settled , but was never again seriously doubted . Another issue concerned the election of the president . Few agreed with Madison that the executive should be elected by the legislature . There was widespread concern with direct election , because information diffused so slowly in the late 18th century , and because of concerns that people would only vote for candidates from their state or region . A vocal minority wanted the national executive to be chosen by the governors of the states . The issue was one of the last major issues to be resolved , and was done so in the electoral college . At the time , before the formation of modern political parties , there was widespread concern that candidates would routinely fail to secure a majority of electors in the electoral college . The method of resolving this problem therefore was a contested issue . Most thought that the house should then choose the president , since it most closely reflected the will of the people . This caused dissension among delegates from smaller states , who realized that this would put their states at a disadvantage . To resolve this dispute , the Convention agreed that the house would elect the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , but that each state delegation would vote as a bloc , rather than individually . As the Convention was entering its second full month of deliberations , it was decided that further consideration of the prickly question of how to apportion representatives in the national legislature should be referred to a committee composed of one delegate from each of the eleven states that were present at that time at the Convention . The members of this `` Grand Committee , '' as it has come to be known , included Elbridge Gerry , Oliver Ellsworth , Robert Yates , William Paterson , Gunning Bedford , Jr. , George Mason , William Davie , John Rutledge , Abraham Baldwin , and Benjamin Franklin . In its report to the Convention on July 5 , the committee offered a compromise . The large states had opposed the Connecticut Compromise , because they felt it gave too much power to the smaller states . The Grand Committee 's proposal added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the lower house and not be subject to modification by the upper house ( although this Origination Clause would later be modified so that revenue bills could be amended in the upper house , or Senate ) . With this modification , the Convention in a close vote adopted the compromise on July 16 . Nationalist delegates remained bitterly opposed , however , until on July 23 they succeeded in further modifying the compromise to give members of the Senate individual voting power , rather than having votes taken by each state 's representatives en bloc , as had occurred in Congress under the Articles of Confederation . This accomplished the nationalist goal of preventing state governments from having a direct say in Congress 's choice to make national laws . The final document was thus a mixture of Madison 's original `` national '' constitution and the desired `` federal '' Constitution that many of the delegates sought . The first draft ( edit ) The Convention adjourned from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of the Committee of Detail , which was to produce a first draft of the Constitution . It was chaired by John Rutledge , with the other members including Edmund Randolph , Oliver Ellsworth , James Wilson , and Nathaniel Gorham . Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings , three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee 's handiwork : an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge , extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson , also with Rutledge 's edits , and the committee 's final report to the Convention . From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan , the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan , and other sources , such as the Articles of Confederation , provisions of the state constitutions , and even Charles Pinckney 's plan , to produce the first full draft , which author David O. Stewart has called a `` remarkable copy - and - paste job . '' Randolph adopted two rules in preparing his initial outline : that the Constitution should only include essential principles , avoiding minor provisions that would change over time , and that it should be stated in simple and precise language . Much of what was included in the committee 's report consisted of numerous details that the Convention had never discussed but which the committee correctly viewed as uncontroversial and unlikely to be challenged ; and as such , much of the committee 's proposal would ultimately be incorporated into the final version of the Constitution without debate . Examples of these details included the Speech and Debate Clause , which grants members of Congress immunity for comments made in their jobs , and the rules for organizing the House of Representatives and the Senate . However , Rutledge , himself a former state governor , was determined that while the new national government should be stronger than the Confederation government had been , the national government 's power over the states should not be limitless ; and at Rutledge 's urging , the committee went beyond what the Convention had proposed . As Stewart describes it , the committee `` hijacked '' and remade the Constitution , altering critical agreements the Convention delegates had already made , enhancing the powers of the states at the expense of the national government , and adding several far - reaching provisions that the Convention had never discussed . John Rutledge , a judge and former governor of South Carolina , chaired the committee that wrote the first draft of the Constitution . He argued for a federal government of limited power . The first major change , insisted on by Rutledge , was meant to sharply curtail the essentially unlimited powers to legislate `` in all cases for the general interests of the Union '' that the Convention only two weeks earlier had agreed to grant the Congress . Rutledge and Randolph worried that the broad powers implied in the language agreed on by the Convention would have given the national government too much power at the expense of the states . In Randolph 's outline the committee replaced that language with a list of 18 specific `` enumerated '' powers , many adopted from the Articles of Confederation , that would strictly limit the Congress ' authority to measures such as imposing taxes , making treaties , going to war , and establishing post offices . Rutledge , however , was not able to completely convince all of the members of the committee to accept the change . Over the course of a series of drafts , a catchall provision ( the `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' ) was eventually added , most likely by Wilson , a nationalist little concerned with the sovereignty of individual states , giving the Congress the broad power `` to make all Laws that shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers , and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . '' Another revision of Wilson 's draft also placed eight specific limits on the states , such as barring them from independently entering into treaties and from printing their own money , providing a certain degree of balance to the limits on the national government intended by Rutledge 's list of enumerated powers . In addition , Wilson 's draft modified the language of the Supremacy Clause adopted by the Convention , to ensure that national law would take precedence over inconsistent state laws . These changes set the final balance between the national and state governments that would be entered into the final document , as the Convention never challenged this dual - sovereignty between nation and state that had been fashioned by Rutledge and Wilson . Another set of radical changes introduced by the Committee of Detail proved far more contentious when the committee 's report was presented to the Convention . On the day the Convention had agreed to appoint the committee , Southerner Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , of South Carolina , had warned of dire consequences should the committee fail to include protections for slavery in the Southern states , or allow for taxing of Southern agricultural exports . Pinckney and his fellow Southern delegates must have been delighted to see that the committee had included three provisions that explicitly restricted the Congress ' authority in ways favorable to Southern interests . The proposed language would bar the Congress from ever interfering with the slave trade . It would also prohibit taxation of exports , and would require that any legislation concerning regulation of foreign commerce through tariffs or quotas ( that is , any laws akin to England 's `` Navigation Acts '' ) pass only with two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress . While much of the rest of the committee 's report would be accepted without serious challenge on the Convention floor , these last three proposals would provoke outrage from Northern delegates and slavery opponents . The final report of the committee , which became the first draft of the Constitution , was the first workable constitutional plan , as Madison 's Virginia Plan had simply been an outline of goals and a broad structure . Even after it issued this report , the committee continued to meet off and on until early September . Further modifications and concluding debate ( edit ) Another month of discussion and relatively minor refinement followed , during which several attempts were made to alter the Rutledge draft , though few were successful . Some wanted to add property qualifications for people to hold office , while others wanted to prevent the national government from issuing paper money . Madison in particular wanted to push the Constitution back in the direction of his Virginia plan . One important change that did make it into the final version included the agreement between northern and southern delegates to empower Congress to end the slave trade starting in 1808 . Southern and northern delegates also agreed to strengthen the Fugitive Slave Clause in exchange for removing a requirement that two - thirds of Congress agree on `` navigation acts '' ( regulations of commerce between states and foreign governments ) . The two - thirds requirement was favored by southern delegates , who thought Congress might pass navigation acts that would be economically harmful to slaveholders . Once the Convention had finished amending the first draft from the Committee of Detail , a new set of unresolved questions were sent to several different committees for resolution . The Committee of Detail was considering several questions related to habeas corpus , freedom of the press , and an executive council to advise the president . Two committees addressed questions related to the slave trade and the assumption of war debts . A new committee was created , the Committee on Postponed Parts , to address other questions that had been postponed . Its members , such as Madison , were delegates who had shown a greater desire for compromise and were chosen for this reason as most in the Convention wanted to finish their work and go home . The committee dealt with questions related to the taxes , war making , patents and copyrights , relations with Indian tribes , and Franklin 's compromise to require money bills to originate in the House . The biggest issue they addressed was the presidency , and the final compromise was written by Madison with the committee 's input . They adopted Wilson 's earlier plan for choosing the president by an electoral college , and settled on the method of choosing the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , which many such as Madison thought would be `` nineteen times out of twenty '' . The committee also shortened the president 's term from seven years to four years , freed the president to seek re-election after an initial term , and moved impeachment trials from the courts to the Senate . They also created the office of the vice president , whose only roles were to succeed a president unable to complete a term of office , to preside over the Senate , and to cast tie - breaking votes in the Senate . The committee transferred important powers from the Senate to the president , for example the power to make treaties and appoint ambassadors . One controversial issue throughout much of the Convention had been the length of the president 's term , and whether the president was to be term limited . The problem had resulted from the understanding that the president would be chosen by Congress ; the decision to have the president be chosen instead by an electoral college reduced the chance of the president becoming beholden to Congress , so a shorter term with eligibility for re-election became a viable option . Near the end of the Convention , Gerry , Randolph , and Mason emerged as the main force of opposition . Their fears were increased as the Convention moved from Madison 's vague Virginia Plan to the concrete plan of Rutledge 's Committee of Detail . Some have argued that Randolph 's attacks on the Constitution were motivated by political ambition , in particular his anticipation of possibly facing rival Patrick Henry in a future election . The main objection of the three was the compromise that would allow Congress to pass `` navigation acts '' with a simple majority in exchange for strengthened slave provisions . Among their other objections was an opposition to the office of vice president . Though most of their complaints did not result in changes , a couple did . Mason succeeded in adding `` high crimes and misdemeanors '' to the impeachment clause . Gerry also convinced the Convention to include a second method for ratification of amendments . The report out of the Committee of Detail had included only one mechanism for constitutional amendment , in which two - thirds of the states had to ask Congress to convene a convention for consideration of amendments . Upon Gerry 's urging , the Convention added back the Virginia Plan 's original method whereby Congress would propose amendments that the states would then ratify . All amendments to the Constitution , save the 21st amendment , have been made through this latter method . Despite their successes , these three dissenters grew increasingly unpopular as most other delegates wanted to bring the Convention 's business to an end and return home . As the Convention was drawing to a conclusion , and delegates prepared to refer the Constitution to the Committee on Style to pen the final version , one delegate raised an objection over civil trials . He wanted to guarantee the right to a jury trial in civil matters , and Mason saw in this a larger opportunity . Mason told the Convention that the constitution should include a bill of rights , which he thought could be prepared in a few hours . Gerry agreed , though the rest of the committee overruled them . They wanted to go home , and thought this was nothing more than another delaying tactic . Few at the time realized how important the issue would become , with the absence of a bill of rights becoming the main argument of the anti-Federalists against ratification . Most of the Convention 's delegates thought that states already protected individual rights , and that the Constitution did not authorize the national government to take away rights , so there was no need to include protections of rights . Once the Convention moved beyond this point , the delegates addressed a couple of last - minute issues . Importantly , they modified the language that required spending bills to originate in the House of Representatives and be flatly accepted or rejected , unmodified , by the Senate . The new language empowered the Senate to modify spending bills proposed by the House . Drafting and signing ( edit ) U.S. Postage , Issue of 1937 , depicting Delegates at the signing of the Constitution , engraving after a painting by Junius Brutus Stearns Once the final modifications had been made , the Committee of Style and Arrangement was appointed `` to revise the style of and arrange the articles which had been agreed to by the house . '' Unlike other committees , whose members were named so the committees included members from different regions , this final committee included no champions of the small states . Its members were mostly in favor of a strong national government and unsympathetic to calls for states ' rights . They were William Samuel Johnson ( Connecticut ) , Alexander Hamilton ( New York ) , Gouverneur Morris ( Pennsylvania ) , James Madison ( Virginia ) , and Rufus King ( Massachusetts ) . On Wednesday , September 12 , the report of the `` committee of style '' was ordered printed for the convenience of the delegates . For three days , the Convention compared this final version with the proceedings of the Convention . The Constitution was then ordered engrossed on Saturday , September 15 by Jacob Shallus , and was submitted for signing on September 17 . It made at least one important change to what the Convention had agreed to ; King wanted to prevent states from interfering in contracts . Although the Convention never took up the matter , his language was now inserted , creating the contract clause . Gouverneur Morris is credited , both now and then , as the chief draftsman of the final document , including the stirring preamble . Not all the delegates were pleased with the results ; thirteen left before the ceremony , and three of those remaining refused to sign : Edmund Randolph of Virginia , George Mason of Virginia , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts . George Mason demanded a Bill of Rights if he was to support the Constitution . The Bill of Rights was not included in the Constitution submitted to the states for ratification , but many states ratified the Constitution with the understanding that a bill of rights would soon follow . Shortly before the document was to be signed , Gorham proposed to lower the size of congressional districts from 40,000 to 30,000 citizens . A similar measure had been proposed earlier , and failed by one vote . George Washington spoke up here , making his only substantive contribution to the text of the Constitution in supporting this move . The Convention adopted it without further debate . Gorham would sign the document , although he had openly doubted whether the United States would remain a single , unified nation for more than 150 years . Ultimately , 39 of the original 55 delegates ended up signing , but it is likely that none were completely satisfied . Their views were summed up by Benjamin Franklin , who said , I confess that There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them ... I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain , may be able to make a better Constitution ... It therefore astonishes me , Sir , to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does ; and I think it will astonish our enemies ... Rhode Island never sent delegates , and two of New York 's three delegates did not stay at the Convention for long . Therefore , as George Washington stated , the document was executed by `` eleven states , and Colonel Hamilton . '' Washington signed the document first , and then moving by state delegation from north to south , as had been the custom throughout the Convention , the delegates filed to the front of the room to sign their names . At the time the document was signed , Franklin gave a persuasive speech involving an anecdote on a sun that was painted on the back of Washington 's Chippendale chair . As recounted in Madison 's notes : Whilst the last members were signing it Doctor . Franklin looking towards the Presidents Chair , at the back of which a rising sun happened to be painted , observed to a few members near him , that Painters had found it difficult to distinguish in their art a rising from a setting sun . I have said he , often and often in the course of the Session , and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue , looked at that behind the President without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting : But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun . The Constitution was then submitted to the states for ratification , pursuant to its own Article VII . Proposed plans ( edit ) Several plans were introduced , with the most important plan being that of James Madison ( the Virginia Plan ) . The Convention 's work was mostly a matter of modifying this plan . Charles Pinckney also introduced a plan , although this was n't considered and its exact character has been lost to history . After the Convention was well under way , the New Jersey Plan was introduced though never seriously considered . It was mainly a protest to what some delegates thought was the excessively radical change from the Articles of Confederation . Alexander Hamilton also offered a plan after the Convention was well under way , though it included an executive serving for life and therefore the delegates felt it too closely resembled a monarchy . Historians are unsure how serious he was about this , and some have speculated that he may have done it to make Madison 's plan look moderate by comparison . The Connecticut Compromise was n't a plan but one of several compromises offered by the Connecticut delegation . It was key to the ultimate ratification of the constitution , but was only included after being modified by Benjamin Franklin in order to make it more appealing to larger states . Virginia plan ( edit ) Main article : Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan Prior to the start of the Convention , the Virginian delegates met and , drawing largely from Madison 's suggestions , came up with what came to be known as the Virginia Plan , also known as the Large State Plan . For this reason , James Madison is sometimes called the Father of the Constitution . Presented by Virginia governor Edmund Randolph on May 29 , 1787 , the Virginia Plan proposed a very powerful bicameral legislature . Both houses of the legislature would be determined proportionately . The lower house would be elected by the people , and the upper house would be elected by the lower house . The executive would exist solely to ensure that the will of the legislature was carried out and would therefore be selected by the legislature . The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary , and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto , subject to override . New Jersey plan ( edit ) Main article : New Jersey Plan The New Jersey Plan After the Virginia Plan was introduced , New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan . Under the Articles of Confederation , each state had equal representation in Congress , exercising one vote each . The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states ' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population . On June 14 and 15 , 1787 , a small - state caucus met to create a response to the Virginia Plan . The result was the New Jersey Plan , otherwise known as the Small State Plan . Paterson 's New Jersey Plan was ultimately a rebuttal to the Virginia Plan , and was much closer to the initial call for the Convention : drafting amendments to the Articles of Confederation to fix the problems in it . Under the New Jersey Plan , the existing Continental Congress would remain , but it would be granted new powers , such as the power to levy taxes and force their collection . An executive branch was created , to be elected by Congress ( the plan allowed for a multi-person executive ) . The executives would serve a single term and were subject to recall on the request of state governors . The plan also created a judiciary that would serve for life , to be appointed by the executives . Lastly , any laws set by Congress would take precedence over state laws . When Paterson reported the plan to the Convention on June 15 , 1787 , it was ultimately rejected , but it gave the smaller states a rallying point for their interests . Hamilton 's plan ( edit ) The Hamilton Plan Unsatisfied with the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan , Alexander Hamilton proposed his own plan . It also was known as the British Plan , because of its resemblance to the British system of strong centralized government . In his plan , Hamilton advocated virtually doing away with state sovereignty and consolidating the states into a single nation . The plan featured a bicameral legislature , the lower house elected by the people for three years . The upper house would be elected by electors chosen by the people and would serve for life . The plan also gave the Governor , an executive elected by electors for a life - term of service , an absolute veto over bills . State governors would be appointed by the national legislature , and the national legislature had veto power over any state legislation . Hamilton presented his plan to the Convention on June 18 , 1787 . The plan was perceived as a well - thought - out plan , but it was not considered , because it resembled the British system too closely . It also contemplated the loss of most state authority , which the states were unwilling to allow . Pinckney 's plan ( edit ) The Pinckney Plan Immediately after Randolph finished laying out the Virginia Plan , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina presented his own plan to the Convention . As Pinckney did not write it down , the only evidence of the plan are Madison 's notes , so the details are somewhat vague . It was a confederation , or treaty , among the thirteen states . There was to be a bicameral legislature made up of a Senate and a House of Delegates . The House would have one member for every one thousand inhabitants . The House would elect Senators who would serve by rotation for four years and represent one of four regions . Congress would meet in a joint session to elect a President , and would also appoint members of the cabinet . Congress , in joint session , would serve as the court of appeal of last resort in disputes between states . Pinckney did also provide for a supreme Federal Judicial Court . The Pinckney plan was not debated , but it may have been referred to by the Committee of Detail . Connecticut compromise ( edit ) Main article : Connecticut Compromise The Connecticut Compromise , forged by Roger Sherman from Connecticut , was proposed on June 11 . In a sense it blended the Virginia ( large - state ) and New Jersey ( small - state ) proposals . Ultimately , however , its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate , and thus retaining a federal character in the constitution . Sherman sided with the two - house national legislature of the Virginia Plan , but proposed `` That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st . branch ( house ) should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants ; and that in the second branch or Senate , each State should have one vote and no more . '' This plan failed at first , but on July 23 the question was finally settled . What was ultimately included in the constitution was a modified form of this plan . In the Grand Committee , Benjamin Franklin successfully proposed the requirement that revenue bills originate in the house . But the final July 16 vote on the compromise still left the Senate looking like the Confederation Congress . In the preceding weeks of debate , Madison , King , and Gouverneur Morris each vigorously opposed the compromise for this reason . Then on July 23 , just before most of the convention 's work was referred to the Committee of Detail , Morris and King moved that state representatives in the Senate be given individual votes , rather than voting en bloc , as they had in the Confederation Congress . Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut , a leading proponent of the compromise , supported their motion , and the Convention adopted it . As the personally powerful senators were to receive terms much longer than the state legislators who appointed them , they became substantially independent . The compromise nonetheless continued to serve the self - interest of small - state political leaders , who were assured of access to more seats in the Senate than they might otherwise have obtained . Slavery ( edit ) Among the most controversial issues confronting the delegates was that of slavery . Slavery was widespread in the states at the time of the Convention . At least a third of the Convention 's 55 delegates owned slaves , including all of the delegates from Virginia and South Carolina . Slaves comprised approximately one - fifth of the population of the states ; and apart from northernmost New England , where slavery had largely been eliminated , slaves lived throughout all regions of the country . The majority of the slaves ( more than 90 % ) , however , lived in the South , where approximately 1 in 3 families owned slaves ( in the largest and wealthiest state , Virginia , that figure was nearly 1 in 2 families ) . The entire agrarian economy of the South was based on slave labor , and the Southern delegates to the Convention were unwilling to accept any proposals that they believed would threaten the institution . Quaker John Dickinson argued forcefully against slavery during the Convention . Once Delaware 's largest slaveholder , he had freed all of his slaves by 1787 . Commerce and slave trade compromise ( edit ) Whether slavery was to be regulated under the new Constitution was a matter of such intense conflict between the North and South that several Southern states refused to join the Union if slavery were not to be allowed . Delegates opposed to slavery were forced to yield in their demands that slavery practiced within the confines of the new nation be completely outlawed . However , they continued to argue that the Constitution should prohibit the states from participating in the international slave trade , including in the importation of new slaves from Africa and the export of slaves to other countries . The Convention postponed making a final decision on the international slave trade until late in the deliberations because of the contentious nature of the issue . During the Convention 's late July recess , the Committee of Detail had inserted language that would prohibit the federal government from attempting to ban international slave trading and from imposing taxes on the purchase or sale of slaves . The Convention could not agree on these provisions when the subject came up again in late August , so they referred the matter to an eleven - member committee for further discussion . This committee helped work out a compromise : Congress would have the power to ban the international slave trade , but not for another twenty years ( that is , not until 1808 ) . In exchange for this concession , the federal government 's power to regulate foreign commerce would be strengthened by provisions that allowed for taxation of slave trades in the international market and that reduced the requirement for passage of navigation acts from two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress to simple majorities . Three - fifths compromise ( edit ) Main article : Three - Fifths Compromise Another contentious slavery - related question was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress , or would instead be considered property and as such not be considered for purposes of representation . Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation , but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population . Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation , but not in determining representation . Finally , delegate James Wilson proposed the Three - Fifths Compromise . This was eventually adopted by the Convention . Delegates ( edit ) The states had originally appointed seventy representatives to the Convention , but a number of the appointees did not accept or could not attend , leaving fifty - five delegates who would ultimately craft the Constitution . Almost all of the fifty - five delegates had taken part in the Revolution , with at least twenty - nine having served in the Continental forces , most in positions of command . All but two or three had served in colonial or state government during their careers . The vast majority ( about 75 % ) of the delegates were or had been members of the Confederation Congress , and many had been members of the Continental Congress during the Revolution . Several had been state governors . Just two delegates , Roger Sherman and Robert Morris , would be signatories to all three of the nation 's founding documents : the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution . More than half of the delegates had trained as lawyers ( several had even been judges ) , although only about a quarter had practiced law as their principal means of business . There were also merchants , manufacturers , shippers , land speculators , bankers or financiers , two or three physicians , a minister , and several small farmers . Of the twenty - five who owned slaves , sixteen depended on slave labor to run the plantations or other businesses that formed the mainstay of their income . Most of the delegates were landowners with substantial holdings , and most , with the possible exception of Roger Sherman and William Few , were very comfortably wealthy . George Washington and Robert Morris were among the wealthiest men in the entire country . Connecticut Oliver Ellsworth * William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman Delaware Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford , Jr . Jacob Broom John Dickinson George Read Georgia Abraham Baldwin William Few William Houstoun * William Pierce * Maryland Daniel Carroll Luther Martin * James McHenry John Francis Mercer * Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry * Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Caleb Strong * New Hampshire Nicholas Gilman John Langdon New Jersey David Brearley Jonathan Dayton William Houston * William Livingston William Paterson New York Alexander Hamilton John Lansing , Jr. * Robert Yates * North Carolina William Blount William Richardson Davie * Alexander Martin * Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson Pennsylvania George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Jared Ingersoll Thomas Mifflin Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris James Wilson South Carolina Pierce Butler Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney John Rutledge Virginia John Blair James Madison George Mason * James McClurg * Edmund Randolph * George Washington George Wythe * Rhode Island Rhode Island did not send delegates to the Convention . ( * ) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution . Randolph , Mason , and Gerry were the only three present in Philadelphia at the time who refused to sign . Several prominent Founders are notable for not participating in the Constitutional Convention . Thomas Jefferson was abroad , serving as the minister to France ( nonetheless , Jefferson , in a letter to John Adams , would describe the delegates approvingly as a gathering of `` demi - gods '' ) . John Adams was in Britain , serving as minister to that country , but he wrote home to encourage the delegates . Patrick Henry refused to participate because he `` smelt a rat in Philadelphia , tending toward the monarchy . '' Also absent were John Hancock and Samuel Adams . Many of the states ' older and more experienced leaders may have simply been too busy with the local affairs of their states to attend the Convention , which had originally been planned to strengthen the existing Articles of Confederation , not to write a constitution for a completely new national government . See also ( edit ) Constitution Day ( United States ) Constitution of the United States Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution The Federalist Papers Founding Fathers of the United States History of the United States Constitution History of the United States National Constitution Center Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution United States Bill of Rights Syng inkstand America 's Critical Period Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manasseh Cutler was a Congregationalists minister and former Army chaplain from Massachusetts . He arrived directly from lobbying success in New York City during the Northwest Ordinance negotiations at the Articles Congress . Jump up ^ History Alive ! Pursuing American Ideals . Rancho Cordova , CA : Teachers ' Curriculum Institute . April 2013 . p. 56 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jillson , Calvin C. ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Jump up ^ Odesser - Torpey , Marilyn ( 2013 ) . Insiders ' Guide to Philadelphia & Pennsylvania Dutch Country . Morris Book Publishing , LLC . p. 26 . ISBN 9780762756995 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rossiter , Clinton ( 1987 ) . 1787 : The Grand Convention . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30404 - 6 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Pop Culture : 1790 '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Edward J. ; Winship , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention : A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7517 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6570 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Articles of Confederation , Art . 13 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Gaillard ( 1902 ) . The Life of James Madison . Doubleday . Jump up ^ The Ratification of the Constitution National Archives ^ Jump up to : Padover , Saul K. ( 1995 ) . Jacob W. Landynski , ed . The living U.S. Constitution : Historical Background Landmark Supreme Court Decisions with Introductions indexed Guide Pen Portraits of Signers. 3 . New York : NY : A Meridian Book . Jump up ^ Irons , Lee. , The 1788 American Revision of the Westminster Standards , viewed September 15 , 2011 . Referencing `` Records of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1706 -- 1788 '' ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 37 , 173 -- 76 , 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 37 , 173 -- 76 , 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Teaching American History.org , A citizen of America : an examination into the leading principles of America , viewed October 20 , 2011 . Scudder , Horace Elisha . Noah Webster , 1885 ed. , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 . Robert Yates . http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/yates.asp Jump up ^ The Three - Fifth Compromise Digitalhistory.uh.edu Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1966 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Volume 1 . Yale University Press . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 00080 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : 2 The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , at 94 -- 95 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) ^ Jump up to : See Laurence Claus , Power Enumeration and the Silences of Constitutional Federalism http://ssrn.com/abstract=2837390 ^ Jump up to : Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 . Jump up ^ United States Postage Stamps Jump up ^ National Archives . `` Bill of Rights '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Speech of Benjamin Franklin -- The U_S_ Constitution Online -- USConstitution_net ^ Jump up to : `` Rising Sun '' in The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Vol. 1 ( ed . John R. Vile : ABC - CLIO , 2005 ) , p. 681 . Jump up ^ Madison Notes for September 17 , 1787 . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 2006 ) . America 's Constitution : A Biography . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7272 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : US Constitution.net . `` Constitutional Topic : The Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Plan of Charles Pinckney ( South Carolina ) , Presented to the Federal Convention , May 29 , 1787 . `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : May 29 . `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1 THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787 , at 489 , 490 , 551 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census ( 1909 ) . A Century of Population Growth : From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 . D.C. : Government Printing Office . ^ Jump up to : Constitutional Rights Foundation . `` The Constitution and Slavery '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2004 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States National Archives and Records Administration . `` America 's Founding Fathers , Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : United States National Archives and Records Administration . `` America 's Founding Fathers , Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven : Yale University Press . Bibliography ( edit ) Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6570 - 7 . Bowen , Catherine Drinker , Miracle At Philadelphia : The Story of the Constitutional Convention ( Little , Brown 1966 ) Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven : Yale University Press . Hunt , Gaillard ( 1902 ) . The Life of James Madison . Doubleday . Jillson , Calvin C. ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Larson , Edward J. ; Winship , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention : A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7517 - 0 . Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 . United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census ( 1909 ) . A Century of Population Growth : From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constitutional Convention ( United States ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who were the delegates that attended the constitutional convention | [
"Almost all of the fifty-five delegates had taken part in the Revolution, with at least twenty-nine having served in the Continental forces, most in positions of command.[35] All but two or three had served in colonial or state government during their careers.[6]:65 The vast majority (about 75%) of the delegates were or had been members of the Confederation Congress, and many had been members of the Continental Congress during the Revolution.[21]:25 Several had been state governors.[6]:65[35] Just two delegates, Roger Sherman and Robert Morris, would be signatories to all three of the nation's founding documents: the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution.[35]"
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"Roger Sherman and Robert Morris"
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2170446051500275882 | The Catcher in the Rye | The Catcher in the Rye - wikipedia The Catcher in the Rye Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Catcher in the Rye ( disambiguation ) . The Catcher in the Rye First edition cover Author J.D. Salinger Cover artist E. Michael Mitchell Country United States Language English Genre Realistic fiction Coming - of - age fiction Published July 16 , 1951 Publisher Little , Brown and Company Media type Print Pages 277 OCLC 287628 Dewey Decimal 813.54 The Catcher in the Rye is a story by J.D. Salinger , first published in serial form in 1945 - 6 and as a novel in 1951 . A classic novel originally published for adults , it has since become popular with adolescent readers for its themes of teenage angst and alienation . It has been translated into almost all of the world 's major languages . Around 1 million copies are sold each year with total sales of more than 65 million books . The novel 's protagonist Holden Caulfield has become an icon for teenage rebellion . The novel also deals with complex issues of innocence , identity , belonging , loss , and connection . The novel was included on Time 's 2005 list of the 100 best English - language novels written since 1923 and it was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English - language novels of the 20th century . In 2003 , it was listed at # 15 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 History 3 Writing style 4 Interpretations 5 Reception 6 Censorship and use in schools 7 Shooters citing the book as an influence 8 Attempted adaptations 8.1 In film 8.2 Banned fan fiction 9 Cultural influence 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Bibliography 11.3 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Holden Caulfield , a teenager , is living in an unspecified institution in Southern California near Hollywood in 1951 . Caulfield intends to live with his brother D.B , an author and World War II veteran whom Holden resents for becoming a screenwriter , after his release in one month . As he waits , Holden recalls the events of the previous Christmas . Holden begins his story at Pencey Preparatory Academy , an exclusive boarding school in Agerstown , Pennsylvania , on the Saturday afternoon of the traditional football game with a rival school . Holden has been expelled from Pencey due to poor work and is not to return after Christmas break , which begins the following Wednesday . He plans to return home on that day so that he will not be present when his parents receive notice of his expulsion . After forfeiting a fencing match in New York by forgetting the equipment aboard the subway , he is invited to the home of his history teacher , Mr. Spencer . Spencer is a well - meaning but long - winded old man . Spencer greets him and offers him advice , but embarrasses Holden by further criticizing Holden 's work in his subject in a rude manner . Holden returns to his dorm wearing the new red hunting cap he bought in New York . His dorm neighbor Robert Ackley is one of the few students also missing the game . Ackley , unpopular among his peers , disturbs Holden with his impolite questioning and mannerisms . Holden , who feels sorry for Ackley , tolerates his presence . Later , Holden agrees to write an English composition for his roommate , Ward Stradlater , who is leaving for a date . However , Holden is distressed to learn that Stradlater 's date is an old friend , Jane Gallagher , whom Holden had romantic feelings for and feels protective of . That night , Holden decides to go to a Cary Grant comedy with his best friend Mal Brossard and Ackley . Since Ackley and Mal had already seen the film , they end up just playing pinball and returning to Pencey . When Stradlater returns hours later , he fails to appreciate the deeply personal composition Holden wrote for him about the baseball glove of Holden 's late brother Allie , and refuses to reveal whether he slept with Jane . Enraged , Holden punches him , and Stradlater easily wins the ensuing fight . When Holden continues insulting him after the fight , Stradlater knocks him unconscious and leaves him with a bloody nose . After leaving for Ackley 's room , Holden is disappointed when he treats him rudely . Fed up with the so - called `` phonies '' at Pencey Prep , Holden impulsively decides to leave Pencey early , sells his typewriter to earn money , and catches a train to Penn Station in New York . Holden intends to stay away from his home in a hotel until Wednesday , when his parents would have received news of his expulsion . Aboard the train , Holden meets the mother of a wealthy , obnoxious Pencey student named Ernest Morrow , and lies to her about himself and her son . In a taxicab , Holden inquires with the driver about whether the ducks in the Central Park lagoon migrate during winter , a subject he brings up often , but the man barely responds . Holden checks into the dilapidated Edmont Hotel . He spends an evening dancing with three tourist women from Seattle in the hotel lounge and enjoys dancing with one , though is disappointed that he is unable to hold a conversation with them . Following an unpromising visit to Ernie 's Nightclub in Greenwich Village , Holden becomes preoccupied with his internal angst and agrees to have a prostitute named Sunny visit his room . His attitude toward the girl changes the minute she enters the room ; she seems about the same age as him . Holden becomes uncomfortable with the situation , and when he tells her all he wants to do is talk , she becomes annoyed and leaves . Even though he still paid her the right amount for her time , she returns with her pimp Maurice and demands more money . Holden insults Maurice , and after Sunny takes the money from Holden 's wallet , Maurice punches him in the stomach and leaves with Sunny . Afterwards , Holden imagines that he has been shot by Maurice , and pictures murdering him with an automatic weapon . The next morning , Holden , becoming increasingly depressed and in need of personal connection , calls Sally Hayes , a familiar date . Although Holden claims that she is `` the queen of all phonies '' , they agree to meet that afternoon to attend a play at the Biltmore Theater . Holden shops for a special record , `` Little Shirley Beans '' , for his 10 - year - old sister Phoebe . He spots a small boy singing `` If a body catch a body coming through the rye '' , which lifts his mood . Although Holden 's date initially goes well , it soon sours after Sally introduces her friend George . After the play , Holden and Sally go ice skating at Rockefeller Center , where Holden suddenly begins ranting against society and frightens Sally . He impulsively invites Sally to run away with him that night to live in the wilderness of New England , but she is uninterested in his hastily conceived plan and declines . The conversation turns sour , and the two angrily part ways . Holden decides to meet his old classmate , a Columbia student named Carl Luce , for drinks at the Wicker Bar in the Seton Hotel . During the meeting , Holden annoys Carl with his fixation on sex . After Luce leaves , Holden gets drunk , awkwardly flirts with several adults , and calls an icy Sally . Exhausted and out of money , Holden wanders over to Central Park to investigate the ducks , breaking Phoebe 's record on the way . Nostalgically recalling his experience in elementary school and the unchanging dioramas in the Museum of Natural History that he enjoyed visiting as a child , Holden heads home to see Phoebe . He sneaks into his parents ' apartment while they are out , and wakes up Phoebe -- the only person with whom he seems to be able to communicate his true feelings . Although Phoebe is happy to see Holden , she quickly deduces that he has been expelled , and chastises him for his aimlessness and his apparent dislikes towards everything . When asked if he cares about anything , Holden shares a selfless fantasy he has been thinking about ( based on a mishearing of Robert Burns 's Comin ' Through the Rye ) : he pictures himself as the sole guardian of thousands of children playing in a huge rye field on the edge of a cliff . His job is to catch the children if , in their abandon , they come close to falling off the brink ; to be , in effect , the `` catcher in the rye '' . Because of this misinterpretation , Holden believes that to be the `` catcher in the rye '' means to save children from losing their innocence . When his mother returns home , Holden slips out and visits his former and much - admired English teacher , Mr. Antolini , who is now a New York University professor . Mr. Antolini expresses concern that Holden is headed for `` a terrible fall '' and advises him to begin applying himself . Although Holden is exhausted , he is courteous and considers his advice . Mr. Antolini also provides Holden a place to sleep . Holden is upset when he wakes up in the night to find Mr. Antolini patting his head , which he interprets as a homosexual advance . Confused and uncertain , he leaves and spends the rest of the night in a waiting room at Grand Central Station , where he sinks further into despair and expresses regret over leaving Mr. Antolini . He spends most of Monday morning wandering Fifth Avenue . Losing hope of finding belonging or companionship in the city , Holden impulsively decides that he will head out west and live a reclusive lifestyle as a gas station attendant . He decides to see Phoebe at lunchtime to explain his plan and say farewell . While visiting Phoebe 's school to give a forged excuse note , Holden becomes obsessed with graffiti containing the word `` fuck '' , and becomes distressed by the thought of children learning the word 's meaning . When he meets Phoebe at the Metropolitan Museum of Art , she arrives with a suitcase and asks to go with him , even though she was looking forward to acting as Benedict Arnold in a play that Friday . Holden refuses to let her come with him , which upsets Phoebe , so Holden decides not to leave after all . He tries to cheer her up by allowing her to skip school and taking her to the Central Park Zoo , but she remains angry with him . They eventually reach the zoo 's carousel , where Phoebe reconciles with Holden after he buys her a ticket . Holden is finally filled with happiness and joy at the sight of Phoebe riding in the rain . In a short epilogue , Holden briefly alludes to encountering his parents that night and `` getting sick '' ( implying a tuberculosis diagnosis ) , mentioning that he will be attending another school in September . Holden says that he does n't want to tell anything more because , surprisingly , he has found himself missing his former classmates . He warns the reader that telling others about their own experiences will lead them to miss the people who shared them . History ( edit ) Various older stories by Salinger contain characters similar to those in The Catcher in the Rye . While at Columbia University , Salinger wrote a short story called `` The Young Folks '' in Whit Burnett 's class ; one character from this story has been described as a `` thinly penciled prototype of Sally Hayes '' . In November 1941 , he sold the story `` Slight Rebellion off Madison '' , which featured Holden Caulfield , to The New Yorker , but it was n't published until December 21 , 1946 due to World War II . The story `` I 'm Crazy '' , which was published in the December 22 , 1945 , issue of Collier 's , contained material that was later used in The Catcher in the Rye . In 1946 , The New Yorker accepted a 90 - page manuscript about Holden Caulfield for publication , but Salinger later withdrew it . Writing style ( edit ) The Catcher in the Rye is narrated in a subjective style from the point of view of Holden Caulfield , following his exact thought processes . There is flow in the seemingly disjointed ideas and episodes ; for example , as Holden sits in a chair in his dorm , minor events , such as picking up a book or looking at a table , unfold into discussions about experiences . Critical reviews affirm that the novel accurately reflected the teenage colloquial speech of the time . Words and phrases that appear frequently include : `` Old '' -- term of familiarity or endearment . `` Phony '' -- superficially acting a certain way only to change others ' perceptions `` That killed me '' -- one found that hilarious or astonishing `` Flit '' -- homosexual `` Crumbum '' or `` crumby '' -- inadequate , insufficient , disappointing `` Snowing '' -- sweet - talking `` I got a bang out of that '' -- one found it hilarious or exciting `` Shoot the bull '' -- have a conversation containing false elements `` Give her the time '' or `` necking '' -- sexual intercourse `` Chew the fat '' or `` chew the rag '' -- small - talk `` Rubbering '' or `` rubbernecks '' -- idle onlooking / onlookers `` The Can '' -- the bathroom Interpretations ( edit ) Bruce Brooks held that Holden 's attitude remains unchanged at story 's end , implying no maturation , thus differentiating the novel from young adult fiction . In contrast , Louis Menand thought that teachers assign the novel because of the optimistic ending , to teach adolescent readers that `` alienation is just a phase . '' While Brooks maintained that Holden acts his age , Menand claimed that Holden thinks as an adult , given his ability to accurately perceive people and their motives . Others highlight the dilemma of Holden 's state , in between adolescence and adulthood . Holden is quick to become emotional . `` I felt sorry as hell for ... '' is a phrase he often uses . It is often said that Holden changes at the end , when he watches Phoebe on the carousel , and he talks about the golden ring and how it 's good for kids to try and grab it . Freddie Bartholomew in Captains Courageous Peter Beidler , in his A Reader 's Companion to J.D. Salinger 's `` The Catcher in the Rye '' , identifies the movie that the prostitute `` Sunny '' refers to . In chapter 13 she says that in the movie a boy falls off a boat . The movie is Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) , starring Spencer Tracy . Sunny says that Holden looks like the boy who fell off the boat . Beidler shows ( page 28 ) a still of the boy , played by child - actor Freddie Bartholomew . Each Caulfield child has literary talent . D.B. writes screenplays in Hollywood ; Holden also reveres D.B. for his writing skill ( Holden 's own best subject ) , but he also despises Hollywood industry - based movies , considering them the ultimate in `` phony '' as the writer has no space for his own imagination , and describes D.B. 's move to Hollywood to write for films as `` prostituting himself '' ; Allie wrote poetry on his baseball glove ; and Phoebe is a diarist . This `` catcher in the rye '' is an analogy for Holden , who admires in children attributes that he struggles to find in adults , like innocence , kindness , spontaneity , and generosity . Falling off the cliff could be a progression into the adult world that surrounds him and that he strongly criticizes . Later , Phoebe and Holden exchange roles as the `` catcher '' and the `` fallen '' ; he gives her his hunting hat , the catcher 's symbol , and becomes the fallen as Phoebe becomes the catcher . In their biography of Salinger , David Shields and Shane Salerno argue that : `` The Catcher in the Rye can best be understood as a disguised war novel . '' Salinger witnessed the horrors of World War II , but rather than writing a combat novel , Salinger , according to Shields and Salerno , `` took the trauma of war and embedded it within what looked to the naked eye like a coming - of - age novel . '' Reception ( edit ) The Catcher in the Rye has been listed as one of the best novels of the twentieth century . Shortly after its publication , writing for The New York Times , Nash K. Burger called it `` an unusually brilliant novel , '' while James Stern wrote an admiring review of the book in a voice imitating Holden 's . George H.W. Bush called it a `` marvelous book , '' listing it among the books that have inspired him . In June 2009 , the BBC 's Finlo Rohrer wrote that , 58 years since publication , the book is still regarded `` as the defining work on what it is like to be a teenager . Holden is at various times disaffected , disgruntled , alienated , isolated , directionless , and sarcastic . '' Adam Gopnik considers it one of the `` three perfect books '' in American literature , along with Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Great Gatsby , and believes that `` no book has ever captured a city better than Catcher in the Rye captured New York in the fifties . '' Jeff Pruchnic wrote an appraisal of The Catcher in the Rye after the death of J.D. Salinger . In this article , Pruchnic focuses on how the novel continues to be received incredibly well , even after it has aged many generations . Pruchnic describes Holden as a `` teenage protagonist frozen midcentury but destined to be discovered by those of a similar age in every generation to come '' . Bill Gates said that The Catcher in the Rye is one of his favorite books ever . However , not all reception has been positive ; the book has had its share of critics . Rohrer writes , `` Many of these readers are disappointed that the novel fails to meet the expectations generated by the mystique it is shrouded in . J.D. Salinger has done his part to enhance this mystique . That is to say , he has done nothing . '' Rohrer assessed the reasons behind both the popularity and criticism of the book , saying that it `` captures existential teenage angst '' and has a `` complex central character '' and `` accessible conversational style '' ; while at the same time some readers may dislike the `` use of 1940s New York vernacular '' and other things . Censorship and use in schools ( edit ) In 1960 , a teacher in Tulsa , Oklahoma was fired for assigning the novel in class ; however , he was later reinstated . Between 1961 and 1982 , The Catcher in the Rye was the most censored book in high schools and libraries in the United States . The book was banned in the Issaquah , Washington , high schools in 1978 as being part of an `` overall communist plot '' . In 1981 , it was both the most censored book and the second most taught book in public schools in the United States . According to the American Library Association , The Catcher in the Rye was the 10th most frequently challenged book from 1990 to 1999 . It was one of the ten most challenged books of 2005 , and although it had been off the list for three years , it reappeared in the list of most challenged books of 2009 . The challenges generally begin with Holden 's frequent use of vulgar language , with other reasons including sexual references , blasphemy , undermining of family values and moral codes , encouragement of rebellion , and promotion of drinking , smoking , lying , promiscuity , and sexual abuse . Often the challengers have been unfamiliar with the plot itself . Shelley Keller - Gage , a high school teacher who faced objections after assigning the novel in her class , noted that `` the challengers are being just like Holden ... They are trying to be catchers in the rye '' . A Streisand effect has been that this incident caused people to put themselves on the waiting list to borrow the novel , when there was no waiting list before . Shooters citing the book as an influence ( edit ) Further information : The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture § Shootings Several shootings have been associated with Salinger 's novel , including Robert John Bardo 's murder of Rebecca Schaeffer and John Hinckley , Jr. 's assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan . Additionally , after fatally shooting John Lennon , Mark David Chapman was arrested with a copy of the book that he had purchased that same day , inside of which he had written : `` To Holden Caulfield , From Holden Caulfield , This is my statement '' . Attempted adaptations ( edit ) In film ( edit ) Early in his career , Salinger expressed a willingness to have his work adapted for the screen . In 1949 , a critically panned film version of his short story `` Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut '' was released ; renamed My Foolish Heart , the film took great liberties with Salinger 's plot and is widely considered to be among the reasons that Salinger refused to allow any subsequent film adaptations of his work . The enduring popularity of The Catcher in the Rye , however , has resulted in repeated attempts to secure the novel 's screen rights . When The Catcher in the Rye was first released , many offers were made to adapt it for the screen , including one from Samuel Goldwyn , producer of My Foolish Heart . In a letter written in the early 1950s , Salinger spoke of mounting a play in which he would play the role of Holden Caulfield opposite Margaret O'Brien , and , if he could n't play the part himself , to `` forget about it . '' Almost 50 years later , the writer Joyce Maynard definitively concluded , `` The only person who might ever have played Holden Caulfield would have been J.D. Salinger . '' Salinger told Maynard in the 1970s that Jerry Lewis `` tried for years to get his hands on the part of Holden , '' despite Lewis not having read the novel until he was in his thirties . Celebrities ranging from Marlon Brando and Jack Nicholson to Tobey Maguire and Leonardo DiCaprio have since tried to make a film adaptation . In an interview with Premiere , John Cusack commented that his one regret about turning 21 was that he had become too old to play Holden Caulfield . Writer - director Billy Wilder recounted his abortive attempts to snare the novel 's rights : Of course I read The Catcher in the Rye ... Wonderful book . I loved it . I pursued it . I wanted to make a picture out of it . And then one day a young man came to the office of Leland Hayward , my agent , in New York , and said , ' Please tell Mr. Leland Hayward to lay off . He 's very , very insensitive . ' And he walked out . That was the entire speech . I never saw him . That was J.D. Salinger and that was Catcher in the Rye . In 1961 , Salinger denied Elia Kazan permission to direct a stage adaptation of Catcher for Broadway . More recently , Salinger 's agents received bids for the Catcher film rights from Harvey Weinstein and Steven Spielberg , neither of which was even passed on to Salinger for consideration . In 2003 , the BBC television program The Big Read featured The Catcher in the Rye , interspersing discussions of the novel with `` a series of short films that featured an actor playing J.D. Salinger 's adolescent antihero , Holden Caulfield . '' The show defended its unlicensed adaptation of the novel by claiming to be a `` literary review '' , and no major charges were filed . After Salinger 's death in 2010 , Phyllis Westberg , who was Salinger 's agent at Harold Ober Associates , stated that nothing has changed in terms of licensing film , television , or stage rights of his works . A letter written by Salinger in 1957 revealed that he was open to an adaptation of The Catcher in the Rye released after his death . He wrote : `` Firstly , it is possible that one day the rights will be sold . Since there 's an ever - looming possibility that I wo n't die rich , I toy very seriously with the idea of leaving the unsold rights to my wife and daughter as a kind of insurance policy . It pleasures me no end , though , I might quickly add , to know that I wo n't have to see the results of the transaction . '' Salinger also wrote that he believed his novel was not suitable for film treatment , and that translating Holden Caulfield 's first - person narrative into voice - over and dialogue would be contrived . Banned fan fiction ( edit ) In 2009 , a year before his death , Salinger successfully sued to stop the U.S. publication of a novel that presents Holden Caulfield as an old man . The novel 's author , Fredrik Colting , commented : `` call me an ignorant Swede , but the last thing I thought possible in the U.S. was that you banned books '' . The issue is complicated by the nature of Colting 's book , 60 Years Later : Coming Through the Rye , which has been compared to fan fiction . Although commonly not authorized by writers , no legal action is usually taken against fan fiction , since it is rarely published commercially and thus involves no profit . Colting , however , has published his book commercially , therefore interfering with copyright law and is not protected . Cultural influence ( edit ) Main article : The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture The Catcher in the Rye has had significant cultural influence , and works inspired by the novel have been said to form their own genre . Sarah Graham assessed works influenced by The Catcher in the Rye to include the novels Less Than Zero by Bret Easton Ellis , The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky , A Complicated Kindness by Miriam Toews , The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath , Ordinary People by Judith Guest , and the film Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers . Fantasy writer Harry Turtledove has written a pastiche - parody `` Catcher in the Rhine '' , based on his daughter 's mishearing of Salinger 's title . In this short story , an unnamed narrator , who is clearly meant to be Holden Caulfield but is unnamed to avoid copyright problems , goes on vacation to Germany and meets characters from the Niebelunglied . This was first published in The Chick is in the Mail , edited by Esther Friesner , Baen 2000 and reprinted in the omnibus Chicks Ahoy ! ( 2010 ) . It was reprinted in Atlantis and Other Places also in 2010 . In `` Catcher In The Wry '' former major league baseball player , Bob Uecker , recounts anecdotes of his years behind the plate and on the road , recalling the antics of his famous teammates , including Hank Aaron , Bob Gibson , Richie Allen , and Warren Spahn . The July 1985 issue of National Lampoon included a parody of the novel , ostensibly written by Holden Caulfield 's son , entitled ' The Son of the Catcher , who Lives in Rye ' . In December 1991 , punk rock band Green Day released their second studio album ( Kerplunk ) , containing the song Who Wrote Holden Caulfield . The song describes said character as crazy , frustrated , and lacking motivation . `` The Catcher in the Rye '' deeply influenced the biographical drama film , `` The Rebel in the Rye '' , which is about the writer of `` The Catcher in the Rye '' , J.D. Salinger . It is a visual about his life , before and after World War II , and gives more about the author 's life than the readers of `` The Catcher in the Rye '' learned from the novel . See also ( edit ) Book censorship in the United States Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CalArts Remembers Beloved Animation Instructor E. Michael Mitchell '' . Calarts.edu . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Captivating Covers '' . Onlineuniversities.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ulin , David L. ( 2010 - 01 - 29 ) . `` J.D. Salinger : a gift of words and silence '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Costello , Donald P. , and Harold Bloom . `` The Language of `` The Catcher in the Rye ... '' Bloom 's Modern Critical Interpretations : The Catcher in the Rye ( 2000 ) : 11 -- 20 . Literary Reference Center . EBSCO . Web . Dec 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Carte Blanche : Famous Firsts '' . Booklist . November 15 , 2000 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Magill , Frank N. ( 1991 ) . `` J.D. Salinger '' . Magill 's Survey of American Literature . New York : Marshall Cavendish Corporation . p. 1803 . ISBN 1 - 85435 - 437 - X . Jump up ^ According to List of best - selling books . An earlier article says more than 20 million : Yardley , Jonathan ( October 19 , 2004 ) . `` J.D. Salinger 's Holden Caulfield , Aging Gracelessly '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of Allusions By Elizabeth Webber , Mike Feinsilber p. 105 Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ; Lacayo , Richard ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` All - Time 100 Novels : The Complete List '' . Time . ^ Jump up to : `` The 100 most frequently challenged books : 1990 -- 1999 '' . American Library Association . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ List of most commonly challenged books from the list of the one hundred most important books of the 20th century by Radcliffe Publishing Course Jump up ^ Guinn , Jeff ( August 10 , 2001 ) . `` ' Catcher in the Rye ' still influences 50 years later '' ( fee required ) . Erie Times - News . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 18 . Alternate URL Jump up ^ `` The Big Read '' , BBC , April 2003 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salzman , Jack ( 1991 ) . New essays on the Catcher in the Rye . Cambridge University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9780521377980 . Jump up ^ Costello , Donald P. ( October 1959 ) . `` The Language of ' The Catcher in the Rye ' '' . American Speech. 34 ( 3 ) : 172 -- 182 . doi : 10.2307 / 454038 . JSTOR 454038 . Most critics who glared at The Catcher in the Rye at the time of its publication thought that its language was a true and authentic rendering of teenage colloquial speech . Jump up ^ Brooks , Bruce ( May 1 , 2004 ) . `` Holden at sixteen '' . Horn Book Magazine . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Menand , Louis ( September 27 , 2001 ) . `` Holden at fifty '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Onstad , Katrina ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` Beholden to Holden '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Graham , 33 . Jump up ^ Svogun , Margaret Dumais ( Winter 2003 ) . `` J.D. Salinger 's The catcher in the Rye '' . Explicator. 2 ( 2 ) . pp. 110 -- 113 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Yasuhiro Takeuchi ( Fall 2002 ) . `` The Burning Carousel and the Carnivalesque : Subversion and Transcendence at the Close of The Catcher in the Rye '' . Studies in the Novel. 34 ( 3 ) . pp. 320 -- 337 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Shields , David ; Salerno , Shane ( 2013 ) . Salinger ( Hardcover ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . p. xvi . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . The Catcher in the Rye can best be understood as a disguised war novel . Salinger emerged from the war incapable of believing in the heroic , noble ideals we like to think our cultural institutions uphold . Instead of producing a combat novel , as Norman Mailer , James Jones , and Joseph Heller did , Salinger took the trauma of war and embedded it within what looked to the naked eye like a coming - of - age novel . Jump up ^ Burger , Nash K. ( July 16 , 1951 ) . `` Books of The Times '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Stern , James ( July 15 , 1951 ) . `` Aw , the World 's a Crumby Place '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Achievement -- George H.W. Bush '' . The American Academy of Achievement . Archived from the original on 1997 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Rohrer , Finlo ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` The why of the Rye '' . BBC News Magazine . BBC . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gopnik , Adam . The New Yorker , February 8 , 2010 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Pruchnic , Jeff . `` Holden at Sixty : Reading Catcher After the Age of Irony . '' Critical Insights : -- -- -- -- -- -- The Catcher in The Rye ( 2011 ) : 49 - 63 . Literary Reference Center . Web . 2 Feb. 2015 . Jump up ^ Gates , Bill . `` The Best Books I Read in 2013 '' . gatesnotes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dutra , Fernando ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` U. Connecticut : Banned Book Week celebrates freedom '' . The America 's Intelligence Wire . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . In 1960 a teacher in Tulsa , Okla. , was fired for assigning `` The Catcher in the Rye '' . After appealing , the teacher was reinstated , but the book was removed from the itinerary in the school . ^ Jump up to : `` In Cold Fear : ' The Catcher in the Rye ' , Censorship , Controversies and Postwar American Character . ( Book Review ) '' . Modern Language Review . April 1 , 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Reiff , Raychel Haugrud ( 2008 ) . J.D. Salinger : The Catcher in the Rye and Other Works . Tarrytown , NY : Marshall Cavendish Corporation . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 2594 - 6 . Jump up ^ Andrychuk , Sylvia ( February 17 , 2004 ) . `` A History of J.D. Salinger 's The Catcher in the Rye '' ( PDF ) . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 28 . During 1981 , The Catcher in the Rye had the unusual distinction of being the most frequently censored book in the United States , and , at the same time , the second-most frequently taught novel in American public schools . Jump up ^ `` '' It 's Perfectly Normal '' tops ALA 's 2005 list of most challenged books `` . American Library Association . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top ten most frequently challenged books of 2009 '' . American Library Association . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Art or trash ? It makes for endless , unwinnable debate '' . The Topeka Capital - Journal . October 6 , 1997 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Another perennial target , J.D. Salinger 's `` Catcher in the Rye , '' was challenged in Maine because of the `` f '' word . ^ Jump up to : Mydans , Seth ( September 3 , 1989 ) . `` In a Small Town , a Battle Over a Book '' . The New York Times . p. 2 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ MacIntyre , Ben ( September 24 , 2005 ) . `` The American banned list reveals a society with serious hang - ups '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Frangedis , Helen ( November 1988 ) . `` Dealing with the Controversial Elements in The Catcher in the Rye '' . The English Journal . 77 ( 7 ) : 72 -- 75 . doi : 10.2307 / 818945 . JSTOR 818945 . The foremost allegation made against Catcher is ... that it teaches loose moral codes ; that it glorifies ... drinking , smoking , lying , promiscuity , and more . Jump up ^ Yilu Zhao ( August 31 , 2003 ) . `` Banned , But Not Forgotten '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . The Catcher in the Rye , interpreted by some as encouraging rebellion against authority ... ^ Jump up to : Whitfield , Stephen ( December 1997 ) . `` Cherished and Cursed : Toward a Social History of The Catcher in the Rye '' ( PDF ) . The New England Quarterly . 70 ( 4 ) : 567 -- 600 . doi : 10.2307 / 366646 . JSTOR 366646 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ J.D. Salinger . Philadelphia : Chelsea House . 2001 . pp. 77 -- 105 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6175 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Linton ( September 10 , 2000 ) . `` Telling on Dad '' . Amarillo Globe - News . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Aidan ( December 15 , 2003 ) . `` When books kill '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Ian ( 1988 ) . In Search of J.D. Salinger . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 53468 - 9 . p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Berg , A. Scott . Goldwyn : A Biography . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1989 . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 723 - 4 . p. 446 . Jump up ^ See Dr. Peter Beidler 's A Reader 's Companion to J.D. Salinger 's the Catcher in the Rye , Chapter 7 . ^ Jump up to : Maynard , Joyce ( 1998 ) . At Home in the World . New York : Picador . p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 19556 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` News & Features '' . IFILM : The Internet Movie Guide . 2004 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Cameron , ed . Conversations with Wilder . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40660 - 3 . p. 299 . ^ Jump up to : McAllister , David ( November 11 , 2003 ) . `` Will J.D. Salinger sue ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ AJ ( 2010 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Why J.D. Salinger Never Wanted A ' Catcher in the Rye ' Movie '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Slim chance of Catcher in the Rye movie -- ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) '' . ABCnet.au . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Sherryl ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` Could ' Catcher in the Rye ' finally make it to the big screen ? Salinger letter suggests yes '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gross , Doug ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Lawsuit targets ' rip - off ' of ' Catcher in the Rye ' '' . CNN . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Fogel , Karl . Looks like censorship , smells like censorship ... maybe it IS censorship ? . QuestionCopyright.org. 2009 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , John . How fanfic took over the web London Evening Standard . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Fan Fiction and a New Common Law ' ( 1997 ) Rebecca Tushnet , Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal ,. vol. 17 . Jump up ^ Rohrer , Finlo ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Why does Salinger 's Catcher in the Rye still resonate ? '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Sims , David . `` ' Rebel in the Rye ' Is Phony Through and Through '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Bibliography ( edit ) Graham , Sarah ( 2007 ) . J.D. Salinger 's The Catcher in the Rye . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34452 - 2 . Rohrer , Finlo ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` The why of the Rye '' . BBC News Magazine . BBC . Further Reading ( edit ) Steinle , Pamela Hunt ( 2000 ) . In Cold Fear : The Catcher in the Rye Censorship Controversies and Postwar American Character . Ohio State University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Catcher in the Rye Book Drum illustrated profile of The Catcher in the Rye Photos of the first edition of Catcher in the Rye Lawsuit targets `` rip - off '' of `` Catcher in the Rye '' -- CNN ( hide ) J.D. Salinger Novel The Catcher in the Rye Short story collections Nine Stories Franny and Zooey Raise High the Roof Beam , Carpenters and Seymour : An Introduction Three Early Stories Short stories `` Blue Melody '' `` Both Parties Concerned '' `` A Boy in France '' `` De Daumier - Smith 's Blue Period '' `` Down at the Dinghy '' `` Elaine '' `` For Esmé -- with Love and Squalor '' `` A Girl I Knew '' `` Go See Eddie '' `` The Hang of It '' `` Hapworth 16 , 1924 '' `` The Heart of a Broken Story '' `` I 'm Crazy '' `` The Inverted Forest '' `` Just Before the War with the Eskimos '' `` Last Day of the Last Furlough '' `` The Laughing Man '' `` The Long Debut of Lois Taggett '' `` The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls '' `` Once a Week Wo n't Kill You '' `` A Perfect Day for Bananafish '' `` Personal Notes of an Infantryman '' `` Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes '' `` Slight Rebellion off Madison '' `` Soft - Boiled Sergeant '' `` The Stranger '' `` Teddy '' `` This Sandwich Has No Mayonnaise '' `` Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut '' `` The Varioni Brothers '' `` The Young Folks '' `` A Young Girl in 1941 with No Waist at All '' `` The Last and Best of the Peter Pans '' Related Holden Caulfield My Foolish Heart ( 1949 ) Pari ( 1995 ) Salinger ( 2013 ) ( companion biography ) Rebel in the Rye ( 2017 ) Book GND : 4120008 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Catcher_in_the_Rye&oldid=842437577 '' Categories : 1949 in fiction 1951 American novels American bildungsromans Book censorship in the Republic of Ireland Coming - of - age fiction Debut novels English - language novels Fiction with unreliable narrators Literary realism Little , Brown and Company books Novels by J.D. Salinger Novels set in New York City Novels set in Pennsylvania New York City in fiction Obscenity controversies in literature Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2012 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 12 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what type of book is the catcher in the rye | [
"\nThe Catcher in the Rye\n\n\nFirst edition cover\n\n\n\nAuthor\nJ. D. Salinger\n\n\nCover artist\nE. Michael Mitchell[1][2]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nRealistic fiction\nComing-of-age fiction\n\n\nPublished\nJuly 16, 1951\n\n\nPublisher\nLittle, Brown and Company\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint\n\n\nPages\n277\n\n\nOCLC\n287628\n\n\n\nDewey Decimal\n\n813.54\n\n",
"\nThe Catcher in the Rye\n\n\nFirst edition cover\n\n\n\nAuthor\nJ. D. Salinger\n\n\nCover artist\nE. Michael Mitchell[1][2]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nRealistic fiction\nComing-of-age fiction\n\n\nPublished\nJuly 16, 1951\n\n\nPublisher\nLittle, Brown and Company\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint\n\n\nPages\n277\n\n\nOCLC\n287628\n\n\n\nDewey Decimal\n\n813.54\n\n"
] | [
"Realistic fiction",
"Coming-of-age fiction"
] |
-7861947805448411408 | Joseph J. McCarthy | Joseph J. McCarthy - wikipedia Joseph J. McCarthy Jump to : navigation , search Joseph Jeremiah McCarthy Joseph J. McCarthy ( 1911 - 08 - 10 ) August 10 , 1911 Chicago , Illinois June 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 06 - 15 ) ( aged 84 ) Palm Beach , Florida buried Arlington National Cemetery Service / branch United States Marine Corps Years of service 1937 - 1941 , 1942 - 1971 Rank Lieutenant Colonel Unit 2nd Battalion 24th Marines Battles / wars World War II - Battle of Roi - Namur - Battle of Saipan - Battle of Tinian - Battle of Iwo Jima Awards Medal of Honor Silver Star Purple Heart ( x2 ) Other work Chief , Chicago Fire Department Contents ( hide ) 1 Marine Corps Service 1.1 Medal of Honor citation 2 After the War 3 Of note 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading Marine Corps service ( edit ) 133rd Naval Construction Battalion Plaque from the estate of Lt. Col Joseph J. McCarthy ... Fig. 1 Joseph Jeremiah McCarthy ( August 10 , 1911 -- June 15 , 1996 ) was a mustang officer in the United States Marine Corps Reserve , who served during World War II and the Korean War . He was also the Superintendent of Ambulances in the Chicago Fire Department , however , with respect for his wartime heroics , firefighters continued to address him by his wartime military rank of `` Captain . '' Historian Bill D. Ross would write about him in 1985 : `` McCarthy was thirty three ; overage for a company commander . He was Irish and he looked it : husky , red complexioned , pug nose . Superior officers sometimes found his manner abrasive , but unlike many Irishmen , he was n't talkative . He was , in fact , laconic and tight - lipped . `` I do n't like malarkey or bullshit , '' the Chicagoan often said . But Joe McCarthy knew the uncompromising business of battle ; he had the Silver Star for leading his company up a savagely contested hill on Saipan and his men called him `` the best damned officer in the Marine Corps . '' McCarthy first enlisted in the Marine Corps on February 20 , 1937 in Chicago and served for four years . Following the attack on Pearl Harbor , he re-enlisted and returned to active duty in February 1942 . In June of that year , he was discharged with the rank of first sergeant in order to accept a commission in the Marine Corps Reserve . McCarthy joined the 4th Marine Division shortly thereafter , and went overseas in January 1944 . While deployed , he took part in the Roi - Namur , Saipan - Tinian , and Iwo Jima campaigns . He was awarded the Silver Star for heroism as a rifle company commander on Saipan in 1944 . He received the Purple Heart with Gold Star for wounds received in action on Saipan and Iwo Jima . On Iwo Jima McCarthy was the Company Commander of G Co 2nd Battalion 24th Marines . He landed on yellow beach 2 alongside the 23rd Marines . On D plus 3 the 24th RCT relieved the 25th . His Battalion moved and was supported by the blue beaches . On February 21 , 1945 , as a Captain , he earned the Medal of Honor while leading an assault team across exposed ground to wipe out positions holding up the advance of his company at airfield No. 2 . `` I was scared all the time , '' McCarthy said later . `` Any man tells you he was n't scared was an imbecile . But you dealt with it . '' It is believed that a Seabee heavy weapons platoon provided the fire support he needed that day . ( Fig. 1 ) President Harry S. Truman presented the Medal of Honor to McCarthy in ceremonies at the White House , held on October 5 , 1945 . As Truman presented the Medal , he told McCarthy , `` I 'd rather have one of these than be President . '' Released from active duty following the war , he continued to serve in the Marine Corps Reserve , eventually being promoted to the grade of lieutenant colonel . `` I would hope and pray there never be another Medal of Honor issued , '' he said in a 1992 interview . `` I hope and pray there 's never any more wars . '' Medal of Honor citation ( edit ) The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to CAPTAIN JOSEPH J. McCARTHY UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth in the following CITATION : For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as commanding officer of a rifle company attached to the 2nd Battalion 24th Marines , 4th Marine Division , in action against enemy Japanese forces during the seizure of Iwo Jima , Volcano Islands , on 21 February 1945 . Determined to break through the enemy 's cross-island defenses , Capt . McCarthy acted on his own initiative when his company advance was held up by uninterrupted Japanese rifle , machine gun , and high - velocity 47mm . fire during the approach to Motoyama Airfield No. 2 . Quickly organizing a demolitions and flamethrower team to accompany his picked rifle squad , he fearlessly led the way across 75 yards of fire - swept ground , charged a heavily fortified pillbox on the ridge of the front and , personally hurling hand grenades into the emplacement as he directed the combined operations of his small assault group , completely destroyed the hostile installation . Spotting 2 Japanese soldiers attempting an escape from the shattered pillbox , he boldly stood upright in full view of the enemy and dispatched both troops before advancing to a second emplacement under greatly intensified fire and then blasted the strong fortifications with a well - planned demolitions attack . Subsequently entering the ruins , he found a Japanese taking aim at 1 of our men and , with alert presence of mind , jumped the enemy , disarmed and shot him with his own weapon . Then , intent on smashing through the narrow breach , he rallied the remainder of his company and pressed a full attack with furious aggressiveness until he had neutralized all resistance and captured the ridge . An inspiring leader and indomitable fighter , Capt . McCarthy consistently disregarded all personal danger during the fierce conflict and , by his brilliant professional skill , daring tactics , and tenacious perseverance in the face of overwhelming odds , contributed materially to the success of his division 's operations against this savagely defended outpost of the Japanese Empire . His cool decision and outstanding valor reflect the highest credit upon Capt . McCarthy and enhance the finest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service . After the War ( edit ) In 1949 McCarthy drove from Maine to North Carolina visiting the families of 26 Marines that had been killed on Iwo Jima . He told each family that their man had been just as brave as he was , just not as lucky . McCarthy was the Grand Marshal of the City of Chicago 's Saint Patrick 's Day Parade in 1959 . McCarthy retired from the Marine Corps Reserve in 1971 and from the Chicago Fire Department in 1973 . Thereafter , he and his wife split their time between their homes in Wisconsin and Delray Beach , Florida . His wife , Anita , died in 1978 . The couple had no children . The building that houses the Headquarters of the 2nd Battalion 24th Marines in Chicago is named in his honor . Lt. Col. McCarthy was buried at Arlington National Cemetery following a funeral mass at Holy Name Cathedral in Chicago . Of note ( edit ) His military record lists his year of birth as 1911 , but it is inscribed as 1912 on his headstone . See also ( edit ) Biography portal World War II portal United States Marine Corps portal List of Medal of Honor recipients List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima Battle of Iwo Jima 2nd Battalion 24th Marines Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 133 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. McCarthy , USMCR , ( 1911 - 1996 ) '' . Naval History & Heritage Command , Department of the Navy . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joseph J. McCarthy ( 1911 - 1996 ) '' . Find A Grave Memorial . www.findagrave.com. April 17 , 2000 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ross , Bill D. ( 1985 ) . Iwo Jima : Legacy of Valor . New York : Vanguard Press . pp. 146 -- 147 . ISBN 0814908950 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Jeremiah McCarthy , Lieutenant Colonel , United States Marine Corps '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Jeremiah McCarthy , Lieutenant Colonel , United States Marine Corps '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Jeremiah McCarthy , USMCR '' . Who 's Who in Marine Corps History . History Division , United States Marine Corps . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. McCarthy , USMCR , ( 1911 - 1996 ) '' . Naval History & Heritage Command , Department of the Navy . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Capt JOSEPH J. MCCARTHY , Medal of Honor , 1945 , 2 / 24 / 4 , Iwo Jima ( Medal of Honor citation ) '' . Marines Awarded the Medal of Honor . History Division United States Marine Corps . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Stephen M. ( 1961 ) . Souvenir Program : Chicago 's 1961 Saint Patricks Day Parade . Chicago : Irish Fellowship Club of Chicago . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Jeremiah McCarthy , Lieutenant Colonel , United States Marine Corps '' . Claim to Fame : Medal of Honor Recipients . Arlinton National Cemetery . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. McCarthy , USMCR , ( 1911 - 1996 ) '' . Naval History & Heritage Command , Department of the Navy . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps . Further reading ( edit ) Karen Kruse ( 2001 ) . A Chicago Firehouse : Stories of Wrigleyville 's Engine 78 . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 1857 - 3 . Includes background on McCarthy 's Fire Department career . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_J._McCarthy&oldid=826794656 '' Categories : 1911 births 1996 deaths American military personnel of World War II Burials at Arlington National Cemetery People from Chicago American people of Irish descent United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients Recipients of the Silver Star United States Marine Corps officers Battle of Iwo Jima World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor Hidden categories : Infobox military person image param needs updating Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Marine Corps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 01 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said i would rather have a medal of honor than be president | [
"President Harry S. Truman presented the Medal of Honor to McCarthy in ceremonies at the White House, held on October 5, 1945. As Truman presented the Medal, he told McCarthy, \"I'd rather have one of these than be President.\"[5]"
] | [
"President Harry S. Truman"
] |
-4912995055471259963 | Premier League records and statistics | Premier League records and statistics - wikipedia Premier League records and statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992 -- 93 season . The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League since then . Contents ( hide ) 1 League records 1.1 Titles 1.2 Wins 1.3 Losses 1.4 Draws 1.5 Attendances 1.6 Goals 1.7 Points 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.2 Goals 2.3 Assists 2.4 Goalkeepers 2.5 Disciplinary 2.6 Youngest players to score 3 Match records 3.1 Scorelines 4 All - time Premier League table 5 Managers 6 References League records ( edit ) Titles ( edit ) Most titles : 13 , Manchester United Most consecutive title wins : 3 , Manchester United twice ( 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 and 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ) Biggest title - winning margin : 18 points , 1999 -- 2000 ; Manchester United ( 91 points ) over Arsenal ( 73 points ) Smallest title - winning margin : 0 points and 8 goal difference -- 2011 -- 12 ; Manchester City ( + 64 ) over Manchester United ( + 56 ) . Both finished on 89 points , but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference , the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League . Wins ( edit ) Most wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 30 , Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 1 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 1 , joint record : Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 18 , joint record : Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most away wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest away wins in a season ( 19 / 21 games ) : 0 , joint record : Leeds United ( 1992 -- 93 ) Coventry City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2003 -- 04 ) Norwich City ( 2004 -- 05 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Hull City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most consecutive wins : 14 , Arsenal ( between 10 February 2002 and 24 August 2002 ) Most consecutive wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 13 , joint record : Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive games without a win : 32 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season : 16 , Queens Park Rangers ( between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012 ) Most consecutive home wins : 20 , Manchester City ( between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012 ) Most consecutive away wins : 11 , Chelsea ( between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008 ) Losses ( edit ) Fewest losses in a season ( 38 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2003 -- 04 ) Longest unbeaten run : 49 games , Arsenal ( 7 May 2003 -- 24 October 2004 ) Most losses in total : 336 , Everton Fewest home losses in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , joint record : Manchester United ( 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 ) Arsenal ( 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 ) Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2014 -- 15 ) Liverpool ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tottenham Hotspur ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive losses over more than one season ( 38 games ) : 20 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) Fewest away losses in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 ) Most consecutive home games undefeated : 86 , Chelsea ( 20 March 2004 -- 26 October 2008 ) Most consecutive away games undefeated : 27 , Arsenal ( 5 April 2003 -- 25 September 2004 ) Draws ( edit ) Most draws in a season ( 42 games ) : 18 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Sheffield United ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most draws in a season ( 38 games ) : 17 -- joint record : Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Aston Villa ( 2006 -- 07 & 2011 -- 12 ) Sunderland ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most home draws in a season : 10 -- joint record : Sheffield Wednesday ( 1996 -- 97 ) Leicester City ( 1997 -- 98 & 2003 -- 04 ) Manchester United ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most away draws in a season : 10 , Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Fewest draws in a season : 3 , Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 & 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest home draws in a season : 0 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester United ( 2012 -- 13 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest away draws in a season : 1 -- joint record : Bolton Wanderers ( 1995 -- 96 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 1995 -- 96 & 2014 -- 15 ) Barnsley ( 1997 -- 98 ) Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 ) Bradford City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Everton ( 2000 -- 01 ) Ipswich Town ( 2000 -- 01 ) Portsmouth ( 2005 -- 06 & 2007 -- 08 ) Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) Liverpool ( 2011 -- 12 ) Newcastle United ( 2013 -- 14 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most consecutive draws : 7 -- joint record : Norwich City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Manchester City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most draws in total : 277 , Everton Attendances ( edit ) Highest attendance , single game : 76,069 Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers ( at Old Trafford , 31 March 2007 ) Lowest attendance , single game : 3,039 , Wimbledon v. Everton ( at Selhurst Park , 26 January 1993 ) Goals ( edit ) Most goals scored in a season : 103 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored in a season : 20 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 42 games ) : 100 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 38 games ) : 89 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest goals conceded in a season : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Best goal difference in a season : 71 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team : 55 , Blackpool ( 2010 -- 11 ) Most goals scored at home in a season : 68 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored at home in a season : 10 , Manchester City ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games ) : 45 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 19 games ) : 43 Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games or 19 games ) : 4 , Manchester United ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals scored away in a season : 48 , Liverpool ( 2013 -- 14 ) Fewest goals scored away in a season : 8 Middlesbrough ( 1995 -- 96 ) Southampton ( 1998 -- 99 ) Sheffield United ( 2006 -- 07 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 21 games ) : 59 , Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 19 games ) : 55 , Wigan Athletic ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals conceded away in a season : 9 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest failures to score in a match in a season : 0 ( scored in every game ) , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 ) Most goals scored in total : 1,856 , Manchester United Most goals conceded in total : 1,231 , Tottenham Hotspur Largest goal deficit overcome to win : 3 Leeds United 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 8 November 1997 ) West Ham United 3 -- 4 Wimbledon ( 9 September 1998 ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 5 Manchester United ( 29 September 2001 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 3 Leicester City ( 25 October 2003 ) Largest goal deficit overcome to draw : 4 , Newcastle United 4 -- 4 Arsenal ( 5 February 2011 ) League history of current and former Premier League teams from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 . Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : 95 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest points in a season : 11 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most points in a season without winning the league : 89 , Manchester United ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest points in a season while winning the league : 75 , Manchester United ( 1996 -- 97 ) Most points in a season while being relegated : 42 games : 49 , Crystal Palace ( 1992 -- 93 ) 38 games : 42 , West Ham United ( 2002 -- 03 ) Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation : 34 , West Bromwich Albion ( 2004 -- 05 ) Player records ( edit ) Appearances ( edit ) Most Premier League appearances : 632 , Ryan Giggs ( Manchester United , 15 August 1992 to 6 May 2014 ) Oldest player : John Burridge , 43 years and 162 days ( for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers , 14 May 1995 ) Youngest player : Matthew Briggs , 16 years and 65 days ( for Fulham v. Middlesbrough , 13 May 2007 ) Most consecutive Premier League appearances : 310 , Brad Friedel ( 14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012 ) Most seasons appeared in : 22 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 ) Goals ( edit ) First Premier League goal : Brian Deane ( for Sheffield United v. Manchester United , 15 August 1992 ) Most Premier League goals : Alan Shearer ( 260 ) Further information : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals Most goals scored away from home : Wayne Rooney ( 91 ) Most Premier League goals at one club : Wayne Rooney ( 183 , for Manchester United ) Oldest goalscorer : Teddy Sheringham , 40 years and 268 days ( for West Ham United v. Portsmouth , 26 December 2006 ) Youngest goalscorer : James Vaughan , 16 years and 271 days ( for Everton v. Crystal Palace , 10 April 2005 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in : 11 , Jamie Vardy ( for Leicester City , 29 August to 28 November 2015 ) Most seasons scored in : 21 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2012 -- 13 ) Rank Name Goals Games Goals per game Playing position First goal Last goal Alan Shearer 260 441 0.59 Forward 1992 -- 93 2005 -- 06 Wayne Rooney 200 463 0.43 Forward 2002 -- 03 2017 -- 18 Andy Cole 187 414 0.45 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 Frank Lampard 177 609 0.29 Midfield 1997 -- 98 2014 -- 15 5 Thierry Henry 175 258 0.68 Forward 1999 -- 2000 2011 -- 12 6 Robbie Fowler 163 379 0.43 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 7 Jermain Defoe 158 468 0.34 Forward 2001 -- 02 2016 -- 17 8 Michael Owen 150 326 0.46 Forward 1996 -- 97 2012 -- 13 9 Les Ferdinand 149 351 0.42 Forward 1992 -- 93 2004 -- 05 10 Teddy Sheringham 146 418 0.35 Forward 1992 -- 93 2006 -- 07 Most goals in a season ( 42 games ) : 34 , joint record : Andrew Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Further information : Premier League Golden Boot Most goals in a season ( 38 games ) : 31 , joint record : Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United , 2007 -- 08 ) Luis Suárez ( Liverpool , 2013 -- 14 ) Most Premier League goals in a calendar year : 36 , Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 ) Number of teams scored against in a season : 17 , joint record : 20 - team league : Ian Wright ( Arsenal , 1996 -- 97 ) Robin van Persie ( Arsenal , 2011 -- 12 ) 22 - team league : Andrew Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals in a debut season : 30 , Kevin Phillips ( Sunderland , 1999 -- 2000 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks in a season : 5 , Alan Shearer ( 38 games ) ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks : 11 , Alan Shearer Most goals in a game : 5 , joint record : Andrew Cole ( for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town , 4 March 1995 ) W 9 -- 0 Alan Shearer ( for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday , 19 September 1999 ) W 8 -- 0 Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Dimitar Berbatov ( for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers , 27 November 2010 ) W 7 -- 1 Sergio Agüero ( for Manchester City v. Newcastle United , 3 October 2015 ) W 6 -- 1 Further information : List of Premier League hat - tricks Most goals in one half : 5 , Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Fastest goal : 10 seconds , Ledley King ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City , 9 December 2000 ) Most goals scored by a substitute in a game : 4 , Ole Gunnar Solskjær ( for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest , 6 February 1999 ) Most consecutive away league matches scored in : 9 , Robin van Persie ( for Arsenal , 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011 ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 Goals : 3 ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , Alan Shearer ( all for Blackburn Rovers ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 Goals : 4 ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Alan Shearer ( 1993 -- 1996 for Blackburn Rovers , 1996 -- 1997 for Newcastle United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 Goals : 5 ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , Thierry Henry ( all for Arsenal ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 Goals : 11 ( 2004 -- 2015 ) , Wayne Rooney ( all for Manchester United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 Goal : 21 ( 1992 -- 2013 ) , Ryan Giggs ( all for Manchester United ) Fastest Premier League hat - trick : Sadio Mané , 2 minutes 56 seconds ( for Southampton v. Aston Villa , 16 May 2015 ) Highest number of different clubs to score for : 7 : Craig Bellamy ( for Coventry City , Newcastle United , Blackburn Rovers , Liverpool , West Ham United , Manchester City , Cardiff City ) Most own goals : 10 , Richard Dunne Most own goals in a season : 4 , Martin Škrtel ( 2013 -- 14 ) Most Hat - tricks against a single club : 3 , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool v. Norwich City ) Most Goals in a calendar month : 10 ( December 2013 ) , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool ) Assists ( edit ) Rank Player Assists Most assists ( career ) Ryan Giggs 162 Cesc Fàbregas 107 Frank Lampard 102 Wayne Rooney 101 5 Dennis Bergkamp 94 6 Steven Gerrard 92 7 David Beckham 80 8 Teddy Sheringham 76 9 James Milner 75 10 Thierry Henry 74 Most Premier League assists in a season : 20 , Thierry Henry ( Arsenal , 2002 -- 03 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches assisted in : 7 , Mesut Özil ( for Arsenal , 26 September to 21 November 2015 ) Most assists in a single Premier League match : 4 , joint record : Dennis Bergkamp ( for Arsenal v. Leicester City , 20 February 1999 ) José Antonio Reyes ( for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough , 14 January 2006 ) Cesc Fàbregas ( for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers , 4 October 2009 ) Emmanuel Adebayor ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United , 11 February 2012 ) Santi Cazorla ( for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic , 14 May 2013 ) Dušan Tadić ( for Southampton v. Sunderland , 18 October 2014 ) Goalkeepers ( edit ) Further information : Premier League Golden Glove Rank Player Clean sheets Most clean sheets ( career ) Petr Čech 192 David James 169 Mark Schwarzer 152 David Seaman 142 5 Nigel Martyn 138 6 Pepe Reina 134 Edwin van der Sar 8 Tim Howard 132 Brad Friedel 10 Peter Schmeichel 129 Most clean sheets in one season : 21 , joint record : Petr Čech ( for Chelsea , 2004 -- 05 ) Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal : 14 games ( 1,311 minutes ) , Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Goalscoring goalkeepers ( excluding own goals ) : Peter Schmeichel ( Everton 3 -- 2 Aston Villa , 20 October 2001 ) Brad Friedel ( Charlton Athletic 3 -- 2 Blackburn Rovers , 21 February 2004 ) Paul Robinson ( Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Watford , 17 March 2007 ) Tim Howard ( Everton 1 -- 2 Bolton Wanderers , 4 January 2012 ) Asmir Begović ( Stoke City 1 -- 1 Southampton , 2 November 2013 ) Disciplinary ( edit ) Most red cards : 8 , joint record : Duncan Ferguson Patrick Vieira Richard Dunne Most yellow cards for a player : 103 , Gareth Barry Most yellow cards for a single team in one game : 9 ( Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea , 2 May 2016 ) Fouling record : 782 , Kevin Davies ( since 2000 -- 01 , the first season for which reliable records are available ) Longest ban : 12 matches , Joey Barton . After being dismissed for violent conduct , Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal vs Manchester City , 23 May 2012 Youngest players to score ( edit ) This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League . Player Date Team Age Opposition James Vaughan 10 - Apr - 2005 Everton 16 years 274 days Crystal Palace James Milner 26 - Dec - 2002 Leeds United 16 years 360 days Sunderland Wayne Rooney 19 - Oct - 2002 Everton 16 years 364 days Arsenal Cesc Fabregas 25 - Aug - 2004 Arsenal 17 years 113 days Blackburn Rovers 5 Michael Owen 06 - May - 1997 Liverpool 17 years 148 days Wimbledon 6 Andy Turner 05 - Sep - 1992 Tottenham 17 years 166 days Everton 7 Federico Macheda 05 - Apr - 2009 Manchester United 17 years 226 days Aston Villa 8 Raheem Sterling 20 - Oct - 2012 Liverpool 17 years 312 days Reading 9 Mikael Forssell 20 - Feb - 1999 Chelsea 17 years 335 days Nottingham Forest 10 Danny Cadamarteri 20 - Sep - 1997 Everton 17 years 338 days Barnsley Match records ( edit ) Scorelines ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League highest scoring games Biggest home win : 9 -- 0 , Manchester United v. Ipswich Town ( 4 March 1995 ) Biggest away win : 1 -- 8 , Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United ( 6 February 1999 ) Biggest aggregate win : 12 -- 1 , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 0 Nottingham Forest ( 18 November 1995 ) & Nottingham Forest 1 -- 5 Blackburn Rovers ( 13 April 1996 ) Tottenham Hotspur 9 -- 1 Wigan Athletic ( 22 November 2009 ) & Wigan Athletic 0 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur ( 21 February 2010 ) Biggest loss by reigning champions : 1 -- 6 , joint record : Manchester United 1 -- 6 Manchester City ( 23 October 2011 ) , after Manchester United had won the 2010 -- 11 competition Leicester City 1 -- 6 Tottenham Hotspur ( 18 May 2017 ) , after Leicester City had won the 2015 -- 16 competition Highest scoring : 7 -- 4 , Portsmouth v. Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Highest scoring draw : 5 -- 5 , West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United ( 19 May 2013 ) Highest scoring in the first half : 7 goals , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 4 Leeds United ( 14 September 1997 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Bradford City 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 21 April 2000 -- final score ; 4 -- 4 ) Reading 3 -- 4 Manchester United ( 1 December 2012 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game : 9 , joint record : Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 5 Arsenal ( 13 November 2004 ) Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team : 7 , joint record : Chelsea 8 -- 0 Aston Villa ( 23 December 2012 ) Manchester City 7 -- 0 Norwich City ( 2 November 2013 ) Southampton 8 -- 0 Sunderland ( 18 October 2014 ) All - time Premier League Table ( edit ) The all - time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results , points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992 . The table that follows is accurate as of the start of the 2017 -- 18 season . Teams in bold are part of the 2017 -- 18 Premier League . Numbers in bold are the record ( highest either positive or negative ) numbers in each column . Pos . Club Seasons Pld Win Draw Loss GF GA GD Pts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Relegated Avg Pts Best Pos . Manchester United 25 962 604 209 149 1856 847 1009 2021 13 5 80.84 Arsenal 25 962 525 247 190 1698 911 787 1822 6 5 7 72.88 Chelsea 25 962 516 241 205 1645 925 720 1789 5 71.56 Liverpool 25 962 478 243 241 1601 986 615 1677 5 6 67.08 5 Tottenham Hotspur 25 962 400 247 315 1406 1231 175 1447 57.88 6 Everton 25 962 349 277 336 1259 1207 52 1324 52.96 7 Aston Villa 24 924 316 275 333 1117 1186 − 69 1223 50.96 8 Newcastle United 22 844 322 217 305 1168 1140 28 1183 53.77 9 Manchester City 20 772 327 190 255 1173 925 248 1171 58.55 10 West Ham United 21 806 265 209 332 964 1146 − 182 1004 47.81 5 11 Blackburn Rovers 18 696 262 184 250 927 907 20 970 53.89 12 Southampton 18 696 222 187 287 855 966 − 111 853 47.39 6 13 Leeds United 12 468 189 125 154 641 573 68 692 57.67 14 Middlesbrough 15 574 165 169 240 648 794 − 146 661 44.01 7 15 Sunderland 16 608 153 159 296 612 904 − 292 618 38.63 7 16 Fulham 13 494 150 136 208 570 697 − 127 586 45.08 7 17 Bolton Wanderers 13 494 149 128 217 575 745 − 170 575 44.23 6 18 Leicester City 11 422 130 118 174 516 610 − 94 508 46.18 19 West Bromwich Albion 11 418 106 115 197 444 640 − 196 433 39.36 8 20 Stoke City 9 342 109 97 136 363 457 − 94 424 47.11 9 21 Coventry City 9 354 99 112 143 387 490 − 103 409 45.40 11 22 Sheffield Wednesday 8 316 101 89 126 409 453 − 44 392 49.00 7 23 Wimbledon 8 316 99 94 123 384 472 − 88 391 48.88 6 24 Charlton Athletic 8 304 93 82 129 342 442 − 100 361 45.13 7 25 Norwich City 8 316 89 92 135 365 510 − 145 359 44.88 26 Crystal Palace 8 312 86 78 148 329 456 − 127 336 42.00 10 27 Wigan Athletic 8 304 85 76 143 316 482 − 166 331 41.38 10 28 Queens Park Rangers 7 278 81 65 132 339 431 − 92 308 44.00 5 29 Birmingham City 7 266 73 82 111 273 360 − 87 301 43.00 9 30 Portsmouth 7 266 79 65 122 292 380 − 88 293 41.90 8 31 Swansea City 6 228 74 57 97 278 327 − 49 279 46.50 8 32 Derby County 7 266 68 70 128 271 420 − 149 274 39.10 8 33 Nottingham Forest 5 198 60 59 79 229 287 − 58 239 47.80 34 Ipswich Town 5 202 57 53 92 219 312 − 93 224 44.80 5 35 Hull City 5 190 41 48 101 181 323 − 142 171 34.20 16 36 Watford 152 34 35 83 144 254 − 110 137 34.25 13 37 Wolverhampton Wanderers 152 32 40 80 156 281 − 125 136 34.00 15 38 Sheffield United 122 32 36 54 128 168 − 40 132 44.00 14 39 Reading 114 32 23 59 136 186 − 50 119 39.67 8 40 Burnley 114 26 25 63 109 190 − 81 103 34.33 16 41 Oldham Athletic 84 22 23 39 105 142 − 37 89 44.50 19 42 Bournemouth 76 23 19 34 100 134 − 34 88 44.00 9 43 Bradford City 76 14 20 42 68 138 − 70 62 31.00 17 44 Blackpool 38 10 9 19 55 78 − 23 39 39.00 19 45 Barnsley 38 10 5 23 37 82 − 45 35 35.00 19 46 Cardiff City 38 7 9 22 32 74 − 42 30 30.00 20 47 Swindon Town 42 5 15 22 47 100 − 53 30 30.00 22 48 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.00 49 Huddersfield Town 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.00 League or status at 2017 -- 18 : 2017 -- 18 Premier League 2017 -- 18 EFL Championship 2017 -- 18 Football League One 2017 -- 18 Football League Two Defunct : by a 2007 agreement , neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C. 's statistics . Managers ( edit ) Most Premier League winner 's medals : 13 , Sir Alex Ferguson ( Manchester United ) -- 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 Winner of Premier League Manager of the Month Award : 27 , Sir Alex Ferguson Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month Awards : 3 , Antonio Conte Most promotions to the Premier League : 4 , Steve Bruce ( Birmingham City in 2001 -- 02 and 2006 -- 07 and Hull City in 2012 -- 13 and 2015 -- 16 ) Most relegations from the Premier League : 3 , Dave Bassett ( Sheffield United in 1993 -- 94 , Nottingham Forest in 1996 -- 97 , and Leicester City in 2001 -- 02 ) Longest - serving manager : Sir Alex Ferguson , 21 years ( Manchester United , 1 July 1992 to 30 June 2013 ) Shortest - serving manager ( excluding caretakers ) : Les Reed , 41 days ( Charlton Athletic , 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006 ) References ( edit ) General `` For the record : Premier League facts and figures '' . 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( hide ) Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_League_records_and_statistics&oldid=801457193 '' Categories : Premier League All - time football league tables Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 All articles that may contain original research Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Italiano 日本 語 Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 19 : 54 . 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6651040634331377291 | British colonization of the Americas | British colonization of the Americas - wikipedia British colonization of the Americas Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal The British colonization of the Americas ( including colonization by both the English and the Scots ) began in 1607 in Jamestown , Virginia , and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas . The English , and later the British , were among the most important colonizers of the Americas , and their American empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in military and economic might . Three types of colonies were established in the English overseas possessions in America of the 17th century and continued into the British Empire at the height of its power in the 17th century . These were charter colonies , proprietary colonies , and royal colonies . A group of 13 British American colonies collectively broke from the British Empire in the 1770s through a successful revolution , establishing the modern United States . After the end of the Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 -- 15 ) , the remaining British territories in North America were slowly granted more responsible government . In 1838 the Durham Report recommended full responsible government for Canada , but this was not fully implemented for another decade . Eventually , with the Confederation of Canada , the Canadian colonies were granted significant autonomy and became a self - governing Dominion in 1867 . Other colonies in the Americas followed at a much slower pace . In this way , two countries in North America , ten in the Caribbean , and one in South America have received their independence from Great Britain or the later United Kingdom . All of these , except the United States , are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and nine are Commonwealth realms . The eight current British overseas territories in the Americas have varying degrees of self - government . Great Britain in the Americas Contents 1 North America 1.1 Pre-British colonization of North America 1.1. 1 English colonies in North America 1.1. 2 Scottish colonies in North America 1.2 British colonies in North America 1.2. 1 List of English and British colonies in North America ( in rough chronological order ) 1.2. 2 Non-colonial British territories in North America 2 Central and South America , Caribbean 2.1 English and later British Caribbean colonies 2.2 English and later British Central and South American colonies 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 5.1 Historiography 6 External links North America ( edit ) Main articles : Colonial history of the United States and History of Canada Pre-british colonization of North America ( edit ) English colonies in North America ( edit ) Main articles : English overseas possessions and English colonial grants in North America ( 1621 -- 1639 ) Plaque in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , commemorating Gilbert 's founding of the British overseas Empire A number of English colonies were established under a system of Proprietary Governors , who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements . Between 1584 and 1589 , the English attempt to establish Roanoke Colony failed , and in 1590 the colony was found abandoned . In 1607 , Jamestown , Virginia was founded by the London Company ( also known as the Virginia Company ) . In Newfoundland , a chartered company known as the Society of Merchant Venturers established a permanent settlement at Cuper 's Cove , from 1610 . St. George 's , Bermuda was founded by the Virginia Company , in 1612 . In 1664 , England took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland ( including its capital of New Amsterdam ) which England renamed the Province of New York . With New Netherland , the English also came to control the former New Sweden ( in what is now Delaware ) , which the Dutch had conquered earlier . This later became part of Pennsylvania after that was established in 1680 . Scottish colonies in North America ( edit ) Main article : Scottish colonization of the Americas The Kingdom of Scotland tried unsuccessfully to establish a colony at Darién , and the Scottish colonization of Nova Scotia ( New Scotland ) lasted from 1629 to 1632 . Thousands of Scotsmen also participated in English colonization before the two countries were united in 1707 . British colonies in North America ( edit ) See also : British America , British North America , and Thirteen Colonies The Kingdom of Great Britain acquired the French colony of Acadia in 1713 and then Canada and the Spanish colony of Florida in 1763 . After being renamed the Province of Quebec , the former French Canada was divided into two Provinces , the Canadas , consisting of the old settled country of Lower Canada ( today Quebec ) and the newly settled Upper Canada ( today Ontario ) . In the north , the Hudson 's Bay Company actively traded for fur with the indigenous peoples , and had competed with French , Aboriginal , and Métis fur traders . The company came to control the entire drainage basin of Hudson Bay , called Rupert 's Land . The small part of the Hudson Bay drainage south of the 49th parallel went to the United States in the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 . Thirteen of Great Britain 's colonies rebelled in the American Revolutionary War , beginning in 1775 , primarily over representation , local laws and tax issues , and established the United States of America , which was recognised internationally with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 3 September 1783 . Great Britain also colonised the west coast of North America , indirectly via the Hudson 's Bay Company licenses west of the Rocky Mountains : the Columbia District and New Caledonia fur district . Most of these were jointly claimed as the Oregon Country by the United States from 1818 until the 49th parallel was established as the international boundary west of the Rockies by the Oregon Treaty of 1846 . The Colony of Vancouver Island , founded in 1849 , and the Colony of British Columbia , founded in 1858 , were combined in 1866 under the name Colony of British Columbia , and joined the Confederation in 1871 . British Columbia was expanded with the inclusion of the Stikine Territory in 1863 ; and upon joining Confederation the Peace River Block , formerly part of Rupert 's Land , was added . In 1867 , the colonies of New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and the Province of Canada ( the southern portion of modern - day Ontario and Quebec ) combined to form a self - governing dominion , named Canada , within the British Empire ( the term `` kingdom '' was avoided so as to not provoke the United States ) . Quebec ( including what is now the southern portion of Ontario ) and Nova Scotia ( including what is now New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island ) had been ceded to Britain by the French . The colonies of Prince Edward Island and British Columbia joined over the next six years , and Newfoundland joined in 1949 . Rupert 's Land and the North - Western Territory were ceded to Canada in 1870 . This area now consists of the provinces of Manitoba ( admitted after negotiation between Canada and a Métis provisional government in 1870 ) , Saskatchewan , and Alberta ( both created in 1905 ) , as well as the Northwest Territories , the Yukon Territory ( created 1898 , following the start of the Klondike Gold Rush ) , and Nunavut ( created in 1999 ) . List of English and British colonies in North America ( in rough chronological order ) ( edit ) The British Colonies in North America , 1763 -- 1775 Roanoke Colony , founded 1586 , abandoned the next year . Second attempt in 1587 disappeared ( also called the Lost Colony ) . Cuttyhunk Island , established as a small fort and trading post by Bartholomew Gosnold in 1602 , abandoned after one month . Virginia Company , chartered 1606 and became the Virginia Colony in 1624 London Company Jamestown , Virginia , founded 1607 ( briefly abandoned in 1610 ) Bermuda , islands located in the North Atlantic , first settled in 1609 by the London Virginia Company ; administration passed in 1615 to the Somers Isles Company , formed by the same shareholders . Known officially as the Somers Isles , they remain today a British overseas territory . Citie of Henricopolis , founded in 1611 as an alternative to the swampy Jamestown site and destroyed in the Indian massacre of 1622 . Plymouth Company Popham Colony , founded 1607 , abandoned 1608 Society of Merchant Venturers ( Newfoundland ) Cuper 's Cove , founded 1610 , abandoned in the 1620s Bristol 's Hope , founded 1618 , abandoned in the 1630s London and Bristol Company ( Newfoundland ) The massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622 . Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies . New Cambriol , founded 1617 , abandoned before 1637 Renews , founded 1615 , abandoned in 1619 St. John 's , Newfoundland , chartered by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583 ; seasonal settlements ca . 1520 ; informal year - round settlers before 1620 . Plymouth Council for New England Plymouth Colony , founded 1620 , merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691 Ferryland , Newfoundland , granted to George Calvert , 1st Baron Baltimore in 1620 , first settlers in August 1621 Province of Maine , granted 1622 , sold to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1677 South Falkland , Newfoundland , founded 1623 by Henry Cary , 1st Viscount Falkland Province of New Hampshire , later New Hampshire settled in 1623 , see also New Hampshire Grants Dorchester Company Colony , ( Dorchester Company planted an unsuccessful fishing colony on Cape Ann at modern Gloucester , Massachusetts in 1624 ) Salem Colony , later Salem , Massachusetts , settled in 1628 , merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony the next year Massachusetts Bay Colony , later part of Massachusetts , founded 1629 New Scotland , in present Nova Scotia , 1629 -- 1632 Connecticut Colony , later part of Connecticut founded 1633 Province of Maryland , later Maryland , founded in 1634 The Treaty of William Penn with the Indians . Penn 's Treaty was never violated . New Albion , chartered in 1634 , failed by 1649 -- 50 , not to be confused with Nova Albion on the Pacific coast ( see next section ) Saybrook Colony , founded 1635 , merged with Connecticut in 1644 Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , first settled in 1636 New Haven Colony , founded 1638 , merged with Connecticut in 1665 Gardiners Island , founded 1639 , now part of East Hampton , New York Province of New York , captured 1664 Province of New Jersey , captured in 1664 divided into West Jersey and East Jersey after 1674 , each held by its own company of Proprietors . Province of Pennsylvania , later Pennsylvania , founded 1681 as an English colony , although first settled by Dutch and Swedes Delaware Colony , later Delaware , separated from Pennsylvania in 1704 Province of Carolina Province of North Carolina , first permanent English settlements in the late 1600s ( nearly a century after the failed Roanoke Colony ; see Albemarle Settlements ) , became a separate colony in 1710 -- 12 . Province of South Carolina , first permanent English settlement in 1670 , became a separate colony in 1710 -- 12 . Province of Georgia , later Georgia ; first settled in about 1670 , formal colony in 1732 Nova Scotia , site of abortive Scottish colony in 1629 ; British colony 1713 , but this did not permanently include Cape Breton Island until 1758 . Province of Quebec , which had been called Canada under French rule . Canada was by far the most settled portion of New France . Britain gained complete control of French Canada in 1759 -- 1761 , from the events within the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War ; France ceded title with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . Became Canada East in the Province of Canada , which also included Ontario ( Upper Canada ) as Canada West , from 1841 to 1867 . East Florida and West Florida , acquired from Spain in 1763 in exchange for returning Cuba , taken from Spain in 1761 ; the Floridas were recovered by Spain in 1783 . Backwoods areas almost unaffected by the Stamp Act Crisis of 1765 , which unified the thirteen colonies that formed the United States , not much for abstract principles , and grateful to the crown , they declined to send representatives to the Continental Congress or to participate in any way in the independence movement . After the Second Spanish period , they were acquired by the United States in 1821 . Island of St. John , separated from Nova Scotia 1769 , renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798 New Brunswick , separated from Nova Scotia in 1784 Fur traders in Canada , trading with Indians , 1777 Ontario , separated from Quebec in 1791 as the Province of Upper Canada until 1841 , when it became Canada West in the Province of Canada . Province of Canada combined the colonies of Quebec ( Lower Canada ) and Ontario ( Upper Canada ) from 1841 to 1867 . Colony of Vancouver Island , founded by the Hudson 's Bay Company at Fort Victoria in 1843 . Received royal charter for the Island as a colony in 1849 , and merged with the colony of British Columbia in 1866 . Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands , founded in 1852 , merged with the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1863 . Colony of British Columbia , also called the Mainland Colony or the Gold Colony , founded in 1858 from the New Caledonia fur district and the remnant of the Columbia fur district north of the 49th parallel ( see below ) . The colony was expanded with the addition of most of the Stikine Territory ( also called Stickeen Territory ) and the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands in 1863 . Colony of British Columbia , formed in 1866 from a merger of the Vancouver Island and Mainland Colonies . The name British Columbia was chosen for the newly merged colony despite the opposition from Vancouver Island colonists . Non-colonial British territories in North America ( edit ) Rupert 's Land , territory of the Hudson 's Bay Company , founded in 1670 and transferred to the new Dominion of Canada in 1867 as the Northwest Territories Columbia District , the trading district of the Columbia Department of the Hudson 's Bay Company from 1821 to the Oregon Treaty of 1846 , by which most of the Columbia District was formally annexed to the United States . HBC lands south of the 49th parallel were guaranteed by the Oregon Treaty but ownership and compensation issues were not fully resolved until 1861 . New Caledonia , fur district . First created in 1805 as part of North West Company for operations , administered by Hudson 's Bay Company following the two companies ' forced merger in 1821 , until incorporated as the part of the Colony of British Columbia in 1858 , by which time the term `` New Caledonia '' had come to refer to the whole of the British Columbia mainland , not just the original fur district in what is now its Central Interior . Stikine Territory , also called Stickeen Territories , founded in 1862 in response to the Stikine Gold Rush to prevent an American takeover . North - Western Territory , a Hudson 's Bay Company trading area covering lands north and northwest of Rupert 's Land and , after 1863 , north of the Stikine Territory 's original boundary at the 62nd parallel . Its remnant was incorporated at the Yukon Territory after the part of it south of the 60th parallel was amalgamated to British Columbia . Nova Albion , never incorporated or settled , exact location unknown , claimed by Sir Francis Drake and one of the precedents for the British claims to the Pacific Northwest during the Oregon boundary dispute . the southeastern Alaska Panhandle was leased from the Russian Empire , from 1839 to 1867 , until the lease was ignored by both the Russians and Americans and , subsequently , by the Canadian and the British imperial governments , despite British Columbia 's protests . Central and South America , Caribbean ( edit ) English and later British Caribbean colonies ( edit ) Main articles : History of the British West Indies and History of the Caribbean Planter and his wife , with a servant , circa 1780 In order of settlement or founding : Saint Kitts -- The island was settled by Sir Thomas Warner in 1623 . The following year the French also settled part of St Kitts . After they massacred the Caribs , the British and French turned on each other and St Kitts changed hands between the two several times before the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) gave the island to Britain . It became independent as part of Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983 . Barbados -- The island was claimed for the British Empire in 1625 , and later settled in 1627 as a proprietary colony of Anglo - Dutchman William Courten . It became an independent nation in 1966 . Nevis -- The island was permanently settled in 1628 . It became independent as part of Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983 . Providencia Island -- part of an archipelago off the coast of Nicaragua , this island was settled in 1630 by English Puritans . The colony was conquered by the Spanish and became extinct in 1641 . The island is today administered by Colombia . Providence Island colony was a sister colony to the more well known Massachusetts Bay Colony . Antigua -- The island was settled in 1632 . It became independent as part of Antigua and Barbuda in 1981 . Barbuda -- The island was settled about 1632 . It became independent as part of Antigua and Barbuda in 1981 . Montserrat -- The island was settled in 1632 . It was occupied by the French in 1664 -- 68 and 1782 -- 84 . It remains a British territory . Bahamas -- The islands were settled from 1647 . They became independent in 1973 . Anguilla -- The island was settled in 1650 . Its government was united with St Christopher ( St Kitts ) from 1882 until 1967 , when it declared its separation . It was brought back under British administration in 1969 . It remains a British territory . Jamaica -- The island was conquered from Spain in 1655 . It became independent in 1962 . British Virgin Islands -- The islands were settled from 1666 . They remain a British territory . Cayman Islands -- The islands were acquired from Spain in 1670 . They remain a British territory . Turks and Caicos Islands -- The islands were first permanently settled in the 1750s . They remain a British territory . A linen market in the West Indies , circa 1780 Dominica -- The island was captured from the French in 1761 . The French occupied it again from 1778 to 1783 . Dominica became independent in 1978 . Trinidad and Tobago -- The island of Tobago was captured in 1762 . The island of Trinidad was captured from the Spanish in 1797 . The two governments were joined in 1888 . They became independent in 1962 . Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- Saint Vincent was colonised in 1762 . France captured it in 1779 but returned it to Britain in 1783 . The islands were part of the British colony of the British Windward Islands from 1871 to 1958 . The nation gained full independence in 1979 . Grenada -- The island was conquered from France in 1762 . The French reoccupied it from 1779 to 1783 . It became independent in 1974 . Saint Lucia -- The island was captured from the French in 1778 , but returned in 1783 . In 1796 and in 1803 it was captured again , but permanently annexed by Britain in 1814 . Saint Lucia became independent in 1979 . English and later British Central and South American colonies ( edit ) Belize -- from 1638 English adventurers used Belize as a source of logwood , a tree used to make a wool dye . The area was claimed by Spain but they had not settled it or been able to control the natives . The Spanish destroyed the British colony in 1717 , 1730 , 1754 and 1779 . The Spanish attacked a final time in 1798 , but were defeated . The colony was known as British Honduras from the 19th century until 1973 , when its name changed to Belize . Guatemalan claims to Belize delayed independence , but full independence was granted in 1981 . Mosquito Coast ( Nicaragua 's Caribbean coast ) -- This area was first settled by the English in 1630 . It was briefly assigned to Honduras in 1859 , along with the Bay Islands north of the country , then ceded to Nicaragua in 1860 ; the area was disputed until a treaty of 1965 divided the Mosquito Coast for each country . British Guiana -- The English began colonies in the Guiana area in the early 17th century . In the Treaty of Breda , the Dutch gained control of these colonies . Britain later controlled various colonies in the area . Britain ceded Suriname in exchange for New Amsterdam . The Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) awarded the settlements of Berbice , Demerara , and Essequibo in the Guiana region to Great Britain ; they were united as British Guiana in 1831 . It became independent as Guyana in 1966 . Currently , Venezuela claims sovereignty over half of Guyana 's territory . Falkland Islands -- The British first established a presence on the Falkland Islands in 1765 but were compelled to withdraw for economic reasons related to the American War of Independence in 1774 . The islands continued to be used by British sealers and whalers , although the settlement of Port Egmont was destroyed by the Spanish in 1780 . Argentina attempted to establish a colony in the ruins of the former Spanish settlement of Puerto Soledad , which ended with the British return in 1833 . The islands have been under British control ever since , save for a brief Argentine occupation during the Falklands War of 1982 . See also ( edit ) Book : British colonization in north America ( from the reign of King James ) Atlantic World British West Indies Colonial South and the Chesapeake First Nations Historiography of the British Empire Imperialism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` William Vaughan and New Cambriol '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project . Memorial University of Newfoundland . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Canny , The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume I : The Origins of Empire : British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 924676 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Early Settlement Schemes '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project . Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul O'Neill , The Oldest City : The Story of St. John 's , Newfoundland , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 9730271 - 2 - 6 . Jump up ^ Colony of Avalon , ( 1 ) , Colony of Avalon Foundation , Revised March 2002 , accessed 27 August 2006 Jump up ^ `` The Belize Position '' . Government of Belize . Archived from the original on 15 May 2006 . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Gibran , Daniel ( 1998 ) . The Falklands War : Britain Versus the Past in the South Atlantic . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0406 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Elliott , John H. Empires of the Atlantic world : Great Britain and Spain in America , 1492 - 1830 ( Yale UP , 2007 ) . Louis , William Roger ( general editor ) , The Oxford History of the British Empire vol 1 The Origins of Empire ed. by Nicholas Canny vol 2 The Eighteenth Century ed. by P.J. Marshall excerpt and text search Lloyd ; T.O. The British Empire , 1558 - 1995 Oxford University Press , 1996 online edition Marshall , P.J. ( ed . ) The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire ( 1996 ) . excerpt and text search Robinson , Howard . The Development of the British Empire ( 1922 ) , 465pp edition Rose , J. Holland , A.P. Newton and E.A. Benians ( gen . eds . ) , The Cambridge History of the British Empire , 9 vols. ( 1929 -- 61 ) ; vol 1 : `` The Old Empire from the Beginnings to 1783 '' 934pp online edition Volume I Sobecki , Sebastian . `` New World Discovery '' . Oxford Handbooks Online ( 2015 ) . DOI : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199935338.013. 141 Taylor , Alan . American Colonies : The Settling of North America ( Penguin , 2002 ) . Historiography ( edit ) Canny , Nicholas . `` Writing Atlantic History ; or , Reconfiguring the History of Colonial British America . '' Journal of American History 86.3 ( 1999 ) : 1093 - 1114 . in JSTOR Hinderaker , Eric ; Horn , Rebecca . `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp 395 -- 432 in JSTOR External links ( edit ) The Modern History Sourcebook has the account of the Gilbert 's trip to North America Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named territories Vinland Sites : L'Anse aux Meadows French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? ) Rupert 's Land Nova Scotia ( 1710 ) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) Stickeen North - Western Territory ( districts ) Red River Important sites Cuper 's Cove Avalon ( 1620 ) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada Portal WikiProject History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Oldest churches Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=865778498 '' Categories : British colonization of the Americas Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 02 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the english establish the first successful settlement in the western hemisphere | [
"Roanoke Colony, founded 1586, abandoned the next year. Second attempt in 1587 disappeared (also called the Lost Colony).\nCuttyhunk Island, established as a small fort and trading post by Bartholomew Gosnold in 1602, abandoned after one month.\nVirginia Company, chartered 1606 and became the Virginia Colony in 1624\nLondon Company\nJamestown, Virginia, founded 1607 (briefly abandoned in 1610)\nBermuda, islands located in the North Atlantic, first settled in 1609 by the London Virginia Company; administration passed in 1615 to the Somers Isles Company, formed by the same shareholders. Known officially as the Somers Isles, they remain today a British overseas territory.\nCitie of Henricopolis, founded in 1611 as an alternative to the swampy Jamestown site and destroyed in the Indian massacre of 1622.\nPlymouth Company\nPopham Colony, founded 1607, abandoned 1608\nSociety of Merchant Venturers (Newfoundland)\nCuper's Cove, founded 1610, abandoned in the 1620s\nBristol's Hope, founded 1618, abandoned in the 1630s\nLondon and Bristol Company (Newfoundland) The massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622. Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies.\nNew Cambriol, founded 1617, abandoned before 1637\nRenews, founded 1615, abandoned in 1619[1]\nSt. John's, Newfoundland, chartered by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583; seasonal settlements ca. 1520;[2] informal year-round settlers before 1620.[3][4]\nPlymouth Council for New England\nPlymouth Colony, founded 1620, merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691\nFerryland, Newfoundland, granted to George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore in 1620, first settlers in August 1621[5]\nProvince of Maine, granted 1622, sold to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1677\nSouth Falkland, Newfoundland, founded 1623 by Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland\nProvince of New Hampshire, later New Hampshire settled in 1623, see also New Hampshire Grants\nDorchester Company Colony, (Dorchester Company planted an unsuccessful fishing colony on Cape Ann at modern Gloucester, Massachusetts in 1624)\nSalem Colony, later Salem, Massachusetts, settled in 1628, merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony the next year\nMassachusetts Bay Colony, later part of Massachusetts, founded 1629\nNew Scotland, in present Nova Scotia, 1629–1632\nConnecticut Colony, later part of Connecticut founded 1633\nProvince of Maryland, later Maryland, founded in 1634 The Treaty of William Penn with the Indians. Penn's Treaty was never violated.\nNew Albion, chartered in 1634, failed by 1649–50, not to be confused with Nova Albion on the Pacific coast (see next section)\nSaybrook Colony, founded 1635, merged with Connecticut in 1644\nRhode Island and Providence Plantations, first settled in 1636\nNew Haven Colony, founded 1638, merged with Connecticut in 1665\nGardiners Island, founded 1639, now part of East Hampton, New York\nProvince of New York, captured 1664\nProvince of New Jersey, captured in 1664\ndivided into West Jersey and East Jersey after 1674, each held by its own company of Proprietors.\nProvince of Pennsylvania, later Pennsylvania, founded 1681 as an English colony, although first settled by Dutch and Swedes\nDelaware Colony, later Delaware, separated from Pennsylvania in 1704\nProvince of Carolina\nProvince of North Carolina, first permanent English settlements in the late 1600s (nearly a century after the failed Roanoke Colony; see Albemarle Settlements), became a separate colony in 1710–12.\nProvince of South Carolina, first permanent English settlement in 1670, became a separate colony in 1710–12.\nProvince of Georgia, later Georgia; first settled in about 1670, formal colony in 1732\nNova Scotia, site of abortive Scottish colony in 1629; British colony 1713, but this did not permanently include Cape Breton Island until 1758.\nProvince of Quebec, which had been called Canada under French rule. Canada was by far the most settled portion of New France. Britain gained complete control of French Canada in 1759–1761, from the events within the North American theater of the Seven Years' War; France ceded title with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Became Canada East in the Province of Canada, which also included Ontario (Upper Canada) as Canada West, from 1841 to 1867.\nEast Florida and West Florida, acquired from Spain in 1763 in exchange for returning Cuba, taken from Spain in 1761; the Floridas were recovered by Spain in 1783. Backwoods areas almost unaffected by the Stamp Act Crisis of 1765, which unified the thirteen colonies that formed the United States, not much for abstract principles, and grateful to the crown, they declined to send representatives to the Continental Congress or to participate in any way in the independence movement. After the Second Spanish period, they were acquired by the United States in 1821.\nIsland of St. John, separated from Nova Scotia 1769, renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798\nNew Brunswick, separated from Nova Scotia in 1784"
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6087599816581533940 | Medallion signature guarantee | Medallion signature guarantee - Wikipedia Medallion signature guarantee Jump to : navigation , search In the United States , a medallion signature guarantee is a special signature guarantee for the transfer of securities . It is a guarantee by the transferring financial institution that the signature is genuine and the financial institution accepts liability for any forgery . Signature guarantees protect shareholders by preventing unauthorized transfers and possible investor losses . They also limit the liability of the transfer agent who accepts the certificates . Not all MSG stamps are of equal value . A special coded prefix is given to each stamp , and this prefix determines how much monetary value can be guaranteed . For instance if the MSG is required for $400,000 worth of value , at least a C prefix is required , which is good for up to $500,000 value . If a D prefix stamp is submitted , the transaction will be rejected , because a D stamp is only good for guarantee up to $250,000 . Often ComputerShare paperwork only informs of a need for a MSG , but does not specify anything about the necessity of certain prefixes . A medallion signature guarantee is a binding warranty , issued by an agent of the authorized guarantor institution , that : ( a ) the signature was genuine ; ( b ) the signer was an appropriate person to endorse , and ( c ) the signer had legal capacity to sign . A medallion signature guarantee is not equivalent to an American Notarial act . One American Notarial act , called an acknowledgment , is a formal declaration made before an authorized public officer ( i.e. Notary Public , Judge or Justice ) . It is made by a person executing an instrument who states it was his `` free act and deed '' . The three essential components of an acknowledgment are : ( a ) the personal appearance before an authorized public officer ; ( b ) positive identification ; ( c ) the actual acknowledgment of signing . Unlike medallion signature guarantees , the person executing many legal documents does not have to sign his name in the physical presence of the issuing officer ( i.e. Notary Public , Judge or Justice ) . Different institutions have various policies as to what type of identification they require to provide the guarantee and whether they charge a fee for such service ( usually nominal if any ) . Nearly every guarantor institution will not guarantee the signature of a person who is not a known , established customer . Some banks may no longer provide this service ; however , many still do as well as other financial institutions such as a savings and loan association ( a thrift ) and credit unions . At their sole discretion these institutions may provide the medallion signature guarantee stamp . These institutions would be able to provide clarification on their requirements for providing the stamp . Each of these institutions is different and may have different requirements for documentation necessary from one to the next . When US citizens are abroad and unable to obtain a medallion signature guarantee stamp , with prior notice of the substitution some financial institutions may accept a United States embassy seal in its place . Financial institutions outside the United States which have a correspondence relationship with a US bank may be able to offer a medallion signature guarantee to existing customers . References ( edit ) Piombino , Alfred E. Notary Public Handbook : Principles , Practices & Cases , National Edition , East Coast Publishing : 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9445606 - 9 - 3 `` U.S. Department of State telegram to all U.S. diplomatic and consular posts abroad concerning medallion stamp guarantees '' . Digest of International Law . U.S. State Department . May 21 , 2001 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 17 . `` Signature Guarantees : Preventing the Unauthorized Transfer of Securities '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of State . This finance - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medallion_signature_guarantee&oldid=803513661 '' Categories : Securities ( finance ) Identity documents Finance stubs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Department of State All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 00 : 17 . About Wikipedia | when do you need a medallion signature guarantee | [
"In the United States, a medallion signature guarantee is a special signature guarantee for the transfer of securities. It is a guarantee by the transferring financial institution that the signature is genuine and the financial institution accepts liability for any forgery. Signature guarantees protect shareholders by preventing unauthorized transfers and possible investor losses. They also limit the liability of the transfer agent who accepts the certificates. Not all MSG stamps are of equal value. A special coded prefix is given to each stamp, and this prefix determines how much monetary value can be guaranteed. For instance if the MSG is required for $400,000 worth of value, at least a C prefix is required, which is good for up to $500,000 value. If a D prefix stamp is submitted, the transaction will be rejected, because a D stamp is only good for guarantee up to $250,000. Often ComputerShare paperwork only informs of a need for a MSG, but does not specify anything about the necessity of certain prefixes."
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"for the transfer of securities"
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-4909877496497490607 | Music of The Lord of the Rings film series | Music of the Lord of the Rings film series - wikipedia Music of the Lord of the Rings film series Jump to : navigation , search An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) https://anakin022.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/the-hobbit-an-unexpected-journey-ost.pdf Triggered by \ bfiles \. wordpress \. com \ b on the global blacklist Lord of the Rings Operatic Film Score Cycle by Howard Shore Related The Hobbit Text J.R.R. Tolkien , Philippa Boyens , Fran Walsh , Howard Shore Language English , Old English , fictional languages ( Sindarin , Quenya , Khuzdul , Black Speech , Adunaic ) Composed 2000 ( 2000 ) -- 2004 Movements 90 movements ( in three parts ) for the live - to - projection cycle Scoring soprano boy soprano alto tenor ( Symphony ) large male choir ( Fellowship of the Ring ) large mixed choir large boy choir `` Hobbit Band '' Large symphony orchestra The music of The Lord of the Rings film series was composed , orchestrated , conducted and produced by Howard Shore . The scores are often considered to represent the greatest achievement in the history of film music in terms of length of the score , the size of the staged forces , the unusual instrumentation , the featured soloists , the multitude of musical styles and the number of leitmotifs used . Shore wrote many hours of music for The Lord of the Rings , effectively scoring the entire film length . Over 13 hours of the music ( including various alternate takes ) has been released across various formats . Shore conceived the score as operatic and antiquated - sounding . He made use of an immense ensemble including a large symphony orchestra ( principally , the London Philharmonic Orchestra ) , multiple instrumental `` bands '' , various choirs and vocal and instrumental soloists , requiring an ensemble ranging from 230 to 400 musicians . Throughout the composition , Shore has woven over 100 identified leitmotifs , which are inter-related and categorized into groups that correspond to the Middle - earth cultures to which they relate , forming the greatest and most intricate collection of themes in the history of the cinema . The music was continued with the music of the Hobbit films , the prequels to Lord of the Rings , with more than 160 leitmotives within over 21 hours of music , making it one of the biggest catalogues of themes in the history of orchestral music . The score became the most successful of Shore 's career , earning three Oscars , two Golden Globes , three Grammy , and several other nominations , and some of his themes ( like the Shire theme ) and songs earning great popularity . The score was voted for best Soundtrack in cinema history . The score was the subject of a short documentary film called Howard Shore : An Introspective , and has even earned a dedicated research - based book by musicologist Doug Adams . The scores go on being performed by choirs and orchestras around the world as symphony pieces , concert suites and live to - projection concerts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Principal leitmotifs 2.1 First appearance in The Fellowship of the Ring 2.2 First appearance in The Two Towers 2.3 First appearance in The Return of the King 2.4 Reprised Themes from `` The Hobbit '' 2.5 Themes of The Hobbit 3 Unconfirmed leitmotifs 3.1 Motifs in the Original Soundtracks , Fan - Credits , Rarities and Symphony 3.2 Variants and fragments 3.3 Diegetic motifs ( not by Howard Shore ) 4 Instrumentation 5 Use of Tolkien languages 6 Songs 7 Diegetic music 8 Deleted tracks 9 Soloists 10 Original soundtracks 11 The Complete Recordings 11.1 The Fellowship of the Ring 11.2 The Two Towers 11.3 The Return of the King 12 Theme presentations and Concert Suites 13 The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films 13.1 The Rarities Archives 14 Awards 15 Symphony 15.1 Track listing 16 Live to Projection 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 Further reading 21 External links Overview ( edit ) Shore was chosen by the filmmakers when they found themselves temporarily - tracking parts of the footage to pieces from his existing scores . The films were also temp - tracked sparsely with pieces from the scores to Braveheart and Last of the Mohicans . Shore visited the set and met with the filmmakers and various people involved in the production including conceptual designers Alan Lee and John Howe ( who would contribute to his Symphony and Doug Adams ' book on the score ) , actors Elijah Wood , Sean Astin and Andy Serkis , Screenwriter Philipha Boyens ( who became Shore 's principal librettist for the score ) and others , and saw assembled footage of all three films . Howard Shore , composer of The Lord of the Rings series ' film score Shore agreed to take the project in early 2000 . He envionsed the scores to all three films as a through - composed cycle , a grand opera told in three parts , involving a large network of leitmotives , large choral and orchestral forces ( including additional `` bands '' of instruments besides the main orchestra ) , frequent use of singing voices , both in choirs and through a wide ensemble of vocal soloists . The score uses a neo-romantic , 19 - century style and structure , derived from Shore 's desire to have the music sounding antiquated , but he nevertheless married it to modern and at times avant - garde techniques including atonal sections , unusual instrumental choices and orchestral set - ups , aleatoric writing , sprechstimme voices and syncopated rhythms , as well as borrowing from eastern scales , medieval styles of music , contemporary film music idioms for specific setpieces , classical idioms for some of the music of the Shire , new - age and contemporary idioms for the end - credits songs , etc . However , he insisted on staying away from electronic or synthesized music . Shore orchestrated the music himself , and conducted all of the orchestral sessions and many of the choral and soloist sessions . In keeping with his operatic vision , Shore used the three scripts and the book itself to write themes even before having film reels to compose to . As a result , Shore spent nearly four years on the composition , compared to a period of 6 -- 8 weeks per film , and a week or two of recording , as practiced by most film composers . For the recording process , which extended over four weeks per film , he composed the music in long suite - like pieces for the orchestra to go through during a day of playing , rather than short cues , lending greater cohesion to the music . Only a few minutes of finalized music were recorded each day to allow for input from director Peter Jackson and revisions to the music and performance Jackson gave Shore direction and had each theme played to him as a mock - up and by the orchestra before approving it . All of the music production ( which overlapped with the films ' editing process ) was supervised by Jackson who often asked for significant changes to the music , which is unusual for film music . Shore began his work on the music early during the production of The Fellowship of the Ring in late 2000 and recorded the first pieces of music ( the Moria sequence ) in spring of 2001 to a 40 - minute teaser of the film , as the film was still being shot . The scored section also included a version of the Breaking of the Fellowship sequence , with an extended tin whistle solo , and a montage of footage from the following two films . The rest of the score was recorded in London during the editing of the film in post production . Shore would later return to the finished film , recording additional music and revised takes for the extended DVD version in March 2002 . A similar pattern was followed for The Two Towers ( which was scored at a faster pace than the other two ) and The Return of the King ( with Shore also , unusually , providing an original score with new themes for the trailer , as well ) with the final sessions taking place in Watford on 20 March 2004 . Shore wrote the music effectively for the entire film length . In the finished film , some of the music was dialed out while other parts were looped or tracked and re-tracked , so overall about 90 % of the finished film contains music . The music was performed primarily by the London Philharmonic Orchestra and three choirs : London Voices ( for mixed and all - women choral parts ) , Wellington Maori - Samoan choir ( for all - male choral passages in Fellowship of the Ring ) and London Oratory School Schola boy choir . The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra contributed some of the early Moria music , written for an early edit of the film . A wide variety of instrumental and vocal soloists , including members of the films ' cast , contributed to the scores as well . Each film calls for at least one soprano and / or alto soloist and one boy soloist . The scores for The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King won Academy Awards in 2002 and 2004 , with The Two Towers not being nominated simply because of a rule of the Academy to not nominate sequel scores that reuse old themes , a rule that was undone specifically as to allow for the nomination of Return of the King . The latter film also won an Oscar statuette for Best Song , as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song . Shore 's music for The Lord of the Rings has become the most successful composition of his career and one of the most popular motion picture scores in history . Along with his Music of The Hobbit film series , the prequels to the Lord of the Rings , Shore wrote 21 hours of music . Principal leitmotifs ( edit ) Howard Shore 's composition does not utilize motifs over from either other scores of his career or from passages of existing film or stage music , with the exception of one intentional nod to Richard Wagner over the end - credits of the third film . Shore wrote a long series of interrelated leitmotifs that were used , developed , combined or fragmented throughout the three scores . The motifs are attached to places , cultures , characters , objects and occurrences , and are divided into sets and subsets of related themes . While all stage and film composers occasionally deviated from the meaning of their themes and used them `` romantically '' ( i.e. as a suggestion of mood ) Shore refrains from using this technique . Several pieces feature intriguing thematic choices like choosing `` The History of the One Ring theme '' for the passage of the Argonath or the `` Ringwraith theme '' for the Orc Armies in the Prologue ( and again for Azog in The Hobbit ) but neither is outright `` romantic '' in their application and can be explained . The History of the Ring being the main theme of the series , its usage over the Argonath hints that the film is coming to a close with the Ringbearer about to depart east . The `` Ringwraith theme '' , itself derived from `` The Power of Mordor '' theme , is more of a theme for the servants of Sauron , not just the Nazgul , and makes multiple appearances in that context . The only outright use of a theme for its romantic sweep was not done by Shore but created by means of tracked music featuring the Moria motif being applied by the filmmakers themselves to the Warg Attack in the Two Towers . Continuing in The Hobbit , Shore would go on to quote the `` Gondor Reborn '' once in a situation that has nothing to do with Gondor , but otherwise his use of themes is always justified . Shore also uses his themes subtly to inform dramatic connections , rather than serve strictly as a musical stand - in for characters . A good example is how Shore forms the first notes of the fellowship theme over Sam joining Frodo , and expanding on it when Merry , Pippin and Strider join the group to hint at the gradual coming together of the Fellowship of the Ring and leading up to the full statement in the council of Elrond . There is even significance as to the order in which themes appear in a scene or to when a theme is absent . The themes go through a series of variations of orchestration , tempo and harmony to denote changes to characters and the general progression of the plot . Again , the fellowship theme gradually comes together before appearing in a string of full heroic statements as the whole company travels and struggles . After Gandalf 's demise , however , the theme appears fragmented , the harmony is changed and the instrumentation is reduced leading up to a dirge - like statement over the death of Boromir . It is gradually remade leading up to a choral statement in the assault on the Black Gate . Each film , and particularly the first one , starts with an overture : a series of statements of the principal themes of the feature , which extended from the opening credits till after the individual title of the film . The prologue to the first film , for instance , features the History of the One Ring theme , Lothlórien theme , The Mordor accompaniments , Sauron 's theme , the Servants of Sauron theme , the Fall of Men , Aragorn 's theme and the Shire theme and variations and at some point was to feature the second - age Gondor theme and the Power of Mordor as well . The main Lord of the Rings theme appears on the main title , while the main theme of each individual episode appears on the second title . Shore used the first film to introduce the principle themes , the second film to add more themes and the third film to create conflict and cross-overs between the existing themes and bring them to a resolution , creating in the process new themes for the Fourth Age . All of these themes were complied into a menu by musicologist Doug Adams , who worked with Shore on the documentation of the score . Doug identified about 90 motifs ( some very brief , scarcely used and / or only subtly differentiated from others ) in the three Complete Recordings , by far the largest catalog of themes for a theatrical work . Furthermore , in creating The Hobbit scores Shore would not only add another 62 themes or more , but actually went on to reuse some isolated musical gestures from the Lord of the Rings scores , turning them into leitmotives after - the - fact , adding up to over 100 leitmotives used in the Lord of the Rings trilogy alone , and 160 when combined with motives of The Hobbit . There are also leitmotives which Shore only used in alternate forms of pieces from the soundtracks , and even several variations and diegetic pieces that can be added to this count , as well . By comparison , John Williams ' 16 - hour composition to Star Wars features about fifty themes overall , and other film compositions ( such as James Horner 's Titanic ) featuring but a handful , thereby making Shore 's work on the Lord of the Rings films by far the most thematically - rich of any cinematic work , and when coupled with his work on The Hobbit trilogy , even rivals Wagner 's Ring catalog of leitmotifs , making it not the only the most thematically complex film score but one of the most leitmotivically - nuanced works in the history of orchestral music . The themes below are as they appear across the three films , sorted out into their thematic families . Many are provided with a clean audio example . The themes within each family share a soundscape and melodic and harmonic traits , but there are also connections between themes of different families to imply dramatic connections and lend cohesiveness to the score as a whole : First appearance in The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) History of the Ring This theme is usually associated with the One Ring and its history . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Themes for the One Ring `` The History of the One Ring '' or The Lord of the Rings theme : a minor - key string melody plays over the Lord of the Rings title card for all three films . Howard Shore has considered this theme , more so than the Shire or the Fellowship theme , as the `` main theme '' of the score , given that its basic pitches are the basis for all the themes in the score . It is used as a `` main theme '' when the Fellowship passes the Argonath , played on brass , but otherwise it usually appears with little variation ( except for when it mingles with Smeagol 's theme or the other Ring and Mordor themes ) , showing how evil is static whereas good is dynamic . `` The Seduction of the Ring '' : a slow , melancholic variation of the ring theme , sung by choir . The associated lyrics first appear with a mixed choir when Gandalf finds the account of Isildur . The first proper appearance ( when Gandalf warns Frodo never to surrender to the Ring 's temptation and put it on ) is hummed by a boy choir , and later sung when Boromir is tempted . In the Return of the King , it returns when Deagol first finds it , moving from the boys to the women choir . `` Sauron ( Mordor / The Evil of the Ring ) '' : A more menacing variation , used more as a theme for Sauron ( and - by proxy - for Mordor ) . It is usually played on muted brass and a Moroccan Rhaita , giving it an old , eastern flavor , while also maintaining its more aggressive and nasal sound . Themes for Mordor The evil themes are forceful and at times sacrilegious due to use of choir and stacked harmonies . The themes structurally share Middle - Eastern intervals ( to evoke the antiquity of the music rather than any ethnic connection ) , chromatic progression and descending melodies , as opposed to the Fellowship music which ascends by whole steps . The music of Mordor is the antithesis of the music of The Shire , both having a series of underlying accompaniment figures and main themes that the scores pits one against the other . `` Mount Doom '' : A pair of alternating chords , derived from the opening harmonies of Gollum 's theme . It first appears when Elrond recalls taking Isildur to the Crack of Doom , and returns only when the Hobbits are on the side of the Mountain , fighting Gollum , where it is sung by the full choir . `` The Threat of Mordor '' : this , along with the accompaniment motifs , is one of several danger motifs associated with Mordor , but this acts as a main melody . By Return of the King , it becomes much more powerful , ascending rather than descending and forms the basis to the Witch King 's theme . `` The Servants of Sauron '' : This theme is a combination of a choir singing the pitches of the Ring theme stacked over each other , while the different Mordor accompaniments are combined underneath , and the Skip - Beat used as an ostinato . It is first heard in the Battle of the Last Alliance in the prologue , applied first to the Orc Armies and then to Sauron himself . Afterwards it is used almost ( but not always ) only with the Ringwraiths . `` The Power of Mordor '' : An elaboration on the Ringwraith theme , this music was originally used by Shore in the initial takes on the Prologue ( presented in the Original Soundtrack Release ) , but were later decided to appear in the third installment , with only a short quote at the Council of Elrond . The Footsteps of Doom ( End - Cap ) : This is the first beats of the Ringwraith theme repeated on the percussion as a figure of impending doom . Sauron 's theme This theme represents The Evil of the Ring , as well as Sauron and Mordor . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Mordor Accompaniment Figures : These are three ( or more ) motifs that accompany the music of Mordor , especially that of the Ringwraiths : `` Descending Thirds '' motif : This is the background music to a lot of the more forceful Mordor themes , especially Sauron 's theme , but it also appears on its own : for instance , when Bilbo leaves the Ring behind in Bag End . It is the basis to the Dol Guldur theme and to Azog and Bolg 's themes from The Hobbit . The Mordor Skip - Beat : This is a `` chase '' ostinato used with the Ringwraith theme . It has several variations , including a distinct two - pitch variant , used predominantly in the Flight to the Ford sequence . The Mordor Outline : This is just a martial drumbeat . It is used in association with the forces of Sauron ( like his armies at the Black Gate ) and with forces allied with him , such as the Haradrim ( it plays under the Mumakil sequence ) and Saruman . Themes for the Hobbits The Hobbit themes are very Celtic - sounding , scored for Celtic instruments namely fiddle and tin whistle . Their maturation through the story has them not only transform melodically and harmonically , but also make use of the orchestral relatives of the folk instruments with which they are originally played . The music is stepwise and calm , with old - world modal harmonies to evoke familiarity . The Shire ( Hymn Setting ) The theme for Frodo Baggins , a variation on the theme of the Hobbits . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Main Themes : The basic tune of the Shire theme appeared in several distinct variations , each constituting a theme in its own right : `` The Pensive variant '' : The basic , reflective version of the shire theme . On the soundtrack , it starts with a solo tin whistle , followed by a solo fiddle and then the complete orchestra repeating the same phrase . The track then quietens down and the solo tin whistle plays a second melody , again followed by the orchestra . The track ends with the violin and then the tin whistle repeating the first theme . `` The Rural variant '' : usually heard only in Hobbiton , often with a lively fiddle solo with improvised grace notes added to the melody . A variant of this music plays during the Prologue to the final film . `` The Playful variant '' : Usually applied to Merry and Pippin . The Hymn variant `` : A series of hymn chords , usually used as a harmony to the Shire theme , which is usually played in a slow tempo for this theme . Serves usually as a theme for Frodo Baggins . The chords themselves are first heard when Gandalf and Bilbo talk about Frodo in Bag End . `` In Dreams '' : The song variation of the Hymn Variant used in the End - Credits suite of the film . `` A Hobbit 's Understanding '' : used when the Hobbits come to understand the hardships and struggles of their journey . It is used when Gandalf advises and encourages Frodo in Moria , and in a more grand setting throughout the Breaking of the Fellowship sequence and again when Sam encourages Frodo in Osgiliath in the following installment . The Hobbit Accompaniments : The Shire themes , especially the Hobbiton or Folk theme , is often accompanied by a series of minor motifs that serve as accompaniment figures . These figures go on to become distinct motives on their own right as the story progresses : The Hobbit Outline : An `` Expectation '' motif played under a lot of the Shire music , most notably the Rural variant . It is usually the one to open a series of accompaniment figure statements , like when Frodo first meets up with Gandalf . The Hobbit Two - Step : A motif for Hobbit Playfullness played under the Shire and Hobbiton music . The Hobbit Skip - Beat : Another motif for hobbit Happiness and playfulness playing under the Shire music , usually directly after the two - step figure . Dark variations of it start to appear later in the series . The Hobbit End - Cap : A finale figure to the Hobbiton theme and the Accompaniment figures , that usually serves as a motif for the Hobbits ' Bafflement . Themes for Gollum `` The Pity of Smeagol '' : a slow , gloomy piece which acts as a theme for Smeagol . It is first heard in the prologue when Smeagol discovers the Ring . It is closely related to the Hobbit music but also to the History of the One Ring and the Weakness Arpeggios . Themes for The Elves The Music of the Elves is sinuous ( in line with the Arts ' Department vision of the Elvish architecture ) and elegant , being scored for women voices , violins and chimes . It is however also ancient , exotic and at times closed off to the outside world , like the Elves , and is than scored for Middle - Eastern or Indian and African instruments and contains melodic intervals prevalent in Eastern music . Rivendell : a theme for female chorus , usually accompanied by a series of string arpeggios , which also appear by themselves . While it is written to be very soothing , it becomes more saddened as Arwen leaves in The Two Towers , and when she returns to Rivendell in the last film . `` Arwen '' : This theme for female choir and soloist is used when Arwen makes a grand entrance . It is used when she appears before Frodo and again , sung by Renee Fleming , when she appears at Aragorn 's coronation . Lothlórien : a soft , ethereal chorus accompanied by cellos in the Phrygian mode . It is written in an adapted form the Maqam Hijaz , so as to create a sense of antiquity and provide Lothlórien with a slightly unsettling effect . A more hard - edged , brass - driven version of the theme appears in the second film during the battle of Helm 's Deep . `` Elvish Pledge '' : This motif is sung when the Doors of Durin are revealed , a memory of the pledge of the Elves or Eregion ( who built the doors ) to the Dwarves of Moria . It is reprised when Haldir joins the fight at Helms ' Deep . Themes for Isengard `` Isengard '' theme `` : This theme was created to provide a sense of industrialism , and is scored for low brass and accompanied by the percussive Orc theme . Its opening reflects the opening of the Fellowship theme , showing the rivalry of Gandalf , leader of the Fellowship , and Saruman . `` Five Beat Pattern '' : The accompaniment to the Isengard theme , serving as the musical representation of the Orcs in general . It is played on anvils , Bell Plates and other metallic percussion instruments . The 5 / 4 time signature makes this theme feel off - kilter . Doug Adams lists this motif twice , once for Isengard and once for Mordor , with the musical distinction that the Isengard 5 - beat pattern accents the first and forth beats , unlike the rest of the 5 / 4 music which applies to orcs more generally . Whether the two can be musically categorized as two separate leitmotifs is subjective . Adams also lists the Cruelty of the Orcs twice ( since it `` realigns with Mordor '' in the last film ) and the Evil of the Ring ( which doubles as Sauron 's theme ) . `` The Orc Crawl '' : A four - pitch motif for the Uruk - Hai band that hunts down the Fellowship , usually sung by choir . It is also used when the three hunters chase said band in the Two Towers . Isengard theme The Isengard theme ( on brass ) and the Orc theme ( on Percussion ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Themes for Nature `` Nature 's Reclamation '' ( commonly referred to by fans as the Nature theme ) : the theme was first heard while Gandalf was trapped in Isengard when a moth serving as a messenger for the Eagles arrived at the pinnacle of Orthanc ; the moth and the Eagles represent nature here as well . The theme has a grander version in `` The Two Towers '' during the `` Last March of the Ents '' . This statement was tracked into the parallel scenes in Helm 's Deep to signal the sunrise as the Rohirrim charge . The theme is used in a grand setting as the sun rises again behind the Rohirrim before the battle of the Pelennor fields , and in several statements leading up to that . Themes for the Dwarves The Dwarvish music is raw , based on open fifths rather than full chords , . It is scored for all - male voices , often for very deep and rough voices at that , and for blaring brass . `` Moria '' : An ascending , ominous danger motif on brass and male choir . It is first suggested when Gandalf realizes they will have to go through the mines , and stated when the doors first opened in a non-threatening setting . Only as the company escapes the Balrog does it return in its more aggressive setting . It is used as the music for the opening credits of the Two Towers , which starts with a depiction of the Gandalf 's duel with the Balrog . It is also tracked into the beginning of the fight between the Rohirrim and Wargs , the theme used here almost `` romantically '' , more for its mood than its thematic meaning . There is also a mock - up of an early variation of this theme in the Rarities . `` Dwarrowdelf '' : This theme is much more grand and emotional than the other Moria themes , but it is minor and melancholic , representing the ruined grandeur of the Dwarves . Its grand statement is when the fellowship enter the 21st hall of Moria , again more quietly at Balin 's Tomb and for the third time as the Battle of the Mazarbul has subsided . `` The Dark Places of the World '' : A danger motif for the Moria sequences . It is associated with the deep chasms of Moria and used both when the Fellowship runs down the stairs and again when Gandalf and the Balrog fall . Themes for Gondor The music of Gondor and the World of men and stately and brassy , but not necessarily triumphant , the music lamenting the decay of the mortal world . Only from the later half of the Two Towers and into Return of the King are the themes of the world of men presented in truly heroic settings . `` Realm of Gondor '' theme : the basic version of this was established during the Council of Elrond in `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' , and also existed in the Extended Edition of `` The Two Towers '' . It becomes the signature theme of Return of the King , earning grand statements over the riding of Gandalf up Minas Tirith and through the Lighting of the Beacons . It occurs in three variants : Gondor in Decline , Gondor in Ascension ( used in the third film and the trailer ) , and a `` Numenore '' variation used in the Rarities Archives , which also presents a mock - up of an early , major - moded variant of the `` Ascension '' theme . `` Minas Tirith '' theme : the basic version of this was established during a scene with Aragorn and Boromir in Lothlórien in `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' . It reappears in the third film , related to Minas Tirith and the History of Gondor . In the third film , a variant of this theme also stands for Anduril . The Fellowship theme ( The Ring Goes South ) Colloquially regarded to be the main theme of Lord of The Rings . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Themes for the Fellowship `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' theme : a heroic , sweeping piece using principally brass and orchestra . It is heard in various versions during the first film ( of which it is the signature or main theme ) , but after `` The Bridge of Khazad - dûm , '' the last time that the entire Fellowship is together , it fractures and can only be heard infrequently and sparingly throughout the next two films until the remainder of The Fellowship charge the Black Gate `` The Mouth of Sauron '' and `` For Frodo '' where it is sung by the choir . This theme is colloquially known as the main theme of the Lord of the Rings trilogy . Along with The Shire theme , this is the most repeated theme in the series . Curiously , on the album , this theme is used once in conjunction with Haldir 's archers as they join Aragorn 's cause . Here the theme is extrapolated from its narrow meaning ( which only encompasses the nine walkers ) and is applied as a general idea of `` fellowship '' and friendship . `` The Drive of the Fellowship '' : a little string figure that appears when the members of the Fellowship ready themselves to fight the Orcs in the Mines of Moria . It is also heard in Weathertop . `` Strider '' : The embryonic form of Aragorn 's theme , which only features the opening figure , starting with a perfect forth . It is used during his introduction and in the battle of Weathertop . There is also a Second - Age variant of it used in the Prologue that pertains to Elendil and Isildur . `` The Heroics of Aragorn '' : The more heroic statements , especially in the third film , are labeled as `` The Heroics of Aragorn . '' They also form the ascending coda of the Gondor in Ascension theme . Themes for the Monsters of Middle Earth `` The Watcher in the Water '' : Appears several times in the track `` The Doors of Durin '' , this piece is distinct but also informed by the other monster themes . This theme starts as a microtonal contrabass solo and develops into aleatoric music and is in the vein of science - fiction monster themes . `` The Cave Troll '' : This piece is only used ( albeit in bracketed fashion ) in the battle of the Mazarbul is association with the Cave Troll . It is cumbersome like the Troll but also pitiful , just like the film 's depiction of the Troll . `` The Balrog '' : a theme for percussion and male chorus appearing under a lot of the Moria material in the `` Bridge of Khazad Dum '' . It returns in the opening to The Two Towers . Themes for Middle Earth : The Ring Quest themes `` The Journey There '' : This motif is related to the Ring theme . It is used sparingly : once when Frodo and Sam roam the Shire , once when Frodo realizes he has to leave the company after looking into Galadriel 's mirror . It is used again when the company rows down the Anduin , and in the Third film when Frodo , Sam and Gollum walk to Mordor . `` Dangerous Passes '' : This theme is used whenever the Ringbearer traverses dangerous and mountainous passes . It scores the Caradhras scenes , but returns for the secrets stairs in Return of the King , albeit being muted in the film . `` Evil Times '' : Whenever the Quest of the Ring brings suffering to a character , this theme is used . It is applied to Gandalf sitting atop Orthanc in the Fellowship of the Ring . It gradually comes to encompass all instances of evils wrought during the War of the Ring , applied for instance to the suffering of the people of Rohan or of Faramir . `` Weakness motif '' ( Weakness and Redemption ) : this Arpeggio signals weaknesses of the mind and temptation , and the overcoming of them . It is applied to Boromir 's weakness for the Ring , and forms the basis of Gollum 's theme , signaling his weakness as well . It is related to the Rivendell Arpeggios . Themes for Middle Earth : `` All Shall Come to Darkness '' themes `` Nameless Fear '' : This motif appears when Galadriel speaks of a nameless fear and shortly afterwards when Frodo temps Gandalf with taking the Ring . It returns when Galadriel speaks to Elrond of the will of the Ring in the Two Towers . `` The Fall of Men '' : This motif is unique to the first film , being used once when Elendil dies and again when Boromir succumbs to the call of the ring . `` A Noble End '' : This theme is about a death of noble sacrifice . It is used mostly for Boromir 's death and revisited when other characters reflect on his death , but it is also applied to Theoden in the Return of the King . Themes for Middle Earth : `` Another Path '' theme `` Gandalf 's Farewells '' : This music is sung by a solo voice immediately after Gandalf falls . It is also used when he eventually departs to Valinor . It is repeated in other occasions , although not necessarily with any direct connection to Gandalf 's death , but perhaps in an opposite meaning , of meeting with Gandalf again : When Frodo and Sam lie on the slopes of the collapsed Mount Doom , Gandalf 's Farewells is used , perhaps to show that the Hobbits are ready to meet again with Gandalf in death . Themes recurring from The Hobbit and in Alternate forms of the Soundtrack From alternate forms of the soundtrack : The Prophecy , The Realm of Numenore . From The Hobbit : Bilbo 's Birthday , Map of the Lonely Mountain , Smoke Rings , Flaming Red Hair ( diegetic ) , Gandalf 's Fireworks , Bree , Elvish Medicine , Mithril Vest , Durin 's Folk , Galadriel 's Powers . First appearance in the Two Towers ( edit ) Returning The History of the One Ring , Seduction of the Ring , Sauron , The Shire , Frodo / Hymn variant , Merry and Pippin , Hobbit Lullaby , Hobbit Outline , Hobbit End - Cap , A Hobbit 's Understanding , Pity of Smeagol , The Servants of Sauron , Threat of Mordor , Descending Thirds , Mordor Skip - Beat , Footsteps of Doom , Servants of Sauron , Isengard , Uruk Hai , Orc Crawl , the Realm of Gondor , Fellowship , Strider , Heroics of Aragorn , Rivendell , Lothlorien , Elvish Pledge , Diminishment of the Elves , Evil Times , Weakness Motif , Nameless Fear , The Balrog , Moria , The Dark Places of the World , Nature 's Reclamation . Themes for One Ring `` The Fate of the Ring '' : In and of itself , this theme appears only once , when Gandalf tells Aragorn that the Ring remains hidden from Sauron in the Two Towers . In the soundscape of the Forth age , switched into major mode , it becomes the Destruction of the Ring theme . Themes for Mordor The Way to Mordor : Shore crafts this truncated variant of the Threat of Mordor to denote proximity to Mordor and the roads leading to it . It is used for Frodo and Sam 's journey to Mordor in the Two Towers , and in the Osgiliath skirmish in the Return of the King . Themes for the Hobbits `` The Hobbit Lullaby Variant '' : This motif first appears as a `` lullaby - like '' orchestral setting of the main ( Pensive ) Shire theme , as Sam and Frodo leave the Green Dragon . Its first definitive statement as a separate theme is when Merry and Pippin fall asleep due to Treebeard 's recitations . A variation of it is used when Frodo and Sam sleep on the slopes of the Morgul vale . `` The Hobbit Antics '' : Merry and Pippin 's antics from Fangorn going forward are scored with a motif drawn from the Hobbit End - Cap and Gandalf 's Fireworks motifs . A twisted variation of it appears twice when Frodo scrambles in Shelob 's lair . Themes for Gollum `` Gollum 's Menace '' : This is the theme of the Gollum or `` Stinker '' side . It features the cimbalom which at once gives it the feeling of the Hobbit music and yet gives it a jittery feeling that mimics Gollum 's motions . `` Gollum 's Song '' : The melody for the End - Credits Song , Gollum 's Song , also appears in the finale of the film and is informed by the other themes for Gollum . Themes for the Elves `` Evenstar '' : the main love theme of Aragorn and Arwen . It is much more moody than Aniron , since the shadow of death hovers over the love of Aragorn and Arwen . Themes for Isengard `` The Cruelty of the Orcs '' : This is a descending , dissonant motif on brass . It is used mostly for the Wargs and the war machines of the Orcs and continues in the Return of the King . `` The Uruk - Hai in Battle '' : For the army at Helm 's Deep , Shore uses a related motif unique to Isengard . It is used for the gunpowder explosives set under the outer wall and again for the crowbalistas of the Uruk Hai . `` Grima Wormtongue '' : Grima 's theme is alienated from the Rohan themes , and rather aligned with the Isengard theme . It is a collection of low notes on brass and deep woodwinds . Themes for Nature `` Gandalf the White in Nature '' : This theme appears when Gandalf the White is revealed before Aragorn , and when Aragorn remembers his words at sunrise in Helm 's Deep , although that was replaced in the film with Nature 's Reclamation . `` The Ent theme '' : This theme is scored for low , woody sounds like log drums , bassoon and cellos . It is plodding and slow , like the Ents . `` Treebeard 's Stride '' : This is more of a theme for Treebeard himself and the forest named after him . It is used when Aragorn first looks into the forest , and again for scenes with Treebeard . `` Small Stones '' : This motif is more active and related to the Shire themes . It is used , sung by choir , when Gandalf comments of the coming of Merry and Pippin to Fangorn , and again when they encourage the Ents to action . Themes for Rohan `` The Rohan Fanfare '' : featuring the hardanger fiddle . This is the signature theme of the Two Towers , playing over the corresponding title . It utilizes brass , violas and the Hardanger fiddle . At its most grand , at the charge of the Pelennor fields , it is played by a brass section twice the size usually deployed in the score . The Riders of Rohan : This short motif is used for Éomer when he leads his rogue band of riders . It is used in the fight with the Uruk Hai and in when they surround Aragorn , Gimli and Legolas . Éowyn 's theme : using open fifth intervals ( lacking the third of the chord -- this means that the chords can not be defined as major or minor ) which is common for the music of Gondor , implying Eowyn 's eventual connection to Faramir . It is used when we first see her , again when she stands before Edoras . A slow variation of it is played before Theodred 's Dirge , and it eventually plays in a very triumphant setting when she rides off to battle . Eowyn and Theoden : This theme has a more developed B - section . It is used when Eowyn sees Theoden healed and makes a series of moody appearances before being used very heroically when Eowyn dispatches the Witch King . Eowyn and Aragorn : This theme starts like Eowyn and Theoden but has a different ending . The ending only first appears in Helm 's Deep when Eowyn shouts at Aragorn , and earns its last statement on a double fiddle when Aragorn leaves her to go to the paths of the Dead . Themes for the Fellowship `` The White Rider and the Fellowship '' : a waltz - time , sweeping , full - orchestra crescendo with heavy strings that represents Gandalf the White . It is used over wide shots of him riding Shadowfax . `` The Fellowship in Rohan '' : When the Fellowship and the Riders first meet , their themes begin to mingle . This forms a new motif that only matures in the battle of Helm 's Deep , appearing heroically when Gimli leaps on the Uruk Hai to save Aragorn . Themes for the Monsters of Middle Earth `` Mumakil theme '' : This is the only musical theme of the East and South of Middle Earth . It uses a Dilruba . It reappears with the Mumakil at the Pelennor fields . First appearance in the Return of the King ( edit ) Returning Shire , Hobbiton , Frodo , Merry and Pippin , Hobbit Lullaby , Hobbit Heroic variant , Hobbit Outline , Two - Step , Skip - Beat , End - cap , Antics , Gollum 's Menace , Smeagol 's Pity , Fellowship , White Rider , Strider , Aragorn 's Heroics , Dwarf End cap , The History of the One Ring , Seduction of the Ring , Fate of the Ring , Sauron , Mount Doom , Threat of Mordor , Footsteps of Doom , Mordor Outline , Skip - Beat , Descending Thirds , Way to Mordor , Servants of Sauron , Power of Mordor , Isengard , Orc theme , Cruelty of the Orcs , Lothlorien , Rivendell , Arwen , Evenstar , Evil Times , Weakness Motif , Journey There , Dangerous Passes , Gandalf 's Farewells , Mumakil , Gondor ( in Decline ) , Minas Tirith , Rohan , Eowyn , Eowyn and Theoden , Eowyn and Aragorn . Recurring in `` The Hobbit '' and in alternate forms of the Soundtrack : The Forces of the Enemy , Legolas ' Heroic Feats , Minas Morgul , The Eagles , Breath of Life . Themes for The One Ring `` The Destruction of the Ring '' ( Fourth Age theme ) : This theme shifts the ring themes into a major mode . It celebrates not only the destruction of the Ring but also that of Mordor and the ushering of the Forth Age , with its own unique soundscape . Themes for Mordor `` The Witch King of Angmar '' ( Fourth Age theme ) : After Saruman dies , his theme is extrapolated and used in conjunction with the Threat of Mordor in retrogrades to form the theme for the Witch King . This is one of the Forth Age themes of Mordor , showcasing the possibility of Mordor 's triumph . The Orcs of Mordor theme : a variant of the Witch - King 's theme , this variation is more devolved and is applied to the Armies of Mordor marching to the Black Gate , well after the demise of the Witch King . Themes for The Shire `` Meriadoc the Warrior '' : A hybrid of the Shire theme , the Fellowship theme and the Rohan fanfare . `` The Shire Heroic Variant '' : This heroic setting of the Shire theme , interjected with brass fanfares , is applied strictly to Sam , as he races to save Frodo from the Orcs of Cirith Ungol . Adams mentions `` several '' heroic statements , which perhaps refer to the choral setting of `` The Arguement '' used on Mount Doom . `` The Shire Reborn '' ( Fourth Age theme ) : This is the Fourth Age Shire theme , used as Sam and Rosie go home and the film closes . It is accompanied by a Fourth Age variant of the Shire Outline figure . `` Bilbo 's Song '' ( Fourth Age theme ) : This is an encore theme that Howard Shore wrote specifically for the end of the fan credits of the Extended Edition of Return of the King . It is the final development of the Shire themes . Themes for the Elves `` Arwen 's Song '' ( Fourth Age theme ) : Sung by Liv Tyler . It was originally slated for the moment when Arwen has a vision of Eldarion ( which in and of itself was originally slated for the Two Towers ) , but was bumped for a variation of the Evenstar theme , and ended up being used in the Houses of Healing scene . Themes for the Dwarves `` The Dwarf End - Cap '' : To cap off the Dwarf themes in the final film , Howard Shore scored Gimli and his antics with a motif constructed like the Hobbit End - Cap , but more in the vein of the Dwarvish music . Themes for Gondor `` The Realm of Gondor in Ascension '' ( Fourth Age theme ) `` The Stewards of Gondor '' ( Faramir and Denethor ) : This theme is usually heard on a pan flute . It is used when Faramir argues with his father as to retaking Osgiliath , and again when he marches down Minas Tirith to fulfill his father 's will on the matter . `` Battlefield Heroism '' : Used for the Heroism of the soldiers of Gondor and , by extension , to the heroism of Pippin ( a soldier of Gondor ) as he rescues Faramir from the fires . `` Gondor Reborn '' ( Fourth Age theme ) : A Fourth - Age theme , based on the Minas Tirith theme . It was also used in the fall of Barad Dur ( and in the finale of the first Hobbit film ) as a more general `` good triumphs over evil '' musical idea . Themes for the Monsters of Middle Earth `` Shelob 's theme '' : For Shelob , Howard Shore crafted music that is more in the style of horror film scores , making her feel alien to the texture of the overarching score while also conveying her terror and gait . Themes for Middle Earth `` The Paths of the Dead '' ( `` All Shall Come to Darkness '' theme ) : This theme is scored for low voices and Tibetan Gongs , giving it an ethereal feeling . It is hinted when the apparition of the King of the Dead first appears , and again during Aragorn 's dream of Arwen before the Paths of the Dead sequence where it figures prominently . `` The Return Journey '' ( Fourth Age `` Ring Quest '' theme ) : Whereas the Journey There is based on the Ring theme , The Return Journey is based on the Shire theme . `` The Grey Havens '' theme ( Fourth Age `` Another Path '' theme ) : featured in `` Into the West '' by Annie Lennox . It is only foreshadowed two times : first when Gandalf describes the vision of Valinor to Pippin , and again triumphantly when Sam lifts Frodo up Mount Doom . Reprised themes from `` the Hobbit '' ( edit ) In The Hobbit film trilogy soundtracks , aside from adding well over 70 new leitmotifs to the Middle Earth catalog , Howard Shore chose to reprise and vary pieces of music that did not initially have thematic significance in the Lord of the Rings , thereby turning them into themes . Since some of these motifs are only short , singular quotes , or a subtle variation on an existing motif , their status as leitmotifs is debatable and they are only listed as possible motifs . Themes for the Dwarves `` Durin 's folk '' : The early Moria sequences in The Fellowship of the Ring were scored with a droning male choir . This piece was reprised in the Prologue to An Unexpected Journey , thereby turning it into a theme for the Dwarves . `` The Map of the Lonely Mountain '' : This melody is heard in `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' when Gandalf takes a gander at the Map of the Lonely Mountain at Bag - End . It appears several times in The Hobbit , and is connected to Thorin 's theme . Themes for the Shire `` Smoke rings '' : A short variant of the Shire theme , used for Bilbo and Gandalf puffing Smoke Rings from their pipes , was reused for a similar shot at the Beginning of `` The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey '' , with a harmonic hint towards The History of the Ring theme . `` Bree '' : A `` dark '' variation on the Hobbit Skip - Beat , used as the Hobbits enter the town of Bree in `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' was reused for shots of Thorin walking in Bree in the prologue to The Desolation of Smaug . `` Gandalf 's fireworks '' : In `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' , Gandalf 's fireworks , set up by Merry and Pippin , were scored with a tune based on the Hobbit Accompaniment figures . That piece was used twice in The Hobbit to illustrate Bilbo 's memories of Gandalf . A menacing variant of it was used over the opening credits to The Desolation of Smaug , connection the firework ( which was fashioned in the likeness of Smaug ) and the titular dragon . `` Mithril vest '' : An Oboe line that scored Bilbo giving the Mithril Vest to Frodo was used for Thorin giving it to Bilbo . `` Bilbo 's birthday '' : In the Fellowship of the Ring , as the banner for Bilbo 's Birthday Party is erected , a statement of the Hobbiton theme ends with a `` fiddle fanfare '' . Shore re-used that piece to score Bilbo opening up replies to his Birthday invitations in the beginning of The Hobbit . Some of the playful music that accompanies Merry and Pippin in the cornfield is used when Bilbo is running out of his home . Whether or not there is a recurring leitmotif contained within the music is debatable . Themes for the Elves `` Elvish medicine '' : Related to Arwen 's theme , this was heard in the Fellowship of the Ring when Frodo succumbed to the effect of the Morgul Blade . It was reused in The Hobbit for Tauriel healing Kili . `` Legolas ' heroic feats '' : a swirling - string piece used for Legolas taking down a Mumakil from The Return of the King was reused for his scenes in Laketown . `` Galadriel 's powers '' : When Galadriel appears in wrath and banishes Sauron , Shore quotes a piece for brass that he used for Galadriel in `` The Mirror of Galadriel '' from the Fellowship of the Ring . Themes for Mordor `` The Forces of the Enemy '' : A variation on Sauron 's theme , played over Descending Thirds accompaniment , was reused for Sauron 's appearance to Gandalf and again in `` the Guardians of the Three '' from the Battle of the Five Armies . Minas Morgul : In both versions of the `` High Fells '' piece , a short musical figure from `` A Coronal of Gold and Silver '' appears , standing for the abode of the Ringwraiths . Theme for Nature `` The Eagles '' : Both of Shore 's compositions for the Eagle rescue ( the album and the finished film ) are informed by `` The Eagles '' in Return of the King . The former , in particular , quotes the melody of `` the Eagles '' briefly . Themes of the Hobbit ( edit ) see the Music of the Hobbit film series : Principal Leitmotifs . In The Hobbit , Howard Shore added about 70 more new themes which are a part of the greater catalogue of themes for the Middle Earth film franchise . The themes are part of the existing thematic families for Dwarves , Hobbits , Elves , Middle Earth , Nature and the Forces of Evil and the World of Men , and are as follows : Bilbo Baggins Bilbo 's Adventure Bilbo 's theme Bilbo 's theme ( Tookish Side ) Fussy Bilbo Sneaky Bilbo Dwarves Erebor theme Arkenstone motif Thorin 's theme Dwarves in - exile The House of Durin The Quest of Erebor An Unexpected Party Ancient Enemies The Company theme The Adventure theme Moon Runes ' theme The Dwarf Lords Thrain 's theme Dain 's theme War Preparations ' theme Thorin 's fate theme Elves The Woodland Realm theme The White Gems of Lasgalen theme Thranduil 's theme Legolas ' theme Elvish Host theme Tauriel 's theme Tauriel and Kili 's theme The Valley of Imladris theme The World of Men Laketown theme The Master of Laketown 's theme Alfrid 's theme Bard 's theme Girion 's theme Bard 's family theme Bard the Leader theme Bard and the People of Laketown Middle Earth Pine Glades of the Misty Mountains ' theme Mirkwood theme Death motif Elvish Blades motif Forest River theme Smaug 's themes Dragon Breath motif Smaug 's theme Smaug 's Malice Dragon Sickness Smaug 's Fate The Hill of Sorcery themes Azog 's theme Bolg 's theme The Necromancer 's theme The Dol Guldur theme The Threat of Dol Guldur The Nine Goblintown theme Warg theme The Gundabad theme Ogres ' theme Stone Trolls ' theme Spiders of Mirkwood theme Nature The Eagles ' theme Beorn 's theme Stone Giants theme Gandalf the Grey 's theme Radagast the Brown 's theme Shadow over Greenwood theme The Order of the Istari theme Unconfirmed leitmotifs ( edit ) The themes above have been identified by musicologist Doug Adams , namely in his Liner Notes and `` The Music of the Lord of the Rings films '' book , based on the intentions of Howard Shore as presented in the Complete Recordings . However , there are other motifs in the score , in three forms : themes that do n't recur in the films or the Complete Recordings but do recur in alternate forms of the soundtracks like the Original Soundtrack or Rarities ; motifs that are distinctive variants or components of existing themes which are nevertheless not labeled as separate themes by Doug Adams ; and pieces of music ( mostly diegetic music and musical sound effects ) that were not written by Shore but are nevertheless used in conjunction with his score and reappear thematically . The validity with which these motifs are identified as themes varies . Motifs in the original soundtracks , fan - credits , Rarities and Symphony ( edit ) Some of these motifs went unused in the film ( and the Complete Recording ) , but appeared several times over the course of the original soundtrack release ( which are not covered by the book ) or the Rarities Archives as well as the Lord of the Ring Symphony or the fan - credits of the extended editions . Doug Adams identified at least one of them as a theme , the Second - Age Gondor theme . These appear below : Theme for Gondor `` Numenore theme '' : The rarities introduced an uncut early variation of the prologue , featuring an aforementioned second - age variant of the Gondor theme , that has an ending distinct from both the `` Ascension '' and `` Decline '' codas . In drafts of the music of the Lord of the Rings films , this theme was listed in the opening menu as an `` unused theme . Themes for Mordor `` The Prophecy '' : This was used for the original take on the Prologue . A snippet of it appears in the final Prologue and again in the Two Towers when Galadriel and Elrond converse . In both instances , it is related to the corrupting power of the Ring . Theme for the Shire `` Frodo 's Song '' : a flute variation on Frodo 's theme . A fragment of it is quoted over the end - credits before `` Into the West '' but there is also a longer version used under the `` In Discussion '' track on the Rarities Archive . Themes for Middle Earth `` Emyn Muil '' : This melancholy melody for chorus was dialed out of the finished film , and appears only once in the Original Soundtrack and the Complete Recordings , yet appears three times in the Rarities Archives version of the track . `` Use Well the Days '' Themes for the Fellowship `` Breath of Life '' : This song , by Sheila Chandra , is connected to Aragorn 's theme . It is also used in the trailer music for Return of the King , and - in the film version - in the Rivendell scenes during the Two Towers . The song is also informed by one of the settings of `` The Missing '' when Eowyn thinks Aragorn has died . Theme for Nature `` Shadowfax theme '' : this choral melody appears only once in the finished film ( and the Complete Recordings ) where Gandalf , astride Shadowfax , charges with the Rohirrim at the Orcs at Helm 's Deep . However , in the Original Soundtrack Release , this melody was also used when Shadowfax makes his first appearance . There are other `` themes '' of this nature but their definition is more tenuous . In the Extended Edition , there is technically a reprise of the Argonath music over the fan - credits . The choral piece for Saruman 's duel with Gandalf can be seen as a relative of the Servants of Sauron theme ( in the Lord of the Rings Symphony , Shore clarifies this connection by attaching this piece , in full , to the end of the composition `` The Black Rider '' ) , and even the choral Outburst `` Mettanna ! '' from the prologue to the Two Towers is reprised several times . There are several alternate forms of existing themes that never got past the mock - up stage , like an alternate Moria theme , an alternate , major - key version for the Ascension of Gondor , an alternate Frodo 's Song and Arwen 's Song . Variants and fragments ( edit ) Another group of motifs are ones that can be subjectively labeled as distinct variants of the themes in Adams ' menu , even though he himself does not list them as separate themes . First , there are multiple gestures that are at the basis of some of themes , like the `` there and back again '' shape that opens the Fellowship theme and conencts it to its subsidiary themes , which may be considered a leitmotif on its own right . Equally , the inverted figure , which serves as a general gesture for the forces of evil , could be considered a leitmotif , as can other figures as well . Part of the thematic development in the score also occurs throughout introduction of hybrid figures , although few of those are labeled as separate themes by Adams : there is a recurring hybrid of Smeagol 's theme and the Ring theme , which illustrates his connecting to it ; In his programs for Live concerts , Adams mentions the hybrid of all of the ring 's themes , heard at Mount Doom , as a theme for the Destruction of the Ring . This `` ' meta ' - ring theme '' is a culmination of various hybrids that occur , first between the History and Evil themes and followed by the Evil and Seduction theme ( in the prologue to Return of the King ) , but it is n't listed as a theme in Doug 's book . Other notable variations include Shore changing melodies from descending to rising , a device applied to all the Mordor motifs in Return of the King , but not one of those is labeled a separate theme in the book . He also takes the Nazgul harmonies and sets them to a choir for the Witch King 's battle with Eowyn and while that figure is non-recurring , it is a device that he also used with other themes like Thorin 's in An Unexpected Journey . There is a two - beat variation of the Mordor Skip - Beat used in `` the most frenetic situations '' which can be described as a separate chase motif . The Shire theme , because of the malleable and long - winded nature , can be described as two themes , with the B - section being used sparingly and separately from the A-phrase , often in a very different , expansive , orchestral set - up . The underlying bodhran - tapping accompaniment , while too generic to be a proper leitmotif , is a recurring figure across the various scores . While the Shire 's theme Forth Age variation is described as a new theme , the undelying accompaniment , a development of the Outline figure , is not . In fact , the outline figure also has a `` warped '' variation used for Smeagol 's antics ( when he fetches rabbits for Frodo ) which could be considered a second - age variant , as well . Smeagol and Deagol are actually associated with several `` second - age '' variations on several of the Shire themes , including a variant of the rural or playful Shire theme and a variation of the Hobbit Antics . Other themes also have such variations : The melody and accompaniments of the Rivendell theme often appear separately , so the Arpeggio accompaniment can be described as a separate motif , possibly for Elrond . The Rohan theme appears twice ( although , admittedly , within a single piece ) in a `` klaxon '' variation , as does one of the choral settings of `` The Call '' . Aragorn 's theme appears in a `` second - age '' variation attached to Isildur , mentioned by Doug as `` the fleeting shape of the Fellowship theme . '' For Anduril , Shore introduces a triumphant setting of the otherwise pensive Minas Tirith theme , accompanied by the Rivendell Arpeggios . Since he used those Arpeggios as a device for transforming a theme in The Hobbit , this too may be considered a separate theme . The woodflute tune for Eowyn and Faramir , also , can be seen as a summation of Eowyn 's various themes , and hence may be considered a theme , as well . Diegetic motifs ( not by Howard Shore ) ( edit ) Although the score is by Howard Shore , some of the diegetic music in the film is not . Most of it was composed by a New - Zealand musician collective known as Plan 9 ( Jannet Roddick , David Donaldson , Stephen Roche ) and David Longe , known collectively within the context of the Lord of the Rings ( and The Hobbit ) as `` The Elvish Impersonators . '' They composed several vocal and instrumental pieces as well musical sound effects used for the Ring and Sauron , for the Dead Marshes and for Fangorn . Other musical sound effects , added by the films ' sound design department , include war horns and bells ringing . Other film compositions were made by Enya , co-producer Fran Walsh and by the actors Viggo Mortensen and Billy Boyd . The role of these pieces within the structure of the music of the Lord of the Rings is arguable . While the were n't composed by Howard Shore , they often were accompanied by the score : The second verse of `` Edge of Night '' was accompanied by the string section and picked up by the clarinet , Gandalf 's performance of the Old Walking song was harmonized by the orchestra , the underscore to both of Enya 's compositions was orchestrated and conducted by Howard Shore . The fiddle accompaniment of the Drinking Score is even featured in the live performances . All of those pieces ( excluding `` rock and pool '' as well as what are outright effects like horn calls ) are even featured on the album . Some of it , like Aragorn 's coronation chant , even appears in the Lord of the Rings Symphony . Furthermore , many of the musical sound effects like horn - calls were made to complement the score while other pieces shared a more coincidental connection to the score , such as the stepwise melody of `` The Edge of Night '' ( evoking the Shire music ) and its open - fifth opening figure , evoking Gondor , where it is sung in the film . Others like the diegetic 5 / 4 - time drum - beats were outright inspired by the score . Within the overarching concept of Howard 's Middle Earth music ( including the music of `` the Hobbit '' films ) , the score has occasionally adopted diegetic music ( by `` the Elvish Impersonators '' ) like the Misty Mountains song , as well as leaked into diegetic music ( like `` Valley of Imladris '' ) and even into sound effects , with a war horn calling out the Erebor theme . Hence , these compositions can be viewed in much the same way that other composers will use phrases from Dies Irae as themes within their scores . These `` themes '' include the piece `` Flaming Red Hair on her feet '' which would go on to be reprised in The Hobbit , The Old Walking Song , which appears twice in the score ; Rock and Pool , which appears three times in the series ; The Edge of Night which was reprised in the trailer for The Battle of the Five Armies and is related to that film 's own end - credit song . These can be , to some extent , attributed to the thematic family of The Shire . Others such as the musically - produced sound - effects associated with the Ring or the Orcish war chants ( recorded in a crowded Rugby stadium ) can be associated with the Mordor material . Even pieces such as Aniron ( which is formally dubbed `` theme for Aragorn and Arwen '' ) or the Two Towers trailer music , Requiem for a Tower , could be seen as part of the construction of the music of Middle Earth / Instrumentation ( edit ) Howard Shore orchestrated the music himself and made use of an immense ensemble : the core of the orchestra ranging from 93 to 120 pieces , as well as a `` celtic '' band of 9 players or more , an `` eastern '' band of at least four players , multiple choirs calling for some 210 singers or more , and about 15 vocal soloists , and twenty more in the diegetic music . Woodwinds : 3 - 4 flutes ( all doubling on alto flutes and piccolos , fourth doubling on recorder and bass flute ) , 3 oboes ( 3rd and - optionally - 2nd , doubling on English horns ) , 3 - 4 clarinets in B - Flat and E-flat ( 3rd doubling on bass clarinet in B - flat and contrabass clarinet in B - flat ) , 3 bassoons ( 3rd and 2nd doubling on contrabassoon ) . Brass : 5 - 6 horns in F ( horns 1 - 5 doubling on Wagner tubas ) , 4 trumpets in B - Flat ( piston and rotary valve ) , 3 tenor trombones , 1 bass trombone , tuba ( all doubled in `` Charge of the Rohirrim '' ) timpani : 6 - 14 kettledrums ( two sets with two or three players overall ) Percussion : seven percussionists : one on bass drum , one on snare drums , one on 3 - 4 taiko drums ( large , medium and small ) , one on 2 - 5 tamtams ( medium and large ) ; three additional percussionists : one on second set of taiko drums ( Helm 's Deep only ) and second bass drum ; one on distressed piano and chains and one on 1 - 2 anvils , both only for the orc theme . The percussionists double on various instruments , both pitched and unpitched : Non-Pitched : 5 tibetan nipple gongs ( 6 `` , 8 '' , 10 `` , 12 '' , 14 `` ) , cymbals ( 1 - 2 suspended ; crash , 2 clash , crotales and china ) , gong drum , rattle . Pitched : tubular bells , mark tree , bell tree , triangle , glockenspiel , chime bars , tenor drums , 2 log drums , 2 metal bell plates ( 14 `` , 1 ' thick ) , bass marimba , 2 bodhráin . Keyboards : piano , celesta . Voices : up to 55 - piece boy choir ; up to 85 - piece SATB mixed choir , augmented with additional alto , soprano and oktavist bass voices for select passages ; up to 60 - piece male TTBB ( originally all - Maori ) choir , augmented with ten `` grunting '' voices , treble solo ( girl ) , boy soprano soloist , contralato soloist , alto soloists , lyrical soprano soloists , mezzo - soprano soloists , soprano soloist , coloratura soprano soloist , baritone soloist . Strings : 2 harps , 17 first violins ( the concertmaster doubling on fiddle , hardanger and double fiddle ) , 14 - 16 second violins , 12 violas , 10 violoncellos , 8 double basses with low - C string . `` Hobbit Band '' : Fiddle ( optional ) , 1 tin whistle ( doubling on low whistle and on fifth flute and piccolo ) , musette , hammered dulcimer ( doubling on cimbalom ) , 1 - 2 classical guitars ( six and twelve strings ; one doubling on acoustic guitar ) , mandolin , Celtic harp , wood flute ( optional ) , drones . Eastern Band : sarangi ( doubling on dilruba ) , 50 - string monochord ( with adaptable bridges ) , 2 nay flutes ( one doubling on an offstage rhaita ) , a pan flute . In a live performance , a lot of the expanded instrumentation such as sections of double brass or added woodwinds - are removed , and some of the parts can be doubled by a single player , and the various soloist parts are often performed by one soprano . Nevertheless , such performances always require a mimimum of 230 players , and have been knows to exceed 400 - pieces , with expanded choral forces and sometimes with augmented orchestral forces . Additionally , Shore 's composition for The Hobbit also calls for added pieces in the orchestra and existing bands , as well as a 16 - piece Gamelan orchestra , several baroque instruments , and some added instruments ( within and outside of the orchestral palette ) to be played by the existing ensemble as well as additional soloists . Trailer music , written by Shore or otherwise , featured additional parts ( such as added cellos and horns ) or was layered and remixed to create such an effect . Also , the diegetic music and musical sound design in the film features additional instruments such as banjolele , harmonium , hurdy - gurdy , goblet drum , castanets , Jew 's harp , rommelpot , zither , cowhorn , dungchen , bells , and possibly congas , bongos , hasapi and a home - made Đàn - bầu . The orchestra , choir , soloists and instruments were recorded at a variety of venues : Watford Town Hall , Abbey Road Studios , Air Lyndhurst , Henry Wood Studio and the Wellington Town Hall . Several of the soloists were recorded in private studios . The symphony version was recorded in KKL Lucerne , and `` A Composer 's Journey '' was recorded in the Montreal Symphony House . Effort was put into creating a unified sound between the various orchestras and venues . Shore was adamant on creating a unique sound for this series , and created a unique way of handling the orchestra , dividing it by the range of the instruments . The choir , soloists and specialist instruments were often ( but not always ) recorded apart from the orchestra , with many of the choral sessions being conducted by their respective choirmaster , under Shore 's supervision . Shore was insistent on not using any electronic sounds in the recording of the score , although he did use mock - ups in the preparation of the score . Use of Tolkien languages ( edit ) The film score for The Lord of the Rings incorporates extensive vocal music blended with the orchestral arrangements . The great majority of the lyrics used in the libretto are in the invented languages of Middle - earth , representing the various cultures and races in Tolkien 's writings . These languages include Quenya and Sindarin associated with Elves , Adûnaic and Rohirric for Men , and Khuzdul of the Dwarves. Old English was used as an analog for Rohirric and English was used as an analog for the Common Tongue . Some of these languages had been developed extensively by Tolkien , while others were extrapolated by linguist David Salo based on the limited examples of vocabulary and linguistic style available . The libretto was derived from several sources , including songs and poems written by Tolkien , phrases from the screenplay ( often sung against the corresponding dialogue or recitation ) as well as original and adapted material from Shore and from screenwriters Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and others , all translated by Salo while stressing good choral sounds . The vocal music serves primarily to give texture and cultural aesthetic to the score ; there is never any translation of the lyrics in the on - screen presentation , and in some cases only fragments of the source texts are used for their sound more so than their meaning , although overall the use of the choral text remains mostly coherent . Songs ( edit ) The score includes a series of songs , diegetic and non-diegetic . Some of the songs and the associated underscore were released as single CD releases and music videos featuring footage from the film and the production , prior to the release of the entire soundtracks . Some of the diegetic songs were not composed by Howard Shore , but he orchestrated and conducted the orchestral accompaniment and even reprised some of them in his symphony . `` Aníron '' ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) performed and composed by Enya , orchestrated and conducted by Shore . Released as a Single for Enya , the London Philharmonic and London Voices . An alternate take appears on Enya 's album . `` Arwen 's Song '' ( The Return of the King ) performed by Liv Tyler . `` Asea Aranion '' : Performed by Sissel Kyrkjebø . Diegetic Songs `` To the Bottle I Go '' ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) performed by Billy Boyd , Dominic Monaghan , Elijah Wood , and other Hobbit cast members . Composed by Fran Walsh . `` The Road Goes Ever On '' : sung by Sir Ian Mckellen and later by Sir Ian Holm . The first appearance is underscored by Shore 's whistle music . Composed by the Elvish Impersonators . `` Lament for Gandalf '' : sung in Lothlorien by Elizabeth Fraser and a women choir . It was composed by Howard Shore and forms part of the score , but is heard by the characters . Elvish Lament : Composed by `` The Elvish Impersonators '' : Plan 9 and David Longe . It is the only vocal duet in the score . `` The Song of Beren and Lúthien '' ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) composed and performed by Viggo Mortensen . `` The Funeral of Théodred '' ( The Two Towers ) composed by Plan 9 and performed by Miranda Otto . `` Fishing Song '' : Sung by Gollum in several spots ( as well as in An Unexpected Journey ) `` The Green Dragon '' ( The Return of the King ) performed by Billy Boyd and Dominic Monaghan . Composed by Plan 9 . Accompanied ( in Shore 's underscore ) with Dermot Crehan on fiddle . `` The Edge of Night '' ( The Return of the King ) composed and performed by Billy Boyd . `` The Return of The King '' ( The Return of The King ) performed by Viggo Mortensen . End - credits songs `` May It Be '' ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) performed and composed by Enya , underscore orchestrated and conducted by Shore : nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 2001 and performed at the ceremony . Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film . `` In Dreams '' ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) performed by Edward Ross . `` Gollum 's Song '' ( The Two Towers ) performed by Emilíana Torrini is musically related to Gollum 's Pity Theme . The lyrics are by Fran Walsh . Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film . The song was to have been performed by Björk , whose name actually appeared in the closing credits of the film as shown in theaters ; Björk had to decline because of her pregnancy , however , and Torrini was credited in the DVD . This track is also titled `` Long Ways to Go Yet , '' in The Complete Recordings . This version of the track includes additional instrumental music at the end , making it a medley of themes to cap off the album . Artist Geoff Keezer has released a jazz piano version of the song . Unrelated to the song of the same name in the book . `` Into the West '' ( The Return of the King ) performed by Annie Lennox : won the Academy Award for Best Song in 2004 . Alternate acoustic takes were released to the public . Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film . `` Use Well the Days '' ( The Return of the King , Deluxe Soundtrack ) performed by Annie Lennox . Diegetic music ( edit ) Besides the source songs , the films also feature instrumental diegetic music , mostly by The Elvish Impersonators : Including `` Flaming Red Hair on her feet '' , an alternate ( and unreleased ) `` Flowers for Rosie '' and a piece for the Bywater Marketplace . The film also includes source drumming ( set to Shore 's concept of a 5 / 4 - time beat for the Orcs ) , chanting and horn calls , which were all made to conform to the score . The underscore goes on to accompany most of those diegetic pieces : Mortensen 's chant at the coronation is backed by soft choir and strings . `` The Edge of Night '' features string accompaniment and ends with the clarinet and than the string repeating the melody , so the contributions grow out of the score . Deleted tracks ( edit ) Because a lot of the music was being recorded as the film was being edited and because the recordings were subjected to the direction of Peter Jackson , the process took several weeks for each film and produced a variety of alternate takes and changing compositions . Therefore , several pieces of music written by Howard Shore never made it into the final cut of the film trilogy or any officially released soundtracks . Among these are various alternate takes and small extensions that were micro-edited out of the film and soundtrack releases , but some have been unearthed by fans . Some additional music , including the most prominent alternate takes , was released in the Rarities Archive or played over the fan - credits of the Extended films . For instance , a special musical arrangement written for the trailer for The Return of the King , which primarily consisted of principal leitmotifs along with movie trailer - like music . Additionally , there was a song entitled `` Use Well the Days '' sung by Annie Lennox , which can be found on a supplementary DVD included with The Return of the King soundtrack in some packages released in 2003 . If all the new material is complied together , it would amount to about 14 hours of music . Soloists ( edit ) For the three films Shore worked with many vocal and instrumental soloists . Vocal Alto : Hilary Summers ( contralato ) Annie Lennox ( light alto ) Boy Soprano : Benedict `` Ben '' Del Maestro Edward Ross Blake Heslop - Charman Mezzo - Soprano Sheila Chandra Janet Roddick Enya Soprano Elizabeth Fraser Emilíana Torrini Sissel Kyrkjebø Isabel Bayrakdarian ( lyrical soprano ) Miriam Stockley ( lyrical ) Aivale Cole ( née Mabel Faletolu ; lyrical ) Renée Fleming ( coloratura soprano ) Cast Performers Billy Boyd ( Pippin ) - Tenor . Viggo Mortensen ( Aragorn ) - baritone . Miranda Otto ( Éowyn ) - mezzo - soprano . Sir Ian Holm ( Bilbo Baggins ) - baritone . Sir Ian McKellen ( Gandalf ) - baritone . Liv Tyler ( Arwen ) - soprano . Dominic Monaghan ( Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck ) - tenor . Elijah Wood ( Frodo ) - tenor . Andy Serkis ( Smeagol ) - baritone . Sir Peter Jackson provided a tamtam hit when Aragorn enters Edoras . Other actors like John Rhys Davies ( as Fangorn ) , Alan Howard ( voice of the ring ) , Bernard Hill ( Theoden ) and Orlando Bloom ( Legolas ) recited verses or provided narration , without a melody . Instrumental The `` Elvish Impersonators '' : Jannet Roddick , David Donaldson , Stephen Roche ( `` Plan 9 '' ) and David Long : Fiddle , Hurdy - Gurdy , Rommelpot , Jaw Harp , Harmonium , Whistle , Bodhran , Goblet Drum , Castanets , Tambourines , drones , Zither ; possibly Dan Bau , Hasapi , Conga and Bongos . Dermot Crehan -- Fiddle , Sarangi , Hardanger fiddle , Double Fiddle . Sir James Galway -- flute , tin whistle , low whistle . Ulrich Herkenhoff -- pan flute Edward Cervenka -- Hammered Dulcimer , cimbalom . Mike Taylor : Tin Whistle , Low Whistle , Fiddle , Jan Hendrickse : Rhaita , Nay Flute . Sylvia Hallett : Sarangi , Dilruba . Edward Hession : Musette . Tracey Goldsmith : Musette . Jean Kelly : Celtic Harp . Greg Knowles : Dulcimer , Cimbalom . John Parricelli : Six - String Guitar , Twelve - String Guitar . Gillian Tingay : Celtic Harp . Sonia Slany : Monochord . Robert White : Drones / Bodhrán , Alan Doherty : Nay Flute , Tin Whistle . Alan Kelly : Bodhrán Original soundtracks ( edit ) Recordings of the score were originally issued on single - disc albums , that closely followed the theatrical release dates of the films or presented earlier versions recorded during the film 's editing . The music on the disc was arranged as a concert - piece while also keeping reasonably with the plot progression of the film . Many of the tracks are edited to create Concert Suites of some of the themes such as the Ringwraith theme ( in `` Black Rider '' ) , the Durin theme ( In `` Journey in the Dark '' ) , the Rohan theme ( in `` Riders of Rohan '' ) and the Gondor theme ( in `` The White Tree '' ) . Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` The Prophecy '' ( 3 : 55 ) Foundations of Stone '' ( 3 : 51 ) `` A Storm Is Coming '' ( 2 : 52 ) `` Concerning Hobbits '' ( 2 : 55 ) `` The Taming of Sméagol '' ( 2 : 48 ) `` Hope and Memory '' ( 1 : 45 ) `` The Shadow of the Past '' ( 3 : 32 ) `` The Riders of Rohan '' ( 4 : 05 ) `` Minas Tirith '' ( 3 : 37 ) `` The Treason of Isengard '' ( 4 : 00 ) `` The Passage of the Marshes '' ( 2 : 46 ) `` The White Tree '' ( 3 : 25 ) `` The Black Rider '' ( 2 : 48 ) `` The Uruk - hai '' ( 2 : 58 ) `` The Steward of Gondor '' ( 3 : 53 ) `` At the Sign of the Prancing Pony '' ( 3 : 14 ) `` The King of the Golden Hall '' ( 3 : 49 ) `` Minas Morgul '' ( 1 : 58 ) `` A Knife in the Dark '' ( 3 : 34 ) `` The Black Gate Is Closed '' ( 3 : 17 ) `` The Ride of the Rohirrim '' ( 2 : 08 ) Flight to the Ford '' ( 4 : 14 ) `` Evenstar '' ( 3 : 15 ) `` Twilight and Shadow '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Many Meetings '' ( 3 : 05 ) `` The White Rider '' ( 2 : 28 ) `` Cirith Ungol '' ( 1 : 44 ) `` The Council of Elrond '' ( 3 : 49 ) `` Treebeard '' ( 2 : 43 ) `` Andúril '' ( 2 : 35 ) `` The Ring Goes South '' ( 2 : 03 ) `` The Leave Taking '' ( 3 : 41 ) `` Shelob 's Lair '' ( 4 : 07 ) `` A Journey in the Dark '' ( 4 : 20 ) `` Helm 's Deep '' ( 3 : 53 ) `` Ash and Smoke '' ( 3 : 25 ) `` The Bridge of Khazad - dûm '' ( 5 : 57 ) `` The Forbidden Pool '' ( 5 : 27 ) `` The Fields of the Pelennor '' ( 3 : 26 ) `` Lothlórien '' ( 4 : 33 ) `` Breath of Life '' ( 5 : 07 ) `` Hope Fails '' ( 2 : 20 ) `` The Great River '' ( 2 : 42 ) `` The Hornburg '' ( 4 : 34 ) `` The Black Gate Opens '' ( 4 : 01 ) `` Amon Hen '' ( 5 : 02 ) `` Forth Eorlingas '' ( 3 : 15 ) `` The End of All Things '' ( 5 : 12 ) `` The Breaking of the Fellowship '' ( 7 : 20 ) `` Isengard Unleashed '' ( 5 : 01 ) `` The Return of the King '' ( 10 : 14 ) `` May It Be '' ( by Enya ; 4 : 19 ) `` Samwise the Brave '' ( 3 : 46 ) `` The Grey Havens '' ( 5 : 59 ) `` Gollum 's Song '' ( 5 : 51 ) `` Into the West '' ( 5 : 57 ) Bonus Track : `` Farewell to Lórien '' ( 4 : 37 ) Bonus Track : `` Use Well the Days '' ( 3 : 10 ) Total length : 71 : 26 Total length : 77 : 38 Total length : 75 : 15 Total length : 224 : 19 Contains material not included in the Complete Recordings . Concertized piece Edited - down in the Deluxe Edition to accommodate for the Bonus track . All soundtrack albums of the trilogy have been released through Reprise Records , Enya 's label at that time of the first soundtrack 's release . While the cover art for The Fellowship of the Ring uses an original compilation of film characters , the covers for The Two Towers and The Return of the King reflect the respective film posters . Limited Deluxe versions of the Original Soundtracks were also released , with bonus tracks covering Farwell to Lorien ( from the Extended Edition ) and the song Use Well the Days , as well as a documentary ( made by Shore 's wife , Elizabeth Conotoir , following Shore 's creation of the music and his work with the soloists and director . List of original soundtracks , with selected chart positions and certifications Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications US US Soundtracks AUS AUT FIN GER NLD NZL SWI UK The Fellowship of the Ring Released : 20 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 20 ) Label : Reprise Formats : CD , digital download 29 8 7 21 8 10 RIAA : Platinum BEA : Gold BPI : Gold IFPI FIN : Gold IFPI SWI : Gold MC : Gold The Two Towers Released : 10 December 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 10 ) Label : Reprise Formats : CD , digital download 43 31 11 8 20 -- 14 28 RIAA : Gold BPI : Gold MC : Gold The Return of the King Released : 25 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 25 ) Label : Reprise Formats : CD , digital download 36 33 5 5 10 19 9 8 34 RIAA : Gold BPI : Gold `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . The Complete Recordings ( edit ) Starting in 2005 , a year after the extended release of The Return of the King , Reprise Records began to release one multi-disc set for each part of the trilogy . These annually published collections , titled The Complete Recordings , contain the entire score for the extended versions of the films on CD , along with an additional DVD - Audio disc that offers 2.0 stereo and 5.1 surround mixes of the soundtrack . Each album also comes with extensive liner notes by music journalist Doug Adams which reviews all of the tracks and provides information about the process of composing and recording the score , as well as a detailed list of all musical instruments , people and organizations involved . These Annotated Scores have been made freely available by New Line on the promotional website for the soundtracks ( see below ) . The cover artwork uses common elements for the three albums like the film series ' logo and an inscription in Tolkien 's tengwar letters . The background of each album cover differs though in that it shows an aspect from the map of Middle - earth drawn by Christopher Tolkien that fits the title of the release and the location of the plot : The Fellowship of the Ring depicts the Shire , Rhudaur and Eregion in dark red , the cover for The Two Towers shows Rohan and Fangorn in dark blue while The Return of the King shows a map of Gondor in dark green . The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring : The Complete Recordings Soundtrack album by Howard Shore Released 13 December 2005 Length 180 : 35 Label Reprise The Complete Recordings for The Fellowship of the Ring span just over three hours of music on three CDs . The set was released on 13 December 2005 . Track listing Disc one No . Title Length 1 . `` Prologue : One Ring to Rule Them All '' 7 : 16 2 . `` The Shire '' 2 : 29 3 . `` Bag End '' ( feat . `` The Road Goes Ever On '' , performed by Ian McKellen ) 4 : 35 4 . `` Very Old Friends '' 3 : 12 5 . `` Flaming Red Hair '' 2 : 39 6 . `` Farewell Dear Bilbo '' 1 : 45 7 . `` Keep It Secret , Keep It Safe '' ( feat . `` The Road Goes Ever On '' , performed by Ian Holm ; feat . Billy Boyd and Dominic Monaghan ) 8 : 54 8 . `` A Conspiracy Unmasked '' 6 : 09 9 . `` Three Is Company '' 1 : 58 10 . `` The Passing of the Elves '' 2 : 39 11 . `` Saruman the White '' 4 : 09 12 . `` A Shortcut to Mushrooms '' 4 : 07 13 . `` Strider '' 2 : 34 14 . `` The Nazgûl '' ( feat . `` The Song of Beren and Lúthien '' , performed by Viggo Mortensen ) 6 : 04 Total length : 58 : 30 Disc two No . Title Length 1 . `` Weathertop '' 2 : 14 2 . `` The Caverns of Isengard '' 4 : 54 3 . `` Give Up the Halfling '' 4 : 49 4 . `` Orthanc '' 1 : 06 5 . `` Rivendell '' 3 : 26 6 . `` The Sword That Was Broken '' 3 : 34 7 . `` The Council of Elrond Assembles '' ( feat . `` Aníron ( Theme for Aragorn and Arwen ) '' , composed & performed by Enya ) 4 : 01 8 . `` The Great Eye '' 5 : 30 9 . `` Gilraen 's Memorial '' 5 : 01 10 . `` The Pass of Caradhras '' 5 : 04 11 . `` The Doors of Durin '' 6 : 03 12 . `` Moria '' 2 : 27 13 . `` Gollum '' 2 : 26 14 . `` Balin 's Tomb '' 8 : 30 Total length : 59 : 05 Disc three No . Title Length 1 . `` Khazad - dûm '' 8 : 00 2 . `` Caras Galadhon '' ( feat . `` Lament for Gandalf '' , performed by Elizabeth Fraser ) 9 : 20 3 . `` The Mirror of Galadriel '' 6 : 21 4 . `` The Fighting Uruk - hai '' 11 : 32 5 . `` Parth Galen '' 9 : 13 6 . `` The Departure of Boromir '' 5 : 29 7 . `` The Road Goes Ever On ... ( Part 1 ) '' 5 : 58 8 . `` May It Be '' ( composed & performed by Enya ) 3 : 26 9 . `` The Road Goes Ever On ... ( Part 2 ) '' ( feat . `` In Dreams '' , performed by Edward Ross ) 3 : 41 Total length : 63 : 01 The Two Towers ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers : The Complete Recordings Soundtrack album by Howard Shore Released 7 November 2006 Length 188 : 13 Label Reprise The Complete Recordings for The Two Towers span over three hours of music on three CDs . The set was released on 7 November 2006 . Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic ScoreNotes Track listing Disc one No . Title Length 1 . `` Glamdring '' 3 : 50 2 . `` Elven Rope '' 2 : 19 3 . `` Lost in Emyn Muil '' 4 : 15 4 . `` My Precious '' 2 : 56 5 . `` Uglúk 's Warriors '' 1 : 41 6 . `` The Three Hunters '' 6 : 12 7 . `` The Banishment of Éomer '' 3 : 55 8 . `` Night Camp '' 2 : 50 9 . `` The Plains of Rohan '' 4 : 15 10 . `` Fangorn '' 5 : 13 11 . `` The Dead Marshes '' 5 : 08 12 . `` '' Wraiths on Wings `` '' 2 : 08 13 . `` Gandalf the White '' 6 : 48 14 . `` The Dreams of Trees '' 1 : 55 15 . `` The Heir of Númenor '' 6 : 51 16 . `` Ent - Draught '' 2 : 54 Total length : 63 : 10 Disc two No . Title Length 1 . `` Edoras '' 4 : 34 2 . `` The Court of Meduseld '' 3 : 11 3 . `` Théoden King '' ( feat . `` The Funeral of Théodred '' , performed by Miranda Otto ) 6 : 12 4 . `` The King 's Decision '' 2 : 08 5 . `` Exodus from Edoras '' 5 : 43 6 . `` The Forests of Ithilien '' 6 : 38 7 . `` One of the Dúnedain '' ( feat . `` Evenstar '' , performed by Isabel Bayrakdarian ) 7 : 13 8 . `` The Wolves of Isengard '' 4 : 22 9 . `` Refuge at Helm 's Deep '' 4 : 00 10 . `` The Voice of Saruman '' 1 : 12 11 . `` Arwen 's Fate '' ( feat . `` The Grace of the Valar '' , performed by Sheila Chandra ) 3 : 59 12 . `` The Story Foretold '' 3 : 39 13 . `` Sons of the Steward '' 6 : 03 14 . `` Rock and Pool '' 2 : 55 15 . `` Faramir 's Good Council '' 2 : 21 Total length : 63 : 59 Disc three No . Title Length 1 . `` Aragorn 's Return '' 2 : 12 2 . `` War Is Upon Us '' 3 : 36 3 . `` '' Where Is the Horse and the Rider ? `` '' 6 : 16 4 . `` The Host of the Eldar '' 2 : 51 5 . `` The Battle of the Hornburg '' 2 : 53 6 . `` The Breach of the Deeping Wall '' 3 : 03 7 . `` The Entmoot Decides '' 2 : 06 8 . `` Retreat '' ( feat . `` Haldir 's Lament '' , performed by Elizabeth Fraser ) 4 : 41 9 . `` Master Peregrin 's Plan '' 2 : 32 10 . `` The Last March of the Ents '' ( feat . Ben Del Maestro ) 2 : 31 11 . `` The Nazgûl Attack '' 2 : 45 12 . `` Théoden Rides Forth '' ( feat . Ben Del Maestro ) 5 : 48 13 . `` The Tales That Really Matter '' 12 : 01 14 . `` '' Long Ways to Go Yet `` '' ( feat . `` Gollum 's Song '' , performed by Emilíana Torrini ) 8 : 06 Total length : 61 : 12 The Return of the King ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King : The Complete Recordings Soundtrack album by Howard Shore Released 20 November 2007 Length 229 : 17 Label Reprise The Complete Recordings for The Return of the King span almost three hours and fifty minutes on four CDs . The accompanying DVD - audio disc is double - sided to accommodate all of the material . The set was released on 20 November 2007 and is currently the only of the three to be available for digital download . Track listing Disc one No . Title Length 1 . `` Roots and Beginnings '' 6 : 31 2 . `` Journey to the Crossroads '' 2 : 17 3 . `` The Road to Isengard '' 2 : 18 4 . `` The Foot of Orthanc '' 4 : 45 5 . `` Return to Edoras '' 1 : 51 6 . `` The Chalice Passed '' 1 : 51 7 . `` The Green Dragon '' ( feat . Billy Boyd and Dominic Monaghan ) 0 : 35 8 . `` Gollum 's Villainy '' 2 : 10 9 . `` Éowyn 's Dream '' 1 : 24 10 . `` The Palantír '' 3 : 10 11 . `` Flight from Edoras '' 2 : 19 12 . `` The Grace of Undómiel '' ( feat . Renée Fleming ) 6 : 21 13 . `` The Eyes of the White Tower '' 4 : 33 14 . `` A Coronal of Silver and Gold '' 8 : 27 15 . `` The Lighting of the Beacons '' 9 : 03 Total length : 57 : 32 Disc two No . Title Length 1 . `` Osgiliath Invaded '' ( feat . Ben Del Maestro ) 8 : 48 2 . `` The Stairs of Cirith Ungol '' 2 : 41 3 . `` Allegiance to Denethor '' 3 : 20 4 . `` The Sacrifice of Faramir '' ( feat . `` The Edge of Night '' , performed by Billy Boyd ) 4 : 09 5 . `` The Parting of Sam and Frodo '' 4 : 04 6 . `` Marshalling at Dunharrow '' 4 : 57 7 . `` Andúril - Flame of the West '' 3 : 28 8 . `` The Passing of the Grey Company '' 4 : 12 9 . `` Dwimorberg - The Haunted Mountain '' 2 : 26 10 . `` Master Meriadoc , Swordthain '' 1 : 40 11 . `` The Paths of the Dead '' 6 : 22 12 . `` The Siege of Gondor '' 9 : 01 13 . `` Shelob 's Lair '' 8 : 53 14 . `` Merry 's Simple Courage '' 2 : 09 Total length : 66 : 03 Disc three No . Title Length 1 . `` Grond - The Hammer of the Underworld '' 1 : 33 2 . `` Shelob the Great '' 5 : 13 3 . `` The Tomb of the Stewards '' 3 : 58 4 . `` The Battle of the Pelennor Fields '' 4 : 10 5 . `` The Pyre of Denethor '' 2 : 59 6 . `` The Mûmakil '' 0 : 57 7 . `` Dernhelm in Battle '' 2 : 06 8 . `` A Far Green Country '' 1 : 28 9 . `` Shieldmaiden of Rohan '' 5 : 07 10 . `` The Passing of Théoden '' 2 : 16 11 . `` The Houses of Healing '' ( feat . Liv Tyler ) 2 : 58 12 . `` The Tower of Cirith Ungol '' 4 : 41 13 . `` The Last Debate '' ( feat . `` Asëa Aranion '' , performed by Sissel ) 4 : 21 14 . `` The Land of Shadow '' 6 : 29 15 . `` The Mouth of Sauron '' ( feat . Sir James Galway ) 8 : 16 16 . `` '' For Frodo `` '' ( feat . Ben Del Maestro ) 3 : 17 Total length : 59 : 44 Disc four No . Title Length 1 . `` Mount Doom '' ( feat . Renée Fleming ) 4 : 09 2 . `` The Crack of Doom '' 4 : 02 3 . `` The Eagles '' ( feat . Renée Fleming ) 2 : 24 4 . `` The Fellowship Reunited '' ( feat . Sir James Galway , Viggo Mortensen , and Renée Fleming ) 12 : 18 5 . `` The Journey to the Grey Havens '' ( feat . Sir James Galway ) 7 : 35 6 . `` Elanor '' ( feat . Sir James Galway ) 1 : 28 7 . `` Days of the Ring '' ( feat . `` Into the West '' , performed by Annie Lennox ) 11 : 10 8 . `` Bilbo 's Song '' 2 : 58 Total length : 45 : 58 Theme presentations and concert suites ( edit ) Howard Shore crafted a series of concert suites that develop a single theme , either by means of editing down material written for alternate forms of the film ( which was scored during editing ) , thematic presentations ( in mock - up and orchestral renditions ) made for Peter Jackson , and several theme presentations written largely for the end - credits or during the Lord of the Rings Symphony . The Fellowship of the Ring `` Seduction of the Ring '' : The Symphony features a concert presentation of the Seduction theme with the associated lyrics and a monochord accompaniment . `` Concerning Hobbits '' : This famous piece from the original soundtrack is edited from material written for an alternate edit of the introduction of the Shire . It was reworked into The Lord of the Rings Symphony . Aníron : This song exists in a longer , album version , which appears on `` The Very Best of Enya . '' `` A Journey in the Dark '' : The credits present an edited down `` concert score '' version of the music written for the Moria scenes . `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' : On the original Soundtrack release , the statement of the Fellowship theme ( which precedes `` In Dreams '' in the credits ) segues directly into the final crescendo of the theme , rather than returning to a tracked statement from `` The Great Eye '' as it does in the credits , thereby creating a fleshed out , concert - form theme presentation for the Fellowship theme . The Two Towers `` Rohan '' : The original soundtrack presents a version of Eowyn and Theoden 's theme played on violas before transitioning into an alternate of the final statement of the Rohan theme that closes the theatrical credits . `` Evenstar '' : Featured in the credits . It does not include the solo voice . `` Gandalf the White '' : featured only in the credits . The Return of the King `` The End of All Things '' : an edited alternate of the music of the finale at Mount Doom , with a concert - finale missing the big crescendos of the complete recording 's version of the piece . `` Days of the Ring '' : The theatrical credits end with a tribute to Richard Wagner 's music of the Ring Cycle ( particularly the last of the cycle , Götterdämmerung ) , which was in inspiration of Shore in terms of the structure of the work . The section is n't an outright quote of any specific passage of Wagner 's Opera , but more of an allusion to his sound and several of his melodic ideas . The Original Soundtrack release has a concert - setting of this finale , which is missing the big crescendo of the film version . `` The Journey Back '' : featured over the credits before `` Into the West '' begins . `` Frodo 's Song '' : A flute rendition of the theme which is played under the `` In Discussion '' rarities track . Only a snippet of it appears in the finished credits . Shore also created a suite of Fellowship of the Ring , played in his `` Film Music of Howard Shore '' concerts , and a suite for chamber orchestra and flute created for Sir James Galway . The Live to Projection concerts also feature variations of some of those suites as entr'acte music . The music of the Lord of the Rings films ( edit ) The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 7390 - 7157 - 1 ) is a book which was written by Doug Adams and released on 5 October 2010 . The book contains a detailed look at the themes and leitmotifs in the films ' music . It also contains snippets of sheet music and illustrations . The book was released with a companion CD , The Rarities Archives . The CD has 21 tracks of previously unreleased music created for the films , as well as an audio interview with Howard Shore . The Rarities Archives ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings : The Rarities Archives Soundtrack album by Howard Shore Released European Union on 28 September and in the U.S. and worldwide on 5 October 2010 Length 1 : 19 : 25 Label Howe Records Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Prologue : One Ring to Rule Them All ( Alternate ) '' 5 : 56 2 . `` The Shire / The Hobbits ( Mock - up ) '' 2 : 00 3 . `` Out From Bree ( Theatrical Version & Alternate ) '' 4 : 04 4 . `` Flight to the Ford ( Alternate ) '' 4 : 04 5 . `` Moria ( Mock - up ) '' 1 : 44 6 . `` The Fighting Uruk - hai ( Alternate ) '' 1 : 47 7 . `` The Argonath ( Alternate ) '' 2 : 18 8 . `` Gwenwin in în ( '' Arwen 's Song '' Alternate / Mock - up ) '' 2 : 02 9 . `` Arwen 's Song ( Complete ) '' 2 : 11 10 . `` Emyn Muil ( Alternate ) '' 3 : 23 11 . `` The Rohan Fanfare ( Mock - up ) '' 3 : 09 12 . `` The Eaves of Fangorn ( Alternate ) '' 5 : 25 13 . `` The Ent Theme ( Mock - up ) '' 2 : 00 14 . `` The Return of the King Trailer '' 2 : 34 15 . `` The Gondor Theme ( Mock - up ) '' 2 : 18 16 . `` The Muster of Rohan ( Alternate ) '' 6 : 43 17 . `` The Siege of Gondor ( Alternate ) '' 3 : 13 18 . `` Shieldmaiden of Rohan ( Theatrical Version ) '' 2 : 00 19 . `` Sammath Naur ( Alternate ) '' 8 : 51 20 . `` Frodo 's Song ( '' Into the West '' Alternate / Mock - up ) '' 2 : 23 21 . `` Elanor ( Alternate ) '' 1 : 30 22 . `` In Conversation ( Audio Interview Part 1 ) '' 5 : 05 23 . `` In Conversation ( Audio Interview Part 2 ) '' 4 : 27 Awards ( edit ) The scores and soundtrack albums of the film trilogy have won several awards : The Fellowship of the Ring Preceded by Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon Academy Award for Best Original Score 2001 Succeeded by Frida Preceded by Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album 2001 Succeeded by The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Preceded by Amélie World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Soundtrack 2002 Succeeded by Frida The Two Towers Preceded by The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album 2002 Succeeded by The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King The Return of the King Preceded by Frida Academy Award for Best Original Score 2003 Succeeded by Finding Neverland Preceded by `` Lose Yourself '' by Eminem from 8 Mile Academy Award for Best Original Song 2003 with `` Into the West '' by Annie Lennox Succeeded by `` Al Otro Lado del Río '' from The Motorcycle Diaries Preceded by Frida Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score 2003 Succeeded by The Aviator Preceded by The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album 2003 Succeeded by Ray Symphony ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings Symphony Soundtrack album by Howard Shore Released 13 September 2011 Recorded Lucerne , Switzerland Length 1 : 55 : 15 Label Howe Records Following the theatrical release of each of the films , Howard Shore reworked the music from the films and original soundtrack releases into movements for the concert hall , eventually creating the complete The Lord of the Rings Symphony , a more structured six - movement work for orchestra , choir and soloist . This suite has been performed in various concert halls around the world , accompanied by a light and visual art show by Alan Lee and John Howe . A DVD titled Howard Shore : Creating the Lord of the Rings Symphony -- a composer 's journey through Middle Earth has been released . The 50 - minute - long DVD features extensive excerpts of the concert given by Shore and the Montreal Orchestra , Grand Choir and Children choir at the `` Montreal en Lumiere '' Festival , interspersed with spoken commentary by Shore , who recounts his approach in composing the music for the three films and then reworking it into the LOTR symphony . On 13 September 2011 , Shore released `` The Lord of the Rings Symphony '' on CD and MP3 format . The double - album was recorded in Lucerne , Switzerland and performed by the 21st Century Symphony Orchestra & Chorus ( including treble Loris Sikora , Boy Soprano Manuelle Polli , Mezzo - Soprano Kaitlyn Lusk and Bass - Bartione Marc - Olivier Oetterli ) under the direction of Ludwig Wicki . Track listing ( edit ) `` Movement 1 '' - 11 : 25 The Prophecy Concerning Hobbits The Black Rider and Treason of Isengard `` Movement 2 '' - 34 : 04 Rivendell The Ring Goes South A Journey in the Dark The Bridge of Khazad Dum Lothlorien The Great River Amon Hen The Breaking of the Fellowship `` Movement 3 '' - 18 : 15 Foundations of Stone / Glamdring Gollum Rohan The Black Gate Is Closed Evenstar The White Rider Treebeard The Forbidden Pool `` Movement 4 '' - 10 : 28 The Hornburg Forth Eorlingas The Last March of the Ents . Gollum 's Song `` Movement 5 '' - 15 : 26 Flight from Edoras . Minas Tirith The Lighting of the Beacons . The Steward of Gondor Cirith Ungol Anduril `` Movement 6 '' - 26 : 13 The Fields of the Pelennor The Paths of the Dead . The End of All Things The Return of the King The Grey Havens Into the West . Live to Projection ( edit ) Live to Projection is a series where The Lord of the Rings theatrical films ( which only had dialogue and sound effects ) are projected while the music is performed live in sync with the films . It is conducted by Ludwig Wicki and Erik Eino Ochsner and was performed around the world , including Switzerland , Australia and the United States . The concerts , which consist of multiple movements , restore unused or alternate sections of the soundtrack ( where other concerts of this kind for other films repeat the final film music ) and even required Shore to edit several bars of the music , including a feature entr'acte suite . Sometimes they are performed as a cycle featuring the Lord of the Rings Symphony followed by each theatrical film on four consecutive nights . The choir and orchestra are amplified for sake of control over the sound mix with the film , which is supplied with subtitles in the local language . See also ( edit ) Book : The Lord of the Rings film trilogy The Lord of the Rings ( soundtrack ) , the score of the 1978 Ralph Bakshi film by Leonard Rosenman . Symphony No. 1 `` The Lord of the Rings '' , a 1988 concert band composition by Johan de Meij Music of The Hobbit film series For another long - running , thematic composition for a film franchise , see John Williams ' Music of Star Wars . Compare both to a more traditional film composition ( in terms of leitmotivic density or lack thereof ) with James Horner 's Titanic . Middle - earth portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The emotional aspect of the music has been modeled after early Italian Opera while the structure was more in line with the Late - Romantic German Operas . While there are recited and narrated sections in the film , they are performed in spoken language rather than as an operatic recitative , making the music more of an operetta . Although , with composers like Wagner diminishing the distinction of the recitative and aria , and with others like John Adams , John Corigliano , Philip Glass , John Harbison and even Andre Previn instilling further changes to the medium , Shore 's work on the films can be `` set at the edges of opera pretty easily '' or at least compared to recordings of operas where the recitative parts are dailed out . http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/articles/2004/14_Jan---Return_of_the_King_Mailbag.asp Jump up ^ The early sessions saw Shore conduct the orchestra , choir and stage bands simultaneously . Later , the choirs would be conducted by their director after the orchestral sessions on the relevant part of the picture were recorded earlier that day . Jump up ^ John Williams famously took 10 - 14 weeks to compose and record each installment in the Star Wars saga . Jump up ^ The Complete Recordings ' length is about 90 % of the film length ( without added credits ) , and additional music , including ( but not limited to ) alternate passages , exists as well . However , the difference arises mostly from short stops of music during scene transitions ( of which there are many given the film 's length ) rather than drawn out passages that go unscored . Jump up ^ Even here , however , the music is not entirely without reason . Since `` Gondor Reborn '' has a strong association of `` good triumphs over evil '' Shore extrapolated that meaning from its specific Gondor association and applied it more generally here . Shore also uses this technique when he applies `` The Fellowship theme '' to Haldir in `` The Two Towers '' , using it once as an extrapolation of its companionship association from the narrow application to the nine walkers . It can also be argued that there is a connection , however tenuous , with the success of the Quest of Erebor and the ultimate salvation of Gondor , as later expressed in `` the Battle of the Five Armies . '' Even the Moria theme , being associated with the perils of Moria and its Orcs , can be argued to be vaguely relevant . In fact , the Two Towers opens with the Moria theme , as Gandalf 's battles with the Balrog , and there is a strain of Dwarvish - styled music that continues to follow Gimli in the film leading up to the tracked statement . Jump up ^ This form of using leitmotifs is more in the vein of Wagner and less in the `` devolved '' form , for which film music was criticised by the likes of Theodor Adorno . See Leitmotif : Critique of the leitmotif concept . Jump up ^ Doug Identified 93 motifs ( although the book at one point was said to include 104 motifs ) , including four motifs that are counted under two different categories and three none - recurring ideas . This figure does not include an unused , second - age variation of the Gondor theme nor 3 - 4 additional motifs that only appear in alternate forms of the soundtrack , neither does it include 11 - 14 isolated motifs that were reprised in The Hobbit scores , or diegetic motives not written by Shore but woven into the score , all of which bring the theme count from anywhere between 100 and 120 , not counting for 62 - 70 leitmotives that appear in The Hobbit trilogy . There is an argument as to whether the musical gestures that form the basis of the themes ( like the `` there and back again '' figure that forms the basis of all of the fellowship themes ) can also be counted among the musical themes of the series . Jump up ^ Wagner 's Ring Cycle nevertheless remains the most thematically dense work , featuring 178 leitmotifs within the framework of a 15 - hour work , compared to a roughly similar number in Shore 's 21 - hour Middle Earth scores . Jump up ^ The Seduction of the Ring ( listening Sample ) Jump up ^ The Threat of Mordor ( listening example ) Jump up ^ The Servants of Sauron '' theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Descending Thirds ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ The Shire / Hobbit main theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ A Hobbit 's Understanding ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Hobbit Outline motif ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ The Pity of Smeagol ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Listening sample : Rivendell theme ( melody and arpeggio accompaniment ) Jump up ^ Arwen Revealed ( listening example ) Jump up ^ Lothlorien / Galadriel theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Nature 's reclamation theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Although it is technically calling back to the use of the Moria theme in the opening . The Two Towers also introduces a Dwarvish variant of the Fellowship theme so there is a consistent vein of Dwarvish music throughout the film . Jump up ^ Dwarrowdelf theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Gondor in Decline theme ( listening example ) Jump up ^ Minas Tirith / White Tree theme ( listening example ) Jump up ^ Gandalf 's Farewells ( listening example ) Jump up ^ Hobbit Antics ostinato ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Stinker / Gollum 's Menace theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ The Ent / Fangorn theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Rohan theme and fanfare ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Eowyn Shieldmaiden 's theme ( listening example ) Jump up ^ Eowyn and Theoden theme ( sample ) Jump up ^ The White Rider theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Destruction of the Ring / Destruction of Mordor theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ The Shire Reborn ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Gondor Reborn theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ http://www.woodzie.org/lotr/themes/pippin.mp3 Jump up ^ Shore 's basic brass lineup is five horns , four trumpets , three trombones and tuba , but he added a sixth horn ( e.g. Return of the King , The Annotated Score , p. 27 . ) and a fourth trombone for the most dramatic passages . For the charge of the Rohirrim , Shore , apparently , doubled the brass . The trumpets had to be recorded separately with the Hardanger to avoid either from being overpowered by the horns : `` Dermot 's fondest recollection of performing on this Hardanger was when Howard asked him to join an eight strong trumpet session to play the ' Rohan ' theme . '' ( http://www.gardinerhoulgate.co.uk/lord-of-the-strings/ ) . This is typically not used in live performances . The recorded Lord of the Rings Symphony uses six horns throughout , while the passages using the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra use a bass trombone throughout . Several passages , particularly of those pertaining to the forces of evil , use mutes on the brass instruments to produce a more nasal sound . Jump up ^ Shore requires a large assortment ( as many at eight ) snare drums of various sorts , including deep field or marching snares , a military drum with rope snares , and shallow `` guilotine '' snares . Jump up ^ The score requires two sets of taiko drums ( which are , in one instance , played simultaneously ) , and includes various types of drums : small Shime - daikos , medium size chū - daikos , and several large drum : an o - daiko , a hira - daiko , and two okedo - daiko drums : an elongated one used in the Moria sequence and a short one used in the Montreal Symphony Orchestra recording . Sometimes , the large drum is played on both drumheads by two players . Jump up ^ Shore called for a piano where the sustain pedal is pressed by a sandbag . The wires which are then struck by a steel chain wrapped around ( and glued to ) a gardening glove worn over the player 's hand . The original recording uses a Grand Piano ( besides the one played by the keyboard section ) . A Composer 's Journey uses a console Piano where the front panel is removed . The recorded Lord of the Rings Symphony uses a soundboard which is removed from the piano for the player to strike . The Chains themselves are also used as rattles and dragged over the floor . http://www.amagpiesnest.com/instruments/instruments_orcs.htm#chains https://www.lpo.org.uk/recordings/the-fellowship-of-the-ring.html Jump up ^ According to the Annotated Score ( p. 24 ) this is not a Musette bagpipe but a small , Musette - like button accordion , tuned diatonically . In some live performances , including the recorded performance of the Lord of the Rings Symphony , it is replaced by a standard keyboard accordion . Jump up ^ The Sydney premier of the Return of the King featured an expanded string section ( 36 violins divided , 14 violas , 11 cellos and 9 contrabasses ) and added woodwind parts for two cor anglais , a bass clarinet and two contrabassoons and some of the added brass instruments for The Ride of the Rohirrim . The overall size of the choir has been known to reach up to 225 singers . The Orensaz performance had 400 musicians on stage. http://www.musicoflotr.com/2009/11/orensanz-transcript.html References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The score has been repeatedly voted to be the best film score , and even review sites such as Filmtracks named Shore 's score `` arguably the most respected and impressive trilogy of music of all time : Howard Shore 's massive work for Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . '' ^ Jump up to : Adams , Doug . The Music of The Lord of the Rings Films . ( Carpentier , 2010 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-34748803 ^ Jump up to : http://www.runmovies.eu/howard-shore-on-the-lord-of-the-rings/ Jump up ^ Marillyn Miller , A Magpie 's Nest . Jump up ^ http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/articles/2001/14_Nov---Lord_of_the_Rings_Howard_Shore_Interview_Excerpt.asp Jump up ^ http://www.spiritsspace.org/lotr/oscars.htm Jump up ^ See Music of The Hobbit film series . Jump up ^ Another case is that of `` Gandalf 's Farewells '' theme , which is used in several scenes that have nothing to do with saying farewell to the Wizard , such as when Frodo and Sam await their fate on the slopes of Mount Doom , or in the Prologue to The Hobbit . However , the theme can easily be said to be used in opposition to its regular association , here implying meeting again with the Wizard . Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/themes/index_Themes.htm Jump up ^ http://musicofmiddleearth.com/list/ Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/themes/THmordor_acc_skipbeat.htm Jump up ^ The Journey There theme ( listening example ) Jump up ^ Mikko Ojala identified the chanting in My Dear Frodo , 3 : 34 - 4 : 10 as the same perfect fifths that were used for Fellowship of the Ring in `` A Journey in the Dark '' . ( http://www.amagpiesnest.com/main.htm ) Jump up ^ Musicologist Doug Adams comments : `` It 's sort of a hybrid of Thorin , Gandalf , and Bilbo all mixed together . An immensely evocative figure ! '' Jump up ^ Doug Adams notes : `` Bilbo 's prophetic line ( '' ... and nothing unexpected ever happened `` ) coupled with the ring imagery has redefined the G# - A . In Fellowship it was a bucolic cadence . In The Hobbit , it 's an unmistakable movement from the sharp fourth of the chord to the fifth . It is a veiled reference to The History of the Ring theme . '' Jump up ^ According to LeBlanc , this motif appears at The Quest for Erebor , 1 : 04 - 1 : 17 . Edmund Meinerts identifies it as well . Jump up ^ Jason Leblanc identifies this motif as appearing twice in An Unexpected Journey . Doug Adams identifies it as a motif in his liner notes . The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , liner notes , p. 12 . Jump up ^ LeBlanc notes it in his list . The theme is also noted in a draft of Doug Adams ' book . Jump up ^ According to Mikko Ojala : `` a spirited rhythmic reading of the Rural Setting plays and ends in a quote from FotR , the music for the raising of Bilbo 's birthday banner in the Party Field being reprised as a reference to the upcoming event . '' Jump up ^ Doug Adams mentions another appearance was written for a deleted scene . Jump up ^ LeBlanc dubs this theme as `` Elven Heroics '' . Jump up ^ LeBlanc lists `` The Power of Galadriel '' as appearing in `` The Guardians of the Three '' 4 : 29 - 5 : 07 . Jump up ^ Mikko Ojala identifies this as a separate variant to Sauron 's theme . Jump up ^ Krok identifies a quotation of the choral build in `` The High Fells . '' Jump up ^ http://www.jwfan.com/forums/index.php?/topic/26592-the-prophecy/&do=findComment&comment=1029043 Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/source_songs/FOTR/SSprophecy.htm Jump up ^ Marrilyn Miller makes the melody of Shadowfax 's appearance on the OST to be the same as that of his appearance at the end of the film . Jump up ^ Doug Adams , The Music of the Lord of the Rings films , part III : The Return of the King , The Annotated Score , p. 28 Jump up ^ Marillyn Miller notes several variations of the Mordor Skip - Beat , one or more of which may or may not be considered a separate motif : `` Whether these can be considered variants ( as DA sometimes labels them ) or just the Skip Beat moving into and out of other material is subjective . '' Jump up ^ Eric Rawlins identified this as a separate variant . Marilynn Miller also originally separated the Shire B theme from the A-phrase . She comments that Doug Adams does not categorise the expansive B - phrase as either the rural or pensive variant - indicating perhaps that it is neither . Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/odds_ends/OEheartbeatshire.htm Jump up ^ Annotated score , fellowship . p. 2 . Marillyn Miller identifies it as playing when Isildur stands against Sauron , and cites Melson as supporting her claim , while also noting the Descending Thirds playing over it . Jason LeBlanc lists it as an `` UNKNOWN THEME '' and identifies two occurrences in the Prologue , both playing with the Mordor Descending Thirds . The Music of Middle Earth lists it as a variant of both Aragorn 's Heroics and the Fellowship theme , again in conjunction with the Descending Thirds . ^ Jump up to : The horn sounds , featuring a variety of natural horns ( shofar s , dungchen s , birch trumpets , olifant s , etcetera ) , were purposefully chosen to work with Shore 's score. http://www.amagpiesnest.com/official_info/dvd_transcripts/rotk_commentary.htm#ChargeofRohirrim Jump up ^ There are variations between different parts of the films and different orchestras used on the project . Shore 's basic lineup was of a 96 - piece core orchestra , but that figure fluctuated and several sections call for additional forces . Jump up ^ Shore calls for four alto flutes as accompaniment for the Breath of Life and Evenstar . Annotated Score , Two Towers , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : The similarly orchestrated The Hobbit , calls for 3 oboes , of which two double on English horns and the same for the second and third bassoons doubling on contrabassoons . http://www.jwfan.com/forums/uploads/monthly_2016_06/image.thumb.jpeg.4757280813638bba4c1646fc98d58e41.jpeg Jump up ^ Shore calls for one contrabass clarinet in B - flat for a humoristic rendition of Gollum 's theme in the Two Towers . Annotated Score , Two Towers , p. 15 . Jump up ^ http://kmuw.org/post/musical-space-unique-instruments-remarkable-films . Jump up ^ Various passages call for either two sets of timpani with two players ( the Annotated Score , p. 4 ) or for one large set played by two players . The Montreal Symphony Orchestra , recorded through `` A Composer 's Journey to Middle Earth '' , has two timpanists throughout the concert . The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra , used for the Moria sequences also used two timpanists , which are reportedly the largest set of timpani in the southern hemisphere : http://www.filmmusicsociety.org/news_events/features/newsprint.php?ArticleID=121714 Jump up ^ The recording uses a blacksmith anvil , but the recorded Lucern performance uses a brake drum , and bars of metal or railroad anvils are also often used . https://www.flickr.com/photos/jimjware/3368139663/in/album-72157615642861094/lightbox/ Jump up ^ Shore often calls for gongs and cymbals to be bowed or even scraped rather than be struck . ( http://www.amagpiesnest.com/main.htm ) These are often replaced with four Thai or chinese gongs and a large Javanese gong or a wind gong . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/6304248/the-hobbit-howard-shore-the-battle-of-five-armies-score-lord-of-the-rings-music Jump up ^ In some live performances , it is replaced by Shekere . Shore also uses the rattle to hit the bass drum , as he does specify the use of various drumsticks in different passages . Jump up ^ The log drums used in The Lord of the Rings have a unique stripe of wood over the slit of the drum . Jump up ^ The recorded score uses two , medium - sized , thin - framed , none - tunable bodhrans , which are either struck by hand or by stick in across the scores , and were sometimes heated up to acquire the right sound . https://www.lpo.org.uk/recordings/the-fellowship-of-the-ring.html Other performances had been known to use deep - frame bodhrain hung on a frame ( as is done in the recorded Montreal performance ) , large bodhran ( used , for instance , in The Last Goodbye ) , and tunable and / or cross-braced versions of the bodhran . Jump up ^ The second piano , used largely as a percussion instrument , may double the first piano in select passages . Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/main.htm . The male choir is composed in part of players from the New Zealand national rugby union team that double as `` Haka '' performers . For Foundations of Stone , two choirs seem to be used . Jump up ^ A fiddle with pairs of strings instead of single strings , crafted specifically at the request of Dermot Crehan , the leader of the London Philharmonic Orchestra , and used for one scene with Eowyn . Film Score Monthly , volume 8 number 10 , pp. 21 , 23 . Jump up ^ For `` A Composer 's Journey '' , the violin section of the Montreal Symphony Orchestra is somewhat enlarged , as is the case of the New - Zealand Symphony Orchestra recording . Jump up ^ https://www.eamdc.com/news/emthe-fellowship-of-the-ring-live-to-projectionem-comes-to-radio-city-music-hall/ Jump up ^ May be replaced by the fourth flautist doubling on whistles . Jump up ^ Adams originally mentioned a Harpsichord being used in the Shire , as well http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/articles/2001/15_Nov---Lord_of_the_Rings_CD_Review.asp Jump up ^ Shore called for a unique bowing technique unlike the traditional style of bowing the instrument . Annotated Score , Two Towers , p. 40 . Jump up ^ The Rhaita is too loud to record or perform with the orchestra and was recorded separately and , in a live performance , may be muted or played offstage . The original score used africa ( arabic ) Nay flutes , but the Symphony recording utilizes a Turkish nay. http://www.powerflute.ch/PDF/interview_cinema_musica_EN.pdf Jump up ^ For Live Performances , the Pan Flute may be replaced by a variety of end - blown flutes such as the quena . Jump up ^ Amateur performances such NJYS ' Playathon , used over 450 - pieces orchestra alone . Jump up ^ Plan 9 and David Longe played this piece on the set of Bilbo 's Party . It features bowed Banjolele , Hurdy - Gurdy , Rommelpot , Jaw Harp and Harmonium , Whistle and Bodhran as well as a Goblet drum , castanets and tambourines . Jump up ^ Plan 9 created musical sound effects used for the Ring ( possibly featuring Plan 9 's zither , hasapi and home - made Đàn bầu ) , the Dead Marshes ( featuring violin and voices ) , Fangorn . They also wrote an unreleased piece titled `` Flowers for Rosie . '' Jump up ^ For the Fangorn sound design . Jump up ^ For the voice of the Ring . Jump up ^ http://musicbehindthescreen.blogspot.co.il/2016/03/scoring-series-lord-of-rings.html Jump up ^ Adams , pp 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/cd_editions/index_cd_editions.htm ^ Jump up to : http://www.amagpiesnest.com/diegetic/TH_diegetic_music.htm ^ Jump up to : http://www.amagpiesnest.com/diegetic/TH_diegetic_music.htm . ^ Jump up to : http://www.musicoflotr.com/2011/12/plan-9-interview.html Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring trailer used music from outside Shore 's score , `` Gothic Power . '' Trailers for further films were slated after the credits of the theatrical release , and featured music from Shore , music in the vein of Shore or existing music from Shore 's score . The Two Towers trailer featured the debut of the Evenstar theme and a variation of Lux Aeternae from Clint Mansell 's Requiem for a Dream score which was reorchestrated to fit with Shore 's score , earning the moniker `` Requiem for a Tower '' . The Return of the King trailer was scored in its entirety by Howard Shore , debuting the Gondor in - Ascension theme . Howard Shore also composed the trailer music for An Unexpected Journey and the Gamelan music for the Desolation of Smaug trailer . Billy Boyd 's Last Goodbye was used over the first trailer of The Battle of the Five Armies . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King '' . amazon.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lord Of The Strings '' . Gardiner Houlgate . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ For Sir James , Shore also wrote a suite that acts like a concerto for flute and orchestra , based on the Shire and Fellowship themes . Jump up ^ JimWare provided a Breakdown of the Original Soundtracks compared to the Complete Recordings . Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/reconstructing/index_reconstructing.htm ^ Jump up to : Peak Billboard chart positions : The Fellowship of the Ring : The Fellowship of the Ring at AllMusic . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . The Two Towers : The Two Towers at AllMusic . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . The Return of the King : The Return of the King at AllMusic . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Howard Shore '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discographie Howard Shore '' . austriancharts.at ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Howard Shore '' . finnishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discographie -- Howard Shore '' . charts.de ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discografie Howard Shore '' . dutchcharts.nl ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Howard Shore '' . charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Howard Shore '' . swisscharts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Shore '' ( select `` Albums '' tab ) . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American certifications -- Lord of the Rings '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2003 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original ( To access , enter the search parameter `` The Lord of the Rings '' and select `` Search by Title '' ) on 16 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Soundtrack ; ' The Lord of the Rings ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian certifications -- Lord of the Rings '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Towers by Howard Shore '' . ScoreNotes . Archived from the original on 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers -- The Complete Recordings - Howard Shore '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - The Complete Recordings '' . amazon.com . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/cbc_analysis/cbc_analysis.htm Jump up ^ An edit of the theatrical cut appears on the extended end - credits suite , whereas the extended cut score is used in the Complete Recordings . The Original Soundtrack version is dissimilar to both . Jump up ^ http://www.jwfan.com/forums/index.php?/topic/20819-the-complete-cue-lists-thread/&page=9 Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( 7 October 2010 ) . `` New book explores ' Lord of the Rings ' music '' . Variety . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Erik Eino Ochsner to Conduct Lord of the Rings Performance '' . Wallstreet Online . 11 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgan , David ( 6 October 2010 ) . `` Middle Earth Returns to Radio City '' . CBS News . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . Jump up ^ See the list of movements for Fellowship of the Ring. https://www.tso.ca/sites/default/files/dec-123.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.21co.ch/de/presse/2009/cinemamusica15_twotowers.pdf Further reading ( edit ) Adams , Doug ( 2010 ) . The Music of The Lord of the Rings Films . Carpentier . External links ( edit ) New Line 's promotional website for the soundtracks Annotated Score for The Fellowship of the Ring Annotated Score for The Two Towers , archived from the original Annotated Score for The Return of the King , archived from the original Official website of Howard Shore Doug Adams 's blog on the scores and his book , The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films List of CD releases for Lord of the Rings on Soundtrackguide.net The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series&oldid=818945845 '' Categories : 2005 soundtracks 2006 soundtracks Classical music soundtracks Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios The Lord of the Rings film music Middle - earth music Music by media franchise Films scored by Howard Shore Howard Shore soundtracks Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles with dead external links from September 2011 Tagged pages containing blacklisted links Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia ქართული Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 14 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | ending credits song lord of the rings the two towers | [
"\"Gollum's Song\" (The Two Towers) performed by Emilíana Torrini is musically related to Gollum's Pity Theme. The lyrics are by Fran Walsh. Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film. The song was to have been performed by Björk, whose name actually appeared in the closing credits of the film as shown in theaters; Björk had to decline because of her pregnancy, however, and Torrini was credited in the DVD. This track is also titled \"Long Ways to Go Yet,\" in The Complete Recordings. This version of the track includes additional instrumental music at the end, making it a medley of themes to cap off the album. Artist Geoff Keezer has released a jazz piano version of the song. Unrelated to the song of the same name in the book."
] | [
"Gollum's Song"
] |
6358813220217033708 | List of longest-running United States television series | List of longest - running United States television series - Wikipedia List of longest - running United States television series This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2017 ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This is a list of the longest - running United States television series , ordered by number of years the show has been aired . This list includes only first - run series originating in North America and available throughout the United States via national broadcast networks , U.S. cable networks , or syndication . Series continuations ( with name changes and / or changes in network ) are noted , but series ' revivals are treated as separate from the originals ( see The People 's Court and Jeopardy ! ) . Series broadcast within the U.S. but produced in other countries , such as Coronation Street ( 50 + years ) and Doctor Who are not included ( see : List of longest - running UK television series ) . Series shaded in light blue with bold are currently in production . Contents 1 Over 60 years 2 50 -- 59 years 3 40 -- 49 years 4 35 -- 39 years 5 30 -- 34 years 6 25 -- 29 years 7 20 -- 24 years 8 15 -- 19 years 9 10 -- 14 years 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading Over 60 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 70 years 69 Meet the Press ( NBC News ) NBC November 6 , 1947 present 3,600 + ( weekly ) Longest - running show . 70 years 68 CBS Evening News ( CBS News ) CBS May 3 , 1948 present 16,400 + Longest - running network newscast . 69 years 67 Music & the Spoken Word Syndicated October 1949 present 4,500 + Longest - running non-news television program . 66 years 65 Hallmark Hall of Fame NBC December 24 , 1951 * December 17 , 1978 243 + Not broadcast on a regular schedule , with only a limited number of productions per year . CBS November 14 , 1979 April 30 , 1980 PBS February 9 , 1981 May 6 , 1981 CBS December 1 , 1981 January 29 , 1989 ABC April 30 , 1989 April 23 , 1995 CBS December 10 , 1995 April 24 , 2011 ABC November 27 , 2011 April 20 , 2014 Hallmark Channel November 30 , 2014 present 66 years 66 Today ( NBC News ) NBC January 14 , 1952 present 15,785 + Longest - running morning show . 65 years 63 ABC World News Tonight ( ABC News ) ABC September 1953 present 15,722 + 64 years 62 The Tonight Show NBC September 27 , 1954 present 12,237 World 's longest - running talk show 63 years 62 Face the Nation ( CBS News ) CBS November 7 , 1954 present 62 years 61 It Is Written Syndicated March 1 , 1956 present Longest - running religious television program to broadcast in color . 62 years 60 The Open Mind Syndicated May 1956 present Longest - running public television program . 50 -- 59 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 58 years 58 NFL on CBS CBS September 30 , 1956 January 23 , 1994 5,000 + September 6 , 1998 present 57 years 57 Guiding Light ( CBS Daytime ) CBS June 30 , 1952 * September 18 , 2009 15,762 Longest - running dramatic series ( soap opera ) of any genre . Longest - running daytime drama . * While its television debut was on June 30 , 1952 , The Guiding Light 's first incarnation was as a radio show , which premiered on January 25 , 1937 -- giving the production a total of 72 total years . 57 years 55 It 's Academic NBC , CBS October 7 , 1961 present 56 years 55 Professional Bowlers Tour ABC January 27 , 1962 June 21 , 1997 ESPN airs some of the tours on ABC . CBS 1998 1999 Fox Sports Net 1999 2000 ESPN 2000 present 54 years 54 As the World Turns ( CBS Daytime ) CBS April 2 , 1956 September 17 , 2010 13,858 55 years 53 General Hospital ( ABC Daytime ) ABC April 1 , 1963 present 14,000 + As of July 12 , 2016 . Longest - running dramatic series ( soap opera ) still in production . 54 years 53 The Wonderful World of Disney ABC October 27 , 1954 June 11 , 1961 1,224 Anthology television series featuring wide variety of topics ranging from Disney animation to live - action and documentaries . Walt Disney was the original host from show 's inception until his death in 1966 . From 1991 to 1997 and since 2008 , the series only airs sporadically as a special presentation a few times a year . NBC September 24 , 1961 August 16 , 1981 CBS September 26 , 1981 May 3 , 1983 ABC February 2 , 1986 May 22 , 1988 NBC October 9 , 1988 August 26 , 1990 Disney Channel September 23 , 1990 August 25 , 1996 ABC September 28 , 1997 December 24 , 2008 53 years 53 Sábado Gigante Univision August 8 , 1962 September 19 , 2015 2,800 + Longest - running imported TV show 52 years 51 Days of Our Lives ( NBC Daytime ) NBC November 8 , 1965 present 13,285 + As of April 5 , 2016 51 years 50 Washington Week NET , PBS February 23 , 1967 present 2,000 + Longest continuous running Public Television show on PBS , having started on its predecessor NET and carrying over to PBS , along with Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Sesame Street and others in 1970 . 51 years 48 NFL Films Presents Syndicated September 17 , 1967 January 26 , 1997 ESPN August 31 , 1997 present NFL Network November 4 , 2003 present 50 years 48 Day of Discovery Syndicated May 5 , 1968 present 40 -- 49 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 50 years 48 60 Minutes ( CBS News ) CBS September 24 , 1968 present 48 years 27 Scooby - Doo CBS September 13 , 1969 October 27 , 1973 376 Longest - running Hanna - Barbera television franchise ABC September 11 , 1976 August 17 , 1991 The WB September 14 , 2002 April 16 , 2005 The CW September 23 , 2006 March 15 , 2008 Cartoon Network April 5 , 2010 March 12 , 2016 Boomerang June 20 , 2017 present 46 years 46 Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon Syndicated / ABC September 4 , 1966 August 31 , 2014 46 Annual broadcast ; was broadcast as a two - hour special on ABC in 2013 and 2014 . 48 years 48 Sesame Street NET November 10 , 1969 October 4 , 1970 4,491 Longest - running children 's show . While Sesame Street remains on the PBS schedule , new episodes now premiere on HBO and become available to PBS nine months later . PBS October 5 , 1970 present HBO January 16 , 2016 present 48 years 47 Hour of Power Syndicated February 1970 present 2,000 + 48 years 46 Monday Night Football ABC September 21 , 1970 December 26 , 2005 641 + ESPN September 11 , 2006 present 48 years 46 NBC Nightly News ( NBC News ) NBC August 3 , 1970 present NBC has had an evening broadcast since 1948 , starting with Camel News Caravan , lasting until 1956 , when it was replaced by Nightly News ' predecessor the Huntley - Brinkley Report . 47 years 46 Masterpiece Theatre PBS January 10 , 1971 present 46 years 46 The Price Is Right ( CBS Daytime ) CBS September 4 , 1972 present 8,000 + Longest - running game show . 45 years 45 Wide World of Sports ( ABC Sports ) ABC April 29 , 1961 August 2006 45 years 36 NASCAR on ABC ABC February 26 , 1961 August 5 , 2000 March 10 , 2007 October 11 , 2014 45 years 45 Agronsky & Co. / Inside Washington Syndicated 1969 December 20 , 2013 45 years 46 One Life to Live ( ABC Daytime ) ABC July 15 , 1968 January 13 , 2012 11,096 While the show had ceased airing as a television series it was still in production for a brief time after . On April 29 , 2013 the show had resumed airing now as a web series on the internet and could be seen through Hulu , iTunes and YouTube until August 19 , 2013 before being confirmed as being discontinued again on September 3 , 2013 . 45 years 44 Great Performances PBS November 4 , 1972 present 45 years 45 The Young and the Restless ( CBS Daytime ) CBS March 26 , 1973 present 11,000 + 41 years 41 Romper Room / Romper Room & Friends Syndicated February 9 , 1953 September 1994 41 years 42 All My Children ( ABC Daytime ) ABC January 5 , 1970 September 23 , 2011 10,712 While the show had ceased airing as a television series it was still in production for a brief time after . On April 29 , 2013 the show had resumed airing now as a web series on the internet and could be seen through Hulu , iTunes and YouTube until September 2 , 2013 before being confirmed as being discontinued again on November 11 , 2013 . 44 years 43 Nova PBS March 3 , 1974 present 698 43 years 41 The Victory Garden PBS April 16 , 1975 present 43 years 43 Saturday Night Live NBC October 11 , 1975 present 850 The longest - running sketch comedy show on American television , as well as the longest - running variety show in U.S. history . 43 years 41 PBS NewsHour PBS October 20 , 1975 present 42 years 41 Good Morning America ABC November 3 , 1975 present 9,914 + 42 years 41 Austin City Limits PBS 1976 present 42 years 41 Creative Living with Sheryl Borden Syndicated 1976 present 42 years 41 Live from Lincoln Center PBS January 30 , 1976 present 40 years 40 NASCAR on CBS CBS February 12 , 1960 July 15 , 2000 40 years 40 The Bugs Bunny Show - Bugs Bunny Road Runner Hour - Bugs Bunny Road Runner Show - Bugs and Tweety Show ABC ( 1960 - 1968 , 1986 - 2000 ) , CBS ( 1968 - 1985 ) October 11 , 1960 September 2nd , 2000 1040 episodes , including at least 5,000 Total shorts being aired , although many were re rans . Longest running cartoon program on broadcast television , the last non-Disney ABC Kids show , and the last non-Educational and Informal ( E / I ) Saturday morning cartoon on broadcast TV . 35 -- 39 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 37 years 38 The 700 Club Syndicated 1966 present ABC Family 1977 present 37 years 38 Inside the NFL HBO 1977 February 6 , 2008 Showtime September 10 , 2008 present 40 years 38 20 / 20 ABC June 6 , 1978 present 39 years 38 Nightly Business Report PBS January 22 , 1979 present 39 years 38 CBS News Sunday Morning CBS January 28 , 1979 present 37 years 38 This Old House PBS 1979 present 900 + 37 years 38 The Woodwright 's Shop PBS 1979 present 429 + 39 years 37 SportsCenter ESPN , ESPN2 , ESPNews September 7 , 1979 present 90,000 + More episodes than any other television series . 38 years 36 Nightline ABC March 24 , 1980 present 38 years 36 Washington Journal C - SPAN October 7 , 1980 present 35 years 35 Search for Tomorrow ( CBS and NBC Daytime ) CBS September 3 , 1951 March 23 , 1982 9,130 NBC March 26 , 1982 December 26 , 1986 35 years 35 Another World ( NBC Daytime ) NBC May 4 , 1964 June 25 , 1999 8,891 Longest - running continuous title sequences on television 35 years 35 Bobby Jones Gospel BET January 27 , 1980 July 31 , 2016 35 years 35 Soul Train Syndicated October 2 , 1971 March 25 , 2006 1,117 35 years 35 Wall Street Week with Louis Rukeyser PBS November 20 , 1970 June 24 , 2005 37 years 35 Noticiero Univision Univision June 1 , 1981 present 37 years 35 Entertainment Tonight Syndicated September 14 , 1981 present 11,267 + Longest - running entertainment news program . 35 years 36 MotorWeek PBS October 15 , 1981 present 36 years 35 This Week ABC November 15 , 1981 present 36 years 34 Late Night NBC February 1 , 1982 June 21 , 1993 1,819 ... with David Letterman September 13 , 1993 February 20 , 2009 2,725 ... with Conan O'Brien March 2 , 2009 February 7 , 2014 977 ... with Jimmy Fallon February 24 , 2014 present 749 ... with Seth Meyers 36 years 34 Nature PBS October 10 , 1982 present 440 + 35 years 34 Frontline PBS January 17 , 1983 present 520 + 35 years 10 Columbo NBC February 20 , 1968 May 13 , 1978 69 11 year break between the change in broadcasting stations . ABC February 6 , 1989 January 30 , 2003 30 -- 34 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 34 years 34 Evening at Pops PBS July 12 , 1970 August 29 , 2004 34 years 35 The McLaughlin Group Syndicated January 1 , 1982 August 12 , 2016 33 years 33 Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood NET February 19 , 1968 May 1 , 1970 912 PBS February 15 , 1971 August 31 , 2001 33 years 33 Firing Line Syndicated April 4 , 1966 1971 1,504 Longest - running public affairs program to have a single host . PBS 1971 December 26 , 1999 35 years 35 Wheel of Fortune ( prime time ) Syndicated September 19 , 1983 present 6,000 + 2nd longest - running game show ; daytime version aired from 1975 to 1991 34 years 34 Jeopardy ! ( revival ) Syndicated September 10 , 1984 present 6,600 + 3rd longest - running game show ; daytime version aired from 1964 to 1975 and again from 1978 to 1979 34 years 32 Real Videos TBN , JCTV October 4 , 1984 present 900 + 31 years 31 Faith for Today ABC May 21 , 1950 1955 Syndicated 1955 1981 31 years 31 Lamp Unto My Feet CBS 1948 1979 30 years 31 Gilad 's Bodies in Motion ESPN 1994 Fox Sports Net 1994 1995 Discovery Health 1995 FitTV 2011 Discovery Fit & Health 2011 2015 2015 -- present 33 years 31 Grand Ole Opry Live TNN April 20 , 1985 August 2001 CMT August 2001 2003 GAC 2003 present 30 years 30 NASCAR on ESPN ESPN , ESPN2 , ABC 1981 2002 2007 2014 31 years 29 Biography A&E April 6 , 1987 August 2006 Biography Channel August 2006 present 31 years 31 The Bold and the Beautiful CBS March 23 , 1987 present 7000 + 25 -- 29 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 29 years 29 Captain Kangaroo CBS October 3 , 1955 December 8 , 1984 29 years 29 Lou Dobbs Tonight CNN June 1 , 1980 November 11 , 2009 29 years 29 Hometime PBS November 1 , 1986 January 30 , 2016 29 years 29 WCW Saturday Night WTBS / TBS December 25 , 1971 August 19 , 2000 29 years 15 CBS This Morning CBS November 30 , 1987 October 29 , 1999 3,110 January 9 , 2012 present 620 + 28 years 29 National Geographic Explorer Nickelodeon 1985 1986 WTBS / TBS 1986 1999 CNBC 1999 2001 MSNBC 2001 2005 National Geographic 2005 present 30 years 29 48 Hours CBS January 2 , 1988 present 28 years 29 The Edge of Night CBS April 2 , 1956 November 28 , 1975 7,420 ABC December 1 , 1975 December 28 , 1984 28 years 29 Love of Life CBS September 24 , 1951 February 1 , 1980 7,316 30 years 28 Live with Kelly and Ryan Syndicated September 5 , 1988 present 7,700 + 28 years 24 Hee Haw CBS June 15 , 1969 February 23 , 1971 655 Syndication September 18 , 1971 June 26 , 1993 TNN November 23 , 1996 December 27 , 1997 28 years 28 ESPN SpeedWorld ESPN 1979 2006 28 years 28 Mystery ! PBS February 5 , 1980 2008 27 years 27 The Lawrence Welk Show ABC July 2 , 1955 September 4 , 1971 1065 Syndicated 1971 February 1982 29 years 29 The Phil Donahue Show Syndicated 1969 5,515 26 years 26 The David Susskind Show Syndicated 1961 26 years 27 College GameDay ( football series ) ESPN September 1987 present 26 years 27 NFL Primetime ESPN present 26 years 27 Showtime at the Apollo Syndicated present 29 years 27 Inside Edition Syndicated January 9 , 1989 present 29 years 27 Cops Fox March 11 , 1989 2013 903 + Spike 2013 present 30 years 27 American Experience PBS October 1 , 1988 present 230 + 30 years 27 The Sports Reporters ESPN October 9 , 1988 present 30 years 27 NBA on TNT TNT October 30 , 1988 present 28 years 29 The Simpsons Fox December 17 , 1989 present 639 Longest - running animated American series , longest running American sitcom , and longest running scripted prime - time series 28 years 28 America 's Funniest Home Videos ABC November 26 , 1989 present 500 28 years 27 ESPN Major League Baseball ESPN , ESPN2 April 15 , 1990 present 25 years 25 What 's My Line ? CBS February 16 , 1950 September 3 , 1967 2,191 Syndicated September 1968 September 1975 25 years 25 Sunrise Semester CBS September 9 , 1957 October 1 , 1982 800 + 25 years 25 Insight Syndicated October 2 , 1960 January 21 , 1985 25 years 25 Camera Three CBS January 22 , 1956 1979 PBS 1979 July 1 , 1980 25 years 25 Mutual of Omaha 's Wild Kingdom NBC January 6 , 1963 April 11 , 1971 Syndicated 1971 25 years The Jetsons ABC September 23 , 1962 March 17 , 1963 75 Syndicated September 16 , 1985 November 12 , 1987 25 years 25 Larry King Live CNN June 3 , 1985 December 16 , 2010 25 years 25 The Oprah Winfrey Show Syndicated September 8 , 1986 May 25 , 2011 4,561 27 years 25 E ! News E ! September 1 , 1991 present 27 years 25 The Jerry Springer Show Syndicated September 20 , 1991 present 5,084 + 27 years 25 Investigative Reports A&E September 27 , 1991 present 26 years 25 Charlie Rose PBS September 30 , 1991 November 17 , 2017 26 years 24 Dateline NBC NBC March 31 , 1992 present 1,700 + 26 years 24 Reliable Sources CNN March 7 , 1992 present 26 years 31 The Real World MTV May 21 , 1992 present 532 + Longest - running MTV reality series . 25 years 24 WWE Raw USA Network January 11 , 1993 September 18 , 2000 1,200 + Longest - running professional wrestling program on national television ( while WCW Saturday Night ran for longer overall , the first 5 years of the program were only locally broadcast ; some locally - televised promotions such as Portland and Houston ran as long as 40 years ) . TNN / Spike TV September 25 , 2000 September 26 , 2005 USA Network October 3 , 2005 present 25 years 24 Power Rangers Fox August 28 , 1993 September 7 , 2002 860 + Longest - running United States Tokusatsu series . ABC Family March 3 , 2002 August 31 , 2006 Toon Disney February 14 , 2004 February 12 , 2009 ABC September 14 , 2002 August 28 , 2010 The CW August 25 , 2012 January 12 , 2013 Nickelodeon February 7 , 2011 present Nicktoons February 11 , 2011 present 25 years 23 Monday Night Countdown ESPN September 6 , 1993 present 25 years 23 NFL Matchup ESPN , ESPN2 September 5 , 1993 present 20 -- 24 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 24 years 24 CBS Morning News CBS September 2 , 1963 January 9 , 1987 24 years 24 Truth or Consequences CBS September 7 , 1950 May 1951 NBC 1952 1952 NBC May 18 , 1954 September 24 , 1965 Syndicated 1966 24 years 24 At the Movies Syndicated September 18 , 1986 August 14 , 2010 PBS January 2011 December 2011 23 years 24 Crossfire CNN 1982 June 3 , 2005 CNN September 9 , 2013 October 15 , 2014 23 years 24 Baseball Tonight ESPN March 19 , 1990 present 23 years 24 NBA Inside Stuff NBC 1990 2002 ABC 2002 present 23 years 24 Outside the Lines ESPN 1990 present 23 years 24 Nick News with Linda Ellerbee Nickelodeon April 18 , 1992 December 15 , 2015 178 24 years 11 The X-Files Fox September 10 , 1993 May 19 , 2002 202 January 24 , 2016 present 16 23 years 23 Death Valley Days Syndicated March 1 , 1952 August 1 , 1975 558 23 years 23 The Ed Sullivan Show CBS June 20 , 1948 June 6 , 1971 1,087 23 years 23 The George Michael Sports Machine NBC September 2 , 1984 September 8 , 1991 Syndicated September 15 , 1991 March 25 , 2007 23 years 23 America 's Most Wanted Fox February 7 , 1988 April 21 , 2012 1,149 Lifetime December 2 , 2011 October 12 , 2012 23 years 23 Lilias , Yoga and You PBS 1976 1999 23 years 23 Reading Rainbow PBS June 6 , 1983 November 10 , 2006 155 22 years 22 The Original Amateur Hour DuMont January 18 , 1948 October 1949 NBC October 1949 September 1954 ABC October 1955 June 1957 NBC July 1957 October 1958 CBS May 1959 October 1959 ABC March 1960 September 26 , 1960 CBS October 2 , 1960 September 27 , 1970 22 years 22 The Merv Griffin Show NBC October 1962 March 1963 Syndicated 1965 1969 CBS August 18 , 1969 February 11 , 1972 Syndicated 1972 September 1986 22 years 22 Late Show with David Letterman CBS August 30 , 1993 May 20 , 2015 4,263 22 years 22 NFL on NBC NBC 1997 24 years 24 NFL on Fox Fox August 12 , 1994 present 24 years 22 Inside the Actors Studio Bravo August 14 , 1994 present 21 years 22 Kickin ' It with Byron Allen Syndicated 1994 present 24 years 22 Extra Syndicated September 5 , 1994 present 7,000 + 24 years 22 Fox NFL Sunday Fox September 18 , 1994 present 21 years 22 Entertainers with Byron Allen Syndicated September 1994 present 23 years 22 Modern Marvels History Channel January 1 , 1995 present 529 + 23 years 22 The Late Late Show CBS January 9 , 1995 present 3,468 + 23 years 22 Golf Talk Golf Channel January 17 , 1995 present 23 years 22 Golf Central Golf Channel January 18 , 1995 present 21 years 21 Issues and Answers ABC 1960 1981 21 years 21 Mike Douglas Show Syndicated 1961 1982 6,000 + 21 years 21 Sneak Previews PBS 21 years 21 This Week in Baseball Syndicated 1977 1998 21 years 21 Style with Elsa Klensch CNN June 1 , 1980 January 2001 21 years 21 Cookin ' Cheap PBS 1981 2002 21 years 21 The New Yankee Workshop PBS January 1988 June 27 , 2009 23 years 21 Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel HBO April 2 , 1995 present 23 years 21 Squawk Box CNBC August 7 , 1995 present 22 years 21 Private Screenings TCM January 1 , 1996 present 20 years 20 The Red Skelton Show NBC September 30 , 1951 June 21 , 1953 CBS September 22 , 1953 June 23 , 1970 NBC September 14 , 1970 August 29 , 1971 20 years 20 Gunsmoke CBS September 10 , 1955 September 1 , 1975 635 Tied longest - running prime - time drama . 20 years 20 Law & Order NBC September 13 , 1990 May 24 , 2010 456 Tied longest - running prime - time drama . 20 years 20 The Secret Storm CBS February 1 , 1954 February 8 , 1974 5,195 20 years 20 Evans and Novak CNN September 1982 November 9 , 2002 20 years 20 My Classic Car Velocity , MAVTV 1997 present 390 + 20 years 20 Faith 20 Syndicated 1977 1997 20 years 20 The Doctors NBC April 1 , 1963 December 31 , 1982 5,280 22 years 20 The Daily Show Comedy Central July 22 , 1996 present 3,166 22 years 20 Arthur PBS October 7 , 1996 present 229 Longest - running animated series on PBS , longest - running animated children 's series on U.S. television , and second longest - running animated series on U.S. television . 22 years 20 Access Hollywood Syndicated September 9 , 1996 present 3,265 + 22 years 20 Judge Judy Syndicated September 16 , 1996 present Longest - running reality courtroom show . 15 -- 19 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 22 years 20 MoneyTV with Donald Baillargeon Syndicated October 1 , 1996 present 950 + 22 years 20 Your World with Neil Cavuto Fox News Channel October 6 , 1996 present 20 years 20 The O'Reilly Factor Fox News Channel October 6 , 1996 April 21 , 2017 Final three episodes ( April 19 -- 21 , 2017 ) were simply titled The Factor , with hosts Dana Perino ( April 19 -- 20 ) and Greg Gutfeld ( April 21 ) . 18 years 19 Gardening by the Yard HGTV present 18 years 19 E ! True Hollywood Story E ! present 500 + 18 years 19 Fox News Sunday Fox present 18 years 19 A Wedding Story TLC present 18 years 19 Denise Austin 's Daily Workout Lifetime 1997 present 18 years 19 Hardball with Chris Matthews CNBC 1997 1999 MSNBC 1999 present 18 years 19 WNBA on ESPN ESPN 1997 present 21 years 19 Antiques Roadshow PBS January 9 , 1997 present 21 years 19 ¡ Despierta América ! Univision April 14 , 1997 present 21 years 19 The View ABC August 11 , 1997 present 4,000 + 21 years 21 South Park Comedy Central August 13 , 1997 present 290 Longest - running Comedy Central series and the third longest - running animated series in American television . 21 years 19 The People 's Court ( revival ) Syndicated September 8 , 1997 present 1,500 + 19 years 19 Lassie CBS September 12 , 1954 May 1971 571 Syndicated September 1971 March 24 , 1973 19 years 19 The Porter Wagoner Show Syndicated 1960 1979 19 years 19 The NFL Today ( original series ) CBS January 23 , 1994 19 years 19 Computer Chronicles PBS June 25 , 2002 19 years 19 Friday Night Videos NBC July 29 , 1983 May 24 , 2002 19 years 19 ESPN Sunday Night Football ESPN November 8 , 1987 January 1 , 2006 20 years 18 Fox & Friends Fox News Channel February 1 , 1998 present 20 years 27 Real World / Road Rules Challenge MTV June 1 , 1998 present 19 years 12 Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ABC August 5 , 1998 September 4 , 2004 173 ABC Family January 17 , 2005 December 15 , 2007 46 The CW July 16 , 2013 present 91 19 years 9 Will & Grace NBC September 21 , 1998 May 18 , 2006 194 September 28 , 2017 present 16 18 years 18 Art Linkletter 's House Party CBS September 1 , 1952 September 5 , 1969 NBC December 29 , 1969 September 25 , 1970 18 years 18 NASCAR on TBS TBS 2000 18 years 18 WWF Superstars Syndication 1984 924 USA 2000 TNN 2000 2001 19 years 15 Family Guy Fox January 31 , 1999 November 9 , 2003 313 Fox 's second longest - running American animated series and the fourth longest - running animated series on American television . May 1 , 2005 present 19 years 11 SpongeBob SquarePants Nickelodeon May 1 , 1999 present Longest - running Nickelodeon series , longest - running Nicktoon , the only remaining ' 90s series on Nickelodeon currently on the air and in production , the first and only Nicktoon to get an eleventh season , the second longest - running animated children 's show on U.S. television , and the fifth longest - running animated series on U.S. television . 19 years 17 Divorce Court ( revival reality show ) Syndicated / Fox Twentieth Television September 15 , 1999 Present 2,076 19 years 17 Family Feud ( second revival ) Syndicated September 20 , 1999 present 2,390 + Original series ran from 1976 to 1985 ( on ABC and in syndication ) ; an earlier revival aired from 1998 to 1995 ( on CBS from 1988 -- 1993 and in syndication from 1988 -- 1995 ) . 19 years 19 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit NBC September 20 , 1999 present 434 The longest running currently - running scripted non-animated U.S. prime - time television series ; longest running television spinoff . 19 years 17 WWE SmackDown UPN April 29 , 1999 September 15 , 2006 1000 + The CW September 22 , 2006 September 26 , 2008 MyNetworkTV October 3 , 2008 September 24 , 2010 Syfy October 1 , 2010 December 31 , 2015 USA January 7 , 2016 present 19 years 15 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ABC August 16 , 1999 June 27 , 2002 2,300 + Although Millionaire has multiple versions known around the world , the American version is the longest running . Syndicated September 16 , 2002 present 18 years 20 Big Brother ( U.S. ) CBS July 5 , 2000 present 627 Although Big Brother has multiple versions known around the world , the U.S. version is the second longest running . Also includes one Celebrity Edition . 18 years 36 Survivor ( U.S. series ) CBS May 31 , 2000 present 518 Features two seasons per year . 18 years 17 Cheaters Syndicated / The CW October 21 , 2000 present 290 17 years 17 NBA on CBS CBS October 20 , 1973 June 14 , 1990 17 years 17 Showbiz Today CNN October 29 , 1984 2001 17 years 17 USA Tuesday Night Fights USA March 30 , 1982 1998 17 years 17 The Capital Gang CNN September 7 , 1988 2005 17 years 17 The Montel Williams Show Syndicated June 24 , 1991 May 16 , 2008 3,000 + 18 years 9 Rick Steves ' Europe PBS September 1 , 2000 present 115 16 years 16 MTV Unplugged MTV November 26 , 1989 March 2 , 2007 108 16 years 16 Booknotes C - SPAN April 2 , 1989 December 5 , 2004 16 years 16 Wheel of Fortune ( daytime ) NBC January 6 , 1975 June 30 , 1989 CBS July 17 , 1989 January 11 , 1991 NBC January 14 , 1991 September 20 , 1991 16 years 16 Fight Back ! with David Horowitz Syndicated 1976 1992 16 years 16 Forensic Files TruTV April 21 , 1996 June 17 , 2011 410 + 16 years 14 The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet ABC October 10 , 1952 September 3 , 1966 435 The longest running U.S. live - action sitcom . 17 years 16 America 's Test Kitchen Syndication January 4 , 2001 present 17 years 16 Fox NASCAR Fox February 18 , 2001 present 16 years 10 The Fairly OddParents Nickelodeon March 30 , 2001 November 25 , 2006 161 Second longest - running Nickelodeon animated series and the sixth longest - running American animated series . February 18 , 2008 July 26 , 2017 15 years 15 Jack Hanna 's Animal Adventures Syndicated September 1 , 1993 May 24 , 2008 15 years 15 Sportsworld NBC 1978 1992 15 years 11 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Adult Swim December 30 , 2000 August 30 , 2015 139 Longest - running Adult Swim series and the seventh longest - running animated series on U.S. television . The episode `` Boston '' was never released . 15 years 13 Barney & Friends PBS April 5 , 1992 September 18 , 2009 248 15 years 15 For Your Home PBS 2011 15 years 15 I 've Got a Secret CBS June 19 , 1952 April 3 , 1967 350 + 15 years 15 Concentration NBC August 25 , 1958 March 23 , 1973 3,770 15 years 15 The Jack Benny Program CBS October 29 , 1950 September 15 , 1964 343 NBC September 25 , 1964 September 10 , 1965 15 years 15 That Good Ole Nashville Music Syndicated 1970 1985 15 years 15 Scientific American Frontiers PBS October 1 , 1990 October 19 , 2005 97 15 years 15 Newton 's Apple PBS October 15 , 1983 October 31 , 1998 15 years 15 ER NBC September 19 , 1994 April 2 , 2009 331 15 years 16 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation CBS October 6 , 2000 September 27 , 2015 337 17 years 30 The Amazing Race ( U.S. series ) CBS September 5 , 2001 present 353 Two seasons per year 17 years 15 Don Francisco Presenta Univision October 10 , 2001 2012 17 years 15 BET 's Top 25 BET September 22 , 2001 present 16 years 15 Last Call with Carson Daly NBC January 8 , 2002 present 1,700 + 16 years 15 Closing Bell CNBC February 4 , 2002 present 10 -- 14 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 14 years 15 On the Record Fox News Channel February 12 , 2002 September 6 , 2016 ... with Greta Van Susteren September 7 , 2016 November 11 , 2016 ... with Brit Hume 14 years 15 Ryan 's Hope ABC July 7 , 1975 January 13 , 1989 3,515 14 years 5 Davey and Goliath Syndication February 25 , 1961 June 29 , 1975 73 14 years 15 An Evening at the Improv A&E February 3 , 1982 January 1 , 1996 14 years 15 MythBusters Discovery Channel , TLC January 23 , 2003 March 5 , 2016 282 14 years 7 Futurama Fox March 28 , 1999 August 10 , 2003 140 Comedy Central March 23 , 2008 September 4 , 2013 Fox 's third longest running animated series and the eighth longest - running animated U.S. series . 14 years 14 Dora the Explorer Nickelodeon August 14 , 2000 June 5 , 2014 172 Third longest - running Nickelodeon series , the ninth longest - running animated U.S. series , and the longest - running Nick Jr. series . 14 years 14 Watch Mr. Wizard ( original series ) NBC May 26 , 1951 June 27 , 1965 547 14 years 14 The Jack LaLanne Show Syndicated 1956 1970 13 years , 4 months 14 Bonanza NBC September 12 , 1959 January 16 , 1973 430 16 years 11 Cyberchase PBS January 21 , 2002 present 114 Second longest - running PBS animated show and tenth longest - running American animated series . 14 years 14 Hollywood Squares NBC October 17 , 1966 June 20 , 1980 3,536 14 years 14 Knots Landing CBS December 27 , 1979 May 13 , 1993 344 14 years 14 The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show ABC September 13 , 1986 September 2 , 2000 387 + 13 years 13 Criminal Minds CBS September 22 , 2005 present 299 14 years 14 Marty Stouffer 's Wild America PBS 1982 120 14 years 14 Speed Week ESPN 1997 14 years 14 Video Soul BET June 26 , 1983 1997 14 years 14 MADtv Fox October 14 , 1995 May 16 , 2009 321 Longest running rival sketch show to Saturday Night Live ; longest - running Fox sketch show . 14 years 14 X-Play G4 July 4 , 1998 January 23 , 2013 1,000 + 13 years 14 NASCAR on TNT TNT July 22 , 2001 July 13 , 2014 16 years 14 Illegal Knowledge Access Tucson March 24 , 2002 present 66 + 16 years 14 Barefoot Contessa Food Network March 25 , 2002 present 111 + 16 years 14 Monday Night Baseball ESPN April 7 , 2002 present 16 years 15 American Idol Fox June 11 , 2002 April 7 , 2016 557 ABC March 11 , 2018 present 15 years 13 Shepard Smith Reporting Fox News Channel August 2002 present Originally titled Studio B with Shepard Smith 16 years 14 The Daily Buzz Syndicated , The CW Plus September 16 , 2002 present 16 years 14 Dr. Phil Syndicated September 16 , 2002 present 1,671 15 years 14 Around the Horn ESPN November 4 , 2002 present 2,310 + 15 years 14 NBA Countdown ESPN December 25 , 2002 present 16 years 14 NBA Shootaround ESPN October 25 , 2002 present 15 years 14 ESPN 's coverage of the NBA on ABC ABC December 25 , 2002 present Originally known as NBA on ABC 15 years 14 NBA on ESPN ESPN and ESPN2 December 25 , 2002 present 15 years 5 Scared ! Staten Island Community Television September 12 , 2002 present 19 15 years 6 The Venture Bros . Adult Swim February 16 , 2003 present 71 13 years 14 Good Eats Food Network July 7 , 1999 April 29 , 2010 220 Cooking Channel May 27 , 2010 February 10 , 2012 23 13 years 13 Let 's Make a Deal NBC December 30 , 1963 December 27 , 1968 ABC December 30 , 1968 July 9 , 1976 13 years 13 Howdy Doody NBC December 27 , 1947 September 24 , 1960 13 years 13 Armstrong Circle Theatre NBC June 6 , 1950 June 1957 CBS October 1957 August 28 , 1963 13 years 13 The 20th Century CBS October 20 , 1957 January 4 , 1970 13 years 13 Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids CBS September 9 , 1972 October 24 , 1981 110 Syndicated September 1 , 1984 August 10 , 1985 13 years 14 Dallas CBS April 2 , 1978 May 3 , 1991 357 13 years 13 PM Magazine Syndicated September 1978 January 1 , 1991 13 years 13 Later NBC August 22 , 1988 February 1 , 2001 15 years 14 Unsolved Mysteries NBC January 20 , 1987 September 5 , 1997 580 CBS November 13 , 1997 June 11 , 1999 Lifetime July 2 , 2001 September 20 , 2002 Spike TV October 13 , 2008 April 27 , 2010 13 years 13 Tim Russert CNBC 1994 2008 13 years 13 King of the Hill Fox January 12 , 1997 May 6 , 2010 259 Third longest running Fox animated series . 13 years 13 Hannity & Colmes Fox News Channel October 6 , 1996 January 9 , 2009 13 years 9 Rugrats Nickelodeon August 11 , 1991 August 1 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 01 ) 172 Fourth longest - running Nickelodeon animated series . 15 years 13 The Ellen DeGeneres Show Syndicated September 8 , 2003 present 2,054 15 years 15 NCIS CBS September 23 , 2003 present 354 14 years 24 America 's Next Top Model UPN May 20 , 2003 May 17 , 2006 72 The CW September 20 , 2006 December 4 , 2015 316 VH1 December 8 , 2016 present 30 12 years 13 Road Rules MTV July 19 , 1995 May 9 , 2007 12 years 12 NASCAR on Speed Speed February 11 , 2002 August 16 , 2013 12 years 12 The Joker 's Wild CBS September 4 , 1972 June 13 , 1975 3,026 Syndicated September 5 , 1977 May 23 , 1986 12 years 12 Star Search Syndicated September 10 , 1983 May 20 , 1995 12 years 12 American Sports Cavalcade TNN 1995 12 years 12 To Tell the Truth CBS December 18 , 1956 September 6 , 1968 12 years 12 The Joy of Painting PBS 1995 12 years 12 Divorce Court ( original series ) Syndicated 1957 1969 12 years 12 CBS Reports CBS October 27 , 1959 September 7 , 1971 12 years 12 The People 's Court ( original series ) Syndicated September 1981 1993 2,484 12 years 12 My Three Sons ABC September 29 , 1960 September 2 , 1965 380 CBS September 16 , 1965 August 24 , 1972 12 years 12 NYPD Blue ABC September 21 , 1993 March 1 , 2005 261 11 years , 8 months 12 Murder , She Wrote CBS September 30 , 1984 May 19 , 1996 264 11 years , 7 months 12 Hawaii Five - O ( original series ) CBS September 26 , 1968 April 26 , 1980 284 12 years 12 Loving ABC June 27 , 1983 November 10 , 1995 3,169 12 years 12 Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous Syndicated January 1984 September 1996 12 years 12 House of Style MTV January 1 , 1989 2000 12 years 12 The Jenny Jones Show Syndicated September 16 , 1991 September 12 , 2003 1,500 12 years 12 Room by Room HGTV December 31 , 1994 2006 12 years 12 NBA on NBC NBC 1990 2002 13 years 12 American Dad ! Fox February 6 , 2005 September 21 , 2014 219 Fox 's third longest - running animated series and second longest - running Seth MacFarlane show . TBS October 20 , 2014 present 10 years 11 NFL Total Access NFL Network 2003 present 13 years 8 Robot Chicken Adult Swim February 20 , 2005 present 159 12 years 25 Lockup MSNBC June 4 , 2005 February 11 , 2017 238 13 years 14 Grey 's Anatomy ABC March 27 , 2005 present 317 11 years , 5 months 12 Two and a Half Men CBS September 22 , 2003 February 19 , 2015 262 11 years 11 The Chris Matthews Show Syndicated September 22 , 2002 July 21 , 2013 11 years 11 Kraft Television Theatre NBC May 7 , 1947 October 1 , 1958 650 11 years 11 Homes Across America HGTV December 1994 October 12 , 2005 11 years 11 The Voice of Firestone NBC September 5 , 1949 June 1954 ABC June 1954 June 1959 ABC September 1962 June 16 , 1963 11 years 11 You Bet Your Life NBC October 5 , 1950 June 29 , 1961 429 11 years 11 The Andy Williams Show CBS 1957 1959 NBC 1962 1971 11 years 11 Beat the Clock ( original series ) CBS March 23 , 1950 September 12 , 1958 ABC October 13 , 1958 January 30 , 1961 11 years 11 Jeopardy ! ( original NBC series ) NBC March 30 , 1964 January 3 , 1975 2,753 11 years 11 The General Electric College Bowl CBS January 4 , 1959 1963 NBC 1963 June 14 , 1970 11 years 11 The Wilburn Brothers Show Syndicated 1998 354 11 years 11 The Carol Burnett Show CBS September 11 , 1967 March 29 , 1978 278 10 years 11 Happening Now Fox News November 5 , 2007 June 8 , 2018 10 years , 6 months 10 Wonder Pets Nickelodeon March 3 , 2006 September 3 , 2016 62 Fifth longest - running Nickelodeon show and second longest - running Nick Jr. series . 10 years , 5 months 11 M * A * S * H CBS September 17 , 1972 February 28 , 1983 251 11 years 11 The Howard Stern Show E ! June 18 , 1994 July 8 , 2005 11 years 11 Geraldo Syndicated 1998 11 years 11 Love Connection Syndicated September 19 , 1983 July 1 , 1994 2,425 11 years 11 The Danny Thomas Show ABC September 29 , 1953 July 1957 351 CBS September 1957 September 14 , 1964 11 years 11 Talk Soup E ! December 26 , 1991 May 17 , 2002 11 years 11 Martha Stewart Living Syndicated 1993 11 years 5 The Crocodile Hunter Animal Planet October 25 , 1996 September 4 , 2007 78 Longest - running Animal Planet series . 11 years 8 ToonHeads Cartoon Network October 2 , 1992 July 1 , 2001 100 Adult Swim November 4 , 2001 November 23 , 2003 11 years 11 Ricki Lake Syndicated September 13 , 1993 August 27 , 2004 11 years 11 Good Eats Food Network July 7 , 1999 2011 235 11 years 11 All That Nickelodeon April 16 , 1994 October 22 , 2005 184 Nickelodeon show with the most number of seasons . 11 years 11 7th Heaven The WB August 26 , 1996 May 8 , 2006 243 The CW September 25 , 2006 May 13 , 2007 11 years 11 Imus in the Morning MSNBC September 2 , 1996 April 11 , 2007 11 years 11 Fox News Live Fox News Channel October 6 , 1996 2008 11 years 11 The Jeffersons CBS January 18 , 1975 July 23 , 1985 255 11 years 11 Paula 's Home Cooking Food Network 2002 2013 129 + 10 years 11 Married ... with Children Fox April 5 , 1987 June 9 , 1997 259 10 years 11 Happy Days ABC January 15 , 1974 September 24 , 1984 255 10 years 10 Between The Lions PBS April 3 , 2000 November 22 , 2010 130 13 years 13 Supernatural The WB September 13 , 2005 May 4 , 2006 287 As of May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) The CW September 28 , 2006 present 10 years 11 NFL Total Access NFL Network 2003 present 12 years 12 Bones Fox September 13 , 2005 March 28 , 2017 246 13 years 22 Dancing with the Stars ABC June 1 , 2005 present 364 As of September 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) 13 years 16 Hell 's Kitchen Fox May 30 , 2005 present 255 13 years 13 It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia FX August 4 , 2005 2012 134 As of August 22 , 2018 FXX September 4 , 2013 present 11 years 11 The Big Bang Theory CBS September 24 , 2007 present 255 As of May 10 , 2018 11 years 11 Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern Travel Channel November 1 , 2006 present 127 12 years 11 Squidbillies Adult Swim October 16 , 2005 present 104 14 years 10 Space Ghost Coast to Coast Cartoon Network April 15 , 1994 July 22 , 2001 80 Second longest - running Cartoon Network original series . Adult Swim September 2 , 2001 April 12 , 2004 13 GameTap April 12 , 2006 May 31 , 2008 17 10 years 11 Intimate Portrait Lifetime January 1995 October 2005 10 years 10 American Morning CNN September 12 , 2001 December 30 , 2011 1,000 + 10 years 10 Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts CBS December 6 , 1948 July 21 , 1958 10 years 10 Arthur Godfrey and His Friends CBS January 12 , 1949 April 28 , 1959 10 years 10 Total Request Live MTV September 14 , 1998 November 16 , 2008 2,247 10 years Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Playhouse Disney May 5 , 2006 January 3 , 2011 79 Longest - running Disney animated series . Disney Junior February 14 , 2011 November 6 , 2016 46 10 years 6 Blue 's Clues Nickelodeon September 8 , 1996 August 6 , 2006 143 Sixth longest - running Nickelodeon show and third longest - running Nick Jr. series . 10 years 10 Studio One CBS November 7 , 1948 September 29 , 1958 10 years 10 Pantomime Quiz CBS October 4 , 1949 August 28 , 1951 NBC January 2 , 1952 March 26 , 1952 CBS July 4 , 1952 September 1952 CBS July 1953 August 28 , 1953 DuMont October 20 , 1953 April 13 , 1954 CBS July 9 , 1954 August 27 , 1954 ABC January 1955 March 1955 CBS July 8 , 1955 September 6 , 1957 ABC April 1958 September 1958 ABC January 1959 September 1959 10 years 10 The Arthur Murray Party ABC July 20 , 1950 September 1950 The first series to be shown on four U.S. broadcasting networks DuMont October 1950 March 1951 ABC April 1951 May 1952 CBS July 1952 August 1952 DuMont October 1952 April 1953 CBS June 1953 October 1953 NBC October 1953 September 1955 CBS April 1956 September 1956 NBC July 1957 September 6 , 1960 10 years 10 Smilin ' Ed 's Gang NBC August 26 , 1950 May 19 , 1951 CBS August 11 , 1951 April 11 , 1953 ABC August 22 , 1953 April 23 , 1955 CBS August 20 , 1955 December 31 , 1960 10 years 10 A Current Affair Syndicated July 28 , 1986 11 years 11 Cheers NBC September 30 , 1982 May 20 , 1993 273 11 years 11 Frasier NBC September 16 , 1993 May 13 , 2004 264 10 years 10 Getting Fit ESPN 1997 10 years 10 American Chopper Discovery Channel , TLC September 29 , 2002 December 17 , 2012 233 10 years 10 Friends NBC September 22 , 1994 May 6 , 2004 236 10 years Wonder Pets Nick Jr . March 3 , 2006 September 3 , 2016 62 10 years 10 Beverly Hills , 90210 Fox October 4 , 1990 May 17 , 2000 293 10 years 10 NASCAR on TNN TNN 1991 2000 10 years 10 Stargate SG - 1 Showtime , Syfy July 27 , 1997 March 13 , 2007 211 Spawned two direct - to - DVD movies , Stargate : Continuum and Stargate : The Ark of Truth . Syfy 's longest running series . 10 years 10 The French Chef PBS February 11 , 1963 February 11 , 1973 201 10 years 10 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles CBS December 14 , 1987 November 2 , 1996 193 Spawn many TV series spin - offs including its most recent series . 10 years 9 Curious George PBS September 4 , 2006 April 1 , 2015 109 Longest - running animated spin - off show of an animated movie . 10 years 6 Ed , Edd n Eddy Cartoon Network January 4 , 1999 November 8 , 2009 70 Longest running Cartoon Network original series and longest running Cartoon Cartoon 10 years The Boondocks Adult Swim November 6 , 2005 June 23 , 2014 55 10 years 10 Smallville The WB October 16 , 2001 May 11 , 2006 218 The CW September 28 , 2006 May 13 , 2011 See also ( edit ) Television portal Lists portal United States portal Lists of longest - running U.S. shows by broadcast type : List of longest - running U.S. cable television series List of longest - running U.S. broadcast network television series List of longest - running U.S. primetime television series List of longest - running U.S. first - run syndicated television series Lists of longest - running shows internationally : List of longest - running television shows by category -- international list List of longest - running Indian television series List of longest - running UK television series List of longest - running Australian television series List of longest - running Philippine television series List of longest - running Spanish television series List of shortest running shows : List of television series canceled after one episode List of television series canceled before airing an episode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Only its time on television is counted here ; it began on radio ( as American Mercury Presents : Meet the Press ) in 1945 Jump up ^ `` Meet the Press '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBS Television News 1948 -- 1951 , Douglas Edwards with the News 1951 -- 1963 Jump up ^ Only its time on television is counted here ; it began on radio July 15 , 1929 . Jump up ^ Originally Hallmark Playhouse radio series , was Hallmark Television Playhouse ( 1951 -- 1954 ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Hallmark Hall Of Fame Moving To Cable , Will Air On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ABC Evening News 1953 -- 1965 and 1967 -- 1978 ; Peter Jennings and the News 1965 -- 1967 ; World News Tonight 1978 -- 2006 ; World News with Charles Gibson 2006 -- 2009 ; ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 2009 -- 2014 Jump up ^ Includes the various permutations and rebrandings over the years , including The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ^ Jump up to : Land , Gary ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Seventh - Day Adventists ( Historical Dictionaries of Religions , Philosophies , and Movements Series ) . Scarecrow Press . p. 310 . ISBN 978 - 1442241879 . Jump up ^ Fox , Margalit ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Richard D. Heffner , Host of ' The Open Mind , ' Dies at 88 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Originally The Guiding Light . Only its time on television is counted here ; it began on radio January 25 , 1937 . Jump up ^ Name often altered to reflect primary sponsor . Name on current broadcasts : Denny 's PBA Tour Jump up ^ In addition , NBC televised the fall tour , 1984 -- 1991 Jump up ^ 1998 -- 2000 broadcast seasons were shared by CBS and ESPN Jump up ^ `` Watch Online General Hospital Season 54 Episode 70 -- # 13600 -- Watch Series '' . Jump up ^ Disney anthology television series aired under a variety of titles , including Disneyland , Disney 's Wonderful World of Color and The Magical World of Disney . The current title is The Wonderful World of Disney . See the main article for a complete broadcast history Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives Episode Schedule '' . NBC . April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Originally Washington Week in Review Jump up ^ Michael Gershman ; David S. Neft & Bob Carroll ( 1997 ) . Total Football : The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League . Harper Resource . ISBN 0 - 06 - 270174 - 6 . Jump up ^ Editors at the NFL ( 2005 ) . NFL Record and Fact Book . Sports Illustrated . ISBN 978 - 1932994360 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` How it all began ? '' . The Telethon Years . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ This only applies to the time that a children 's program has broadcast nationwide . Technically , a few other children 's programs may have run longer in years / seasons than Sesame Street . However , some of those programs ' seasons / years do n't count as said programs were n't broadcast nationwide for their entire run . Jump up ^ Originally The New Price Is Right ; longest - running game show in American television history . Jump up ^ Weekly broadcasts ended January 1 , 1997 ; irregular airings afterward ; officially ended with the absorption of ABC Sports into ESPN Jump up ^ Was available to stations in both franchised and syndicated versions as Romper Room from 1953 to 1981 ; Was retitled Romper Room & Friends in 1981 and became a syndicated - only series as the local versions ended production Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Fred ( April 26 , 1997 ) . `` 1st ` Romper Room ' teacher Nancy Claster dies at 82 '' . The Baltimore Sun . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Crockett 's Victory Garden , 1975 -- 79 Jump up ^ Originally NBC 's Saturday Night Jump up ^ Previously The Robert MacNeil Report ( 1975 ) , The MacNeil / Lehrer Report ( 1975 -- 1983 ) , The MacNeil / Lehrer NewsHour 1975 -- 1995 , The News Hour with Jim Lehrer 1995 -- 2009 Jump up ^ Not currently on a regular schedule Jump up ^ Aired locally on WYAH - TV Portsmouth , Virginia , 1966 -- 1977 ; evolved from locally broadcast telethons 1962 -- 1966 Jump up ^ Simulcast with cable network transmission Jump up ^ Scheduled Jump up ^ Broadcast locally only on WPBT , 1979 -- 1981 Jump up ^ Broadcast only in North Carolina , 1979 -- 1981 Jump up ^ Evolved from The Iran Crisis -- America Held Hostage ( 1979 -- 80 ) Jump up ^ Weekend editions are simulcast on the BBC Parliament channel with the name America This Week Jump up ^ Date of airing of last first - run episode . Since then , reruns have been syndicated as Best of Soul Train Jump up ^ Became Wall Street Week with Fortune after original host was fired in 2002 Jump up ^ Originally titled Noticiero SIN when Univision was known as SIN ( Spanish International Network ) . Jump up ^ Also syndicated , 1982 -- present Jump up ^ Succeeded Issues and Answers ; full title throughout its run is This Week With ( host 's name ) , beginning with David Brinkley , 1981 -- 1996 . Cokie Roberts and Sam Donaldson co-anchored from 1996 -- 2002 . George Stephanopoulos was host from 2002 to 2010 . Christiane Amanpour took over as host in 2010 . Jump up ^ Late Night , as an entity , is in its 28th season . Over that period it has had four hosts , listed in the notes column . Jump up ^ as of press time Jump up ^ Pilot taped April 4 , 1966 Jump up ^ Hosted by Alex Trebek Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Photo Gallery , Celebrity Wallpapers , Celebrity Videos , Bio , News , Songs , Movies '' . In.com . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Also Westbrook Hospital , 1975 -- 1981 Jump up ^ `` George Crothers , 89 , Television Producer '' . The New York Times . December 7 , 1998 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Oldest continuously running radio program , airing on WSM radio , Nashville , Tennessee Jump up ^ As Grand Ole Opry Live ! Jump up ^ Originated on CBS Jump up ^ Reran CBS originals , 1984 -- 1987 Jump up ^ Rebroadcast A&E originals , 1999 -- 2006 Jump up ^ `` The Bold and the Beautiful - About '' . cbs.com . Retrieved 12 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Reruns aired in syndication , 1984 -- 1992 Jump up ^ Began as Moneyline . Became Lou Dobbs Moneyline in 2001 , Lou Dobbs Tonight in 2003 Jump up ^ Broadcast locally on WQXI in 1971 and moved to WTBS starting in 1972 . Went national when WTBS launched their satellite feed in 1976 . Began as Georgia Championship Wrestling in 1971 . Became World Championship Wrestling in 1981 and WCW Saturday Night in 1992 . Ended as WCW Saturday Morning in 2000 . Jump up ^ Host : Tom Chapin ( 1985 -- 1988 ) , Robert Urich ( 1988 -- 1995 ) , Robert Ballard ( 1988 -- 1995 ) , Boyd Matson ( 1995 -- 2003 ) , Michael Fay ( 2001 ) , Lisa Ling ( 2003 -- ) Jump up ^ Show renamed National Geographic Ultimate Explorer 2003 -- 2005 Jump up ^ Also called 48 Hours Investigates Jump up ^ Other names : Live with Regis and Kathie Lee ( 1988 -- 2000 ) , Live with Regis ( 2000 -- 2001 ) , Live with Regis and Kelly ( 2001 -- 2011 ) , Live with Kelly and Michael ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Jump up ^ Date of first episode distributed nationally ; was aired by WABC locally at The Morning Show , 1983 -- 1988 Jump up ^ Renamed `` The Hee Haw Show '' for 1991 -- 92 season , and Hee Haw Silver for 1992 -- 93 season ( `` greatest hits '' ) Jump up ^ Started in 2008 , Mystery ! was absorbed into Masterpiece ( the former Masterpiece Theatre ) and airs under the banner Masterpiece Mystery ! Jump up ^ Originally The Dodge Dancing Party ; reruns have been airing since 1982 on various PBS stations , oftentimes recut and spliced with new footage from surviving cast members to give the illusion of new episodes . Jump up ^ Originally The Phil Donahue Show Jump up ^ Originally Open End ; prior to syndication , aired on WNTA - TV 1958 -- 1961 Jump up ^ Also known as Showtime in Harlem , Showtime , and Live in Hollywood Jump up ^ Full title ESPN Magazine 's Sport Reporters Jump up ^ Program rebroadcast later the same day on ESPNews Jump up ^ Only its time as its own television show is counted here ; it began on The Tracey Ullman Show as animated shorts . It is currently the longest - running prime time entertainment program with a consistent setting and recurring characters . While other prime - time shows have run longer , they are all news , sports , anthology or variety programs . Jump up ^ Includes Sunday Night Baseball , Wednesday Night Baseball , etc . Jump up ^ ESPN2 started broadcasting major league baseball games in 2002 in addition to those offered by ESPN Jump up ^ Longest - running game show in prime time network television Jump up ^ Previously E ! News Daily and E ! News Live Jump up ^ Also known as Dateline ( day of week it airs ) , Dateline With Stone Phillips Jump up ^ In 2010 , in between the Power Rangers RPM season and the Power Rangers Samurai season of the show , Disney chose to create and broadcast a `` newly re-versioned '' season of episodes instead of an actual new season . Since this season is not actual new episodes in of themselves , but rather old episodes with new special effects thrown in them , this season is not usually counted by fans or the current owner of the show ( Saban Brands ) towards the total season count ( making the current season count one less than expected despite being on for 25 years ) . However , it is mentioned here anyway because the current owner of the show , from a production standpoint , does consider its existence as an official season in addition to the other seasons despite not including it in the total season count . Jump up ^ While the show takes place in the same fictional universe , as a whole , for its entire run ; it is often renamed on a yearly basis as the central location , theme , and characters change almost completely on a season by season basis . In essence , most seasons of the show can be thought of more as a series of individual shows that make up a larger television franchise , like Star Trek for example . Jump up ^ First broadcast episodes on August 28 , 1993 . Premiered new episodes from August 28 , 1993 till August 10 , 2002 . Last broadcast episodes on September 7 , 2002 . In select markets was aired on another station other than Fox ; such as independent stations , UPN or The WB ( see Fox Kids broadcasting ambiguities ) . Jump up ^ Costumes and footage loosely adapted from Super Sentai . Jump up ^ First broadcast episodes on March 3 , 2002 . Premiered new episodes from February 14 , 2004 till July 10 , 2005 . Last broadcast episodes on August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ First broadcast episodes on February 14 , 2004 . Premiered new episodes from July 16 , 2005 till November 3 , 2008 . Last broadcast episodes on February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ First broadcast episodes on September 14 , 2002 . Premiered new episodes from September 14 , 2002 till November 15 , 2003 ; then again from March 7 , 2009 till December 26 , 2009 . Premiered broadcasts of old episodes `` newly re-versioned '' from January 2 , 2010 till August 28 , 2010 . Last broadcast episodes on August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ First broadcast episodes on August 25 , 2012 . Never premiered a new episode and never reran new episodes as encore airings shortly after they premiered . All airings were reruns from an older season . Last broadcast episodes on January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ First broadcast episodes on February 7 , 2011 . Premiered new episodes from February 7 , 2011 till the present . Has yet to make its last broadcast . Jump up ^ First broadcast episodes on February 11 , 2011 . As of the present has never premiered a new episode , but does rerun them as encore airings shortly after they premiere . Also airs reruns from previous seasons . Has yet to make its last broadcast . Jump up ^ Presently , each episode first airs on ESPN2 on Fridays , then is repeated on ESPN two days later Jump up ^ Morning 1979 -- 1982 Jump up ^ Originated on NBC Radio 1940 -- 1951 . Jump up ^ Hosted by Ralph Edwards Jump up ^ Hosted by Jack Bailey Jump up ^ Hosted by Bob Barker ; Steve Dunne also hosted a prime - time version on NBC , 1958 Jump up ^ Hosted by Bob Barker Jump up ^ Title through 1986 . Subsequent titles : Siskel & Ebert & the Movies ( 1986 -- 1989 ) , Siskel & Ebert ( 1989 -- 1999 ) , Roger Ebert & the Movies ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Ebert & Roeper and the Movies ( 2000 -- 2001 ) , Ebert & Roeper ( 2001 -- 2007 ) , At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , At the Movies ( 2009 -- 2010 ) , Ebert presents At the Movies ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Aired as Toast of the Town until 1955 Jump up ^ Evolved from George Michael 's Sports Final , 1980 -- 1984 ( https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/16/AR2006111600669.html ) Jump up ^ Local transmission only ( WCET ) , 1972 -- 1996 Jump up ^ Originated on radio as Major Bowes ' Original Amateur Hour , 1934 -- 1946 Jump up ^ Originally GrandStand , then changed name to reflect year ; was also NFL Live 1987 -- 1997 Jump up ^ Evolved from Jammin ' ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Jump up ^ Originally Extra : The Entertainment Magazine Jump up ^ Originally Entertainers Jump up ^ Host : Tom Snyder 1995 -- 1999 , Craig Kilborn 1999 -- 2004 , Craig Ferguson 2004 -- 2014 , James Corden 2015 -- Jump up ^ Originally ABC Press Conference ; succeeded in time slot by This Week Jump up ^ Originally Opening Soon at a Theater Near You ( 1975 -- 1977 ) ; Sneak Previes Goes Video 1989 -- 1991 Jump up ^ Original version hosted by Mel Allen ( 1977 -- 1996 ) , Warner Fusselle ( 1996 ) , and Ozzie Smith ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Jump up ^ It was at one time , prior to The Simpsons succeeding them , known as the longest - running prime time entertainment program with a consistent setting and recurring characters . While other prime - time shows have run longer , they are all news , sports , anthology or variety programs . Jump up ^ Other names : Evans , Novak , Hunt , and Shields ( 1998 -- 2001 ) , Novak , Hunt , and Shields ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Jump up ^ Originally The O'Reilly Report Jump up ^ First - run broadcast on Fox ; repeated in the afternoon of the same day on Fox News Channel Jump up ^ Originally Politics with Chris Matthews Jump up ^ Judges : Ed Koch ( 1997 -- 1999 ) , Jerry Sheindlin ( 1999 -- 2001 ) , Marilyn Milian ( 2001 -- present ) Jump up ^ Name changed to Friday Night 1994 -- 2000 , Late Friday 2001 -- 2002 . In both cases , the name change accompanied a change in program format Jump up ^ Moved to NBC in 2006 , at which time Monday Night Football moves from ABC to ESPN Jump up ^ Sunday Night Football shared with TNT , with TNT getting the first half of the season , ESPN the second half , 1990 -- 1997 Jump up ^ Also on CBS Radio , 1945 -- 1967 Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' WWE SmackDown ' Moves to USA Network in 2016 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` WWE SmackDown moves to USA Network '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ New episodes sporadic after 2001 Jump up ^ Longest - running U.S. live - action sitcom . Jump up ^ Reruns only ( no first - run episodes ) in 1994 , 1996 , and 2001 Jump up ^ First U.S. network series to film all its episodes in color Jump up ^ original network series -- syndicated version ran 1971 -- 1977 ; short - lived `` revivals '' followed Jump up ^ The 21st Century 1967 -- 1970 Jump up ^ Aired locally on KPIX San Francisco as Evening : The MTWTF Show , 1976 -- 1978 Jump up ^ Includes series of specials , Jan. 1987 to May 1988 Jump up ^ Show was kept in production for four episodes beyond what Fox had ordered for the final season . Several months after the last broadcast on Fox , these four leftover episodes premiered in syndication from May 3rd through May 7th , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Season 9 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . OpenGate Capital Magazine CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Syndicated revival prompted by success of syndicated repeats of CBS episodes in 1976 Jump up ^ Ed McMahon 's Star Search , 1992 -- 1995 Jump up ^ With Judge Voltaire Perkins Jump up ^ With Judge Joseph Wapner Jump up ^ HGTV continues to present reruns after non-renewal of series Jump up ^ Also known as Kraft Mystery Theatre ( 1958 ) ; another series of the same name ran concurrently on ABC , 1953 -- 1955 Jump up ^ Had 13 week seasons , according to HGTV Jump up ^ Emcee : Bud Collyer Jump up ^ Hosted by Art Fleming Jump up ^ Also known as G.E. College Bowl ; on NBC radio , 1953 -- 1955 ; pilot shot 1955 Jump up ^ As Make Room for Daddy ; NBC used the same name when airing reruns of this series , 1960 -- 1965 Jump up ^ As The Danny Thomas Show Jump up ^ `` Special preview '' airing , April 16 , 1994 Jump up ^ Longest - running family drama on television , per Reuters article about 7th Heaven finale Jump up ^ Scheduled date of last episode Jump up ^ Simulcast of live program at WFAN New York Jump up ^ On CBS radio 1946 -- 1956 Jump up ^ Originated on CBS Radio , 1947 Jump up ^ Originally aired locally in Los Angeles , 1947 -- 1950 Jump up ^ Began on radio as Ed McConnell and the Buster Brown Gang , 1929 -- 1950 ; became Andy 's Gang in 1954 when Andy Devine became host after McConnell 's death Further reading ( edit ) Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 -- present . ISBN 0 - 345 - 45542 - 8 . TV Guide Guide to TV ( 2006 ) . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 7572 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_longest-running_United_States_television_series&oldid=865997088 '' Categories : Lists of longest - running U.S. TV shows Lists of American television series Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Incomplete lists from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 15 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the longest running game show in the united states | [
"\n\nLength\nNumber of seasons\nSeries\nNetwork\nFirst broadcast\nLast broadcast\nNumber of episodes\nNotes\n\n\n50 years\n\n48\n\n60 Minutes (CBS News)\n\nCBS\n\nSeptember 24, 1968\n\npresent\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n48 years\n\n27\n\nScooby-Doo\n\nCBS\n\nSeptember 13, 1969\n\nOctober 27, 1973\n\n376\n\nLongest-running Hanna-Barbera television franchise\n\n\nABC\n\nSeptember 11, 1976\n\nAugust 17, 1991\n\n\nThe WB\n\nSeptember 14, 2002\n\nApril 16, 2005\n\n\nThe CW\n\nSeptember 23, 2006\n\nMarch 15, 2008\n\n\nCartoon Network\n\nApril 5, 2010\n\nMarch 12, 2016\n\n\nBoomerang\n\nJune 20, 2017\n\npresent\n\n\n\n46 years\n\n46\n\nJerry Lewis MDA Telethon\n\nSyndicated/ABC\n\nSeptember 4, 1966[21]\n\nAugust 31, 2014\n\n46\n\nAnnual broadcast; was broadcast as a two-hour special on ABC in 2013 and 2014.\n\n\n48 years\n\n48\n\nSesame Street\n\nNET\n\nNovember 10, 1969\n\nOctober 4, 1970\n\n4,491\n\nLongest-running children's show.[22] While Sesame Street remains on the PBS schedule, new episodes now premiere on HBO and become available to PBS nine months later.\n\n\nPBS\n\nOctober 5, 1970\n\npresent\n\n\nHBO\n\nJanuary 16, 2016\n\npresent\n\n\n48 years\n\n47\n\nHour of Power\n\nSyndicated\n\nFebruary 1970\n\npresent\n\n2,000+\n\n\n\n\n48 years\n\n46\n\nMonday Night Football\n\nABC\n\nSeptember 21, 1970\n\nDecember 26, 2005\n\n641+\n\n\n\n\nESPN\n\nSeptember 11, 2006\n\npresent\n\n\n48 years\n\n46\n\nNBC Nightly News (NBC News)\n\nNBC\n\nAugust 3, 1970\n\npresent\n\n\n\nNBC has had an evening broadcast since 1948, starting with Camel News Caravan, lasting until 1956, when it was replaced by Nightly News' predecessor the Huntley-Brinkley Report.\n\n\n47 years\n\n46\n\nMasterpiece Theatre\n\nPBS\n\nJanuary 10, 1971\n\npresent\n\n\n\n\n\n\n46 years\n\n46\n\nThe Price Is Right (CBS Daytime)[23]\n\nCBS\n\nSeptember 4, 1972\n\npresent\n\n8,000+\n\nLongest-running game show.\n\n\n45 years\n\n45\n\nWide World of Sports (ABC Sports)\n\nABC\n\nApril 29, 1961\n\nAugust 2006[24]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n45 years\n\n36\n\nNASCAR on ABC\n\nABC\n\nFebruary 26, 1961\n\nAugust 5, 2000\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMarch 10, 2007\n\nOctober 11, 2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n45 years\n\n45\n\nAgronsky & Co./Inside Washington\n\nSyndicated\n\n1969\n\nDecember 20, 2013\n\n\n\n\n\n\n45 years\n\n46\n\nOne Life to Live (ABC Daytime)\n\nABC\n\nJuly 15, 1968\n\nJanuary 13, 2012\n\n11,096\n\nWhile the show had ceased airing as a television series it was still in production for a brief time after. On April 29, 2013 the show had resumed airing now as a web series on the internet and could be seen through Hulu, iTunes and YouTube until August 19, 2013 before being confirmed as being discontinued again on September 3, 2013.\n\n\n45 years\n\n44\n\nGreat Performances\n\nPBS\n\nNovember 4, 1972\n\npresent\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n45 years\n\n45\n\nThe Young and the Restless (CBS Daytime)\n\nCBS\n\nMarch 26, 1973\n\npresent\n\n11,000+\n\n\n\n\n41 years\n\n41\n\nRomper Room/Romper Room & Friends[25]\n\nSyndicated\n\nFebruary 9, 1953[26]\n\nSeptember 1994\n\n\n\n\n\n\n41 years\n\n42\n\nAll My Children (ABC Daytime)\n\nABC\n\nJanuary 5, 1970\n\nSeptember 23, 2011\n\n10,712\n\nWhile the show had ceased airing as a television series it was still in production for a brief time after. On April 29, 2013 the show had resumed airing now as a web series on the internet and could be seen through Hulu, iTunes and YouTube until September 2, 2013 before being confirmed as being discontinued again on November 11, 2013.\n\n\n44 years\n\n43\n\nNova\n\nPBS\n\nMarch 3, 1974\n\npresent\n\n698\n\n\n\n\n43 years\n\n41\n\nThe Victory Garden[27]\n\nPBS\n\nApril 16, 1975\n\npresent\n\n\n\n\n\n\n43 years\n\n43\n\nSaturday Night Live[28]\n\nNBC\n\nOctober 11, 1975\n\npresent\n\n850\n\nThe longest-running sketch comedy show on American television, as well as the longest-running variety show in U.S. history.\n\n\n43 years\n\n41\n\nPBS NewsHour[29]\n\nPBS\n\nOctober 20, 1975\n\npresent\n\n\n\n\n\n\n42 years\n\n41\n\nGood Morning America\n\nABC\n\nNovember 3, 1975\n\npresent\n\n9,914+\n\n\n\n\n42 years\n\n41\n\nAustin City Limits\n\nPBS\n\n1976\n\npresent\n\n\n\n\n\n\n42 years\n\n41\n\nCreative Living with Sheryl Borden\n\nSyndicated\n\n1976\n\npresent\n\n\n\n\n\n\n42 years\n\n41\n\nLive from Lincoln Center\n\nPBS\n\nJanuary 30, 1976\n\npresent[30]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n40 years\n\n40\n\nNASCAR on CBS\n\nCBS\n\nFebruary 12, 1960\n\nJuly 15, 2000\n\n\n\n\n\n\n40 years\n\n40\n\nThe Bugs Bunny Show-Bugs Bunny Road Runner Hour-Bugs Bunny Road Runner Show-Bugs and Tweety Show\n\nABC (1960-1968, 1986-2000), CBS (1968-1985)\n\nOctober 11, 1960\n\nSeptember 2nd, 2000\n\n1040 episodes, including at least 5,000 Total shorts being aired, although many were re rans.\n\nLongest running cartoon program on broadcast television, the last non-Disney ABC Kids show, and the last non-Educational and Informal (E/I) Saturday morning cartoon on broadcast TV.\n\n"
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"The Price Is Right"
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5574124052391491814 | Surrealism | Surrealism - wikipedia Surrealism Jump to : navigation , search Surrealism Max Ernst , The Elephant Celebes , 1921 , Tate London Years active 1920s -- 1930s Country France , Belgium Major figures Breton , Dalí , Ernst , Magritte Influences Dada Influenced Abstract expressionism , Post-modernism Part of a series on Surrealism Surrealist Manifesto Surrealist cinema Surrealist music Surrealist techniques Birmingham Surrealists Women Surrealists Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s , and is best known for its visual artworks and writings . Artists painted unnerving , illogical scenes with photographic precision , created strange creatures from everyday objects , and developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself . Its aim was to `` resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality , a super-reality '' . Surrealist works feature the element of surprise , unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur ; however , many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost , with the works being an artifact . Leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was , above all , a revolutionary movement . Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I and the most important center of the movement was Paris . From the 1920s onward , the movement spread around the globe , eventually affecting the visual arts , literature , film , and music of many countries and languages , as well as political thought and practice , philosophy , and social theory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding of the movement 1.1 Surrealist Manifestos 1.2 Bureau of Surrealist Research 2 Expansion 2.1 Surrealist literature 2.2 Surrealist films 2.3 Surrealist theatre 2.4 Surrealist music 3 Surrealism and international politics 3.1 Internal politics 4 Golden age 4.1 World War II and the Post War period 5 Post-Breton Surrealism 6 Impact of Surrealism 6.1 Other sources used by Surrealism epigons 6.2 1960s riots 6.3 Postmodernism and popular culture 6.4 Surrealist groups 6.5 Surrealism and the theatre 6.6 Surrealism and comedy 7 Criticism of Surrealism 7.1 Feminist 7.2 Freudian 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links 11.1 André Breton writings 11.2 Overview websites 11.3 Surrealism and politics 11.4 Surrealist poetry Founding of the movement ( edit ) The word ' surrealism ' was coined in March 1917 by Guillaume Apollinaire three years before Surrealism emerged as an art movement in Paris . He wrote in a letter to Paul Dermée : `` All things considered , I think in fact it is better to adopt surrealism than supernaturalism , which I first used '' ( Tout bien examiné , je crois en effet qu'il vaut mieux adopter surréalisme que surnaturalisme que j'avais d'abord employé ) . Apollinaire used the term in his program notes for Serge Diaghilev 's Ballets Russes , Parade , which premiered 18 May 1917 . Parade had a one - act scenario by Jean Cocteau and was performed with music by Erik Satie . Cocteau described the ballet as `` realistic '' . Apollinaire went further , describing Parade as `` surrealistic '' : This new alliance -- I say new , because until now scenery and costumes were linked only by factitious bonds -- has given rise , in Parade , to a kind of surrealism , which I consider to be the point of departure for a whole series of manifestations of the New Spirit that is making itself felt today and that will certainly appeal to our best minds . We may expect it to bring about profound changes in our arts and manners through universal joyfulness , for it is only natural , after all , that they keep pace with scientific and industrial progress . ( Apollinaire , 1917 ) The term was taken up again by Apollinaire , in the preface to his play Les Mamelles de Tirésias , which was written in 1903 and first performed in 1917 . World War I scattered the writers and artists who had been based in Paris , and in the interim many became involved with Dada , believing that excessive rational thought and bourgeois values had brought the conflict of the war upon the world . The Dadaists protested with anti-art gatherings , performances , writings and art works . After the war , when they returned to Paris , the Dada activities continued . During the war , André Breton , who had trained in medicine and psychiatry , served in a neurological hospital where he used Sigmund Freud 's psychoanalytic methods with soldiers suffering from shell - shock . Meeting the young writer Jacques Vaché , Breton felt that Vaché was the spiritual son of writer and pataphysics founder Alfred Jarry . He admired the young writer 's anti-social attitude and disdain for established artistic tradition . Later Breton wrote , `` In literature , I was successively taken with Rimbaud , with Jarry , with Apollinaire , with Nouveau , with Lautréamont , but it is Jacques Vaché to whom I owe the most . '' Back in Paris , Breton joined in Dada activities and started the literary journal Littérature along with Louis Aragon and Philippe Soupault . They began experimenting with automatic writing -- spontaneously writing without censoring their thoughts -- and published the writings , as well as accounts of dreams , in the magazine . Breton and Soupault delved deeper into automatism and wrote The Magnetic Fields ( 1920 ) . Continuing to write , they came to believe that automatism was a better tactic for societal change than the Dada form of attack on prevailing values . The group attracted additional members and grew to include writers and artists from various media such as Paul Éluard , Benjamin Péret , René Crevel , Robert Desnos , Jacques Baron , Max Morise , Pierre Naville , Roger Vitrac , Gala Éluard , Max Ernst , Salvador Dalí , Luis Buñuel , Man Ray , Hans Arp , Georges Malkine , Michel Leiris , Georges Limbour , Antonin Artaud , Raymond Queneau , André Masson , Joan Miró , Marcel Duchamp , Jacques Prévert , and Yves Tanguy . Cover of the first issue of La Révolution surréaliste , December 1924 . As they developed their philosophy , they believed that Surrealism would advocate the idea that ordinary and depictive expressions are vital and important , but that the sense of their arrangement must be open to the full range of imagination according to the Hegelian Dialectic . They also looked to the Marxist dialectic and the work of such theorists as Walter Benjamin and Herbert Marcuse . Freud 's work with free association , dream analysis , and the unconscious was of utmost importance to the Surrealists in developing methods to liberate imagination . They embraced idiosyncrasy , while rejecting the idea of an underlying madness . As Salvador Dalí later proclaimed , `` There is only one difference between a madman and me . I am not mad . '' Beside the use of dream analysis , they emphasized that `` one could combine inside the same frame , elements not normally found together to produce illogical and startling effects . '' Breton included the idea of the startling juxtapositions in his 1924 manifesto , taking it in turn from a 1918 essay by poet Pierre Reverdy , which said : `` a juxtaposition of two more or less distant realities . The more the relationship between the two juxtaposed realities is distant and true , the stronger the image will be − the greater its emotional power and poetic reality . '' The group aimed to revolutionize human experience , in its personal , cultural , social , and political aspects . They wanted to free people from false rationality , and restrictive customs and structures . Breton proclaimed that the true aim of Surrealism was `` long live the social revolution , and it alone ! '' To this goal , at various times Surrealists aligned with communism and anarchism . In 1924 two Surrealist factions declared their philosophy in two separate Surrealist Manifestos . That same year the Bureau of Surrealist Research was established , and began publishing the journal La Révolution surréaliste . Surrealist Manifestos ( edit ) Yvan Goll , Surréalisme , Manifeste du surréalisme , Volume 1 , Number 1 , October 1 , 1924 , cover by Robert Delaunay Leading up to 1924 , two rival surrealist groups had formed . Each group claimed to be successors of a revolution launched by Guillaume Apollinaire . One group , led by Yvan Goll , consisted of Pierre Albert - Birot , Paul Dermée , Céline Arnauld , Francis Picabia , Tristan Tzara , Giuseppe Ungaretti , Pierre Reverdy , Marcel Arland , Joseph Delteil , Jean Painlevé and Robert Delaunay , among others . The other group , led by Breton , included Louis Aragon , Robert Desnos , Paul Éluard , Jacques Baron , Jacques - André Boiffard , Jean Carrive , René Crevel and Georges Malkine , among others . Yvan Goll published the Manifeste du surréalisme , 1 October 1924 , in his first and only issue of Surréalisme two weeks prior to the release of Breton 's Manifeste du surréalisme , published by Éditions du Sagittaire , 15 October 1924 . Goll and Breton clashed openly , at one point literally fighting , at the Comédie des Champs - Élysées , over the rights to the term Surrealism . In the end , Breton won the battle through tactical and numerical superiority . Though the quarrel over the anteriority of Surrealism concluded with the victory of Breton , the history of surrealism from that moment would remain marked by fractures , resignations , and resounding excommunications , with each surrealist having their own view of the issue and goals , and accepting more or less the definitions laid out by André Breton . Breton 's 1924 Surrealist Manifesto defines the purposes of Surrealism . He included citations of the influences on Surrealism , examples of Surrealist works , and discussion of Surrealist automatism . He provided the following definitions : Dictionary : Surrealism , n . Pure psychic automatism , by which one proposes to express , either verbally , in writing , or by any other manner , the real functioning of thought . Dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason , outside of all aesthetic and moral preoccupation . Encyclopedia : Surrealism . Philosophy . Surrealism is based on the belief in the superior reality of certain forms of previously neglected associations , in the omnipotence of dream , in the disinterested play of thought . It tends to ruin once and for all other psychic mechanisms and to substitute itself for them in solving all the principal problems of life . Bureau of Surrealist Research ( edit ) The Bureau of Surrealist Research ( Centrale Surréaliste ) was the center for Surrealist writers and artists to meet , hold discussions , and conduct interviews . They investigated speech under trance . Expansion ( edit ) André Masson . Automatic Drawing. 1924 . Ink on paper , 23.5 x 20.6 cm . Museum of Modern Art , New York . Giacometti 's Woman with Her Throat Cut , 1932 ( cast 1949 ) , Museum of Modern Art , New York City The movement in the mid-1920s was characterized by meetings in cafes where the Surrealists played collaborative drawing games , discussed the theories of Surrealism , and developed a variety of techniques such as automatic drawing . Breton initially doubted that visual arts could even be useful in the Surrealist movement since they appeared to be less malleable and open to chance and automatism . This caution was overcome by the discovery of such techniques as frottage and decalcomania . Soon more visual artists became involved , including Giorgio de Chirico , Max Ernst , Joan Miró , Francis Picabia , Yves Tanguy , Salvador Dalí , Luis Buñuel , Alberto Giacometti , Valentine Hugo , Méret Oppenheim , Toyen , Kansuke Yamamoto and later after the second war : Enrico Donati . Though Breton admired Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp and courted them to join the movement , they remained peripheral . More writers also joined , including former Dadaist Tristan Tzara , René Char , and Georges Sadoul . In 1925 an autonomous Surrealist group formed in Brussels . The group included the musician , poet , and artist E.L.T. Mesens , painter and writer René Magritte , Paul Nougé , Marcel Lecomte , and André Souris . In 1927 they were joined by the writer Louis Scutenaire . They corresponded regularly with the Paris group , and in 1927 both Goemans and Magritte moved to Paris and frequented Breton 's circle . The artists , with their roots in Dada and Cubism , the abstraction of Wassily Kandinsky , Expressionism , and Post-Impressionism , also reached to older `` bloodlines '' such as Hieronymus Bosch , and the so - called primitive and naive arts . André Masson 's automatic drawings of 1923 are often used as the point of the acceptance of visual arts and the break from Dada , since they reflect the influence of the idea of the unconscious mind . Another example is Giacometti 's 1925 Torso , which marked his movement to simplified forms and inspiration from preclassical sculpture . However , a striking example of the line used to divide Dada and Surrealism among art experts is the pairing of 1925 's Little Machine Constructed by Minimax Dadamax in Person ( Von minimax dadamax selbst konstruiertes maschinchen ) with The Kiss ( Le Baiser ) from 1927 by Max Ernst . The first is generally held to have a distance , and erotic subtext , whereas the second presents an erotic act openly and directly . In the second the influence of Miró and the drawing style of Picasso is visible with the use of fluid curving and intersecting lines and colour , whereas the first takes a directness that would later be influential in movements such as Pop art . Giorgio de Chirico , The Red Tower ( La Tour Rouge ) , 1913 , Guggenheim Museum Giorgio de Chirico , and his previous development of metaphysical art , was one of the important joining figures between the philosophical and visual aspects of Surrealism . Between 1911 and 1917 , he adopted an unornamented depictional style whose surface would be adopted by others later . The Red Tower ( La tour rouge ) from 1913 shows the stark colour contrasts and illustrative style later adopted by Surrealist painters . His 1914 The Nostalgia of the Poet ( La Nostalgie du poète ) has the figure turned away from the viewer , and the juxtaposition of a bust with glasses and a fish as a relief defies conventional explanation . He was also a writer whose novel Hebdomeros presents a series of dreamscapes with an unusual use of punctuation , syntax , and grammar designed to create an atmosphere and frame its images . His images , including set designs for the Ballets Russes , would create a decorative form of Surrealism , and he would be an influence on the two artists who would be even more closely associated with Surrealism in the public mind : Dalí and Magritte . He would , however , leave the Surrealist group in 1928 . In 1924 , Miró and Masson applied Surrealism to painting . The first Surrealist exhibition , La Peinture Surrealiste , was held at Galerie Pierre in Paris in 1925 . It displayed works by Masson , Man Ray , Paul Klee , Miró , and others . The show confirmed that Surrealism had a component in the visual arts ( though it had been initially debated whether this was possible ) , and techniques from Dada , such as photomontage , were used . The following year , on March 26 , 1926 Galerie Surréaliste opened with an exhibition by Man Ray . Breton published Surrealism and Painting in 1928 which summarized the movement to that point , though he continued to update the work until the 1960s . Surrealist literature ( edit ) René Magritte 's `` This is not a pipe . '' The Treachery of Images 1928 -- 29 , Los Angeles County Museum of Art The first Surrealist work , according to leader Breton , was Les Champs Magnétiques ( May -- June 1919 ) . Littérature contained automatist works and accounts of dreams . The magazine and the portfolio both showed their disdain for literal meanings given to objects and focused rather on the undertones , the poetic undercurrents present . Not only did they give emphasis to the poetic undercurrents , but also to the connotations and the overtones which `` exist in ambiguous relationships to the visual images '' . Because Surrealist writers seldom , if ever , appear to organize their thoughts and the images they present , some people find much of their work difficult to parse . This notion however is a superficial comprehension , prompted no doubt by Breton 's initial emphasis on automatic writing as the main route toward a higher reality . But -- as in Breton 's case -- much of what is presented as purely automatic is actually edited and very `` thought out '' . Breton himself later admitted that automatic writing 's centrality had been overstated , and other elements were introduced , especially as the growing involvement of visual artists in the movement forced the issue , since automatic painting required a rather more strenuous set of approaches . Thus such elements as collage were introduced , arising partly from an ideal of startling juxtapositions as revealed in Pierre Reverdy 's poetry . And -- as in Magritte 's case ( where there is no obvious recourse to either automatic techniques or collage ) -- the very notion of convulsive joining became a tool for revelation in and of itself . Surrealism was meant to be always in flux -- to be more modern than modern -- and so it was natural there should be a rapid shuffling of the philosophy as new challenges arose . Surrealists revived interest in Isidore Ducasse , known by his pseudonym Comte de Lautréamont , and for the line `` beautiful as the chance meeting on a dissecting table of a sewing machine and an umbrella '' , and Arthur Rimbaud , two late 19th - century writers believed to be the precursors of Surrealism . Examples of Surrealist literature are Artaud 's Le Pèse - Nerfs ( 1926 ) , Aragon 's Irene 's Cunt ( 1927 ) , Péret 's Death to the Pigs ( 1929 ) , Crevel 's Mr. Knife Miss Fork ( 1931 ) , Sadegh Hedayat 's the Blind Owl ( 1937 ) , and Breton 's Sur la route de San Romano ( 1948 ) . La Révolution surréaliste continued publication into 1929 with most pages densely packed with columns of text , but also included reproductions of art , among them works by de Chirico , Ernst , Masson , and Man Ray . Other works included books , poems , pamphlets , automatic texts and theoretical tracts . Surrealist films ( edit ) Main article : Surrealist cinema Early films by Surrealists include : Entr'acte by René Clair ( 1924 ) La Coquille et le clergyman by Germaine Dulac , screenplay by Antonin Artaud ( 1928 ) L'Étoile de mer by Man Ray ( 1928 ) Un Chien Andalou by Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí ( 1929 ) L'Âge d'Or by Buñuel and Dalí ( 1930 ) Le sang d'un poète by Jean Cocteau ( 1930 ) Surrealist Theatre ( edit ) The word surrealist was first used by Guillaume Apollinaire to describe his 1917 play Les Mamelles de Tirésias ( `` The Breasts of Tiresias '' ) , which was later adapted into an opera by Francis Poulenc . Antonin Artaud , an early Surrealist , rejected the majority of Western theatre as a perversion of its original intent , which he felt should be a mystical , metaphysical experience . He thought that rational discourse comprised `` falsehood and illusion '' . Theorising a new theatrical form that would be immediate and direct , that would link the unconscious minds of performers and spectators in a sort of ritual event , Artaud created the Theatre of Cruelty , in which emotions , feelings , and the metaphysical were expressed not through language but physically , creating a mythological , archetypal , allegorical vision , closely related to the world of dreams . The other major theatre practitioner to have experimented with surrealism in the theatre is the Spanish playwright and director Federico García Lorca , particularly in his plays The Public ( 1930 ) , When Five Years Pass ( 1931 ) , and Play Without a Title ( 1935 ) . Other surrealist plays include Aragon 's Backs to the Wall ( 1925 ) and Roger Vitrac 's The Mysteries of Love ( 1927 ) and Victor , or The Children Take Over ( 1928 ) . Gertrude Stein 's opera Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights ( 1938 ) has also been described as `` American Surrealism '' , though it is also related to a theatrical form of cubism . Surrealist music ( edit ) Main article : Surrealist music In the 1920s several composers were influenced by Surrealism , or by individuals in the Surrealist movement . Among them were Bohuslav Martinů , André Souris , Erik Satie , and Edgard Varèse , who stated that his work Arcana was drawn from a dream sequence . Souris in particular was associated with the movement : he had a long relationship with Magritte , and worked on Paul Nougé 's publication Adieu Marie . Germaine Tailleferre of the French group Les Six wrote several works which could be considered to be inspired by Surrealism , including the 1948 Ballet Paris - Magie ( scenario by Lise Deharme ) , the Operas La Petite Sirène ( book by Philippe Soupault ) and Le Maître ( book by Eugène Ionesco ) . Tailleferre also wrote popular songs to texts by Claude Marci , the wife of Henri Jeanson , whose portrait had been painted by Magritte in the 1930s . Even though Breton by 1946 responded rather negatively to the subject of music with his essay Silence is Golden , later Surrealists , such as Paul Garon , have been interested in -- and found parallels to -- Surrealism in the improvisation of jazz and the blues . Jazz and blues musicians have occasionally reciprocated this interest . For example , the 1976 World Surrealist Exhibition included performances by David Honeyboy Edwards . Surrealism and International politics ( edit ) Surrealism as a political force developed unevenly around the world : in some places more emphasis was on artistic practices , in other places on political practices , and in other places still , Surrealist praxis looked to supersede both the arts and politics . During the 1930s , the Surrealist idea spread from Europe to North America , South America ( founding of the Mandrágora group in Chile in 1938 ) , Central America , the Caribbean , and throughout Asia , as both an artistic idea and as an ideology of political change . Politically , Surrealism was Trotskyist , communist , or anarchist . The split from Dada has been characterised as a split between anarchists and communists , with the Surrealists as communist . Breton and his comrades supported Leon Trotsky and his International Left Opposition for a while , though there was an openness to anarchism that manifested more fully after World War II . Some Surrealists , such as Benjamin Péret , Mary Low , and Juan Breá , aligned with forms of left communism . Others fought for complete liberty from political ideologies , like Wolfgang Paalen , who , after Trotzky _́ s assassination in Mexico , prepared a schism between art and politics through his counter-surrealist art - magazine DYN and so prepared the ground for the abstract expressionists . Dalí supported capitalism and the fascist dictatorship of Francisco Franco but can not be said to represent a trend in Surrealism in this respect ; in fact he was considered , by Breton and his associates , to have betrayed and left Surrealism . Benjamin Péret , Mary Low and Juan Breá joined the POUM during the Spanish Civil War . Breton 's followers , along with the Communist Party , were working for the `` liberation of man '' . However , Breton 's group refused to prioritize the proletarian struggle over radical creation such that their struggles with the Party made the late 1920s a turbulent time for both . Many individuals closely associated with Breton , notably Louis Aragon , left his group to work more closely with the Communists . Surrealists have often sought to link their efforts with political ideals and activities . In the Declaration of January 27 , 1925 , for example , members of the Paris - based Bureau of Surrealist Research ( including André Breton , Louis Aragon , and , Antonin Artaud , as well as some two dozen others ) declared their affinity for revolutionary politics . While this was initially a somewhat vague formulation , by the 1930s many Surrealists had strongly identified themselves with communism . The foremost document of this tendency within Surrealism is the Manifesto for a Free Revolutionary Art , published under the names of Breton and Diego Rivera , but actually co-authored by Breton and Leon Trotsky . However , in 1933 the Surrealists ' assertion that a ' proletarian literature ' within a capitalist society was impossible led to their break with the Association des Ecrivains et Artistes Révolutionnaires , and the expulsion of Breton , Éluard and Crevel from the Communist Party . In 1925 , the Paris Surrealist group and the extreme left of the French Communist Party came together to support Abd - el - Krim , leader of the Rif uprising against French colonialism in Morocco . In an open letter to writer and French ambassador to Japan , Paul Claudel , the Paris group announced : `` We Surrealists pronounced ourselves in favour of changing the imperialist war , in its chronic and colonial form , into a civil war . Thus we placed our energies at the disposal of the revolution , of the proletariat and its struggles , and defined our attitude towards the colonial problem , and hence towards the colour question . '' The anticolonial revolutionary and proletarian politics of `` Murderous Humanitarianism '' ( 1932 ) which was drafted mainly by René Crevel , signed by André Breton , Paul Éluard , Benjamin Péret , Yves Tanguy , and the Martiniquan Surrealists Pierre Yoyotte and J.M. Monnerot perhaps makes it the original document of what is later called ' black Surrealism ' , although it is the contact between Aimé Césaire and Breton in the 1940s in Martinique that really lead to the communication of what is known as ' black Surrealism ' . Anticolonial revolutionary writers in the Négritude movement of Martinique , a French colony at the time , took up Surrealism as a revolutionary method - a critique of European culture and a radical subjective . This linked with other Surrealists and was very important for the subsequent development of Surrealism as a revolutionary praxis . The journal Tropiques , featuring the work of Césaire along with Suzanne Césaire , René Ménil , Lucie Thésée , Aristide Maugée and others , was first published in 1941 . In 1938 André Breton traveled with his wife , the painter Jacqueline Lamba , to Mexico to meet Trotsky ( staying as the guest of Diego Rivera 's former wife Guadalupe Marin ) , and there he met Frida Kahlo and saw her paintings for the first time . Breton declared Kahlo to be an `` innate '' Surrealist painter . Internal politics ( edit ) In 1929 the satellite group associated with the journal Le Grand Jeu , including Roger Gilbert - Lecomte , Maurice Henry and the Czech painter Josef Sima , was ostracized . Also in February , Breton asked Surrealists to assess their `` degree of moral competence '' , and theoretical refinements included in the second manifeste du surréalisme excluded anyone reluctant to commit to collective action , a list which included Leiris , Georges Limbour , Max Morise , Baron , Queneau , Prévert , Desnos , Masson and Boiffard . Excluded members launched a counterattack , sharply criticizing Breton in the pamphlet Un Cadavre , which featured a picture of Breton wearing a crown of thorns . The pamphlet drew upon an earlier act of subversion by likening Breton to Anatole France , whose unquestioned value Breton had challenged in 1924 . The disunion of 1929 - 30 and the effects of Un Cadavre had very little negative impact upon Surrealism as Breton saw it , since core figures such as Aragon , Crevel , Dalí and Buñuel remained true the idea of group action , at least for the time being . The success ( or the controversy ) of Dalí and Buñuel 's film L'Age d'Or in December 1930 had a regenerative effect , drawing a number of new recruits , and encouraging countless new artistic works the following year and throughout the 1930s . Disgruntled surrealists moved to the periodical Documents , edited by Georges Bataille , whose anti-idealist materialism formed a hybrid Surrealism intending to expose the base instincts of humans . To the dismay of many , Documents fizzled out in 1931 , just as Surrealism seemed to be gathering more steam . There were a number of reconciliations after this period of disunion , such as between Breton and Bataille , while Aragon left the group after committing himself to the French Communist Party in 1932 . More members were ousted over the years for a variety of infractions , both political and personal , while others left of to pursue creativity of their own style . By the end of World War II the surrealist group led by André Breton decided to explicitly embrace anarchism . In 1952 Breton wrote `` It was in the black mirror of anarchism that surrealism first recognised itself . '' `` Breton was consistent in his support for the francophone Anarchist Federation and he continued to offer his solidarity after the Platformists supporting Fontenis transformed the FA into the Fédération Communiste Libertaire . He was one of the few intellectuals who continued to offer his support to the FCL during the Algerian war when the FCL suffered severe repression and was forced underground . He sheltered Fontenis whilst he was in hiding . He refused to take sides on the splits in the French anarchist movement and both he and Peret expressed solidarity as well with the new Fédération anarchiste set up by the synthesist anarchists and worked in the Antifascist Committees of the 60s alongside the FA . '' Golden age ( edit ) Throughout the 1930s , Surrealism continued to become more visible to the public at large . A Surrealist group developed in London and , according to Breton , their 1936 London International Surrealist Exhibition was a high - water mark of the period and became the model for international exhibitions . Another English Surrealist group developed in Birmingham , meanwhile , and was distinguished by its opposition to the London surrealists and preferences for surrealism 's French heartland . The two groups would reconcile later in the decade . Dalí and Magritte created the most widely recognized images of the movement . Dalí joined the group in 1929 , and participated in the rapid establishment of the visual style between 1930 and 1935 . Surrealism as a visual movement had found a method : to expose psychological truth ; stripping ordinary objects of their normal significance , to create a compelling image that was beyond ordinary formal organization , in order to evoke empathy from the viewer . 1931 was a year when several Surrealist painters produced works which marked turning points in their stylistic evolution : Magritte 's Voice of Space ( La Voix des airs ) is an example of this process , where three large spheres representing bells hang above a landscape . Another Surrealist landscape from this same year is Yves Tanguy 's Promontory Palace ( Palais promontoire ) , with its molten forms and liquid shapes . Liquid shapes became the trademark of Dalí , particularly in his The Persistence of Memory , which features the image of watches that sag as if they were melting . The characteristics of this style -- a combination of the depictive , the abstract , and the psychological -- came to stand for the alienation which many people felt in the modern period , combined with the sense of reaching more deeply into the psyche , to be `` made whole with one 's individuality '' . Between 1930 and 1933 , the Surrealist Group in Paris issued the periodical Le Surréalisme au service de la révolution as the successor of La Révolution surréaliste . From 1936 through 1938 Wolfgang Paalen , Gordon Onslow Ford , and Roberto Matta joined the group . Paalen contributed Fumage and Onslow Ford Coulage as new pictorial automatic techniques . Long after personal , political and professional tensions fragmented the Surrealist group , Magritte and Dalí continued to define a visual program in the arts . This program reached beyond painting , to encompass photography as well , as can be seen from a Man Ray self - portrait , whose use of assemblage influenced Robert Rauschenberg 's collage boxes . Max Ernst , L'Ange du Foyer ou le Triomphe du Surréalisme ( 1937 ) , private collection . During the 1930s Peggy Guggenheim , an important American art collector , married Max Ernst and began promoting work by other Surrealists such as Yves Tanguy and the British artist John Tunnard . Major exhibitions in the 1930s 1936 - London International Surrealist Exhibition is organised in London by the art historian Herbert Read , with an introduction by André Breton . 1936 - Museum of Modern Art in New York shows the exhibition Fantastic Art , Dada and Surrealism . 1938 - A new Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme was held at the Beaux - arts Gallery , Paris , with more than 60 artists from different countries , and showed around 300 paintings , objects , collages , photographs and installations . The Surrealists wanted to create an exhibition which in itself would be a creative act and called on Marcel Duchamp , Wolfgang Paalen , Man Ray and others to do so . At the exhibition 's entrance Salvador Dalí placed his Rainy Taxi ( an old taxi rigged to produce a steady drizzle of water down the inside of the windows , and a shark - headed creature in the driver 's seat and a blond mannequin crawling with live snails in the back ) greeted the patrons who were in full evening dress . Surrealist Street filled one side of the lobby with mannequins dressed by various Surrealists . Paalen and Duchamp designed the main hall to seem like subterranean cave with 1,200 coal bags suspended from the ceiling over a coal brazier with a single light bulb which provided the only lighting , as well as the floor covered with humid leaves and mud . The patrons were given flashlights with which to view the art . On the floor Wolfgang Paalen created a small lake with grasses and the aroma of roasting coffee filled the air . Much to the Surrealists ' satisfaction the exhibition scandalized the viewers . World War II and the post War period ( edit ) Yves Tanguy Indefinite Divisibility 1942 , Albright Knox Art Gallery , Buffalo , New York World War II created havoc not only for the general population of Europe but especially for the European artists and writers that opposed Fascism and Nazism . Many important artists fled to North America and relative safety in the United States . The art community in New York City in particular was already grappling with Surrealist ideas and several artists like Arshile Gorky , Jackson Pollock , and Robert Motherwell converged closely with the surrealist artists themselves , albeit with some suspicion and reservations . Ideas concerning the unconscious and dream imagery were quickly embraced . By the Second World War , the taste of the American avant - garde in New York City swung decisively towards Abstract Expressionism with the support of key taste makers , including Peggy Guggenheim , Leo Steinberg and Clement Greenberg . However , it should not be easily forgotten that Abstract Expressionism itself grew directly out of the meeting of American ( particularly New York ) artists with European Surrealists self - exiled during World War II . In particular , Gorky and Paalen influenced the development of this American art form , which , as Surrealism did , celebrated the instantaneous human act as the well - spring of creativity . The early work of many Abstract Expressionists reveals a tight bond between the more superficial aspects of both movements , and the emergence ( at a later date ) of aspects of Dadaistic humor in such artists as Rauschenberg sheds an even starker light upon the connection . Up until the emergence of Pop Art , Surrealism can be seen to have been the single most important influence on the sudden growth in American arts , and even in Pop , some of the humor manifested in Surrealism can be found , often turned to a cultural criticism . The Second World War overshadowed , for a time , almost all intellectual and artistic production . In 1939 Wolfgang Paalen was the first to leave Paris for the New World as exile . After a long trip through the forests of British - Columbia , he settled in Mexico and founded his influential art - magazine Dyn . In 1940 Yves Tanguy married American Surrealist painter Kay Sage . In 1941 , Breton went to the United States , where he co-founded the short - lived magazine VVV with Max Ernst , Marcel Duchamp , and the American artist David Hare . However , it was the American poet , Charles Henri Ford , and his magazine View which offered Breton a channel for promoting Surrealism in the United States . The View special issue on Duchamp was crucial for the public understanding of Surrealism in America . It stressed his connections to Surrealist methods , offered interpretations of his work by Breton , as well as Breton 's view that Duchamp represented the bridge between early modern movements , such as Futurism and Cubism , to Surrealism . Wolfgang Paalen left the group in 1942 due to political / philosophical differences with Breton . Though the war proved disruptive for Surrealism , the works continued . Many Surrealist artists continued to explore their vocabularies , including Magritte . Many members of the Surrealist movement continued to correspond and meet . While Dalí may have been excommunicated by Breton , he neither abandoned his themes from the 1930s , including references to the `` persistence of time '' in a later painting , nor did he become a depictive pompier . His classic period did not represent so sharp a break with the past as some descriptions of his work might portray , and some , such as André Thirion , argued that there were works of his after this period that continued to have some relevance for the movement . During the 1940s Surrealism 's influence was also felt in England and America . Mark Rothko took an interest in biomorphic figures , and in England Henry Moore , Lucian Freud , Francis Bacon and Paul Nash used or experimented with Surrealist techniques . However , Conroy Maddox , one of the first British Surrealists whose work in this genre dated from 1935 , remained within the movement , and organized an exhibition of current Surrealist work in 1978 in response to an earlier show which infuriated him because it did not properly represent Surrealism . Maddox 's exhibition , titled Surrealism Unlimited , was held in Paris and attracted international attention . He held his last one - man show in 2002 , and died three years later . Magritte 's work became more realistic in its depiction of actual objects , while maintaining the element of juxtaposition , such as in 1951 's Personal Values ( Les Valeurs Personnelles ) and 1954 's Empire of Light ( L'Empire des lumières ) . Magritte continued to produce works which have entered artistic vocabulary , such as Castle in the Pyrenees ( Le Château des Pyrénées ) , which refers back to Voix from 1931 , in its suspension over a landscape . Other figures from the Surrealist movement were expelled . Several of these artists , like Roberto Matta ( by his own description ) `` remained close to Surrealism '' . After the crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , Endre Rozsda returned to Paris to continue creating his own word that had been transcended the surrealism . The preface to his first exhibition in the Furstenberg Gallery ( 1957 ) was written by Breton yet . Many new artists explicitly took up the Surrealist banner . Dorothea Tanning and Louise Bourgeois continued to work , for example , with Tanning 's Rainy Day Canape from 1970 . Duchamp continued to produce sculpture in secret including an installation with the realistic depiction of a woman viewable only through a peephole . Breton continued to write and espouse the importance of liberating the human mind , as with the publication The Tower of Light in 1952 . Breton 's return to France after the War , began a new phase of Surrealist activity in Paris , and his critiques of rationalism and dualism found a new audience . Breton insisted that Surrealism was an ongoing revolt against the reduction of humanity to market relationships , religious gestures and misery and to espouse the importance of liberating the human mind . Major exhibitions of the 1940s , ' 50s and ' 60s 1942 - First Papers of Surrealism - New York - The Surrealists again called on Duchamp to design an exhibition . This time he wove a 3 - dimensional web of string throughout the rooms of the space , in some cases making it almost impossible to see the works . He made a secret arrangement with an associate 's son to bring his friends to the opening of the show , so that when the finely dressed patrons arrived they found a dozen children in athletic clothes kicking and passing balls , and skipping rope . His design for the show 's catalog included `` found '' , rather than posed , photographs of the artists . 1947 - International Surrealist Exhibition - Galerie Maeght , Paris 1959 - International Surrealist Exhibition - Paris 1960 - Surrealist Intrusion in the Enchanters ' Domain - New York Post-breton Surrealism ( edit ) Roberto Matta . Elle Loge La Folie , oil on canvas , 1970 . There is no clear consensus about the end , or if there was an end , to the Surrealist movement . Some art historians suggest that World War II effectively disbanded the movement . However , art historian Sarane Alexandrian ( 1970 ) states , `` the death of André Breton in 1966 marked the end of Surrealism as an organized movement . '' There have also been attempts to tie the obituary of the movement to the 1989 death of Salvador Dalí . In the 1960s , the artists and writers associated with the Situationist International were closely associated with Surrealism . While Guy Debord was critical of and distanced himself from Surrealism , others , such as Asger Jorn , were explicitly using Surrealist techniques and methods . The events of May 1968 in France included a number of Surrealist ideas , and among the slogans the students spray - painted on the walls of the Sorbonne were familiar Surrealist ones . Joan Miró would commemorate this in a painting titled May 1968 . There were also groups who associated with both currents and were more attached to Surrealism , such as the Revolutionary Surrealist Group . In Europe and all over the world since the 1960s , artists have combined Surrealism with what is believed to be a classical 16th century technique called mischtechnik , a kind of mix of egg tempera and oil paint rediscovered by Ernst Fuchs , a contemporary of Dalí , and now practiced and taught by many followers , including Robert Venosa and Chris Mars . The former curator of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art , Michael Bell , has called this style `` veristic Surrealism '' , which depicts with meticulous clarity and great detail a world analogous to the dream world . Other tempera artists , such as Robert Vickrey , regularly depict Surreal imagery . Other artists , such as the Italians Fabrizio Clerici and William Girometti , were influenced both by surrealist and by metaphysical suggestions . During the 1980s , behind the Iron Curtain , Surrealism again entered into politics with an underground artistic opposition movement known as the Orange Alternative . The Orange Alternative was created in 1981 by Waldemar Fydrych ( alias ' Major ' ) , a graduate of history and art history at the University of Wrocław . They used Surrealist symbolism and terminology in their large scale happenings organized in the major Polish cities during the Jaruzelski regime , and painted Surrealist graffiti on spots covering up anti-regime slogans . Major himself was the author of a `` Manifesto of Socialist Surrealism '' . In this manifesto , he stated that the socialist ( communist ) system had become so Surrealistic that it could be seen as an expression of art itself . Surrealistic art also remains popular with museum patrons . The Guggenheim Museum in New York City held an exhibit , Two Private Eyes , in 1999 , and in 2001 Tate Modern held an exhibition of Surrealist art that attracted over 170,000 visitors . In 2002 the Met in New York City held a show , Desire Unbound , and the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris a show called La Révolution surréaliste . Surrealists groups and literary publications have continued to be active up to the present day , with groups such as the Czech Surrealist Group , Stockholm Surrealist Group , and the Chicago Surrealist Group . Jan Švankmajer of the Czech group continues to make films and experiment with objects . Impact of Surrealism ( edit ) While Surrealism is typically associated with the arts , it has been said to transcend them ; Surrealism has had an impact in many other fields . In this sense , Surrealism does not specifically refer only to self - identified `` Surrealists '' , or those sanctioned by Breton , rather , it refers to a range of creative acts of revolt and efforts to liberate imagination . In addition to Surrealist ideas that are grounded in the ideas of Hegel , Marx and Freud , Surrealism is seen by its advocates as being inherently dynamic and as dialectical in its thought . Other sources used by Surrealism epigons ( edit ) Surrealists have also drawn on sources as seemingly diverse as Clark Ashton Smith , Montague Summers , Horace Walpole , Fantômas , The Residents , Bugs Bunny , comic strips , the obscure poet Samuel Greenberg and the hobo writer and humourist T - Bone Slim . One might say that Surrealist strands may be found in movements such as Free Jazz ( Don Cherry , Sun Ra , Cecil Taylor etc . ) and even in the daily lives of people in confrontation with limiting social conditions . Thought of as the effort of humanity to liberate imagination as an act of insurrection against society , Surrealism finds precedents in the alchemists , possibly Dante , Hieronymus Bosch , Marquis de Sade , Charles Fourier , Comte de Lautreamont and Arthur Rimbaud . 1960s riots ( edit ) Surrealists believe that non-Western cultures also provide a continued source of inspiration for Surrealist activity because some may strike up a better balance between instrumental reason and imagination in flight than Western culture . Surrealism has had an identifiable impact on radical and revolutionary politics , both directly -- as in some Surrealists joining or allying themselves with radical political groups , movements and parties -- and indirectly -- through the way in which Surrealists emphasize the intimate link between freeing imagination and the mind , and liberation from repressive and archaic social structures . This was especially visible in the New Left of the 1960s and 1970s and the French revolt of May 1968 , whose slogan `` All power to the imagination '' rose directly from French Surrealist thought and practice . Postmodernism and popular culture ( edit ) Many significant literary movements in the later half of the 20th century were directly or indirectly influenced by Surrealism . This period is known as the Postmodern era ; though there 's no widely agreed upon central definition of Postmodernism , many themes and techniques commonly identified as Postmodern are nearly identical to Surrealism . Many writers from and associated with the Beat Generation were influenced greatly by Surrealists . Philip Lamantia and Ted Joans are often categorized as both Beat and Surrealist writers . Many other Beat writers show significant evidence of Surrealist influence . A few examples include Bob Kaufman , Gregory Corso , Allen Ginsberg , and Lawrence Ferlinghetti . Artaud in particular was very influential to many of the Beats , but especially Ginsberg and Carl Solomon . Ginsberg cites Artaud 's `` Van Gogh -- The Man Suicided by Society '' as a direct influence on `` Howl '' , along with Apollinaire 's `` Zone '' , García Lorca 's `` Ode to Walt Whitman '' , and Schwitters ' `` Priimiititiii '' . The structure of Breton 's `` Free Union '' had a significant influence on Ginsberg 's `` Kaddish '' . In Paris , Ginsberg and Corso met their heroes Tristan Tzara , Marcel Duchamp , Man Ray , and Benjamin Péret , and to show their admiration Ginsberg kissed Duchamp 's feet and Corso cut off Duchamp 's tie . William S. Burroughs , a core member of the Beat Generation and a postmodern novelist , developed the cut - up technique with former surrealist Brion Gysin -- in which chance is used to dictate the composition of a text from words cut out of other sources -- referring to it as the `` Surrealist Lark '' and recognizing its debt to the techniques of Tristan Tzara . Postmodern novelist Thomas Pynchon , who was also influenced by Beat fiction , experimented since the 1960s with the surrealist idea of startling juxtapositions ; commenting on the `` necessity of managing this procedure with some degree of care and skill '' , he added that `` any old combination of details will not do . Spike Jones , Jr. , whose father 's orchestral recordings had a deep and indelible effect on me as a child , said once in an interview , ' One of the things that people do n't realize about Dad 's kind of music is , when you replace a C - sharp with a gunshot , it has to be a C - sharp gunshot or it sounds awful . ' '' Many other postmodern fiction writers have been directly influenced by Surrealism . Paul Auster , for example , has translated Surrealist poetry and said the Surrealists were `` a real discovery '' for him . Salman Rushdie , when called a Magical Realist , said he saw his work instead `` allied to surrealism '' . For the work of other postmodernists , such as Donald Barthelme and Robert Coover , a broad comparison to Surrealism is common . Magic realism , a popular technique among novelists of the latter half of the 20th century especially among Latin American writers , has some obvious similarities to Surrealism with its juxtaposition of the normal and the dream - like , as in the work of Gabriel García Márquez . Carlos Fuentes was inspired by the revolutionary voice in Surrealist poetry and points to inspiration Breton and Artaud found in Fuentes ' homeland , Mexico . Though Surrealism was a direct influence on Magic Realism in its early stages , many Magic Realist writers and critics , such as Amaryll Chanady and S.P. Ganguly , while acknowledging the similarities , cite the many differences obscured by the direct comparison of Magic Realism and Surrealism such as an interest in psychology and the artefacts of European culture they claim is not present in Magic Realism . A prominent example of a Magic Realist writer who points to Surrealism as an early influence is Alejo Carpentier who also later criticized Surrealism 's delineation between real and unreal as not representing the true South American experience . Surrealist groups ( edit ) See also : Category : Surrealist groups Surrealist individuals and groups have attempted to carry on with Surrealism after the death of André Breton in 1966 . The original Paris Surrealist Group was disbanded by member Jean Schuster in 1969 . Surrealism and the Theatre ( edit ) Surrealist theatre and Artaud 's `` Theatre of Cruelty '' were inspirational to many within the group of playwrights that the critic Martin Esslin called the `` Theatre of the Absurd '' ( in his 1963 book of the same name ) . Though not an organized movement , Esslin grouped these playwrights together based on some similarities of theme and technique ; Esslin argues that these similarities may be traced to an influence from the Surrealists . Eugène Ionesco in particular was fond of Surrealism , claiming at one point that Breton was one of the most important thinkers in history . Samuel Beckett was also fond of Surrealists , even translating much of the poetry into English . Other notable playwrights whom Esslin groups under the term , for example Arthur Adamov and Fernando Arrabal , were at some point members of the Surrealist group . Surrealism and comedy ( edit ) Main article : Surreal humour Criticism of Surrealism ( edit ) Feminist ( edit ) See also : Women Surrealists Dorothea Tanning ( 1910 - 2012 ) , Etched Murmurs , etching , 1984 . Having celebrated her 100th birthday in August 2010 , Tanning was the oldest living original Surrealist painter . Feminists have in the past critiqued Surrealism , claiming that it is fundamentally a male movement and a male fellowship . Feminist critics believe that it adopts archaic attitudes toward women , such as worshiping them symbolically through stereotypes and sexist norms . Women are often made to represent higher values and transformed into objects of desire and of mystery . A pioneer in the feminist critique of Surrealism was Xavière Gauthier , whose book , Surréalisme et sexualité ( 1971 ) , inspired further scholarship on the marginalization of women in relation to `` the avant - garde '' . This perspective was anticipated and critiqued as misunderstanding Surrealism 's point in being a social critique and a reflection on the individual 's presuppositions so that they may be critically questioned . Wolfgang Paalen eventually was the only Surrealist to defend feminism , although in a very archaic sense . However it was Leonora Carrington , who called Paalen `` the only feminist of the whole group '' . Art historian Whitney Chadwick has countered the critique of Surrealism : `` Surrealism also battled the social institutions - church , state , and family - that regulate the place of women within patriarchy . In offering some women their first locus for artistic and social resistance , it became the first modernist movement in which a group of women could explore female subjectivity and give form ( however tentatively ) to a feminine imaginary . '' Freudian ( edit ) Freud initiated the psychoanalytic critique of Surrealism with his remark that what interested him most about the Surrealists was not their unconscious but their conscious . His meaning was that the manifestations of and experiments with psychic automatism highlighted by Surrealists as the liberation of the unconscious were highly structured by ego activity , similar to the activities of the dream censorship in dreams , and that therefore it was in principle a mistake to regard Surrealist poems and other art works as direct manifestations of the unconscious , when they were indeed highly shaped and processed by the ego . In this view , the Surrealists may have been producing great works , but they were products of the conscious , not the unconscious mind , and they deceived themselves with regard to what they were doing with the unconscious . In psychoanalysis proper , the unconscious does not just express itself automatically but can only be uncovered through the analysis of resistance and transference in the psychoanalytic process . See also ( edit ) Philosophy portal Bizarre object Chicago Surrealist Group Fantastic art Neo-Fauvism Outsider art Psychedelic art Salón de Mayo ( Cuba ) Surrealist cinema Surrealist music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ... , contributors Rachel Barnes ( 2001 ) . The 20th - Century art book ( Reprinted . ed . ) . London : Phaidon Press . ISBN 0714835420 . Jump up ^ André Breton , Manifeste du surréalisme , various editions , BnF , Bibliothèque nationale de France Jump up ^ Ian Chilvers , The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists , Oxford University Press , 2009 , p. 611 , ISBN 019953294X ^ Jump up to : `` André Breton ( 1924 ) , Manifesto of Surrealism '' . Tcf.ua.edu. 1924 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hargrove , Nancy ( 1998 ) . `` The Great Parade : Cocteau , Picasso , Satie , Massine , Diaghilev -- and T.S. Eliot '' . Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 31 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Jean - Paul Clébert , Dictionnaire du surréalisme , A.T.P. & Le Seuil , Chamalières , p. 17 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Tracy A. Doyle , Erik Satie 's ballet Parade : an arrangement for woodwind quintet and percussion with Historical Summary , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , 1998 , Louisiana State University , August 2005 . pp 51 - 66 Jump up ^ Vassiliki Kolocotroni , Jane Goldman , and Olga Taxidou , Modernism : An Anthology of Sources and Documents , University of Chicago Press , 1998 , 211 . Jump up ^ Sams , p. 282 Jump up ^ Breton , `` Vaché is surrealist in me '' , in Surrealist Manifesto . ^ Jump up to : Dalí , Salvador , Diary of a Genius quoted in The Columbia World of Quotations ( 1996 ) Archived April 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Dawn Ades , with Matthew Gale : `` Surrealism '' , The Oxford Companion to Western Art . Ed . Hugh Brigstocke . Oxford University Press , 2001 . Grove Art Online . Oxford University Press , 2007 . Accessed March 15 , 2007 , GroveArt.com Jump up ^ Sadoul , Georges ( 12 -- 18 December 1951 ) . `` Mon ami Buñuel '' . L'écran française . no . 335 : 12 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Pynchon ( 1984 ) Slow Learner , p. 20 Jump up ^ Breton ( 1924 ) Manifesto of Surrealism . Pierre Reverdy 's comment was published in his journal Nord - Sud , March 1918 ^ Jump up to : Surréalisme , Manifeste du surréalisme , Volume 1 , Number 1 , 1 October 1924 , Blue Mountain Project ^ Jump up to : Gérard Durozoi , An excerpt from History of the Surrealist Movement , Chapter Two , 1924 - 1929 , Salvation for Us Is Nowhere , translated by Alison Anderson , University of Chicago Press , pp. 63 - 74 , 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 17411 - 2 Jump up ^ André Breton , Manifestoes of Surrealism , transl . Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane ( Ann Arbor , 1971 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Matthew S. Witkovsky , Surrealism in the Plural : Guillaume Apollinaire , Ivan Goll and Devětsil in the 1920s , 2004 Jump up ^ Eric Robertson , Robert Vilain , Yvan Goll - Claire Goll : Texts and Contexts , Rodopi , 1997 ISBN 0854571833 Jump up ^ Man Ray / Paul Eluard - Les Mains libres ( 1937 ) - Qu'est - ce que le surréalisme ? Jump up ^ Denis Vigneron , La création artistique espagnole à l'épreuve de la modernité esthétique européenne , 1898 - 1931 , Editions Publibook , 2009 ISBN 2748348346 ^ Jump up to : Tomkins , Calvin , Duchamp : A Biography . Henry Holt and Company , Inc , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5789 - 7 Jump up ^ Link to Guggenheim collection with reproduction of the painting and further information . Jump up ^ Link to Guggenheim collection with reproduction of the painting and further information . Jump up ^ Link to Guggenheim collection with reproduction of the painting and further information . Jump up ^ `` The Theatre Of The Absurd '' . Arts.gla.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Artaud and Semiotics '' . Holycross.edu . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Louis Aragon , Backs to the Wall , in The Drama Review 18.4 ( Dec. 1974 ) : 88 - 107 ; Roger Vitrac , The Mysteries of Love , in Theater of the Avant - Garde 1890 - 1950 : A Critical Anthology . Ed . Bert Cardullo and Robert Knoff . New Haven and London : Yale UP , 2001 . 327 - 363 ; Philip Auslander , `` Surrealism in the Theatre : The Plays of Roger Vitrac '' , Theatre Journal 32 ( Oct. 1980 ) : 357 - 369 . Jump up ^ Bert Cardullo and Robert Knoff , eds . Theater of the Avant - Garde 1890 - 1950 : A Critical Anthology . New Haven and London : Yale UP , 2001 . 421 - 495 . Jump up ^ Bernard , Jonathan W. `` Edgard Varése 's `` Arcana '' . '' American Symphony Orchestra . Leon Botstein . Web . http://americansymphony.org/arcana/ Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : A Surrealist Manifesto , 1925 '' . Fordham.edu. 1925 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Generation-online.org Jump up ^ Lewis , Helena . Dada Turns Red . 1990 . University of Edinburgh Press . A history of the uneasy relations between Surrealists and Communists from the 1920s through the 1950s . Jump up ^ Kelley , Robin D.G. A Poetics of Anticolonialism . November 1999 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Robin D.G. `` Poetry and the Political Imagination : Aimé Césaire , Negritude , & the Applications of Surrealism '' . July 2001 Jump up ^ `` Frida Kahlo , Paintings , Chronology , Biography , Bio '' . Fridakahlofans.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Surrealist Art Archived 2012 - 09 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . from Centre Pompidou . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1919 - 1950 : The politics of Surrealism by Nick Heath '' . Libcom.org . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Surrealism - Magritte - Voice of Space '' . Guggenheim Collection . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Marcel Duchamp '' . Toutfait.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ SFmoma.org Archived October 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Artist - Magritte - Empire of Light - Large '' . Guggenheim Collection . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bertc.com Archived February 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Breton , André . Surrealism and Painting , Icon , 1973 Jump up ^ `` Marcel Duchamp '' . Toutfait.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ International Surrealist Exhibition - Galerie Maeght , Paris `` L'espace d'exposition comme matrice signifiante : l'exemple de l'exposition internationale du surréalisme à la galerie Maeght à Paris en 1947 '' , Ligiea , n ° 73 - 74 - 75 - 76 : Art et espace . Perception et représentation . Le lieu , le visible et l'espace - temps . le geste , le corps et le regard , sous la direction de Giovanni Lista , Paris , juin 2007 , p. 230 - 242 . ^ Jump up to : Surrealism : Two Private Eyes . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anthony Christian , Hieronymus Bosch , The First Surrealist . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jacqueline Chénieux - Gendron , Vivian Folkenflik - Surrealism . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ JSTOR.org Rimbaud - Father of Surrealism . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dana Gioia . California poetry : from the Gold Rush to the present. Heyday Books , 2004. ISBN 1890771724 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 890771 - 72 - 0 . pg. 154 . Jump up ^ Franklin Rosemont , Robin D.G. Kelley . Black , Brown , & Beige : Surrealist Writings from Africa and the Diaspora . University of Texas Press , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71997 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71997 - 2 . og. 219 - 222 . Jump up ^ Rosemont , pg. 222 - 226 Jump up ^ Bob Kaufman . Cranial Guitar . Coffee House Press , 1996 . ISBN 1 - 56689 - 038 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56689 - 038 - 0 . pg. 28 . Jump up ^ Kirby Olson . Gregory Corso : doubting Thomist . SIU Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 2447 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2447 - 7 . pg. 75 - 79 . Jump up ^ Allen Ginsberg , Lewis Hyde . On the poetry of Allen Ginsberg . University of Michigan Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 06353 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06353 - 6 . pg. 277 - 278 . Jump up ^ Dave Meltzer . San Francisco beat : talking with the poets . City Lights Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 87286 - 379 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87286 - 379 - 8 . pg. 82 - 83 . Jump up ^ Miles , Barry . Ginsberg : A Biography . London : Virgin Publishing Ltd. ( 2001 ) , paperback , 628 pages , ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0486 - 3 . pg. 12 , 239 Jump up ^ Allen Ginsberg . `` Howl : Original Draft Facsimile , Transcript & Variant Versions , Fully Annotated by Author , with Contemporaneous Correspondence , Account of First Public Reading , Legal Skirmishes , Precursor Texts & Bibliography . '' Ed . Barry Miles . Harper Perennial , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092611 - 2 . pg. 184 . Jump up ^ Ginsberg , pg. 180 Jump up ^ pg. 185 . Jump up ^ Ginsberg , pg. 182 . Jump up ^ Miles , pg. 233 . Jump up ^ Miles , pg. 242 . Jump up ^ William S. Burroughs , James Grauerholz , Ira Silverberg . Word Virus : The William S. Burroughs Reader. Grove Press , 2000 . 080213694X , 9780802136947 . pg. 119 , 254 . Jump up ^ Paul Auster . Collected prose : autobiographical writings , true stories , critical essays , prefaces and collaborations with artists . Macmillan , 2005 ISBN 0 - 312 - 42468 - X , 9780312424688 . pg. 457 . Jump up ^ Catherine Cundy . Salman Rushdie . Manchester University Press ND , 1996. ISBN 071904409X , 9780719044090 . pg. 98 . Jump up ^ Salman Rushdie , Michael Reder . Conversations with Salman Rushdie . Univ . Press of Mississippi , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 185 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 185 - 3 . pg. 111 , 150 Jump up ^ Philip Nel . The Avant - Garde and American Postmodernity : Small Incisive Shocks . Univ . Press of Mississippi , 2009 . 1604732520 , 9781604732528 . pg. 73 - 74 . Jump up ^ Brian Evenson . Understanding Robert Coover . Univ of South Carolina Press , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 482 - 6 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 482 - 4 . pg. 4 Jump up ^ McMurray , George R. `` Gabriel García Márquez . '' Gabriel García Márquez . Ungar , 1977 . Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism . Ed . Jean C. Stine and Bridget Broderick . Vol. 27 . Detroit : Gale Research , 1984 . Literature Resources from Gale . Web . 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Maarten van Delden . Carlos Fuentes , Mexico , and Modernity . Vanderbilt University Press , 1999. ISBN 082651345X , 9780826513458 . pg. 55 , 90 . Jump up ^ Maggie Ann Bowers . Magic ( al ) realism . Routledge , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26853 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26853 - 0 . pg. 23 - 25 . Jump up ^ Shannin Schroeder . Rediscovering magical realism in the Americas . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98049 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98049 - 8 . pg. 7 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Gabriel . Musica y escrita en Alejo Carpentier Alicante : Universidad de Alicante. 1999 . ISBN 84 - 7908 - 476 - 6 . pg. 62 Jump up ^ Emory Elliott , Cathy N. Davidson . The Columbia history of the American novel . Columbia University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 07360 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 07360 - 8 . pg. 524 . Jump up ^ Eugène Ionesco . Present past , past present : a personal memoir . Da Capo Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80835 - 8 . pg. 148 . Jump up ^ Rosette C. Lamont . Ionesco 's imperatives : the politics of culture . University of Michigan Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10310 - 5 . pg. 41 - 42 Jump up ^ James Knowlson . Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett . London . Bloomsbury Publishing , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3169 - 2. , pg. 65 Jump up ^ Daniel Albright . Beckett and aesthetics. Cambridge University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82908 - 9 . pg. 10 Jump up ^ Esslin , pg. 89 Jump up ^ Justin Wintle . Makers of modern culture . Routledge , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26583 - 5 . pg. 3 Jump up ^ C.D. Innes . Avant garde theatre , 1892 - 1992. Routledge , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06518 - 6 . pg. 118 . Jump up ^ Greer , Germaine ( 4 March 2007 ) . `` Double vision : Surrealism 's women thought they were celebrating sexual emancipation . But were they just fulfilling men 's erotic fantasies ? '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallimard , collection idées , 1971 Jump up ^ Rosemont , Penelope ( 1998 ) . `` All My Names Know Yopur Leap : Surrealist Women & Their Challenge '' . In Penelope Rosemont . Surrealist Women : An International Anthology . The surrealist revolution series ( Illustrated ed . ) . Austin : University of Texas Press . pp. xxix -- liv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77088 - 1 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Leonora Carrington interviewed by Wendi Norris , cit. in Amy Winter : Wolfgang Paalen . Philosopher of the Possible , Catalogue of the exhibition at Wendi Norris Gallery , San Francisco 2013 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Surrealism '' . The Art Story . Art Story Foundation . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) André Breton Manifestoes of Surrealism containing the first , second and introduction to a possible third manifesto , the novel The Soluble Fish , and political aspects of the Surrealist movement . ISBN 0 - 472 - 17900 - 4 . What is Surrealism ? : Selected Writings of André Breton . ISBN 0 - 87348 - 822 - 9 . Conversations : The Autobiography of Surrealism ( Gallimard 1952 ) ( Paragon House English rev . ed. 1993 ) . ISBN 1 - 56924 - 970 - 9 . The Abridged Dictionary of Surrealism , reprinted in : Bonnet , Marguerite , ed. ( 1988 ) . Oeuvres complètes , 1 : 328 . Paris : Éditions Gallimard . Other sources Ades , Dawn . Surrealism in Latin America : Vivisimo Muerto , Los Angeles : Getty Publications , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60606 - 117 - 6 Alexandrian , Sarane . Surrealist Art London : Thames & Hudson , 1970 . Apollinaire , Guillaume 1917 , 1991 . Program note for Parade , printed in Oeuvres en prose complètes , 2 : 865 - 866 , Pierre Caizergues and Michel Décaudin , eds . Paris : Éditions Gallimard . Allmer , Patricia ( ed . ) Intersections -- Women Artists / Surrealism / Modernism , Rethinking Art 's Histories series , Manchester , Manchester University Press , 2016 . Allmer , Patricia and Donna Roberts ( eds ) ' `` Wonderful Things '' -- Surrealism and Egypt ' , Dada / Surrealism , University of Iowa , 20 : 1 , 2013 . Allmer , Patricia ( ed . ) Angels of Anarchy : Women Artists and Surrealism , London and Manchester : Prestel and Manchester Art Gallery , 2009 . Allmer , Patricia and Hilde van Gelder ( eds . ) Collective Inventions : Surrealism in Belgium , Leuven : Leuven University Press , 2007 . Allmer , Patricia and Hilde Van Gelder ( eds . ) ' The Forgotten Surrealists : Belgian Surrealism Since 1924 ' , Image ( & ) Narrative , no . 13 , 2005 . Brotchie , Alastair and Gooding , Mel , eds . A Book of Surrealist Games Berkeley , California : Shambhala , 1995 . ISBN 1 - 57062 - 084 - 9 . Caws , Mary Ann Surrealist Painters and Poets : An Anthology 2001 , MIT Press . Chadwick , Whitney . Mirror Images : Women , Surrealism , and Self - Representation . The MIT Press , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0262531573 Chadwick , Whitney . Women Artists and the Surrealist Movement. 1985 , Bulfinch Press . ISBN 978 - 0821215999 Durozoi , Gerard , History of the Surrealist Movement Translated by Alison Anderson University of Chicago Press . 2004 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 17411 - 5 . Flahutez , Fabrice , Nouveau Monde et Nouveau Mythe . Mutations du surréalisme de l'exil américain à l'écart absolu ( 1941 -- 1965 ) , Les presses du réel , Dijon , 2007 . Fort , Ilene Susan and Tere Arcq , editors . In Wonderland : The Surrealist Adventures of Women Artists in Mexico and the United States , Munich : Prestel Verlag , 2012 . Galtsova , Elena . Surrealism and Theatre . On the Theatrical Aesthetics of the French Surrealism , Moscow , Russian State University for the Humanities , 2012 , ISBN 9785728111467 David Hopkins ( 2004 ) . Dada and Surrealism : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280254 - 5 . Leddy , Annette and Conwell , Donna . Farewell to Surrealism : The Dyn Circle in Mexico , Los Angeles : Getty Publications . 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60606 - 118 - 3 Lewis , Helena . Dada Turns Red . Edinburgh , Scotland : University of Ednburgh Press , 1990 . Low Mary , Breá Juan , Red Spanish Notebook , City Light Books , Sans Francisco , 1979 , ISBN 0 - 87286 - 132 - 5 Melly , George Paris and the Surrealists Thames & Hudson . 1991 . Moebius , Stephan . Die Zauberlehrlinge . Soziologiegeschichte des Collège de Sociologie . Konstanz : UVK 2006 . About the College of Sociology , its members and sociological impacts . Nadeau , Maurice . History of Surrealism Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 40345 - 2 . Richard Jean - Tristan . Les structures inconscientes du signe pictural / Psychanalyse et surréalisme ( Unconscious structures of pictural sign ) , L'Harmattan ed. , Paris ( France ) , 1999 Review `` Mélusine '' in French by Center of surrealism studies directed by Henri Behar since 1979 , edited by Editions l'Age d'Homme , Lausanne , Suisse . Download platform www.artelittera.com 14.00 Sams , Jeremy ( 1997 ) ( 1993 ) . `` Poulenc , Francis '' . In Amanda Holden ( ed ) . The Penguin Opera Guide . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 051385 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Look up surrealism in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Surrealism Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surrealism . André Breton writings ( edit ) Manifesto of Surrealism by André Breton. 1924 . What is Surrealism ? Lecture by Breton , Brussels 1934 Overview websites ( edit ) Dutch Surrealism , Timeline of Surrealism from Centre Pompidou . Le Surréalisme ( in French ) Surrealist.com , A general history of the art movement with artist biographies and art . Surrealism Reviewed audiobook ( archive recordings ) The New International Surrealist Manifesto ( pdf ) Surrealism and politics ( edit ) Heath , Nick . `` 1919 - 1950 : The politics of Surrealism '' . Libcom.org . Rosemont , Franklin ( 1989 ) . `` Herbert Marcuse and Surrealism '' . Arsenal vol. 4 . Kennedy , Maev ( 2007 - 03 - 27 ) . `` How the surrealists sold out '' . The Guardian . Surrealist poetry ( edit ) Gullette , Alan . `` The Theory and Techniques of Surrealist Poetry '' . Surrealism in Poetry Holcombe , C.J. A sample of French Surrealist poetry Jackaman , Rob ( 1989 ) . The course of English surrealist poetry since the 1930s . Lewiston : Edwin Mellen Press . ISBN 0 - 88946 - 932 - 6 . Aimé Césaire and Surrealism ( in French ) Surrealism Artists Eileen Agar Jean Arp Antonin Artaud Louis Aragon Eugène Atget Jacques Baron Hans Bellmer Jacques - André Boiffard Bill Brandt Victor Brauner Fanny Brennan André Breton Emmy Bridgwater Luis Buñuel Claude Cahun Nicolas Calas Leonora Carrington Jean Cocteau Ithell Colquhoun Arthur Cravan René Crevel Gala Dalí Salvador Dalí Jean Dallaire Paul Delvaux Robert Desnos Óscar Domínguez Marcel Duchamp Marcel Duhamel Curt Echtermeyer Paul Éluard Max Ernst Leonor Fini Gordon Onslow Ford Esteban Francés Alberto Giacometti Julio González Jacques Hérold Valentine Hugo André Kertész Wifredo Lam Philip Lamantia Jacqueline Lamba Michel Leiris Georges Limbour Dora Maar Conroy Maddox René Magritte Georges Malkine Joyce Mansour André Masson Roberto Matta Victor Mayer Oscar Mellor John Melville Robert Melville E.L.T. Mesens Lee Miller Henry Moore Max Morise Desmond Morris Joan Miró Pierre Naville Vítězslav Nezval Paul Nougé Méret Oppenheim Wolfgang Paalen Benjamín Palencia Roland Penrose Benjamin Péret Francis Ponge Jacques Prévert Raymond Queneau Man Ray Toni del Renzio Georges Sadoul Kay Sage Kurt Seligmann Philippe Soupault Jindřich Štyrský Maurice Tabard Yves Tanguy Dorothea Tanning Kristians Tonny Toyen Tristan Tzara Albert Valentin Remedios Varo Roger Vitrac James F. Walker Unica Zürn Groups Acéphale Les Automatistes Birmingham Surrealists British Surrealist Group Bureau of Surrealist Research Chicago Imagists Chicago Surrealist Group Dau al Set Fighting Cock Society Grup d'Elx La Mandrágora Refus Global The Surrealist Group in Stockholm Related Surrealist Manifesto Surrealist automatism Surrealist cinema Surrealist music Surrealist techniques Surreal humour Women Surrealists Dada Abstract expressionism Paranoiac - critical method Avant - garde movements Visual art Abstract expressionism Art Nouveau Conceptual art Constructivism Cubism Proto - Cubism Cubo - Futurism De Stijl Devětsil Divisionism Fauvism Impressionism Neo-Impressionism Post-Impressionism Color Field Incoherents Lyrical Abstraction Mail art Minimalism Mir iskusstva Neue Slowenische Kunst Nonconformism Pop art Rayonism Suprematism Vorticism Nouveau réalisme Literature and poetry Acmeism Angry Penguins Asemic writing Cyberpunk Ego - Futurism Experimental literature Flarf poetry Hungry generation Imaginism Language poets Neoteric Nouveau roman Oberiu Oulipo Ultraísmo Visual poetry Zaum Music By style Jazz Metal Pop Rock Prog Punk Others Aleatoric music Ars subtilior Atonal music Drone music Electroacoustic music Electronic music Experimental pop Free jazz Futurism ( music ) Industrial music Microtonal music Minimal music Musique concrète New Complexity No wave Noise music Post-rock Rock in Opposition Second Viennese School Serialism Spectral music Stochastic music Textural music Totalism Twelve - tone technique Cinema and theatre Cinéma pur Dogme 95 Drop Art Epic theatre Remodernist film Structural film Theatre of the Absurd Theatre of Cruelty General Bauhaus Constructivism Dada Expressionism Fluxus Futurism Lettrism Modernism Minimalism Postminimalism Neo-minimalism Neo-Dada Neoism Postmodernism Late modernism Primitivism Russian Futurism Russian symbolism Situationist International Social realism Socialist realism Surrealism Symbolism Book Modernism Milestones Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe ( 1862 - 63 ) Olympia ( 1863 ) A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte ( 1886 ) Mont Sainte - Victoir ( 1887 ) The Starry Night ( 1889 ) Ubu Roi ( 1896 ) Verklärte Nacht ( 1899 ) Le bonheur de vivre ( 1905 - 1906 ) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon ( 1907 ) The Firebird ( 1910 ) Afternoon of a Faun ( 1912 ) Nude Descending a Staircase , No. 2 ( 1912 ) In Search of Lost Time ( 1913 -- 1927 ) The Metamorphosis ( 1915 ) Black Square ( 1915 ) Fountain ( 1917 ) The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari ( 1920 ) Six Characters in Search of an Author ( 1921 ) Ulysses ( 1922 ) The Waste Land ( 1922 ) The Magic Mountain ( 1924 ) Battleship Potemkin ( 1925 ) The Sun Also Rises ( 1926 ) The Threepenny Opera ( 1928 ) The Sound and the Fury ( 1929 ) Un Chien Andalou ( 1929 ) Villa Savoye ( 1931 ) The Blue Lotus ( 1936 ) Fallingwater ( 1936 ) Waiting for Godot ( 1953 ) Literature Guillaume Apollinaire Djuna Barnes Tadeusz Borowski André Breton Mikhail Bulgakov Anton Chekhov Joseph Conrad Alfred Döblin E.M. Forster William Faulkner Gustave Flaubert Ford Madox Ford André Gide Knut Hamsun Jaroslav Hašek Ernest Hemingway Hermann Hesse James Joyce Franz Kafka Arthur Koestler D.H. Lawrence Wyndham Lewis Thomas Mann Katherine Mansfield Filippo Tommaso Marinetti Guy de Maupassant Robert Musil Katherine Anne Porter Marcel Proust Gertrude Stein Italo Svevo Virginia Woolf Poetry Anna Akhmatova Richard Aldington W.H. Auden Charles Baudelaire Luca Caragiale Constantine P. Cavafy Blaise Cendrars Hart Crane H.D. Robert Desnos T.S. Eliot Paul Éluard Odysseas Elytis F.S. Flint Stefan George Max Jacob Federico García Lorca Amy Lowell Robert Lowell Mina Loy Stéphane Mallarmé Marianne Moore Wilfred Owen Octavio Paz Fernando Pessoa Ezra Pound Lionel Richard Rainer Maria Rilke Arthur Rimbaud Giorgos Seferis Wallace Stevens Dylan Thomas Tristan Tzara Paul Valéry William Carlos Williams W.B. Yeats Visual art Josef Albers Jean Arp Balthus George Bellows Umberto Boccioni Pierre Bonnard Georges Braque Constantin Brâncuși Alexander Calder Mary Cassatt Paul Cézanne Marc Chagall Giorgio de Chirico Camille Claudel Joseph Cornell Joseph Csaky Salvador Dalí Edgar Degas Raoul Dufy Willem de Kooning Robert Delaunay Charles Demuth Otto Dix Theo van Doesburg Marcel Duchamp James Ensor Max Ernst Jacob Epstein Paul Gauguin Alberto Giacometti Vincent van Gogh Natalia Goncharova Julio González Juan Gris George Grosz Raoul Hausmann Jacques Hérold Hannah Höch Edward Hopper Frida Kahlo Wassily Kandinsky Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Paul Klee Oskar Kokoschka Pyotr Konchalovsky André Lhote Fernand Léger Franz Marc Albert Marque Jean Marchand René Magritte Kazimir Malevich Édouard Manet Henri Matisse Colin McCahon Jean Metzinger Joan Miró Amedeo Modigliani Piet Mondrian Claude Monet Henry Moore Edvard Munch Emil Nolde Georgia O'Keeffe Méret Oppenheim Francis Picabia Pablo Picasso Camille Pissarro Man Ray Odilon Redon Pierre - Auguste Renoir Auguste Rodin Henri Rousseau Egon Schiele Georges Seurat Paul Signac Alfred Sisley Edward Steichen Alfred Stieglitz Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec Édouard Vuillard Grant Wood Music George Antheil Milton Babbitt Jean Barraqué Alban Berg Luciano Berio Nadia Boulanger Pierre Boulez John Cage Elliott Carter Aaron Copland Henry Cowell Henri Dutilleux Morton Feldman Henryk Górecki Josef Matthias Hauer Paul Hindemith Arthur Honegger Charles Ives Leoš Janáček György Ligeti Witold Lutosławski Olivier Messiaen Luigi Nono Harry Partch Krzysztof Penderecki Sergei Prokofiev Luigi Russolo Erik Satie Pierre Schaeffer Arnold Schoenberg Dmitri Shostakovich Richard Strauss Igor Stravinsky Edgard Varèse Anton Webern Kurt Weill Iannis Xenakis Theatre Edward Albee Maxwell Anderson Jean Anouilh Antonin Artaud Samuel Beckett Bertolt Brecht Anton Chekhov Friedrich Dürrenmatt Jean Genet Maxim Gorky Walter Hasenclever Henrik Ibsen William Inge Eugène Ionesco Alfred Jarry Georg Kaiser Maurice Maeterlinck Vladimir Mayakovsky Arthur Miller Seán O'Casey Eugene O'Neill John Osborne Luigi Pirandello Erwin Piscator George Bernard Shaw August Strindberg John Millington Synge Ernst Toller Frank Wedekind Thornton Wilder Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz Film Ingmar Bergman Anton Giulio Bragaglia Luis Buñuel Marcel Carné Charlie Chaplin René Clair Jean Cocteau Maya Deren Alexander Dovzhenko Carl Theodor Dreyer Viking Eggeling Sergei Eisenstein Jean Epstein Robert J. Flaherty Abel Gance Isidore Isou Buster Keaton Lev Kuleshov Fritz Lang Marcel L'Herbier Georges Méliès F.W. Murnau Georg Wilhelm Pabst Vsevolod Pudovkin Jean Renoir Walter Ruttmann Victor Sjöström Josef von Sternberg Dziga Vertov Jean Vigo Robert Wiene Dance George Balanchine Merce Cunningham Clotilde von Derp Sergei Diaghilev Isadora Duncan Michel Fokine Loie Fuller Martha Graham Hanya Holm Doris Humphrey Léonide Massine Vaslav Nijinsky Alwin Nikolais Alexander Sakharoff Ted Shawn Anna Sokolow Ruth St. Denis Helen Tamiris Charles Weidman Mary Wigman Architecture Alvar Aalto Marcel Breuer Gordon Bunshaft Antoni Gaudí Walter Gropius Hector Guimard Raymond Hood Victor Horta Friedensreich Hundertwasser Philip Johnson Louis Kahn Le Corbusier Adolf Loos Konstantin Melnikov Erich Mendelsohn Pier Luigi Nervi Richard Neutra Oscar Niemeyer Hans Poelzig Antonin Raymond Gerrit Rietveld Eero Saarinen Rudolf Steiner Edward Durell Stone Louis Sullivan Vladimir Tatlin Paul Troost Jørn Utzon Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Frank Lloyd Wright Related articles American modernism Armory Show Art Deco Art Nouveau Ashcan School Avant - 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garde Schools of poetry Akhmatova 's Orphans Angry Penguins Auden Group The Beats Black Arts Movement Black Mountain poets British Poetry Revival Cairo poets Castalian Band Cavalier poets Chhayavaad Churchyard poets Confessionalists Créolité Cyclic Poets Dada Deep image Della Cruscans Dolce Stil Novo Dymock poets Ecopoetry The poets of Elan Flarf Fugitives Garip Gay Saber Generation of ' 27 Generation of the ' 30s Generation of ' 98 Georgian poets Goliard The Group Harlem Renaissance Harvard Aesthetes Hungry generation Imagism Informationist poetry Jindyworobaks Lake Poets Language poets Martian poetry Metaphysical poets Misty Poets Modernist poetry The Movement Négritude Neotericism New American Poetry New Apocalyptics New Formalism New York School Objectivists Others Parnassian poets La Pléiade Quantum Sheep Rhymers ' Club San Francisco Renaissance Scottish Renaissance Sicilian School Sons of Ben Southern Agrarians Spasmodic poets Sung poetry Surrealism Symbolism Uranian poetry GND : 4058665 - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which artistic movements were impacted by theories of the unconscious | [
"Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision, created strange creatures from everyday objects, and developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself.[1] Its aim was to \"resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality\".[2][3][4]"
] | [
"Surrealism"
] |
354384630443669866 | List of most-subscribed YouTube channels | List of Most - Subscribed YouTube Channels - wikipedia List of Most - Subscribed YouTube Channels Jump to : navigation , search Swedish Let 's Player and vlogger PewDiePie is the most subscribed user on YouTube , with over 61 million subscribers as of March 2018 . American singer Taylor Swift is the most subscribed female user on YouTube , with over 28 million subscribers as of March 2018 . This article lists the fifty most - subscribed channels on the video platform YouTube . The ability to `` subscribe '' to a user 's channel was added to YouTube by late October 2005 , and the `` most subscribed '' list on YouTube began as a chart by May 2006 , at which time Smosh was number one with fewer than three thousand subscribers . Since December 22 , 2013 , the most subscribed user has been PewDiePie , whose channel has over 61 million subscribers as of February 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top channels 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country and territory 2 Historical most subscribed channels 2.1 Timeline 3 Reactions 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Top Channels All - Time The following table lists the fifty most subscribed channels on YouTube , with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers , as well as the network and language of each channel . Channels marked as `` Auto - generated by YouTube '' ( such as Music , Gaming , Sports and Movies ) and channels known to have gained subscribers inorganically ( such as Justin Bieber and Rihanna ) are excluded . As of March 2018 , 34 of these channels produce content in English . Vevo channel Self - owned channel ( without a network ) Rank Chg Channel name Network Primary language ( s ) Subscribers ( millions ) Content type 1 . PewDiePie N / A English 61 Comedy 2 . T - Series T - Series Hindi 40 Music 3 . JustinBieberVEVO Vevo English 34 4 . HolaSoyGerman . Machinima Spanish 33 Entertainment 5 . Canal KondZilla ONErpm Portuguese 30 Music 6 . Ed Sheeran WMG English 29 7 . Dude Perfect Whistle Sports 28 Sports 8 . elrubiusOMG TalentWeb Spanish Comedy 9 . TaylorSwiftVEVO Vevo English Music 10 . whinderssonnunes N / A Portuguese Comedy 11 . YouTube Spotlight Google English 27 News 12 . Fernanfloo BroadbandTV Spanish Games 13 . KatyPerryVEVO Vevo English 26 Music 14 . RihannaVEVO 15 . EminemVEVO 16 . JuegaGerman HolaSoyGerman Spanish 25 Games 17 . WWE WWE English 24 Entertainment 18 . TheEllenShow Time Warner 19 . OneDirectionVEVO Vevo 23 Music 20 . Smosh Defy 22 Comedy 21 . VanossGaming JETPAK Games 22 . VEGETTA777 TalentWeb Spanish 21 23 . SET India Sony Pictures Hindi Shows 24 . Yuya N / A Spanish 20 How - to 25 . Spinnin ' Records Spinnin Records English Entertainment 26 . nigahiga N / A 27 . Bruno Mars WMG Music 28 . Felipe Neto Freedom ! Portuguese Entertainment 29 . Markiplier Disney Digital Network English Games 30 . shakiraVEVO Vevo Spanish and English 19 Music 31 . ArianaGrandeVevo English 32 . Trap Nation The District 18 33 . LuisFonsiVEVO Vevo Spanish 34 . jacksepticeye Disney Digital Network English Games 35 . KSI StyleHaul Entertainment 36 . DanTDM StyleHaul Games 37 . JennaMarbles N / A Comedy 38 . Skrillex WMG 17 Music 39 . Logan Paul Vlogs Studio71 Entertainment 40 . FBE FullScreen 16 41 . Get Movies XMedia Digital Russian 42 . WatchMojo.com WatchMojo English 43 . enchufetv N / A Spanish Comedy 44 . Vevo Vevo English Music 45 . AdeleVEVO 46 . 5 - Minute Crafts Channel Frederator How - to 47 . CanalCanalha N / A Portuguese Comedy 48 . ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs KidsCamp English Education 49 . rezendeevil Disney Digital Network Portuguese Games 50 . The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon NBCU Shows English 15 Comedy As of March 29 , 2018 By country and territory The following table lists the most subscribed YouTube channel in each country and territory from which at least one channel with at least one million subscribers originates , according to social media statistics complier DBase . Country or territory Channel Subscribers ( millions ) Albania AlotVines Algeria Oum Walid Argentina DrossRotzank 12 Australia HowToBasic 10 Austria Red Bull 6 Bahrain Omar Farooq عمر فاروق Belarus telblog.net Belgium PressTube Brazil Canal KondZilla 30 Bulgaria PlanetaOficial Cambodia KH Daily Canada JustinBieberVEVO 34 Chile HolaSoyGerman . 33 China 湖南 卫视 芒果 TV 官方 频道 China HunanTV Official Channel Colombia shakiraVEVO 19 Croatia 2CELLOS Czech Republic GoGoManTV Denmark Crainer Dominican Republic Carlos Montesquieu Ecuador Apocalipsis of Games Egypt MBC مصر El Salvador Fernanfloo 27 Finland TheRelaxingEnd France David Guetta 15 Georgia King Dm Germany freekickerz 6 Greece Teo CRi Hong Kong 蘋果 動 新聞 HK Apple Daily Hungary Drawing 3D Art India T - Series 40 Indonesia Raditya Dika Iraq الرماس ميوزك 5 Ireland jacksepticeye 18 Israel cobra123473 Italy ➜ FavijTV TM Jamaica JavierNathaniel Japan Fischer 's - フィッシャーズ - Jersey ChrisMD Jordan toyorbabytv Kazakhstan СПС Kuwait Swar Shuaib Latvia TrapMusicHDTV Lebanon mtvlebanon Malaysia Les ' Copaque Production Mexico Yuya 20 Moldova Carla 's Dreams Monaco Jon Olsson Morocco Saad Lamjarred سعد لمجرد Nepal Music Nepal Netherlands Trap City 9 New Zealand Shaaanxo Nicaragua JR INN Nigeria MarkAngelComedy Norway Alan Walker 13 Pakistan ARY Digital Palestine Fozi Mozi Panama Windy GirkTV Peru whatthechic Philippines ABS - CBN Entertainment 8 Poland Blowek Portugal D4rkFrame Puerto Rico LuisFonsiVEVO 18 Romania Cat Music Russia Get Movies 16 Saint Martin Lorrayne Mavromatis Saudi Arabia Rotana 6 Serbia IDJVideos.TV Singapore Oddbods - Official Channel Slovenia TimKo Kid South Korea SMTOWN 13 Spain elrubiusOMG 28 Sweden PewDiePie 61 Switzerland Typhoon Cinema Syria Assala Nasri Taiwan TGOP ( This Group Of People ) Thailand GMM GRAMMY OFFICIAL 11 Tunisia Thisiz Balti Turkey netd müzik 9 Ukraine SlivkiShow 10 United Arab Emirates Noor Stars 6 United Kingdom Ed Sheeran 29 United States Dude Perfect 28 Uruguay dosogas 5 Venezuela LA DIVAZA 6 Vietnam FAP TV As of March 28 , 2018 Historical Most Subscribed Channels The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube 's most subscribed channel , from May 2006 to present . Current record Former record Channel name Network / owner Country Date achieved Days held Reference PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Dec 22 , 2013 1559 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Dec 12 , 2013 10 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Dec 8 , 2013 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Nov 2 , 2013 36 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Aug 15 , 2013 80 Smosh Defy Media USA Jan 12 , 2013 215 Ray William Johnson Ray Johnson Jun 28 , 2011 564 nigahiga Ryan Higa Aug 20 , 2009 677 Fяᴇᴅ Lucas Cruikshank Oct 6 , 2008 318 nigahiga nigahiga Sep 24 , 2008 12 Smosh Defy Media Apr 26 , 2007 517 lonelygirl15 Mesh Flinders Sep 17 , 2006 221 geriatric1927 Peter Oakley GBR Aug 17 , 2006 31 Brookers Brooke Brodack USA Jul 3 , 2006 45 Judson Laipply Judson Laipply Jun 12 , 2006 21 Smosh Defy Media May 17 , 2006 26 As of March 30 , 2018 Timeline Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels ( May 2006 -- Mar 2018 ) Reactions In late 2006 , when Peter Oakley , also known as Geriatric1927 , became most subscribed , a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame . The Daily Mail and TechBlog published an article about him and his success . In 2009 , the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers . Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed , Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo . A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa , Shane Dawson , Felix Kjellberg , Michael Buckley , Kassem Gharaibeh , The Fine Brothers , and Johnson himself , congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel . See also Internet portal Lists portal List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - viewed Vevo videos List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - disliked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours Notes References Jump up ^ These are not to be mistaken for the channels JustinBieberVEVO and RihannaVEVO , both of which are included . Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald . `` The Superstar You 've Never Heard Of -- At Least , Not from Us '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 19 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Subscribed YouTube Channels ( Sorted by Subscriber Count ) '' . Social Blade . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's been awhile since our last update '' . Official YouTube Blog . Blogspot . October 25 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Most Subscribed Members - May 17 , 2020 , youtube.com Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 26 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PewDiePie '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` T - Series '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JustinBieberVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HolaSoyGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canal KondZilla '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dude Perfect '' . YouTube . Whistle Sports . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` elrubiusOMG '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TaylorSwiftVEVO '' . YouTube . Big Machine Label Group . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` whinderssonnunes '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube Spotlight '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fernanfloo '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KatyPerryVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RihannaVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EminemVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JuegaGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WWE '' . YouTube . WWE . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TheEllenShow '' . YouTube . Warner Bros. Television . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OneDirectionVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smosh '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VanossGaming '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VEGETTA777 '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SET India '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yuya '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spinnin ' Records '' . YouTube . Warner Music Group . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` nigahiga '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars '' . YouTube . Atlantic Records . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Felipe Neto '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Markiplier '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` shakiraVEVO '' . YouTube . Sony Music Entertainment . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ArianaGrandeVevo '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trap Nation '' . YouTube . The Nations . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LuisFonsiVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` jacksepticeye '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KSI '' . YouTube . StyleHaul . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DanTDM '' . YouTube . StyleHaul . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JennaMarbles '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Logan Paul Vlogs '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fine Brothers Entertainment '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Movies '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WatchMojo.com '' . YouTube . WatchMojo . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` enchufetv '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vevo '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AdeleVEVO '' . YouTube . XL Recordings . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 - Minute Crafts '' . YouTube . Channel Frederator Network . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CanalCanalha '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs '' . YouTube . KidsCamp . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` rezendeevil '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon '' . YouTube . NBCU Shows . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Albania 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Algeria 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austria 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bahrain 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belarus 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cambodia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chile 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` China 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Czechia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dominican Republic 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` El Salvador 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Finland 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . 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Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) . `` YouTube Is Now The Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) . `` It 's Official : PewDiePie Becomes # 1 Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Smosh Passes Ray William Johnson as # 1 Most Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SMOSH Becomes The # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel - New Media Rockstars '' . 2013 - 01 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Michael . `` Ray William Johnson : = 3 Adds Up To Most - Subscribed On YouTube '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson Surpasses Nigahiga To Become The Most Subscribed YouTuber Of All Time '' . socialtimes. comdeadurl = no . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Parr , Ben . `` DETHRONED : Fred No Longer # 1 on YouTube '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ William Hyde ( 2009 - 08 - 21 ) , YouTube Winners & Losers ! NigaHiga and Fred , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ `` FRED '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : BuckHollywood ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) , Fred , Smosh or Nigahiga ? ! , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia . `` A Big Deal : The Run - Off on YouTube ! ! '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` lonelygirl15 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Stars ! : The Lonelygirl15 Story '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jr , Tom Zeller ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Lonelygirl15 : Prank , Art or Both '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Internet Memes of All Time12 . Lonelygirl15 '' . Complex . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` geriatric1927 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The meteoric rise of geriatric1927 '' . 2006 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Brookers '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brooke BRODACK EMC '' . www.entertainment-masterclass.tv . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Channels '' . 2006 - 07 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Judson Laipply '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutelle , Sam ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` The History Of YouTube 's Most - Subscribed Channels Is A Fun Nostalgia Trip '' . tubefilter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . In the early days , anyone who made a big viral video could enter the top ten , with `` Evolution of Dance '' performer Judson Laipply even holding the top spot for a bit . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Members ( This Month ) '' . 2006 - 05 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The first YouTube channel to hit one million subscribers '' . Variety . April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ray William Johnson ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` RWJ vs SMOSH '' . YouTube . = 3 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joshua Cohen ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` YouTubers Respond to Smosh Becoming # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . ( hide ) YouTube History Censorship Copyright issues Social impact Founders Steve Chen Chad Hurley Jawed Karim Channels Personalities Most - subscribed channels Spotlight Original channels YouTube Red ( List of original programs ) Culture and videos Elsagate Play Buttons YouTube Poop YouTube Rewind Vevo Lists Most - viewed videos Most - liked videos Most - disliked videos Most - viewed Vevo videos Multi-channel networks Events Awards CNN / YouTube presidential debates Comedy Week Live Music Awards Orchestra Playlist Live VidCon Related articles API Viacom conflict Viral video YouTube Kids YouTube Music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels&oldid=833159887 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives YouTube - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Hrvatski Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 00 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the youtube that has most subscribers | [
"\n\nRank\nChg\nChannel name\nNetwork\nPrimary\nlanguage(s)\nSubscribers[2]\n(millions)\nContent\ntype[2]\n\n\n1.\n\nPewDiePie[7]\nN/A\nEnglish\n61\nComedy\n\n\n2.\n\nT-Series[8]\nT-Series\nHindi\n40\nMusic\n\n\n3.\n\nJustinBieberVEVO[9]\nVevo\nEnglish\n34\n\n\n4.\n\nHolaSoyGerman.[10]\nMachinima\nSpanish\n33\nEntertainment\n\n\n5.\n\nCanal KondZilla[11]\nONErpm\nPortuguese\n30\nMusic\n\n\n6.\n\nEd Sheeran[12]\nWMG\nEnglish\n29\n\n\n7.\n\nDude Perfect[13]\nWhistle Sports\n28\nSports\n\n\n8.\n\nelrubiusOMG[14]\nTalentWeb\nSpanish\nComedy\n\n\n9.\n\nTaylorSwiftVEVO[15]\nVevo\nEnglish\nMusic\n\n\n10.\n\nwhinderssonnunes[16]\nN/A\nPortuguese\nComedy\n\n\n11.\n\nYouTube Spotlight[17]\nGoogle\nEnglish\n27\nNews\n\n\n12.\n\nFernanfloo[18]\nBroadbandTV\nSpanish\nGames\n\n\n13.\n\nKatyPerryVEVO[19]\nVevo\nEnglish\n26\nMusic\n\n\n14.\n\nRihannaVEVO[20]\n\n\n15.\n\nEminemVEVO[21]\n\n\n16.\n\nJuegaGerman[22]\nHolaSoyGerman\nSpanish\n25\nGames\n\n\n17.\n\nWWE[23]\nWWE\nEnglish\n24\nEntertainment\n\n\n18.\n\nTheEllenShow[24]\nTime Warner\n\n\n19.\n\nOneDirectionVEVO[25]\nVevo\n23\nMusic\n\n\n20.\n\nSmosh[26]\nDefy\n22\nComedy\n\n\n21.\n\nVanossGaming[27]\nJETPAK\nGames\n\n\n22.\n\nVEGETTA777[28]\nTalentWeb\nSpanish\n21\n\n\n23.\n\nSET India[29]\nSony Pictures\nHindi\nShows\n\n\n24.\n\nYuya[30]\nN/A\nSpanish\n20\nHow-to\n\n\n25.\n\nSpinnin' Records[31]\nSpinnin Records\nEnglish\nEntertainment\n\n\n26.\n\nnigahiga[32]\nN/A\n\n\n27.\n\nBruno Mars[33]\nWMG\nMusic\n\n\n28.\n\nFelipe Neto[34]\nFreedom!\nPortuguese\nEntertainment\n\n\n29.\n\nMarkiplier[35]\nDisney Digital Network\nEnglish\nGames\n\n\n30.\n\nshakiraVEVO[36]\nVevo\nSpanish and English\n19\nMusic\n\n\n31.\n\nArianaGrandeVevo[37]\nEnglish\n\n\n32.\n\nTrap Nation[38]\nThe District\n18\n\n\n33.\n\nLuisFonsiVEVO[39]\nVevo\nSpanish\n\n\n34.\n\njacksepticeye[40]\nDisney Digital Network\nEnglish\nGames\n\n\n35.\n\nKSI[41]\nStyleHaul\nEntertainment\n\n\n36.\n\nDanTDM[42]\nStyleHaul\nGames\n\n\n37.\n\nJennaMarbles[43]\nN/A\nComedy\n\n\n38.\n\nSkrillex[44]\nWMG\n17\nMusic\n\n\n39.\n\nLogan Paul Vlogs[45]\nStudio71\nEntertainment\n\n\n40.\n\nFBE[46]\nFullScreen\n16\n\n\n41.\n\nGet Movies[47]\nXMedia Digital\nRussian\n\n\n42.\n\nWatchMojo.com[48]\nWatchMojo\nEnglish\n\n\n43.\n\nenchufetv[49]\nN/A\nSpanish\nComedy\n\n\n44.\n\nVevo[50]\nVevo\nEnglish\nMusic\n\n\n45.\n\nAdeleVEVO[51]\n\n\n46.\n\n5-Minute Crafts[52]\nChannel Frederator\nHow-to\n\n\n47.\n\nCanalCanalha[53]\nN/A\nPortuguese\nComedy\n\n\n48.\n\nChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs[54]\nKidsCamp\nEnglish\nEducation\n\n\n49.\n\nrezendeevil[55]\nDisney Digital Network\nPortuguese\nGames\n\n\n50.\n\nThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon[56]\nNBCU Shows\nEnglish\n15\nComedy\n\n\n\nAs of March 29, 2018\n"
] | [
"PewDiePie"
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5463265756298281524 | The Vietnam War (TV series) | The Vietnam War ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Vietnam War ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Vietnam War Genre Documentary Written by Geoffrey C. Ward Directed by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick Narrated by Peter Coyote Composer ( s ) Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 10 Production Cinematography Buddy Squires Editor ( s ) Tricia Reidy Paul Barnes Erik Ewers Craig Mellish Running time 1035 mins ( 171⁄4 hours ) Distributor Public Broadcasting Service Release Original network Public Broadcasting Service Original release September 17 , 2017 External links Website www.pbs.org/kenburns/the-vietnam-war/home Play media Conversation with Ken Burns about the series . Video by the LBJ Library The Vietnam War is a 10 - part , 17 - and - a-quarter - hour American television documentary series about the Vietnam War written by Geoffrey C. Ward and directed by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick . The first episode premiered on PBS on September 17 , 2017 . The script is by Geoffrey Ward , and the series is narrated by Peter Coyote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Episodes 3 Interviewees 4 Home media 5 Book 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 7 Soundtrack 7.1 Episode overview 7.2 Original score album 7.3 Soundtrack album 8 References Production ( edit ) The series cost around $30 million and took more than 10 years to make . It was produced by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick , who had previously collaborated on The War ( 2007 ) , Baseball : The Tenth Inning ( 2010 ) , and Prohibition ( 2011 ) . The production companies were WETA - TV in Washington , D.C. , and Burns ' Florentine Films . The series features interviews with 79 witnesses , including many Americans who fought in the war or opposed it , as well as Vietnamese combatants and civilians from both the North and the South . Burns deliberately avoided `` historians or other expert talking heads '' and `` onscreen interviews with polarizing boldfaced names like John Kerry , John McCain , Henry Kissinger and Jane Fonda . '' Instead , interviews were intended to provide a ground - up view of the War from the perspective of everyday people who lived through it . The third episode features an interview with retired UPI reporter Joseph L. Galloway , who was awarded a Bronze Star with `` V '' device for assisting with the wounded in the Battle of Ia Drang . Others interviewed include Vincent Okamoto , and Tim O'Brien , author of The Things They Carried , a popular collection of linked short stories about the war . The researchers for the film also accessed more than 24,000 photographs and examined 1,500 hours of archival footage . Within the series ' 17 - and - a-quarter - hours , there are scenes covering 25 battles , ten of which are detailed scenes documenting and describing the action from multiple perspectives . Episodes ( edit ) No . Episode Original air date `` Déjà Vu '' ( 1858 -- 1961 ) 90 minutes September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) After a century of French occupation , Vietnam emerges independent but divided into North and South . `` Riding the Tiger '' ( 1961 -- 1963 ) 90 minutes September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) As a communist insurgency gains strength , President Kennedy wrestles with American involvement in South Vietnam . `` The River Styx ( PBS ) , or Hell Come To Earth ( BBC ) '' ( January 1964 -- December 1965 ) 2 hours September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) With South Vietnam near collapse , President Johnson begins bombing the North and sends US troops to the South . `` Doubt '' ( January 1966 -- June 1967 ) 2 hours September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) US soldiers discover Vietnam is unlike their fathers ' war , while the antiwar movement grows . 5 `` This Is What We Do '' ( July 1967 -- December 1967 ) 90 minutes September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) Johnson escalates the war while promising the American public that victory is in sight . 6 `` Things Fall Apart '' ( January 1968 -- July 1968 ) 90 minutes September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) Shaken by the Tet Offensive , assassinations and unrest , America seems to be coming apart . 7 `` The Veneer of Civilization ( PBS ) , or Chasing Ghosts ( BBC ) '' ( June 1968 -- May 1969 ) 2 hours September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) After chaos roils the Democratic Convention , Richard Nixon , promising peace , narrowly wins the presidency . 8 `` The History of the World ( PBS ) , or A Sea of Fire ( BBC ) '' ( April 1969 -- May 1970 ) 2 hours September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) Nixon withdraws US troops but when he sends forces into Cambodia the antiwar movement reignites . 9 `` A Disrespectful Loyalty ( PBS ) , or Fratricide ( BBC ) '' ( May 1970 -- March 1973 ) 2 hours September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) South Vietnam fights on its own as Nixon and Kissinger find a way out for America . American POWs return . 10 `` The Weight of Memory '' ( March 1973 -- Onward ) 2 hours September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Saigon falls and the war ends . Americans and Vietnamese from all sides search for reconciliation . Interviewees ( edit ) Everett Alvarez , American navy pilot and POW from 1964 to 1973 Nguyen Nguyet Anh , North Vietnamese Army truck driver Nancy Biberman , American anti-war activist Anne Harrison Bowman , American military family member Philip Brady , American military and NBC News correspondent Nguyen Thoi Bung , National Liberation Front officer Philip Caputo , Marine second lieutenant and journalist Rion Causey , 101st Airborne Division medic Tran Ngoc Chau , ARVN colonel and province chief of Kien Hoa , among other high - ranking roles Le Van Cho , North Vietnamese Army Max Cleland , First Cavalry officer Le Quan Cong , Veteran of anti-French guerilla campaigns and National Liberation Front Carol Crocker , Military family member Jean - Marie Crocker , Military family member Cao Xuan Dai , North Vietnamese Army Bui Diem , South Vietnamese ambassador to the U.S. , among other high - ranking roles Huy Duc , Journalist Bill Ehrhart , Marine Duong Van Mai Elliot , Viet Cong researcher Ron Ferrizzi , 1st Cavalry Division Helicopter Crew Chief Joan Furey , Staff nurse at the 71st Evacuation Hospital in Pleiku Joseph Galloway , Reporter for UPI Robert Gard , Military aide to Robert McNamara , retired four - star general Leslie Gelb , Defense Department analyst James Gillam , Army sergeant Phil Gioia , Army officer Donald Gregg , CIA Roger Harris , Marine in I Corps Matt Harrison , U.S. Military Victoria Harrison , Military family member Mike Heaney , Platoon leader in the 1st Cavalry ( Airmobile ) Division Stuart Herrington , Army intelligence officer Nguyen Thi Hoa , Nation Liberation Front Jan Howard , Country singer and military family member Le Cong Huan , Viet Minh and National Liberation Front officer Tran Ngoc `` Harry '' Hue , ARVN lieutenant colonel Samuel Hynes , WWII veteran , Swarthmore College and Northwestern University English professor during the war Le Minh Khue , Ho Chi Minh Trail repair worker , North Vietnamese Army journalist Hal Kushner , Army flight surgeon , POW Ho Huu Lan , North Vietnamese Army officer John Laurence , CBS News correspondent Pham Luc , Propaganda poster painter Karl Marlantes , Third Marine Division Craig McNamara , anti-war demonstrator , son of Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara Merrill McPeak , Fighter pilot , Air Force Chief of Staff John Musgrave , Third Marine Division John Negroponte , foreign service officer in Vietnam , aide to Henry Kissinger during peace talks Nguyen Ngoc , Viet Minh , military journalist , and political officer in the North Vietnamese Army Dong Si Nguyen , North Vietnamese Army commander charged with maintaining the Ho Chi Minh trail Bao Ninh , North Vietnamese Army , author Tim O'Brien , infantryman , author Vincent Okamoto , 25th Infantry Division officer Eva Jefferson Paterson , anti-war activist Rufus Phillips , Army officer , CIA officer , USAID official and State Department consultant Juan Ramirez , Marine Robert Rheault , Special Forces James Scanlon , South Vietnamese Army advisor Neil Sheehan , reporter Wayne Smith , combat medic Frank Snepp , CIA analyst and interrogator Nguyen Thanh Son , 174th NVA Regiment Lewis Sorley , Tank battalion executive officer Nguyen Tai , North Vietnamese spy , counterespionage officer in Saigon Lo Chac Tam , North Vietnamese Army leader Pham Duy Tat , ARVN army general Tran Cong Thang , North Vietnamese Army combat engineer Lam Quang Thi , ARVN lieutenant general Tran Ngoc Toan , South Vietnamese marines Jack Todd , Army deserter Nguyen Van Tong , National Liberation Front 9th Division officer Phan Quang Tue , Worker in the Office of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Saigon Nguyen Thanh Tung , Viet Minh and National Liberation Front Nick Ut , Associated Press photographer Juan Valdez , Marine Thomas J. Vallely , Marine corporal , founder of the Vietnam Program at the Harvard Kennedy School George Wickes , Office of Strategic Services James Willbanks , ARVN advisor , career officer Samuel V. Wilson , General , headed of the USAID pacification program Bill Zimmerman , Anti-war activist Photographs and additional details about the interviewees can be seen on the PBS website . Home media ( edit ) The Vietnam War was released on Blu - ray and DVD on September 19 , 2017 . Extras include a 45 - minute preview program , two segments on the lives of two of the series ' participants , and deleted scenes . The series is also available for digital download . Book ( edit ) Accompanying the series is a 640 - page companion book , The Vietnam War : An Intimate History by Geoffrey Ward and Ken Burns . Containing an introduction by Burns and Novick , it was published by Burns ' long - time publisher , Alfred A. Knopf , and released on September 5 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the series an approval rating of 97 % based on 30 reviews and a weighted average score of 9.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` The Vietnam War revisits a dark chapter in American history with patience , grace , and a refreshing -- and sobering -- perspective informed by those who fought . '' Metacritic , another aggregator , gave the series a normalized score of 90 out of 100 based on 18 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Washington Post opinion writer George Will noted that the series is `` an example of how to calmly assess episodes fraught with passion and sorrow . '' He continues : `` The combat films are extraordinary ; the recollections and reflections of combatants and others on both sides are even more so , featuring photos of them then and interviews with many of them now . '' Will concludes his column by declaring the series a `` masterpiece '' . On the other hand , the San Jose Mercury News writer Tatiana Sanchez reported that some American and South Vietnamese veterans were `` angry , ( and ) disappointed '' with the documentary . They characterized it as a `` betrayal '' . She writes : `` veterans of the South Vietnamese military say they were largely left out of the narrative , their voices drowned out by the film 's focus on North Vietnam and its communist leader , Ho Chi Minh . And many American veterans say that the series had several glaring omissions and focused too much on leftist anti-war protesters and soldiers who came to oppose the war . '' Historian Mark Moyar published a review in which he criticized the series . Moyar felt that Burns and Novick overemphasized American battlefield defeats from 1966 -- 1967 while glossing over the many victories . He also felt that Burns did not properly explain why American generals ordered their forces to fight so fiercely for seemingly meaningless hills ; Moyar feels that engaging the Viet Cong in sparsely populated areas was a superior option to letting them draw near populated cities , where American airpower and artillery would require more careful use . Moyar also contended that Burns and Novick should have more strongly emphasized the amount of foreign aid that the North Vietnamese received from the Chinese and that both Vietnams were not entirely self - sufficient . He also believed that Nixon , a mercurial president who expressed many contradictory opinions , could not be taken entirely seriously in the tape excerpts used in the documentary wherein he appears to express a desire to cut South Vietnam loose immediately after the 1972 elections and the Paris Peace Accords , while the documentary let the excerpts stand as seeming fact . Vietnam Veterans for Factual History , a Texas - based interest group with which Moyar is associated , wrote an open letter to Burns saying the film 's `` significant factual inaccuracies , omissions , and distortions deliver a message that is very negatively slanted against both the nation of South Vietnam and American involvement . '' The letter also said `` The film portrays U.S. support for South Vietnam as blustering , blundering jingoism and the choice of music , graphics , and interviewees demonstrates a bias in favor of the militant leftist anti-war cliches of the 1960s . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross , current members of the band Nine Inch Nails , were tasked to score the series , and provide both original music and a compilation soundtrack of popular songs . Episode overview ( edit ) Episode 1 includes Bob Dylan 's `` A Hard Rain 's Gonna Fall '' , T - Bone Walker 's `` Mean Old World '' , and Rosemary Clooney 's `` Come On - A In My House '' . The Dylan song is reprised over the closing credits . Episode 2 includes Miles Davis ' `` So What '' , Bill Doggett 's `` Honky Tonk ( Part 1 ) '' , Woody Guthrie 's `` Dirty Overalls '' , The Ventures ' `` Walk , Do n't Run '' , and Ben E. King 's `` Stand By Me '' . Sam Cooke 's recording of `` Mean Old World '' ( the same song performed by T - Bone Walker in the first episode ) plays over the end credits . Episode 3 includes Bob Dylan 's `` With God On Our Side '' , Buffy Saint - Marie 's `` Universal Soldier '' , Johnnie Wright 's `` Hello Vietnam '' , Phil Ochs ' `` I Ai n't Marchin ' Anymore '' , The Animals ' `` It 's My Life '' , The Rolling Stones ' `` Play With Fire '' , Donovan 's `` The War Drags On '' , Johnny Cash 's `` Big River '' , Barry McGuire 's `` Eve of Destruction '' , Burl Ives ' `` Little Drummer Boy '' , and over the closing credits , `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! by The Byrds . Episode 4 includes The Staple Singers ' `` Masters of War '' , Wilson Pickett 's `` Mustang Sally '' , Doub Wamble 's `` A Hard Rain 's A-Gonna Fall '' , Howlin ' Wolf 's `` Smokestack Lightning '' , Pete Seeger 's `` The Willing Conscript '' , Simon & Garfunkel 's `` The Sound of Silence '' , Donovan 's `` Sunshine Superman '' , Bob Dylan 's `` One Too Many Mornings '' , Simon & Garfunkel 's `` I Am A Rock '' , The Temptations ' `` Ai n't Too Proud To Beg '' , Wayne Shorter `` Footprints '' , Bob Dylan 's `` Talking World War III Blues '' , The Ventures ' `` Wild Child '' , Bob Dylan 's `` One Too Many Mornings '' and Genesis 's `` Ravine '' . Simon & Garfunkel 's `` The Sound of Silence '' played over the closing credits . Episode 5 includes Jimi Hendrix 's `` Are You Experienced ? '' , The Spencer Davis Group 's `` I 'm a Man '' , Cream 's `` Strange Brew '' , Pete Seeger 's `` Waist Deep In The Big Muddy '' , and , over the closing credits , the Rolling Stones ' `` Paint It Black '' . Episode 6 includes Big Brother and the Holding Company 's `` Summertime '' , Jimi Hendrix 's `` Voodoo Chile '' , Vanilla Fudge 's `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' , The Beatles ' `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' , Jefferson Airplane 's `` White Rabbit '' , Eddie Harris 's `` Live Right Now '' and , over the closing credits , Procol Harum 's `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' . Episode 7 includes Simon & Garfunkel 's `` Blues Run the Game '' , The Beatles ' `` Revolution 1 '' , Khanh Ly 's `` Uot Mi '' , Simon & Garfunkel 's `` Anji '' , The Rolling Stones ' `` Street Fighting Man '' , `` Buffalo Springfield 's `` For What It 's Worth '' , Simon & Garfunkel 's `` Bookends Theme '' , Bob Dylan 's `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' , Big Brother & the Holding Company 's `` Piece of My Heart '' , The Velvet Underground 's `` The Gift - Instrumental '' , Steppenwolf 's `` Magic Carpet Ride '' , The Sandals ' `` Lonely Road '' , and , over the closing credits , Otis Redding 's `` Tell the Truth '' . Episode 8 includes Led Zeppelin 's `` Dazed and Confused '' , The Beatles ' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , The Box Tops ' `` The Letter '' , Three Dog Night 's `` Circle for a Landing '' , Creedence Clearwater Revival 's `` Bad Moon Rising '' , Country Joe McDonald 's `` I Feel Like I 'm Fixing to Die Rag '' , Santana 's `` Soul Sacrifice '' , the Zombies ' `` Time of the Season '' , Otis Redding 's `` Respect '' , Santana 's `` Waiting '' , Nina Simone 's `` Come Ye '' , Bob Dylan 's `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' , The Beatles ' `` Blackbird '' , Merle Haggard & the Strangers ' `` Okie from Muskogee '' , The Plastic Ono Band 's `` Give Peace a Chance '' , Cream 's `` Born Under a Bad Sign '' , Eddie Harris w / `` Live Right Now '' , B.B. King 's `` The Thrill is Gone '' , Bob Dylan 's `` Farewell , Angelina '' , Booker T. & the M.G. 's '' w / `` Time is Tight '' , The Temptations ' `` Psychedelic Shack '' , Joni Mitchell 's `` Woodstock '' , and , over the closing credits , `` Ohio '' by Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young . Episode 9 includes The Youngbloods ' `` Get Together '' , The Animals ' `` We Gotta Get Out of this Place '' , The Rolling Stones ' `` Gimme Shelter '' , Jefferson Airplane 's `` Embryonic Journey '' , The Bob Crewe Generation Orchestra 's `` Barbarella '' , Joan Baez 's `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' , Link Wray 's `` Tail Dragger '' , Ray Charles ' `` America the Beautiful '' , The Fairport Convention 's `` The Lord is in this Place '' , and , over the closing credits , Marvin Gaye 's `` What 's Goin ' On ? '' . Episode 10 includes `` Kashmir '' by Led Zeppelin , `` All Along the Watchtower '' by Jimi Hendrix , `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel , and , at the very end of the series , `` Let It Be '' by the Beatles . Original score album ( edit ) The score includes original compositions and reworked pieces from Nine Inch Nails songs and their award - winning scores for The Social Network and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . In addition , supplemental new music was arranged and performed by cellist Yo - Yo Ma and The Silk Road Ensemble , and also by David Cieri and Doug Wamble . The CD was released on September 15 , 2017 . The Vietnam War : The Score ( Disc One ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Less Likely '' 6 : 20 2 . `` Four Enclosed Walls '' 5 : 34 3 . `` The Forever Rain '' 5 : 01 4 . `` Remnants '' 4 : 57 5 . `` Other Ways To Get To The Same Place '' 8 : 06 6 . `` Torn Polaroid '' 5 : 15 7 . `` Before Dawn '' 2 : 44 8 . `` What Comes Back '' 7 : 36 9 . `` Justified Response '' 3 : 49 10 . `` Counting Ticks '' 5 : 28 Total length : 54 : 50 The Vietnam War : The Score ( Disc Two ) No . Title Length 1 . `` A World Away '' 6 : 12 2 . `` The Right Things '' 8 : 52 3 . `` Passing The Point '' 4 : 25 4 . `` Strangers In Lockstep '' 4 : 57 5 . `` Before And After Faith '' 6 : 24 6 . `` The Same Dream '' 4 : 17 7 . `` Haunted '' 5 : 20 Total length : 40 : 27 Soundtrack album ( edit ) The PBS website describes the series as featuring `` more than 120 iconic popular songs that define the era '' , including songs by then contemporary artists . Of these , 38 songs were selected for the series ' soundtrack album , which was released on September 15 , 2017 . The Vietnam War : The Soundtrack ( Disc One ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` A Hard Rain 's Gonna Fall '' Bob Dylan 6 : 52 2 . `` Hello Vietnam '' Johnnie Wright 3 : 05 3 . `` It 's My Life '' The Animals 3 : 09 4 . `` Eve Of Destruction '' Barry McGuire 3 : 35 5 . `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! ( To Everything There Is a Season ) '' The Byrds 3 : 49 6 . `` Masters of War '' The Staple Singers 4 : 38 7 . `` Mustang Sally '' Wilson Pickett 3 : 01 8 . `` Smokestack Lightning '' Howlin ' Wolf 3 : 08 9 . `` Backlash Blues '' Nina Simone 2 : 28 10 . `` The Sound of Silence '' Simon & Garfunkel 3 : 05 11 . `` One Too Many Mornings '' Bob Dylan 2 : 37 12 . `` Ai n't Too Proud To Beg '' The Temptations 2 : 36 13 . `` Are You Experienced ? '' Jimi Hendrix 4 : 15 14 . `` I 'm A Man '' Spencer Davis Group 2 : 56 15 . `` Green Onions '' Booker T & The MG 's 2 : 56 16 . `` Strange Brew '' Cream 2 : 46 17 . `` Waist Deep In The Big Muddy '' Pete Seeger 2 : 55 18 . `` A Whiter Shade Of Pale '' Procol Harum 4 : 08 19 . `` The Lord Is In This Place '' Fairport Convention 1 : 58 20 . `` For What It 's Worth '' Buffalo Springfield 2 : 33 Total length : 66 : 30 The Vietnam War : The Soundtrack ( Disc Two ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Do n't Think Twice It 's Alright '' Bob Dylan 3 : 37 2 . `` Piece Of My Heart '' Janis Joplin 4 : 13 3 . `` Magic Carpet Ride '' Steppenwolf 4 : 31 4 . `` Tell The Truth '' Otis Redding 3 : 11 5 . `` The Letter '' The Box Tops 1 : 52 6 . `` Bad Moon Rising '' Creedence Clearwater Revival 2 : 21 7 . `` Soul Sacrifice '' Santana 6 : 37 8 . `` Okie From Muskogee '' Merle Haggard 2 : 42 9 . `` The Thrill Is Gone '' B.B. King 4 : 02 10 . `` Psychedelic Shack '' The Temptations 3 : 50 11 . `` Ohio '' Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young 3 : 03 12 . `` Get Together '' The Youngbloods 4 : 39 13 . `` Gimme Shelter '' The Rolling Stones 4 : 30 14 . `` Tail Dragger '' Link Wray 4 : 49 15 . `` America The Beautiful '' Ray Charles 3 : 35 16 . `` What 's Going On '' Marvin Gaye 3 : 52 17 . `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' Simon & Garfunkel 4 : 53 18 . `` Let It Be '' The Beatles 3 : 50 Total length : 70 : 07 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE VIETNAM WAR , A New Film By Ken Burns and Lynn Novick , to Air Fall 2017 on PBS '' . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Burns on the legacy of the Vietnam War '' . CBS News . August 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Burns returns to PBS with ' Vietnam War ' '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Schuessler , Jennifer ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Ken Burns and Lynn Novick Tackle the Vietnam War '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Watch Full Episodes Online of The Vietnam War Broadcast Version on PBS , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 Jump up ^ ' The Vietnam War Episode 3 ' preview , PBS Tuesday , PBS , Ken Burns , September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Shot by Shot : Building a Scene in Ken Burns and Lynn Novick 's Vietnam Epic '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Soundtracks Announced For Ken Burns ' The Vietnam War ' Doc '' . uDiscoverMusic. 2017 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War : An Intimate History '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War : Miniseries '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Will , George ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Vietnam War ' is a masterpiece -- and a model for assessing our history '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Tatiana ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Veterans angry , disappointed following PBS ' Vietnam War documentary '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moyar , Mark . `` A Warped Mirror '' . City Journal . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vietnam veterans challenge Ken Burns on the accuracy of his epic documentary ^ Jump up to : `` Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross detail their score to Ken Burns ' new Vietnam War documentary '' . Consequence of Sound . 2017 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` About The Music The Vietnam War '' . About The Music The Vietnam War . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . ( hide ) Films and TV series of Ken Burns Films and TV series Films directed Brooklyn Bridge ( 1981 ) The Shakers : Hands to Work , Hearts to God ( 1984 ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 ) Huey Long ( 1985 ) The Congress ( 1988 ) Thomas Hart Benton ( 1988 ) Empire of the Air : The Men Who Made Radio ( 1991 ) Lewis & Clark : The Journey of the Corps of Discovery ( 1997 ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 ) Mark Twain ( 2001 ) Horatio 's Drive ( 2003 ) Unforgivable Blackness : The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson ( 2004 ) The Central Park Five ( 2012 ; co-directed with Sarah Burns & David McMahon ) The Address ( 2014 ) Defying the Nazis : The Sharps ' War ( 2016 ; co-directed with Artemis Joukowsky ) TV series directed The Civil War ( 1990 ) Baseball ( 1994 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 ) Jazz ( 2001 ) The War ( 2007 ) The National Parks : America 's Best Idea ( 2009 ) The Tenth Inning ( 2010 ) Prohibition ( 2011 ; co-directed with Lynn Novick ) The Dust Bowl ( 2012 ) The Roosevelts ( 2014 ) Jackie Robinson ( 2016 ; co-directed with Sarah Burns & David McMahon ) The Vietnam War ( 2017 ; co-directed with Lynn Novick ) TV series produced The West ( 1996 ) Cancer : The Emperor of All Maladies ( 2015 ) See also Ken Burns effect ( hide ) Vietnam War Participants North Vietnam ( Viet Minh / PAVN , Viet Cong ) South Vietnam ( ARVN ) United States Related conflicts Laotian Civil War Cambodian Civil War Cold War ( 1962 -- 79 ) Background French Indochina Japanese occupation State of Vietnam ( 1949 -- 1955 ) Viet Minh Battle of Dien Bien Phu Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) 1955 referendum North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt Events 1962 : Strategic Hamlet Program 1963 : Buddhist crisis Coup against Diem 1964 : Gulf of Tonkin Incident / Resolution December coup 1965 : U.S. escalation / `` Americanization '' 1965 South Vietnamese coup Bombing of North Vietnam 1968 : Tet Offensive ( Khe Sanh , Hue ) 1970 : Cambodian Campaign 1971 : Vietnamization policy , ARVN campaign in Laos 1972 : Easter Offensive Christmas bombings 1973 : Paris Peace Accords 1974 : Invasion and capture of the Central Highlands 1975 : 1975 Spring Offensive Fall of Saigon Aftermath Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Vietnamese boat people Vietnam Veterans Memorial Normalization of US -- Vietnam relations Other topics Agent Orange Australia in the Vietnam War Ho Chi Minh trail Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Pentagon Papers SEATO Sihanouk Trail South Korea in the Vietnam War United States news media and Vietnam Vietnam War in film Vietnam War in games War crimes ( Hue , My Lai , Đắk Sơn ) Weapons of the Vietnam War Battles and operations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Vietnam_War_(TV_series)&oldid=817650734 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts Documentary films about the Vietnam War Documentary television series about war Films directed by Ken Burns Films scored by Trent Reznor Films scored by Atticus Ross Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch עברית Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 19 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in the viet nam series | [
"\n\nThe Vietnam War\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nDocumentary\n\n\nWritten by\nGeoffrey C. Ward\n\n\nDirected by\nKen Burns and Lynn Novick\n\n\nNarrated by\nPeter Coyote\n\n\nComposer(s)\nTrent Reznor and Atticus Ross\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n10\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nCinematography\nBuddy Squires\n\n\nEditor(s)\nTricia Reidy\nPaul Barnes\nErik Ewers\nCraig Mellish\n\n\nRunning time\n1035 mins (17¼ hours)\n\n\nDistributor\nPublic Broadcasting Service\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nPublic Broadcasting Service\n\n\nOriginal release\nSeptember 17, 2017\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.pbs.org/kenburns/the-vietnam-war/home\n\n"
] | [
"10"
] |
8385057601414571575 | Don't Fall in Love with a Dreamer | Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer - Wikipedia Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' Single by Kenny Rogers with Kim Carnes from the album Gideon B - side `` Gideon Tanner '' Released March 1980 Genre Country , soft rock Length 3 : 39 Label United Artists Songwriter ( s ) Kim Carnes David Ellingson Producer ( s ) Larry Butler and Kenny Rogers Kenny Rogers singles chronology `` Coward of the County '' ( 1979 ) `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' ( 1980 ) `` Love the World Away '' ( 1980 ) `` Coward of the County '' ( 1979 ) `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' ( 1980 ) `` Love the World Away '' ( 1980 ) `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' is a song written by David Ellingson and Kim Carnes and recorded by Kenny Rogers and Carnes as a duet . It was released in March 1980 as the first single from Rogers ' album Gideon . The song reached # 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and # 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . It was also recorded in Spanish as `` No Te Enamores De Un Loco '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks New Zealand Singles Chart 31 Australian Singles Chart 38 Preceded by `` The Way I Am '' by Merle Haggard RPM Country Tracks number - one single May 31 - June 21 , 1980 Succeeded by `` Trying to Love Two Women '' by The Oak Ridge Boys References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Explore : Soft Rock Top Songs AllMusic '' . Web.archive.org. 2011 - 11 - 12 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kenny Rogers Billboard Singles Jump up ^ RPM Country Tracks Jump up ^ `` Kenny Rogers -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Kenny Rogers . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Rogers -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Kenny Rogers . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Rogers -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Kenny Rogers . Kenny Rogers Studio albums Love Lifted Me Kenny Rogers Daytime Friends Love or Something Like It The Gambler Kenny Gideon Share Your Love Love Will Turn You Around We 've Got Tonight Eyes That See in the Dark What About Me ? The Heart of the Matter They Do n't Make Them Like They Used To I Prefer the Moonlight Something Inside So Strong Love Is Strange Back Home Again If Only My Heart Had a Voice Vote for Love Across My Heart She Rides Wild Horses There You Go Again Back to the Well Water & Bridges The Love of God Amazing Grace You Ca n't Make Old Friends Collaboration albums Every Time Two Fools Collide ( with Dottie West ) Classics ( with Dottie West ) Timepiece ( with David Foster ) Christmas albums Christmas Once Upon a Christmas ( with Dolly Parton ) Christmas in America The Gift Christmas from the Heart Christmas with Kenny Christmas Collection Once Again It 's Christmas Compilations Ten Years of Gold The Kenny Rogers Singles Album Greatest Hits ( 1980 ) 20 Greatest Hits Duets The Kenny Rogers Story Love Is What We Make It Short Stories Greatest Hits ( 1988 ) Daytime Friends -- The Very Best of Kenny Rogers Live by Request 42 Ultimate Hits 21 Number Ones Notable singles `` That Crazy Feeling '' `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` Lucille '' `` Daytime Friends '' `` Sweet Music Man '' `` Every Time Two Fools Collide '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Love or Something Like It '' `` Anyone Who Is n't Me Tonight '' ( with Dottie West ) `` The Gambler '' `` All I Ever Need Is You '' ( with Dottie West ) `` She Believes in Me '' `` ' Til I Can Make It on My Own '' ( with Dottie West ) `` You Decorated My Life '' `` Coward of the County '' `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' ( with Kim Carnes ) `` Love the World Away '' `` Lady '' `` I Do n't Need You '' `` Share Your Love with Me '' `` Blaze of Glory '' `` Through the Years '' `` Love Will Turn You Around '' `` A Love Song '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( with Sheena Easton ) `` All My Life '' `` Scarlet Fever '' `` Islands in the Stream '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Eyes That See in the Dark '' `` This Woman '' `` Buried Treasure '' `` Together Again '' ( with Dottie West ) `` What About Me ? '' ( with Kim Carnes and James Ingram ) `` Evening Star '' `` Crazy '' `` Morning Desire '' `` Goodbye Marie '' `` Tomb of the Unknown Love '' `` Twenty Years Ago '' `` Make No Mistake , She 's Mine '' ( with Ronnie Milsap ) `` I Prefer the Moonlight '' `` The Factory '' `` I Do n't Call Him Daddy '' `` When You Put Your Heart in It '' `` Planet Texas '' `` The Vows Go Unbroken ( Always True to You ) '' `` Maybe '' ( with Holly Dunn ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Crazy in Love '' `` If You Want to Find Love '' `` Ol ' Red '' `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( with Wynonna Judd ) `` The Greatest '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' ( with Alison Krauss and Billy Dean ) `` He Will , She Knows '' `` There You Go Again '' `` Homeland '' `` I Ca n't Unlove You '' Guest singles `` What Are We Doin ' in Love '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Real Love '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Anne Murray ) Related articles Discography The First Edition Kenny Rogers Roasters Book : Kenny Rogers Kim Carnes Studio albums Rest on Me Kim Carnes Sailin ' St. Vincent 's Court Romance Dance Mistaken Identity Voyeur Café Racers Barking at Airplanes Light House View from the House Checkin ' Out the Ghosts Chasin ' Wild Trains Live albums Live at Savoy , 1981 Compilations Gypsy Honeymoon : The Best of Kim Carnes Singles `` More Love '' `` Cry Like a Baby '' `` Bette Davis Eyes '' `` Draw of the Cards '' `` Voyeur '' `` Does It Make You Remember '' `` You Make My Heart Beat Faster ( And That 's All That Matters ) '' `` Invisible Hands '' `` Crazy in the Night ( Barking at Airplanes ) `` Crazy in Love '' Collaborative singles `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' `` Make No Mistake , He 's Mine '' `` What About Me ? Related articles Discography Book : Kim Carnes This 1980 country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Fall_in_Love_with_a_Dreamer&oldid=791547258 '' Categories : 1980 singles Kenny Rogers songs Kim Carnes songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Kim Carnes Song recordings produced by Larry Butler ( producer ) United Artists Records singles Vocal duets 1980 songs 1980 country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 July 2017 , at 23 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang don't fall in love with a dreamer | [
"\"Don't Fall in Love with a Dreamer\" is a song written by David Ellingson and Kim Carnes and recorded by Kenny Rogers and Carnes as a duet. It was released in March 1980 as the first single from Rogers' album Gideon. The song reached #3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart[2] and #1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.[3] It was also recorded in Spanish as \"No Te Enamores De Un Loco\".",
"\"Don't Fall in Love with a Dreamer\" is a song written by David Ellingson and Kim Carnes and recorded by Kenny Rogers and Carnes as a duet. It was released in March 1980 as the first single from Rogers' album Gideon. The song reached #3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart[2] and #1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.[3] It was also recorded in Spanish as \"No Te Enamores De Un Loco\"."
] | [
"Kim Carnes",
"Kenny Rogers"
] |
-8380175273050218174 | Pro Football Hall of Fame Game | Pro Football Hall of Fame game - wikipedia Pro Football Hall of Fame game Jump to : navigation , search Pro Football Hall of Fame Game Fawcett Stadium before the start of the 2006 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game Recent and upcoming games 2017 season Dallas Cowboys 20 Arizona Cardinals 18 2018 season TBA The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame 's induction ceremonies . The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium , which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton , Ohio . It is traditionally the first game in the NFL 's preseason , marking the end of the NFL 's six - month offseason . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team selection 1.1 Expansion clubs 1.2 Scheduling 2 Television and radio 3 Game history 4 Standings 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Team selection ( edit ) The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule . The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced , which coincides with Super Bowl week . Often if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself . Since 1971 , the opponents for each game have traditionally included one AFC team and one NFC team . In 2009 , as recognition of the 50th anniversary of the American Football League , the game paired two AFC teams who were part of the `` original eight '' franchises of the AFL , the Tennessee Titans ( dressed as their previous incarnation , the Houston Oilers ) and the Buffalo Bills , whose owner , Ralph Wilson , was inducted into the Hall that year . An all - NFC matchup was scheduled for 2011 , but it was canceled due to the 2011 NFL lockout ; the following year , another intra-conference matchup of two NFC teams took its place . Since 2012 , both competing teams in the game has had at least one prominent alumnus being inducted into the Hall that year . Because this game and the Hall of Fame 's induction ceremonies are scheduled on the weekend before the league 's regular four - week exhibition season begins , both teams end up playing five exhibition games instead of the normal four , and unlike the Canadian Football League , the league does not remove an exhibition game from another week . Expansion clubs ( edit ) The last four expansion teams to have been added to the league each played in the Hall of Fame Game as their first game . In 1995 , expansion clubs Jacksonville and Carolina played one another , and in 2002 , Houston was one of the participants . When the Cleveland Browns returned to the league with a rebooted roster in 1999 , they too played in the Hall of Fame Game . ( The Baltimore Ravens , while officially considered as being established in 1996 , did not play in the Hall of Fame Game that year , nor have they played at any time in their existence . ) Scheduling ( edit ) Prior to the AFL - NFL merger , the Hall of Fame Game was played in August or September , in some cases at the end of the preseason . In 1970 , it was moved to the beginning of the preseason . Prior to 2002 , it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July . Since 2002 , when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day , the game has always been played in early August . The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears , but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason . The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify a resolution in enough time to prepare for the game . The league and players did not ratify the agreement until July 25 , forcing cancellation of the game . The 2016 edition , which was scheduled to be played between the Green Bay Packers and the Indianapolis Colts , was canceled due to unsafe playing conditions . Mike Silver of NFL.com reported that on the morning of game day , the logos at midfield and the end zones had been painted using paint which was not intended for use on artificial turf . When it was apparent the paint was n't drying fast enough , the field was heated to speed up the drying process , but this caused the turf 's rubber to melt . These issues led to unfavorable play conditions . The affected areas were described as being slick and `` like cement , '' making it impossible to get decent footing . Stadium officials attempted to address this by applying a solvent , reportedly paint thinner , to the turf . A Packers employee noticed a label warning that this substance could result in burns when exposed to skin , and alerted others to the discovery . When officially cancelling the game , both the league and the Players Association cited safety concerns . Both teams were told at 6 : 40 p.m. -- an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff -- that the game was going to be canceled . However , fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media . No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff . On December 28 , 2016 , the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on Thursday , August 3 , 2017 . The scheduling change makes the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend . On February 23 , 2017 , it was announced the 2017 edition will be played between the Dallas Cowboys and the Arizona Cardinals . Television and radio ( edit ) Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games , which air on local networks , the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide . From 1999 to 2005 , the game was held on Monday night , televised as part of ABC 's Monday Night Football package . It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons , except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons , televised as part of ABC 's Wide World of Sports package ( still using the MNF crew ) . In 1998 , the game was put in the MNF package , and played on a Saturday night , which served as a test run for the move to Monday night . Starting in 2006 , it was moved to Sunday night , coinciding with the new NBC Sunday Night Football television package . The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing , China ( a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled ) . The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks . The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC 's coverage of the Summer Olympics . After a two - year absence , the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015 . The 2016 game was scheduled to air on ESPN as it was to be played two days into the 2016 Summer Olympics but the game was canceled due to field conditions , it returned to NBC in 2017 and will remain on the network until 2019 . Westwood One owns national radio rights ; it is the only preseason game to air on a nationwide network . Each team 's radio network is also allowed to broadcast the games ( albeit usually with fewer affiliates since exhibition games are traditionally much lower priority to non-sports and non-flagship stations ) . In 2007 and 2008 , the game was broadcast live in both Ireland and the United Kingdom by Sky Sports . It was not shown in 2009 because of a dispute between Sky Sports and the NFL over TV rights . ESPN America ( formerly North American Sports Network ) broadcasts the game in the rest of Europe . From 1998 to 2005 , the Global Television Network aired the game in Canada , simulcasting ABC ; upon the move to Sunday night in 2006 , the CTV Television Network aired the game until 2010 . With CTV airing the 2012 Summer Olympics , TSN broadcast the Hall of Fame Game in 2012 . Azteca 7 aired Spanish - language coverage of the Hall of Fame Game in Mexico from 1998 to 2005 ; the Game moved to Canal 5 in 2006 and aired on that station until 2010 . Due to the cancellation of the 2011 Hall of Fame Game and Televisa 's Summer Olympics coverage , the Hall of Fame Game moved to Televisa Deportes in 2012 and then to Galavision in 2013 . Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium is part of the Cleveland market , and is also within 75 miles of numerous other television markets in northeast Ohio and western Pennsylvania . As such , the NBC affiliates ( and before them , the ABC affiliates ) are within league requirements to blackout the game in the rare event the game does not sell out . Because the stadium only holds 22,375 fans ( less than half the NFL 's minimum requirements for its stadiums ) and the Hall of Fame induction ceremonies bring large numbers of outside fans to Canton , the game has , to date , always sold out ( several NFL teams , as well as the Super Bowl , have similarly enjoyed long sellout streaks ) . Game history ( edit ) Date Away team Away score Home team Home score Recap August 11 , 1962 New York Giants 21 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Recap September 8 , 1963 Cleveland Browns 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 16 Recap September 6 , 1964 Baltimore Colts 48 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Recap September 12 , 1965 Detroit Lions Washington Redskins 20 Recap August 5 , 1967 Cleveland Browns 13 Philadelphia Eagles 28 Recap August 3 , 1968 Dallas Cowboys 24 Chicago Bears 30 Recap September 13 , 1969 Green Bay Packers 38 Atlanta Falcons 24 Recap August 8 , 1970 New Orleans Saints 14 Minnesota Vikings 13 Recap July 31 , 1971 Houston Oilers 6 Los Angeles Rams 17 Recap July 29 , 1972 Kansas City Chiefs 23 New York Giants 17 Recap July 28 , 1973 San Francisco 49ers 20 New England Patriots 7 Recap July 27 , 1974 Buffalo Bills 13 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Recap August 2 , 1975 Washington Redskins 17 Cincinnati Bengals 9 Recap July 24 , 1976 Denver Broncos 10 Detroit Lions 7 Recap July 30 , 1977 Chicago Bears 20 New York Jets 6 Recap July 29 , 1978 Miami Dolphins Philadelphia Eagles 17 Recap July 28 , 1979 Dallas Cowboys 13 Oakland Raiders 20 Recap August 2 , 1980 San Diego Chargers 0 Green Bay Packers 0 Recap August 1 , 1981 Atlanta Falcons 10 Cleveland Browns 24 Recap August 7 , 1982 Baltimore Colts 14 Minnesota Vikings 30 Recap July 30 , 1983 New Orleans Saints 14 Pittsburgh Steelers 27 Recap July 28 , 1984 Seattle Seahawks 38 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 Recap August 3 , 1985 New York Giants 21 Houston Oilers 20 Recap August 2 , 1986 New England Patriots 21 St. Louis Cardinals 16 Recap August 8 , 1987 San Francisco 49ers 20 Kansas City Chiefs 7 Recap July 30 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals 14 Los Angeles Rams 7 Recap August 5 , 1989 Washington Redskins 31 Buffalo Bills 6 Recap August 4 , 1990 Cleveland Browns 0 Chicago Bears 13 Recap July 27 , 1991 Detroit Lions 14 Denver Broncos Recap August 1 , 1992 New York Jets 41 Philadelphia Eagles 14 Recap July 31 , 1993 Green Bay Packers Los Angeles Raiders 19 Recap July 30 , 1994 San Diego Chargers 17 Atlanta Falcons 21 Recap July 29 , 1995 Carolina Panthers 20 Jacksonville Jaguars 14 Recap July 27 , 1996 Indianapolis Colts 10 New Orleans Saints Recap July 26 , 1997 Minnesota Vikings 28 Seattle Seahawks 26 Recap August 1 , 1998 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 30 Recap August 9 , 1999 Dallas Cowboys 17 Cleveland Browns 20 Recap July 31 , 2000 New England Patriots 20 San Francisco 49ers 0 Recap August 6 , 2001 St. Louis Rams 17 Miami Dolphins 10 Recap August 5 , 2002 Houston Texans 17 New York Giants 34 Recap August 4 , 2003 Kansas City Chiefs 9 Green Bay Packers 0 Recap August 9 , 2004 Denver Broncos 17 Washington Redskins 20 Recap August 8 , 2005 Chicago Bears 27 Miami Dolphins 24 Recap August 6 , 2006 Oakland Raiders 16 Philadelphia Eagles 10 Recap August 5 , 2007 New Orleans Saints 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 20 Recap August 3 , 2008 Indianapolis Colts 16 Washington Redskins 30 Recap August 9 , 2009 Buffalo Bills 18 Tennessee Titans 21 Recap August 8 , 2010 Dallas Cowboys 16 Cincinnati Bengals 7 Recap August 7 , 2011 Canceled due to 2011 NFL lockout Ref . August 5 , 2012 Arizona Cardinals 10 New Orleans Saints 17 Recap August 4 , 2013 Miami Dolphins 20 Dallas Cowboys 24 Recap August 3 , 2014 New York Giants 17 Buffalo Bills 13 Recap August 9 , 2015 Pittsburgh Steelers Minnesota Vikings 14 Recap August 7 , 2016 Canceled due to poor field conditions Ref . August 3 , 2017 Dallas Cowboys 20 Arizona Cardinals 18 Recap August 5 , 2018 TBA TBA Standings ( edit ) Team PCT Last appearance Washington Redskins 5 0 0 1.000 2008 Chicago Bears 0 0 1.000 2005 Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders 0 0 1.000 2006 Carolina Panthers 0 0 1.000 1995 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 750 2015 Pittsburgh Steelers 0 . 500 2015 New England Patriots 0 . 667 2000 San Francisco 49ers 0 . 667 2000 Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 0 . 667 Kansas City Chiefs 0 . 667 2003 New York Giants . 625 2014 Dallas Cowboys 0 . 500 2017 Indianapolis / Baltimore Colts 0 . 500 2008 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 500 2006 New York Jets 0 . 500 Seattle Seahawks 0 . 500 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 . 500 1998 Cleveland Browns 0 . 400 1999 New Orleans Saints 0 . 400 2012 Green Bay Packers . 375 2003 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 333 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 333 1994 Denver Broncos 0 . 333 Detroit Lions 0 . 333 1991 Tennessee Titans / Houston Oilers 0 . 333 2009 Arizona / St. Louis Cardinals . 300 2017 Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers 0 . 250 1994 Baltimore Ravens 0 0 0 -- N / A Houston Texans 0 0 . 000 2002 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 . 000 1995 Buffalo Bills 0 0 . 000 2014 Miami Dolphins 0 0 . 000 2013 Most appearances -- 6 : Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1963 , 1964 , 1983 , 1998 , 2007 , and 2015 ) and Dallas Cowboys ( 1968 , 1979 , 1999 , 2010 , 2013 , and 2017 ) Most wins -- 5 : Washington Redskins ( 1965 , 1975 , 1989 , 2004 , and 2008 ) Longest active drought without Hall of Fame Game appearance -- 26 seasons : Detroit Lions ( last appearance -- 1991 ) ; 25 seasons : New York Jets ( last appearance -- 1992 ) ; 23 seasons : Atlanta Falcons and Los Angeles Chargers ( last appearance -- 1994 ) ; 22 seasons : Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars ( last appearance -- 1995 ) Active teams to have never made a Hall of Fame Game appearance -- Baltimore Ravens Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Game ended with 5 : 29 remaining in the fourth quarter due to severe lightning . Jump up ^ Game ended with 5 : 49 remaining in the third quarter due to severe lightning . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Individual Tickets & Festival Fan Packages '' . Profootballhof.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Silver , Mike ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Hall of Fame Game cancellation : NFL made the right decision '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Demovsky , Rob ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` Poor field conditions force cancellation of Hall of Fame game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame Game fiasco : How the wrong paint , melted rubber , and caustic paint thinner nixed Packers - Colts '' . Acme Packing Company ( SBNation ) . Vox Media . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Doyel , Gregg ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Doyel : NFL fans deserve better '' . The Indianapolis Star . Jump up ^ `` Annual Hall of Fame Game moved to Thursday night '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sunday Night Football '' Debuts `` . NBC Sports History Page . 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . p. 401 . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . `` AFC - NFC Hall of Fame Game '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Pro Football Hall of Fame American Football League Legacy Game Pro Football Dallas Cowboys Hall of Fame Game 2017 National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame_Game&oldid=804902267 '' Categories : Pro Football Hall of Fame Game 1962 establishments in Ohio American football in Ohio Annual sporting events in the United States National Football League competitions National Football League exhibition season Pro Football Hall of Fame Recurring sporting events established in 1962 Sports in Canton , Ohio Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 20 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what day is the football hall of fame game on | [
"\n\nDate\nAway team\nAway score\nHome team\nHome score\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 11, 1962\nNew York Giants\n21\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n21\nRecap\n\n\nSeptember 8, 1963\nCleveland Browns\n7\nPittsburgh Steelers\n16\nRecap\n\n\nSeptember 6, 1964\nBaltimore Colts\n48\nPittsburgh Steelers\n17\nRecap\n\n\nSeptember 12, 1965\nDetroit Lions\n3\nWashington Redskins\n20\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 5, 1967\nCleveland Browns\n13\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n28\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 3, 1968\nDallas Cowboys\n24\nChicago Bears\n30\nRecap\n\n\nSeptember 13, 1969\nGreen Bay Packers\n38\nAtlanta Falcons\n24\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 8, 1970\nNew Orleans Saints\n14\nMinnesota Vikings\n13\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 31, 1971\nHouston Oilers\n6\nLos Angeles Rams\n17\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 29, 1972\nKansas City Chiefs\n23\nNew York Giants\n17\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 28, 1973\nSan Francisco 49ers\n20\nNew England Patriots\n7\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 27, 1974\nBuffalo Bills\n13\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n21\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 2, 1975\nWashington Redskins\n17\nCincinnati Bengals\n9\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 24, 1976\nDenver Broncos\n10\nDetroit Lions\n7\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 30, 1977\nChicago Bears\n20\nNew York Jets\n6\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 29, 1978\nMiami Dolphins\n3\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n17\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 28, 1979\nDallas Cowboys\n13\nOakland Raiders\n20\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 2, 1980\nSan Diego Chargers\n0\nGreen Bay Packers\n0\nRecap [A]\n\n\nAugust 1, 1981\nAtlanta Falcons\n10\nCleveland Browns\n24\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 7, 1982\nBaltimore Colts\n14\nMinnesota Vikings\n30\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 30, 1983\nNew Orleans Saints\n14\nPittsburgh Steelers\n27\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 28, 1984\nSeattle Seahawks\n38\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n0\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 3, 1985\nNew York Giants\n21\nHouston Oilers\n20\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 2, 1986\nNew England Patriots\n21\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n16\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 8, 1987\nSan Francisco 49ers\n20\nKansas City Chiefs\n7\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 30, 1988\nCincinnati Bengals\n14\nLos Angeles Rams\n7\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 5, 1989\nWashington Redskins\n31\nBuffalo Bills\n6\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 4, 1990\nCleveland Browns\n0\nChicago Bears\n13\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 27, 1991\nDetroit Lions\n14\nDenver Broncos\n3\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 1, 1992\nNew York Jets\n41\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n14\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 31, 1993\nGreen Bay Packers\n3\nLos Angeles Raiders\n19\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 30, 1994\nSan Diego Chargers\n17\nAtlanta Falcons\n21\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 29, 1995\nCarolina Panthers\n20\nJacksonville Jaguars\n14\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 27, 1996\nIndianapolis Colts\n10\nNew Orleans Saints\n3\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 26, 1997\nMinnesota Vikings\n28\nSeattle Seahawks\n26\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 1, 1998\nPittsburgh Steelers\n6\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n30\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 9, 1999\nDallas Cowboys\n17\nCleveland Browns\n20\nRecap\n\n\nJuly 31, 2000\nNew England Patriots\n20\nSan Francisco 49ers\n0\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 6, 2001\nSt. Louis Rams\n17\nMiami Dolphins\n10\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 5, 2002\nHouston Texans\n17\nNew York Giants\n34\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 4, 2003\nKansas City Chiefs\n9\nGreen Bay Packers\n0\nRecap[B]\n\n\nAugust 9, 2004\nDenver Broncos\n17\nWashington Redskins\n20\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 8, 2005\nChicago Bears\n27\nMiami Dolphins\n24\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 6, 2006\nOakland Raiders\n16\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n10\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 5, 2007\nNew Orleans Saints\n7\nPittsburgh Steelers\n20\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 3, 2008\nIndianapolis Colts\n16\nWashington Redskins\n30\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 9, 2009\nBuffalo Bills\n18\nTennessee Titans\n21\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 8, 2010\nDallas Cowboys\n16\nCincinnati Bengals\n7\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 7, 2011\nCanceled due to 2011 NFL lockout\nRef.\n\n\nAugust 5, 2012\nArizona Cardinals\n10\nNew Orleans Saints\n17\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 4, 2013\nMiami Dolphins\n20\nDallas Cowboys\n24\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 3, 2014\nNew York Giants\n17\nBuffalo Bills\n13\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 9, 2015\nPittsburgh Steelers\n3\nMinnesota Vikings\n14\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 7, 2016\nCanceled due to poor field conditions\nRef.\n\n\nAugust 3, 2017\nDallas Cowboys\n20\nArizona Cardinals\n18\nRecap\n\n\nAugust 5, 2018\nTBA\n\nTBA\n\n\n\n"
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2843040773330412846 | 42 (number) | 42 ( number ) - wikipedia 42 ( number ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Natural number ← 41 42 43 → ← 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 → List of numbers -- Integers ← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 → Cardinal forty - two Ordinal 42nd ( forty - second ) Factorization 2 × 3 × 7 Divisors 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 14 , 21 , 42 Greek numeral ΜΒ _́ Roman numeral XLII Unicode symbol ( s ) Greek prefix μβ Binary 101010 Ternary 1120 Quaternary 222 Quinary 132 Senary 110 Octal 52 Duodecimal 36 Hexadecimal 2A Vigesimal 22 Base 36 16 42 ( forty - two ) is the natural number that succeeds 41 and precedes 43 . Contents 1 Mathematics 2 Science 3 Technology 4 Astronomy 5 Religion 6 Popular culture 6.1 The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy 6.2 Works of Lewis Carroll 6.3 Music 6.4 Television and film 6.5 Video games 6.6 Sports 6.7 Gaming 6.8 Architecture 7 Other fields 8 Other languages 9 References 10 External links Mathematics ( edit ) Forty - two ( 42 ) is a pronic number and an abundant number ; its prime factorization 2 3 7 makes it the second sphenic number and also the second of the form ( 2 3 r ) . Additional properties of the number 42 include : It is the number of isomorphism classes of all simple and oriented directed graphs on 4 vertices . In other words , it is the number of all possible outcomes ( up to isomorphism ) of a tournament consisting of 4 teams where the game between any pair of teams results in three possible outcomes : the first team wins , the second team wins , or there is a draw . The group stage of the FIFA World cup is a good example . It is the third primary pseudoperfect number . It is a Catalan number . Consequently , 42 is the number of noncrossing partitions of a set of five elements , the number of triangulations of a heptagon , the number of rooted ordered binary trees with six leaves , the number of ways in which five pairs of nested parentheses can be arranged , etc . It is an alternating sign matrix number , that is , the number of 4 - by - 4 alternating sign matrices . It is the number of partitions of 10 -- the number of ways of expressing 10 as a sum of positive integers ( note a different sense of partition from that above ) . The 3 × 3 × 3 magic cube with rows summing to 42 . Given 27 same - size cubes whose nominal values progress from 1 to 27 , a 3 × 3 × 3 magic cube can be constructed such that every row , column , and corridor , and every diagonal passing through the center , is composed of 3 numbers whose sum of values is 42 . It is the third pentadecagonal number . It is a meandric number and an open meandric number . 42 is the only known value that is the number of sets of four distinct positive integers a , b , c , d , each less than the value itself , such that ab − cd , ac − bd , and ad − bc are each multiples of the value . Whether there are other values remains an open question . 42 is a ( 2 , 6 ) - perfect number ( super-multiperfect ) , as σ ( n ) = σ ( σ ( n ) ) = 6n . 42 is the resulting number of the original Smith number ( 4937775 = 3 × 5 × 5 × 65837 ) : Both the sum of its digits ( 4 + 9 + 3 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 5 ) and the sum of the digits in its prime factorization ( 3 + 5 + 5 + ( 6 + 5 + 8 + 3 + 7 ) ) result in 42 . The dimension of the Borel subalgebra in the exceptional Lie algebra e is 42 . 42 is the largest number n such that there exist positive integers p , q , r with 1 = 1 / n + 1 / p + 1 / q + 1 / r 42 is the smallest number k such that for every Riemann surface C , # Aut ( C ) ≤ k deg ( K ) = k ( 2g − 2 ) ( Hurwitz 's automorphisms theorem ) 42 is the sum of the first 6 positive even numbers . Science ( edit ) 42 is the atomic number of molybdenum . 42 is the atomic mass of one of the naturally occurring stable isotopes of calcium . The angle rounded to whole degrees for which a rainbow appears ( the critical angle ) . In 1966 , mathematician Paul Cooper theorized that the fastest , most efficient way to travel across continents would be to bore a straight hollow tube directly through the Earth , connecting a set of antipodes , remove the air from the tube and fall through . The first half of the journey consists of free - fall acceleration , while the second half consists of an exactly equal deceleration . The time for such a journey works out to be 42 minutes . Even if the tube does not pass through the exact center of the Earth , the time for a journey powered entirely by gravity ( known as a gravity train ) always works out to be 42 minutes , so long as the tube remains friction - free , as while the force of gravity would be lessened , the distance traveled is reduced at an equal rate . ( The same idea was proposed , without calculation by Lewis Carroll in 1893 in Sylvie and Bruno Concluded . ) Now we know that is not true , and it only would take about 38 minutes . As determined by the Babylonians , in 79 years Mars orbits the Sun almost exactly 42 times . Technology ( edit ) Magic numbers used by programmers : In TIFF ( Tagged Image File Format ) , the second 16 - bit word of every file is 42 , `` an arbitrary but carefully chosen number that further identifies the file as a TIFF file '' . In the reiser4 file system , 42 is the inode number of the root directory . In the military IRIG 106 Chapter 10 data recording standard , the hex value 0x464F52545974776F ( ASCII `` FORTYtwo '' ) is used as a magic number to identify directory blocks . The GNU C Library , a set of standard routines available for use in computer programming , contains a function -- memfrob ( ) -- which performs an XOR combination of a given variable and the binary pattern 00101010 ( 42 ) as an XOR cipher . Tiling a plane using regular hexagons , which is honeycomb in appearance , is approximated in a topological sense to an accuracy of better than 1 % using a stretcher bond brick pattern with bricks of 42 squares ( 6 by 7 ) . The password expiration policy for a Microsoft Windows domain defaults to 42 days . The ASCII code 42 is for the asterisk symbol , being a wildcard for everything . 4.2 V is the maximum safe voltage for most lithium ( Li - ion and Li - pol ) battery cells . Astronomy ( edit ) Messier object M42 , a magnitude 5.0 diffuse nebula in the constellation Orion , also known as the Orion Nebula . The New General Catalogue object NGC 42 , a spiral galaxy in the constellation Pegasus . In January 2004 , asteroid 2001 DA was given the permanent name 25924 Douglasadams , for the author Douglas Adams who popularized the number 42 and died in 2001 . Brian G. Marsden , the director of the Minor Planet Center and the secretary for the naming committee , remarked that , with even his initials in the provisional designation , `` This was sort of made for him , was n't it ? '' . Kepler - 42 , a red dwarf in the constellation Cygnus around which orbits the three smallest exoplanets found to date . 42 Isis , a large main - belt asteroid measuring about 100 km in diameter . Religion ( edit ) In Japanese culture , the number 42 is considered unlucky because the numerals when pronounced separately -- shi ni ( four two ) -- sound like the word `` dying '' like a Latin word `` mori '' . There are 42 questions asked of persons making their journey through Death . Ma'at , a female personification , considered to be both maternal and a delivering force , is an Ancient Egyptian personification of physical and moral law , order , and truth . In the judgment scene described in the Egyptian and the Book of Pass ( the Book of the Dead , which evolved from the Coffin Texts and the Pyramid Texts ) , there are 42 questions personifying the analysis of Ma'at . If the departed reasonably can give answers to the 42 questions , they have the potential to either be reincarnate , or if completely successful , reach the ultimate goal of becoming a Star , whereon , they can continue to give Light , and fuel Universal growth . 42 is the number with which God creates the Universe in Kabbalistic tradition . In Kabbalah , the most significant name is that of the En Sof ( also known as `` Ein Sof '' , `` Infinite '' or `` Endless '' ) , who is above the Sefirot ( sometimes spelled `` Sephirot '' ) . The Forty - Two - Lettered Name contains four combined names which are spelled in Hebrew letters ( spelled in letters = 42 letters ) , which is the name of Azilut ( or `` Atziluth '' `` Emanation '' ) . While there are obvious links between the Forty - Two Lettered Name of the Babylonian Talmud and the Kabbalah 's Forty - Two Lettered Name , they are probably not identical because of the Kabbalah 's emphasis on numbers . The Kabbalah also contains a Forty - Five Lettered Name and a Seventy - Two Lettered Name . The number 42 appears in various contexts in Christianity . There are 42 generations ( names ) in the Gospel of Matthew 's version of the Genealogy of Jesus ; it is prophesied that for 42 months the Beast will hold dominion over the Earth ( Revelation 13 : 5 ) ; 42 men of Beth - azmaveth were counted in the census of men of Israel upon return from exile ( Ezra 2 : 24 ) ; God sent bears to maul 42 of the teenage boys who mocked Elisha for his baldness ( 2 Kings 2 : 23 ) , etc . In Judaism , the number ( in the Babylonian Talmud , compiled 375 AD to 499 AD ) of the `` Forty - Two Lettered Name '' ascribed to God . Rab ( or Rabhs ) , a 3rd - century source in the Talmud stated `` The Forty - Two Lettered Name is entrusted only to him who is pious , meek , middle - aged , free from bad temper , sober , and not insistent on his rights '' . ( Source : Talmud Kidduschin 71a , Translated by Rabbi Dr. I. Epstein ) . Maimonides felt that the original Talmudic Forty - Two Lettered Name was perhaps composed of several combined divine names ( Maimonides `` Moreh '' ) . The apparently unpronouncable Tetragrammaton provides the backdrop from the Twelve - Lettered Name and the Forty - Two Lettered Name of the Talmud . The Gutenberg Bible is also known as the `` 42 - line Bible '' , as the book contained 42 lines per page . The Forty - Two Articles ( 1552 ) , largely the work of Thomas Cranmer , were intended to summarize Anglican doctrine , as it now existed under the reign of Edward VI . The Sutra of 42 Sections is a Buddhist scripture . Popular culture ( edit ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( edit ) The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life , The Universe , and Everything . The number 42 is , in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams , the `` Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life , the Universe , and Everything '' , calculated by an enormous supercomputer named Deep Thought over a period of 7.5 million years . Unfortunately , no one knows what the question is . Thus , to calculate the Ultimate Question , a special computer the size of a small planet was built from organic components and named `` Earth '' . The Ultimate Question `` What do you get when you multiply six by nine '' was found by Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect in the second book of the series , The Restaurant at the End of the Universe . This appeared first in the radio play and later in the novelization of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . The fact that Adams named the episodes of the radio play `` fits '' , the same archaic title for a chapter or section used by Lewis Carroll in The Hunting of the Snark , suggests that Adams was influenced by Carroll 's fascination with and frequent use of the number . The fourth book in the series , the novel So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish , contains 42 chapters . According to the novel Mostly Harmless , 42 is the street address of Stavromula Beta . In 1994 Adams created the 42 Puzzle , a game based on the number 42 . The 2011 book 42 : Douglas Adams ' Amazingly Accurate Answer to Life , the Universe and Everything examines Adams ' choice of the number 42 and also contains a compendium of some instances of the number in science , popular culture , and humour . Works of Lewis Carroll ( edit ) Lewis Carroll , who was a mathematician , made repeated use of this number in his writings . Examples of Carroll 's use of 42 : Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland has 42 illustrations . Alice 's attempts at multiplication ( chapter two of Alice in Wonderland ) work if one uses base 18 to write the first answer , and increases the base by threes to 21 , 24 , etc. ( the answers working up to 4 × 12 = `` 19 '' in base 39 ) , but `` breaks '' precisely when one attempts the answer to 4 × 13 in base 42 , leading Alice to declare `` oh dear ! I shall never get to twenty at that rate ! '' Rule Forty - two in Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( `` All persons more than a mile high to leave the court '' ) . Rule 42 of the Code in the preface to The Hunting of the Snark ( `` No one shall speak to the Man at the Helm '' ) . In `` fit the first '' of The Hunting of the Snark the Baker had `` forty - two boxes , all carefully packed , With his name painted clearly on each . '' The White Queen announces her age as `` one hundred and one , five months and a day '' , which -- if the best possible date is assumed for the action of Through the Looking - Glass ( e.g. , a date is chosen such that the rollover from February to March is excluded from what would otherwise be an imprecise measurement of `` five months and a day '' ) -- gives a total of 37,044 days . If the Red Queen , as part of the same chess set , is regarded as the same age , their combined age is 74,088 days , or 42 × 42 × 42 . Music ( edit ) Level 42 is an English pop / rock music band . `` 42 '' is one of the tracks on Coldplay 's 2008 album Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends . `` Channel 42 '' is an electronic music song by deadmau5 featuring Wolfgang Gartner ; it appears on the 2012 deadmau5 album Album Title Goes Here . Television and film ( edit ) The Kumars at No. 42 television series `` 42 '' is an episode of Doctor Who , set in real time lasting approximately 42 minutes . On the game show Jeopardy ! , `` Watson '' the IBM supercomputer , has 42 `` threads '' in its avatar . 42 is a film on the life of American baseball player Jackie Robinson . Video games ( edit ) 42 Entertainment is the company responsible for several alternate reality games , including I Love Bees , Year Zero , and Why So Serious . Tokyo 42 is a videogame released in 2017 . Squadron 42 is a videogame set in the Star Citizen Universe with an unspecified release date . Sports ( edit ) Jackie Robinson in his now - retired number 42 jersey . The jersey number of Jackie Robinson , which is the only number retired by all Major League Baseball teams . Although the number was retired in 1997 , Mariano Rivera of the New York Yankees , the last professional baseball player to wear number 42 , continued to wear it until he retired at the end of the 2013 season . As of the 2014 season , no player will ever again wear the number 42 in Major League Baseball except on Jackie Robinson Day ( April 15 ) , when all uniformed personnel ( players , managers , coaches , and umpires ) wear the number . The number of laws of cricket Rule 42 is the historic name of a Gaelic Athletic Association rule ( now codified in Rule 5.1 and Rule 44 ) that in practice prohibits the playing of `` foreign sports '' ( generally association football and the rugby codes ) at GAA grounds . Gaming ( edit ) The name of a Texan trick - taking game played with dominoes ( see 42 ( dominoes ) ) . The number of spots ( or pips , circular patches or pits ) on a pair of standard six - sided dice . The board game Risk has forty - two territories Architecture ( edit ) The architects of the Rockefeller Center in New York City worked daily in the Graybar Building where on `` the twenty - fifth floor , one enormous drafting room contained forty - two identical drawing boards , each the size of a six - seat dining room table ; another room harboured twelve more , and an additional fourteen stood just outside the principals ' offices at the top of the circular iron staircase connecting 25 to 26 '' . In the Rockefeller Center ( New York City ) there are a total of `` forty - two elevators in five separate banks '' which carry tenants and visitors to the sixty - six floors . Other fields ( edit ) + 42 is the historic country calling code for the former country of Czechoslovakia . There are 42 US gallons in a barrel of oil . 42 is the number of the French department of Loire . The number is also reflected in the postal code for that area . Tower 42 is a skyscraper in the City of London , formerly known as the NatWest Tower . In New York City , 42nd Street is a main and very popular two - way thoroughfare . Landmarks on it include the Chrysler Building , Grand Central Terminal , the main branch of the New York Public Library , and Times Square . The Headquarters of the United Nations is at the east end of the street . The New York City street is also the setting for a movie by the same name ( which also gave fame to its eponymous title song ) , and which later inspired a musical adaptation , 42nd Street . 42 is the inspiration for the name of the 42 Center of Excellence for Artificial Intelligence , based in Vienna , Austria . 42 is the name of the private computer science school located in Paris , France and Fremont , California . If one were to fold a piece of paper 42 times , it would reach beyond the orbit of the moon . 42 is the number of seats in Social Democratic Youth of Denmark 's major council Hovedbestyrelsen . At the 2016 national convention , lowering the number of seats to 32 was discussed , but eventually the convention decided to stick with 42 members . 42 in Chinese reads sì èr which is very close to shì a ( 是 啊 ) and that means ' yes ' . It was once popular among young Chinese to send 42 in short message which stands for ' yes ' . Other languages ( edit ) show Language Translation Afrikaans twee - en - veertig Albanian dyzetedy Arabic إثنان و أربعون ( ʾithnān wa ʾarbaʿūn ) Basque berrogeita bi Belarusian сорак два ( sorak dva ) Bosnian četrdeset dva Bulgarian четиридесет и две ( četirideset i dve ) Catalan quaranta - dos Chinese 四 十 二 ( 肆 拾 贰 ) ( sìshí'èr ) Chuvash хĕрĕх иккĕ ( xĕrĕx ikkĕ , IIXXXX ) Croatian četrdeset dva Czech čtyřicet dva Danish toogfyrre Dhivehi Saalhees Dheyh Dutch tweeënveertig Esperanto kvardek du Estonian nelikümmend kaks Finnish neljäkymmentäkaksi Filipino apatnapu 't dalawa French quarante - deux West Frisian twaenfjirtich Galician corenta e dous Georgian ორმოცდაორი ( ormocdaori ) German zweiundvierzig Greek σαράντα δύο ( saránta dýo ) Gujarati betalis Hebrew ארבעים ושתיים ( arbayim u-shtayim ) Hindi बयालीस , ४२ ( bayālīs ) Hungarian negyvenkettő Icelandic fjörutíu og tveir Indonesian empat puluh dua Irish daichead a dó Italian quarantadue Japanese 四 十 二 ( よん じゅう に ) ( yonjūni ) Kazakh қырық екі ( qırıq eki ) Korean 사십 이 / 마흔 둘 ( sasibi / maheundul ) Kannada ನಲವತ್ತು ಎರಡು ( nalavatthu eradu ) Latvian četrdesmit divi Livonian nēļakimdõ kakš Lithuanian keturiasdešimt du Lojban vore Luxembourgish zweeavéierzeg Macedonian четириесет и два ( četirieset i dva ) Malayalam നാല്പത്തിരണ്ടു Maltese tnejn u erbgħin Māori whā tekau ma rua Marathi bechalis Mongolian дөчин хоёр ( döchin khoyor ) Norwegian førtito Persian چهل و دو ( chehel o du ) Polish czterdzieści dwa Portuguese quarenta e dois Romanian patruzeci și doi Russian сорок два ( sorok dva ) Serbian четрдесет два ( četrdeset dva ) Shona Makumi mana nemaviri Sinhala හතලිස් දෙක ( hathalis deka ) Slovene dvainštirideset Slovak štyridsaťdva Somali laba iyo afartan Spanish cuarenta y dos Swedish fyrtiotvå Tagalog apatnapu 't dalawa Tamil நாற்பத்திரண்டு ( narpatti errundu ) Telugu నలభై రెండు ( nalabai rendu ) Thai สี่ สิบ สอง Turkish kırk iki Ukrainian сорок два ( sorok dva ) Urdu بیالیس ( bayālīs ) Vietnamese bốn mươi hai Welsh pedwar deg dau / dau - ar - ddeugain Yoruba mokanlelogoji References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sloane , N.J.A. ( ed . ) . `` Sequence A002378 ( Oblong ( or promic , pronic , or heteromecic ) numbers ) '' . The On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sloane , N.J.A. ( ed . ) . `` Sequence A054377 ( Primary pseudoperfect numbers ) '' . The On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sloane , N.J.A. ( ed . ) . `` Sequence A000108 ( Catalan numbers ) '' . The On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sloane , N.J.A. ( ed . ) . `` Sequence A051867 ( 15 - gonal ( or pentadecagonal ) numbers ) '' . The On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Differently Perfect '' . www.mathpages.com . Jump up ^ Sloane , N.J.A. ( ed . ) . `` Sequence A019283 ( Let sigma_m ( n ) be result of applying sum - of - divisors function m times to n ; ... ( m , k ) - perfect if ... ; sequence gives the ( 2 , 6 ) - perfect numbers . ) '' . The On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation . Jump up ^ Cooper , Paul W. ( 1966 ) . `` Through the Earth in Forty Minutes '' . American Journal of Physics. 34 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 69 . Bibcode : 1966AmJPh ... 34 ... 68C . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1972773 . Jump up ^ `` To Everywhere in 42 Minutes '' . Time . February 11 , 1966 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jumping into a 7,965 mile deep hole '' . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Lewis ( 29 December 1893 ) . `` Chapter 7 '' . Sylvie and Bruno Concluded. 2 . illustrated by Harry Furniss . United Kingdom : Macmillan and Co . Each railway is in a long tunnel , perfectly straight : so of course the middle of it is nearer the centre of the globe than the two ends : so every train runs half - way down - hill , and that gives it force enough to run the other half up - hill . Jump up ^ Powell , Martin J. `` Ancient astronomy and the naked - eye planets '' . Eternal Gadgetry . MS . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee Middleton ; Jayanthi Sivaswamy ( 2002 ) . `` Framework for practical hexagonal - image processing '' . Journal of Electronic Imaging. 11 ( 104 ) . Bibcode : 2002JEI ... 11 ... 104M . doi : 10.1117 / 1.1426078 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Maximum password age '' . Microsoft TechNet . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Niiya , Brian . Japanese American history : an A-to - Z reference from 1868 to the present . Facts on File , Inc. , 1993 , p. 352 Jump up ^ Joel Primack ; Nancy E. Abrams . `` In A Beginning ... Quantum Cosmology and Kabbalah '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mathematical Fiction : Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 1979 ) '' . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . See this website for possible explanations of this seeming error . Jump up ^ Gill , Peter ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` 42 : Douglas Adams ' Amazingly Accurate Answer to Life the Universe and Everything '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis Carroll and Douglas Adams - Word Ways - Find Articles '' . 29 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ The Mystery of Lewis Carroll , Jenny Woolf ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Lewis . `` The Hunting of the Snark '' . Jump up ^ What Lewis Carroll Taught Us : Alice 's creator knew all about role - playing . by Seth Lerer , March 4 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Watson Jeopardy ! computer : Ken Jennings describes what it 's like to play against a machine '' . Slate . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Laws of Cricket '' . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Okrent , Daniel . Great Fortune : the Epic of the Rockefeller Centre . Viking Penguin , 2003 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Okrent , Daniel . Great Fortune : the Epic of the Rockefeller Centre . Viking Penguin , 2003 , p. 162 Jump up ^ `` 42 : Neues KI - Start - up von Jajah - Gründer Daniel Mattes '' . Futurezone . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Paper Folding to the Moon -- Starts With A Bang '' . scienceblogs.com . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : 42 ( number ) Look up forty - two in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Media related to 42 ( number ) at Wikimedia Commons Grime , James ; Gerardo Adesso ; Phil Moriarty . `` 42 and Douglas Adams '' . Numberphile . Brady Haran . My latest favorite Number : 42 , John C. Baez The number Forty - two in real life hide Integers hide 0s 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100s 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200s 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300s 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400s 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500s 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600s 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700s 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800s 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900s 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=42_(number)&oldid=856955704 '' Categories : Integers In - 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Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 66 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 16 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what's the answer to life the universe and everything | [
"The number 42 is, in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, the \"Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything\", calculated by an enormous supercomputer named Deep Thought over a period of 7.5 million years. Unfortunately, no one knows what the question is. Thus, to calculate the Ultimate Question, a special computer the size of a small planet was built from organic components and named \"Earth\". The Ultimate Question \"What do you get when you multiply six by nine\"[16] was found by Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect in the second book of the series, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe. This appeared first in the radio play and later in the novelization of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The fact that Adams named the episodes of the radio play \"fits\", the same archaic title for a chapter or section used by Lewis Carroll in The Hunting of the Snark, suggests that Adams was influenced by Carroll's fascination with and frequent use of the number. The fourth book in the series, the novel So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish, contains 42 chapters. According to the novel Mostly Harmless, 42 is the street address of Stavromula Beta. In 1994 Adams created the 42 Puzzle, a game based on the number 42.\n"
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"The number 42"
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796366924104645676 | In the Heat of the Night (Ray Charles song) | In the Heat of the night ( Ray Charles song ) - Wikipedia In the Heat of the night ( Ray Charles song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` In the Heat of the Night '' is a 1967 song performed by Ray Charles , composed by Quincy Jones , and written by Marilyn Bergman and Alan Bergman for the film In the Heat of the Night . As Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic states , the song `` opens the film and accompanying soundtrack with a slice of real , rural backwoods gospel . Lyrically , one of the key lines is ' In the heat of the night / I 'm feeling motherless somehow , ' which clearly illustrates the main character 's dilemma of being in the wrong place at the wrong time . The main melody is guided by Charles ' funky piano work and is buttressed by then - session ace Billy Preston 's powerful , soulful organ trills . The underlying sense of drama that is so much a part of the film is reflected perfectly in this song , and the Ray Charles Singers add to this with a stately grace . It 's perfect listening for a midsummer night when the temperature is just a bit too hot for comfort . '' Released as a single by ABC Records , Charles ' version of the song reached # 33 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 21 on the Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart . For the 1988 -- 95 television series of the same name , the song was recorded by Bill Champlin . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matthew Greenwald , Song Review , AllMusic . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Ray Charles Studio albums Atlantic Ray Charles ( Hallelujah , I Love Her So ) The Great Ray Charles Yes Indeed ! Soul Brothers What 'd I Say The Genius of Ray Charles The Genius Sings the Blues Soul Meeting The Genius After Hours ABC The Genius Hits the Road Dedicated to You Ray Charles and Betty Carter Ray Charles Greatest Hits Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music , Vol. 2 Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul Sweet & Sour Tears Have a Smile with Me Together Again / Country and Western Meets Rhythm and Blues Crying Time Ray 's Moods Ray Charles Invites You to Listen A Portrait of Ray I 'm All Yours Baby ! Doing His Thing My Kind of Jazz Love Country Style Volcanic Action of My Soul Jazz Number II Other labels Genius + Soul = Jazz True to Life Friendship Just Between Us Genius Loves Company Posthumous studio creations Genius & Friends Ray Sings , Basie Swings Rare Genius Live albums Ray Charles at Newport Ray Charles in Person Live in Concert Ray Charles Live Notable compilations Do the Twist ! with Ray Charles A Man and His Soul The Best of Ray Charles Anthology The Birth of Soul Genius and Soul Ray Charles in Concert Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 Singles `` What 'd I Say '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Hit the Road Jack '' `` One Mint Julep '' `` Unchain My Heart '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` You Are My Sunshine '' `` Busted '' `` Take These Chains from My Heart '' `` Crying Time '' Other Billboard Charts # 1 singles `` I Got a Woman '' `` A Fool for You '' `` Mary Ann '' `` Drown in My Own Tears '' `` Together Again '' `` Let 's Go Get Stoned '' `` Seven Spanish Angels '' `` I 'll Be Good to You '' Grammy Awarded Works ( not included above ) `` Let The Good Times Roll '' `` Living for the City '' `` A Song for You '' `` Heaven Help Us All '' `` Here We Go Again '' See also Discography David `` Fathead '' Newman Fathead / Ray Charles Sextet Hank Crawford The Raelettes Ray ( soundtrack ) Quincy Jones The Blues Brothers Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Tribute to Uncle Ray `` Confession Blues '' Diet Pepsi Book Commons Wikiquote This 1960s song -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_(Ray_Charles_song)&oldid=769415310 '' Categories : 1967 songs Songs written by Quincy Jones Songs with lyrics by Marilyn Bergman Songs with lyrics by Alan Bergman Ray Charles songs 1960s song stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2017 , at 11 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sung in the heat of the night | [
"\"In the Heat of the Night\" is a 1967 song performed by Ray Charles, composed by Quincy Jones, and written by Marilyn Bergman and Alan Bergman for the film In the Heat of the Night. As Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic states, the song \"opens the film and accompanying soundtrack with a slice of real, rural backwoods gospel. Lyrically, one of the key lines is 'In the heat of the night/I'm feeling motherless somehow,' which clearly illustrates the main character's dilemma of being in the wrong place at the wrong time. The main melody is guided by Charles' funky piano work and is buttressed by then-session ace Billy Preston's powerful, soulful organ trills. The underlying sense of drama that is so much a part of the film is reflected perfectly in this song, and the Ray Charles Singers add to this with a stately grace. It's perfect listening for a midsummer night when the temperature is just a bit too hot for comfort.\"[1]"
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"Ray Charles"
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5573622957075655418 | A Tale of Two Cities | A Tale of Two Cities - Wikipedia A Tale of Two Cities Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see A Tale of Two Cities ( disambiguation ) . A Tale of Two Cities Cover of serial Vol . V , 1859 Author Charles Dickens Illustrator Hablot Knight Browne ( Phiz ) Cover artist Hablot Knight Browne ( Phiz ) Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Historical novel Published 1859 Publisher London : Chapman & Hall Pages 341 pages ( Paperback ) Preceded by Little Dorrit ( 1855 -- 1857 ) Followed by Great Expectations ( 1860 -- 1861 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1859 ) is a novel by Charles Dickens , set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution . The novel tells the story of the French Doctor Manette , his 18 - year - long imprisonment in the Bastille in Paris and his release to life in London with his daughter Lucie , whom he had never met ; Lucie 's marriage and the collision between her beloved husband and the people who caused her father 's imprisonment ; and Monsieur and Madame Defarge , sellers of wine in a poor suburb of Paris . The story is set against the conditions that led up to the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Book the First : Recalled to Life 1.2 Book the Second : The Golden Thread 1.3 Book the Third : The Track of a Storm 2 Characters 3 Sources and publication 4 Literary significance 5 Analysis 5.1 Themes 5.1. 1 Resurrection 5.1. 2 Water 5.1. 3 Darkness and light 5.1. 4 Social justice 5.2 Autobiographical material 6 Setting 7 Adaptations 7.1 Films 7.2 Radio 7.3 Television 7.4 Stage productions 7.5 Stage musicals 7.6 Opera 8 References 9 Works cited 10 Further reading 11 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Book the first : Recalled to life ( edit ) Dickens 's famous opening sentence introduces the universal approach of the book , the French Revolution , and the drama depicted within : It was the best of times , it was the worst of times , it was the age of wisdom , it was the age of foolishness , it was the epoch of belief , it was the epoch of incredulity , it was the season of Light , it was the season of Darkness , it was the spring of hope , it was the winter of despair , we had everything before us , we had nothing before us , we were all going direct to Heaven , we were all going direct the other way -- in short , the period was so far like the present period , that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received , for good or for evil , in the superlative degree of comparison only . In 1775 , a man flags down the nightly mail - coach on its route from London to Dover . The man is Jerry Cruncher , an employee of Tellson 's Bank in London ; he carries a message for Jarvis Lorry , a passenger and one of the bank 's managers . Mr. Lorry sends Jerry back to deliver a cryptic response to the bank : `` Recalled to Life . '' The message refers to Alexandre Manette , a French physician who has been released from the Bastille after an 18 - year imprisonment . Once Mr. Lorry arrives in Dover , he meets with Dr. Manette 's daughter Lucie and her governess , Miss Pross . Lucie has believed her father to be dead , and faints at the news that he is alive ; Mr. Lorry takes her to France to reunite with him . Dickens ' Book the First makes an early reference to the 1766 torture and execution of the Chevalier de La Barre in Abbeville , France . In the Paris neighbourhood of Saint Antoine , Dr. Manette has been given lodgings by his former servant Ernest Defarge and his wife Therese , owners of a wine shop . Mr. Lorry and Lucie find him in a small garret , where he spends much of his time making shoes -- a skill he learnt in prison -- which he uses to distract himself from his thoughts and which has become an obsession for him . He does not recognise Lucie at first but does eventually see the resemblance to her mother through her blue eyes and long golden hair , a strand of which he found on his sleeve when he was imprisoned . Mr. Lorry and Lucie take him back to England . Book the second : the golden thread ( edit ) `` The Golden Thread '' redirects here . For the legal judgement , see Golden thread ( law ) . In 1780 , French émigré Charles Darnay is on trial for treason against the British Crown . The key witnesses against him are two British spies , John Barsad and Roger Cly , who claim that Darnay gave information about British troops in North America to the French . Barsad states that he would recognise Darnay anywhere , at which point Darnay 's defense counsel , Stryver , directs attention to Sydney Carton , a barrister present in the courtroom who looks almost identical to him . With Barsad 's eyewitness testimony now discredited , Darnay is acquitted . In Paris , the hated and abusive Marquis St. Evrémonde orders his carriage driven recklessly fast through the crowded streets , hitting and killing the child of Gaspard in Saint Antoine . The Marquis throws a coin to Gaspard to compensate him for his loss . Defarge , having observed the incident , comes forth to comfort the distraught father , saying the child would be worse off alive . This piece of wisdom pleases the Marquis , who throws a coin to Defarge also . As the Marquis departs , a coin is flung back into his carriage . Arriving at his country château , the marquis meets with his nephew and heir , Darnay . Out of disgust with his aristocratic family , Darnay has shed his real surname and adopted an anglicized version of his mother 's maiden name , D'Aulnais . The following passage records the Marquis ' principles of aristocratic superiority : `` Repression is the only lasting philosophy . The dark deference of fear and slavery , my friend , '' observed the Marquis , `` will keep the dogs obedient to the whip , as long as this roof , '' looking up to it , `` shuts out the sky . '' That night , Gaspard , who followed the Marquis to his château by riding on the underside of the carriage , stabs and kills him in his sleep . Gaspard leaves a note on the knife saying , `` Drive him fast to his tomb . This , from JACQUES . '' After nearly a year on the run , he is caught and hanged above the village well . In London , Darnay gets Dr. Manette 's permission to wed Lucie ; but Carton confesses his love to Lucie as well . Knowing she will not love him in return , Carton promises to `` embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you '' . Stryver , the barrister who defended Darnay and with whom Carton has a working relationship , considers proposing marriage to Lucie , but Mr. Lorry talks him out of the idea . On the morning of the marriage , Darnay reveals his real name and family lineage to Dr. Manette , a detail he had been asked to withhold until that day . In consequence , Dr. Manette reverts to his obsessive shoemaking after the couple leave for their honeymoon . He returns to sanity before their return , and the whole incident is kept secret from Lucie . Mr. Lorry and Miss Pross destroy the shoemaking bench and tools , which Dr. Manette had brought with him from Paris . As time passes in England , Lucie and Charles begin to raise a family , a son ( who dies in childhood ) and a daughter , little Lucie . Mr. Lorry finds a second home and a sort of family with the Darnays . Stryver marries a rich widow with three children and becomes even more insufferable as his ambitions begin to be realized . Carton , even though he seldom visits , is accepted as a close friend of the family and becomes a special favourite of little Lucie . In July 1789 , the Defarges help to lead the storming of the Bastille , a symbol of royal tyranny . Defarge enters Dr. Manette 's former cell , `` One Hundred and Five , North Tower , '' and searches it thoroughly . Throughout the countryside , local officials and other representatives of the aristocracy are dragged from their homes to be killed , and the St. Evrémonde château is burned to the ground . In 1792 , Mr. Lorry decides to travel to Paris to collect important documents from the Tellson 's branch in that city and bring them to London for safekeeping against the chaos of the French Revolution . Darnay intercepts a letter written by Gabelle , one of his uncle 's servants who has been imprisoned by the revolutionaries , pleading for the Marquis to help secure his release . Without telling his family or revealing his position as the new Marquis , Darnay sets out for Paris . Book the third : the track of a storm ( edit ) `` The Sea Still Rises '' , an illustration for Book 2 , Chapter 22 by `` Phiz '' Shortly after Darnay arrives in Paris , he is denounced for being an emigrated aristocrat from France and jailed in La Force Prison . Dr. Manette , Lucie , little Lucie , Jerry , and Miss Pross travel to Paris and meet Mr. Lorry to try to free Darnay . A year and three months pass , and Darnay is finally tried . Dr Manette , viewed as a hero for his imprisonment in the Bastille , testifies on Darnay 's behalf at his trial . Darnay is released , only to be arrested again later that day . A new trial begins on the following day , under new charges brought by the Defarges and a third individual who is soon revealed as Dr Manette . He had written an account of his imprisonment at the hands of Darnay 's father and hidden it in his cell ; Defarge found it while searching the cell during the storming of the Bastille . While running errands with Jerry , Miss Pross is amazed to see her long - lost brother Solomon , but he does not want to be recognized in public . Carton suddenly steps forward from the shadows and identifies Solomon as Barsad , one of the spies who tried to frame Darnay for treason at his trial in 1780 . Jerry remembers that he has seen Solomon with Cly , the other key witness at the trial and that Cly had faked his death to escape England . By threatening to denounce Solomon to the revolutionary tribunal as a Briton , Carton blackmails him into helping with a plan . At the tribunal , Defarge identifies Darnay as the nephew of the dead Marquis St. Evrémonde and reads Dr Manette 's letter . Defarge had learned Darnay 's lineage from Solomon during the latter 's visit to the wine shop several years earlier . The letter describes Dr Manette 's imprisonment at the hands of Darnay 's father and uncle for trying to report their crimes against a peasant family . Darnay 's uncle had become infatuated with a girl , whom he had kidnapped and raped ; despite Dr. Manette 's attempt to save her , she died . The uncle killed her husband by working him to death , and her father died from a heart attack on being informed of what had happened . Before he died defending the family honour , the brother of the raped peasant had hidden the last member of the family , his younger sister . The Evrémonde brothers imprisoned Dr Manette after he refused their offer of a bribe to keep quiet . He concludes his letter by condemning the Evrémondes , `` them and their descendants , to the last of their race . '' Dr. Manette is horrified , but he is not allowed to retract his statement . Darnay is sent to the Conciergerie and sentenced to be guillotined the next day . Carton wanders into the Defarge 's wine shop , where he overhears Madame Defarge talking about her plans to have both Lucie and little Lucie condemned . Carton discovers that Madame Defarge was the surviving sister of the peasant family savaged by the Evrémondes . At night , when Dr. Manette returns , shattered after spending the day in many failed attempts to save Darnay 's life , he falls into an obsessive search for his shoemaking implements . Carton urges Lorry to flee Paris with Lucie , her father , and Little Lucie , asking them to leave as soon as he joins . Shortly before the executions are to begin , Solomon sneaks Carton into the prison for a visit with Darnay . The two men trade clothes , and Carton drugs Darnay and has Solomon carry him out . Carton has decided to be executed in his place , which he is able to do because of their similar appearances , and has given his own identification papers to Mr Lorry to present on Darnay 's behalf . Following Carton 's earlier instructions , the family and Mr Lorry flee to England with the unconscious Darnay , who slowly comes to consciousness as they travel by stages to cross the waters to England . Meanwhile , Madame Defarge , armed with a dagger and pistol , goes to the Manette residence , hoping to apprehend Lucie and little Lucie and bring them in for execution . However , the family is already gone and Miss Pross stays behind to confront and delay Madame Defarge . As the two women struggle , Madame Defarge 's pistol discharges , killing her and causing Miss Pross to go permanently deaf from noise and shock . The seamstress and Carton , an illustration for Book 3 , Chapter 15 by John McLenan ( 1859 ) The novel concludes with the guillotining of Carton . As he is waiting to board the tumbril , he is approached by a seamstress , also condemned to death , who mistakes him for Darnay ( with whom she had been imprisoned earlier ) but realises the truth once she sees him at close range . Awed by his unselfish courage and sacrifice , she asks to stay close to him and he agrees . Upon their arrival at the guillotine , Carton comforts her , telling her that their ends will be quick but that there is no Time or Trouble `` in the better land where ... ( they ) will be mercifully sheltered '' , and she is able to meet her death in peace . Carton 's unspoken last thoughts are prophetic : I see Barsad , and Cly , Defarge , The Vengeance ( a lieutenant of Madame Defarge ) , the Juryman , the Judge , long ranks of the new oppressors who have risen on the destruction of the old , perishing by this retributive instrument , before it shall cease out of its present use . I see a beautiful city and a brilliant people rising from this abyss , and , in their struggles to be truly free , in their triumphs and defeats , through long years to come , I see the evil of this time and of the previous time of which this is the natural birth , gradually making expiation for itself and wearing out . I see the lives for which I lay down my life , peaceful , useful , prosperous and happy , in that England which I shall see no more . I see Her with a child upon her bosom , who bears my name . I see her father , aged and bent , but otherwise restored , and faithful to all men in his healing office , and at peace . I see the good old man ( Mr. Lorry ) , so long their friend , in ten years ' time enriching them with all he has , and passing tranquilly to his reward . I see that I hold a sanctuary in their hearts , and in the hearts of their descendants , generations hence . I see her , an old woman , weeping for me on the anniversary of this day . I see her and her husband , their course done , lying side by side in their last earthly bed , and I know that each was not more honoured and held sacred in the other 's soul , than I was in the souls of both . I see that child who lay upon her bosom and who bore my name , a man winning his way up in that path of life which once was mine . I see him winning it so well , that my name is made illustrious there by the light of his . I see the blots I threw upon it , faded away . I see him , fore-most of just judges and honoured men , bringing a boy of my name , with a forehead that I know and golden hair , to this place -- then fair to look upon , with not a trace of this day 's disfigurement -- and I hear him tell the child my story , with a tender and a faltering voice . It is a far , far better thing that I do , than I have ever done ; it is a far , far better rest that I go to than I have ever known . Characters ( edit ) Illustration from a serialized edition of the story , showing three tricoteuses knitting , with the Vengeance standing in the center . Sydney Carton : A quick - minded but depressed English barrister . Though he is portrayed in the beginning as a cynical alcoholic , he ultimately becomes a selfless hero . Lucie Manette : An ideal pre-Victorian lady , perfect in every way . She is loved by both Carton and Charles Darnay ( whom she marries ) and is the daughter of Dr. Manette . She is the `` golden thread '' after whom Book the Second is named , so called because she holds her father 's and her family 's lives together ( and because of her blond hair like her mother 's ) . She also ties nearly every character in the book together . Charles Darnay : A young French noble of the Evrémonde family . In disgust at the cruelty of his family to the French peasantry , he took on the name `` Darnay '' ( after his mother 's maiden name , D'Aulnais ) and left France for England . He exhibits an admirable honesty in his decision to reveal to Doctor Manette his true identity as a member of the infamous Evrémonde family . So , too , does he prove his courage in his decision to return to Paris at great personal risk to save the imprisoned Gabelle . Dr. Alexandre Manette : Lucie 's father , kept as a prisoner in the Bastille for eighteen years . Dr. Manette dies 12 years after Sydney Carton . Monsieur Ernest Defarge : The owner of a French wine shop and leader of the Jacquerie ; husband of Madame Defarge ; servant to Dr. Manette as a youth . One of the key revolutionary leaders , he embraces the revolution as a noble cause , unlike many other revolutionaries . Madame Therese Defarge : A vengeful female revolutionary , arguably the novel 's antagonist . She is represented as a more extreme and bloodthirsty personality than her husband Ernest , in part because of the abuses visited on her peasant family by the aristocracy when she was a child . Jacques One , Two , and Three : Revolutionary compatriots of Ernest Defarge . Jacques Three is especially bloodthirsty and serves as a juryman on the Revolutionary Tribunals . The Vengeance : A companion of Madame Defarge referred to as her `` shadow '' and lieutenant , a member of the sisterhood of women revolutionaries in Saint Antoine , and revolutionary zealot . ( Many Frenchmen and women did change their names to show their enthusiasm for the Revolution . ) Carton predicts that the Vengeance , Defarge , Cly , and Barsad will be consumed by the Revolution and end up on the guillotine . The Mender of Roads : A peasant who later works as a woodsawyer and assists the Defarges . Jarvis Lorry : An elderly manager at Tellson 's Bank and a dear friend of Dr. Manette . He serves as a sort of trustee and guardian of the Manette family . Miss Pross : Lucie Manette 's governess since Lucie was ten years old . She is fiercely loyal to Lucie and to England . Marquis St. Evrémonde : The cruel uncle of Charles Darnay . Also called `` The Younger '' . He inherited the title at `` the Elder '' 's death . Lamenting reforms which have imposed some restraints on the abusive powers of his class , the Marquis is out of favor at the royal court at the time of his assassination . The Elder and his wife : The twin brother of the Marquis St. Evrémonde , referred to as `` the Elder '' ( he held the title of Marquis St. Evrémonde at the time of Dr. Manette 's arrest ) , and his wife , who fears him . They are the parents of Charles Darnay . Both are dead by the time the story begins . John Barsad ( real name Solomon Pross ) : An informer in London and later employed by the Marquis St. Evrémonde . Moving to Paris he takes service as a police spy in Saint Antoine , under the French monarchy . Following the revolution , he becomes an agent for revolutionary France ( at which point he must hide his British identity ) . He is the long - lost brother of Miss Pross . Roger Cly : Another spy , Barsad 's collaborator . Jerry Cruncher : Porter and messenger for Tellson 's Bank and secret `` Resurrection Man '' ( body - snatcher ) . His first name is short for Jeremiah ; the latter name shares a meaning with the name of Jarvis Lorry . Young Jerry Cruncher : Son of Jerry and Mrs. Cruncher . Young Jerry often follows his father around to his father 's odd jobs , and at one point in the story , follows his father at night and discovers that his father is a resurrection man . Young Jerry looks up to his father as a role model and aspires to become a resurrection man himself when he grows up . Mrs. Cruncher : Wife of Jerry Cruncher . She is a very religious woman , but her husband , somewhat paranoid , claims she is praying against him , and that is why he does not often succeed at work . She is often abused verbally , and , almost as often , physically , by Jerry , but at the end of the story , he appears to feel a bit guilty about this . Mr. Stryver : An arrogant and ambitious barrister , senior to Sydney Carton . There is a frequent misperception that Stryver 's full name is `` C.J. Stryver '' , but this is very unlikely . The mistake comes from a line in Book 2 , Chapter 12 : `` After trying it , Stryver , C.J. , was satisfied that no plainer case could be . '' The initials C.J. almost certainly refer to a legal title ( probably `` chief justice '' ) ; Stryver is imagining that he is playing every role in a trial in which he attempts to browbeat Lucie Manette into marrying him . The Seamstress : A young woman caught up in The Terror . She precedes Sydney Carton , who comforts her , to the guillotine . She and Barsad are the only people in Paris who know Carton has taken Darnay 's place . Théophile Gabelle : Gabelle is `` the Postmaster , and some other taxing functionary , united '' for the tenants of the Marquis St. Evrémonde . Gabelle is imprisoned by the revolutionaries , and his beseeching letter brings Darnay to France . Gabelle is `` named after the hated salt tax '' . Gaspard : Gaspard is the man whose son is run over by the Marquis . He then kills the Marquis and goes into hiding for a year . He eventually is found , arrested , and executed . `` Monseigneur '' : The appellation `` Monseigneur '' is used to refer to both a specific aristocrat in the novel and the general class of displaced aristocrats in England . A peasant boy and his sister : Victims of the Marquis St. Evrémonde and his brother . They are revealed to be Madame Defarge 's brother and sister . Sources and publication ( edit ) While performing in The Frozen Deep , Dickens was given a play to read called The Dead Heart by Watts Phillips which had the historical setting , the basic storyline , and the climax that Dickens used in A Tale of Two Cities . The play was produced while A Tale of Two Cities was being serialized in All the Year Round and led to talk of plagiarism . Other sources are The French Revolution : A History by Thomas Carlyle ( especially important for the novel 's rhetoric and symbolism ) ; Zanoni by Edward Bulwer - Lytton ; The Castle Spector by Matthew Lewis ; Travels in France by Arthur Young ; and Tableau de Paris by Louis - Sébastien Mercier . Dickens also used material from an account of imprisonment during the Terror by Beaumarchais , and records of the trial of a French spy published in The Annual Register . The 45 - chapter novel was published in 31 weekly instalments in Dickens 's new literary periodical titled All the Year Round . From April 1859 to November 1859 , Dickens also republished the chapters as eight monthly sections in green covers . All but three of Dickens 's previous novels had appeared only as monthly instalments . The first weekly instalment of A Tale of Two Cities ran in the first issue of All the Year Round on 30 April 1859 . The last ran thirty weeks later , on 26 November . A Tale of Two Cities has been cited as one of the best - selling novels of all time . It has been stated to have sold 200 million copies since its first publication , though this figure has been dismissed as `` pure fiction '' by Oxford University 's Peter Thonemann . As with other contenders for the title , such as Don Quixote and Three Musketeers , available sales figures are not reliable , or indeed , for such public domain works , not available . Literary significance ( edit ) Many of Dickens 's characters are `` flat '' , not `` round '' , in the novelist E.M. Forster 's famous terms , meaning roughly that they have only one mood . For example , the Marquis is unremittingly wicked and relishes being so ; Lucie is perfectly loving and supportive . As a corollary , Dickens often gives these characters verbal tics or visual quirks such as the dints in the nose of the Marquis . Forster believed that Dickens never truly created rounded characters . Analysis ( edit ) A Tale of Two Cities is one of only two works of historical fiction by Charles Dickens ( the second being Barnaby Rudge ) . Dickens relies much on The French Revolution : A History by Thomas Carlyle as a historical source . Dickens wrote in his Preface to Tale that `` no one can hope to add anything to the philosophy of Mr. Carlyle 's wonderful book '' . Dickens uses literal translations of French idioms for characters who can not speak English , such as `` What the devil do you do in that galley there ? ! ! '' and `` Where is my wife ? -- - Here you see me . '' The Penguin Classics edition of the novel notes that `` Not all readers have regarded the experiment as a success . '' J.L. Borges quipped : `` Dickens lived in London . In his book A Tale of Two Cities , based on the French Revolution , we see that he really could not write a tale of two cities . He was a resident of just one city : London . '' Themes ( edit ) Resurrection ( edit ) In Dickens 's England , resurrection always sat firmly in a Christian context . Most broadly , Sydney Carton is resurrected in spirit at the novel 's close ( even as he , paradoxically , gives up his physical life to save Darnay 's -- just as Christ died for the sins of the world . ) More concretely , `` Book the First '' deals with the rebirth of Dr. Manette from the living death of his incarceration . Resurrection appears for the first time when Mr. Lorry replies to the message carried by Jerry Cruncher with the words `` Recalled to Life '' . Resurrection also appears during Mr. Lorry 's coach ride to Dover , as he constantly ponders a hypothetical conversation with Dr. Manette : ( `` Buried how long ? '' `` Almost eighteen years . '' ... `` You know that you are recalled to life ? '' `` They tell me so . '' ) He believes he is helping with Dr. Manette 's revival and imagines himself `` digging '' up Dr. Manette from his grave . Resurrection is a major theme in the novel . In Jarvis Lorry 's thoughts of Dr. Manette , resurrection is first spotted as a theme . It is also the last theme : Carton 's sacrifice . Dickens originally wanted to call the entire novel Recalled to Life . ( This instead became the title of the first of the novel 's three `` books '' . ) Jerry is also part of the recurring theme : he himself is involved in death and resurrection in ways the reader does not yet know . The first piece of foreshadowing comes in his remark to himself : `` You 'd be in a blazing bad way , if recalling to life was to come into fashion , Jerry ! '' The black humour of this statement becomes obvious only much later on . Five years later , one cloudy and very dark night ( in June 1780 ) , Mr. Lorry reawakens the reader 's interest in the mystery by telling Jerry it is `` Almost a night ... to bring the dead out of their graves '' . Jerry responds firmly that he has never seen the night do that . It turns out that Jerry Cruncher 's involvement with the theme of resurrection is that he is what the Victorians called a `` Resurrection Man '' , one who ( illegally ) digs up dead bodies to sell to medical men ( there was no legal way to procure cadavers for study at that time ) . The opposite of resurrection is of course death . Death and resurrection appear often in the novel . Dickens is angered that in France and England , courts hand out death sentences for insignificant crimes . In France , peasants had formerly been put to death without any trial , at the whim of a noble . The Marquis tells Darnay with pleasure that `` ( I ) n the next room ( my bedroom ) , one fellow ... was poniarded on the spot for professing some insolent delicacy respecting his daughter -- his daughter ! '' Interestingly , the demolition of Dr. Manette 's shoe - making workbench by Miss Pross and Mr. Lorry is described as `` the burning of the body '' . It seems clear that this is a rare case where death or destruction ( the opposite of resurrection ) has a positive connotation since the `` burning '' helps liberate the doctor from the memory of his long imprisonment . But Dickens 's description of this kind and healing act is strikingly odd : `` The Accomplices '' , an illustration for Book 2 , Chapter 19 by `` Phiz '' So wicked do destruction and secrecy appear to honest minds , that Mr. Lorry and Miss Pross , while engaged in the commission of their deed and in the removal of its traces , almost felt , and almost looked , like accomplices in a horrible crime . Sydney Carton 's martyrdom atones for all his past wrongdoings . He even finds God during the last few days of his life , repeating Christ 's soothing words , `` I am the resurrection and the life '' . Resurrection is the dominant theme of the last part of the novel . Darnay is rescued at the last moment and recalled to life ; Carton chooses death and resurrection to a life better than that which he has ever known : `` it was the peacefullest man 's face ever beheld there ... he looked sublime and prophetic '' . In the broadest sense , at the end of the novel , Dickens foresees a resurrected social order in France , rising from the ashes of the old one . Water ( edit ) Hans Biedermann writes that water `` is the fundamental symbol of all the energy of the unconscious -- an energy that can be dangerous when it overflows its proper limits ( a frequent dream sequence ) . '' This symbolism suits Dickens 's novel ; in A Tale of Two Cities , the frequent images of water stand for the building anger of the peasant mob , an anger that Dickens sympathizes with to a point , but ultimately finds irrational and even animalistic . Early in the book , Dickens suggests this when he writes , `` ( T ) he sea did what it liked , and what it liked was destruction . '' The sea here represents the coming mob of revolutionaries . After Gaspard murders the Marquis , he is `` hanged there forty feet high -- and is left hanging , poisoning the water . '' The poisoning of the well represents the bitter impact of Gaspard 's execution on the collective feeling of the peasants . After Gaspard 's death , the storming of the Bastille is led ( from the St. Antoine neighbourhood , at least ) by the Defarges ; `` As a whirlpool of boiling waters has a centre point , so , all this raging circled around Defarge 's wine shop , and every human drop in the cauldron had a tendency to be sucked towards the vortex ... '' The crowd is envisioned as a sea . `` With a roar that sounded as if all the breath in France had been shaped into a detested word ( the word Bastille ) , the living sea rose , wave upon wave , depth upon depth , and overflowed the city ... '' Darnay 's jailer is described as `` unwholesomely bloated in both face and person , as to look like a man who had been drowned and filled with water . '' Later , during the Reign of Terror , the revolution had grown `` so much more wicked and distracted ... that the rivers of the South were encumbered with bodies of the violently drowned by night ... '' Later a crowd is `` swelling and overflowing out into the adjacent streets ... the Carmagnole absorbed them every one and whirled them away . '' During the fight with Miss Pross , Madame Defarge clings to her with `` more than the hold of a drowning woman '' . Commentators on the novel have noted the irony that Madame Defarge is killed by her own gun , and perhaps Dickens means by the above quote to suggest that such vicious vengefulness as Madame Defarge 's will eventually destroy even its perpetrators . So many read the novel in a Freudian light , as exalting the ( British ) superego over the ( French ) id . Yet in Carton 's last walk , he watches an eddy that `` turned and turned purposeless , until the stream absorbed it , and carried it onto the sea '' -- his fulfilment , while masochistic and superego - driven , is nonetheless an ecstatic union with the subconscious . Darkness and light ( edit ) As is frequent in European literature , good and evil are symbolized by light and darkness . Lucie Manette is the light , as represented literally by her name ; and Madame Defarge is darkness . Darkness represents uncertainty , fear , and peril . It is dark when Mr. Lorry rides to Dover ; it is dark in the prisons ; dark shadows follow Madame Defarge ; dark , gloomy doldrums disturb Dr. Manette ; his capture and captivity are shrouded in darkness ; the Marquis 's estate is burned in the dark of night ; Jerry Cruncher raids graves in the darkness ; Charles 's second arrest also occurs at night . Both Lucie and Mr. Lorry feel the dark threat that is Madame Defarge . `` That dreadful woman seems to throw a shadow on me , '' remarks Lucie . Although Mr. Lorry tries to comfort her , `` the shadow of the manner of these Defarges was dark upon himself '' . Madame Defarge is `` like a shadow over the white road '' , the snow symbolising purity and Madame Defarge 's darkness corruption . Dickens also compares the dark colour of blood to the pure white snow : the blood takes on the shade of the crimes of its shedders . Social justice ( edit ) Charles Dickens was a champion of the poor in his life and in his writings . His childhood included some of the pains of poverty in England , as he had to work in a factory as a child to help his family . His father , John Dickens , continually lived beyond his means and eventually went to debtors ' prison . Charles was forced to leave school and began working ten - hour days at Warren 's Blacking Warehouse , earning six shillings a week . Dickens considered the workings of a mob , in this novel and in Barnaby Rudge , creating believable characters who act differently when the mob mentality takes over . The reasons for revolution by the lower classes are clear , and given in the novel . Some of his characters , notably Madame Defarge , have no limit to their vengeance for crimes against them . The Reign of Terror was a horrific time in France , and she gives some notion for how things went too far from the perspective of the citizens , as opposed to the actions of the de facto government in that year . Dickens does not spare his descriptions of mob actions , including the night Dr Manette and his family arrive at Tellson 's bank in Paris to meet Mr Lorry , saying that the people in the vicious crowd display `` eyes which any unbrutalized beholder would have given twenty years of life , to petrify with a well - directed gun '' . The reader is shown that the poor are brutalised in France and England alike . As crime proliferates , the executioner in England is `` stringing up long rows of miscellaneous criminals ; now hanging housebreaker ... now burning people in the hand '' or hanging a broke man for stealing sixpence . In France , a boy is sentenced to have his hands removed and be burned alive , only because he did not kneel down in the rain before a parade of monks passing some fifty yards away . At the lavish residence of Monseigneur , we find `` brazen ecclesiastics of the worst world worldly , with sensual eyes , loose tongues , and looser lives ... Military officers destitute of military knowledge ... ( and ) Doctors who made great fortunes ... for imaginary disorders '' . ( This incident is fictional , but is based on a true story related by Voltaire in a famous pamphlet , An Account of the Death of the Chevalier de la Barre . ) So riled is Dickens at the brutality of English law that he depicts some of its punishments with sarcasm : `` the whipping - post , another dear old institution , very humanising and softening to behold in action '' . He faults the law for not seeking reform : `` Whatever is , is right '' is the dictum of the Old Bailey . The gruesome portrayal of quartering highlights its atrocity . Dickens wants his readers to be careful that the same revolution that so damaged France will not happen in Britain , which ( at least at the beginning of the book ) is shown to be nearly as unjust as France ; Ruth Glancy has argued that Dickens portrays France and England as nearly equivalent at the beginning of the novel , but that as the novel progresses , England comes to look better and better , climaxing in Miss Pross 's pro-Britain speech at the end of the novel . But his warning is addressed not to the British lower classes , but to the aristocracy . He repeatedly uses the metaphor of sowing and reaping ; if the aristocracy continues to plant the seeds of a revolution through behaving unjustly , they can be certain of harvesting that revolution in time . The lower classes do not have any agency in this metaphor : they simply react to the behaviour of the aristocracy . In this sense it can be said that while Dickens sympathizes with the poor , he identifies with the rich : they are the book 's audience , its `` us '' and not its `` them '' . `` Crush humanity out of shape once more , under similar hammers , and it will twist itself into the same tortured forms . Sow the same seed of rapacious licence and oppression over again , and it will surely yield the same fruit according to its kind '' . With the people starving and begging the Marquis for food , his uncharitable response is to let the people eat grass ; the people are left with nothing but onions to eat and are forced to starve while the nobles are living lavishly upon the people 's backs . Every time the nobles refer to the life of the peasants it is only to destroy or humiliate the poor . Autobiographical material ( edit ) Some have argued that in A Tale of Two Cities Dickens reflects on his recently begun affair with eighteen - year - old actress Ellen Ternan , which was possibly platonic but certainly romantic . Lucie Manette has been noted as resembling Ternan physically . After starring in a play by Wilkie Collins titled The Frozen Deep , Dickens was first inspired to write Tale . In the play , Dickens played the part of a man who sacrifices his own life so that his rival may have the woman they both love ; the love triangle in the play became the basis for the relationships between Charles Darnay , Lucie Manette , and Sydney Carton in Tale . Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay may also bear importantly on Dickens 's personal life . The plot hinges on the near - perfect resemblance between Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay ; the two look so alike that Carton twice saves Darnay through the inability of others to tell them apart . Carton is Darnay made bad . Carton suggests as much : ' Do you particularly like the man ( Darnay ) ? ' he muttered , at his own image ( which he is regarding in a mirror ) ; ' why should you particularly like a man who resembles you ? There is nothing in you to like ; you know that . Ah , confound you ! What a change you have made in yourself ! A good reason for talking to a man , that he shows you what you have fallen away from and what you might have been ! Change places with him , and would you have been looked at by those blue eyes ( belonging to Lucie Manette ) as he was , and commiserated by that agitated face as he was ? Come on , and have it out in plain words ! You hate the fellow . ' Many have felt that Carton and Darnay are doppelgängers , which Eric Rabkin defines as a pair `` of characters that together , represent one psychological persona in the narrative '' . If so , they would prefigure such works as Robert Louis Stevenson 's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . Darnay is worthy and respectable but dull ( at least to most modern readers ) , Carton disreputable but magnetic . One can only suspect whose psychological persona it is that Carton and Darnay together embody ( if they do ) , but it is often thought to be the psyche of Dickens himself . Dickens might have been quite aware that between them , Carton and Darnay shared his own initials , a frequent property of his characters . However , he denied it when asked . Setting ( edit ) Research published in The Dickensian in 1963 suggests that the house at 1 Greek Street , now The House of St Barnabas , forms the basis for Dr Manette and Lucie 's London house . In a building at the back , attainable by a courtyard where a plane tree rustled its green leaves , church organs claimed to be made , and likewise gold to be beaten by some mysterious giant who had a golden arm starting out of the wall ... as if he had beaten himself precious . The `` golden arm '' ( an arm - and - hammer symbol , an ancient sign of the gold - beater 's craft ) now resides at the Charles Dickens Museum but you could have seen a modern replica sticking out of the wall near the Pillars of Hercules pub at the western end of Manette Street ( formerly Rose Street ) , until this building was demolished in 2017 . Adaptations ( edit ) Classic Comics issue # 6 Films ( edit ) A Tale of Two Cities , a 1911 silent film . A Tale of Two Cities , a 1917 silent film . A Tale of Two Ci. ties , a 1922 silent film . The Only Way , a 1927 silent British film directed by Herbert Wilcox . A Tale of Two Cities , a 1935 black - and - white MGM film starring Ronald Colman , Elizabeth Allan , Reginald Owen , Basil Rathbone , and Edna May Oliver . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . A Tale of Two Cities , a 1958 version , starring Dirk Bogarde , Dorothy Tutin , Christopher Lee , Leo McKern , and Donald Pleasence . Radio ( edit ) On 25 July 1938 , The Mercury Theatre on the Air produced a radio adaptation starring Orson Welles . Welles also starred in a version broadcast on Lux Radio Theater on 26 March 1945 . In 1945 , a portion of the novel was adapted to the syndicated programme The Weird Circle as `` Dr. Manette 's Manuscript . '' In 1950 , The BBC broadcast a radio adaptation by Terence Rattigan and John Gielgud of their unproduced 1935 stage play . A half - hour version titled `` Sydney Carton '' was broadcast on 27 March 1954 , on Theatre Royal hosted by and starring Laurence Olivier . In June 1989 , BBC Radio 4 produced a seven - hour drama adapted for radio by Nick McCarty and directed by Ian Cotterell . This adaptation has been occasionally repeated by BBC Radio 7 ( most recently in 2009 ) . In December 2011 , as part of its special season on Charles Dickens ' Bicentenerary , BBC Radio 4 produced a new five - part adaptation for radio by Mike Walker with original music by Lennert Busch and directed by Jessica Dromgoole and Jeremy Mortimer which won the 2012 Bronze Sony Radio Academy Award for Best Drama . Television ( edit ) ABC produced a two - part mini-series in 1953 . The BBC produced an eight - part mini-series in 1957 starring Peter Wyngarde as `` Sydney Carton '' , Edward de Souza as `` Charles Darnay '' and Wendy Hutchinson as `` Lucie Manette '' . The BBC produced a ten - part mini-series in 1965 . The BBC produced another eight - part mini-series in 1980 starring Paul Shelley as `` Carton / Darnay '' , Sally Osborne as `` Lucie Manette '' and Nigel Stock as `` Jarvis Lorry '' . A Tale of Two Cities , a 1980 version for TV , starring Chris Sarandon , Peter Cushing , Alice Krige , and Billie Whitelaw . ITV Granada produced a two - part mini-series in 1989 starting James Wilby as `` Sydney Carton '' , Xavier Deluc as `` Charles Darnay '' , and Serena Gordon as `` Lucie Manette '' . The production also aired on Masterpiece Theatre on the PBS in the United States . Plans for a new TV adaptation were announced at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival . Stage productions ( edit ) Royal & Derngate Theatre produced an adaptation of Tale of Two Cities by Mike Poulton with original music by Rachel Portman , directed by James Dacre . The Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre is to stage a new adaptation of Tale of Two Cities by Matthew Dunster as part of their 2017 season , which will be directed by Artistic Director Timothy Sheader . Stage musicals ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A 1968 stage version , Two Cities , the Spectacular New Musical , with music by Jeff Wayne , lyrics by Jerry Wayne and starring Edward Woodward . In 1997 , Paul Nicholas commissioned an adaptation with music by David Pomeranz and book by Steven David Horwich and David Soames . Co-produced by Bill Kenwright , the show ran at the New Alexandra Theatre in Birmingham during their 1998 Christmas season with Paul Nicholas as Sydney Carton . In 2008 , Jill Santoriello wrote a new musical theatre adaptation . Opera ( edit ) Arthur Benjamin 's operatic version of the novel , subtitled Romantic Melodrama in six scenes , was premiered by the BBC on 17 April 1953 , conducted by the composer ; it received its stage premiere at Sadler 's Wells on 22 July 1957 , under the baton of Leon Lovett . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Facsimile of the original 1st publication of `` A Tale of Two Cities '' in All the year round `` . S4ulanguages.com . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens , A Tale of Two Cities , Book the First , Chapter I . Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 191 ( Book 2 , Chapter 16 ) . Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 128 ( Book 2 , Chapter 9 ) . This statement ( about the roof ) is truer than the Marquis knows , and another example of foreshadowing : the Evrémonde château is burned down by revolting peasants in Book 2 , Chapter 23 . Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 134 ( Book 2 , Chapter 9 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 159 ( Book 2 , Chapter 14 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 330 ( Book 3 , Chapter 9 ) Jump up ^ Emigration is about to be made illegal but is not yet . See Dickens 2003 , p. 258 ( Book 3 , Chapter 1 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 344 ( Book 3 , Chapter 10 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , ( Book 3 , Chapter 12 ) ^ Jump up to : Dickens 2003 , p. 390 ( Book 3 , Chapter 15 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 83 ( Book 2 , Chapter 4 ) Jump up ^ After Dr. Manette 's letter is read , Darnay says that `` It was the always - vain endeavour to discharge my poor mother 's trust , that first brought my fatal presence near you . '' ( Dickens 2003 , p. 347 ( Book 3 , Chapter 11 ) . ) Darnay seems to be referring to the time when his mother brought him , still a child , to her meeting with Dr. Manette in Book 3 , Chapter 10 . But some readers also feel that Darnay is explaining why he changed his name and travelled to England in the first place : to discharge his family 's debt to Dr. Manette without fully revealing his identity . ( See note to the Penguin Classics edition : Dickens 2003 , p. 486 . ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 470 Jump up ^ The Marquis is sometimes referred to as `` Monseigneur the Marquis St. Evrémonde '' . He is not so called in this article because the title `` Monseigneur '' applies to whoever among a group is of the highest status ; thus , this title sometimes applies to the Marquis and other times does not . Jump up ^ Stryver , like Carton , is a barrister and not a solicitor ; Dickens 2003 , p. xi Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 120 ( Book 2 , Chapter 8 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 462 Jump up ^ Dickens by Peter Ackroyd ; Harper Collins , 1990 , p. 777 Jump up ^ Dickens by Peter Ackroyd ; Harper Collins , 1990 , p. 859 ^ Jump up to : Dickens , Charles ( 1970 ) ( 1859 ) . George Woodcock , ed . A tale of Two Cities . Illust . by Hablot L. Browne . Penguin Books . pp. 408 , 410 ; Notes 30 and 41 . ISBN 0140430547 . Jump up ^ Dickens by Peter Ackroyd ; Harper Collins , 1990 , p. 858 - 862 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-28854998 Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/50-shades-grey-joins-top-10-bestselling-books-how-many-have-you-read-1438234 ^ Jump up to : http://publishingperspectives.com/2010/09/top-25-bestselling-books-of-all-time/ Jump up ^ Thonemann , Peter ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` The all - conquering Wikipedia ? '' . the-tls.co.uk . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . This figure of 200 million is -- to state the obvious -- pure fiction . Its ultimate source is unknown : perhaps a hyperbolic 2005 press release for a Broadway musical adaptation of Dickens 's novel . But the presence of this canard on Wikipedia had , and continues to have , a startling influence . Since 2008 , the claim has been recycled repeatedly ... Jump up ^ As of 2016 , World Cat listed 1,529 editions of the work , including 1,305 print editions. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` In their purest form ( flat characters ) ... are constructed round a single idea or quality ... Part of the genius of Dickens is that he does use types and caricatures , people whom we recognize the instant they re-enter , and yet achieves effects that are not mechanical and a vision of humanity that is not shallow . Those who dislike Dickens have an excellent case . He ought to be bad . '' Forster 1927 , p. 67 , 71 -- 72 Jump up ^ `` www.dickensfellowship.org , ' Dickens as a Fiction Writer ' '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Glancy , Ruth , ed. ( 2013 ) . Charles Dickens 's A Tale of Two Cities : A Routledge Study Guide and Sourcebook . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1317797128 . ^ Jump up to : Dickens , Charles ( 2003 ) . A Tale of Two Cities ( Revised ed . ) . London : Penguin Books Ltd . pp. 31 , 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 43960 - 0 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=0DOOxEjIK0MC&pg=PA159 Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. xxxix Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , pp. 107 -- 108 ( Book 2 , Chapter 6 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 103 ( Book 2 , Chapter 9 ) Jump up ^ The Marquis emphasizes his because Dickens is alluding to the ( probably mythical ) Droit du seigneur , under which any girl from the Marquis 's land would belong to the Marquis rather than to her parents . Dickens 2003 , p. 127 ( Book 2 , Chapter 9 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 212 ( Book 2 , Chapter 19 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 214 ( Book 2 , Chapter 19 ) Jump up ^ John 11.25 - 6 Jump up ^ Biedermann 1994 , p. 375 Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 21 ( Book 1 , Chapter 4 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 178 ( Book 2 , Chapter 15 ) ^ Jump up to : Dickens 2003 , p. 223 ( Book 2 , Chapter 21 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 110 ( Book 2 , Chapter 7 ) Jump up ^ The Chevalier de la Barre was indeed executed for acts of impiety , including failure to pay homage to a procession of monks . These acts were attributed to him , it seems , by his mother 's slighted lover . A synopsis of the story is given by Stanford University 's Victorian Reading Project . See also Andrew Sanders , Companion to A Tale of Two Cities ( London : Unwin Hyman , 1988 ) , p. 31 ; see also Voltaire , An Account of the Death of the Chevalier de la Barre ( 1766 ) ; translated by Simon Harvey , Treatise on Tolerance ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 63 ( Book 2 , Chapter 2 ) . Dickens is quoting Alexander Pope 's Essay on Man of 1733 . Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 385 ( Book 3 , Chapter 15 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. xxi Jump up ^ `` Context of A Tale of Two Cities '' . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 89 ( Book 2 , Chapter 4 ) p. 89 Jump up ^ Rabkin 2007 , course booklet p. 48 Jump up ^ Schlicke 2008 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Chesters & Hampshire , Graeme & David ( 2013 ) . LONDON 'S SECRET PLACES . Bath , England : Survival Books . pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ A Tale of Two Cities , Charles Dickens Jump up ^ Richard Jones . Walking Dickensian London . New Holland Publishers , 2004 . ISBN 9781843304838 . p. 88 . Jump up ^ `` Dickens on Radio 4 '' . Jump up ^ Dromgoole , Jessica . `` A Tale of Two Cities on BBC Radio 4 . And a podcast too ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Sony Radio Academy Award Winners '' . The Guardian . 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ chasmilt777 ( 10 August 2006 ) . `` '' The Plymouth Playhouse '' A Tale of Two Cities : Part 1 ( TV Episode 1953 ) `` . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin , Arthur '' . Boosey & Hawkes . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Works cited ( edit ) A Tale of Two Cities Shmoop : Study Guides & Teacher Resources . Web . 12 Mar 2014 . Biedermann , Hans . Dictionary of Symbolism . New York : Meridian ( 1994 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 01118 - 2 Dickens , Charles . A Tale of Two Cities . Edited and with an introduction and notes by Richard Maxwell . London : Penguin Classics ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 143960 - 0 Drabble , Margaret , ed . The Oxford Companion to English Literature . 5th ed . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press ( 1985 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 866130 - 4 Forster , E.M. Aspects of the Novel ( 1927 ) . 2005 reprint : London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 144169 - 6 Orwell , George . `` Charles Dickens '' . In A Collection of Essays . New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich ( 1946 ) ISBN 0 - 15 - 618600 - 4 Rabkin , Eric . Masterpieces of the Imaginative Mind : Literature 's Most Fantastic Works . Chantilly , VA : The Teaching Company ( 2007 ) Schlicke , Paul . Coffee With Dickens . London : Duncan Baird Publishers ( 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84483 - 608 - 6 A Tale of Two Cities : Character List SparkNotes : Today 's Most Popular Study Guides . Web . 11 Apr 2011 . Ackroyd , Peter . Dickens . مخىيخى : HarperCollins ( 1990 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016602 - 9 . Further Reading ( edit ) Alleyn , Susanne . The Annotated A Tale of Two Cities . Albany , NY : Spyderwort Press ( 2014 ) ISBN 978 - 1535397438 Glancy , Ruth . Charles Dickens 's A Tale of Two Cities : A Sourcebook . London : Routledge ( 2006 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28760 - 9 Sanders , Andrew . The Companion to A Tale of Two Cities . London : Unwin Hyman ( 1989 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 800050 - 7 Out of print . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : A Tale of Two Cities Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Tale of Two Cities Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Tale of Two Cities . A Tale of Two Cities at Internet Archive . A Tale of Two Cities at Project Gutenberg A Tale of Two Cities -- The original manuscript of the novel , held by the Victoria and Albert Museum ( requires Adobe Flash ) . ' Dickens : A Tale of Two Cities ' , lecture by Dr. Tony Williams on the writing of the book , at Gresham College on 3 July 2007 ( with video and audio files available for download , as well as the transcript ) . A Tale of Two Cities public domain audiobook at LibriVox Analysis of A Tale of Two Cities on Lit React Charles Dickens Bibliography Novels The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby The Old Curiosity Shop Barnaby Rudge Martin Chuzzlewit Dombey and Son David Copperfield Bleak House Hard Times Little Dorrit A Tale of Two Cities Great Expectations Our Mutual Friend The Mystery of Edwin Drood Christmas books A Christmas Carol The Chimes The Cricket on the Hearth The Battle of Life The Haunted Man and the Ghost 's Bargain Short stories `` The Long Voyage '' `` The Signal - Man '' Short story collections Sketches by Boz The Mudfog Papers Master Humphrey 's Clock Non-fiction American Notes Pictures from Italy The Life of Our Lord A Child 's History of England The Uncommercial Traveller Letters Plays The Frozen Deep No Thoroughfare : A Drama : In Five Acts Journalism Bentley 's Miscellany Master Humphrey 's Clock The Daily News Household Words All the Year Round Collaborations `` A House to Let '' `` The Haunted House '' `` A Message from the Sea '' `` Mugby Junction '' No Thoroughfare See also Catherine Dickens ( wife ) Epitaph of Charles Irving Thornton Bleak House Dickens and Little Nell ( statue ) Dickens of London ( 1976 miniseries ) The Invisible Woman ( 2013 film ) The Man Who Invented Christmas ( 2017 film ) Book Charles Dickens ' A Tale of Two Cities Characters Sydney Carton Lucie Manette Charles Darnay Alexandre Manette Monsieur Ernest Defarge Madame Thérèse Defarge Jarvis Lorry Miss Pross Marquis St. Evrémonde John Barsad Jerry Cruncher Stryver The Seamstress Film A Tale of Two Cities ( 1911 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1917 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1922 ) The Only Way ( 1927 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1935 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1958 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1980 ) Musicals Two Cities ( 2006 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 2007 ) VIAF : 183065840 LCCN : n79136233 GND : 4293539 - 8 SUDOC : 111524431 BNF : cb121143327 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Tale_of_Two_Cities&oldid=815216368 '' Categories : A Tale of Two Cities 1859 British novels Novels set in London Novels set in Paris Works originally published in All the Year Round Novels first published in serial form Novels set in the French Revolution 1775 in fiction 1789 in fiction Victorian novels Chapman & Hall books Novels adapted into comics British novels adapted into films British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into operas Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels by Charles Dickens Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 EngvarB from May 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Ænglisc Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kernowek Kurdî Кыргызча Latina മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 13 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does a tale of two cities take place | [
"A Tale of Two Cities (1859) is a novel by Charles Dickens, set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution. The novel tells the story of the French Doctor Manette, his 18-year-long imprisonment in the Bastille in Paris and his release to life in London with his daughter Lucie, whom he had never met; Lucie's marriage and the collision between her beloved husband and the people who caused her father's imprisonment; and Monsieur and Madame Defarge, sellers of wine in a poor suburb of Paris. The story is set against the conditions that led up to the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror."
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"London and Paris"
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-5964128644276075529 | List of Washington Redskins seasons | List of Washington Redskins seasons - wikipedia List of Washington Redskins seasons Jump to : navigation , search For complete team history , see History of the Washington Redskins . RFK Stadium was the home of the Redskins from 1961 to 1996 . This article is a list of seasons completed by the Washington Redskins American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season - by - season records of the Redskins ' franchise from 1932 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Redskins franchise was founded as the Boston Braves , named after the local baseball franchise . The team changed their name to the Redskins in 1933 and moved to Washington , D.C. in 1937 . The Redskins have played over 1,000 games . In those games , the club won five professional American football championships including two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls . The franchise captured ten NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 Championship games , as well as Super Bowl XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They also played in and lost the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 Championship games , as well as Super Bowl VII and XVIII . They have made 24 postseason appearances , and have an overall postseason record of 23 wins and 19 losses . Only five teams have appeared in more Super Bowls than the Redskins : the New England Patriots ( nine ) , the Dallas Cowboys , Pittsburgh Steelers , Denver Broncos ( all with eight ) , and San Francisco 49ers ( six ) ; the Redskins ' five appearances are tied with the Oakland Raiders , Miami Dolphins , New York Giants and Green Bay Packers . All of the Redskins ' league titles were attained during two ten - year spans . From 1936 to 1945 , the Redskins went to the NFL Championship six times , winning two of them . The second period lasted between 1982 and 1991 where the Redskins appeared in the postseason seven times , captured four Conference titles , and won three Super Bowls out of four appearances . The Redskins have also experienced failure in their history . The most notable period of failure was from 1946 to 1970 , during which the Redskins did not have a single postseason appearance . During this period , the Redskins went without a single winning season between 1956 and 1968 . In 1961 season , the franchise posted their worst regular season record with a 1 -- 12 -- 1 showing . Seasons ( edit ) Note : The finish , wins , losses , and ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Italicized numbers mean that the records are subject to change each week due to regular season or postseason games being played . NFL Champions ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Official NFL records as of the end of the 2016 NFL season Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties Boston Braves 1932 1932 NFL 4th -- Boston Redskins 1933 1933 NFL East 3rd 5 5 -- 1934 1934 NFL East 2nd 6 6 0 -- 1935 1935 NFL East 4th 8 -- 1936 1936 NFL East 1st 7 5 0 Lost NFL Championship ( Packers ) 21 -- 6 Washington Redskins 1937 1937 NFL East 1st 8 0 Won NFL Championship ( 1 ) ( Bears ) 28 -- 21 1938 1938 NFL East 2nd 6 -- 1939 1939 NFL East 2nd 8 -- 1940 1940 NFL East 1st 9 0 Lost NFL Championship ( Bears ) 73 -- 0 1941 1941 NFL East 3rd 6 5 0 -- 1942 1942 NFL East 1st 10 0 Won NFL Championship ( 2 ) ( Bears ) 14 -- 6 1943 1943 NFL East 1st 6 Won Eastern Divisional Playoff ( Giants ) 28 -- 0 Lost NFL Championship ( Bears ) 41 -- 21 1944 1944 NFL East 3rd 6 -- 1945 1945 NFL East 1st 8 0 Lost NFL Championship ( Cleveland Rams ) 15 -- 14 1946 1946 NFL East T - 3rd 5 5 -- 1947 1947 NFL East 4th 8 0 -- 1948 1948 NFL East 2nd 7 5 0 -- 1949 1949 NFL East 4th 7 -- 1950 1950 NFL American 6th 9 0 -- 1951 1951 NFL American 3rd 5 7 0 -- 1952 1952 NFL American T - 5th 8 0 -- 1953 1953 NFL Eastern 3rd 6 5 -- 1954 1954 NFL Eastern 5th 9 0 -- 1955 1955 NFL Eastern 2nd 8 0 -- Joe Kuharich ( COY ) 1956 1956 NFL Eastern 3rd 6 6 0 -- 1957 1957 NFL Eastern 4th 5 6 -- 1958 1958 NFL Eastern 4th 7 -- 1959 1959 NFL Eastern 5th 9 0 -- 1960 1960 NFL Eastern 6th 9 -- 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 7th 12 -- 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 4th 5 7 -- 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 6th 11 0 -- 1964 1964 NFL Eastern T - 3rd 6 8 0 -- Charley Taylor ( OROY ) 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 4th 6 8 0 -- 1966 1966 NFL Eastern 5th 7 7 0 -- 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Capitol 3rd 5 6 -- 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Capitol 3rd 5 9 0 -- 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Capitol 2nd 7 5 -- 1970 1970 NFL NFC East 4th 6 8 0 -- 1971 1971 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 24 -- 20 George Allen ( COY ) 1972 1972 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 16 -- 3 Won Conference Championship ( Cowboys ) 26 -- 3 Lost Super Bowl VII ( Dolphins ) 14 -- 7 Larry Brown ( MVP , OPOY ) 1973 1973 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 27 -- 20 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Los Angeles Rams ) 19 -- 10 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 6 0 -- Mike Thomas ( OROY ) 1976 1976 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 35 -- 20 1977 1977 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 5 0 -- 1978 1978 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 -- John Riggins ( CBPOY ) 1979 1979 NFL NFC East 3rd 10 6 0 -- Jack Pardee ( COY ) 1980 1980 NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 -- 1981 1981 NFL NFC East 4th 8 8 0 -- 1982 1982 NFL NFC 1st 8 0 Won First Round ( Lions ) 31 -- 7 Won Second Round ( Vikings ) 21 -- 7 Won Conference Championship ( Cowboys ) 31 -- 17 Won Super Bowl XVII ( 3 ) ( Dolphins ) 27 -- 17 Joe Gibbs ( COY ) Mark Moseley ( MVP ) John Riggins ( SB MVP ) Joe Theismann ( WPMOY ) NFL NFC East 1st 14 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Los Angeles Rams ) 51 -- 7 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 24 -- 21 Lost Super Bowl XVIII ( Raiders ) 38 -- 9 Joe Gibbs ( COY ) Joe Theismann ( MVP , OPOY ) 1984 1984 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Bears ) 23 -- 19 1985 1985 NFL NFC East 3rd 10 6 0 -- 1986 1986 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Los Angeles Rams ) 19 -- 7 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bears ) 27 -- 13 Lost Conference Championship ( Giants ) 17 -- 0 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bears ) 21 -- 17 Won Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 17 -- 10 Won Super Bowl XXII ( 4 ) ( Broncos ) 42 -- 10 Doug Williams ( SB MVP ) 1988 1988 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 9 0 -- 1989 1989 NFL NFC East 3rd 10 6 0 -- 1990 1990 NFL NFC East 3rd 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Eagles ) 20 -- 6 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 28 -- 10 1991 1991 NFL NFC East 1st 14 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 24 -- 7 Won Conference Championship ( Lions ) 41 -- 10 Won Super Bowl XXVI ( 5 ) ( Bills ) 37 -- 24 Joe Gibbs ( COY ) Mark Rypien ( SB MVP ) 1992 1992 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 24 -- 7 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 20 -- 13 1993 1993 NFL NFC East 5th 12 0 -- 1994 1994 NFL NFC East 5th 13 0 -- 1995 1995 NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 -- NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 -- Darrell Green ( WPMOY ) 1997 1997 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 7 -- 1998 1998 NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 -- 1999 1999 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Lions ) 27 -- 13 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 14 -- 13 2000 2000 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 -- 2001 2001 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 -- 2002 2002 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 9 0 -- 2003 2003 NFL NFC East 3rd 5 11 0 -- NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 -- 2005 2005 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 17 -- 10 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Seahawks ) 20 -- 10 2006 2006 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 -- 2007 2007 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Seahawks ) 35 -- 14 2008 2008 NFL NFC East 4th 8 8 0 -- 2009 2009 NFL NFC East 4th 12 0 -- NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 -- 2011 2011 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 -- 2012 2012 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Seahawks ) 24 -- 14 Robert Griffin III ( OROY ) 2013 2013 NFL NFC East 4th 13 0 -- 2014 2014 NFL NFC East 4th 12 0 -- 2015 2015 NFL NFC East 1st 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Packers ) 35 -- 18 2016 2016 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 7 -- Total 586 572 28 Regular season 23 19 -- Postseason 609 591 28 Total Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History : History by Decades '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins ( 1937 -- present ) '' . Sportsecyclopedia . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History '' . NFL History Network . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ The last year the Redskins played at Griffith Stadium . Jump up ^ The first year the Redskins played at D.C. Stadium ( RFK ) . Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league 's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions . Up to 1967 , the league was either divided into two divisions , two conferences , or neither . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season , the Redskins and the Cowboys finished the season with identical 10 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head - to - head games . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1976 season , the Redskins and the St. Louis Cardinals ended the season with identical 10 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Washington finished ahead of St. Louis based on head - to - head sweep . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1977 season , the Redskins and the Bears finished the season with identical 9 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Chicago finished ahead of Washington based on better net points in conference games . Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14 - game season to a 16 - game season . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season , the Redskins and the Bears finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Chicago finished ahead of Washington based on better net points in all games . Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players ' strike . The NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament ; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 , and division standings were ignored . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season , the Redskins , Cowboys , and the Giants finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head - to - head record . New York then finished ahead of Washington and San Francisco in the Wild - Card race based on a better conference record . Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players ' strike . Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled , and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI MVP '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1992 season , the Redskins and the Packers finished the season with identical 9 -- 7 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Washington finished ahead of Green Bay based on a better conference record . Jump up ^ The last year the Redskins played at RFK Stadium . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season , the Redskins and the Vikings finished the season with identical 9 -- 7 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , MInnesota finished ahead of Washington based on a better conference record . Jump up ^ George , Thomas ( 1997 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Once Too Small . Now Too Old ? Never '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ The first year the Redskins played at FedExField . References ( edit ) `` Washington Redskins History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . `` NFL.com -- History -- Yearly Standings '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . `` Pro Football Hall of Fame -- Washington Redskins '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . `` Washington Redskins ( 1937 -- ) '' . Databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . `` Washington Redskins ( 1937 -- Present ) '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . `` Washington Redskins History '' . JT-SW.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . `` History -- Washington Redskins '' . Hickoksports.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Washington Redskins Founded in 1932 Formerly the Boston Braves ( 1932 ) and Boston Redskins ( 1933 -- 36 ) Based in Landover , Maryland Headquartered in Ashburn , Virginia Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Draft Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Braves Field Fenway Park Griffith Stadium RFK Stadium FedExField Culture Redskins Band `` Hail to the Redskins '' Hogettes Cheerleaders Chief Zee Joe Gibbs Team name controversy Name change advocates Trademark dispute Opinion polls Original Americans Foundation `` Go Fund Yourself '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Redskins 0 , Bears 73 The Hogs The Fun Bunch The Over-the - Hill Gang The Body Bag Game Redskins Rule Ricky Williams trade Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Division championships ( 14 ) 1936 1937 1940 1942 1943 1945 1972 1984 1991 1999 2012 2015 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1972 1982 1991 League championships ( 5 ) 1937 1942 1982 ( XVII ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1991 ( XXVI ) Hall of Fame players Battles Baugh Dudley Edwards Green Grimm Hanburger Houston Huff D. Jones S. Jones Jurgensen Krause Millner Mitchell Monk Riggins Smith Taylor All - time leaders Passing Receiving Rushing Kick and punt returning Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Washington Redskins seasons Boston Braves 1932 Boston 1933 1934 1935 1936 Washington 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Bold indicates NFL Championship or Super Bowl victory Italics indicates NFL Championship or Super Bowl appearance NFL team season lists American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Washington_Redskins_seasons&oldid=802742573 '' Categories : Washington Redskins lists National Football League teams seasons Washington Redskins seasons Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Featured lists Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 04 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time the washington redskins went to the playoffs | [
"\n\nSeason\nTeam\nLeague\nConference\nDivision\nRegular season\nPostseason results\nAwards\n\n\nFinish\nWins\nLosses\nTies\n\n\nBoston Braves\n\n\n1932\n1932\nNFL\n\n\n4th\n4\n4\n2\n—\n\n\n\nBoston Redskins\n\n\n1933\n1933\nNFL\n\nEast\n3rd\n5\n5\n2\n—\n\n\n\n1934\n1934\nNFL\n\nEast\n2nd\n6\n6\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1935\n1935\nNFL\n\nEast\n4th\n2\n8\n1\n—\n\n\n\n1936\n1936\nNFL\n\nEast\n1st\n7\n5\n0\nLost NFL Championship (Packers) 21–6\n\n\n\nWashington Redskins\n\n\n1937\n1937\nNFL\n\nEast\n1st\n8\n3\n0\nWon NFL Championship (1) (Bears) 28–21\n\n\n\n1938\n1938\nNFL\n\nEast\n2nd\n6\n3\n2\n—\n\n\n\n1939\n1939\nNFL\n\nEast\n2nd\n8\n2\n1\n—\n\n\n\n1940\n1940\nNFL\n\nEast\n1st\n9\n2\n0\nLost NFL Championship (Bears) 73–0\n\n\n\n1941\n1941\nNFL\n\nEast\n3rd\n6\n5\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1942\n1942\nNFL\n\nEast\n1st\n10\n1\n0\nWon NFL Championship (2) (Bears) 14–6\n\n\n\n1943\n1943\nNFL\n\nEast\n1st\n6\n3\n1\nWon Eastern Divisional Playoff (Giants) 28–0\nLost NFL Championship (Bears) 41–21\n\n\n\n1944\n1944\nNFL\n\nEast\n3rd\n6\n3\n1\n—\n\n\n\n1945\n1945\nNFL\n\nEast\n1st\n8\n2\n0\nLost NFL Championship (Cleveland Rams) 15–14\n\n\n\n1946\n1946\nNFL\n\nEast\nT-3rd\n5\n5\n1\n—\n\n\n\n1947\n1947\nNFL\n\nEast\n4th\n4\n8\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1948\n1948\nNFL\n\nEast\n2nd\n7\n5\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1949\n1949\nNFL\n\nEast\n4th\n4\n7\n1\n—\n\n\n\n1950\n1950\nNFL\nAmerican\n\n6th\n3\n9\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1951\n1951\nNFL\nAmerican\n\n3rd\n5\n7\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1952\n1952\nNFL\nAmerican\n\nT-5th\n4\n8\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1953\n1953\nNFL\nEastern\n\n3rd\n6\n5\n1\n—\n\n\n\n1954\n1954\nNFL\nEastern\n\n5th\n3\n9\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1955\n1955\nNFL\nEastern\n\n2nd\n8\n4\n0\n—\nJoe Kuharich (COY)\n\n\n1956\n1956\nNFL\nEastern\n\n3rd\n6\n6\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1957\n1957\nNFL\nEastern\n\n4th\n5\n6\n1\n—\n\n\n\n1958\n1958\nNFL\nEastern\n\n4th\n4\n7\n1\n—\n\n\n\n1959\n1959\nNFL\nEastern\n\n5th\n3\n9\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1960\n1960[7]\nNFL\nEastern\n\n6th\n1\n9\n2\n—\n\n\n\n1961\n1961[8]\nNFL\nEastern\n\n7th\n1\n12\n1\n—\n\n\n\n1962\n1962\nNFL\nEastern\n\n4th\n5\n7\n2\n—\n\n\n\n1963\n1963\nNFL\nEastern\n\n6th\n3\n11\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1964\n1964\nNFL\nEastern\n\nT-3rd\n6\n8\n0\n—\nCharley Taylor (OROY)\n\n\n1965\n1965\nNFL\nEastern\n\n4th\n6\n8\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1966\n1966\nNFL\nEastern\n\n5th\n7\n7\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1967[9]\n1967\nNFL\nEastern\nCapitol\n3rd\n5\n6\n3\n—\n\n\n\n1968\n1968\nNFL\nEastern\nCapitol\n3rd\n5\n9\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1969\n1969\nNFL\nEastern\nCapitol\n2nd\n7\n5\n2\n—\n\n\n\n1970\n1970\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n6\n8\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1971\n1971\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd\n9\n4\n1\nLost Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 24–20\nGeorge Allen (COY)\n\n\n1972\n1972\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n11\n3\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 16–3\nWon Conference Championship (Cowboys) 26–3\nLost Super Bowl VII (Dolphins) 14–7\nLarry Brown (MVP, OPOY)\n\n\n1973\n1973\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd[10]\n10\n4\n0\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 27–20\n\n\n\n1974\n1974\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd\n10\n4\n0\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Los Angeles Rams) 19–10\n\n\n\n1975\n1975\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n8\n6\n0\n—\nMike Thomas (OROY)\n\n\n1976\n1976\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd[11]\n10\n4\n0\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 35–20\n\n\n\n1977\n1977\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd[12]\n9\n5\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1978[13]\n1978\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n8\n8\n0\n—\nJohn Riggins (CBPOY)\n\n\n1979\n1979\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd[14]\n10\n6\n0\n—\nJack Pardee (COY)\n\n\n1980\n1980\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n6\n10\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1981\n1981\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n8\n8\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1982[15]\n1982\nNFL\nNFC\n\n1st\n8\n1\n0\nWon First Round (Lions) 31–7\nWon Second Round (Vikings) 21–7\nWon Conference Championship (Cowboys) 31–17\nWon Super Bowl XVII (3) (Dolphins) 27–17\nJoe Gibbs (COY)\nMark Moseley (MVP)\nJohn Riggins (SB MVP)\nJoe Theismann (WPMOY)\n\n\n1983\n1983\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n14\n2\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Los Angeles Rams) 51–7\nWon Conference Championship (49ers) 24–21\nLost Super Bowl XVIII (Raiders) 38–9\nJoe Gibbs (COY)\nJoe Theismann (MVP, OPOY)\n\n\n1984\n1984\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n11\n5\n0\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 23–19\n\n\n\n1985\n1985\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd[16]\n10\n6\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1986\n1986\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd\n12\n4\n0\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Los Angeles Rams) 19–7\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 27–13\nLost Conference Championship (Giants) 17–0\n\n\n\n1987[17]\n1987\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n11\n4\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 21–17\nWon Conference Championship (Vikings) 17–10\nWon Super Bowl XXII (4) (Broncos) 42–10\nDoug Williams (SB MVP)\n\n\n1988\n1988\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n7\n9\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1989\n1989\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n10\n6\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1990\n1990\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n10\n6\n0\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Eagles) 20–6\nLost Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 28–10\n\n\n\n1991\n1991\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n14\n2\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 24–7\nWon Conference Championship (Lions) 41–10\nWon Super Bowl XXVI (5) (Bills) 37–24\nJoe Gibbs (COY)\nMark Rypien (SB MVP)[18]\n\n\n1992\n1992\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd[19]\n9\n7\n0\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 24–7\nLost Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 20–13\n\n\n\n1993\n1993\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n5th\n4\n12\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1994\n1994\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n5th\n3\n13\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1995\n1995\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n6\n10\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1996\n1996[20]\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd[21]\n9\n7\n0\n—\nDarrell Green (WPMOY)[22]\n\n\n1997\n1997[23]\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd\n8\n7\n1\n—\n\n\n\n1998\n1998\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n6\n10\n0\n—\n\n\n\n1999\n1999\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n10\n6\n0\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 27–13\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Buccaneers) 14–13\n\n\n\n2000\n2000\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n8\n8\n0\n—\n\n\n\n2001\n2001\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd\n8\n8\n0\n—\n\n\n\n2002\n2002\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n7\n9\n0\n—\n\n\n\n2003\n2003\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n5\n11\n0\n—\n\n\n\n2004\n2004\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n6\n10\n0\n—\n\n\n\n2005\n2005\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd\n10\n6\n0\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 17–10\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Seahawks) 20–10\n\n\n\n2006\n2006\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n5\n11\n0\n—\n\n\n\n2007\n2007\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n9\n7\n0\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Seahawks) 35–14\n\n\n\n2008\n2008\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n8\n8\n0\n—\n\n\n\n2009\n2009\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n4\n12\n0\n—\n\n\n\n2010\n2010\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n6\n10\n0\n—\n\n\n\n2011\n2011\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n5\n11\n0\n—\n\n\n\n2012\n2012\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n10\n6\n0\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Seahawks) 24–14\nRobert Griffin III (OROY)\n\n\n2013\n2013\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n3\n13\n0\n—\n\n\n\n2014\n2014\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n4\n12\n0\n—\n\n\n\n2015\n2015\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n9\n7\n0\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Packers) 35–18\n\n\n\n2016\n2016\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n8\n7\n1\n—\n\n\n\nTotal\n586\n572\n28\nRegular season\n\n\n23\n19\n—\nPostseason\n\n\n609\n591\n28\nTotal\n\n"
] | [
"2015"
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-6150223419747208221 | Rajpath | Rajpath - Wikipedia Rajpath Jump to : navigation , search Rajpath राजपथ India Gate on the Eastern end of Rajpath Rashtrapati Bhavan on the Western end of Rajpath For the street in Bhubaneswar , see Rajpath , Bhubaneswar . Coordinates : 28 ° 36 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 13 ′ 06 '' E / 28.613388 ° N 77.218397 ° E / 28.613388 ; 77.218397 View of Raj Path , from Raisina Hill , with India Gate at its end Rajpath ( meaning `` King 's Way '' ) is a ceremonial boulevard in New Delhi , India , that runs from Rashtrapati Bhavan on Raisina Hill through Vijay Chowk and India Gate to National Stadium , Delhi . The avenue is lined on both sides by huge lawns , canals and rows of trees . Considered to be one of the most important roads in India , it is where the annual Republic Day parade takes place on 26 January . Janpath ( meaning `` People 's Way '' ) crosses the road . Rajpath runs in east - west direction . Roads from Connaught Place , the financial centre of Delhi , run into Rajpath from north . After climbing Raisina Hill , Rajpath is flanked by the North and South Blocks of the Secretariat Building . Finally it ends at the gates of Rashtrapati Bhavan . At Vijay Chowk it crosses Sansad Marg , and the Parliament House of India can be seen to the right when coming from the India Gate . It is also used for the funeral processions of key political leaders of India . The opening scene of the movie Gandhi starts at Rajpath . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Landmarks 3 Gallery 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The city plan of New Delhi ( the area surrounding Rajpath ) was made by the British architect Edwin Lutyens . Rajpath ( then called King 's Way or Kingsway by the British ) was of central importance to the plan . Lutyens wanted a panoramic view of the city of Delhi from the Viceroy 's palace . The view from Raisina Hill runs unhindered across Rajpath and India Gate and is obstructed only by the National Stadium . Most of the buildings surrounding Rajpath , were designed by Lutyens and Herbert Baker . Landmarks ( edit ) The Rashtrapati Bhavan , the official residence of the President of India . It was the Viceroy 's residence before India got its independence from Britain . North Block and South Block , also called the Secretariat Building . North Block houses the offices of Finance and Home ministries . South Block hosts External affairs and Defense ministries . Other important offices like some of the Prime Ministers Offices are also in the Secretariat Buildings . Vijay Chowk ( Hindi for Victory Square ) is a spacious plaza and the site of Beating the Retreat ceremony , which takes place on 29 January each year , which marks the end of Republic Day celebrations , in which Military Bands , Pipes and Drums Bands , Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands of the Navy and Air Force take part , with the President of India as the Chief Guest . India Gate is India 's war memorial arch in honour of those who died in the First World War and the Second Anglo - Afghan War . It is also India 's memorial of the unknown soldier . Gallery ( edit ) Vijay Chowk at Rajpath , with Secretariat Building in the background , New Delhi , the venue of the Beat Retreat ceremony North and South Block of the Secretariat Building illuminated International Yoga Day , 2015 held on Rajpath Sansad Bhavan - Parliament of India as seen from the Rajpath North Block of the Secretariat Building seen from Rajpath South Block of the Secretariat Building seen from Rajpath Rashtrapati Bhavan seen from Rajpath Indian Naval contingent marching on the Rajpath References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Curtain Raiser -- Beating Retreat Ceremony 2011 '' . Ministry of Defence . January 28 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Image of Rashtrapati Bhavan and the Secretariat buildings lit up for the Beating the Retreat at Vijay Chowk Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rajpath . 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About Wikipedia | who lies between rashtrapati bhavan and india gate | [
"Rajpath (meaning \"King's Way\") is a ceremonial boulevard in New Delhi, India, that runs from Rashtrapati Bhavan on Raisina Hill through Vijay Chowk and India Gate to National Stadium, Delhi. The avenue is lined on both sides by huge lawns, canals and rows of trees. Considered to be one of the most important roads in India, it is where the annual Republic Day parade takes place on 26 January. Janpath (meaning \"People's Way\") crosses the road. Rajpath runs in east-west direction. Roads from Connaught Place, the financial centre of Delhi, run into Rajpath from north."
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"Rajpath"
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-5196125709022170369 | St. Augustine, Florida | St. Augustine , Florida - wikipedia St. Augustine , Florida Jump to : navigation , search St. Augustine San Agustín ( Spanish ) City City of St. Augustine Top , left to right : Castillo de San Marcos , St. Augustine Light , Flagler College , Lightner Museum , statue near the Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine , St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park , Old St. Johns County Jail Coat of arms Nickname ( s ) : Ancient City , Old City Location in St. Johns County and the U.S. state of Florida St. Augustine St. Augustine Coordinates : 29 ° 53 ′ 41 '' N 81 ° 18 ′ 52 '' W / 29.89472 ° N 81.31444 ° W / 29.89472 ; - 81.31444 Coordinates : 29 ° 53 ′ 41 '' N 81 ° 18 ′ 52 '' W / 29.89472 ° N 81.31444 ° W / 29.89472 ; - 81.31444 Country United States of America State Florida County St. Johns Established September 8 , 1565 , 452 years ago Founded by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Named for Saint Augustine of Hippo Government Type Commission -- Manager Mayor Nancy Shaver Area City 12.76 sq mi ( 33.06 km ) Land 9.43 sq mi ( 24.43 km ) Water 3.33 sq mi ( 8.63 km ) Elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 12,975 Estimate ( 2016 ) 14,280 Density 1,513.99 / sq mi ( 584.55 / km ) Urban 69,173 ( US : 399th ) Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code ( s ) 32080 , 32084 , 32085 , 32086 , 32095 , 32082 , 32092 Area code ( s ) 904 FIPS code 12 - 62500 GNIS feature ID 0308101 Website City of St. Augustine St. Augustine ( Spanish : San Agustín ) is a city in the Southeastern United States , on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida . It is the oldest continuously occupied European - established settlement within the borders of the continental United States . The county seat of St. Johns County , it is part of Florida 's First Coast region and the Jacksonville metropolitan area . According to the 2010 census , the city population was 12,975 . The United States Census Bureau 's 2013 estimate of the city 's population was 13,679 , while the urban area had a population of 71,379 in 2012 . St. Augustine was founded on September 8 , 1565 , by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , Florida 's first governor . He named the settlement `` San Agustín '' , as his ships bearing settlers , troops , and supplies from Spain had first sighted land in Florida eleven days earlier on August 28 , the feast day of St. Augustine . The city served as the capital of Spanish Florida for over 200 years , and became the capital of British East Florida when the territory briefly changed hands between Spain and Britain . Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819 , and St. Augustine was designated the capital of the Florida Territory upon ratification of the Adams - Onís Treaty in 1821 . The Florida National Guard made the city its headquarters that same year . The territorial government moved and made Tallahassee the capital in 1824 . Since the late 19th century , St. Augustine 's distinct historical character has made the city a major tourist attraction . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 1.2 Invasions by pirates and enemies of Spain 1.3 Loyalist haven under British rule 1.4 Second Spanish period 1.5 Territory of Florida 1.6 Civil War 1.7 Henry Flagler and the railroad 1.8 Civil Rights movement 1.9 Modern St. Augustine 2 Geography and climate 3 Demographics 4 Transportation 4.1 Highways 4.2 Buses 4.3 Airport 5 Points of interest 5.1 First and second Spanish eras 5.2 British era 5.3 Pre-Flagler era 5.4 Flagler era 5.5 Historic churches 5.6 Lincolnville National Historic District -- Civil Rights era 5.7 Other points of interest 6 Sister cities 7 Education 8 Notable people 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Images 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of St. Augustine , Florida View of St. Augustine in 1891 from the former San Marco Hotel , Spanish St. on left , Huguenot Cemetery lower left corner , Cordova St. on right Replicas of the Medici lions of Florence , Italy at the approach to the Bridge of Lions donated by Andrew Anderson Founding by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés ( edit ) Founded in 1565 by the Spanish conquistador , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the contiguous United States . In 1562 , a group of Huguenots led by Jean Ribault arrived in Spanish Florida to establish a colony in the territory claimed by Spain . They explored the mouth of the St. Johns River , calling it la Rivière de Mai ( the River May ) , then sailed northward and established a settlement called Charlesfort at Port Royal Sound in present - day South Carolina . Spain learned of this French expedition through its spies at ports on the Atlantic coast of France . The Huguenot nobleman René de Laudonnière , who had participated in the expedition , returned to Florida in 1564 with three ships and 300 Huguenot colonists . He arrived at the mouth of the River May on June 22 , 1564 , sailed up it a few miles , and founded Fort Caroline . Desiring to protect its claimed territories in North America against such incursions , the Spanish Crown issued an asiento to Menéndez , signed by King Philip II on March 20 , 1565 , granting him expansive trade privileges , the power to distribute lands , and licenses to sell 500 slaves , as well as various titles , including that of adelantado of Florida . This contract directed Menéndez to sail for La Florida , reconnoitre it from the Florida Keys to present - day Canada , and report on its coastal features , with a view to establishing a permanent settlement for the defense of the Spanish treasure fleet . He was ordered as well to drive away any intruders who were not subjects of the Spanish crown . On July 28 , Menéndez set sail from Cádiz with a fleet led by his 600 - ton flagship , the San Pelayo , accompanied by several smaller ships , and carrying over 1,000 sailors , soldiers , and settlers . On the feast day of St. Augustine , August 28 , the fleet sighted land and anchored off the north inlet of the tidal channel the French called the River of Dolphins . Menéndez then sailed north and confronted Ribault 's fleet outside the bar of the River May in a brief skirmish . On September 6 , he returned to the site of his first landfall , naming it after the Catholic saint , disembarked his troops , and quickly constructed fortifications to protect his people and supplies . Menéndez then marched his soldiers overland for a surprise attack on Fort Caroline , where they killed almost everyone in the fort except for the women and children . Jean Ribault had already put out to sea with his ships for an assault on St. Augustine , but was surprised by a storm that wrecked his ships further south . Informed by his Indian allies that the survivors were walking northward on the coast , Menéndez began to search for the Frenchmen , who had made it as far as the banks of the Matanzas River 's south entrance . There they were confronted by the Spaniard and his men on the opposite side . After several parleys with the Spanish , Jean Ribault and the Frenchmen with him ( between 150 -- 350 , sources differ ) surrendered ; almost all of them were executed in the dunes near the inlet , thereafter called Matanzas ( Spanish for `` slaughters '' ) . In May 1566 , as relations with the neighboring Timucua Indians deteriorated , Menéndez moved the Spanish settlement to a more defensible position on the north end of the barrier island between the mainland and the sea , and built a wooden fort there . In 1572 , the settlement was relocated to the mainland , in the area just south of the future town plaza . Confident that he had fulfilled the primary conditions of his contract with the King , including the building of forts along the coast of La Florida , Menéndez returned to Spain in 1567 . After several more transatlantic crossings , Menéndez fell ill and died on September 17 , 1574 . Invasions by pirates and enemies of Spain ( edit ) Succeeding governors of the province maintained a peaceful coexistence with the local Native Americans , allowing the isolated outpost of St. Augustine some stability for a few years . On May 28 and 29 , 1586 , soon after the Anglo - Spanish War began between England and Spain , the English privateer Sir Francis Drake sacked and burned St. Augustine . The approach of his large fleet obliged Governor Pedro Menéndez Márquez and the townspeople to flee for their safety . When the English got ashore , they seized some artillery pieces and a royal strongbox containing gold ducats , the garrison payroll . The killing of their sergeant major by the Spanish rearguard caused Drake to order the town burnt . In 1609 and 1611 , expeditions were sent out from St. Augustine against the English colony at Jamestown , Virginia . In the second half of the 17th century , unsettled groups of Indians , forced southward by the expanding English colony in Carolina , made raids into Florida and killed the Franciscan priests who served at the Catholic missions . Requests by successive governors of the province to strengthen the presidio 's garrison and fortifications were ignored by the Crown . The charter of 1663 for the new Province of Carolina , issued by King Charles II of England , was revised in 1665 , claiming lands as far southward as 29 degrees north latitude , about 65 miles south of the existing settlement at St. Augustine . The English buccaneer Robert Searle then sacked St. Augustine in 1668 , killing sixty people and pillaging government buildings , churches and houses , after which his pirates ransomed off some of their hostages and sold others into slavery . This raid and the establishment of the English settlement at Charles Town spurred the Spanish monarchy to finally acknowledge the threat represented by the new English colonies to the north and strengthen the city 's defenses . In 1669 , Queen Regent Mariana ordered the Viceroy of New Spain to disburse funds for the construction of a permanent masonry fortress , which began in 1672 . The Castillo de San Marcos was completed in 1695 , not long before an attack by Governor Moore 's forces from Carolina in November , 1702 . Failing to take the fort after a siege of 58 days , the British troops burned St. Augustine to the ground as they retreated . In 1740 , the town was again besieged , this time by the governor of the British colony of Georgia , General James Oglethorpe , who was also unable to take the fort . Loyalist haven under British rule ( edit ) The Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) , signed after Great Britain 's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years ' War , ceded Florida to Great Britain and consequently St. Augustine became a Loyalist haven during the American Revolutionary War . The second Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which recognized the independence of the former British colonies north of Florida , also ceded Florida back to Spain , and as a result many of the town 's Spanish citizens returned to St Augustine . Refugees from Dr. Andrew Turnbull 's troubled colony in New Smyrna had fled to St. Augustine in 1777 , and made up the majority of the city 's population during British rule . This group was , and still is , referred to locally as `` Menorcans '' , even though it also included settlers from Italy , Corsica and the Greek islands as well . Second Spanish period ( edit ) During the Second Spanish period ( 1784 - 1821 ) of Florida , Spain was dealing with invasions of the Iberian peninsula by Napoleon 's armies in the Peninsular War , and struggled to maintain a tenuous hold on its territories in the western hemisphere as revolution swept South America . The royal administration of Florida was neglected , as the province had long been regarded as an unprofitable backwater by the Crown . The United States , however , considered Florida vital to its political and military interests as it expanded its territory in North America , and maneuvered by sometimes clandestine means to acquire it . The Adams -- Onís Treaty , negotiated in 1819 and ratified in 1821 , ceded Florida and St. Augustine , still its capital at the time , to the United States . Territory of Florida ( edit ) Florida remained an organized territory of the United States until 1845 , when it was admitted into the Union as the State of Florida . The Territorial Period ( 1821 - 1845 ) was marked by protracted wars with the Creek Indian groups who occupied the peninsula , collectively known as `` Seminoles '' , during the Second Seminole War ( 1835 - 1842 ) . The United States Army took command of the Castillo de San Marcos and renamed it Fort Marion after General Francis Marion , who fought in the American Revolutionary War . The capital of the territory was moved to Tallahassee in 1824 . Civil War ( edit ) Florida joined the Confederacy after the Civil War began in 1861 , and Confederate authorities remained in control of St. Augustine for fourteen months , although it was barely defended . Despite the Union blockade of shipping , Union troops gained control of St. Augustine in 1862 and controlled the city through the rest of the war . Its economy already devastated , many of the town 's citizens fled . Henry Flagler and the railroad ( edit ) Henry Flagler , a co-founder with John D. Rockefeller of the Standard Oil Company , spent the winter of 1883 in St. Augustine and found the city charming , but considered its hotels and transportation systems inadequate . He had the idea to make St. Augustine a winter resort for wealthy Americans from the north , and to bring them south he bought several short line railroads and combined these in 1885 to form the Florida East Coast Railway . He built a railroad bridge over the St. Johns River in 1888 , opening up the Atlantic coast of Florida to development . Flagler began construction in 1887 on two large ornate hotels in the city , the 540 - room Ponce de Leon Hotel and the 250 - room Hotel Alcazar . The next year , he purchased the Casa Monica Hotel across the street from both the Alcazar and the Ponce de Leon . His chosen architectural firm , Carrère and Hastings , radically altered the appearance of St. Augustine with these hotels , giving it a skyline and beginning an architectural trend in the state characterized by the use of the Moorish Revival style . With the opening of the Ponce de Leon in 1888 , St. Augustine became the winter resort of American high society for a few years . When Flagler 's Florida East Coast Railroad was extended southward to Palm Beach and then Miami in the early 20th Century , the rich mostly abandoned St. Augustine . Wealthy vacationers began to customarily spend their winters in South Florida , where the climate was warmer and freezes were rare . St. Augustine nevertheless still attracted tourists , and eventually became a destination for families traveling in automobiles as new highways were built and Americans took to the road for annual summer vacations . The tourist industry soon became the dominant sector of the local economy . Civil Rights Movement ( edit ) Main article : St. Augustine movement In late 1963 , nearly a decade after the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation of schools was unconstitutional , African Americans were still trying to get St. Augustine to integrate the public schools in the city . They were also trying to integrate public accommodations , such as lunch counters , and were met with arrests and Ku Klux Klan violence . Local college students held non-violent protests throughout the city , including sit - ins at the local Woolworth 's , picket lines , and marches through the downtown . These protests were often met with police violence . Homes of African Americans were firebombed , black leaders were assaulted and threatened with death , and others were fired from their jobs . In the spring of 1964 , St. Augustine civil rights leader Robert Hayling asked the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) and its leader Martin Luther King , Jr. for assistance . From May until July 1964 , King and Hayling , along with Andrew Young , organized marches , sit - ins , and other forms of peaceful protest in St. Augustine . Hundreds of black and white civil rights supporters were arrested , and the jails were filled to capacity . At the request of Hayling and King , white civil rights supporters from the North , including students , clergy , and well - known public figures , came to St. Augustine and were arrested together with Southern activists . St. Augustine was the only place in Florida where King was arrested ; his arrest there occurred on June 11 , 1964 , on the steps of the Monson Motor Lodge 's restaurant . The demonstrations came to a climax when a group of black and white protesters jumped into the hotel 's segregated swimming pool . In response to the protest , James Brock , the manager of the hotel and the president of the Florida Hotel & Motel Association , poured what he claimed to be muriatic acid into the pool to burn the protesters . Photographs of this , and of a policeman jumping into the pool to arrest the protesters , were broadcast around the world . The Ku Klux Klan responded to these protests with violent attacks that were widely reported in national and international media . Popular revulsion against the Klan and police violence in St. Augustine generated national sympathy for the black protesters and became a key factor in Congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , leading eventually to passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , both of which provided federal enforcement of constitutional rights . Modern St. Augustine ( edit ) In 1965 , St. Augustine celebrated the 400th anniversary of its founding , and jointly with the State of Florida , inaugurated a program to restore part of the colonial city . The Historic St. Augustine Preservation Board was formed to reconstruct more than thirty - six buildings to their historical appearance , which was completed within a few years . When the State of Florida abolished the Board in 1997 , the City of St. Augustine assumed control of the reconstructed buildings , as well as other historic properties including the Government House . In 2010 , the city transferred control of the historic buildings to the University of Florida . In 2015 , St. Augustine celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding with four - day long festival and a visit from Felipe VI of Spain and Queen Letizia of Spain . On October 7 , 2016 Hurricane Matthew caused widespread flooding in downtown St. Augustine . Geography and climate ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) View of St. Augustine from the top of the lighthouse on Anastasia Island St. Augustine is located at 29 ° 53 ′ 41 '' N 81 ° 18 ′ 52 '' W / 29.89472 ° N 81.31444 ° W / 29.89472 ; - 81.31444 ( 29.8946910 , − 81.3145170 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 10.7 square miles ( 27.8 km ) , 8.4 square miles ( 21.7 km ) of which is land and 2.4 square miles ( 6.1 km ) ( 21.99 % ) is water . Access to the Atlantic Ocean is via the St. Augustine Inlet of the Matanzas River . St. Augustine has a humid subtropical climate or Cfa -- typical of the Gulf and South Atlantic states . The low latitude and coastal location give the city a mostly warm and sunny climate . Like much of Florida , St. Augustine enjoys a high number of sunny days , averaging 2,900 hours annually . Unlike much of the contiguous United States , St. Augustine 's driest time of year is winter . The hot and wet season extends from May through October , while the cool and dry season extends November through April . In the hot season , average daytime highs are in the upper 80s to low 90s ° F ( 26 ° to 33 ° C ) and average night - time lows are in the low 70s ° F ( 21 ° C ) . The Bermuda High pumps in hot and unstable tropical air from the Bahamas and Gulf of Mexico , which help create the daily thundershowers that are typical in summer months . Intense but very brief downpours are common in mid-summer in the city . Fall and spring are warm and sunny with highs in the 75 to 80 F ( 21 to 24 ° C ) range and overnight lows in the 50s to low 60s ( 10 to 17 ° C ) . In the dry winter season , St. Augustine has generally mild and sunny weather typical of the Florida peninsula . The coolest months are from December through February , with average daytime highs that range from 65 to 70 ° F ( 18 to 21 ° C ) and nighttime lows in the 46 - 49 F ( 8 to 10 ° C ) range . From November through April , St. Augustine often has long periods of rainless weather . Early spring ( April ) can see near drought conditions with brush fires and water restrictions in place . St. Augustine averages six frosts per year . Hurricanes occasionally impact the region ; however , like most areas prone to such storms , St. Augustine rarely suffers a direct hit by a major hurricane . The last direct hit by a major hurricane to the city was Hurricane Dora in 1964 . Extensive flooding occurred in the downtown area of St. Augustine when Hurricane Matthew passed east of the city in October 2016 . ( hide ) Climate data for St. Augustine Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 87 ( 31 ) 90 ( 32 ) 94 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 99 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 103 ( 39 ) 102 ( 39 ) 100 ( 38 ) 98 ( 37 ) 92 ( 33 ) 89 ( 32 ) 104 ( 40 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 66 ( 19 ) 69 ( 21 ) 73 ( 23 ) 78 ( 26 ) 84 ( 29 ) 88 ( 31 ) 90 ( 32 ) 89 ( 32 ) 86 ( 30 ) 81 ( 27 ) 74 ( 23 ) 68 ( 20 ) 79 ( 26 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 46 ( 8 ) 49 ( 9 ) 53 ( 12 ) 58 ( 14 ) 65 ( 18 ) 71 ( 22 ) 72 ( 22 ) 73 ( 23 ) 71 ( 22 ) 65 ( 18 ) 56 ( 13 ) 49 ( 9 ) 61 ( 16 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 10 ( − 12 ) 18 ( − 8 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 33 ( 1 ) 41 ( 5 ) 52 ( 11 ) 58 ( 14 ) 59 ( 15 ) 51 ( 11 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 16 ( − 9 ) 10 ( − 12 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.7 ( 69 ) 3.1 ( 79 ) 3.9 ( 99 ) 2.6 ( 66 ) 3.1 ( 79 ) 5.6 ( 142 ) 5.7 ( 145 ) 6.5 ( 165 ) 7.5 ( 191 ) 4.6 ( 117 ) 2.3 ( 58 ) 2.4 ( 61 ) 49.49 ( 1,257 ) Source : Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1830 1,708 -- 1840 2,450 43.4 % 1850 1,934 − 21.1 % 1860 1,914 − 1.0 % 1870 1,717 − 10.3 % 1880 2,293 33.5 % 1890 4,742 106.8 % 1900 4,272 − 9.9 % 1910 5,494 28.6 % 1920 6,192 12.7 % 1930 12,111 95.6 % 1940 12,090 − 0.2 % 1950 13,555 12.1 % 1960 14,734 8.7 % 1970 12,352 − 16.2 % 1980 11,985 − 3.0 % 11,692 − 2.4 % 2000 11,592 − 0.9 % 12,975 11.9 % Est. 2016 14,280 10.1 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the 2010 United States Census , there were 12,975 people , 5,743 households , and 2,679 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,376.2 people per square mile ( 531 / km2 ) . There were 6,978 housing units at an average density of 549.4 per square mile ( 211.4 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 84.2 % Caucasian , 11.6 % African American , 0.4 % Native American , 1.2 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 0.8 % from other races , and 1.6 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.1 % of the population . There were 5,743 households out of which 14.6 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 31.7 % were married couples living together , 10.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 53.4 % were non-families. 37.8 % of all households were made up of individuals and 14.4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.03 and the average family size was 2.67 . In the city , the population was spread out with 13.1 % under the age of 18 , 15.3 % from 18 to 24 , 23.9 % from 25 to 44 , 25.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 19 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 42.6 years . For every 100 females there were 88.1 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 85.8 males . The median income for a household in the city was $36,424 , and the median income for a family was $56,055 . Males had a median income of $32,409 versus $30,188 for females . The per capita income for the city was $23,485 . About 7.6 % of families and 21.1 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.8 % of those under age 18 and 24.4 % of those age 65 or over . Transportation ( edit ) Highways ( edit ) Major roadways , St. Augustine and vicinity Interstate 95 runs north -- south . U.S. Route 1 runs north -- south . State Road A1A runs north -- south . State Road 16 runs east -- west State Road 207 runs northeast -- southwest State Road 312 runs east -- west Buses ( edit ) Bus service is operated by the Sunshine Bus Company . Buses operate mainly between shopping centers across town , but a few go to Hastings and Jacksonville , where one can connect to JTA for additional service across Jacksonville . Airport ( edit ) Main article : Northeast Florida Regional Airport St. Augustine has one public airport 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) north of the downtown . It has three runways and two seaplane lanes . Frontier Airlines provides seasonal service from the airport to Philadelphia and ViaAir provides seasonal service to Charlotte . Various private jets and tour helicopters also operate from the airport . Northrop Grumman runs a large manufacturing plant on the grounds , where the E-2 Hawkeye is produced . Points of interest ( edit ) First and second Spanish eras ( edit ) Avero House Castillo de San Marcos National Monument Fort Matanzas National Monument Fort Mose Historic State Park Nombre de Dios Gonzalez - Alvarez House Fountain of Youth Archaeological Park The Spanish Military Hospital Museum St. Francis Barracks Colonial Quarter Ximenez - Fatio House González - Jones House Llambias House Oldest Wooden Schoolhouse Tolomato Cemetery and Huguenot Cemetery British era ( edit ) The King 's Bakery Pre-Flagler era ( edit ) St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum Markland Mansion Flagler Era ( edit ) Ponce de Leon Hotel Casa Monica Hotel Hotel Alcazar Zorayda Castle Bridge of Lions Old St. Johns County Jail Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! Museum located in 1887 mansion of William Worden . St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park Historic churches ( edit ) Grace United Methodist Church Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine Memorial Presbyterian Church Trinity Church of St. Augustine Lincolnville National Historic District -- Civil Rights era ( edit ) St. Benedict the Moor School Other points of interest ( edit ) Anastasia State Park Florida School for the Deaf and Blind St. Augustine Amphitheatre St. Augustine Pirate & Treasure Museum World Golf Hall of Fame See also : List of St. Augustine parks Sister cities ( edit ) See also : List of sister cities in Florida Avilés , Asturias , Spain Laayoune , Western Sahara Cartagena , Colombia Menorca , Balearic Islands , Spain Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Education ( edit ) Ray Charles Center and the Theodore Johnson Center , at the Florida School for the Deaf and Blind . Primary and secondary education in St. Augustine is overseen by the St. Johns County School District . There are no county high schools located within St. Augustine 's current city limits , but St. Augustine High School , Pedro Menendez High School , and St. Johns Technical High School are located in the vicinity . The Florida School for the Deaf and Blind , a state - operated boarding school for deaf and blind students , was founded in the city in 1885 . The Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine operates the St. Joseph Academy , Florida 's oldest Catholic high school , to the west of the city . There are several institutions of higher education in and around St. Augustine . Flagler College is a four - year liberal arts college founded in 1968 . It is located in the former Ponce de Leon Hotel in downtown St. Augustine . St. Johns River State College , a state college in the Florida College System , has its St. Augustine campus just west of the city . Also in the area are the University of North Florida , Jacksonville University , and Florida State College at Jacksonville in Jacksonville . The institution now known as Florida Memorial University was located in St. Augustine from 1918 to 1968 , when it relocated to its present campus in Miami . Originally known as Florida Baptist Academy , then Florida Normal , and then Florida Memorial College , it was a historically black institution and had a wide impact on St. Augustine while it was located there . During World War II it was chosen as the site for training the first blacks in the U.S. Signal Corps . Among its faculty members was Zora Neale Hurston ; a historic marker is placed at the house where she lived while teaching at Florida Memorial ( and where she wrote her autobiography Dust Tracks on a Road . ) Notable people ( edit ) United States Senator David Levy Yulee Author Zora Neale Hurston Jim Albrecht , poker tournament director and commentator Andrew Anderson , physician , St. Augustine mayor John Alexander Armstrong , political theorist and scholar Murray Armstrong , hockey coach Pete Banaszak , professional football player Frances Bemis , public relations specialist Jorge Biassou , Haitian revolutionary and first black American general Richard Boone , actor James Branch Cabell , novelist Doug Carn , jazz musician Cris Carpenter , Major League baseball player Ray Charles , pianist , singer , composer George J.F. Clarke , Surveyor General of Spanish East Florida Earl Cunningham , artist Alexander Darnes , born a slave , became a celebrated physician Edmund Jackson Davis , governor of Texas Frederick Delius , composer Henry Flagler , industrialist Willie Galimore , football player Michael Gannon , historian Laura Jane Grace , singer William H. Gray , U.S. congressman and president of the United Negro College Fund Robert Hayling , civil rights leader Hurley Haywood endurance race car driver Martin Johnson Heade , artist Louise Homer , opera singer Sidney Homer , composer Jack D. Hunter , novelist , author of The Blue Max Zora Neale Hurston , novelist and folklorist Lindy Infante , professional football coach Willie Irvin , professional football player Brandon James , professional football player Stetson Kennedy , author and human rights activist Jack Temple Kirby , historian LaChanze , Tony Award & Emmy Award winning actor , singer , and dancer Scott Lagasse Jr. , race car driver Charlie LaPradd , college football player , college president Jacob Lawrence , artist Sinclair Lewis , novelist John C. Lilly , neuroscientist , developer of the isolation tank William W. Loring , Confederate general Mary MacLane , author Albert Manucy , historian , author , Fulbright Scholar George McGovern , U.S. Senator , presidential candidate Howell W. Melton , United States district judge Howell W. Melton Jr. , attorney , law firm managing partner Johnny Mize , Hall of Fame baseball player Prince Achille Murat , nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte David Nolan , author and historian Ashley Ann Olsen , murder victim Osceola , Seminole War leader ( held prisoner at Fort Marion , now Castillo de San Marcos ) Tom Petty , rock musician Scott Player , professional football punter Verle A. Pope , state legislator Richard Henry Pratt , soldier and educator Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings , novelist Marcus Roberts , musician Gamble Rogers , folksinger John M. Schofield , Union general Steven L. Sears , television writer - producer Sheamus , Irish professional wrestler Edmund Kirby Smith , Confederate general Steve Spurrier , college / pro ( American ) football coach Peter Taylor , novelist Travis Tomko , professional wrestler The Wobbly Toms , music group Felix Varela , Cuban national hero Augustin Verot , first Bishop of St. Augustine Patty Wagstaff , aerobatic pilot DeWitt Webb , physician , St. Augustine mayor , state representative David Levy Yulee , first Jewish U.S. Senator , Levy County and Yulee , Florida namesake Gallery ( edit ) Bell tower on northeast bastion of the Castillo de San Marcos North bastions and wall of the Castillo , looking eastward toward Anastasia Island Seawall south of the Castillo The city gates of St. Augustine , built in 1808 , part of the much older Cubo Line The Government House . East wing of the building dates to the 18th - century structure built on original site of colonial governors ' residence . Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Augustine Shrine of Our Lady of La Leche at Mission Nombre de Dios Statue of Ponce de León Memorial Presbyterian Church The former Hotel Alcazar now houses the Lightner Museum and City Hall Flagler College , formerly the Ponce de Leon Hotel Bridge of Lions , looking eastward to Anastasia Island Tolomato Cemetery See also ( edit ) New Spain portal Florida portal Jacksonville portal Gálveztown ( brig sloop ) -- ship which played a role in the Gulf Coast campaign of the American Revolutionary War under Bernardo de Gálvez , and its replica built recently in Spain anticipating the 450th anniversary of St. Augustine 's founding ( 1565 -- 2015 ) . St. Augustine movement References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` GNIS Detail -- Saint Augustine '' . Geographic Names Information System . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` State & County QuickFacts '' . Census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . April 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Florida : St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Urbanized Area Population Estimates '' ( PDF ) . DOT.State.Fl.US . Florida Department of Transportation . April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hennesey , James J. ( 10 December 1981 ) . American Catholics : A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States : A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 802036 - 3 . Jump up ^ John T. McGrath ( 2000 ) . The French in Early Florida : In the Eye of the Hurricane . University Press of Florida . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1784 - 6 . Jump up ^ Eugene Lyon ( May 1983 ) . The Enterprise of Florida : Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and the Spanish Conquest of 1565 - 1568 . University Press of Florida . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 0777 - 9 . Jump up ^ Eugene Lyon ( May 1983 ) . The Enterprise of Florida : Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and the Spanish Conquest of 1565 - 1568 . University Press of Florida . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 0777 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pickett , Margaret F. ; Pickett , Dwayne W. ( 8 February 2011 ) . The European Struggle to Settle North America : Colonizing Attempts by England , France and Spain , 1521 -- 1608 . McFarland . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6221 - 6 ... Laudonnière decided to call it the River of Dolphins ( today known as the Matanzas River , near St. Augustine ) . Jump up ^ John W. Griffin ; Patricia C. Griffin ( 1996 ) . Fifty Years of Southeastern Archaeology : Selected Works of John W. Griffin . University Press of Florida . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1420 - 3 . Jump up ^ John William Reps ( 1965 ) . The Making of Urban America : A History of City Planning in the United States . Princeton University Press . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00618 - 0 . Jump up ^ Charlton W. Tebeau ( 1 January 1971 ) . A History of Florida . University of Miami Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87024 - 149 - 9 . Jump up ^ David J. Weber ( 1992 ) . The Spanish Frontier in North America . Yale University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05917 - 5 . Jump up ^ Albert C. Manucy ( 1983 ) . Menéndez : Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , Captain General of the Ocean Sea . Pineapple Press . p. 95 . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker ( 21 November 2012 ) . 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South Carolina : A History . Univ of South Carolina Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 255 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jon Latimer ( 1 June 2009 ) . Buccaneers of the Caribbean : How Piracy Forged an Empire . Harvard University Press . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03403 - 7 . Jump up ^ James W. Raab ( 5 November 2007 ) . Spain , Britain and the American Revolution in Florida , 1763 - 1783 . McFarland . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3213 - 4 . Jump up ^ Walter B. Edgar ( 1998 ) . South Carolina : A History . Univ of South Carolina Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 255 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rodney E. Baine ( 2000 ) . `` General James Oglethorpe and the Expedition Against St. Augustine '' . The Georgia Historical Quarterly . Georgia Historical Society . 84 ( 2 Summer ) : 198 . JSTOR 40584271 . Jump up ^ Patricia C. Griffin ( 1991 ) . Mullet on the Beach : The Minorcans of Florida , 1768 - 1788 . St. Augustine Historical Society . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1074 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jane G. Landers ( 2000 ) . Colonial Plantations and Economy in Florida . University Press of Florida . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1772 - 3 . Jump up ^ Patricia C. Griffin ( 1991 ) . Mullet on the Beach : The Menorcans of Florida , 1768 - 1788 . St. Augustine Historical Society . pp. 14 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1074 - 8 . Jump up ^ Writers ' Program ( Fla . ) ( 1940 ) . Seeing Fernandina : A Guide to the City and Its Industries . Fernandina News Publishing Company . p. 23 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ James A. Crutchfield ; Candy Moutlon ; Terry Del Bene ( 26 March 2015 ) . The Settlement of America : An Encyclopedia of Westward Expansion from Jamestown to the Closing of the Frontier . Routledge . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 45461 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stephen W. Stathis ( 2 January 2014 ) . Landmark Legislation 1774 - 2012 : Major U.S. Acts and Treaties . SAGE Publications . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 9229 - 8 . Jump up ^ Barbara E. Mattick ( 2003 ) . `` The Catholic Nuns of St. Augustine ( 1859 -- 1869 ) '' . In Bruce Clayton , John A. Salmond . Lives Full of Struggle and Triumph : Southern Women , Their Institutions , and Their Communities . University Press of Florida . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3117 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Paul Taylor ( 2001 ) . Discovering the Civil War in Florida : A Reader and Guide . Pineapple Press Inc. p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56164 - 235 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sidney Walter Martin ( 1 February 2010 ) . Florida 's Flagler . University of Georgia Press . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 3488 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jim Cox ( 24 February 2016 ) . Rails Across Dixie : A History of Passenger Trains in the American South . McFarland . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6175 - 2 . Jump up ^ Walter W. Manley ; E. Canter Brown ; Eric W. Rise ; Florida Supreme Court Historical Society ( 1997 ) . The Supreme Court of Florida and Its Predecessor Courts , 1821 - 1917 . University Press of Florida . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1540 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sidney Walter Martin ( 1 February 2010 ) . Florida 's Flagler . University of Georgia Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 3488 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tourism USA : Guidelines for Tourism Development : Appraising Tourism Potential , Planning for Tourism , Assessing Product and Market , Marketing Tourism , Visitor Services , Sources of Assistance . The University of Missouri . 1991 . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Charles S. Bullock III ; Mark J. Rozell ( 15 March 2012 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Southern Politics . Oxford University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538194 - 8 . Jump up ^ The Crisis Publishing Company , Inc. ( 1963 ) . The Crisis . The Crisis Publishing Company , Inc. p. 412 . ISSN 0011 - 1422 . Jump up ^ Ron Ramdin ( 2004 ) . Martin Luther King , Jr . Haus Publishing . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904341 - 82 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thomas F. Jackson ( 17 July 2013 ) . From Civil Rights to Human Rights : Martin Luther King , Jr. , and the Struggle for Economic Justice . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 190 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 0000 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` FBI Report of 1964 - 02 - 08 '' . OCLC . Federal Bureau of Investigation . p. 3 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . ( redacted ) St. Augustine , Florida , advised that what appeared to be a Molotov cocktail was thrown at the back of his house at the above address causing a serious fire . Jump up ^ John Kirk ( 6 June 2014 ) . Martin Luther King Jr . Routledge . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 87650 - 2 . Jump up ^ Clive Webb ( 15 August 2011 ) . Rabble Rousers : The American Far Right in the Civil Rights Era . University of Georgia Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 4229 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dorothy M. Singleton ( 18 March 2014 ) . Unsung Heroes of the Civil Rights Movement and Thereafter : Profiles of Lessons Learned . UPA . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 6319 - 9 . Jump up ^ Larry Goodwyn ( January 1965 ) . `` Anarchy in St. Augustine '' . Harpers.org . Harper 's Magazine . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Sheriff Davis was beginning to use harsh treatment against demonstrators who were in jail . He would herd both men and women into a barbed - wire pen in the yard in a 99 - degree sun ; he kept them there all day . Water was insufficient and there was no latrine . At night the prisoners were crowded in small cells without room to lie down . Jump up ^ Albert Vorspan ; David Saperstein ( 1998 ) . Jewish Dimensions of Social Justice : Tough Moral Choices of Our Time . UAHC Press . pp. 204 -- 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8074 - 0650 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stephen Haynes ( 8 November 2012 ) . The Last Segregated Hour : The Memphis Kneel - Ins and the Campaign for Southern Church Desegregation . Oxford University Press . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539505 - 1 . Jump up ^ Taylor Branch ( 16 April 2007 ) . Pillar of Fire : America in the King Years 1963 -- 65 . Simon and Schuster . p. 606 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 5870 - 5 . Jump up ^ Nancy C. Curtis ( 1 August 1998 ) . Black Heritage Sites : The South . The New Press . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 433 - 9 . Jump up ^ Merline Pitre ; Bruce A. Glasrud ( 20 March 2013 ) . Southern Black Women in the Modern Civil Rights Movement . Texas A&M University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 999 - 1 . Jump up ^ David Goldfield ( 7 December 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of American Urban History . SAGE Publications . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6553 - 7 . Jump up ^ History News . 20 - 21 . American Association for State and Local History . 1965 . p. 208 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Sheldon ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` King and queen of Spain to visit St. Augustine in September '' . The St. Augustine Record . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jake ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew : Surveying damage in St. Augustine the morning after '' . The St. Augustine Record . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Braun , Michael ( 8 October 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew floods St. Augustine beach areas '' . ( Fort Myers ) News - Press . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Weather Service Climate '' . Nws.noaa.gov. 2006 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SGJ -- Northeast Florida Regional Airport -- SkyVector '' . skyvector.com . Jump up ^ Troy Blevins ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Frontier Airlines begins new non-stop service in St. Augustine : Carrier to begin non-stop flights to Chicago - O'Hare , Philadelphia '' . News4jax.com . Graham Media Group . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind '' . Jump up ^ `` School is Tradition '' . The Florida Times - Union / Shorelines . February 13 , 2003 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Sarah W. ( 2009 ) . Insiders ' Guide to Jacksonville , 3rd Edition . Globe Pequot . p. 184 . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 5032 - 4 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Sarah W. ( 2009 ) . Insiders ' Guide to Jacksonville , 3rd Edition . Globe Pequot . pp. 184 -- 187 . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 5032 - 4 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Margaretta Jolly ( 4 December 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Life Writing : Autobiographical and Biographical Forms . Routledge . p. 450 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 78744 - 7 . Jump up ^ Robert Wayne Croft ( 1 January 2002 ) . A Zora Neale Hurston Companion . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30707 - 2 . Jump up ^ Harold Bloom ( 1 January 2009 ) . Zora Neale Hurston . Infobase Publishing . pp. 38 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1553 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://staugustine.com/news-local-news-sports-national-sports-local-sports/2017-02-05/it-s-heaven-banaszak-s-best-memories Jump up ^ Seraphin , Charlie ( 5 December 2014 ) . `` People : Hurley Haywood '' . Old City Life . Jump up ^ James D. Kornwolf ( 2002 ) . Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5986 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about St. Augustine , Florida Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Abbad y Lasierra , Iñigo , `` Relación del descubrimiento , conquista y población de las provincias y costas de la Florida '' -- `` Relación de La Florida '' ( 1785 ) ; edición de Juan José Nieto Callén y José María Sánchez Molledo . Colburn , David , Racial Change and Community Crisis : St. Augustine , Florida , 1877 -- 1980 ( 1985 ) , New York : Columbia University Press . Corbett , Theodore G. `` Migration to a Spanish imperial frontier in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries : St. Augustine . '' Hispanic American Historical Review ( 1974 ) : 414 - 430 in JSTOR Deagan , Kathleen , Fort Mose : Colonial America 's Black Fortress of Freedom ( 1995 ) , Gainesville : University Press of Florida . Fairbanks , George R. ( George Rainsford ) , History and antiquities of St. Augustine , Florida ( 1881 ) , Jacksonville , Florida , H. Drew . Gannon , Michael V. , The Cross in the Sand : The Early Catholic Church in Florida 1513 -- 1870 ( 1965 ) , Gainesville : University Presses of Florida . Goldstein , Holly Markovitz , `` St. Augustine 's `` Slave Market '' : A Visual History , '' Southern Spaces , 28 September 2012 . Gordon , Elsbeth , Florida 's Colonial Architectural Heritage , University Press of Florida , 2002 ; Heart and Soul of Florida : Sacred Sites and Historic Architecture , University Press of Florida , 2013 Graham , Thomas , The Awakening of St. Augustine , ( 1978 ) , St. Augustine Historical Society Hanna , A.J. , A Prince in Their Midst , ( 1946 ) , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . Harvey , Karen , America 's First City , ( 1992 ) , Lake Buena Vista , Florida : Tailored Tours Publications . Harvey , Karen , St. Augustine Enters the Twenty - first Century , ( 2010 ) , Virginia Beach , VA : The Donning Company . Landers , Jane , Black Society in Spanish Florida ( 1999 ) , Urbana and Chicago : University of Illinois Press . Lardner , Ring , Gullible 's Travels , ( 1925 ) , New York : Scribner 's . Lyon , Eugene , The Enterprise of Florida , ( 1976 ) , Gainesville : University Press of Florida . Manucy , Albert , Menendez , ( 1983 ) , St. Augustine Historical Society . Marley , David F. ( 2005 ) , `` United States : St. Augustine '' , Historic Cities of the Americas , 2 , Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , p. 627 + , ISBN 1 - 57607 - 027 - 1 McCarthy , Kevin ( editor ) , The Book Lover 's Guide to Florida , ( 1992 ) , Sarasota , Florida : Pineapple Press . Nolan , David , Fifty Feet in Paradise : The Booming of Florida , ( 1984 ) , New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . Nolan , David , The Houses of St. Augustine , ( 1995 ) , Sarasota , Florida : Pineapple Press . Porter , Kenneth W. , The Black Seminoles : History of a Freedom - Seeking People , ( 1996 ) , Gainesville : University Press of Florida . Reynolds , Charles B. ( Charles Bingham ) , Old Saint Augustine , a story of three centuries , ( 1893 ) , St. Augustine , Florida E.H. Reynolds . Torchia , Robert W. , Lost Colony : The Artists of St. Augustine , 1930 -- 1950 , ( 2001 ) , St. Augustine : The Lightner Museum . Turner , Glennette Tilley , Fort Mose , ( 2010 ) , New York : Abrams Books . United States Commission on Civil Rights , 1965 . Law Enforcement : A Report on Equal Protection in the South . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . Warren , Dan R. , If It Takes All Summer : Martin Luther King , the KKK , and States ' Rights in St. Augustine , 1964 , ( 2008 ) , Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . Waterbury , Jean Parker ( editor ) , The Oldest City , ( 1983 ) , St. Augustine Historical Society . Images ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Augustine , Florida . Freedom Trail information about the civil rights movement in St. Augustine and the Freedom Trail that marks its sites . St. Augustine Pics Daily pictures of St. Augustine , Florida . Twine Collection Over 100 images of the St. Augustine community of Lincolnville between 1922 and 1927 . From the State Library & Archives of Florida . Unearthing St. Augustine 's Colonial Heritage Over 25,000 images of maps , drawings , photographs and documents related to colonial St. Augustine ( with funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities ) . From the University of Florida , the St. Augustine City Archaeology Program , the St. Augustine Historical Society , the Government House Research Library , and UF Historic St. Augustine , Inc . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSt . Augustine , Floridaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government resources City of St. Augustine Official Website St. Augustine Port , Waterway and Beach District Local news media The St. Augustine Record / staugustine.com , the city 's daily print and online newspaper Historic City News , daily online news journal Historical Castillo de San Marcos official website , U.S. National Park Service St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program ( LAMP ) , maritime archaeology in St. Augustine History page ( augustine.com ) `` St. Augustine Movement '' in online King Encyclopedia ( Stanford University ) `` St. Augustine Movement 1963 -- 1964 '' , Civil Rights Movement Veterans website Higher education Flagler College St. Johns River Community College University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences Municipalities and communities of St. Johns County , Florida , United States County seat : St. Augustine Cities St. Augustine St. Augustine Beach Towns Hastings Marineland ‡ CDPs Butler Beach Crescent Beach Flagler Estates ‡ Fruit Cove Nocatee Palm Valley Sawgrass St. Augustine Shores St. Augustine South Vilano Beach Unincorporated communities Armstrong Elkton Julington Creek Plantation Ponte Vedra Ponte Vedra Beach St. Johns Spuds Switzerland Vermont Heights Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Jacksonville metropolitan area Central city Jacksonville Municipalities over 10,000 population ( in 2000 ) Jacksonville Beach ( Duval ) Atlantic Beach ( Duval ) Fernandina Beach ( Nassau ) St. Augustine ( St. Johns ) Municipalities 1,000 - 10,000 population ( in 2000 ) Baldwin ( Duval ) Neptune Beach ( Duval ) Green Cove Springs ( Clay ) Keystone Heights ( Clay ) Orange Park ( Clay ) Penney Farms ( Clay ) Callahan ( Nassau ) Hilliard ( Nassau ) Macclenny ( Baker ) Glen St. Mary ( Baker ) St. Augustine Beach ( St. Johns ) Hastings ( St. Johns ) Marineland ( St. Johns ) Crescent Beach ( St. Johns ) Counties Duval Clay St. Johns Nassau Baker State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Climate Delegations Environment Geography Geology Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV State parks Tourist attractions Transportation Society Floridians Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Naples -- Marco Island North Port -- Bradenton -- Sarasota Ocala Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford Palm Bay -- Melbourne -- Titusville West Palm Beach - 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1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Augustine,_Florida&oldid=800144881 '' Categories : St. Augustine , Florida 1565 establishments in New Spain Cities in Florida Cities in Jacksonville metropolitan area Cities in St. Johns County , Florida County seats in Florida Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States Populated coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean Populated places established in 1565 Spanish Florida Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Articles containing Spanish - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 19 : 16 . 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"St. Augustine (Spanish: San Agustín) is a city in the Southeastern United States, on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. It is the oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement within the borders of the continental United States.[7]"
] | [
"Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida"
] |
8938393386543160265 | List of Sex and the City episodes | List of Sex and the City episodes - wikipedia List of Sex and the City episodes The following is a list of episodes from the American television series Sex and the City . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 1998 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 1999 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2000 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2001 -- 02 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2002 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2003 -- 04 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 June 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 06 ) August 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 23 ) 18 June 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 06 ) October 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 03 ) 18 June 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 04 ) October 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 15 ) 18 June 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 03 ) February 10 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 10 ) 5 8 July 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 21 ) September 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) 6 20 12 June 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 22 ) September 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 14 ) 8 January 4 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) February 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 22 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1998 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 1 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code `` Sex and the City '' Susan Seidelman Darren Star June 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 06 ) 101 `` Models and Mortals '' Alison Maclean Darren Star June 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 14 ) 102 `` Bay of Married Pigs '' Nicole Holofcener Michael Patrick King June 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 21 ) 103 `` Valley of the Twenty - Something Guys '' Alison Maclean Michael Patrick King June 28 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 28 ) 104 5 5 `` The Power of Female Sex '' Susan Seidelman Story by : Jenji Kohan Teleplay by : Darren Star July 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 07 - 05 ) 105 6 6 `` Secret Sex '' Michael Fields Darren Star July 12 , 1998 ( 1998 - 07 - 12 ) 106 7 7 `` The Monogamists '' Darren Star Darren Star July 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 07 - 19 ) 107 8 8 `` Three 's a Crowd '' Nicole Holofcener Jenny Bicks July 26 , 1998 ( 1998 - 07 - 26 ) 108 9 9 `` The Turtle and the Hare '' Michael Fields Susan Kolinsky August 2 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 02 ) 109 10 10 `` The Baby Shower '' Susan Seidelman Terri Minsky August 9 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 09 ) 110 11 11 `` The Drought '' Matthew Harrison Michael Green & Michael Patrick King August 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 16 ) 111 12 12 `` Oh Come All Ye Faithful '' Matthew Harrison Michael Patrick King August 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 23 ) 112 Season 2 ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 2 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 13 `` Take Me Out to the Ballgame '' Allen Coulter Michael Patrick King June 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 06 ) 201 14 `` The Awful Truth '' Allen Coulter Darren Star June 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 13 ) 202 15 `` The Freak Show '' Allen Coulter Jenny Bicks June 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 20 ) 203 16 `` They Shoot Single People , Do n't They ? '' John David Coles Michael Patrick King June 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 27 ) 204 17 5 `` Four Women and a Funeral '' Allen Coulter Jenny Bicks July 4 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 04 ) 205 18 6 `` The Cheating Curve '' John David Coles Darren Star July 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 11 ) 206 19 7 `` The Chicken Dance '' Victoria Hochberg Cindy Chupack July 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 18 ) 207 20 8 `` The Man , The Myth , The Viagra '' Victoria Hochberg Michael Patrick King July 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 25 ) 208 21 9 `` Old Dogs , New Dicks '' `` Old Dogs , New Tricks '' Alan Taylor Jenny Bicks August 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 01 ) 209 22 10 `` The Caste System '' Allison Anders Darren Star August 8 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 08 ) 210 23 11 `` Evolution '' Pam Thomas Cindy Chupack August 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 15 ) 211 24 12 `` La Douleur Exquise ! '' Allison Anders Ollie Levy & Michael Patrick King August 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 22 ) 212 25 13 `` Games People Play '' Michael Spiller Jenny Bicks August 29 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 29 ) 213 26 14 `` The Fuck Buddy '' `` The Sex Buddy '' Alan Taylor Darren Star September 5 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 05 ) 214 27 15 `` Shortcomings '' Dan Algrant Terri Minsky September 12 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 12 ) 215 28 16 `` Was It Good For You ? '' Dan Algrant Michael Patrick King September 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 19 ) 216 29 17 `` Twenty - Something Girls vs. Thirty - Something Women '' Darren Star Darren Star September 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 26 ) 217 30 18 `` Ex and the City '' Michael Patrick King Michael Patrick King October 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 03 ) 218 Season 3 ( 2000 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 3 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` Where There 's Smoke ... '' Michael Patrick King Michael Patrick King June 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 04 ) 301 TBA 32 `` Politically Erect '' Michael Patrick King Darren Star June 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 11 ) 302 3.60 33 `` Attack of the 5'10 '' Woman '' Pam Thomas Cindy Chupack June 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 18 ) 303 3.98 34 `` Boy , Girl , Boy , Girl ... '' Pam Thomas Jenny Bicks June 25 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 25 ) 304 3.69 35 5 `` No Ifs , Ands , or Butts '' Nicole Holofcener Michael Patrick King July 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 09 ) 305 3.97 36 6 `` Are We Sluts ? '' Allison Anders Cindy Chupack July 16 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 16 ) 306 TBA 37 7 `` Drama Queens '' Allison Anders Darren Star July 23 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 23 ) 307 4.56 38 8 `` The Big Time '' Allison Anders Jenny Bicks July 30 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 30 ) 308 3.93 39 9 `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' Charles McDougall Michael Patrick King August 6 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 06 ) 309 3.50 40 10 `` All or Nothing '' Charles McDougall Jenny Bicks August 13 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 13 ) 310 4.42 41 11 `` Running With Scissors '' Dennis Erdman Michael Patrick King August 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 20 ) 311 4.64 42 12 `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' Dan Algrant Cindy Chupack August 27 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 27 ) 312 4.16 43 13 `` Escape from New York '' John David Coles Becky Hartman Edwards & Michael Patrick King September 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 10 ) 313 4.20 44 14 `` Sex and Another City '' John David Coles Jenny Bicks September 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 17 ) 314 4.76 45 15 `` Hot Child in the City '' Michael Spiller Allan Heinberg September 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 24 ) 315 4.94 46 16 `` Frenemies '' Michael Spiller Jenny Bicks October 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 01 ) 316 5.35 47 17 `` What Goes Around Comes Around '' Allen Coulter Darren Star October 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 08 ) 317 TBA 48 18 `` Cock a Doodle Do ! '' Allen Coulter Michael Patrick King October 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 15 ) 318 4.71 Season 4 ( 2001 -- 02 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 4 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` The Agony and the ' Ex ' - tacy '' Michael Patrick King Michael Patrick King June 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 03 ) 401 6.49 50 `` The Real Me '' Michael Patrick King Michael Patrick King June 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 03 ) 402 5.93 51 `` Defining Moments '' Allen Coulter Jenny Bicks June 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 10 ) 403 5.48 52 `` What 's Sex Got to Do with It ? '' Allen Coulter Nicole Avril June 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 17 ) 404 5.13 53 5 `` Ghost Town '' Michael Spiller Allan Heinberg June 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 24 ) 405 5.84 54 6 `` Baby , Talk Is Cheap '' Michael Spiller Cindy Chupack July 1 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 01 ) 406 5.47 55 7 `` Time and Punishment '' Michael Engler Jessica Bendinger July 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 08 ) 407 5.59 56 8 `` My Motherboard , My Self '' Michael Engler Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky July 15 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 15 ) 408 5.37 57 9 `` Sex and the Country '' Michael Spiller Allan Heinberg July 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 22 ) 409 5.80 58 10 `` Belles of the Balls '' Michael Spiller Michael Patrick King July 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 29 ) 410 5.98 59 11 `` Coulda , Woulda , Shoulda '' David Frankel Jenny Bicks August 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 05 ) 411 5.87 60 12 `` Just Say Yes '' David Frankel Cindy Chupack August 12 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 12 ) 412 6.64 61 13 `` The Good Fight '' Charles McDougall Michael Patrick King January 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 06 ) 413 7.30 62 14 `` All That Glitters '' Charles McDougall Cindy Chupack January 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 13 ) 414 6.81 63 15 `` Change of a Dress '' Alan Taylor Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky January 20 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 20 ) 415 5.02 64 16 `` Ring A Ding Ding '' Alan Taylor Amy B. Harris January 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 27 ) 416 7.20 65 17 `` A ' Vogue ' Idea '' Martha Coolidge Allan Heinberg February 3 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 03 ) 417 4.34 66 18 `` I Heart NY '' Martha Coolidge Michael Patrick King February 10 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 10 ) 418 7.39 Season 5 ( 2002 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 5 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 67 `` Anchors Away '' Charles McDougall Michael Patrick King July 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 21 ) 501 7.93 68 `` Unoriginal Sin '' Charles McDougall Cindy Chupack July 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 28 ) 502 6.63 69 `` Luck Be an Old Lady '' John David Coles Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky August 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 04 ) 503 6.59 70 `` Cover Girl '' John David Coles Judy Toll & Michael Patrick King August 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 11 ) 504 7.31 71 5 `` Plus One is the Loneliest Number '' Michael Patrick King Cindy Chupack August 18 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 18 ) 505 6.95 72 6 `` Critical Condition '' Michael Patrick King Alexa Junge August 25 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) 506 7.38 73 7 `` The Big Journey '' Michael Engler Michael Patrick King September 1 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 01 ) 507 5.95 74 8 `` I Love a Charade '' Michael Engler Cindy Chupack & Michael Patrick King September 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) 508 7.33 Season 6 ( 2003 -- 04 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 6 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) Part 1 75 `` To Market , to Market '' Michael Patrick King Michael Patrick King June 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 22 ) 601 7.30 76 `` Great Sexpectations '' Michael Patrick King Cindy Chupack June 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 29 ) 602 5.82 77 `` The Perfect Present '' David Frankel Jenny Bicks July 6 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 06 ) 603 6.95 78 `` Pick - A-Little , Talk - A-Little '' David Frankel Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky July 13 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 13 ) 604 6.60 79 5 `` Lights , Camera , Relationship ! '' Michael Engler Michael Patrick King July 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 20 ) 605 6.43 80 6 `` Hop , Skip , and a Week '' Michael Engler Amy B. Harris July 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 27 ) 606 6.34 81 7 `` The Post-It Always Sticks Twice '' Alan Taylor Liz Tuccillo August 3 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 03 ) 607 5.77 82 8 `` The Catch '' Alan Taylor Cindy Chupack August 10 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 10 ) 608 6.64 83 9 `` A Woman 's Right to Shoes '' Tim Van Patten Jenny Bicks August 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 17 ) 609 6.74 84 10 `` Boy , Interrupted '' Tim Van Patten Cindy Chupack August 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 24 ) 610 6.94 85 11 `` The Domino Effect '' David Frankel Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky September 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 07 ) 611 6.69 86 12 `` One '' David Frankel Michael Patrick King September 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 14 ) 612 7.65 Part 2 87 13 `` Let There Be Light '' Michael Patrick King Michael Patrick King January 4 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) 613 6.36 88 14 `` The Ick Factor '' Wendey Stanzler Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky January 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 11 ) 614 N / A 89 15 `` Catch - 38 '' Michael Engler Cindy Chupack January 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 18 ) 615 N / A 90 16 `` Out of the Frying Pan '' Michael Engler Jenny Bicks January 25 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 25 ) 616 6.94 91 17 `` The Cold War '' Julian Farino Aury Wallington February 1 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 01 ) 617 4.43 92 18 `` Splat ! '' Julian Farino Jenny Bicks & Cindy Chupack February 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 08 ) 618 4.83 93 19 `` An American Girl In Paris ( Part Une ) '' Tim Van Patten Michael Patrick King February 15 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 15 ) 619 6.14 94 20 `` An American Girl In Paris ( Part Deux ) '' Tim Van Patten Michael Patrick King February 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 22 ) 620 10.62 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( June 14 , 2000 ) . `` Even With Shaq , NBA Finals ' Ratings Come Up Short '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( June 21 , 2000 ) . `` NBA Finals , Reality Shows Set Summertime Pace '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( June 28 , 2000 ) . `` CBS Survives NBC 's NBA Game 6 to Win the Week '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 12 , 2000 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Survivor ' Giving CBS Summer Solace '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 26 , 2000 ) . `` ' Millionaire ' Helps Pay ABC a Weekly Dividend '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 2 , 2000 ) . `` It 's Not Mysterious Why Viewers Tuned In ' Ways ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 9 , 2000 ) . `` ABC Holds Up Best During Republican Convention '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 16 , 2000 ) . `` ' West Wing ' Episodes Help NBC Get Viewers ' Votes '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 23 , 2000 ) . `` ' Survivor ' Delegation Helps Make CBS a Winner '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 30 , 2000 ) . `` ' Survivor ' Gives CBS a Million - Dollar Week '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 13 , 2000 ) . `` Football , Emmys , ' Millionaire ' Help ABC Dominate '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 20 , 2000 ) . `` Sydney Olympics Give NBC a Gold - Medal Cushion '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 27 , 2000 ) . `` NBC Wins a Medal , Though Results Are n't Golden '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( October 4 , 2000 ) . `` NBC Drops Olympic Baton in Relay With Advertisers '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( October 18 , 2000 ) . `` Football , ' Miss America , ' New Shows Make ABC Shine '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Downey , Kevin ( June 13 , 2001 ) . `` NBA jumpers lead NBC to a weekly win '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( June 20 , 2001 ) . `` Network numbers fall below last summer 's '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( June 27 , 2001 ) . `` NBC 's big sweep with reality series '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( July 5 , 2001 ) . `` ' CSI ' whups NBC Thursday lineup '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( July 11 , 2001 ) . `` NASCAR roars , and NBC can thank Fox '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( July 18 , 2001 ) . `` Fox trots again , up from nowhere '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( July 25 , 2001 ) . `` Flix strengthen CBS 's lead in households '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( August 1 , 2001 ) . `` Ouch ! WB takes hit in summer viewers '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( August 8 , 2001 ) . `` For NBC , some reality bites '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( August 15 , 2001 ) . `` Pigskin and ' Brady ' pull young for ABC '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 15 , 2001 ) . `` ABC Has Rare Win in Ratings '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( January 16 , 2002 ) . `` Mercy , it 's a killer of a midseason '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( January 24 , 2002 ) . `` NBC by a mile , ABC and CBS slipping '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( January 30 , 2002 ) . `` For Fox , some pre-Olympic glory '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( February 6 , 2002 ) . `` Bowl gives Fox nifty sweeps boost '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( February 13 , 2002 ) . `` Fox 's still strong , even as Olympics soar '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( February 21 , 2002 ) . `` NBC 's big Olympic win : 18 - to 24 - year - olds '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( July 31 , 2002 ) . `` Big duke - out for top network '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( August 7 , 2002 ) . `` Bum primetime summer for ABC '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( August 14 , 2002 ) . `` July sweeps belong under the rug '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( August 21 , 2002 ) . `` TV summer really belongs to cops '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( August 28 , 2002 ) . `` Some late summer trophies for ' Idol ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( September 5 , 2002 ) . `` Such sweet # s for Fox 's ' Idol ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( September 12 , 2002 ) . `` With fall , Fox trots again '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( September 18 , 2002 ) . `` Early premieres boost ABC and WB '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( July 2 , 2003 ) . `` And the winner is ... ' Top Model ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( July 9 , 2003 ) . `` A flusher summer for broadcast networks '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( July 16 , 2003 ) . `` Fox 's dashed hopes for ' Banzai ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( July 23 , 2003 ) . `` Gigli effect : Ben and J. Lo do ' Dateline ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( July 30 , 2003 ) . `` Now , summer reality 's winners and losers '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( August 6 , 2003 ) . `` ' Restaurant ' warms with the main course '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( August 13 , 2003 ) . `` For ' The O.C. , ' a time to find its legs '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( August 20 , 2003 ) . `` ' The blackout ate my ratings , it did ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( August 27 , 2003 ) . `` Bang - up finish for dogging ' Amazing Race ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( September 4 , 2003 ) . `` Schedule switches to keep an eye on '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( September 17 , 2003 ) . `` Do n't whoop quite yet for ' Whoopi ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( September 24 , 2003 ) . `` Alas , Emmys just are n't Fox 's thing '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Livsey , A.J. ( January 14 , 2004 ) . `` Actually , fewer and fewer love ' Raymond ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Combs , Drew ( January 28 , 2004 ) . `` Globe award # s bode well for Oscars '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Combs , Drew ( February 4 , 2004 ) . `` A gaining ' Idol ' bettering its debut '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Combs , Drew ( February 11 , 2004 ) . `` Nifty first sweeps Thursday for NBC '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Vasquez , Diego ( February 19 , 2004 ) . `` NBC swoops ahead on power of ' Shrek ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Vasquez , Diego ( February 25 , 2004 ) . `` Growing strength of ' Without a Trace ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . hide Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell Episodes Season 1 5 6 ( `` To Market , to Market '' ) Characters Carrie Bradshaw Samantha Jones Charlotte York Goldenblatt Miranda Hobbes John James `` Mr. Big '' Preston Steve Brady Films Sex and the City soundtrack Sex and the City 2 Miscellaneous Book Sex and the City : Music from the HBO Series The Carrie Diaries episodes Accolades Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sex_and_the_City_episodes&oldid=814042186 '' Categories : Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Lists of American romance television series episodes Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Sex and the City Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français ქართული Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 15 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in season 2 sex and the city | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n12\nJune 6, 1998 (1998-06-06)\nAugust 23, 1998 (1998-08-23)\n\n\n\n2\n18\nJune 6, 1999 (1999-06-06)\nOctober 3, 1999 (1999-10-03)\n\n\n\n3\n18\nJune 4, 2000 (2000-06-04)\nOctober 15, 2000 (2000-10-15)\n\n\n\n4\n18\nJune 3, 2001 (2001-06-03)\nFebruary 10, 2002 (2002-02-10)\n\n\n\n5\n8\nJuly 21, 2002 (2002-07-21)\nSeptember 8, 2002 (2002-09-08)\n\n\n\n6\n20\n12\nJune 22, 2003 (2003-06-22)\nSeptember 14, 2003 (2003-09-14)\n\n\n\n8\nJanuary 4, 2004 (2004-01-04)\nFebruary 22, 2004 (2004-02-22)\n\n"
] | [
"18"
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-2862812784663975060 | England at the FIFA World Cup | England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was last time england won world cup | [
"England did not enter the competition until 1950, but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments.[a] They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions, 1974 (West Germany), 1978 (Argentina) and 1994 (United States), and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England, whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990, in Italy, and in 2018 in Russia. Other than that, the team have reached the quarter-finals on nine occasions, the latest of which were at the 2002 (South Korea/Japan) and the 2006 (Germany).[b]\n"
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"1966"
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-945588391975602454 | Common green bottle fly | Common green bottle fly - wikipedia Common green bottle fly Jump to : navigation , search `` Common greenbottle '' may also refer to Lucilia caesar Common green bottle fly Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Family : Calliphoridae Genus : Lucilia Species : L. sericata Binomial name Lucilia sericata ( Meigen , 1826 ) Synonyms Phaenicia sericata ( Meigen , 1826 ) Lucilia nobilis ( Meigen , 1826 ) Musca nobilis Meigen , 1826 Musca sericata Meigen , 1826 The common green bottle fly ( Lucilia sericata ) is a blow fly found in most areas of the world , and the most well - known of the numerous green bottle fly species . It is 10 -- 14 mm long , slightly larger than a house fly , and has brilliant , metallic , blue - green or golden coloration with black markings . It has short , sparse black bristles ( setae ) and three cross-grooves on the thorax . The wings are clear with light brown veins , and the legs and antennae are black . The maggots ( larvae ) of the fly are used for maggot therapy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Distribution and behavior 2 Morphology 3 Lifecycle 4 Forensic importance 5 Veterinary importance 6 Medical importance 7 Continuing research 8 References 9 External links Distribution and behavior ( edit ) Lucilia sericata is common all over the temperate and tropical regions of the planet , mainly the Southern Hemisphere : Africa and Australia . It prefers warm and moist climates and accordingly is especially common in coastal regions , but it also is present in arid areas . The female lays her eggs in meat , fish , animal corpses , infected wounds of humans or animals , and excrement . The larvae feed on decomposing tissue . The insect favours species of the genus Ovis , domestic sheep in particular . This can lead to blow fly strike , causing problems for sheep farmers , though L. sericata is not a major cause of blow fly strike in most regions . Morphology ( edit ) The defining characteristic of L. sericata , and most used when identifying the adult fly is the presence of three bristles on the dorsal mesothorax . This body region is located on the middle of the back of the fly . L. sericata is almost identical to its sister species , L. cuprina . Identification between these requires microscopic examination of two main distinguishing characteristics . As opposed to L. cuprina , which has a metallic green femoral joint in the first pair of legs , L. sericata is blue - black . Also , when looking at the occipital setae , L. sericata has one to nine bristles on each side , while L. cuprina has three or less . Lifecycle ( edit ) The lifecycle of Lucilia sericata is typical of flies in the family Calliphoridae in that the egg hatches into a larva that passes through three instars , enters a prepupal and then a pupal stage before emerging into the adult stage or imago . The female lays a mass of eggs in a wound , a carcass or corpse , or in necrotic or decaying tissue . The eggs hatch in about 9 hours in warm , moist weather , but may take as long as three days in cooler weather . In this , they differ from the more opportunistic Sarcophagidae , that lay hatching eggs or completely hatched larvae . A single female L. sericata typically lays 150 − 200 eggs per clutch and may produce 2,000 to 3,000 eggs in her lifetime . The pale yellow or grayish , conical larvae , like those of most blow flies , have two posterior spiracles through which they respire . These larvae are moderately sized , ranging from 10 to 14 millimeters long . The larva feeds on dead or necrotic tissue for 3 to 10 days , depending on temperature and the quality of the food . During this period the larva passes through three larval instars . At a temperature of 16 ° C , the first larval instar lasts about 53 hours , the second about 42 hours and the third about 98 hours . At higher temperatures ( 27 ° C ) the first larval instar lasts about 31 hours , the second about 12 hours , and the third about 40 hours . Third - instar larvae then drop off the host onto soil , where available , where they enter a pupal stage which usually lasts from 6 to 14 days . However , if the temperature is suitably low , a pupa might overwinter in the soil until the temperature rises . After emerging from the pupa , the adult feeds opportunistically on nectar or other suitable food , such as carrion , while it matures . Adults usually lay eggs about 2 weeks after they emerge . Their total lifecycle typically ranges from 2 to 3 weeks , but this varies with seasonal and other circumstances . L. sericata usually completes three or four generations each year in cold , temperate climates , and more in warmer regions . Forensic importance ( edit ) L. sericata is an important species to forensic entomologists . Like most calliphorids , L. sericata has been heavily studied and its lifecycle and habits are well documented . Accordingly , the stage of its development on a corpse is used to calculate a minimum post mortem interval , so that it can be used to aid in determining the time of death of the victim . The presence or absence of L. sericata can provide information about the conditions of the corpse . If the insects seem to be on the path of their normal development , the corpse likely has been undisturbed . If , however , the insect shows signs of a disturbed lifecycle , or is absent from a decaying body , this suggests post mortem tampering with the body . Because L. sericata is one of the first insects to colonize a corpse , it is preferred to many other species in determining an approximate time of colonization . Developmental progress is determined with relative accuracy by measuring the length and weight of larval lifecycles . Veterinary importance ( edit ) Many blow flies have an impact in the veterinary sense , and L. sericata is no exception . In places such as the UK and Australia , L. sericata is commonly referred to as the `` sheep blow fly '' since sheep are its primary host in those regions . Although it affects mainly sheep , L. sericata is not host - specific . In northern Europe , the fly lays its eggs in sheep wool . The larvae then migrate down the wool where they feed directly on the skin surface . This can cause massive lesions and secondary bacterial infections . In the UK , blow fly strike affects an estimated 1 million sheep , as well as 80 % of sheep farms each year . This causes a huge economic impact in these regions . Not only does it cost money to treat infected animals , but measures also must be taken to control L. sericata . Since this fly tends to lay its eggs in wool , a simple and effective way to reduce the incidence of infection is to shear ewes regularly . Enacting simple sanitary measures can also reduce blow fly strike . Timely and proper disposal of carcasses and proper removal of feces can aid in significantly reducing strike . Moving sheep from warm , humid , and sheltered areas to more open areas can also help to reduce blow fly strike , for this eliminates conditions conducive to fly development . Trapping systems such as sticky paper may also be used to control fly numbers . Treating a flock with chemical agents can be costly , but can aid greatly in maintaining the resistance of the flock to L. sericata . Plunge dipping in diazinon can directly kill the fly on contact . This method works from 3 to 8 weeks in controlling the fly . An alternate chemical method is a pyrethroid pour - on , which lasts 6 to 10 weeks depending on the type of pyrethroid used . Cryomazine and dicylanil , which are insect growth regulators , are also effective and last from 10 to 16 weeks . Although chemical treatment can be very effective , it is costly , tedious , and takes up valuable time . Medical importance ( edit ) L. sericata has been of medical importance since 1826 , when Meigen removed larvae from the eyes and facial cavities of a human patient . L. sericata has shown promise in three separate clinical approaches . First , larvae have been shown to debride wounds with extremely low probability of myiasis upon clinical application . Larval secretions have been shown to help in tissue regeneration . L. sericata has also been shown to lower bacteremia levels in patients infected with MRSA . Basically , L. sericata larvae can be used as biosurgery agents in cases where antibiotics and surgery are impractical . Larval secretions in vitro enhance fibroblast migration to the wound site , improving wound closure . Larval therapy of L. sericata is highly recommended for the treatment of wounds infected with Gram - positive bacteria , yet is not as effective for wounds infected with Gram - negative bacteria . Also , bacteria from the genus Vagococcus were resistant to the maggot excreta / secreta . Attempts are currently ongoing to extract or synthesize the chymotrypsins found in larval secretions to destroy MRSA without application of the larvae . Continuing research ( edit ) Due to this species ' high forensic interest , extensive research on its lifecycle has already been conducted . Medically , however , research is ongoing centered on the secretions produced by L. sericata as an agent against MRSA and VRSA , and the larval applications for maggot therapy . In a new antimicrobial agent was isolated from L. sericata secretions and patented under the name Seraticin . Efforts in the latter are geared toward making medical professionals more familiar to the current techniques . Like many other ectoparasites , L. sericata has a huge economic impact on farmers , so many studies and research projects have been put in place since the late 1980s to help farmers reduce their impact . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chandler , Peter J. ( 1998 ) . `` Checklists of Insects of the British Isles ( New Series ) Part 1 : Diptera '' . Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. 2 . London : Royal Entomological Society of London . 12 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 234 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Australian Museum : Decompostition : Corpse fauna page Jump up ^ Bishop , Dallas . Variations in numbers of occipital setae for two species of Lucilia ( Diptera : Calliphoridae ) in New Zealand . New Zealand Entomologist. 1991 . Vol 14 . 29 -- 31 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Australian Museum : Development times of Lucilia sericata at different temperatures : Corpse fauna page Jump up ^ Cetinkaya , Merih ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Neonatal myiasis : a case report . '' . The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics. 50 : 581 -- 584 . Jump up ^ * Tarone AM , Foran DR . U.S. National Library of Medicine . Pub - Med . Generalized additive models and Lucilia sericata growth : assessing confidence intervals and error rates in forensic entomology . July 2008 . Jump up ^ Sargison , Neil . `` The Management of Ectoparasitic Diseases of UK Sheep '' . World Veterinary Congress . Royal ( Dick ) School of Veterinary Studies , Easter Bush Veterinary Center , Roslin , Midlothian , Scotland . 27 -- 31 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Horobin et al. Maggots & Wound healing : The Effects of Lucilia sericata Larval Secretions upon Human Dermal Fibroblasts . European Cells and Materials . Vol. 6 Suppl 2 , 2003 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Jaklic , Domen . Journal of Medical Microbiology . `` Selective antimicrobial activity of maggots against pathogenic bacteria '' . 57 . 617 - 625 . ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Chymotrypsin From Lucilia sericata Larvae and its Use for the Treatment of Wounds Jump up ^ G. Cazander ; K.E.B. van Veen ; A.T. Bernards ; G.N. Jukema ( 2009 ) . `` Do maggots have an influence on bacterial growth ? A study on the susceptibility of strains of six different bacterial species to maggots of Lucilia sericata and their excretions / secretions '' . Journal of Tissue Viability. 18 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 87 . PMID 19362001 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jtv. 2009.02. 005 . Jump up ^ `` ( WO2011042684 ) Antimicrobial Composition and a Method of Controlling Contamination and Infection Using Said Composition '' . US patent . 2010 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gemma & Wall , Richard . Research in Veterinary Science . Maggot - therapy in veterinary medicine . 85 . 394 -- 398 . 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lucilia sericata . ( 5 ) Closeup photographs of Lucilia sericata Maggot Therapy Project web site at the University of California , Irvine , list of maggot therapy practitioners Green Bottle Maggots help cure MRSA patients Monaghan , Peter Rx : Maggots , Notes from Academe , The Chronicle of Higher Education , June 1 , 2007 ( Vol . LIII , No. 39 ) , p . A48 . Lucilia sericata on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_green_bottle_fly&oldid=800292545 '' Categories : Calliphoridae Pollinator flies Insects described in 1826 Diptera of Africa Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Português Română Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 16 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of fly is a green fly | [
"The common green bottle fly (Lucilia sericata) is a blow fly found in most areas of the world, and the most well-known of the numerous green bottle fly species. It is 10–14 mm long, slightly larger than a house fly, and has brilliant, metallic, blue-green or golden coloration with black markings. It has short, sparse black bristles (setae) and three cross-grooves on the thorax. The wings are clear with light brown veins, and the legs and antennae are black. The maggots (larvae) of the fly are used for maggot therapy."
] | [
"blow fly"
] |
1098977040150926920 | One Tree Hill (season 9) | One Tree Hill ( season 9 ) - wikipedia One Tree Hill ( season 9 ) Jump to : navigation , search One Tree Hill ( season 9 ) One Tree Hill Season 9 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network The CW Original release January 11 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) -- April 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 04 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 8 List of One Tree Hill episodes The ninth and final season of One Tree Hill , an American television series created by Mark Schwahn for The WB Television Network . The series was officially renewed by The CW for a ninth season on May 17 , 2011 ; two days later , the network announced that the ninth season would serve as the series ' final season . Premiering on January 11 , 2012 , the series aired its 13 episodes uninterrupted . Series leads Bethany Joy Lenz and Sophia Bush continue as full - time regulars , while James Lafferty returned as a part - time regular . Paul Johansson and Tyler Hilton both return to the show for the final season as regulars , whilst former series regulars Chad Michael Murray , Antwon Tanner , Barbara Alyn Woods , and Craig Sheffer guest star . The season opened to 1.75 million viewers and a 0.9 Adults 18 -- 49 rating , up 26 % in viewers compared to its season eight finale . The final episode aired on April 4 , 2012 , concluding the series with 1.43 million viewers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Cast 4.2 Storylines 5 Reception 6 DVD release 7 References Overview ( edit ) The ninth and final seasons deals with the disappearance and ransom of Nathan Scott . Clay battles a drug addiction and later learns of a secret that turns his life upside down . Brooke faces a demon from her past while struggling to reconnect with her father . Dan 's search for Nathan brings back old faces to Tree Hill . Haley battles with the prospect of being a single mother of two . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill characters Regular ( edit ) Sophia Bush as Brooke Davis ( 13 episodes ) James Lafferty as Nathan Scott ( 8 episodes ) Bethany Joy Galeotti as Haley James Scott ( 13 episodes ) Austin Nichols as Julian Baker ( 13 episodes ) Robert Buckley as Clay Evans ( 13 episodes ) Shantel VanSanten as Quinn James ( 13 episodes ) Jackson Brundage as Jamie Scott ( 9 episodes ) Lee Norris as Mouth McFadden ( 7 episodes ) Jana Kramer as Alex Dupre ( 2 episodes ) Lisa Goldstein as Millicent Huxtable ( 7 episodes ) Stephen Colletti as Chase Adams ( 11 episodes ) Tyler Hilton as Chris Keller ( 11 episodes ) Paul Johansson as Dan Scott ( 11 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Michael May as Chuck Scolnik ( 8 episodes ) Pierce Gagnon as Logan Evans ( 7 episodes ) Richard Burgi as Ted Davis ( 6 episodes ) Antwon Tanner as Skills Taylor ( 5 episodes ) Chelsea Kane as Tara Richards ( 5 episodes ) Daphne Zuniga as Victoria Davis ( 5 episodes ) Devin McGee as Xavier Daniels ( 5 episodes ) Bradley Evans as Jerry ( 4 episodes ) Allison Munn as Lauren ( 2 episodes ) Barbara Alyn Woods as Deb Lee ( 2 episodes ) Kelley Davis as Mrs. Scolnik ( 2 episodes ) Bevin Prince as Bevin Mirskey ( 1 episode ) Chad Michael Murray as Lucas Scott ( 1 episode ) Craig Sheffer as Keith Scott ( 1 episode ) Cullen Moss as Junk Moretti ( 1 episode ) Vaughn Wilson as Fergie Thompson ( 1 episode ) Katherine Landry as Madison ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 175 `` Know This , We 've Noticed '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn January 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 3X7201 1.72 As Brooke and Julian begin to adjust to life with their new children , Haley and Nathan find themselves dealing with similar issues . Although they do n't know it yet , faces from the past threaten to interrupt plans for all their futures . Meanwhile , a mysterious problem arises for Clay and Quinn . Nathan finds out Dan Scott came back into town . Chris Keller returns to run Redbedroom Records . This episode is named after a song by An Horse . 176 `` In the Room Where You Sleep '' Joe Davola Mark Schwahn January 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 18 ) 3X7202 1.53 Brooke discusses a new business venture with her father , despite her mothers wishes , as Julian stresses about his own investment in a sound studio . Quinn convinces Clay to get help , and Millie struggles to be honest with Mouth about his weight gain . Meanwhile , Chase asks Alex to move in with him as Chris Keller makes Alex an offer she may not be able to refuse to tour . Nathan volunteers to scout in Europe , leaving Dan with Haley , Jamie , and Lydia . This episode is named after a song by Dead Man 's Bones . 177 `` Love the Way You Lie '' Paul Johansson Lenn K. Rosenfeld January 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 25 ) 3X7203 1.46 After Alex leaves for her tour , Chris looks to hire an intern and tries to cheer up Chase . Haley runs into trouble at Karen 's Cafe when her chef quits to work for a rival cafe . Clay arouses suspicion in Quinn that he is cheating on her . Meanwhile , Millie accidentally humiliates Mouth on the air . Brooke tries to help her father secure funding for her new clothing line , and Julian gets distracted by the prospect of a potential renter for his sound stage , resulting in Julian forgetting his son , Davis , in the family car , to which the police and an ambulance have been alerted . This episode is named after a song by Eminem and Rihanna . 178 `` Do n't You Want to Share the Guilt ? '' Les Butler Nikki Schiefelbein February 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) 3X7204 1.52 Clay gets into trouble and Quinn gets involved ; Julian deals with his guilt over leaving the baby in the car ; Mouth agrees to take care of his health but continues eating when Millie is asleep . Meanwhile , a new cafe opens and the owner immediately angers Brooke and Haley . This episode is named after a song by Kate Nash . 179 5 `` The Killing Moon '' Greg Prange Shaina Fewell February 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 08 ) 3X7205 1.35 Nathan seems to have vanished on his way home , Haley goes searching for him and ultimately suspects Dan of having something to do with it . Tara gives Brooke a cockroach - infested flower as a `` Face to face friends request '' , ultimately causing Brooke to destroy Tara 's cafe after Tara gets personal in her attacks . Chase continues to feel guilty for sleeping with Tara behind Chris Keller 's back . Chase also feels unwanted after Chuck spends all his attention on Keller and later his father , who finally comes back home . Clay checks into rehab , and Quinn spends the day babysitting Jamie & Lydia . This episode is named after a song by Echo and the Bunnymen . 180 6 `` Catastrophe and the Cure '' James Lafferty Roger Grant February 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 15 ) 3X7206 1.40 Dan enlists Julian to help in his search for Nathan . Mouth fills Clay in about Nathan , as Haley explains Nathan 's disappearance to Jamie . Brooke gets an idea of how to bring patrons to an empty Karen 's Cafe , and Chris Keller confronts Chase about Tara . This episode is named after a song by the band Explosions in the Sky . 181 7 `` Last Known Surroundings '' Austin Nichols Mark Schwahn February 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 22 ) 3X7207 1.43 Haley seeks help from Lucas ( guest star Chad Michael Murray ) as Nathan makes an escape attempt . Lucas takes Jamie and Lydia out of town to stay with him and Peyton until Haley can find Nathan and bring him home . Brooke comes face - to - face with Xavier who is up for parole . Julian uncovers evidence that assists Dan in his search for Nathan . Clay makes a connection with another patient in rehab . Episode is named after a song by the band Explosions in the Sky . 182 8 `` A Rush of Blood to the Head '' Greg Prange Johnny Richardson February 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 29 ) 3X7208 1.57 Haley gets a phone call that may change her life forever . Clay receives life changing news while revisiting his past . While Dan revisits his past during his search for Nathan , Deb returns . Haley goes to identify a body that is thought to be Nathan . Chase goes to extreme measures to protect Chuck . This episode is named after a song and album by Coldplay . 183 9 `` Every Breath Is a Bomb '' Peter B. Kowalski Ian Biggins March 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 07 ) 3X7209 1.47 Haley partners up with Dan to help search for Nathan . Brooke and Julian take new measures to protect their family . Chase faces consequences for defending Chuck . Skills helps Mouth get to a turning point . Clay reveals his past to Logan . Episode is named after a song by the band The Blood Brothers . 184 10 `` Hardcore Will Never Die , But You Will '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn March 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 14 ) 3X7210 1.52 Dan , Julian and Chris Keller attempt to rescue Nathan . During the rescue , Nathan is saved and Dan kills most of the attackers . When they are about to escape , Dan is shot by Demetri before he himself is shot by Nathan . Brooke 's conflict with Xavier escalates when he attacks her in a parking garage , she is saved by the rival cafe owner Tara , who tasers him . Clay and Quinn revisit the past . Episode is named after an album by the band Mogwai . 185 11 `` Danny Boy '' Joe Davola Mike Herro & David Strauss March 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 21 ) 3X7211 1.50 After successfully rescuing Nathan , Dan 's life hangs in the balance . Nathan looks back on his father 's life and forgives him for all he has done . Brooke 's father surprises her when he comes back into town . Clay and Quinn reconnect with Logan . Episode is named after a song by Andy Williams . 186 12 `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' Sophia Bush Brian L. Ridings March 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 28 ) 3X7212 1.34 As Haley prepares to present the annual Tree Hill Burning Boat Festival , Brooke uses the opportunity to process her father 's betrayal , while Julian tries to breathe new life into a past idea . Mouth and Millie make a change to their morning show , and Clay and Quinn get ready for Logan 's first night at the beach house . Clay proposes to Quinn and Chase is offered to buy the bar . This episode is named after a song by Dionne Warwick and later Cilla Black . 187 13 `` One Tree Hill '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn April 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 04 ) 3X7213 1.43 In the final chapter of One Tree Hill , the tenth anniversary of Tric brings old faces and new possibilities for the Tree Hill family ; Quinn adopts Logan and marries Clay , Haley introduces Jamie to her predictions with Lucas and Julian buys Brooke her childhood home . In the time - jump , the Tree Hill gang are seen at Jamie 's high - school basketball game , where his jersey is seen on the wall as the `` all time top scorer '' . Bevin makes a guest appearance who is also seen back with Skills and Millie is pregnant . This episode is named after a song by U2 and the series title itself . Production ( edit ) We felt it would be really good for the viewers to have . It 's a good show . The viewers loved it . So we thought we 'd keep it going . The fans are very fervent about it , so we felt it was a great treat for them . `` '' -- Mark Pedowitz on renewing One Tree Hill . The CW officially renewed One Tree Hill for a ninth season on May 17 , 2011 . On May 19 , 2011 , Dawn Ostroff confirmed that the 13 episodes for season nine will be the last for the series . In the official announcement of The CW 's schedule , they confirmed the series stars and the executive producers for the final season . Mark Schwahn , Joe Davola , Greg Prange , Mike Tollin , and Brian Robbins will all continue in their roles on the show . Deadline reported that the final season will begin mid-season and air its 13 episodes uninterrupted , leading into the series finale . Production for the season began on July 7 , 2011 at the Screen Gems Studios , Wilmington , North Carolina . While further scenes are shot in downtown Wilmington , including Wallace Park and Pure Gold Gentlemen 's Club . The Corning manufacturing site on North College Road is also being used as the location for some scenes based in Tree Hill 's hospital , police station and TV studio . A two - day shoot for some scenes in the season was also held at Kinston Regional Jetport . Paul Johansson will direct at least one episode in the season . At the Television Critics Association summer press tour , president of entertainment at The CW , Mark Pedowitz said `` At this point it 's the final 13 , '' about the possibility of extending the season . He added , `` You never want to say never , '' revealing that he did speak to executive producer Mark Schwahn and that they agreed that 13 episodes is the best number to close the series with . One Tree Hill filmed its final scenes on November 16 , 2011 . The season aired Wednesdays at 8 : 00 pm Eastern / 7 : 00 pm Central as a lead - in to new reality series , `` Remodeled '' . It premiered on January 11 , 2012 , with an encore following immediately after . There was no opening credit sequence during the final season as producers did n't want to waste time that could potentially be used for story . Gavin Degraw will perform in the series finale . The series 's final epilogue was sports - themed . In an interview with Carina Mackenzie of Zap2it , Sophia Bush revealed she was the first person to be approached for season nine , and the first to sign on . `` The idea that we would do this as 13 final episode ( s ) and almost shoot like it a miniseries really appealed to me , '' she says . `` On a professional level , if we had shot 22 episodes , it would be one more year we 'd be shooting through pilot season and unavailable for other things . '' When discussing the shows series finale and she being upset about the end , she said , `` On the same side of the coin , most shows do n't last this long . Most shows do n't make it 6 years let alone 9 , so I really feel like it 's all just been a gift . '' In another interview , Bethany Joy Galeotti revealed her own reasons for returning , `` It was a really tough decision , but I have a few friendships here that I was n't ready to walk away from yet . Season 8 ended with like a booze - on - stage - 8 kind of party . I was kind of like ' This ca n't be how we say goodbye . At least let 's come back for 13 more episodes . ' '' Sophia Bush directed the penultimate episode of the series . The CW has given more promotion for the launch of the final season than it has since the fifth season . Mark Pedowitz said , `` I 'm a big believer in giving shows a proper sendoff . `` It deserves a proper sendoff . Not many shows last nine years . Mark , his team and the cast deserve a really good sendoff . I think we did a good job for them this year . '' After backlash from fans about whether Sophia Bush had asked not to work with Murray during his episode , she cleared up the matter in an interview with Zap2it : `` When I got the script and saw that Lucas was back , I called Mark , and I told him that if he wanted to write scenes where the whole gang gets together at Haley 's house and talks about how they 're going to find Nathan , then he should write that . I 've never asked not to work with any former cast mates , and I 'm certainly not going to start now , in the final season . This show is too important to me , and these characters are too important to me , and the fans are too important to me . '' The series finale aired on Wednesday , April 4 , 2012 , 8 : 00 -- 10 : 00 p.m. , as a special two - hour event . It featured interviews with the series ' stars as they look back at the shows most memorable moments . Cast ( edit ) Over the years the One Tree Hill cast and crew has become a small unit . It 's really a small family and they have asked for a few years if I wanted to come back . ( Last year I said ) , ' If they have one more season I will definitely do it , ' and sure enough they were asked back , against all odds , so I had to comply . `` '' -- Tyler Hilton on returning to the series . Before season eight had finished filming , original cast members Bethany Joy Lenz and Sophia Bush signed on for a final season , while James Lafferty was expected to return part - time . Austin Nichols , Robert Buckley , Lisa Goldstein , Jana Kramer , Shantel Vansanten and Stephen Colletti are also contracted through season nine . The regulars for season nine -- as listed on a press release from The CW -- are Sophia Bush , Bethany Joy Lenz , James Lafferty , Austin Nichols , Robert Buckley , Shantel VanSanten and Jackson Brundage . Though , others later signed on . At The CW upfront presentation , the network expressed confidence that Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton would return . Mark Pedowitz said , that with everyone knowing season nine will be the last , it makes it more possible for old cast members to return . On July 11 , 2011 , it was announced that Tyler Hilton would reprise his role as Chris Keller . Ten years have passed since he was last seen . He is rumored to return to help Haley run Red Bedroom Records as Peyton is still away . It was later reported that Hilton would return in the season premiere as a series regular . Kristin Dos Santos revealed that Paul Johansson will be returning to the series full - time as a regular . TV Line revealed that James Lafferty will appear in half of the season . Zap2it later reported that he will remain a series regular , and revealed he will appear in exactly seven episodes . Chelsea Kane has been cast in a recurring role as Tara , a rival café owner to Haley and Brooke . Lisa Goldstein will continue on the series as a regular . Jana Kramer will only appear in the first two episodes , due to the actress ' musical commitments . Barbara Alyn Woods will be reprising her role as Deb Lee after taking a break from season six to spend time with her kids . Zap2it later reported that she will return for two episodes . Describing the circumstances around her return , they said she has n't always been the most maternal person , but will prove she can still be `` mom '' when the situation demands it . The CW announced on their official website that Chad Michael Murray will return as Lucas Scott for a guest appearance . Lucas returns to Tree Hill when Haley reaches out to him for help . Murray later revealed he will return for one episode . He will appear in the seventh episode of the season . Murray revealed in an interview his reasons for returning , `` The fans have loved this show and rooted for every character throughout its run . I know how important Luke 's return is for our fans and wanted to give them one last ' Lucas Scott ' moment . Luke 's return is for them . '' Former Desperate Housewives actor Richard Burgi , has been cast as Brooke 's father , in a recurring role . Allison Munn and Scott Holroyd will return during season nine as Miss Lauren and David Fletcher , respectively . They will return as a couple , and she will be carrying his child . Devin McGee -- who portrayed Brooke 's attacker and Quentin 's murderer , Xavier Daniels during season six -- will also return during the season . James Lafferty has signed on for one extra episode , which will be the series finale . Bevin Prince will return as Bevin Mirskey in the series finale . Antwon Tanner will also be a part of the final episode . Mark Schwahn revealed in an interview with Zap2it that they did reach out to Hilarie Burton to return with Murray , `` We would have liked to include Hilarie as well but she has a ( son ) now , and she has a job , and she 's doing well and she just felt like her free time away from work she wanted to spend with her ( son ) , which is a completely plausible , nice answer , '' he said . Storylines ( edit ) Lucas needs to come back to combat some drama that is going on in Haley 's life and we kind of get a little bit of an opportunity to see what we really loved in the relationship between Haley and Luke . It 's just kind of a little throwback and a little visit for our fans and for our wonderful following . It 's a solution to a problem . `` '' -- Chad Michael Murray on Lucas ' return , in an interview with E ! . Before the series was renewed , Mark Schwahn said that if they decide to air the ending for season eight that will satisfy as a series finale , he could introduce the unaired cliffhangers in the season nine premiere . In regard to her contract renewal , Sophia Bush tweeted , `` The writers have GREAT plans ! '' . The season will have Brooke and Haley balancing family life with running a busy Karen 's Cafe , while Nathan travels more as an agent . A possible wedding may occur with Mouth and Millie , or Clay and Quinn . Lucas will take Lydia to stay with him after he comes to visit . The series finale will have another time jump and will see the characters lives five years in the future . Zap2it said that fans of Nathan and Haley 's relationship can look forward to `` plenty of shared scenes between Lafferty and Bethany Joy Lenz '' , despite his reduced role in the season . Nathan will be kidnapped during the season , and Haley and Dan will be searching for him . According to a promotional video shown at the end of an evening of events -- `` An Evening with One Tree Hill '' ; the opening moments of the seasons first episode is narrated by Nathan . He speaks over scenes of a burning building whilst viewers also see Dan and Chris Keller seemingly plot a murder -- in addition to this , opening shots include Chase in the back of a police car . Both Clay and Quinn are seen arguing alongside Brooke vandalising a rival cafe . Other scenes shown during the sequence include Julian being beaten up and Haley identifying a body in the morgue . Towards the end of the season , the Burning Boat Festival will return to Tree Hill . It was last seen in the third episode of season one . Discussing the possibility of the death of one of the characters , Robert Buckley said : `` The One Tree Hill family , as we know it , is going to change by season 's end . The people we start the season with ( are ) not the same group we end it with . '' During the season , Mouth will gain around 60 pounds . Lee Norris has said of the storyline , `` He 's undergone a physical transformation ... but what is really going to interest the audience is why this transformation happened . '' He also revealed he was `` adamant '' about handling the topic with respect , `` I did n't want it to be one of the broader comedic things on the show ; I wanted it to be an issue that people identify with , '' he said . Regarding Haley 's direction for season nine , Bethany Joy Galeotti said , `` Haley 's trying to deal with having Dan around and deciding whether she 's going to let this person back in her life and into her family 's life . And Nathan is away , and that 's taking a huge toll on their relationship . It 's a lot about Haley finding out what her limits are . '' Mark Schwahn has said we 'll see a lot of the strength of Nathan and Haley 's relationship and why they 're destined to be together . Regarding the friendship between Dan and Chris Keller he said , `` villains understand villains . '' Chris Kellar will develop a `` bromance '' with Chase this season as they begin to spend a lot of time together as he will be working next door to TRIC . James Lafferty believes this is the worst year for Nathan , but revealed that he is happy with where he left the character and the pay - off at the end is worth it . Sophia Bush revealed Tree Hill High would be seen again before the series ended . The sets for the school were re-built for the final episodes , with Bush describing walking in them as `` incredibly emotional '' . Regarding the series finale , Bush said `` it 's perfect '' . Reception ( edit ) The season premiered to 1.7 million viewers , a 0.9 Adults 18 -- 49 rating , 1.2 in Adults 18 -- 34 and a 1.8 rating in The CW 's target of Women 18 -- 34 . It gave the network its best numbers in the time - slot since Spring , 2011 and was higher than the average for season eight of the series . Compared to the early episodes of season eight , the season declined 18 % in the 18 -- 49 demographic . However , it tied as the second - highest rated show on the network ( with The Secret Circle ) . DVD release ( edit ) The `` An Evening with One Tree Hill '' event in Wilmington was filmed and will be included on the DVD release . Series stars Sophia Bush , Bethany Joy Lenz , Antwon Tanner and Lee Norris have done a DVD commentary for the series finale . The DVD box - set is currently scheduled for release on April 10 , 2012 . However , several people who pre-ordered the set received it in late March , before the finale aired , causing the finale to be leaked online including temporarily onto YouTube . The box - set features over two hours of extra content , including five featurettes , audio commentary , unaired scenes and a gag reel . `` Knowing this was to be our last year , we made sure to document it , which made for some excellent behind - the - scenes footage that we 've included here , along with our last , explosive , emotional season of One Tree Hill , '' said Mark Schwahn . The Complete Ninth and Final Season Set details Special features 13 episodes 555 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 555 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 555 minutes ( Region 4 ) 3 - disc set 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Subtitles : English , Spanish French ( Region 1 ) Audio commentaries `` One Tree Hill '' -- with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn . Deleted scenes Episodes : `` Do n't You Want to Share the Guilt ? '' , `` Last Known Surroundings '' , `` Every Breath Is a Bomb '' , `` Danny Boy '' Gag reel `` An Evening with One Tree Hill '' `` The Story of One Tree Hill '' `` The Music of One Tree Hill '' `` The Fans of One Tree Hill '' `` Crew Cameras with Sophia '' Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia April 10 , 2012 June 11 , 2012 September 5 , 2012 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Harry 's Law ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Are You There , Chelsea ? , ' ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 2 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mobbed , ' ' Super Bowl 's Greatest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings , ' ' CSI , ' ' SVU , ' Among Many Downward Adjustments '' . TVByTheNumbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' One Tree Hill , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Whitney , ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up , ' The Middle , ' ' CSI , ' ' Rock Center , ' & ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TVByTheNumbers . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' CSI , ' ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Up , ' The Middle , ' ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TVByTheNumbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory , ' ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor : One World ' , ' CSI ' , ' One Tree Hill ' , ' Are You There , Chelsea ? ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjust Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor , ' ' CSI , ' ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bent ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Survivor ' ' One Tree Hill ' and ' Whitney ' All Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Happy Endings ' , ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bent ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hidek , Jeff ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` CW president : Final `` One Tree Hill '' season will have 13 episodes `` . StarNewsOnline . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking : The CW Renews Nikita , One Tree Hill , Axes Hellcats '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Next Season of ' One Tree Hill ' Announced as Its Final Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE CW ANNOUNCES 2011 - 2012 SCHEDULE '' . The CW ( official website ) . May 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` CW Announces 2011 - 2012 Primetime Sked : ' Ringer ' Joins Lineup , ' OTH ' To End Run '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill films at Pure Gold '' . Star News Online . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Corning plant doubles as ' One Tree Hill ' locations '' . Star News Online . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' One Tree Hill ' episode filming at Kinston airport '' . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Watson , Kristin . `` One Tree Hill 's Paul Johansson puts on directing hat for final season episode '' . She Knows . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` The CW : Is ' Supernatural ' in its final season ? Plus , ' One Tree Hill ' details and more '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' One Tree Hill ' Wraps Filming After Nine Years '' . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` The CW Announces 2012 Midseason Schedule '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' Season 9 finale : Bevin Prince and Gavin DeGraw return ! '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on How I Met Your Mother , Spartacus , Revenge , Bones , Grimm and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Carina ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : Sophia Bush brings Brooke Davis to life one last time '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Sophia Bush teases ' One Tree Hill ' trauma to come and the ' perfect ' series finale '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : Bethany Joy Galeotti assures us that ' Naley ' is still going strong '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hidek , Jeff ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` '' One Tree Hill '' final season premieres strong ; CW president wants `` proper sendoff '' `` . StarNewsOnline . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Chad Michael Murray returns to ' One Tree Hill ' : Details on Lucas ' emotional reunion with Haley '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE CW ANNOUNCES ONE MIDSEASON PREMIERE AND SEVERAL FINALES , INCLUDING THE SPECIAL `` ONE TREE HILL '' TWO - HOUR FINALE EVENT ON WEDNESDAY , APRIL 4 `` . The CW ( official website ) . February 29 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna ( August 23 , 2011 ) . `` One Tree Hill 's Favorite Bad Boy Is Back ! Tyler Hilton Reveals Final Season Secrets '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Megan ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Tree Hill Exclusive : Bethany Joy Galeotti Signs On for Season 9 ; Lafferty Back Part - Time ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' One Tree Hill ' Star Stephen Colletti Confirms He 'd Be Back For A Ninth Season ! '' . Hollywood Life . April 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` One Tree Hill Scoop : CW Execs Confident Murray , Burton Will Return For Farewell Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( July 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' Season 9 : Tyler Hilton returns as Chris Keller '' . Zap2It . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tree Hill Twist : Tyler Hilton Returns As ( Spoiler ) ! '' . TV Line . July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Is Back ! Paul Johansson Returning for Final Season of One Tree Hill '' . E ! Online . July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Private Practice , NCIS , True Blood , Parenthood , Tree Hill , and More ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : James Lafferty 's reduced role in Season 9 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : Chad Michael Murray returns for Season 9 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Chelsea Kane to guest on ' One Tree Hill ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ayres , Tom ( August 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' casts hit man for final season '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hiser , Lisa ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Jana Kramer Will Only Appear in 2 Episodes of `` One Tree Hill 's '' Final Season ( Video ) `` . Cambio . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thrap , Sharon . `` One Tree Hill ' News : Jana Kramer Wo n't Appear Much Next Season '' . Ology . Ology . Retrieved 26 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Prodigal Son Returns ! Chad Michael Murray Is Coming Back to One Tree Hill '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : Richard Burgi to play Brooke 's father , Barbara Alyn Woods returns '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CHAD MICHAEL MURRAY RETURNS TO `` ONE TREE HILL '' `` . The CW ( official website ) . August 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` One Tree Hill Scoop : Chad Michael Murray Returns ! What About Hilarie Burton ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Chad Michael Murray Returns To `` One Tree Hill '' `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Chad Michael Murray back on ' One Tree Hill ' : But what else has he been up to ? '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Spoiler Chat : Get Scoop on Grey 's Anatomy , Glee , Nikita and More ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CHAD MICHAEL MURRAY TALKS ' OTH ' RETURN '' . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` One Tree Hill Exclusive : Three More Familiar Faces Return In Season 9 ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' Season 9 exclusive : James Lafferty returns for series finale '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Skills '' Returning to One Tree Hill for Final Episode `` . TV GUIDE . TV GUIDE . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Santos , Kristin ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Spoiler Chat : Glee , Revenge , Gossip Girl , Once Upon a Time and More ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : Season 8 finale ending remains undecided , says EP '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Spoiler Chat : Get Scoop on Grey 's Anatomy , Glee , Nikita and More ! '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' Season 9 scoop : Where will your fave characters be five years from now ? '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Grey 's Anatomy , HIMYM , Community , Gossip Girl , Glee and More ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` James Lafferty Will Be a Part of Tree Hill Finale '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Spoiler Chat : Scoop on Glee , Revenge , Once Upon a Time , Gossip Girl and More ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill season 9 sneak peek : Body bags , beat downs and burning buildings '' . Jeff Hidek . Star News Online . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Hidek , Jeff ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Burning Boat Festival returns to `` One Tree Hill '' `` . StarNewsOnline . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adam Bryant , Natalie Abrams ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` Mega Buzz : One Tree Hill 's Goodbye , a New Five - 0 Villain and Housewives ' Murder '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Which One Tree Hill Character Gets Fat for the Final Season ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` One Tree Hill Boss Talks Season 9 Duos : ' Naley , ' ' Brulian ' and ... ' Deller ' ? ( Dan and Chris Keller ! ) '' . TV Line . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' exclusive pic : Tyler Hilton revives Chris Keller '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` James Lafferty says goodbye to ' One Tree Hill ' : ' It 's by far Nathan 's worst year ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill : 2011 - 12 TV Season Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . February 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hidek , Jeff ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` An Evening with One Tree Hill event sells out in five minutes '' . StarNewsOnline . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` One Tree Hill - Warner Home Video 's Formal Press Release for ' The Complete 9th and Final Season ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill - The Complete 9th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UK DVD release date ( Amazon ) '' . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill - The Complete 9th Season '' . ezydvd.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . ( hide ) One Tree Hill Discography Characters Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Haley James Scott Brooke Davis Mouth McFadden Jamie Scott Millicent Huxtable Julian Baker Clay Evans Quinn James Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' 5 `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' 6 7 8 9 Related `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Tree_Hill_(season_9)&oldid=810461903 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) episodes 2012 American television seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 11 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do they find nathan on one tree hill | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n175\n1\n\"Know This, We've Noticed\"\nMark Schwahn\nMark Schwahn\nJanuary 11, 2012 (2012-01-11)\n3X7201\n1.72[1]\n\n\n\nAs Brooke and Julian begin to adjust to life with their new children, Haley and Nathan find themselves dealing with similar issues. Although they don't know it yet, faces from the past threaten to interrupt plans for all their futures. Meanwhile, a mysterious problem arises for Clay and Quinn. Nathan finds out Dan Scott came back into town. Chris Keller returns to run Redbedroom Records.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by An Horse.\n\n\n176\n2\n\"In the Room Where You Sleep\"\nJoe Davola\nMark Schwahn\nJanuary 18, 2012 (2012-01-18)\n3X7202\n1.53[2]\n\n\n\nBrooke discusses a new business venture with her father, despite her mothers wishes, as Julian stresses about his own investment in a sound studio. Quinn convinces Clay to get help, and Millie struggles to be honest with Mouth about his weight gain. Meanwhile, Chase asks Alex to move in with him as Chris Keller makes Alex an offer she may not be able to refuse to tour. Nathan volunteers to scout in Europe, leaving Dan with Haley, Jamie, and Lydia.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Dead Man's Bones.\n\n\n177\n3\n\"Love the Way You Lie\"\nPaul Johansson\nLenn K. Rosenfeld\nJanuary 25, 2012 (2012-01-25)\n3X7203\n1.46[3]\n\n\n\nAfter Alex leaves for her tour, Chris looks to hire an intern and tries to cheer up Chase. Haley runs into trouble at Karen's Cafe when her chef quits to work for a rival cafe. Clay arouses suspicion in Quinn that he is cheating on her. Meanwhile, Millie accidentally humiliates Mouth on the air. Brooke tries to help her father secure funding for her new clothing line, and Julian gets distracted by the prospect of a potential renter for his sound stage, resulting in Julian forgetting his son, Davis, in the family car, to which the police and an ambulance have been alerted.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Eminem and Rihanna.\n\n\n178\n4\n\"Don't You Want to Share the Guilt?\"\nLes Butler\nNikki Schiefelbein\nFebruary 1, 2012 (2012-02-01)\n3X7204\n1.52[4]\n\n\n\nClay gets into trouble and Quinn gets involved; Julian deals with his guilt over leaving the baby in the car; Mouth agrees to take care of his health but continues eating when Millie is asleep. Meanwhile, a new cafe opens and the owner immediately angers Brooke and Haley.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Kate Nash.\n\n\n179\n5\n\"The Killing Moon\"\nGreg Prange\nShaina Fewell\nFebruary 8, 2012 (2012-02-08)\n3X7205\n1.35[5]\n\n\n\nNathan seems to have vanished on his way home, Haley goes searching for him and ultimately suspects Dan of having something to do with it. Tara gives Brooke a cockroach-infested flower as a \"Face to face friends request\", ultimately causing Brooke to destroy Tara's cafe after Tara gets personal in her attacks. Chase continues to feel guilty for sleeping with Tara behind Chris Keller's back. Chase also feels unwanted after Chuck spends all his attention on Keller and later his father, who finally comes back home. Clay checks into rehab, and Quinn spends the day babysitting Jamie & Lydia.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Echo and the Bunnymen.\n\n\n180\n6\n\"Catastrophe and the Cure\"\nJames Lafferty\nRoger Grant\nFebruary 15, 2012 (2012-02-15)\n3X7206\n1.40[6]\n\n\n\nDan enlists Julian to help in his search for Nathan. Mouth fills Clay in about Nathan, as Haley explains Nathan's disappearance to Jamie. Brooke gets an idea of how to bring patrons to an empty Karen's Cafe, and Chris Keller confronts Chase about Tara.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by the band Explosions in the Sky.\n\n\n181\n7\n\"Last Known Surroundings\"\nAustin Nichols\nMark Schwahn\nFebruary 22, 2012 (2012-02-22)\n3X7207\n1.43[7]\n\n\n\nHaley seeks help from Lucas (guest star Chad Michael Murray) as Nathan makes an escape attempt. Lucas takes Jamie and Lydia out of town to stay with him and Peyton until Haley can find Nathan and bring him home. Brooke comes face-to-face with Xavier who is up for parole. Julian uncovers evidence that assists Dan in his search for Nathan. Clay makes a connection with another patient in rehab.\n\nEpisode is named after a song by the band Explosions in the Sky.\n\n\n182\n8\n\"A Rush of Blood to the Head\"\nGreg Prange\nJohnny Richardson\nFebruary 29, 2012 (2012-02-29)\n3X7208\n1.57[8]\n\n\n\nHaley gets a phone call that may change her life forever. Clay receives life changing news while revisiting his past. While Dan revisits his past during his search for Nathan, Deb returns. Haley goes to identify a body that is thought to be Nathan. Chase goes to extreme measures to protect Chuck.\n\nThis episode is named after a song and album by Coldplay.\n\n\n183\n9\n\"Every Breath Is a Bomb\"\nPeter B. Kowalski\nIan Biggins\nMarch 7, 2012 (2012-03-07)\n3X7209\n1.47[9]\n\n\n\nHaley partners up with Dan to help search for Nathan. Brooke and Julian take new measures to protect their family. Chase faces consequences for defending Chuck. Skills helps Mouth get to a turning point. Clay reveals his past to Logan.\n\nEpisode is named after a song by the band The Blood Brothers.\n\n\n184\n10\n\"Hardcore Will Never Die, But You Will\"\nMark Schwahn\nMark Schwahn\nMarch 14, 2012 (2012-03-14)\n3X7210\n1.52[10]\n\n\n\nDan, Julian and Chris Keller attempt to rescue Nathan. During the rescue, Nathan is saved and Dan kills most of the attackers. When they are about to escape, Dan is shot by Demetri before he himself is shot by Nathan. Brooke's conflict with Xavier escalates when he attacks her in a parking garage, she is saved by the rival cafe owner Tara, who tasers him. Clay and Quinn revisit the past.\n\nEpisode is named after an album by the band Mogwai.\n\n\n185\n11\n\"Danny Boy\"\nJoe Davola\nMike Herro & David Strauss\nMarch 21, 2012 (2012-03-21)\n3X7211\n1.50[11]\n\n\n\nAfter successfully rescuing Nathan, Dan's life hangs in the balance. Nathan looks back on his father's life and forgives him for all he has done. Brooke's father surprises her when he comes back into town. Clay and Quinn reconnect with Logan.\n\nEpisode is named after a song by Andy Williams.\n\n\n186\n12\n\"Anyone Who Had a Heart\"\nSophia Bush\nBrian L. Ridings\nMarch 28, 2012 (2012-03-28)\n3X7212\n1.34[12]\n\n\n\nAs Haley prepares to present the annual Tree Hill Burning Boat Festival, Brooke uses the opportunity to process her father's betrayal, while Julian tries to breathe new life into a past idea. Mouth and Millie make a change to their morning show, and Clay and Quinn get ready for Logan's first night at the beach house. Clay proposes to Quinn and Chase is offered to buy the bar.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Dionne Warwick and later Cilla Black.\n\n\n187\n13\n\"One Tree Hill\"\nMark Schwahn\nMark Schwahn\nApril 4, 2012 (2012-04-04)\n3X7213\n1.43[13]\n\n\n\nIn the final chapter of One Tree Hill, the tenth anniversary of Tric brings old faces and new possibilities for the Tree Hill family; Quinn adopts Logan and marries Clay, Haley introduces Jamie to her predictions with Lucas and Julian buys Brooke her childhood home. In the time-jump, the Tree Hill gang are seen at Jamie's high-school basketball game, where his jersey is seen on the wall as the \"all time top scorer\". Bevin makes a guest appearance who is also seen back with Skills and Millie is pregnant.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by U2 and the series title itself.\n\n"
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-7182849363512447710 | World Series of Poker | World Series of Poker - wikipedia World Series of Poker For the video game , see World Series of Poker ( video game ) . World Series of Poker Current season , competition or edition : 2018 World Series of Poker Sport Poker Founded Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. ( 1970 ) Founder Benny Binion Owner ( s ) Binion 's Horseshoe ( 1970 -- 2004 ) Caesars Entertainment Corporation ( 2004 -- present ) Most recent champion ( s ) John Cynn ( 2018 Main Event ) Most titles Phil Hellmuth ( most bracelets , 15 ) ; Johnny Moss and Stu Ungar ( most Main Event wins , 3 ) Official website Official website The World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) is a series of poker tournaments held annually in Paradise and , since 2005 , sponsored by Caesars Entertainment Corporation ( known as Harrah 's Entertainment until 2010 ) . It dates its origins to 1970 , when Benny Binion invited seven of the best - known poker players to the Horseshoe Casino for a single tournament , with a set start and stop time , and a winner determined by a secret ballot of the seven players . The winner of each event receives a World Series of Poker bracelet and a monetary prize based on the number of entrants and buy - in amounts . Over the years , the tournament has grown in both the number of events and in the number of participants . Each year , the WSOP culminates with the $10,000 no - limit hold'em `` Main Event , '' which , since 2004 , has attracted entrants numbering in the thousands . The victor receives a multi-million dollar cash prize and a bracelet , which has become the most coveted award a poker player can win . The winner of the World Series of Poker Main Event is considered to be the World Champion of Poker . As of 2017 , the WSOP consists of 74 events , with most major poker variants featured . However , in recent years , over half of the events have been variants of Texas hold ' em . Events traditionally take place during one day or over several consecutive days during the series in June and July . However , starting in 2008 , the Main Event final table was delayed until November . The 2012 and 2016 Main Event final tables commenced in October because of the United States presidential election . As of May 2017 , the World Series of Poker has done away with the November Nine concept and instead went back to the old format of crowning the Main Event winner in July . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Highlights 3 History 3.1 Acquisition by Harrah 's 4 Main Event 4.1 Main Event results 5 Players 5.1 Records 5.2 Player of the Year 5.3 Poker Hall of Fame 6 Expansion 6.1 2005 -- WSOP Circuit 6.2 2007 -- World Series of Poker Europe 6.2. 1 WSOPE Main Event results 6.3 2010 World Series of Poker -- Africa 6.4 2013 World Series of Poker Asia - Pacific 6.4. 1 WSOP APAC Main Event results 6.5 2015 -- WSOP International Circuit 7 WSOP television coverage 7.1 1970s 7.2 1980s 7.3 1990s 7.4 2000s 7.4. 1 Early 2000s 7.4. 2 2003 : Major expansion 7.4. 3 2004 - present 7.5 WSOP broadcasters 8 Marketing 8.1 DVD releases 8.2 Video games 8.3 WSOP Poker Academy 8.4 WSOP online 8.5 WSOP Arizona Lottery 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Format ( EDIT ) Johnny Moss , Becky Binion , and Puggy Pearson at the 1974 World Series of Poker . Since 1971 , all WSOP events have been tournaments with cash prizes . In 1973 , a five - card stud event was added . Since then , new events have been added and removed . Since 1976 , a bracelet has been awarded to the winner of every event at the annual WSOP ; later on , the winners of events before 1976 were retroactively given bracelets . The tournament grew slowly for over a decade , reaching 52 participants in 1982 . In the early 1980s , satellite tournaments were introduced , allowing people to win their way into the various events . By 1987 , there were over 2,100 entrants in the entire series . At the 2006 World Series of Poker , there were 45 events , covering the majority of poker variants . Participation in the Main Event peaked that year , with 8,773 players . Currently , Texas hold ' em , Omaha hold ' em and Seven - card stud and their lowball variants are played . H.O.R.S.E. has been played in the past and returned in 2006 . Also , S.H.O.E. has been played in the past , and returned in 2007 . Other events played in the past include Chinese poker , Five card stud , and many others . Like most tournaments , the sponsoring casino takes an entry fee ( a percentage between 6 % and 10 % , depending on the buy - in ) and distributes the rest , hence the prize money increasing with more players . In the 2005 Main Event , US $52,818,610 in prize money was distributed among 560 players , with US $7.5 million as the first prize . The 2006 Main Event , won by Jamie Gold , is the largest single poker tournament by prize pool or by entrant numbers in history ; Gold pocketed US $12 million for his victory . In July 2010 , it was announced that the winner of the 2010 Main Event would receive just under US $9 million . On June 2 , 2011 , the World Series of Poker and Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberté announced plans for an officially sanctioned special fundraising event , known as The Big One for One Drop , starting on July 1 , 2012 with a record US $1 million entry fee . 11 % of the money ( more precisely , $111,111 from each buy - in ) went to Laliberté 's charity , the One Drop Foundation , and the WSOP waived its normal 10 % rake of the entry fees . At the time of the original announcement , 15 of the maximum 48 seats had been taken . By early December 2011 , the field size had increased to 22 , the minimum required for an official bracelet tournament . Among those who committed early to the event were Johnny Chan , Daniel Negreanu , Jonathan Duhamel , Tom Dwan , Laliberté , billionaire businessman Phil Ruffin and Erik Seidel . On April 12 , 2012 , the WSOP announced that 30 players had committed to the tournament , which brought the first prize to $12.3 million , exceeding the record amount won by Jamie Gold . In the end , all 48 seats were filled , resulting in a first prize of $18.3 million . Poker professional Antonio Esfandiari won the event , also receiving a special platinum WSOP bracelet . Highlights ( EDIT ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The number of participants in the WSOP grew every year from 2000 until 2006 . Following 2006 , new online gambling legislation restricted the number of online qualifiers to the event . 2007 was the first dip in numbers in the 21st century while in 2008 more people participated than the previous year . In 2000 , there were 4,780 entrants in the various events , but in 2005 , the number rose to over 23,000 players . In the main event alone , the number of participants grew from 839 in 2003 to 8,773 in 2006 , and has hovered between 6,300 and 7,200 entrants in the eleven years since . Phil Hellmuth has won the most bracelets with 15 followed by Doyle Brunson , Johnny Chan , and Phil Ivey with ten bracelets each . Crandell Addington is the only player to place in the top ten of the World Series of Poker Main Event eight times , albeit in earlier years with small fields compared to modern times . Four players have won the Main Event multiple times : Johnny Moss ( 1970 , 1971 , and 1974 ) , Doyle Brunson ( 1976 and 1977 ) , Stu Ungar ( 1980 , 1981 , and 1997 ) and Johnny Chan ( 1987 and 1988 ) . Bracelet winners who first achieved fame in other fields include French actor / singer Patrick Bruel ( in 1998 ) , Danish soccer player Jan Vang Sørensen ( in 2002 ) , American actress Jennifer Tilly ( in 2005 ) , and American musician / record producer Steve Albini ( in 2018 ) . In recent years , there have been non-bracelet events at the WSOP ; two of the most notable are the `` World Series of Rock Paper Scissors '' and `` Ante Up for Africa . '' History ( EDIT ) The idea of a World Series of Poker began in 1969 with an event called the Texas Gambling Reunion . It was an invitational event sponsored by Tom Moore of San Antonio , Texas , and held at the Holiday Hotel and Casino in Reno . This inaugural event was won by Crandell Addington . The set of tournaments that the World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) would evolve into was the brainchild of Las Vegas casino owner and poker player Benny Binion . In 1970 , the first WSOP at Binion 's Horseshoe took place as a series of cash games that included five - card stud , deuce to seven low - ball draw , razz , seven - card stud , and Texas hold ' em . The format for the Main Event as a freeze - out Texas hold ' em game came the next year . The winner in 1970 , Johnny Moss , was elected by his peers as the first `` World Champion of Poker '' and received a silver cup as a prize . Acquisition by Harrah 's ( EDIT ) A Binion 's poker table signed by WSOP Champions and other professional players after the casino hosted its final WSOP . In 2004 , Harrah 's Entertainment ( now Caesars Entertainment ) purchased Binion 's Horseshoe , retained the rights to the Horseshoe and World Series of Poker brands , sold the hotel and casino to MTR Gaming Group , and announced that the 2005 Series events would be held at the Harrah 's - owned Rio Hotel and Casino , located just off the Las Vegas Strip . The final two days of the main event in 2005 were held downtown at what is now the MTR - operated `` Binion 's '' in celebration of the centennial of the founding of Las Vegas . The WSOP also added a made - for - television $2 million `` freeroll '' invitational Tournament of Champions ( TOC ) event first won by Annie Duke as a `` winner - take - all '' event . Main Event ( EDIT ) Since 1972 , the Main Event of the WSOP has been the $10,000 buy - in no - limit Texas Hold ' em ( NLHE ) tournament ( in 1971 the buy - in was $5,000 and the inaugural 1970 event was an invitational with winner determined by a vote from the players ) . Winners of the event not only get the largest prize of the tournament and a gold bracelet , but additionally their picture is placed in the Gallery of Champions at Binion 's . The winner of the Main Event has traditionally been given the unofficial title of World Champion . However , some believe that no - limit hold ' em is not the optimal structure for determining a champion poker player . In 2002 , Daniel Negreanu argued that the Main Event should switch to pot - limit hold ' em , believing that pot - limit required a more complete set of poker skills than no - limit , although he admitted that such a change would likely never be made . However , after the $50,000 H.O.R.S.E. / Poker Players Championship event was added , many of the game 's top professionals , including Negreanu , have since stated that this tournament ultimately decides the world 's best player . The $50,000 buy - in , being five times larger than the buy - in for the Main Event , has thus far tended to deter amateurs from playing in this event , and the variety of games played require a broader knowledge of poker . The first $50,000 event , conducted as a H.O.R.S.E. tournament , was won by Chip Reese in 2006 . In 2010 , the $50,000 event changed from H.O.R.S.E. to an `` 8 - game '' format , adding no - limit hold ' em , pot - limit Omaha , and 2 -- 7 triple draw to the mix , and was rechristened The Poker Players Championship , with Michael Mizrachi winning the first edition of the revamped event . Since Reese 's death in December 2007 , the winner of this event receives the David ' Chip ' Reese Memorial Trophy in addition to the bracelet and the prize money . The Gallery of Champions in 1979 . There have been many memorable moments during the main events , including Jack Straus 's 1982 comeback win after discovering he had one $500 chip left when he thought he was out of the tournament . The end of the 1988 main event was featured in the movie Rounders . Chris Moneymaker and Greg Raymer , the winners in 2003 and 2004 , both qualified for the main event through satellite tournaments at the PokerStars online card room . Jerry Yang , the winner in 2007 , had only been playing poker for two years prior to his victory . He won his seat at a $225 satellite tournament at Pechanga Resort & Casino , in California . With passage of the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act ( UIGEA ) of 2006 online poker sites have been barred from purchasing entrance directly for their users . Main Event results ( edit ) Main article : List of World Series of Poker Main Event champions Year Winner Winning hand First place prize Entrants Runner - up Losing hand 1970 Johnny Moss N / A N / A 7 N / A N / A 1971 Johnny Moss N / A 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 6 Walter `` Puggy '' Pearson N / A 1972 Thomas `` Amarillo Slim '' Preston , Jr . K ♥ J 7004800000000000000 ♠ 80,000 8 Walter `` Puggy '' Pearson 6 6 1973 Walter `` Puggy '' Pearson A ♠ 7 ♠ 7005130000000000000 ♠ 130,000 13 Johnny Moss K ♥ J ♠ Johnny Moss 3 ♥ 3 ♠ 7005160000000000000 ♠ 160,000 16 Crandell Addington A ♣ 2 ♣ Brian `` Sailor '' Roberts J ♠ J ♥ 7005210000000000000 ♠ 210,000 21 Bob Hooks J ♣ 9 ♣ 1976 Doyle Brunson 10 ♠ 2 ♠ 7005220000000000000 ♠ 220,000 22 Jesse Alto A ♠ J 1977 Doyle Brunson 10 ♠ 2 ♥ 7005340000000000000 ♠ 340,000 34 Gary Berland 8 ♥ 5 ♣ 1978 Bobby Baldwin Q Q ♣ 7005210000000000000 ♠ 210,000 42 Crandell Addington 9 9 ♣ 1979 Hal Fowler 7 ♠ 6 7005270000000000000 ♠ 270,000 54 Bobby Hoff A ♣ A ♥ 1980 Stu Ungar 5 ♠ 4 ♠ 7005385000000000000 ♠ 385,000 73 Doyle Brunson A ♥ 7 ♠ 1981 Stu Ungar A ♥ Q ♥ 7005375000000000000 ♠ 375,000 75 Perry Green 10 ♣ 9 1982 Jack Straus A ♥ 10 ♠ 7005520000000000000 ♠ 520,000 104 Dewey Tomko A 4 Tom McEvoy Q Q ♠ 7005540000000000000 ♠ 540,000 108 Rod Peate K J 1984 Jack Keller 10 ♥ 10 ♠ 7005660000000000000 ♠ 660,000 132 Byron Wolford 6 ♥ 4 ♥ 1985 Bill Smith 3 ♠ 3 ♥ 7005700000000000000 ♠ 700,000 140 T.J. Cloutier A 3 ♣ 1986 Berry Johnston A ♠ 10 ♥ 7005570000000000000 ♠ 570,000 141 Mike Harthcock A 8 Johnny Chan A ♠ 9 ♣ 7005625000000000000 ♠ 625,000 152 Frank Henderson 4 4 ♣ 1988 Johnny Chan J ♣ 9 ♣ 7005700000000000000 ♠ 700,000 167 Erik Seidel Q ♣ 7 ♥ 1989 Phil Hellmuth , Jr . 9 ♠ 9 ♣ 7005755000000000000 ♠ 755,000 178 Johnny Chan A ♠ 7 ♠ 1990 Mansour Matloubi 6 ♥ 6 ♠ 7005895000000000000 ♠ 895,000 194 Hans Lund 4 4 ♣ 1991 Brad Daugherty K ♠ J ♠ 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 215 Don Holt 7 ♥ 3 ♥ 1992 Hamid Dastmalchi 8 ♥ 4 ♣ 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 201 Tom Jacobs J 7 ♠ 1993 Jim Bechtel J ♠ 6 ♠ 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 220 Glenn Cozen 7 4 ♥ 1994 Russ Hamilton K ♠ 8 ♥ 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 268 Hugh Vincent 8 ♣ 5 ♥ 1995 Dan Harrington 9 8 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 273 Howard Goldfarb A ♥ 7 ♣ Huck Seed 9 8 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 295 Bruce Van Horn K ♣ 8 ♣ 1997 Stu Ungar A ♥ 4 ♣ 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 312 John Strzemp A ♠ 8 ♣ 1998 Scotty Nguyen J 9 ♣ 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 350 Kevin McBride Q ♥ 10 ♥ 1999 Noel Furlong 5 ♣ 5 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 393 Alan Goehring 6 ♥ 6 ♣ 2000 Chris Ferguson A ♠ 9 ♣ 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 512 T.J. Cloutier A Q ♣ 2001 Juan Carlos Mortensen K ♣ Q ♣ 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 613 Dewey Tomko A ♠ A ♥ 2002 Robert Varkonyi Q 10 ♠ 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 631 Julian Gardner J ♣ 8 ♣ 2003 Chris Moneymaker 5 4 ♠ 7006250000000000000 ♠ 2,500,000 839 Sam Farha J ♥ 10 Greg Raymer 8 ♠ 8 7006500000000000000 ♠ 5,000,000 2,576 David Williams A ♥ 4 ♠ 2005 Joe Hachem 7 ♣ 3 ♠ 7006750000000000000 ♠ 7,500,000 5,619 Steve Dannenmann A 3 ♣ 2006 Jamie Gold Q ♠ 9 ♣ 7007120000000000000 ♠ 12,000,000 8,773 Paul Wasicka 10 ♥ 10 ♠ 2007 Jerry Yang 8 8 ♣ 7006825000000000000 ♠ 8,250,000 6,358 Tuan Lam A Q 2008 Peter Eastgate A 5 ♠ 7006915241600000000 ♠ 9,152,416 6,844 Ivan Demidov 4 ♥ 2 ♥ 2009 Joe Cada 9 9 ♣ 7006854704200000000 ♠ 8,547,042 6,494 Darvin Moon Q J Jonathan Duhamel A ♠ J ♥ 7006894431000000000 ♠ 8,944,310 7,319 John Racener K 8 2011 Pius Heinz A ♠ K ♣ 7006871563800000000 ♠ 8,715,638 6,865 Martin Staszko 10 ♣ 7 ♣ 2012 Greg Merson K 5 7006853185300000000 ♠ 8,531,853 6,598 Jesse Sylvia Q ♠ J ♠ 2013 Ryan Riess A ♥ K ♥ 7006836157000000000 ♠ 8,361,570 6,352 Jay Farber Q ♠ 5 ♠ 2014 Martin Jacobson 10 ♥ 10 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10,000,000 6,683 Felix Stephensen A ♥ 9 ♥ 2015 Joe McKeehen A ♥ 10 7006768334600000000 ♠ 7,683,346 6,420 Joshua Beckley 4 ♣ 4 2016 Qui Nguyen K ♣ 10 ♣ 7006800531000000000 ♠ 8,005,310 6,737 Gordon Vayo J ♠ 10 ♠ 2017 Scott Blumstein A ♥ 2 7006815000000000000 ♠ 8,150,000 7,221 Dan Ott A 8 2018 John Cynn K ♣ J ♣ 7006880000000000000 ♠ 8,800,000 7,874 Tony Miles Q ♣ 8 ♥ ( Flag indicates the country of residency of the player at the time of the event ) Players ( EDIT ) Records ( EDIT ) Since its inception , Stu Ungar and Johnny Moss are the only players to have won the Main Event three times . However , Moss 's first victory came in a different format , as he was elected winner by vote of his fellow players at the conclusion of what was then a timed event . Moss ( if the first time win by vote is counted ) , Ungar , Doyle Brunson , and Johnny Chan are the only people who have won the Main Event in consecutive years . Chan 's second victory in 1988 was featured in the 1998 film Rounders . Phil Hellmuth holds multiple WSOP records including most bracelets , most WSOP cashes , and most WSOP final tables . He is also the only player to have won the Main Events of both the WSOP and WSOP Europe . In recent years , the prize pool for the WSOP Main Event has become so large that the winner instantly becomes one of the top money winners of WSOP and even in tournament poker history . Before July 2012 , the top seven players on the all - time WSOP Earnings list were Main Event champions from 2005 to 2011 , among whom Jamie Gold topped those seven , he won the 2006 Main Event , which had then the biggest first prize for a single tournament , and still is the largest poker tournament by prize pool in history . However , the all - time leader is currently poker professional Daniel Negreanu , who has not won a Main Event , although he won the inaugural WSOP Asia Pacific Main Event in 2013 . He is followed by professionals Antonio Esfandiari and Daniel Colman , both also yet to win a Main Event in Las Vegas . The list below includes the WSOP Europe and WSOP Asia - Pacific , but excludes WSOP Circuit events and other non-bracelet events . The results are updated through the 2014 WSOP APAC . Overall : Most bracelets : Phil Hellmuth ( 15 ) Most earnings : Antonio Esfandiari ( $21,107,812 ) Most cashes : Phil Hellmuth ( 109 ) Most final tables : Phil Hellmuth ( 53 ) Youngest bracelet winner : Annette Obrestad ( 2007 WSOPE Main Event ; 18 years , 364 days ) Oldest bracelet winner : Johnny Moss ( aged 81 ; won the $1,500 Limit Ace to Five Draw event in 1988 , on his 81st birthday ) Most bracelets in one year : Puggy Pearson ( 1973 ) , Ted Forrest ( 1993 ) , Phil Hellmuth ( 1993 ) , Phil Ivey ( 2002 ) , Jeff Lisandro ( 2009 ) , George Danzer ( 2014 ( his third bracelet that he won in 2014 was during the WSOP APAC ) ) ( 3 bracelets ) Most final tables in one year : An Tran ( 6 final tables , 1992 ) Most cashes in one year : Chris Ferguson ( 2017 ) ( 23 cashes ) Most consecutive years with at least one bracelet : Bill Boyd ( 1971 -- 1974 ) , Doyle Brunson ( 1976 -- 1979 ) ( 4 ) Most consecutive years with at least one cash : Mike Sexton ( 30 , 1988 -- 2017 ) Most Player of the Year awards ( since 2004 ) : Daniel Negreanu ( 2 , 2004 and 2013 ) Oldest WSOP event participant : Jack Ury ( 2010 ; age 97 ) WSOP Main Events : Most Main Event wins : Johnny Moss ( 1970 ( by vote ) , 1971 , 1974 ) , Stu Ungar ( 1980 , 1981 , 1997 ) ( 3 ) Most Main Event wins in consecutive years : Johnny Moss ( 1970 ( by vote ) -- 1971 ) , Doyle Brunson ( 1976 -- 1977 ) , Stu Ungar ( 1980 -- 1981 ) , Johnny Chan ( 1987 -- 1988 ) ( 2 ) Most Main Event earnings : Jamie Gold ( $12,000,000 ) Most Main Event cashes : Berry Johnston ( 10 ) Most consecutive Main Event cashes : Ronnie Bardah ( 2010 -- 2014 ) ( 5 ) Most Main Event final tables : Doyle Brunson , Jesse Alto ( 5 ) Youngest Main Event Champion : Joe Cada ( 2009 ; 21 years , 357 days ) Oldest Main Event Champion : Johnny Moss ( 1974 ; 66 years , 358 days ) Most Main Events played : Howard Andrew ( 1974 -- 2014 ) ( 41 ) Oldest Main Event participant : Jack Ury ( 2010 ; age 97 ) Player of the year ( EDIT ) Since 2004 , a Player of the Year ( POY ) award has been given to the player with the most points accumulated throughout the WSOP . As of 2013 , nine different players have won the ten awards , with Daniel Negreanu as the only two - time winner . Only `` open '' events in which all players can participate count in the standings ; this eliminates the Seniors , Ladies , and Casino Employee events . Beginning with the 2006 World Series of Poker , the Main Event and the $50,000 H.O.R.S.E. competition had no effect on the outcome of the winner of the Player of the Year award . In the 2008 World Series of Poker , the $50,000 H.O.R.S.E. event counted toward the Player of the Year award , but the Main Event did not . Since 2009 , all open events , including the Main Event , count towards Player of the Year . The Player of the Year standings were based upon performance solely at the WSOP in Las Vegas up until 2010 , but beginning in 2011 have also taken the World Series of Poker Europe into account , and starting in 2013 also include events in the World Series of Poker Asia Pacific . The 2011 WSOP Player of the Year organized by Bluff Magazine used a different scoring system which took into account field sizes and buy - in amounts when calculating points earned . This scoring system has been used ever since . Year Winner Bracelets Final Tables Cashes WSOP Earnings ( US $ ) Daniel Negreanu 5 6 7005346280000000000 ♠ 346,280 2005 Allen Cunningham 5 7006100711500000000 ♠ 1,007,115 2006 Jeff Madsen 7006146785200000000 ♠ 1,467,852 2007 Tom Schneider 7005416829000000000 ♠ 416,829 2008 Erick Lindgren 5 7006134852800000000 ♠ 1,348,528 2009 Jeff Lisandro 6 7005807521000000000 ♠ 807,521 Frank Kassela 6 7006125531400000000 ♠ 1,255,314 2011 Ben Lamb 5 7006535297000000000 ♠ 5,352,970 2012 Greg Merson 5 7006978535400000000 ♠ 9,785,354 2013 Daniel Negreanu 10 7006195405400000000 ♠ 1,954,054 2014 George Danzer 5 10 7005878933000000000 ♠ 878,933 2015 Mike Gorodinsky 8 7006176648700000000 ♠ 1,766,487 2016 Jason Mercier 11 7005960424000000000 ♠ 960,424 2017 Chris Ferguson 23 7005428423000000000 ♠ 428,423 Since 2016 , the WSOP payout a bigger percentage of the field ( 15 % instead of 10 % until then ) . Poker Hall of fame ( EDIT ) Main article : Poker Hall of Fame Since its inception in 1979 , the WSOP Poker Hall of Fame has honored 42 individuals . Selection criteria for players include having competed against acknowledged top competition , played for high stakes , and played consistently well to gain the respect of their peers . For non-players , selection is based on positive and lasting contributions to the overall growth and success of poker . Expansion ( EDIT ) 2005 -- WSOP Circuit ( EDIT ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Starting in 2005 , the WSOP began the World Series of Poker Circuit , a satellite series held at Harrah 's - owned properties in the United States . In addition to the $10,000 buy - in tournament at each site , qualifying players became eligible for a revamped Tournament of Champions . The 2005 TOC , made up of the top twenty qualifying players at each circuit event , along with the final table from the 2005 Main Event and the winners of nine or more bracelets ( Johnny Chan , Doyle Brunson , and Phil Hellmuth ) would participate in the revamped TOC at Caesars Palace . Mike Matusow won the first prize of $1 million ( US ) , and all the players at the final table were guaranteed a minimum of $25,000 for the eighth and ninth - place finishers . During a break in the final table of the 2005 Main Event on July 16 , Harrah 's announced that eleven properties -- including the recently added Bally 's and Caesar 's properties -- would host 2005 -- 06 WSOP Circuit events that started on August 11 in Tunica , Mississippi . One event that was scheduled for Biloxi , Mississippi , was canceled after the Grand Casino Biloxi , which was scheduled to host the event , suffered major damage from Hurricane Katrina . The Rio also hosted the 2006 World Series of Poker , which began on June 25 with satellite events and formally began the day after with the annual Casino Employee event , won in 2006 by Chris Gros. 2006 featured the Tournament of Champions on June 25 and 26 , won by Mike Sexton . Various events led up to the Main Event , which was held from July 28 until August 10 . The first prize of $12 million was awarded to Jamie Gold . 2007 -- World Series of Poker Europe ( EDIT ) Main article : World Series of Poker Europe The World Series of Poker Europe ( WSOPE ) is the first expansion of the World Series of Poker in series history . In September 2007 , the first WSOP championship events outside of Las Vegas , complete with bracelets , were held . The inaugural WSOPE consisted of three events held in London from September 6 -- 17 , 2007 . The main event , a GBP 10,000 buy - in no - limit hold ' em tournament , was won by Norwegian online prodigy Annette Obrestad on the day before her 19th birthday . This made her the youngest person ever to win a WSOP bracelet , a record that can not be broken in the Las Vegas WSOP under current laws because the minimum legal age for casino gaming in Nevada is 21 . Obrestad could play in the WSOPE because the minimum age for casino gaming in the United Kingdom is 18 . While no definitive plans have been announced , WSOP Commissioner Jeffrey Pollack has indicated that in the next one to three years that other venues may start holding WSOP events . Two locations that have been mentioned as possible expansion sites are Egypt and South Africa , and the World Series of Poker Africa was ultimately launched in South Africa in 2010 . However , it is currently treated as a WSOP Circuit event , with no bracelets awarded . The next expansion of the WSOP that included bracelet events was ultimately to Australia . The WSOPE moved from London to Cannes , France in 2011 . At that time , the buy - ins and payouts changed from being fixed in pounds to euros . The event moved again in 2013 , this time to the Paris suburb of Enghien - les - Bains . In November 2013 , it was announced that the WSOPE would in the future alternate with the World Series of Poker Asia Pacific ( WSOP APAC ) , which launched in 2013 . The WSOPE will now be held only in odd - numbered years , with WSOP APAC conducted in even - numbered years . WSOPE Main Event results ( edit ) Year Winner Winning Hand Prize Entrants Runner - Up Losing Hand 2007 Annette Obrestad 7 ♥ 7 ♠ £ 1,000,000 362 John Tabatabai 5 ♠ 6 2008 John Juanda K ♠ 6 ♣ £ 868,800 362 Stanislav Alekhin A ♣ 9 ♠ 2009 Barry Shulman 10 ♠ 10 ♣ £ 801,603 334 Daniel Negreanu 4 ♠ 4 James Bord 10 10 ♥ £ 830,401 346 Fabrizio Baldassari 5 ♠ 5 ♥ 2011 Elio Fox A 10 ♠ € 1,400,000 ( £ 1,206,577 ) 593 Chris Moorman A ♥ 7 ♠ 2012 Phil Hellmuth A ♥ 10 € 1,022,376 420 Sergii Baranov A ♠ 4 ♣ 2013 Adrián Mateos A ♠ K ♣ € 1,000,000 375 Fabrice Soulier 9 8 2015 Kevin MacPhee A 4 € 883,000 313 David Lopez K ♥ K ♣ 2017 Marti Roca Q ♥ 5 € 1,115,207 529 Gianluca Speranza 10 ♠ 8 2010 World Series of Poker -- Africa ( EDIT ) In 2010 , the WSOP expanded overseas once again , only this time to Gauteng , South Africa . Although the 2010 event was part of the WSOP Circuit , winners did not earn a gold ring or standing for the WSOP Circuit National Championship , both of which were common for other circuit events . This policy changed in 2012 . The WSOPA did not occur in 2011 but would come back in 2012 . 2013 World Series of Poker Asia - Pacific ( EDIT ) On April 30 , 2012 , the WSOP and Australian casino Crown Melbourne jointly announced the creation of the World Series of Poker Asia - Pacific ( WSOP APAC ) . The first edition of the event was held at Crown 's Melbourne Casino from April 4 -- 15 , 2013 and featured five bracelet events in the series . WSOP APAC Main Event results ( edit ) Year Winner Winning Hand Prize Entrants Runner - Up Losing Hand 2013 Daniel Negreanu 2 ♠ 2 ♥ A $1,038,825 405 Daniel Marton A ♠ 7 ♠ 2014 Scott Davies 6 6 ♠ A $850,136 329 Jack Salter Q ♣ 10 ♣ 2015 -- WSOP International Circuit ( EDIT ) In 2015 , the WSOP International Circuit was launched , with rounds in Canada , Latin America , the Caribbean , Europe , Asia - Pacific and Africa . The winners of each tournament join the WSOP Circuit winners to play the WSOP Global Casino Championship . The International Circuit has expanded to 13 tournaments for the 2017 / 18 season . WSOP television coverage ( EDIT ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1970s ( EDIT ) The earliest filming of the World Series was a special produced by Binion 's Horseshoe in 1973 and narrated by Jimmy `` The Greek '' Snyder . CBS began covering the World Series in the late 1970s . 1980s ( EDIT ) In the early 1980s , the event was again broadcast as specials . In the late 1980s , the World Series returned to television as ESPN took over broadcasting . Initially , coverage only consisted of just a single one - hour taped - delay broadcast of the Main Event . 1990s ( EDIT ) ESPN Classic currently airs many of the old broadcasts from the mid-1990s and beyond . Since no `` pocket cam '' existed , very few hole cards were actually shown to television viewers . Generally , ESPN used poker - playing actors such as Dick Van Patten , Vince Van Patten , and Gabe Kaplan , with either the tournament director ( usually Jim Albrecht ) or a poker professional , of which one was Phil Hellmuth , joining the team . Unlike today 's coverage , ESPN featured no pre-taped interviews or profiles on the players . In addition , the commentators were generally on the casino floor itself . In the 1994 coverage of the final hand of the Main Event shows Hugh Vincent holding 8 ♣ 5 ♥ . The flop was 8 ♣ 2 ♠ 6 , indicating that there were two 8 ♣ in the deck . The tournament director announces that Hugh Vincent needed two running spades to win . The likely hand for Hugh Vincent was 8 ♠ 5 ♠ , but there is no known video of the actual hand turned over by Hugh Vincent . 2000s ( EDIT ) Early 2000s ( EDIT ) From 1999 to 2001 , the World Series of Poker was broadcast by The Discovery Channel . These hour - long programs presented more of an overview or recap of the WSOP as opposed to broadcasting an actual live event with play - by - play analysis and color commentary . The Discovery Channel 's broadcast also featured final table players interviews interlaced throughout the show . ESPN would resume coverage the following year . ESPN 's coverage in 2002 was typical of their coverage in the 1990s ( recorded in video , little or no post-production commentary or player profiles , no card cams ) . However , the final table broadcast was expanded over two one - hour episodes . The 2002 WSOP was the first with the `` sneak peek '' ( later called the pocket cam , or hole cam ) . 2003 : major expansion ( EDIT ) In 2003 , Fred Christenson secured the long - term rights acquisition for ESPN , and the channel expanded their coverage to new heights with their coverage of the WSOP . They included coverage of the entire tournament , with a `` Featured Table '' . At this table , the viewers could see the player 's hole cards and subsequent strategy . The action was also broadcast as if live , though on tape - delay . 2003 was the first year that the broadcast covered action preceding the final table . Since then , ESPN has greatly expanded its coverage to include many of the preliminary events of the WSOP , especially Texas Hold ' Em . Also , their coverage of the main event now typically includes at least one hour program on each day . For the first two years of its existence , ESPN was broadcasting one hour programs of the `` circuit '' events that the WSOP has at various Harrah 's - owned casinos , but ESPN did not renew these events . ESPN 's coverage now includes many of the trappings of sports coverage , such as lighter segments ( called `` The Nuts '' ) and interviews . ESPN 's coverage has been largely driven by Matt Maranz , Executive Producer for the WSOP telecasts . Maranz previously worked on ESPN 's football pre-game show , and has also produced taped segments for NBC 's Olympic coverage . 2004 - present ( EDIT ) Coverage would increase in 2004 and 2005 to include preliminary events from the WSOP , in addition to the `` Main Event '' . ESPN has expanded poker to all - new levels , especially with their coverage of the 2006 WSOP , including providing the entire final table of the 2006 Main Event via pay - per - view airing . In 2008 , ESPN experimented with the idea of a delayed final table . This idea presented greater sponsorship opportunities and notoriety , culminating in a recap of the Main Event and the conclusion of the 2008 Main Event final table . In 2009 , ESPN announced they would again move the final table to November 2009 . The WSOP also decided there would be no rebuy events in 2009 . The decision was reached because of complaints that rebuy events provided an unfair advantage to professionals with no limitation on how much money they can spend for an event . There were 57 bracelet events that year . The 2010 WSOP had the same number of bracelet events as in 2009 , again with no rebuy events . With 58 bracelet events and no rebuy events , the 2011 WSOP featured unprecedented `` nearly live '' coverage , with broadcasts being delayed by much smaller amounts of time while still satisfying Nevada Gaming Commission regulators . Caesars Entertainment , via WSOP.com , streamed final - table coverage of all bracelet events on a 5 - minute delay , although without pocket cams . The ESPN family of networks aired 36 hours of Main Event coverage leading up to the November Nine on a 30 - minute delay , showing the hole cards of all players who voluntarily entered the pot once the hand ended . The Main Event final table was broadcast on a 15 - minute delay with the same policy regarding hole cards . The first day of the final table was aired on ESPN2 and the final day on ESPN , with both days also streamed on ESPN3 and WSOP.com . POKER PROductions , led by Mori Eskandani , a former poker player turned television executive , has produced the World Series of Poker Europe since 2008 and World Series of Poker since 2011 . Eskandani pioneered the live broadcast format seen at the WSOP Final Table since 2011 . Once a 2 - day format , the Final Table is now carried over 3 nights , after several years of a `` November Nine '' , the Final Table was held in July for the 2018 Main Event . Ratings for the Final Table have remained consistent with poker 's boom despite Black Friday . WSOP broadcasters ( EDIT ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . 1973 ( special ) -- Jimmy Snyder 1978 ( CBS ) -- Brent Musburger and Jimmy Snyder 1979 ( CBS ) -- Frank Glieber and Jimmy Snyder 1981 ( special ) -- Curt Gowdy 1983 ( special ) -- Curt Gowdy and Bobby Baldwin 1987 ( special ) -- Ted Robinson 1988 ( ESPN ) -- Chris Marlowe 1989 ( ESPN ) -- Chris Marlowe 1990 ( ESPN ) -- Chris Marlowe 1991 ( ESPN ) -- Chris Marlowe 1992 ( ESPN ) -- Chris Marlowe 1993 ( ESPN ) -- Dick Van Patten and Jim Albrecht 1994 ( ESPN ) -- Dick Van Patten and Jim Albrecht 1995 ( ESPN ) -- Dick Van Patten and Jim Albrecht 1996 -- Was not televised 1997 ( ESPN ) -- Gabe Kaplan and Jim Albrecht 1998 ( ESPN ) -- Vince Van Patten and Jim Albrecht 1999 ( The Discovery Channel ) 2000 ( The Discovery Channel ) 2001 ( The Discovery Channel ) 2002 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern and Gabe Kaplan ; ( ESPN Latin America -- Spanish ) -- Gabriela Hill 2003 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern and Norman Chad ; ( ESPN Latin America -- Spanish ) -- Gabriela Hill 2004 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern and Norman Chad ; ( ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America -- Spanish ) -- Gabriela Hill 2005 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern and Norman Chad ; ( ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America -- Spanish ) -- Gabriela Hill and Andrés Agulla 2006 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern and Norman Chad ; Phil Gordon and Ali Nejad in Main Event Pay - per - view ; ( ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America -- Spanish ) -- Gabriela Hill and Andrés Agulla 2007 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern and Norman Chad ; Phil Gordon and Ali Nejad in Main Event Pay - per - view ; ( ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America -- Spanish ) -- Fernando Álvarez and Gabriela Hill 2008 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern and Norman Chad ; ( ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America -- Spanish ) -- Fernando Álvarez and Gabriela Hill 2009 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern and Norman Chad ; ( ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America -- Spanish ) -- Georgina Ruiz Sandoval and Fernando Álvarez 2010 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern and Norman Chad ; ( ESPN3 ) -- James Hartigan and Adam Schoenfeld , Phil Hellmuth , Gavin Griffin , Bernard Lee , Jonathan Aguiar , Joseph Cheong ; ( ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America -- Spanish ) -- Georgina Ruiz Sandoval and Fernando Álvarez 2011 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern , Norman Chad and Kara Scott ; ( ESPN2 & 3 LIVE ) Lon McEachern , David Tuchman , Antonio Esfandiari , Norman Chad , Phil Hellmuth , Olivier Busquet , Johnny Chan , Vanessa Rousso 2012 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern , Norman Chad , Antonio Esfandiari , Kara Scott , and Olivier Busquet 2013 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern , Norman Chad , Antonio Esfandiari , Kara Scott , Marianela Pereyra , and Phil Hellmuth 2014 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern , Norman Chad , Antonio Esfandiari , Kara Scott , Daniel Negreanu , and Phil Hellmuth 2015 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern , Norman Chad , Antonio Esfandiari , Kara Scott , Daniel Negreanu , and Phil Hellmuth 2016 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern , Norman Chad , Antonio Esfandiari , Kara Scott 2017 ( ESPN ) -- Lon McEachern , Norman Chad , and Kara Scott Marketing ( EDIT ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The WSOP has corporate sponsors and licensed products which pay fees to market themselves as an official sponsors and / or licensees and exclusively use the WSOP insignia and cross-promote with their events . Besides the Harrah 's properties and ESPN , major sponsors have included Jack Links Beef Jerky , Miller Brewing 's `` Milwaukee 's Best '' brand of beers , Pepsi 's SoBe Adrenaline Rush energy drink ( sponsors of the 2005 TOC ) , Helene Curtis 's Degree brand of anti-perspirant / deodorant , United States Playing Card 's Bicycle Pro Cards , Bluff Magazine , GlaxoSmithKline / Bayer 's Levitra erectile dysfunction medicine , and The Hershey Company . Licensees include Glu Mobile , Activision ( video games for different platforms such as Nintendo 's GameCube , Microsoft 's Xbox , Sony 's PlayStation 2 , and PC , featuring computer - generated versions of stars like Chris Ferguson ) , and products made by different companies ranging from chip sets , playing cards , hand - held games , and clothing like caps and shirts . The official playing cards and chips are manufactured by Excalibur Electronics , Inc. which is based out of Miami , Florida and has been the main chip licensee since 2005 . The fees and licenses bring in more than a million dollars to Harrah 's . DVD releases ( EDIT ) In 2003 and 2004 , DVD sets were released by ESPN of the Main Event . Video games ( EDIT ) In 2005 , a video game based on the tournament series , titled World Series of Poker , was released for several consoles and PC . A sequel called World Series of Poker : Tournament of Champions came out in 2006 . In 2007 , World Series of Poker 2008 : Battle for the Bracelets was released . WSOP video poker machines now appear at some Harrah 's casinos ; the machines are standard video poker machines , but have a bonus feature which allows a player to play a modified game of Texas Hold ' em against the machine . WSOP Poker Academy ( EDIT ) Beginning in 2007 , Harrah 's announced the creation of the World Series of Poker Academy , a poker school aimed at providing poker players with the skills needed to win a WSOP bracelet . The instructors for the Academy include Annie Duke , Phil Hellmuth , Jr. , Greg Raymer , Scott Fischman , Mark Kroon , Mark Seif , Alex Outhred , and former FBI interrogator Joe Navarro . Initial academies were launched in Tunica , Mississippi , Indiana , and Las Vegas . WSOP online ( EDIT ) In September 2009 , Harrah 's signed an agreement with Dragonfish , the B2B arm of 888 Holdings , to provide its online gaming services . The offering went live in the UK later that year , allowing UK users to play for real money . Real money online poker is available in the United States , but only in Delaware , Nevada , and New Jersey . WSOP Arizona Lottery ( EDIT ) In December 2010 , the Arizona Lottery issued Game Number 739 : World Series of Poker $5 Scratchers ( sm ) with a $50,000 top prize . Played on two tables , the game included a second chance drawing for non-winning tickets to win one of two Grand Prize Trip Packages that included a seat at the 2011 World Series of Poker Main Event or one of eight WSOP Poker Party Prize Packs . See also ( edit ) Poker After Dark National Heads - Up Poker Championship High Stakes Poker References ( EDIT ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Series of Poker History '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` A History of the WSOP : The Champions '' . PokerRoom.com . Ongame Network Ltd. 2007 - 06 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Poker 's glory is about the bracelet , not the money '' . Albuquerque Tribune . Associated Press . July 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Final Table Set at World Series of Poker Main Event ; Nine to Compete at Rio for $12 Million and Title of World Champion '' . Business Wire . Business Wire. 2006 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Fast , Erik ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) . `` 2012 World Series of Poker Final Table Moved To October '' . CardPlayer . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` IT 'S HERE ! 2012 WORLD SERIES OF POKER TOURNAMENT SCHEDULE ANNOUNCED '' . WSOP. 2012 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` World Series of Poker News Update : November Nine Nixed for 2017 Tournament '' . Bleacher Report , Inc . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poker Bracelet Winners - Official World Series of Poker Online '' . www.wsop.com . Jump up ^ `` World Series of Poker History -- WSOP Primer -- Background , Timeline and Facts about the World Series of Poker '' . Poker.about.com. 2002 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` WSOP Announces $1 Million Buy - In Tournament in Conjunction with One Drop '' ( Press release ) . World Series of Poker . June 2 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` 22 players commit to $1 M buy - in tourney '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dalla , Nolan ( June 30 , 2012 ) . `` The Biggest One -- World 's Most Spectacular Poker Extravaganza Starts Sunday '' . World Series of Poker . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dalla , Nolan ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Antonio Esfandiari Pulls Off Amazing Trick by Winning One Drop '' . World Series of Poker . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ World Series of Poker : A Brief History ^ Jump up to : `` WSOP History '' . Caesars Interactive Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Negreanu , Daniel ( 2002 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Should Pot - Limit or No - Limit Hold'em Crown our World Champion ? '' . Card Player . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 WSOP Schedule Is Announced '' ( Press release ) . World Series of Poker. 2009 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Series of Poker Structure Sheet , Event 2 : The Poker Players Championship '' ( PDF ) . World Series of Poker . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Dalla , Nolan ( 2010 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Mizrachi Wins Poker Players Championship '' . World Series of Poker . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Dalia , Nolan ( 2008 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Scotty Nguyen Wins $50 K World Championship H.O.R.S.E. '' Poker Player . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hellmuth 's legacy ? '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Hellmuth '' . World Series of Poker . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WSOP Players '' . WSOP . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` MEET THE 2011 NOVEMBER NINE ! '' . Nolan Dalla . WSOP . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bardah Sets New Main Event Record , Then Busts Cloutier '' . www.pokernews.com . Jump up ^ `` 2007 WSOP Player of the Year '' . WSOP . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 World Series of Poker Player of the Year '' . Bluff Magazine . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 WSOP POY : Jason Mercier Clinches Player of the Year , Paul Volpe 2nd '' . Jump up ^ `` WSOP NEWS : WSOP FINALIZES 2016 SCHEDULE WITH 69 EVENTS ON TAP '' . www.wsop.com . Jump up ^ `` WSOP POKER HALL OF FAME '' . WSOP . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harrah 's Set to Launch World Series of Poker Europe '' . Gaming Business . Feb 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bambach , Mike. World Series of Poker ups the ante , expands event to Europe 6 - 28 - 07 . USA Today . Accessed 7 / 25 / 07 ^ Jump up to : `` WSOP Announces Partnership With Crown for April 2013 Event in Melbourne , Australia '' ( Press release ) . World Series of Poker. April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WSOP Europe on the Move '' ( Press release ) . World Series of Poker . December 26 , 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WSOP Announces Change to International Event Format '' ( Press release ) . Caesars Interactive Entertainment , Inc . November 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Dan ( 27 Oct 2010 ) . `` Historic WSOP Africa Kicks Off '' . Poker News Daily . Retrieved 22 Feb 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EMERALD CASINO AND RESORT TO HOST 2ND ANNUAL WSOP AFRICA FEBRUARY 21 -- 26 '' . WSOP. 19 Feb 2012 . Retrieved 22 Feb 2012 . Jump up ^ WSOP Finalizes Details for 2016 Global Casino Championship - Pocket Fives , 5 April 2016 Jump up ^ WSOP Circuit International Schedule 2017 - 2018 - Brett Collson , Poker News , 16 July 2017 Jump up ^ `` Final Hand of WSOP 1994 '' . Jump up ^ Miller , James Andrew and Tom Shales . Those Guys Have All the Fun : Inside the World of ESPN Jump up ^ `` WSOP Footage - Prior to 2003 EDIT : Original Footage ( not compilation DVDs or classic sports ) '' . www.pocketfives.com . Jump up ^ Inc. , DVD Marketing . `` ESPN Original Entertainment 's 2004 World Series of Poker Now Available on DVD '' . www.prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ `` Home > > Games > > World Series of Poker '' . WMS Gaming ( wms.com ) . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 07 . External Links ( EDIT ) Official website An in depth history of the WSOP Major poker tournaments World Series of Poker ( bracelet ) by year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 ( results ) 2006 ( results ) 2007 ( results ) 2008 ( results ) 2009 ( results ) 2010 ( results ) 2011 ( results ) 2012 ( results ) 2013 ( results ) 2014 ( results ) 2015 ( results ) 2016 ( results ) 2017 ( results ) 2018 ( results ) Europe 2007 2008 2009 2011 ( results ) 2012 ( results ) 2013 ( results ) 2015 ( results ) 2017 ( results ) Asia Pacific 2013 2014 Circuit events 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 Other Tournament of Champions World Series of Poker Africa The Poker Players Championship Big One for One Drop Poker tours World Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 European Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 PokerStars Championship Season 1 North American Season 1 Asia Pacific Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Latin American Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 UK and Ireland Season 1 5 Other Asian ( APT ) Australia - New Zealand ( ANZPT ) Central Europe ( EUREKA ) Italian ( IPT ) Spain ( ESTRELLAS ) Super Bowl of Poker 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 Late Night Poker Series 1 5 6 Poker Superstars Season 1 Other events PokerStars Caribbean Adventure Aussie Millions National Heads - Up FPS RPS Bsop Poker Million U.S. Poker Championship World Heads - Up Irish Open Epic Poker League Partouche Poker Tour Super High Roller Bowl Online events WCOOP SCOOP TCOOP FTOPS ( 1 ) Starting in 2011 , a World Series of Poker bracelet was awarded to the WSOP Circuit National Champion . Caesars Entertainment Corporation Arizona Harrah 's Ak - Chin California Harrah 's Resort Southern California Illinois Harrah 's Joliet Harrah 's Metropolis Indiana Horseshoe Hammond Horseshoe Southern Indiana Iowa Harrah 's Council Bluffs Horseshoe Council Bluffs Mid-America Center Kentucky Bluegrass Downs Turfway Park ( 50 % ) Louisiana Harrah 's Louisiana Downs Harrah 's New Orleans Horseshoe Bossier City Maryland Horseshoe Baltimore Mississippi Biloxi Harrah 's Gulf Coast Tunica Horseshoe Tunica Roadhouse Missouri Harrah 's North Kansas City Nevada Lake Tahoe Harrah 's Harveys Las Vegas Bally 's Caesars Palace Bacchanal Buffet The Colosseum The Forum Shops Cromwell Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq High Roller O'Sheas Paris Planet Hollywood Miracle Mile Shops The AXIS Rio Laughlin Harrah 's Reno Harrah 's New Jersey Atlantic City Bally 's Caesars Harrah 's Wild Wild West North Carolina Harrah 's Cherokee Harrah 's Cherokee Valley River Pennsylvania Harrah 's Philadelphia International United Kingdom London Clubs International Macau Caesars Golf Macau Ontario Caesars Windsor South Africa Emerald Resort & Casino Programs Caesars Casino Online Total Rewards World Series of Poker Defunct Assets Casinos Bill 's Casino Lake Tahoe Bourbon Street Caesars Palace at Sea Harrah 's Tunica Brands LuckyMe Programs Connection Card 1970s WSOP bracelet winners Note number in brackets represents the number of bracelets earned in that year 1970 Johnny Moss 1971 Bill Boyd Jimmy Casella Johnny Moss ( 2 ) Puggy Pearson 1972 Bill Boyd Amarillo Slim 1973 Sam Angel Joe Bernstein Bill Boyd Aubrey Day Puggy Pearson ( 3 ) Jack Straus Bill Boyd Jimmy Casella ( 2 ) Johnny Moss Sailor Roberts Amarillo Slim Sam Angel Billy Baxter Jay Heimowitz Johnny Moss Sailor Roberts 1976 Howard Andrew ( 2 ) Doyle Brunson ( 2 ) Doc Green Perry Green Johnny Moss Walter Smiley 1977 Billy Allen Bobby Baldwin ( 2 ) Gary Berland Doyle Brunson ( 2 ) Perry Green George Huber Louis Hunsucker Jackie McDaniels Fats Morgan Jeff Sandow Richard Schwartz 1978 Bobby Baldwin Billy Baxter Gary Berland ( 2 ) Doyle Brunson Aubrey Day Terry King Lakewood Louie Hans Lund Chip Reese Henry Young 1979 Bobby Baldwin Gary Berland ( 2 ) Starla Brodie Doyle Brunson Hal Fowler Barbara Freer Perry Green Lakewood Louie ( 2 ) Sam Mastrogiannis Johnny Moss Dewey Tomko 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 1980s WSOP bracelet winners Note number in brackets represents the number of bracelets earned in that year 1980 Mickey Appleman Robert Bone Pat Callihan Deby Callihan Pete Christ Sarge Ferris Gene Fisher Jim Fugatti Lynn Harvey A.J. Myers Bobby Schwing Lakewood Louie Stu Ungar 1981 Ed Barmach Frank Cardone Fred David Sid Gamerman Ruth Godfrey Bruce Hershenson Juanda Matthews Johnny Moss A.J. Myers Mickey Perry Dody Roach Glen Rodgers Stu Ungar ( 2 ) 1982 Billy Baxter ( 2 ) Tom Cress Jim Doman June Field Nick Helm Dani Kelly Ralph Morton John Paquette Chip Reese Vera Richmond David Sklansky ( 2 ) Jack Straus Don Williams David Angel David Baxter Artie Cobb Donna Doman Jim Doman Ken Flaton Carolyn Gardner Buster Jackson Berry Johnston John Lukas Tom McEvoy ( 2 ) David Sklansky ( 2 ) Don Todd Stu Ungar 1984 Dick Albano Todd Baur William Bennett Norman Berliner Paul Fontaine Mike Hart Jack Keller ( 2 ) Sandy Stupak Bob Martinez Mike Schneiberg Dewey Tomko ( 2 ) Karen Wolfson 1985 Dick Carson Johnny Chan Tommy Fischer Rick Hamil John Lukas Mark Mitchell Rose Pifer Amarillo Slim Zorn Smiljanic Bill Smith Tony Thang Harry Thomas Don Williams Edwin Wyde 1986 Jim Allen David Baxter Mike Cox Hamid Dastmalchi Barbara Enright Tommy Fischer Ron Graham Jay Heimowitz Berry Johnston Sam Mastrogiannis Tom McEvoy J.B. Randall Bob Addison Billy Baxter T.J. Cloutier Johnny Chan Artie Cobb Jim Craig Hal Kant Ralph Merton Joe Petro Carl Rouss Linda Ryke - Drucker Hilbert Shirey 1988 Val Carpenter Johnny Chan Russ Gibe Gilbert Gross Thor Hansen David Helms Lance Hilt Loretta Huber Merrill Hunt Seymour Leibowitz Johnny Moss Don Williams 1989 Lyle Berman Barry Blackburn Thomas Chung Phil Hellmuth Frank Henderson Don Holt Mel Judah Norman Keyser John Laudon Harry Madoff Alma McClelland Mike Sexton George Allen Shaw Bob Stupak 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 1990s WSOP bracelet winners Note number in brackets represents the number of bracelets earned in that year 1990 Allen Baker John Bonetti Norm Boulus Marie Gabert Mike Hart Berry Johnston Monte Kouz Vasilis Lazarou Mansour Matloubi Phil Reher Ray Rumler Amarillo Slim Shawqui Shunnarah Tony Stormzand Hugh Todd 1991 Joe Becker Doyle Brunson Brent Carter Thomas Chung Artie Cobb Brad Daugherty Pat Flanagan Mike Hart Jay Heimowitz Paul Heinrich Max Linder Rodney H. Pardey John Spadavecchia Ron Stanley An Tran Donna Ward Byron Wolford Charles Wight 1992 Bob Abell Mickey Appleman Eli Balas Lyle Berman Buddy Bonnecaze Paul Clark Hoyt Corkins Hamid Dastmalchi Dal Derovin Kenny Duggan Shari Flanzer Lamar Hampton Phil Hellmuth Tom McEvoy Men Nguyen Ray Rumler Erik Seidel Rick Steiner Lance Straughn Billy Thomas 1993 Billy Baxter Jim Bechtel John Bonetti Buddy Bonnecaze Humberto Brenes ( 2 ) Hamid Dastmalchi Gene Fisher Ted Forrest ( 3 ) Chau Giang Phil Hellmuth ( 3 ) Jack Keller Phyllis Kessler Hugo Mieth Erik Seidel Marty Sigel Robert Turner 1994 Lyle Berman Vince Burgio Brent Carter Johnny Chan J.J. Chun T.J. Cloutier ( 2 ) Barbara Enright Russ Hamilton Mike Hart John Heaney Jay Heimowitz Mike Laing O'Neil Longson Roger Moore Rodney H. Pardey J.C. Pearson George Rodis Huck Seed Erik Seidel Steven Sim Bill Sykes 1995 Mickey Appleman John Bonetti Starla Brodie Anthony DeAngelo Marlon De Los Santos Phil Earle Valter Farina Dan Harrington ( 2 ) Berry Johnston Richard Klamian Men Nguyen ( 2 ) Rod Peate Dan Robinson Clifford Roof Hilbert Shirey ( 2 ) Mickey Sisskind Max Stern John Tsagaris Christian Van Hees Peter Vilandos Steve Zolotow Gary Benson John Cernuto David Chiu Freddy Deeb Barbara Enright Sam Farha Jim Feldhouse Gregory Grivas Adeeb Harb Randy Holland Jim Huntley Susie Isaacs Donny Kerr Al Krux Hans Lund Tony Ma John Morgan Men Nguyen Henry Orenstein Dody Roach Huck Seed Marty Sigel Frank Thompson Mel Weiner 1997 Louis Asmo Chris Björin John Cernuto Johnny Chan Claude Cohen Phil Hellmuth Susie Isaacs Linda Johnson Mel Judah Vasilis Lazarou Scotty Nguyen Matthias Rohnacher Doug Saab Maria Stern Max Stern ( 2 ) Kevin Song Dean Stonier Dave Ulliott Stu Ungar Bob Veltri 1998 Farzad Bonyadi Patrick Bruel Doyle Brunson Ken Buntjer Jan Chen David Chiu T.J. Cloutier Artie Cobb Mendy Commanda Bill Gempel Chau Giang Tommy Hufnagle Kirk Morrison Daniel Negreanu Scotty Nguyen Donnacha O'Dea Jeff Ross Paul Rowe Steve Rydel Erik Seidel Michael Shadkin 1999 Josh Arieh Steve Badger Eli Balas Charles Brahmi Paul Clark John Esposito Layne Flack Tom Franklin Noel Furlong David Grey Eric Holum Hassan Kamoei Ron Long Mike Matusow Christina Pie Mike Wattel 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2000s WSOP bracelet winners Note number in brackets represents the number of bracelets earned in that year 2000 Dave Alizadeth Jimmy Athanas Chris Björin Mike Carson Johnny Chan David Chiu Diego Cordovez Nani Dollison Ivo Donev Richard Dunberg Tim Ellis Chris Ferguson ( 2 ) Jennifer Harman Jay Heimowitz Randy Holland Phil Ivey Nat Koe Howard Lederer Tony Ma Huck Seed Michael Sohayegh Jerri Thomas Chris Tsiprailidis Joe Wynn 2001 Burt Boutin Allen Cunningham Paul Darden Nani Dollison ( 2 ) Chris Ferguson Jay Heimowitz Phil Hellmuth Berry Johnston Travis Jonas Galen Kester Rich Korbin Howard Lederer Jim Lester Carlos Mortensen Scotty Nguyen ( 2 ) David Pham Adam Roberts Eddy Scharf Barry Shulman Erik Seidel Hemish Shah Bob Slezak Cliff Yamagawa Steve Zolotow 2002 Billy Baxter Fred Berger Catherine Brown John Cernuto Johnny Chan Joel Chaseman Paul Clark Allen Cunningham Jack Duncan Eddie Fishman Layne Flack ( 2 ) Perry Friedman Thor Hansen Randal Heeb Jennifer Harman Dan Heimiller John Hennigan John Hom Phil Ivey ( 3 ) John Juanda Meng La Mike Majerus Mike Matusow John McIntosh Qushqar Morad Jay Sipelstein Jan Vang Sørensen Bill Swan Dan Torla Robert Varkonyi David Warga Robert Williamson III 2003 Mickey Appleman John Arrage Doyle Brunson Johnny Chan ( 2 ) Chris Ferguson ( 2 ) Layne Flack ( 2 ) Prahlad Friedman Phil Hellmuth ( 2 ) Mohammed Ibrahim Tom Jacobs John Juanda ( 2 ) Charles Keith Lehr Toto Leonidas O'Neil Longson David Lukaszewski Jim Meehan Chris Moneymaker Carlos Mortensen Daniel Negreanu Men Nguyen ( 2 ) Minh Nguyen Phi Nguyen Frankie O'Dell Ron Rose Barb Rugolo Michael Saltzburg Eddy Scharf Huck Seed Erik Seidel Amir Vahedi Joe Awada Eli Balas Curtis Bibb Farzad Bonyadi T.J. Cloutier Hung Doan Gerry Drehobl Annie Duke Antonio Esfandiari Scott Fischman ( 2 ) Ted Forrest ( 2 ) Chau Giang Gary Gibbs Barry Greenstein Gavin Griffin Hasan Habib John Hennigan Brett Jungblut Ted Lawson Kathy Liebert Aaron Katz Thomas Keller Norm Ketchum Carl Nessel Daniel Negreanu Minh Nguyen Phi Nguyen Greg Raymer Mike Sica Cyndy Violette James Vogl 2005 Rafi Amit Josh Arieh Randy Boman Farzad Bonyadi Andre Boyer Doyle Brunson Todd Brunson Johnny Chan Jiang Chen David Chiu T.J. Cloutier Allen Cunningham Quinn Do Denis Ethier Eric Froehlich Issac Galazan Lawrence Gosney Michael Gracz Barry Greenstein David Grey Joe Hachem Steve Hohn Phil Ivey Cliff Josephy Ron Kirk O'Neil Longson Paul McKinney Edward Moncada Anthony Nguyen Reza Payvar John Pires Pat Poels Anthony Reategui Dan Schmiech Erik Seidel Mark Seif ( 2 ) Jan Vang Sørensen Willie Tann Jennifer Tilly Thom Werthmann Brian Wilson Todd Witteles 2006 Kianoush Abolfathi Daniel Alaei Praz Bansi Dutch Boyd Jeff Cabanillas Brandon Cantu Bob Chalmers Bill Chen ( 2 ) Scott Clements Kevin Cover Allen Cunningham Sam Farha Eric Froehlich Jon Friedberg Rafe Furst John Gale Jamie Gold James Gorham Chris Gros Phil Hellmuth Anders Henriksson Ian Johns Eric Kesselman Paul Kobel Jason Lester Benjamin Lin Jeff Madsen ( 2 ) Mary Jones Meyer Clare Miller Jim Mitchell Kevin Nathan Victoriano Perches Ralph Perry Max Pescatori David Pham Pat Poels Mats Rahmn Chip Reese James Richburg Mark Vos Lee Watkinson David Williams Jack Zwerner 2007 / 2007 E Saif Ahmad Dario Alioto Rafi Amit Dao Bac Don Baruch Ernest Bennett Thomas Bihl Chandrasekhar Billavara Steve Billirakis Alexander Borteh Burt Boutin Sally Boyer Robert Cheung Michael Chu Scott Clements Hoyt Corkins Allen Cunningham Freddy Deeb Lukasz Dumanski Will Durkee Bill Edler Eli Elezra Saro Getzoyan Michael Graves Fred Goldberg John Guth Phil Hellmuth Greg Hopkins Ryan Hughes Michael Keiner Alexander Kravchenko Jeff Lisandro James Mackey Robert Mizrachi Frederick Narciso Annette Obrestad Frankie O'Dell Ciaran O'Leary Shankar Pillai Ben Ponzio Chris Reslock James Richburg Blair Rodman Francois Safieddine Tom Schneider ( 2 ) Dan Schreiber Ralph Schwartz Erik Seidel Alan Smurfit Mike Spegal David Stucke Gary Styczynski Katja Thater Jason Warner Ram Vaswani Jerry Yang Ryan Young 2008 / 2008 E Michael Banducci Duncan Bell David Benyamine Eric Brooks Andrew Brown Joe Commisso David Daneshgar Peter Eastgate Sherkhan Farnood Layne Flack Phil Galfond Frank Gary Alexandre Gomes Matt Graham Barry Greenstein Max Greenwood Svetlana Gromenkova Blair Hinkle Grant Hinkle Rob Hollink Jesper Hougaard ( 2 ) Ryan Hughes Theo Jørgensen John Juanda Matt Keikoan Davidi Kitai Jonathan Kotula Martin Klaser Dan Lacourse Erick Lindgren Vitaly Lunkin Thang Luu Mike Matusow Nenad Medic Dario Minieri Daniel Negreanu Scotty Nguyen Max Pescatori John Phan ( 2 ) Rep Porter Anthony Rivera Michael Rocco Freddy Rouhani Sebastian Ruthenberg James Schaff Scott Seiver Vanessa Selbst Jimmy Shultz David Singer Marty Smyth J.C. Tran Kenny Tran Phil Tom Sebastian Ruthenberg Luis Velador Jens Vortman David Woo Jason Young 2009 / 2009 E Bahador Ahmadi Daniel Alaei Ken Aldridge Tomas Alenius James Van Alstyne Jerrod Ankenman Richard Austin David Bach Eric Baldwin Rami Boukai Joe Cada Erik Cajelais Brandon Cantu Jeff Carris Andrew Cohen Michael Davis Mike Eise Freddie Ellis Zac Fellows Ray Foley Matt Graham Angel Guillén Lisa Hamilton David Halpern Anthony Harb Matt Hawrilenko Phil Ivey ( 2 ) Carsten Joh Travis Johnson John Kabbaj J.P. Kelly ( 2 ) Brian Lemke Jeff Lisandro ( 3 ) Vitaly Lunkin Thang Luu Jason Mercier Abe Mosseri Greg Mueller ( 2 ) Marc Naalden Brock Parker ( 2 ) Jorg Peisert Derek Raymond Barry Shulman Nick Schulman Jordan Smith Keven Stammen Steve Sung J.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the wsop move to the rio | [
"In 2004, Harrah's Entertainment (now Caesars Entertainment) purchased Binion's Horseshoe, retained the rights to the Horseshoe and World Series of Poker brands, sold the hotel and casino to MTR Gaming Group, and announced that the 2005 Series events would be held at the Harrah's-owned Rio Hotel and Casino, located just off the Las Vegas Strip.[15] The final two days of the main event in 2005 were held downtown at what is now the MTR-operated \"Binion's\" in celebration of the centennial of the founding of Las Vegas. The WSOP also added a made-for-television $2 million \"freeroll\" invitational Tournament of Champions (TOC) event first won by Annie Duke as a \"winner-take-all\" event.\n"
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4453297840043191161 | Breakfast at Tiffany's (song) | Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( song ) - Wikipedia Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' Single by Deep Blue Something from the album 11th Song and Home Released July 4 , 1995 Format CD single , music cassette Recorded Genre Alternative rock , pop rock , jangle pop Length 4 : 16 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Todd Pipes Producer ( s ) David Castell Deep Blue Something singles chronology `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1995 ) `` Halo '' ( 1996 ) `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1995 ) `` Halo '' ( 1996 ) `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' is a 1995 song recorded by American alternative rock band Deep Blue Something . Originally appearing on the album 11th Song , it was later re-recorded and released on their album Home . It was the band 's only hit , peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 . Outside the United States , the song topped the charts in the United Kingdom , and peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia , Belgium ( Flanders ) , Canada , Germany , the Republic of Ireland and Sweden . Todd Pipes said in a Q magazine about the promotion of `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' , `` As the song had ' breakfast ' in the title , radio stations thought it would be genius to have us on at breakfast time . We 'd be up till 3 am and they 'd wonder why we were pissed off playing at 6 am . '' Follow - up singles failed to match the success of `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' , hence the reason for the band 's classification as a one - hit wonder . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and composition 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Other uses 7 References 8 External links Inspiration and composition ( edit ) `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' is sung from the point of view of a man whose girlfriend is on the verge of breaking up with him because the two have nothing in common . Desperate to find something , the man brings up the Audrey Hepburn film Breakfast at Tiffany 's , and his girlfriend recalls that they `` both kinda liked it . '' He argues that this should serve as enough motivation for them to work out their problems based on the notion that love will always find a way to make things work . The film Roman Holiday inspired the lyrics of the song , but songwriter Todd Pipes thought that one of Hepburn 's other films would make a better song title . Critical reception ( edit ) Brian Wahlert called Breakfast at Tiffany 's `` a cute , catchy song that should fit in well on adult contemporary , Top - 40 and alternative radio '' with memorable melody that makes it `` a perfect single , along with the mildly repetitive , conversational lyrics of the chorus and the bright , acoustic guitar '' . However , Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly was unimpressed . He called it `` possibly the year 's most innocuous single , ' Breakfast at Tiffany 's ' is distressingly prosaic pop from a wimpy - sounding Texas quartet '' ; he added that it lacked any `` musical piquancy '' . The Houston Press listed the song as the second worst by an artist from Texas , after Vanilla Ice 's `` Ice Ice Baby '' . VH1 and Blender ranked the song # 6 on their list of the `` 50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs Ever '' . Music video ( edit ) The music video features the band members arriving to a breakfast table and being served by butlers , beside the curb in front of Tiffany & Co. in Midtown Manhattan . At the end of the video a young woman dressed like Holly Golightly ( Audrey Hepburn 's character from the film ) walks past on the sidewalk , and takes off her sunglasses . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD single Breakfast at Tiffany 's - 4 : 17 A Water Prayer - 3 : 19 Sun ( Non LP Track ) - 4 : 15 US Cassette single Side A Breakfast at Tiffany 's - 4 : 11 Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( Crunch Mix ) - 4 : 11 Side B A Water Prayer - 3 : 20 Breakfast at Tiffany 's - 4 : 11 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 -- 96 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 9 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Billboard Alternative Songs 30 US Billboard Adult Pop Songs US Billboard Adult Contemporary 8 US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 86 Chart ( 1996 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 39 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Other uses ( edit ) On Top Gear , episode 8 of series 5 , the song can be heard attempting to drown out a rattling from the dashboard of Jeremy Clarkson 's Ferrari 612 Scaglietti . In 2008 , the song was used in a commercial in the Slovak Rep. for Orange cellular phone . In 2010 , the song appeared in a Saturday Night Live skit , with four friends ( played by Will Forte , Jason Sudeikis , Bill Hader and Ryan Phillippe ) talking during the verses and singing the choruses . In August 2011 , it was voted into fifth place by fans on Quietdrive 's upcoming cover album , Your Record , Our Spin . In May 2012 , Episode 24 of New Girl highlighted the cast members dancing to this song . The group was llistening to this song from Nick 's mixtape where he was trying to convince himself to stay together with a likewise dissimilar girlfriend . The song appeared in the fifth episode of the VH1 series Hindsight . The song also appeared in the season 2 finale of Orange Is the New Black , eliciting a comment from a prison guard . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pete Freedman , `` Saturday Night Live Remembers Deep Blue Something , '' Dallas Observer , April 22 , 2010 . Found at Dallas Observer website . Accessed July 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Wahlert , `` Deep Blue Something disappoints with off - key harmonies , vocals , '' The Thresher ( Rice University ( 1996 ) . Found at The Thresher online archives at Rice University website Archived May 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ British Hit Singles & Albums ( Edition 18 ) , Guinness World Records Limited Jump up ^ Sinclair , Tom ( October 20 , 1995 ) . `` Music review - Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lomax , John Lomax ( April 29 , 2004 ) . `` The worst songs of all time from Texas '' . Houston Press . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 & Blender Magazine Present : 50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs ... Ever '' . Archived at PR Newswire . VH1 , Blender . May 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Deep Blue Something -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Deep Blue Something -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Deep Blue Something -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Deep Blue Something Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Deep Blue Something search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Deep Blue Something -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Deep Blue Something -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Deep Blue Something -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Deep Blue Something Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1996 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1996 '' . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Deep Blue Something -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Breakfast at Tiffany 's in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JO7Wfexnh5g Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived August 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` New Girl Review : `` See Ya '' ( Episode 1.24 ) `` . Paste Magazine . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) VH1 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Ready or Not '' by The Fugees UK Singles Chart number - one single September 29 , 1996 -- October 5 , 1996 Succeeded by `` Setting Sun '' by The Chemical Brothers featuring Noel Gallagher Deep Blue Something Todd Pipes Toby Pipes John Kirtland Kirk Tatom Clay Bergus Studio albums 11th Song Home Byzantium Deep Blue Something Singles `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' `` Josey '' `` Halo '' `` She Is '' Truman Capote 's Breakfast at Tiffany 's Adaptations House of Flowers ( 1954 musical ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 film ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1966 musical ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 2013 play ) Music `` Moon River '' Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Music from the Motion Picture ( 1961 soundtrack ) Jazz for `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1961 album ) `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1995 song ) Other Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(song)&oldid=812242690 '' Categories : 1995 singles 1996 singles Deep Blue Something songs Debut singles Interscope Records singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Pop ballads Rock ballads Songs about films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Slovenčina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 20 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the song breakfast at tiffany's | [
"\"Breakfast at Tiffany's\" is a 1995 song recorded by American alternative rock band Deep Blue Something. Originally appearing on the album 11th Song, it was later re-recorded and released on their album Home. It was the band's only hit,[1] peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100.[2] Outside the United States, the song topped the charts in the United Kingdom, and peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia, Belgium (Flanders), Canada, Germany, the Republic of Ireland and Sweden."
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"Deep Blue Something"
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6607342143553086182 | Politics of Fiji | Politics of Fiji - wikipedia Politics of Fiji Jump to : navigation , search Fiji This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Fiji Constitution ( show ) History Executive ( show ) President George Konrote Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama Cabinet Attorney General Aiyaz Sayed - Khaiyum Leader of the Opposition Sitiveni Rabuka Legislative ( show ) Parliament Speaker : Jiko Luveni Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Court of Appeal High Court Local government ( show ) Recent municipal elections 2002 2005 Former and informal ( show ) Monarchy Governor Governor - General Chief Minister Executive Council Legislative Council Great Council of Chiefs Vice-President Elections ( show ) Electoral system Voting Constituencies Open Communal National Political parties Recent elections Parliamentary : 2006 2014 Presidential : 2000 2006 Foreign relations ( show ) Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Minister for Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Fiji to Fiji Passport Visa requirements Other countries Atlas Politics of Fiji take place within the framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic . Fiji has a multiparty system with the Prime Minister of Fiji as head of government . The executive power is exercised by the government . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Fiji . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature . Following the 2006 Fijian coup d'état , the power was subsumed by the military . Nominal head of state Ratu Josefa Iloilo abrogated the Constitution of Fiji and dismissed all Courts , after the Court of Appeal ruled that the post-coup Bainimarama government was illegal . A new Constitution was promulgated in September 2013 , and a general election was held in September 2014 , won by Bainimarama 's FijiFirst Party . The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Fiji as `` hybrid regime '' in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional structure 1.1 Executive branch 1.2 Legislative branch 1.3 Judicial branch 1.4 Local government 2 Contentious issues 2.1 Land tenure 2.2 Citizenship and residency issues 3 International organisation participation 4 The Consumer Council of Fiji 5 Notes Constitutional structure ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of Fiji Executive branch ( edit ) Main office holders Office Name Party Since President George Konrote FijiFirst 12 November 2015 Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama FijiFirst 5 January 2007 Fiji 's Head of State is the President . He is elected by Parliament of Fiji after nomination by the Prime Minister or the Leader of the Opposition , for a three - year term . Although his role is largely an honorary one , modelled after that of the British Monarchy , the President has certain `` reserve powers '' that may be used in the event of a national crisis . In practice , attempts by the President to assert the reserve powers have proved problematic . In 2000 , in the midst of a civilian coup d'État against the elected government , President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara announced on 27 May that he was assuming executive authority , but was evidently forced to resign two days later by the military Commander , Commodore Frank Bainimarama . The President is also the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces . Actual executive power is in the hands of the cabinet , presided over by the Prime Minister . The Prime Minister is elected by Parliament , under the 2013 Constitution of Fiji . Under the former constitution , which was abrogated at the behest of the Military - backed interim government in 2009 , the Prime Minister was formally appointed by the President , but had to be acceptable to a majority of the House of Representatives . In practice , this usually reduced the President 's role to little more than a formality , with the position automatically going to the leader of the political party or coalition that controlled a majority of seats . There were times , however , when there was no clear majority in the House of Representatives . The parliamentary election of 1992 was inconclusive , and the position of the largest party , the Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei , was further undermined by subsequent defections . On such occasions , the President had to take on the role of an arbitrator . After consulting with all the parliamentary factions , he would appoint as Prime Minister the person he judged to be the most acceptable to the majority in the House of Representatives . If no such person could be found , the President was required to order a new election . Another situation requiring Presidential intervention arose following the 1999 election . The People 's Coalition won a landslide victory ; with the largest party in the coalition , the Fiji Labour Party , winning a majority in its own right . Some of the smaller parties in the coalition expressed unease at the prospect of Mahendra Chaudhry , the Labour Party leader and an Indo - Fijian , becoming Prime Minister , saying that he would be unacceptable to indigenous Fijian voters that they represented . President Mara , however , persuaded them to accept Chaudhry as Prime Minister . The cabinet , consisting of around ten to twenty five Ministers , is formally appointed by the President on the nomination of the Prime Minister . According to the former 1997 constitution , the cabinet was supposed to reflect the political composition of the House of Representatives , with every party holding more than 8 seats in the House entitled to proportionate representation in the cabinet . In practice , this rule was never strictly implemented . In 1999 , Chaudhry refused to give Ministerial posts to the Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei ( SVT ) , saying that its demands were unacceptable . From 2001 to 2004 , Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase , whose coalition dominated by his Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua had narrowly won the 2001 election , refused to include the Fiji Labour Party in his cabinet , and avoided implementing several subsequent Supreme Court verdicts ordering him to do so by appealing each successive verdict , until the Labour Party announced late in 2004 that it was no longer interested in joining the cabinet . Under the 2013 Constitution , the Cabinet is no longer required to reflect the political composition of Parliament . Legislative branch ( edit ) Under the 2013 Constitution , Fiji 's Parliament is unicameral . Its 50 members are elected for four - year terms by Party - list proportional representation , with the entire country voting as a single constituency . To win election to Parliament , a political party ( or an independent candidate ) must win five percent of the total valid vote nationwide . Fiji 's system differs from that of many other countries using the party - list system , however , in that voters do not vote for a party , as such , but for an individual candidate . Each voter is allowed to vote for only one candidate . The votes for all candidates on a party ticket are pooled , their aggregate as a percentage of the total valid vote ( minus votes cast for parties falling short of the five - percent threshold ) determining the number of seats in Parliament to which their party is entitled . The eligible number of candidates from a political party are elected in the order of the number of votes they received individually . In the 2014 elections , for example , the FijiFirst Party polled 59.2 percent of the valid vote . When votes for small parties polling less than the five - percent threshold were excluded , this entitled FijiFirst to 32 of the 50 seats . These were filled by the 32 FijiFirst candidates who polled the highest number of votes as individuals . Prior to the adoption of the 2013 Constitution , Fiji 's Parliament consisted of two houses . The more powerful of the two chambers , the House of Representatives , had 71 members , elected for five - year terms . 25 were elected by universal suffrage . The remaining 46 were reserved for Fiji 's ethnic communities and were elected from communal electoral rolls : 23 Fijians , 19 Indo - Fijians , 1 Rotuman , and 3 `` general electors '' ( Europeans , Chinese , and other minorities ) . The House chose a Speaker , who was not allowed to be a present member of the House . The `` upper chamber '' , the Senate , was primarily a house of review : it could not initiate legislation , but could amend or reject it . The 32 senators were formally appointed by the President on the nomination of the Great Council of Chiefs ( 14 ) , the Prime Minister ( 9 ) , the Leader of the Opposition ( 8 ) , and the Council of Rotuma ( 1 ) . Senators as well as Representatives could serve as cabinet Ministers . When the Parliament was bicameral , the attorney - general , Fiji 's top legal official who sits in the cabinet , was the only member of Parliament permitted to attend sessions of both chambers . The attorney - general had voting rights only in the chamber to which he or she was elected or appointed , but was authorised to attend and participate in debates in the other chamber . Judicial branch ( edit ) Fiji maintains an independent judiciary , with judicial power vested in three courts ( the High Court , Court of Appeal , and Supreme Court ) established by the Constitution , which also makes provision for other courts to be set up by Parliament ; Magistrates ' Courts have accordingly been set up . The High Court and the Supreme Court are both presided over by the Chief Justice ( currently Anthony Gates ) ; the Chief Justice is barred , however , from membership of the Court of Appeal , which comprises three judges . The Appeal Court , which did not exist prior to the 1997 Constitution , has the power `` to hear and determine appeals '' from judgements of the High Court ; decisions of this court may be further appealed to the Supreme Court , whose decision is final . The judiciary managed to maintain its independence from political control in the aftermath of the coups of 1987 . Following the 2000 coup , however , its integrity was compromised , in the eye of many , when three judges ( including Daniel Fatiaki , who later became Chief Justice ) advised then - President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara to abrogate the constitution . Mara refused and resigned ; a military administration replaced him . Then Chief Justice recognised the military government , triggering widespread disappointment to those who had seen the judiciary as a model of independence . On 15 November 2000 , however , the High Court forced the reinstatement of the 1997 Constitution , which had been abrogated in June following the forced resignation of President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara on 29 May . Following the military coup of 2006 , the Military dismissed Chief Justice Daniel Fatiaki and appointed the more pliable Anthony Gates in his place . Following a Court of Appeal decision in 2009 that the Military - backed interim government was illegal , President Ratu Josefa Iloilo abrogated the constitution , dismissed all judges , and reappointed the interim government . Some judges were subsequently reappointed and some were not . Local government ( edit ) Main article : Local government in Fiji There are four administrative divisions ( Central , Eastern , Northern and Western ) , each under the charge of a commissioner appointed by the central government . The divisions are further subdivided into fourteen provinces , each of which has a provincial council . In addition , the island of Rotuma has the status of a dependency , and enjoys a degree of internal autonomy , with its own island council . Ethnic Fijians have their own administration in which councils preside over a hierarchy of provinces , districts , and villages . The councils deal with all matters affecting ethnic Fijians . The 55 ‐ member Great Council of Chiefs ( Bose Levu Vakaturaga in Fijian ) included 3 representatives from each of Fiji 's 14 provinces and 1 dependency , 3 ex-officio members ( the President , Vice-President , and Prime Minister ) , and 6 government appointees ; former Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka was a life - member . The Great Council of Chiefs advised the government , and also functioned as an electoral college to appoint the President of the Republic , as well as 14 of the 32 Senators . This prerogative of the Council was delegated to the 14 provincial councils , each choosing one senator . It was a constitutional oddity that even though Fiji became a Republic in 1987 , Queen Elizabeth II was by the Great Council of Chiefs as the Tui Viti , the Paramount Chief , until 2012 , when the council was disestablished . Suva , Lautoka , and nine other towns have municipal governments , with city or town councils , each chaired by a mayor . These are responsible for the local affairs of all citizens , and are elected by universal suffrage . Contentious issues ( edit ) Most of Fiji 's political controversies are related to the ethnic fault line that characterises Fijian politics . Fiji is one of the rare countries in the world that officially imposes disabilities on a group that constitutes a large part of the population on the pretended basis of race . It has caused an exodus of the Indians , who until recently formed a slight majority in Fiji . Land tenure ( edit ) One of the main issues that has fuelled the contention over the years is land tenure . Indigenous Fijian communities very closely identify themselves with their land . In 1909 near the peak of the inflow of indentured Indian labourers , the land ownership pattern was frozen and further sales prohibited . Today over 80 % of the land is held by indigenous Fijians , under the collective ownership of the traditional Fijian clans . Indo - Fijians produce over 90 % of the sugar crop but must lease the land they work from its ethnic Fijian owners instead of being able to buy it outright . The leases have been generally for 10 years , although they are usually renewed for two 10 ‐ year extensions . Many Indo - Fijians argue that these terms do not provide them with adequate security and have pressed for renewable 30 ‐ year leases , while many ethnic Fijians fear that an Indo - Fijian government would erode their control over the land . The Indo - Fijian parties ' major voting bloc is made up of sugarcane farmers . The farmers ' main tool of influence has been their ability to galvanise widespread boycotts of the sugar industry , thereby crippling the economy . Citizenship and residency issues ( edit ) Multiple citizenship , previously prohibited under the 1997 constitution ( abrogated April 2009 ) , has been permitted since the April 2009 Citizenship Decree and established as a right under Section 5 ( 4 ) of the September 2013 Constitution . International organisation participation ( edit ) ACP , ADB , CP , ESCAP , FAO , G ‐ 77 , IBRD , ICAO , ICC , ICFTU , ICRM , IDA , IFAD , IFC , International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , IHO , ILO , IMF , IMO , Intelsat , Interpol , IOC , ISO ( subscriber ) , ITU , OPCW , PCA , PIF , Sparteca , SPC , UN , UNCTAD , UNESCO , UNFCCC , UNIDO , UNIFIL , UNIKOM , UNMIBH , UNMIK , UPU , WCO , WFTU , WHO , WIPO , WMO , WToO , WTrO . The Consumer Council of Fiji ( edit ) The Consumer Council of Fiji is a statutory organisation that looks after consumer interest in Fiji . The Consumer Council of Fiji is a statutory body established under the Consumer Council of Fiji Act 1976 ( Cap 235 ) . The council is governed by a board of directors appointed by the Minister of trade & industry . The board headed by a chairman appoints the chief executive officer , who runs the operations of the organisation . The Council 's head office is located on 4 Carnavon Street , in the Fijian capital of Suva . It has two other offices , one located in Lautoka ( Fiji 's second city ) that serves the western division and the other in Labasa that serves the northern division . The Council has four core divisions : Campaigns , Information and Media Division ; Alternative Dispute Resolution and Consumer Advisory Division ; Research and Policy Analysis ; and Administration , Human Resource & Project Management Division . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ solutions , EIU digital . `` Democracy Index 2016 - The Economist Intelligence Unit '' . www.eiu.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ CDNN SPECIAL REPORT : : FIJI -- From Paradise to Pariah Jump up ^ Amnesty International Jump up ^ Migration News -- Migration Dialogue Jump up ^ `` Citizenship '' . Fiji Department of Immigration . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Citizenship Decree ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Fiji Department of Immigration . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Constitution '' . Elections Fiji . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Republic of Fiji ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Elections Fiji . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . 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"Politics of Fiji take place within the framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic. Fiji has a multiparty system with the Prime Minister of Fiji as head of government. The executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Fiji. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature."
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-4709551260407739297 | Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino | Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino - wikipedia Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino Studio album by Arctic Monkeys Released 11 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) Recorded 2016 September 2017 -- 2018 Studio La Frette ( Paris ) Vox ( Los Angeles ) London Lunar Surface ( Los Angeles ) Genre Lounge pop space pop glam rock Length 40 : 51 Label Domino Producer James Ford Alex Turner Arctic Monkeys chronology AM ( 2013 ) Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino ( 2018 ) Singles from Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino `` Four Out of Five '' Released : 13 May 2018 Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino is the sixth studio album by English indie rock band Arctic Monkeys . It was released on 11 May 2018 by Domino Recording Company , and produced by frequent Arctic Monkeys collaborator James Ford and band frontman Alex Turner . The album was written by Turner on a piano , and features a lush sound , categorised as lounge pop , space pop and glam rock , with elements of jazz ; a departure from the band 's previous guitar - heavy work . Its lyrical content draws heavily from science fiction and film , exploring consumerism , politics , religion , technology . The album 's stylistic deviation polarised listeners . However , it was released to generally positive reviews and became the band 's sixth consecutive number - one debut in the UK , as well as the country 's fastest - selling vinyl record in 25 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Composition 2.1 Musical style and influences 2.2 Lyrics and themes 2.3 Songs 3 Artwork 4 Release and promotion 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 10 Certifications 11 References Background and recording ( edit ) The band 's fifth studio album AM was released on 9 September 2013 . The album was critically acclaimed , and brought the group new levels of commercial success . On 1 April 2016 , Alex Turner 's psychedelic pop side project the Last Shadow Puppets released their second studio album Everything You 've Come to Expect . In April 2017 , Turner co-produced Alexandra Savior 's debut album Belladonna of Sadness with James Ford . This was Turner 's first foray into record production , with the two proceeding to produce Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino . Meanwhile , drummer Matt Helders joined Iggy Pop 's band for Post Pop Depression , as well as contributing to `` Diamond Heart '' from Lady Gaga 's Joanne , and marrying actress Breana McDow . Following the international success of AM , Turner suffered from writer 's block , struggling to find a direction for a new album . Having written `` Sweet Dreams , TN '' from Everything You 've Come to Expect , he lost interest in writing love songs , with a friend suggesting `` not doing that for a moment '' . In early 2016 , upon watching Federico Fellini 's 1963 film 81⁄2 , Turner was inspired by its depiction of writer 's block , childhood memories and the science fiction genre . He began writing songs for the album on a Steinway Vertegrand piano he received as a 30th birthday gift from the band 's manager Ian McAndrew , in a spare room of his Los Angeles home dubbed `` Lunar Surface '' . During the process Turner recalled piano lessons he had received from his father at the age of eight , commenting that he `` never thought ( his father 's influence ) would find its way into ( his ) compositions as much as it has on this record '' . Many of the vocal takes on the album remain from Turner 's home demos on a Tascam 388 8 - track recording machine . Guitarist Jamie Cook commented that he `` was blown away by the direction Alex had gone in '' when Turner played the band the demos in February 2017 . Initially unsure how they would record the songs , Cook suggested Turner release it as a solo album , but Turner was uninterested . Cook began recording guitar ideas to complement the demo , with bassist Nick O'Malley particularly approving of the track `` Star Treatment '' . In September 2017 the band began recording material at Vox Studios in Hollywood and La Frette in Paris , with long - time collaborator James Ford co-producing the album with Turner . During these sessions `` the piano and guitar started to jell '' , with O'Malley and drummer Matt Helders joining . Helders commented that during recording he played with more restraint than on previous records , noting that `` it 's about playing for the songs '' . Further recording sessions took place with Ford in London . The group employed a wider array of guest musicians than on previous albums , with contributors including Ford , guitarist Tom Rowley ( who serves as a touring member of the band ) , Guards drummer Loren Humphrey , Zach Dawes and Tyler Parkford of Mini Mansions , and Cam Avery , who contributes backing vocals to `` She Looks Like Fun '' . The musicians all played together in the same room , inspired by the sessions for the Beach Boys ' Pet Sounds and Phil Spector 's Wall of Sound production method . Avery and Parkford both joined the band as touring members following the album 's release . Composition ( edit ) David Bowie ( left ) and Serge Gainsbourg ( right ) were commonly cited as influencing the album 's style . Musical style and influences ( edit ) The album is a departure from the band 's previous guitar riff - driven work , resultant of Turner 's usage of the piano over the guitar in its composition . It has been characterised as lounge pop , space pop and glam rock , as well as incorporating influences from jazz . Its sound has been described as `` subdued , but warm and classic in the way that musicians who seek out storied mixing consoles aspire to '' , as well as `` lush and claustrophobic '' . The album has been compared to the works of Father John Misty , David Bowie , Serge Gainsbourg , Leonard Cohen , Nick Cave and Jarvis Cocker , as well as Pet Sounds by the Beach Boys . Turner has cited Gainsbourg 's Histoire de Melody Nelson , Cohen 's Death of a Ladies ' Man , Dion 's Born to Be with You and François de Roubaix 's score for Le Samouraï as key influences . Lyrics and themes ( edit ) Lyrically the album refers frequently to science fiction , exploring `` the role of entertainment -- the desire to escape into it , and the desire to create it -- during periods of societal upheaval and crisis '' , influenced by current politics in the United States , as well as consumerism , religion and technology . The album 's lyrics have been described as `` absurdist suave '' , in oppose to the `` witty sleaze '' of Turner 's previous work . Turner has labelled the album 's narrator as `` a lounge - y character '' , with the `` dense '' and `` self - aware '' lyrics described as `` endlessly quotable '' , written in a `` rambling , stream - of - conciousness style '' . `` Turner cited various films as influencing the album 's lyrics , including Spirits of the Dead , World on a Wire and the works of Jean - Pierre Melville . `` Science fiction creates these other worlds within which we can explore our own , and I wanted to write something about that idea . So , through reading sci - fi ... I began to access that sort of vocabulary -- then suddenly we 're talking about virtual reality moon casino experiences . '' -- Alex Turner Turner commented that he took a different approach to writing lyrics than on previous albums , noting that he `` became less concerned on this album ( with ) compartmentalising every idea to the point where each song became this episode that starts and ends in three minutes '' , with Leonard Cohen inspiring a different perspective on each lyric 's relationship with its context . He further noted that his writing on the album was `` blunt '' , in a way he considered similar to the band 's debut Whatever People Say I Am , That 's What I 'm Not . On the connections between the two albums , Turner commented that `` it 's set in a completely different place , obviously , but there 's something in the lyrics that reminds me of something in that writing . I 'm tempted to say that it 's something to do with how blunt it is . I think that was something I was trying to get away from , and perhaps I 've returned to it now '' . Songs ( edit ) `` Star Treatment '' , the album 's opening track , begins with a reference to The Strokes ' influence on the band 's early work , with Turner commenting that their arrival `` changed what music I was listening to , what shoes I was wearing . I grew my hair out and borrowed my mum 's blazer . I was a huge fan '' . Its chorus describes a fictional band named `` the Martini Police '' . The track 's narrator expresses surprise that an acquaintance has never seen the science fiction film Blade Runner . Turner has stated that this was based on real - life interactions , noting his interest in the fact that `` it goes beyond : ' What do you mean you 've never seen Blade Runner ? ' and gets to : ' Oh my God , I envy you ! ' '' . Musically , Turner `` glams up like David Bowie descending on a lunar wedding '' . `` One Point Perspective '' is built around a `` sweet piano figure '' , containing `` lavish '' strings and a `` super-simple hip - hop beat '' . Lyrically the track explores social media , with a `` jaded narrator '' mocking `` rock - star ennui '' , and joking `` I 'm gon na run for government . I 'm gon na form a covers band an ' all '' . Turner has noted that the track 's jazz elements were influenced by his father , commenting that `` the sort of jazzy bit of that , that every time it comes around , when I sit there , it feels like something he would play '' . On `` American Sports '' , the album takes `` a dark turn '' , with Turner 's vocals described as `` sinister '' . The album 's titular track mocks the `` sterility of our modern world '' , with Turner sarcastically singing `` technological advances really bloody get me in the mood '' . The track also contains political references , on which Turner has commented that `` more of those ideas have certainly found a way into this record than anything I 've done before '' . `` Golden Trunks '' has been described as `` unsettling '' , and contains a `` raw and brooding '' guitar riff that has been compared to the album 's predecessor AM , with Turner 's vocals containing `` rakish charm , in the form of falsetto '' . The line `` the leader of the free world reminds you of a wrestler wearing tight golden trunks '' has caused attention , with many believing the lyrics to be in reference to Donald Trump . `` Four Out of Five '' The album 's lead single is a glam rock song , which has been described as its most accessible track . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Four Out of Five '' has been described as a `` Bowie - ish glam song '' , as well as being likened to the band 's Suck It and See and Everything You 've Come to Expect by Turner 's side - project the Last Shadow Puppets . It has been labelled as the album 's `` only singalong anthem '' , and describes an acclaimed taqueria on the moon named the `` Information - Action Ratio '' , in reference to Neil Postman 's concept , exploring gentrification . The taqueria 's name was a coincidental result of Matt Helders ' backing vocals , with Turner commenting that `` phonetically it 's quite alluring '' . On `` The World 's First Ever Monster Truck Front Flip '' , Turner `` flips with ease from a Bowie - style drawl to the falsetto and to a gruff murmur '' . Its `` reverb and sparse touches of bass and percussion '' has been compared to Pet Sounds . `` Science Fiction '' is `` driven by a slinky riff '' , and has been compared stylistically to Humbug , while `` She Looks Like Fun '' has been described as a `` ' 60s - style novelty track '' lyrically similar to the works of Morrissey . `` Batphone '' has also been compared to Humbug and AM , musically featuring a `` heavier thump '' . The track has been described as `` comical '' and `` jaunty '' , specifically in the line `` Have I told you all about the time I got sucked into a hole through a handheld device ? '' . Turner explores a `` capitalist ennui '' , singing `` I launch my fragrance called Integrity . I sell the fact that I ca n't be bought '' . `` The Ultracheese '' has been compared to `` Que Sera , Sera '' and the vocal melody of Patsy Cline 's `` Leavin ' on Your Mind '' , with a `` gorgeous '' guitar solo and descending piano chords that `` symbol a kind of final bow '' . Artwork ( edit ) The album 's artwork was designed by Alex Turner using cardboard cut - outs and a Revox A77 tape machine . On the artwork , Turner stated that `` In the past I 've definitely had record covers that do n't , to me , represent what 's on the wax , and I certainly do n't feel that way about this one . By the end of it , I think I 'd forgotten there even was a record . I 'd just gotten obsessed with cardboard . '' Turner began by drawing a hexagon , to reflect the band 's sixth studio album , eventually drawing influence from architects Eero Saarinen and John Lautner , becoming `` quite consumed '' by the process . In an interview with Radio X he said : `` The album artwork started from a picture that I saw of someone in the art department of 2001 : A Space Odyssey , building the set for the Hilton on the moon . At this point , we 'd already decided to call the album Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino , so we began to think of things that may be in the lobby of this place . The thing that I became most obsessed with that there was a model of the place inside the lobby . '' Release and promotion ( edit ) In September 2017 , bassist Nick O'Malley announced that the band had begun recording a follow - up to 2013 's AM , stating that if the album was not released in 2018 they 've `` got problems '' . In 2018 , the band announced an extensive global tour to begin later that year . The release of Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino was first announced on 5 April 2018 , through a short video directed by Ben Chappell . The video depicted a spinning model of the album 's artwork , and featured snippets of `` Four Out of Five '' . No singles were released before the album , although the songs `` American Sports '' , `` Four Out of Five '' , `` One Point Perspective '' and `` She Looks Like Fun '' were performed live in San Diego on 2 May , in what was their first show in nearly four years . The band announced pop - up shops for the weekend of the album 's release , in their native Sheffield , New York , Paris , Berlin , Tokyo , and Sydney . The Sydney pop - up venue included a mini film festival curated by the band . On 13 May , following the release of the album , `` Four Out of Five '' was issued as the album 's lead single , with an accompanying music video . On 6 June , the band performed live at BBC 's Maida Vale Studios , with their performance being broadcast four days later as a Live at the BBC special . Their setlist primarily consisted of songs from the album , as well as earlier singles . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 74 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club The Daily Telegraph The Guardian The Independent NME Pitchfork 8.1 / 10 Q Rolling Stone Uncut 7 / 10 Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino has received generally positive reviews from music critics , despite polarising listeners . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 74 , based on 31 reviews . Thomas Smith of NME noted that the album was likely to be `` divisive '' , describing it as `` the band 's most intriguing record to date '' . He promised the album would `` reward deep - diving listeners '' , concluding that `` depending on where you 're sitting , this album will likely either be a bitter disappointment or a glorious step forward '' . Q described it as `` a strange , wonderful album , one that almost feels like Arctic Monkeys have embarked on their own full - band side - project '' . Uncut praised the album as `` low - key but engrossing '' , but noted that `` it can be a little one - paced , and a little withholding '' . Roisin O'Connor of The Independent described the album as `` creative , intriguing and completely different '' . Spin 's Larry Fitzmaurice described the album as the group 's `` strangest and most alluring '' , writing that a `` sense of heading into the unknown -- of charting new and strange artistic territory , accessibility be damned -- pervades Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino as a whole , its own adventurousness proving a successful gambit '' . Cosette Schulz from Exclaim ! said the album is worth a second and third listen , writing `` Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino feels like poetic social and fantasy - world commentary penned by Turner , who then fancied having a go at the piano and then brought the whole band in for good measure . Turner is clever and cheeky , as he 's been known to be , switching up his singing style from deep to falsetto , and even testing out different tones as he embodies certain characters . '' For The Guardian , Alexis Petridis praised the album 's humour , but criticised its occasional smugness , noting that `` a smart guy is sometimes all Turner seems to be '' , with the album 's tracks `` feel ( ing ) like less than the sum of their parts '' . He concluded that `` at turns thrilling , smug , clever and oddly cold , Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino is only a qualified success '' and is `` evidence -- albeit flawed -- of a certain musical restlessness '' . In a mixed review for Rolling Stone , Jon Dolan praised the album 's ambition but wrote that `` the meandering LP ca n't bear the weight of the man at the piano 's indulgences '' , concluding that the band `` tried a stylistic change up that does n't quite work '' and that `` sometimes restless artistry has a price '' . Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club noted that the album 's lack of `` obvious hooks '' was its key flaw , resulting in it feeling `` unmoored and even plodding '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart , with combined sales of 86,000 copies , becoming the group 's sixth consecutive album to debut at number one in the UK . In addition , with 24,500 vinyl copies sold in the first week , the album became the UK 's fastest selling vinyl record in 25 years . A week following its release , the album was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry . The album also debuted at number one in Australia , Spain , Belgium , the Netherlands , Scotland and Switzerland , as well as reaching number two in Denmark , Ireland , New Zealand and Norway , and the top ten in Austria , the Czech Republic , Italy , Canada , Germany , Mexico , Finland , Sweden and Poland . In the United States , the album debuted at number eight on the Billboard 200 chart , selling 47,000 units , of which 37,000 were in traditional album sales . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Alex Turner . No . Title Length 1 . `` Star Treatment '' 5 : 54 2 . `` One Point Perspective '' 3 : 28 3 . `` American Sports '' 2 : 38 4 . `` Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino '' 3 : 31 5 . `` Golden Trunks '' 2 : 53 6 . `` Four Out of Five '' 5 : 12 7 . `` The World 's First Ever Monster Truck Front Flip '' 3 : 00 8 . `` Science Fiction '' 3 : 05 9 . `` She Looks Like Fun '' 3 : 02 10 . `` Batphone '' 4 : 31 11 . `` The Ultracheese '' 3 : 37 Total length : 40 : 51 Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from liner notes . Arctic Monkeys Alex Turner -- vocals ( all tracks ) , backing vocals ( 1 -- 10 ) , organ ( 1 -- 7 , 9 , 10 ) , piano ( 1 , 2 , 4 -- 7 , 9 , 10 ) , guitar ( 1 , 2 , 5 -- 7 , 9 , 10 ) , bass ( 4 -- 10 ) , Orchestron ( 1 , 2 , 4 ) , synthesiser ( 7 , 10 ) , baritone guitar ( 1 ) , dolceola ( 1 ) , harpsichord ( 4 ) , acoustic guitar ( 5 ) , drums ( 10 ) Jamie Cook -- guitar ( 1 , 2 , 4 -- 9 , 11 ) , lap steel ( 1 , 3 ) , acoustic guitar ( 5 ) , baritone guitar ( 10 ) Nick O'Malley -- bass ( 1 -- 3 , 9 , 11 ) , backing vocals ( 1 , 2 ) , guitar ( 7 ) , baritone guitar ( 8 ) Matt Helders -- drums ( 1 -- 3 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 11 ) , rotary timpani ( 1 ) , backing vocals ( 1 ) , synthesisers ( 8 ) , Farfisa ( 8 ) Technical James Ford -- production , engineering ( London ) , mixing Alex Turner -- production , engineering ( Lunar Surface , LA ) Jimmy Robertson -- engineering ( La Frette , Paris ) Nico Quéré -- engineering ( La Frette , Paris ) Anthony Cazade -- engineering ( La Frette , Paris ) Jonathan Ratovoarisoa -- engineering ( La Frette , Paris ) Michael Harris -- engineering ( Vox , LA ) Loren Humphrey -- engineering ( Lunar Surface , LA ) Additional musicians James Ford -- synthesiser ( 4 -- 6 , 9 , 10 ) , drums ( 1 , 4 , 7 ) , percussion ( 1 , 5 , 6 ) , Orchestron ( 2 , 4 , 6 ) , vibraphone ( 1 , 2 ) , pedal steel ( 1 , 11 ) , acoustic guitar ( 3 , 6 ) , piano ( 8 , 11 ) , Farfisa ( 1 ) , RMI Rocksichord ( 1 ) , baritone guitar ( 1 ) , harpsichord ( 4 ) , synthesiser programming ( 4 ) , rotary timpani ( 6 ) , organ ( 9 ) Tom Rowley -- guitar ( 5 , 8 ) , electric guitar ( 3 , 6 ) , acoustic guitar ( 5 , 8 ) , piano ( 7 , 9 ) , fuzz guitar ( 3 ) , electric guitar solo ( 6 ) , acoustic and baritone guitar solo ( 11 ) Zach Dawes -- baritone guitar ( 3 ) , piano ( 7 ) Tyler Parkford -- piano ( 3 ) , Farfisa ( 7 ) Evan Weiss -- acoustic guitar ( 3 , 7 ) Loren Humphrey -- drums ( 6 , 8 , 9 , 11 ) James Righton -- Wurlitzer ( 6 , 8 , 11 ) Josephine Stephenson -- piano ( 6 , 8 , 11 ) Cam Avery -- backing vocals ( 9 ) Artwork Alex Turner -- artwork Matthew Cooper -- design Zackery Michael -- photography Ben Chappell -- band portraits , additional photography Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 5 French Albums ( SNEP ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Greek Albums ( IFPI ) Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 19 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 9 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 9 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) UK Independent Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 8 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strauss , Matthew ( 10 April 2018 ) . `` Everything Arctic Monkeys Have Done Since Their Last Album , AM '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Kevin EG ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys : From The Ritz To The Hubble '' . NME . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Thomas ( 3 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys -- ' Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino ' Review '' . NME . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , John ( June 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino '' . Uncut . London . p. 25 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside Arctic Monkeys ' New Album : Alex Turner Discusses Why Swapping Guitar for Piano Led to the Band 's Most Ambitious Album '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Weiner , Jonah ( 3 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys Start Over '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Turner explains why ' Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino ' did n't end up as a solo album '' . NME. 2 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arctic Monkeys ' sixth album set for 2018 release '' . The Guardian . 27 September 2017 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Wicks , Amanda ; Monroe , Jazz ( 5 March 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys Announce New Album Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino ( booklet ) . Arctic Monkeys . London : Domino Recording Company . 2018 . WIGLP339 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzmaurice , Larry ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys ' Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino Is Their Strangest and Most Alluring Album '' . Spin . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dolan , Jon ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` Review : Arctic Monkeys ' ' Tranquility Base Hotel ' Is a Space - Lounge Odyssey '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Midkiff , Sarah ( 14 May 2018 ) . `` Ranking : Every Arctic Monkeys Album from Worst to Best '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Turner , Luke ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys '' . The Quietus . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Breihan , Tom ( 10 May 2018 ) . `` Premature Evaluation : Arctic Monkeys Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino '' . Stereogum . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Monroe , Jazz ( 14 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys : Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , Roisin ( 10 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys , Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino review : One giant leap '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dombal , Ryan ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys ' Alex Turner Decodes Every Song on Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino - Pitchfork '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Daly , Rhian ( 14 May 2018 ) . `` Alex Turner says hearing Leonard Cohen talk about songwriting ' spurred him on ' to write ' Tranquility Base Hotel + Casino ' '' . NME . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Damian ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` ' I borrowed my mum 's blazer ' -- Alex Turner recalls how The Strokes impacted his life '' . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petridis , Alexis ( 10 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys : Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino review -- funny , fresh and a little smug '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schulz , Cosette ( 9 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zaleski , Annie ( 12 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys , Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys recast themselves as a lunar lounge act -- Tranquility Base Hotel and Casino , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino : Alex Turner 's Definitive Guide '' . Radio X . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Monroe , Jazz ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys Announce Tour '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino '' . ArcticMonkeysVevo. 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 7 April 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Smith , Thomas . `` Arctic Monkeys wo n't release a single before the album '' . NME . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( 3 May 2018 ) . `` Watch Arctic Monkeys Debut New Songs Live '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( 7 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys Announce Pop - Up Shops '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Arctic Monkeys ( @ ArcticMonkeys ) ( 13 May 2018 ) . `` Watch the video for our new single , Four Out Of Five '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Wicks , Amanda ( 10 June 2018 ) . `` Watch Arctic Monkeys ' `` Live at the BBC '' Special `` . Pitchfork . Condé Nast . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tranquility Base Hotel + Casino by Arctic Monkeys Reviews and Tracks '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino -- Arctic Monkeys '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Doherty , Niall ( July 2018 ) . `` Tales of the Unexpected '' . Q. No. 386 . United Kingdom . p. 106 . Jump up ^ Britton , Luke Morgan ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` ' Sci - fi Spandau Ballet '' : The best fan reactions to Arctic Monkeys ' new album ' Tranquility Base Hotel + Casino ' `` . NME . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Damian ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys set new chart record with massive sales as ' Tranquility Base Hotel + Casino ' tops UK album chart '' . NME . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` Arctic Monkeys ' New Album Is UK 's Fastest - Selling Vinyl LP of the Last 25 Years '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( 20 May 2018 ) . `` Post Malone 's ' Beerbongs & Bentleys ' Nets Third Straight Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel % 2B Casino '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel % 2B Casino '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel % 2B Casino '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel % 2B Casino '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Monkeys Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201820 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel % 2B Casino '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel % 2B Casino '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Monkeys : Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel + Casino '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI Charts -- Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart ( Week : 21 / 2018 ) '' . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on 4 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2018 . 20 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Arctic Monkeys '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel % 2B Casino '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Top 50 Albums : 2018 - 05 - 21 '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Album - Semanal ( del 11 al 17 de mayo 2018 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on 24 May 2018 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel % 2B Casino '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel % 2B Casino '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel % 2B Casino '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel % 2B Casino '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel % 2B Casino '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel % 2B Casino '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Arctic Monkeys -- Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Select albums in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino in the search field and then press Enter . hide Arctic Monkeys Alex Turner Matt Helders Jamie Cook Nick O'Malley Andy Nicholson Studio albums Whatever People Say I Am , That 's What I 'm Not Favourite Worst Nightmare Humbug Suck It and See AM Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino Extended plays Five Minutes with Arctic Monkeys Who the Fuck Are Arctic Monkeys ? Other albums Beneath the Boardwalk At the Apollo Video albums Scummy Man Tours Tour history Humbug Tour Suck It and See Tour AM Tour Related articles The Death Ramps Awards Discography Songs Submarine The Last Shadow Puppets Mongrel Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tranquility_Base_Hotel_%26_Casino&oldid=846576764 '' Categories : 2018 albums Arctic Monkeys albums Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 16 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is tranquility base hotel and casino released | [
"Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino is the sixth studio album by English indie rock band Arctic Monkeys. It was released on 11 May 2018 by Domino Recording Company, and produced by frequent Arctic Monkeys collaborator James Ford and band frontman Alex Turner. The album was written by Turner on a piano, and features a lush sound, categorised as lounge pop, space pop and glam rock, with elements of jazz; a departure from the band's previous guitar-heavy work. Its lyrical content draws heavily from science fiction and film, exploring consumerism, politics, religion, technology."
] | [
"11 May 2018"
] |
-9114683700051302139 | Running of the Bulls | Running of the bulls - wikipedia Running of the bulls Jump to : navigation , search Running of the Bulls ( encierro ) The bull run in Pamplona Dates 6 -- 14 July Location ( s ) Pamplona and other Monument in Pamplona Runners surround the bulls on Estafeta Street The Running of the Bulls ( in Spanish : encierro , from the verb encerrar , `` to corral , to enclose '' ) is a practice that involves running in front of a small group of cattle , typically six , of the toro bravo breed that have been let loose on a course of a sectioned - off subset of a town 's streets . The most famous running of the bulls is held during the nine - day festival of Sanfermines in honor of Saint Fermin in Pamplona , although they are also traditionally held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain , Portugal , in some cities in Mexico , and southern France during the summer . The origin of this event comes from the need to transport the bulls from the fields outside the city , where they were bred , to the bullring , where they would be killed in the evening . During this ' run ' , youngsters would jump among them to show off their bravado . In Pamplona and other places , the six bulls in the event are still those that will feature in the afternoon bullfight of the same day . Spanish tradition says the true origin of the run began in northeastern Spain during the early 14th century . While transporting cattle in order to sell them at the market , men would try to speed the process by hurrying their cattle using tactics of fear and excitement . After years of this practice , the transportation and hurrying began to turn into a competition , as young adults would attempt to race in front of the bulls and make it safely to their pens without being overtaken . When the popularity of this practice increased and was noticed more and more by the expanding population of Spanish cities , a tradition was created and stands to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pamplona bull run 1.1 Fence 1.2 Preliminaries 1.3 The running 1.4 Injuries , fatalities and medical attention 1.5 Dress code 1.6 Media 2 Other examples 2.1 Bous al carrer 2.2 Occitan area of France 2.3 Stamford Bull Run 2.4 Mock bull runs 3 Opposition 4 Further reading 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Pamplona bull run ( edit ) Saint Fermin , honored in Pamplona Pamplona , 7 July 2005 . People climb to the fences as the bulls run by and cross the Town Hall Plaza . The Pamplona encierro is the most popular in Spain and has been broadcast live by RTVE , the public Spanish national television channel , for over 30 years . It is the highest profile event of the San Fermin festival , which is held every year from 6 -- 14 July . The first bull running is on 7 July , followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival , beginning every day at 8 am . Among the rules to take part in the event are that participants must be at least 18 years old , run in the same direction as the bulls , not incite the bulls , and not be under the influence of alcohol . Fence ( edit ) In Pamplona , a set of wooden fences are erected to direct the bulls along the route and to block off side streets . A double wooden fence is used in those areas where there is enough space , while in other parts the buildings of the street act as barriers . The gaps in the barricades are wide enough for a human to slip through but narrow enough to block a bull . The fence is composed of approximately three thousand separate pieces of wood . Some parts of the fence remain in place for the duration of the fiesta , while others are placed and removed each morning . Spectators can only stand behind the second fence , whereas the space between the two fences is reserved for security and medical personnel and also to participants who need cover during the event . Preliminaries ( edit ) Police barrier at the beginning of the running stops people until the first rocket is fired . The encierro begins with runners singing a benediction . It is sung three times , each time being sung both in Spanish and Basque . The benediction is a prayer given at a statue of Saint Fermin , patron of the festival and the city , to ask the saint 's protection and can be translated into English as `` We ask Saint Fermin , as our Patron , to guide us through the encierro and give us his blessing '' . The singers finish by shouting `` Viva San Fermín ! , Gora San Fermin ! '' ( `` Long live Saint Fermin '' , in Spanish and Basque ) . Most runners dress in the traditional clothing of the festival which consists of a white shirt and trousers with a red waistband ( `` faja '' ) and neckerchief ( `` pañuelo '' ) . Also some of them hold the day 's newspaper rolled to draw the bulls ' attention from them if necessary . The running ( edit ) Pamplona , 2007 . Bulls following some runners enter the bull ring from the callejón , where the event ends . The bulls can be seen in the foreground and background of the picture . A first rocket is set off at 8 a.m. to alert the runners that the corral gate is open . A second rocket signals that all six bulls have been released . The third and fourth rockets are signals that all of the herd has entered the bullring and its corral respectively , marking the end of the event . The average duration between the first rocket and the end of the encierro is two minutes , 30 seconds . The encierro is usually composed of the six bulls to be fought in the afternoon , six steers that run in herd with the bulls , and three more steers that follow the herd to encourage any reluctant bulls to continue along the route . The function of the steers , who run the route daily , is to guide the bulls to the bullring . The average speed of the herd is 24 km / h ( 15 mph ) . The length of the run is 875 meters ( 957 yards ) . It goes through four streets of the old part of the city ( Santo Domingo , Ayuntamiento , Mercaderes and Estafeta ) via the Town Hall Square and the short section `` Telefónica '' ( named for the location of the old telephone office at end of Calle Estafeta ) just before entering into the bullring through its callejón ( tunnel ) . The fastest part of the route is up Santo Domingo and across the Town Hall Square , but the bulls often became separated at the entrance to Estafeta Street as they slowed down . One or more would slip going into the turn at Estafeta ( `` la curva '' ) , resulting in the installation of anti-slip surfacing , and now most of the bulls negotiate the turn onto Estafeta and are often ahead of the steers . This has resulted in a quicker run . Runners are not permitted in the first 50 meters of the encierro , which is an uphill grade where the bulls are much faster . Injuries , fatalities and medical attention ( edit ) Two injured runners are treated by medical services . Every year , between 50 and 100 people are injured during the run . Not all of the injuries require taking the patients to the hospital : in 2013 , 50 people were taken by ambulance to Pamplona 's hospital , with this number nearly doubling that of 2012 . Goring is much less common but potentially life threatening . In 2013 , for example , six participants were gored along the festival , in 2012 , only four runners were injured by the horns of the bulls with exactly the same number of gored people in 2011 , nine in 2010 and 10 in 2009 ; with one of the latter killed . As most of the runners are male , only 5 women have been gored since 1974 . Before that date , running was prohibited for women . Another major risk is runners falling and piling up ( a `` montón '' ) at the entrance of the bullring , which acts as a funnel as it is much narrower than the previous street . In such cases injuries come both from asphyxia and contusions to those in the pile and from goring if the bulls crush into the pile . This kind of blocking of the entrance has occurred at least ten times in the history of the run , the last occurring in 2013 and the first dating back to 1878 . A runner died of suffocation in one such pile up in 1977 . Overall , since record - keeping began in 1910 , 15 people have been killed in the bull running of Pamplona , most of them due to being gored . To minimize the impact of injuries every day 200 people collaborate in the medical attention . They are deployed in 16 sanitary posts ( every 50 metres on average ) , each one with at least a physician and a nurse among their personnel . Most of these 200 people are volunteers , mainly from the Red Cross . In addition to the medical posts , there are around 20 ambulances . This organization makes it possible to have a gored person stabilized and taken to a hospital in less than 10 minutes . 15 Deaths since 1910 in the bull run of Pamplona Year Name Age Origin Location Cause of death 1924 Esteban Domeño 22 Navarre , Spain Telefónica Goring 1927 Santiago Zufía 34 Navarre , Spain Bullring Goring 1935 Gonzalo Bustinduy 29 San Luis Potosí , Mexico Bullring Goring 1947 Casimiro Heredia 37 Navarre , Spain Estafeta Goring 1947 Julián Zabalza 23 Navarre , Spain Bullring Goring 1961 Vicente Urrizola 32 Navarre , Spain Santo Domingo Goring 1969 Hilario Pardo 45 Navarre , Spain Santo Domingo Goring Juan Ignacio Eraso 18 Navarre , Spain Telefónica Goring Gregorio Gorriz 41 Navarre , Spain Bullring Goring 1977 José Joaquín Esparza 17 Navarre , Spain Bullring Suffocated in a pile - up . 1980 José Antonio Sánchez 26 Navarre , Spain Town Hall Square Goring 1980 Vicente Risco 29 Badajoz , Spain Bullring hit 1995 Matthew Peter Tassio 22 Glen Ellyn , Illinois , USA Town Hall Square Goring 2003 Fermín Etxeberria 62 Navarre , Spain Mercaderes Hit by a horn 2009 Daniel Jimeno Romero 27 Alcalá de Henares , Spain Telefónica Goring Dress code ( edit ) Runners at the Pamplona bull run in typical attire Though there is no formal dress code , the very common and traditional attire is white pants , white shirt with a red scarf around the waist and a red handkerchief around the neck . Another common dress practice , seen as a risk by some but as a daring depiction of courage by others is dressing in a conspicuous manner . Many runners that want to be seen wear colors other than white , a common alternate color choice is blue . Others include large logos on their shirt to capture the attention of the bulls . In the age of social media explosion , this is also thought to be a way to highlight someone in a photo . Media ( edit ) Hemingway drank in the Café Iruña , established 1888 in Pamplona / Iruña The encierro of Pamplona has been depicted many times in literature , television or advertising , but became known worldwide partly because of the descriptions of Ernest Hemingway in books The Sun Also Rises and Death in the Afternoon . The cinema pioneer Louis Lumière filmed the run in 1899 . The event is the basis for a chapter in James Michener 's 1971 novel The Drifters . The run is depicted in the 1991 Billy Crystal film City Slickers , where the character `` Mitch '' ( Crystal ) is gored ( non-fatally ) from behind by a bull during a vacation with the other main characters . The run appears in the 2011 Bollywood movie Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara , directed by Zoya Akhtar , as the final dare in the bucket list of the three bachelors who have to overcome their ultimate fear ; death . At first , the trio run part of the route . They stop at the square , but then recover their nerve , and continue to the end . The completion of the run depicts their freedom as they learn that surviving a mortal danger can bring joy . Running with Bulls , a 2012 documentary of the festival filmed by Construct Creatives and presented by Jason Farrel , depicts the pros and cons of the controversial tradition . Since 2014 , the Esquire Channel has broadcast the running of the bulls as a show in the US , with both live commentary and then a recorded ' round up ' later in the day by NBCSN commentators the Men in Blazers , including interviews with noted participants such as Madrid - born runner David Ubeda , former US Special Forces soldier turned filmmaker Dennis Clancey , the historic New York - born runner Joe Distler and former British bullfighter and author Alexander Fiske - Harrison . In 2014 , the eBook guide , Fiesta : How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona , caused headlines around the world when one of the contributors was gored by a bull soon after its publication . ( See Further Reading section below . ) Other examples ( edit ) Fire bull and children running from it ( Tudela , Navarre ) Although the most famous running of the bulls is that of San Fermín , they are held in towns and villages across Spain , Portugal , and in some cities in southern France during the summer . Examples are the bull run of San Sebastián de los Reyes , near Madrid , at the end of August which is the most popular of Spain after Pamplona , the bull run of Cuéllar , considered as the oldest of Spain since there are documents of its existence dating back to 1215 , the Highland Capeias of the Raia in Sabugal , Portugal , with horses leading the herd crossing old border passes out of Spain and using the medieval ' Forcåo ' , or the bull run of Navalcarnero held at night . Other encierros have also caused fatalities . Bous al carrer ( edit ) Bous al carrer at Albocàsser Bous al carrer , correbou or correbous ( meaning in Catalan , bulls in the street ) is a typical festivity in many villages in the Valencian region , Terres de l'Ebre , Catalonia and Fornalutx , Mallorca . Another similar tradition is soltes de vaques , where cows are used instead of bulls . Even though they can take place all along the year , they are most usual during local festivals ( normally in August ) . Compared to encierros , animals are not directed to any bullring . These festivities are normally organized by the youngsters of the village , as a way for showing their courage and ability with the bull . Some sources consider this tradition a masculine initiation rite to adulthood . Occitan area of France ( edit ) An abrivado at Calvisson . The guardians are demonstrating their skill in turn a group of at least four bulls through a 360 degree turn A bandido at Calvisson . Contact has been made with the bull : but it has not yet been stopped . Numerous bull running events happen in France in the region around Sommières , in accordance with the Camargues tradition , in which no bull gets hurt . For instance in Calvisson , the annual event takes place around 20 July over a period of five days . There are four events : the Abrivado where over ten bulls are run together through the street guided by a group of twelve ' gardians ' mounted on white Camargues horses , an Encierro where one bull is released outside the foyer and finds his own way back to the pen , the Bandido where one bull is run accompanied through the streets , and the Bandido de nuit which is the same thing but after dark . Boys and men run with the bulls and try and separate them from the horses , stop them , and physically turn them away from the horses . Stamford bull run ( edit ) Main article : Stamford Bull Run The English town of Stamford , Lincolnshire was host to the Stamford Bull Run for almost 700 years until it was abandoned in 1837 . According to local tradition , the custom dated from the time of King John when William de Warenne , 5th Earl of Surrey , saw two bulls fighting in the meadow beneath . Some butchers came to part the combatants and one of the bulls ran into the town , causing a great uproar . The earl , mounting his horse , rode after the animal , and enjoyed the sport so much , that he gave the meadow in which the fight began , to the butchers of Stamford , on condition that they should provide a bull , to be run in the town every 13 November , for ever after . As of 2013 the bull run had been revived as a ceremonial , festival - style community event . Mock bull runs ( edit ) A variation is the nightly `` fire bull '' where balls of flammable material are placed on the horns . Currently the bull is often replaced by a runner carrying a frame on which fireworks are placed and dodgers , usually children , run to avoid the sparks . In 2008 , Red Bull Racing driver David Coulthard and Scuderia Toro Rosso driver Sébastien Bourdais performed a version of a ' bull running ' event in Pamplona , Spain , with the Formula One cars chasing 500 runners through the actual Pamplona route . `` Running of the Bulls '' in the French Quarter of New Orleans The Big Easy Rollergirls roller derby team has performed a version of annual bull run in New Orleans , Louisiana since 2007 . The team , dressed as bulls , skates after runners through the French Quarter . In 2012 , there were 14,000 runners and over 400 `` bulls '' from all over the country , with huge before - and after - parties . In Ballyjamesduff , Ireland , an annual `` Pig Run '' is held with small pigs . It looks just like mini-encierro but with pigs instead of bulls . In Dewey Beach , Delaware , the Starboard bar sponsors an annual Running of the Bull ( sic ) , in which hundreds of red and white - clad beachgoers are chased down the shore by a single `` bull '' ( two people in a costume ) . In Rangiora , New Zealand , an annual `` Running of the Sheep '' is held , in which 1000 -- 2000 sheep are released down the main street of the small farming town . The Running of the Bulls UK is a pub crawl event that takes place on London 's Hampstead Heath and uses fast runners in place of bulls . In 2014 , Pamplona inaugurated a series of running events in June , the San Fermin Marathon , of a full marathon ( 42.195 km ) , half marathon ( 21.097 km ) , or 10 km road race that concludes with the final 900m of each race using the encierro route , runners crossing the finish line inside the bullring . Opposition ( edit ) Many opponents argue that bulls are mentally injured by the harassment and voicing of both participants and spectators , and some of animals may also die because of the stress , especially if they are roped or bring flares in their horns ( bou embolat version ) . Despite all this , the festivities seem to have wide popular support in their villages Many animal rights activists oppose the event . PETA activists created the `` running of the nudes '' , a demonstration done two days before the beginning of San Fermín in Pamplona . By marching naked , they protested the festival and the following bullfight , arguing the bulls are tortured for entertainment . The city of San Miguel de Allende , Mexico , cancelled its Sanmiguelada running of the bulls after 2006 , citing public disorder associated with the event . After the event was cancelled in San Miguel , the city of Salvatierra , also in the state of Guanajuato , picked up the event . It is now called La Marquesada and the three - day event is held during the last weekend of the month of September or first weekend of October . Further Reading ( edit ) Alexander Fiske - Harrison , ed. ( 2016 ) . Fiesta : How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona ( 3 ed . ) . Mephisto Press . Bill Hillmann ( 2015 ) . Mozos : A Decade Running with the Bulls of Spain . Chicago , Illinois : Curbside Splendor Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 9404 - 3053 - 9 . See also ( edit ) Bou embolat -- version with bulls bringing flares in their horns Bullfighting Bull - leaping Correbous Jallikattu -- a similar tradition in Tamil Nadu , India Spanish - style bullfighting References ( edit ) Some links may contain graphic content where marked . Jump up ^ Fiske - Harrison , Alexander ( Editor ) Fiesta : How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona , Mephisto Press , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Sanfermin guide . Running of the bulls '' . Kukuxumusu. 2007 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bull - run hits liquor - fueled town '' , 2 February 2009 . `` The tradition , enacted in a handful of Mexican towns , traces its roots back to the centuries - old Pamplona bull - run in Mexico 's former colonial power . '' Retrieved 4 March 2009 . Jump up ^ According to the Mayor of Pamplona in his foreword to the book Fiesta : How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona Jump up ^ Running of the Bulls 2011 Live Stream ( Event Information ) Jump up ^ `` 27 añllj ghjzest in a penises en TVE '' . RTVE. 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bull Run '' . Ayuntamiento de Pamplona ( Council of Pamplona ) . Archived from the original on 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sección quinta '' . Bando San Fermin 2014 . Ayuntamiento de Pamplona . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Encierro bullrun San Fermin festival Sanfermines tourist information on Navarre '' . Government of Navarre . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorka Alonso ( 15 July 2013 ) . `` Los encierros se saldan con 50 heridos trasladados y 6 corneados '' ( in Spanish ) . Noticias de Navarra . Archived from the original on 16 July 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los encierros de 2012 dejan cuatro heridos por asta , los mismos que en 2011 '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario de Noticias. 14 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ E.F.E Pamplona ( 14 July 2013 ) . `` Quinta mujer corneada en los encierros de San Fermín '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario de Navarra . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Javier Doria ( 13 July 2013 ) . `` Montón en el encierro de Sanfermines , un peligro con historia '' ( in Spanish ) . El País . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Especialistas destacan que el dispositivo sanitario de los encierros `` no se puede mejorar '' porque es `` espectacular '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario de Navarra. 18 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Terra Noticias . `` La muerte de hoy es la número quince en la historia del encierro '' ( in Spanish ) . Noticias.terra.es . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The last person killed at Pamplona '' . BBC . 14 July 2005 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 ... Matthew Tassio ... 22 years old and came from Chicago ... The ... bull ... hit him in the abdomen , severed a main artery , sliced through his kidney and punctured his liver Jump up ^ `` Muere el pamplonés Fermín Etxeberria , de 63 años , herido en el encierro del 8 de julio '' ( in Spanish ) . DiarioDeNavarra.es. 25 September 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bull gores man to death in Spain '' . BBC . 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . The 27 - year - old was gored in the neck on Friday , during the fourth bull run of the week - long San Fermin festival . Daniel Jimeno Romero , from Madrid , had emergency surgery in hospital but died of his injuries . Earlier reports had described the dead man as British ... a veteran Spanish bull - runner died after a fall in 2003 Jump up ^ `` One dead in the running of the bull 's in Pamplona '' . EncierroSanFermin.com. 10 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . A runner died in today 's running of the bulls in the northern spanish city of Pamplona , the bull running held during the famous San Fermin festivities . The man died after being gored in the neck and lung by a bull of the Jandilla ranch , named `` Capuchino ''. The runner , Daniel Jimeno Romero from Alcalá de Henares ( Madrid ) was at the end of the street run Jump up ^ http://gospain.about.com/od/spanishfestivals/qt/pamplonasurvive.htm Jump up ^ Encierro de toros in the Spanish - language Auñamendi Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Running with Bulls on IMDb Jump up ^ ' Running Of The Bulls ' , Esquire TV Jump up ^ Vadillo , Jose Luis . ' Así son los corredores de elite en San Fermín ' , El Mundo. 6 July 2015 Jump up ^ Editorial Staff . ' Pamplona , bull running , bull gorings , Esquire TV and poetry from New York ' , The Pamplona Post . 10 July 2015 Jump up ^ Joe Distler website Jump up ^ ' Running Of The Bulls 2015 : A Democratic Sport Archived 17 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , Esquire TV Jump up ^ ' San Fermín So Far -- 2014 ' Archived 15 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . The Pamplona Post , 12 July 2014 Jump up ^ Mari Carmen López del Burgo , aged 48 , from Madrid , Spain . `` Muere una mujer embestida por un toro en los encierros de Arganda del Rey '' ( in Spanish ) . elpais.com. 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Touristic leaflet . Festes de la Costa Blanca , Diputació Provincial d'Alacant , 2006 , Alacant . Jump up ^ `` Taurine traditions '' . ot-sommieres.com . Office de Tourisme du Pays de Sommières . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Chambers Book of Days ( 1864 ) , . W. & R. Chambers ltd. 1832 . 13 November entry Jump up ^ `` Red Bull to visit Pamplona for Bull running '' . GPUpdate.net . GPUpdate. 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Keith I. Marszalek , NOLA.com ( 24 June 2007 ) . `` Big Easy Rollergirls to reinact ( sic ) famed bull run '' . Blog.nola.com . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Fermín in Nueva Orleans , The Running of the Roller Girls '' . Laughingsquid.com. 20 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Coviello , Will . `` Running of the Bulls 2012 '' . Gambit Weekly . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dewey Beach , DE '' . The Starboard . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ San Fermin marathon Jump up ^ Article sobre la crueltat dels bous al carrer. ( in Catalan ) Jump up ^ Article sobre la popularitat dels bous al carrer a les terres de l'Ebre. ( in Catalan ) Jump up ^ Running of the Nudes . PETA official site . Jump up ^ `` No More Bull ( Running , That Is ) in San Miguel de Allende , '' Austin American - Statesman , 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 4 March 2009 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Running of the Bulls . A blog about Pamplona 's annual bull - running festival How to attend or view the Pamplona festival Student Travel and Party at Running of the Bulls Google Maps Route Map ( hide ) Bullfighting Types , styles , and events Bull - leaping Corraleja Course landaise Don Tancredo Feria ( festival ) Feria d'Arles Jallikattu Portuguese - style bullfighting Running of the Bulls Spanish - style bullfighting Tōgyū Toro de fuego Toro embolado Tourada à corda Vaquejada Sites Bullrings by country Colombia Ecuador France Mexico Peru Portugal Spain Uruguay Venezuela Other venues Route of the Bull Animals Bulls Got Islero Miura bull Murciélago Spanish Fighting Bull Ratón Horses Andalusian horse Lusitano People Roles Alguacilillo Bullfighter Forcado Picador Rejoneador Rodeo clown Individual bullfighters By name List of bullfighters List of female bullfighters Ordóñez family Romero family By country American British Colombian French Mexican Peruvian Portuguese Puerto Rican Romanian Spanish Equipment Estoc Montera Muleta Traje de luces Organizations Institutions California Academy of Tauromaquia Museo Municipal Taurino Francisco Montes Anti-bullfighting Animal Welfare Board of India AnimaNaturalis Anti-Bullfighting City CAS International Equanimal People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) The Bull and the Ban Media Films Books L'Écho taurin Mexican Hayride ( musical ) Ferdinand the Bull ( film ) Ferdinand ( film ) Related Bovine sports Bous al carrer Bull wrestling Camel wrestling Combat de Reines Rodeo Commons Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Running_of_the_Bulls&oldid=831403121 '' Categories : Bull runners Animal festival or ritual Spanish culture Bull sports Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Catalan - language external links Use dmy dates from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 12 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when can you run with the bulls in spain | [
"The Pamplona[2] encierro is the most popular in Spain and has been broadcast live by RTVE, the public Spanish national television channel, for over 30 years.[6] It is the highest profile event of the San Fermin festival, which is held every year from 6–14 July.[2] The first bull running is on 7 July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 am. Among the rules to take part in the event are that participants must be at least 18 years old, run in the same direction as the bulls, not incite the bulls, and not be under the influence of alcohol.[7][8]"
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"6–14 July"
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3268929152864308374 | Big Brother Naija (season 3) | Big Brother Naija ( season 3 ) - wikipedia Big Brother Naija ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search Big Brother Naija ◄ Season 3 ( 2018 ) Name Entry Exit Ahneeka Day 0 Alex Day 0 Angel Day 0 Anto Day 0 Bambam Day 0 Cee - C Day 0 Ifu Day 0 Leo Day 0 Lolu Day 0 Miracle Day 0 Nina Day 0 Ricco Day 0 Teddy - A Day 0 Tobi Day 0 Dee - One Day 0 Day 21 Vandora Day 0 Day 21 Bitto Day 0 Day 21 Princess Day 0 Day 21 K. Brule Day 0 Day 21 Khloe Day 0 Day 21 Legend Evicted Nominated Ejected Head of House Immune Big Brother Naija 2018 , also known as Big Brother Naija : Double Wahala is the third season of the Nigerian version of the reality show Big Brother . It was launched on 28 January 2018 on DStv channel 198 . Ex-housemate Ebuka Obi - Uchendu from season one as the host . Contents ( hide ) 1 Housemates 2 Pairs 3 Nominations table 3.1 Notes 4 References 5 External links Housemates ( edit ) Housemates Age on Entry Occupation Residence / Birthplace Adedayo `` Dee - One '' adewunmi , Comedian Minna Iwuchukwu `` Ahneeka '' Marianne Onyii 25 TV presenter Asogwa Alexandra `` Alex '' Amuche Sandra Advertiser , Model . Lagos / Nsukka Angel Awotarigha 31 Filmmaker Bayelsa Munirat Antoinette `` Anto '' Lecky United States Oluwabamike `` Bambam '' Olawunmi 28 Freelancer Lagos Bitto Bryan Arumun 26 TV Host , Entrepreneur Calabar Cynthia `` Cee - C '' Nwadiora Self employed `` Ifu Ennanda '' - Iheme Faith Uloma Actress , Business broker Lagos Kelvin `` K. Brule '' Brouillette 23 Rapper , Producer , Songwriter Lagos Abiri Oluwabusayo `` Khloe '' 33 Fashion designer Lagos Leo Babarinde Akinola Dasilva 25 Managing Director Lagos / London Miracle Igbekwe 20 Pilot and model Lagos / Owerri Nina Ivy 21 Model Owerri Omololù `` Lolu '' Adetokunbo Princess Linda Onyejekwe 25 New York City `` Ricco Swavey '' - Patrick Fakoya 25 Singer , Rapper `` Teddy A '' - Tope Badman Teddy 29 Singer , Songwriter Lagos / United States Oluwatobi `` Tobi '' Bakre 23 Photographer , Investment banker Ogun State / South Africa Vanessa `` Vandora '' Williams Makeup artist , Vlogger Lagos Pairs ( edit ) Pairs Housemates Prito Princess & Bitto Bamteddy Bambam & Teddy A K_Square K. Brule & Khloe Ceebi Cee - C & Tobi Mina Miracle & Nina Rineeka Rico & Ahneeka Leolex Leo & Alex Angelifu Angel & Ifu Loto Anto & Lolu Vandee Vandora & Dee - one Nominations table ( edit ) Housemates nominate in Pairs . Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Final Nominations Received Day 0 Day 1 Ahneeka Arena Games Room No Nominations Princess & Bitto Miracle & Nina Miracle & Nina Anto & Lolu Alex Arena Games Room No Nominations Angel & Ifu Princess & Bitto Angel & Ifu Miracle & Nina Angel Main House No Nominations K. Brule & Khloe Leo & Alex Cee - C & Tobi Miracle & Nina Anto Main House No Nominations Angel & Ifu K. Brule & Khloe Cee - C & Tobi Miracle & Nina Bambam Main House No Nominations K. Brule & Khloe Miracle & Nina Miracle & Nina Anto & Lolu Cee - C Main House No Nominations Princess & Bitto Anto & Lolu Vandora & Dee - One Anto & Lolu Ifu Main House No Nominations K. Brule & Khloe Leo & Alex Cee - C & Tobi Miracle & Nina Leo Arena Games Room No Nominations Angel & Ifu Princess & Bitto Angel & Ifu Miracle & Nina Miracle Main House No Nominations K. Brule & Khloe Angel & Ifu Bambam & Teddy A Anto & Lolu Nina Main House No Nominations K. Brule & Khloe Angel & Ifu Bambam & Teddy A Anto & Lolu Lolu Main House No Nominations Angel & Ifu K. Brule & Khloe Cee - C & Tobi Miracle & Nina Ricco Swavey Main House No Nominations Princess & Bitto Miracle & Nina Miracle & Nina Anto & Lolu Teddy A Main House No Nominations K. Brule & Khloe Miracle & Nina Miracle & Nina Anto & Lolu Tobi Arena Games Room Head of House Princess & Bitto Anto & Lolu Vandora & Dee - One Anto & Lolu Dee - One Arena Games Room No Nominations Angel & Ifu Anto & Lolu Miracle & Nina Cee - C & Tobi Evicted ( Day 21 ) Vandora Arena Games Room No Nominations Angel & Ifu Anto & Lolu Miracle & Nina Cee - C & Tobi Evicted ( Day 21 ) Bitto Main House No Nominations Bambam & Teddy A K. Brule & Khloe Cee - C & Tobi Miracle & Nina Evicted ( Day 21 ) 8 Princess Main House No Nominations Bambam & Teddy A K. Brule & Khloe Cee - C & Tobi Miracle & Nina Evicted ( Day 21 ) K. Brule Main House No Nominations Miracle & Nina Princess & Bitto Vandora & Dee - One Cee - C & Tobi Ejected ( Day 2 ) 10 Khloe Main House No Nominations Miracle & Nina Princess & Bitto Vandora & Dee - One Cee - C & Tobi Ejected ( Day 21 ) Notes Head of House none Tobi Tobi Khloe Nominated ( pre-save and replace ) none Angel & Ifu K. Brule & Khloe Anto & Lolu Miracle & Nina Princess & Bitto Nominations Void Saved Miracle & Nina Leo & Alex Against public vote Angel & Ifu K. Brule & Khloe Anto & Lolu Bambam & Teddy A Princess & Bitto Princess & Bitto Bambam & Teddy A Cee - C & Tobi Miracle & Nina Rico & Ahneeka Angel & Ifu Anto & Lolu Vandora & Dee - One Ejected none K. Brule & Khloe Evicted Ahneeka , Alex , Dee - One , Leo , Tobi & Vandora Fake evicted by twist none No Eviction Princess & Bitto Fewest votes to save Vandora & Dee - One Fewest votes to save Saved none Notes ( edit ) ^ Note 1 : On Launch night , Biggie was set a fake eviction after all housemates entered the house . The housemates who could n't find beds that corresponded with the numbers they received on stage must leave the house immediately . Ahneeka , Alex , Dee - One , Leo , Tobi & Vandora were fake evicted to the Arena Games Room . ^ Note 2 : There were no nominations in the first week . ^ Note 3 : Housemates ' nominations were fake , and no eviction this week . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Naija starts 28 January 2018 ! '' . africamagic.dstv.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ebuka returns to host BBNaija 3 ! '' . africamagic.dstv.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Big Brother Naija 2018 Housemates '' . 042expressng.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Official site Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Québec Colombia Ecuador Mexico Pacific Panama Peru United States Celebrity Over the Top Spanish Asia - Pacific Arab States Australia China India Hindi Kannada Bangla Tamil Telugu Indonesia Israel Celebrity Philippines Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania Celebrity Belgium Bulgaria Celebrity Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Celebrity Greece Hungary TV2 RTL II Italy Celebrity Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Celebrity Sweden Sweden and Norway Switzerland United Kingdom Celebrity Ukraine Turkey Virtual Second Life Big Brother Nigeria Season 1 Hosts Michelle Dede ( season 1 ) Olisa Adibua ( season 1 ) Ebuka Obi - Uchendu ( season 2 ) Finalists Winners Katung Aduwak ( season 1 ) Efe Ejeba ( season 2 ) Runners - up Francisca Owumi ( season 1 ) Bisola Aiyeola ( season 2 ) Related programming Big Brother Africa Big Brother All Stars Big Brother South Africa Big Brother in Africa Big Brother Africa 2003 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Regional South Africa Angola Nigeria Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Brother_Naija_(season_3)&oldid=826674071 '' Categories : Big Brother ( TV series ) seasons Nigerian reality television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 12 : 16 . About Wikipedia | when is the big brother naija 2018 starting | [
"Big Brother Naija 2018, also known as Big Brother Naija: Double Wahala is the third season of the Nigerian version of the reality show Big Brother. It was launched on 28 January 2018 on DStv channel 198.[1] Ex-housemate Ebuka Obi-Uchendu from season one as the host.[2]"
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"28 January 2018"
] |
8751507500602767891 | List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored | List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored - wikipedia List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored Jump to : navigation , search This list is a compilation of total centuries scored by international cricketers , split between different formats , and presents a good view to compare performance of batsmen in different formats of the game . 6 players have scored 50 or more centuries in their international career across the 3 formats . A qualification of 10 overall centuries is now used . To date , as many as 161 cricketers have scored 10 or more international centuries , 72 of whom went on to score 20 or more centuries and 39 have 30 or more centuries , the details of which are listed below . List ( edit ) ' ǂ ' indicates players who are currently playing ' N / A ' indicates player did n't play in that format Rank Player Period Teams Test ODI T20I Total 001 ! 1 Tendulkar , Sachin Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2013 India 51 49 0 100 002 ! 2 Ponting , Ricky Ricky Ponting 1995 -- 2012 Australia / ICC 41 30 0 71 003 ! 3 Sangakkara , Kumar Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 Sri Lanka / ICC / Asia 38 25 0 63 004 ! 4 Kallis , Jacques Jacques Kallis 1995 -- 2014 South Africa / ICC / Africa 45 17 0 62 005 ! 5 Jayawardene , Mahela Mahela Jayawardene 1997 -- 2015 Sri Lanka / Asia 34 19 54 006 ! = 6 Lara , Brian Brian Lara 1990 -- 2007 West Indies / ICC 34 19 N / A 53 Amla , Hashim Hashim Amla ǂ 2004 -- 2017 South Africa 28 25 0 53 008 ! 8 Dravid , Rahul Rahul Dravid 1996 -- 2012 India / ICC / Asia 36 12 0 48 009 ! 9 Kohli , Virat Virat Kohli ǂ 2008 -- 2017 India 17 30 0 47 010 ! 10 de Villiers , AB AB de Villiers ǂ 2004 -- 2017 South Africa / Africa 21 24 0 45 011 ! 11 Jayasuriya , Sanath Sanath Jayasuriya 1989 -- 2011 Sri Lanka / Asia 14 28 0 42 012 ! = 12 Chanderpaul , Shivnarine Shivnarine Chanderpaul 1994 -- 2015 West Indies 30 11 0 41 Khan , Younis Younis Khan 2000 -- 2017 Pakistan 34 7 0 41 014 ! 14 Hayden , Matthew Matthew Hayden 1993 -- 2009 Australia / ICC 30 10 0 40 015 ! = 15 Dilshan , Tillakaratne Tillakaratne Dilshan 1999 -- 2016 Sri Lanka 16 22 39 Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle ǂ 2000 -- 2017 West Indies / ICC 15 22 39 Yousuf , Mohammad Mohammad Yousuf 1998 -- 2010 Pakistan / Asia 24 15 0 39 018 ! = 18 Ganguly , Sourav Sourav Ganguly 1992 -- 2008 India / Asia 16 22 N / A 38 Sehwag , Virender Virender Sehwag 1999 -- 2013 India / ICC / Asia 23 15 0 38 Waugh , Mark Mark Waugh 1988 -- 2002 Australia 20 18 N / A 38 021 ! 21 Smith , Graeme Graeme Smith 2002 -- 2014 South Africa / ICC / Africa 27 10 0 37 022 ! = 22 Clarke , Michael Michael Clarke 2003 -- 2015 Australia 28 8 0 36 Cook , Alastair Alastair Cook ǂ 2006 -- 2017 England 31 5 0 36 024 ! = 24 Gavaskar , Sunil Sunil Gavaskar 1971 -- 1987 India 34 N / A 35 Gibbs , Herschelle Herschelle Gibbs 1996 -- 2010 South Africa 14 21 0 35 Haynes , Desmond Desmond Haynes 1978 -- 1994 West Indies 18 17 N / A 35 Inzamam - ul - Haq 1991 -- 2007 Pakistan / ICC / Asia 25 10 0 35 Richards , Viv Viv Richards 1974 -- 1991 West Indies 24 11 N / A 35 Waugh , Steve Steve Waugh 1985 -- 2004 Australia 32 N / A 35 030 ! = 30 Kirsten , Gary Gary Kirsten 1993 -- 2004 South Africa 21 14 N / A 34 Warner , David David Warner ǂ 2009 -- 2017 Australia 20 14 0 34 032 ! = 32 Gilchrist , Adam Adam Gilchrist 1996 -- 2008 Australia / ICC 17 16 0 33 Taylor , Ross Ross Taylor ǂ 2006 -- 2017 New Zealand 16 17 0 33 034 ! 34 Pietersen , Kevin Kevin Pietersen 2004 -- 2014 England / ICC 23 9 0 32 035 ! = 35 de Silva , Aravinda Aravinda de Silva 1984 -- 2003 Sri Lanka 20 11 N / A 31 Miandad , Javed Javed Miandad 1975 -- 1996 Pakistan 23 8 N / A 31 Anwar , Saeed Saeed Anwar 1989 -- 2003 Pakistan 11 20 N / A 31 038 ! = 38 Border , Allan Allan Border 1978 -- 1994 Australia 27 N / A 30 Greenidge , Gordon Gordon Greenidge 1974 -- 1991 West Indies 19 11 N / A 30 040 ! = 40 Azharuddin , Mohammad Mohammad Azharuddin 1984 -- 2000 India 22 7 N / A 29 Bradman , Don Don Bradman 1928 -- 1948 Australia 29 N / A N / A 29 042 ! = 42 Gooch , Graham Graham Gooch 1975 -- 1995 England 20 8 N / A 28 Smith , Steve Steve Smith ǂ 2010 -- 2017 Australia 20 8 0 28 044 ! = 44 Astle , Nathan Nathan Astle 1995 -- 2007 New Zealand 11 16 N / A 27 Atapattu , Marvan Marvan Atapattu 1990 -- 2007 Sri Lanka 16 11 N / A 27 Chappell , Greg Greg Chappell 1970 -- 1984 Australia 24 N / A 27 Strauss , Andrew Andrew Strauss 2003 -- 2012 England 21 6 0 27 048 ! = 48 Bell , Ian Ian Bell ǂ 2004 -- 2015 England 22 0 26 Boon , David David Boon 1984 -- 1996 Australia 21 5 N / A 26 Sobers , Garfield Garfield Sobers 1954 -- 1974 West Indies 26 0 N / A 26 Trescothick , Marcus Marcus Trescothick 2000 -- 2006 England 14 12 N / A 26 Williamson , Kane Kane Williamson ǂ 2010 -- 2017 New Zealand 17 9 0 26 053 ! 53 Gower , David David Gower 1978 -- 1992 England 18 7 N / A 25 054 ! = 54 Boycott , Geoffrey Geoffrey Boycott 1964 -- 1982 England 22 N / A 23 Langer , Justin Justin Langer 1993 -- 2007 Australia 23 0 N / A 23 Laxman , V.V.S. V.V.S. Laxman 1996 -- 2012 India 17 6 N / A 23 Root , Joe Joe Root ǂ 2012 -- 2017 England 13 10 0 23 058 ! = 58 Cowdrey , Colin Colin Cowdrey 1954 -- 1975 England 22 0 N / A 22 Hammond , Wally Wally Hammond 1927 -- 1947 England 22 N / A N / A 22 Hussey , Michael Michael Hussey 2004 -- 2013 Australia 19 0 22 Ahmed , Ijaz Ijaz Ahmed 1986 -- 2001 Pakistan 12 10 N / A 22 062 ! = 62 Crowe , Martin Martin Crowe 1982 -- 1995 New Zealand 17 N / A 21 Harvey , Neil Neil Harvey 1948 -- 1963 Australia 21 N / A N / A 21 Richardson , Richie Richie Richardson 1983 -- 1996 West Indies 16 5 N / A 21 065 ! = 65 Barrington , Ken Ken Barrington 1955 -- 1968 England 20 N / A N / A 20 Gambhir , Gautam Gautam Gambhir ǂ 2003 -- 2016 India 9 11 0 20 Hooper , Carl Carl Hooper 1987 -- 2003 West Indies 13 7 N / A 20 Lloyd , Clive Clive Lloyd 1966 -- 1985 West Indies 19 N / A 20 Hafeez , Mohammad Mohammad Hafeez ǂ 2003 -- 2017 Pakistan 9 11 0 20 Malik , Saleem Saleem Malik 1982 -- 1999 Pakistan 15 5 N / A 20 Sarwan , Ramnaresh Ramnaresh Sarwan 2000 -- 2013 West Indies 15 5 0 20 Taylor , Mark Mark Taylor 1989 -- 1999 Australia 19 N / A 20 073 ! = 73 Hutton , Len Len Hutton 1937 -- 1955 England 19 N / A N / A 19 McCullum , Brendon Brendon McCullum 2002 -- 2016 New Zealand 12 5 19 Stewart , Alec Alec Stewart 1989 -- 2003 England 15 N / A 19 Abbas , Zaheer Zaheer Abbas 1969 -- 1985 Pakistan 12 7 N / A 19 077 ! = 77 Atherton , Michael Michael Atherton 1989 -- 2001 England 16 N / A 18 Jones , Dean Dean Jones 1984 -- 1994 Australia 11 7 N / A 18 Lamb , Allan Allan Lamb 1982 -- 1992 England 14 N / A 18 Martyn , Damien Damien Martyn 1992 -- 2006 Australia 13 5 N / A 18 Iqbal , Tamim Tamim Iqbal ǂ 2007 -- 2017 Bangladesh 8 9 18 Vaughan , Michael Michael Vaughan 1999 -- 2008 England 18 0 0 18 Vengsarkar , Dilip Dilip Vengsarkar 1976 -- 1992 India 17 N / A 18 084 ! = 84 Ali , Azhar Azhar Ali ǂ 2010 -- 2017 Pakistan 14 0 17 Compton , Denis Denis Compton 1937 -- 1957 England 17 N / A N / A 17 Cullinan , Daryll Daryll Cullinan 1993 -- 2001 South Africa 14 N / A 17 Dhawan , Shikhar Shikhar Dhawan ǂ 2010 -- 2017 India 6 11 0 17 Fleming , Stephen Stephen Fleming 1994 -- 2008 New Zealand / ICC 9 8 0 17 Samuels , Marlon Marlon Samuels ǂ 2000 -- 2017 West Indies 7 10 0 17 Tharanga , Upul Upul Tharanga ǂ 2005 -- 2017 Sri Lanka / Asia 14 0 17 Singh , Yuvraj Yuvraj Singh ǂ 2000 -- 2017 India / Asia 14 0 17 092 ! = 92 Dhoni , MS MS Dhoni ǂ 2004 -- 2017 India / Asia 6 10 0 16 Flower , Andy Andy Flower 1992 -- 2003 Zimbabwe 12 N / A 16 Guptill , Martin Martin Guptill ǂ 2009 -- 2017 New Zealand 12 16 Samaraweera , Thilan Thilan Samaraweera 1998 -- 2013 Sri Lanka 14 0 16 Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma ǂ 2007 -- 2017 India 14 17 Sutcliffe , Herbert Herbert Sutcliffe 1924 -- 1935 England 16 N / A N / A 16 Thorpe , Graham Graham Thorpe 1993 -- 2005 England 16 0 N / A 16 099 ! = 99 Amiss , Dennis Dennis Amiss 1966 -- 1977 England 11 N / A 15 Collingwood , Paul Paul Collingwood 2001 -- 2011 England 10 5 0 15 de Kock , Quinton Quinton de Kock ǂ 2012 -- 2017 South Africa 12 0 15 du Plessis , Faf Faf du Plessis ǂ 2011 -- 2017 South Africa 6 8 14 Hobbs , Jack Jack Hobbs 1909 -- 1930 England 15 N / A N / A 15 Hussain , Nasser Nasser Hussain 1989 -- 2003 England 14 N / A 15 Kanhai , Rohan Rohan Kanhai 1957 -- 1975 West Indies 15 0 N / A 15 Shastri , Ravi Ravi Shastri 1981 -- 1992 India 11 N / A 15 Sidhu , Navjot Singh Navjot Singh Sidhu 1983 -- 1999 India 9 6 N / A 15 Walcott , Clyde Clyde Walcott 1948 -- 1960 West Indies 15 N / A N / A 15 Walters , Doug Doug Walters 1965 -- 1981 Australia 15 0 N / A 15 Weekes , Everton Everton Weekes 1948 -- 1958 West Indies 15 N / A N / A 15 111 ! = 111 Botham , Ian Ian Botham 1976 -- 1992 England 14 0 N / A 14 Chappell , Ian Ian Chappell 1964 -- 1980 Australia 14 0 N / A 14 Slater , Michael Michael Slater 1993 -- 2001 Australia 14 0 N / A 14 Viswanath , Gundappa Gundappa Viswanath 1969 -- 1983 India 14 0 N / A 14 Watson , Shane Shane Watson 2002 -- 2016 Australia 9 14 116 ! = 116 Amarnath , Mohinder Mohinder Amarnath 1969 -- 1989 India 11 N / A 13 Lawry , Bill Bill Lawry 1961 -- 1971 Australia 13 0 N / A 13 Marsh , Geoff Geoff Marsh 1985 -- 1992 Australia 9 N / A 13 May , Peter Peter May 1951 -- 1961 England 13 N / A N / A 13 Morgan , Eoin Eoin Morgan ǂ 2006 -- 2017 Ireland / England 11 0 13 Pujara , Cheteshwar Cheteshwar Pujara ǂ 2010 -- 2017 India 13 0 N / A 13 Smith , Robin Robin Smith 1988 -- 1996 England 9 N / A 13 Tillakaratne , Hashan Hashan Tillakaratne 1989 -- 2004 Sri Lanka 11 N / A 13 Trott , Jonathan Jonathan Trott 2009 -- 2015 England 9 0 13 Wright , John John Wright 1978 -- 1993 New Zealand 12 N / A 13 126 ! = 126 Chandimal , Dinesh Dinesh Chandimal ǂ 2010 -- 2017 Sri Lanka 8 0 12 Edrich , John John Edrich 1963 -- 1976 England 12 0 N / A 12 Flower , Grant Grant Flower 1992 -- 2004 Zimbabwe 6 6 0 12 Mohammad , Hanif Hanif Mohammad 1952 -- 1969 Pakistan 12 N / A N / A 12 Kallicharran , Alvin Alvin Kallicharran 1972 -- 1981 West Indies 12 0 N / A 12 Morris , Arthur Arthur Morris 1946 -- 1955 Australia 12 N / A N / A 12 Rahane , Ajinkya Ajinkya Rahane ǂ 2011 -- 2017 India 9 0 12 Hasan , Shakib Al Shakib Al Hasan ǂ 2006 -- 2017 Bangladesh 5 7 0 12 Malik , Shoaib Shoaib Malik ǂ 1999 -- 2017 Pakistan 9 0 12 Taylor , Brendan Brendan Taylor 2004 -- 2015 Zimbabwe 8 0 12 Umrigar , Polly Polly Umrigar 1948 -- 1962 India 12 N / A N / A 12 Wood , Graeme Graeme Wood 1978 -- 1989 Australia 9 N / A 12 138 ! = 138 Razvi , Asif Iqbal Asif Iqbal Razvi 1964 -- 1980 Pakistan 11 0 N / A 11 Bravo , Darren Darren Bravo ǂ 2009 -- 2016 West Indies 8 0 11 Gatting , Mike Mike Gatting 1978 -- 1995 England 10 N / A 11 Graveney , Tom Tom Graveney 1951 -- 1969 England 11 N / A N / A 11 Hick , Graeme Graeme Hick 1991 -- 2001 England 6 5 N / A 11 Akmal , Kamran Kamran Akmal ǂ 2002 -- 2017 Pakistan 6 5 0 11 Katich , Simon Simon Katich 2001 -- 2010 Australia 10 N / A 11 Prince , Ashwell Ashwell Prince 2002 -- 2011 South Africa / Africa 11 0 0 11 Raja , Rameez Rameez Raja 1984 -- 1997 Pakistan 9 N / A 11 Butt , Salman Salman Butt 2003 -- 2010 Pakistan 8 0 11 Afridi , Shahid Shahid Afridi 1996 -- 2016 Pakistan / ICC / Asia 5 6 0 11 149 ! = 149 Sohail , Aamer Aamer Sohail 1990 -- 2000 Pakistan 5 5 N / A 10 Shehzad , Ahmed Ahmed Shehzad ǂ 2009 -- 2017 Pakistan 6 10 Shafiq , Asad Asad Shafiq ǂ 2010 -- 2017 Pakistan 10 0 0 10 Duminy , JP JP Duminy ǂ 2004 -- 2017 South Africa 6 0 10 Gomes , Larry Larry Gomes 1976 -- 1987 West Indies 9 N / A 10 Hassett , Lindsay Lindsay Hassett 1938 -- 1953 Australia 10 N / A N / A 10 Headley , George George Headley 1930 -- 1954 West Indies 10 N / A N / A 10 Hinds , Wavell Wavell Hinds 1999 -- 2010 West Indies 5 5 N / A 10 Misbah - ul - Haq 2007 -- 2017 Pakistan 10 0 0 10 Nazar , Mudassar Mudassar Nazar 1976 -- 1989 Pakistan 10 0 N / A 10 Mohammad , Mushtaq Mushtaq Mohammad 1959 -- 1979 Pakistan 10 0 N / A 10 Simpson , Bob Bob Simpson 1957 -- 1978 Australia 10 0 N / A 10 Turner , Glenn Glenn Turner 1969 -- 1983 New Zealand 7 N / A 10 Last updated : 2 September 2017 References ( edit ) Combined Batting Records by ESPNCricInfo `` Combined Batting Records by ESPNCricInfo '' . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . eeeefh eokf < html > External links ( edit ) List of international cricket centuries International men 's cricket ( Test , ODI and T20I ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 100 ) Ricky Ponting ( 71 ) Kumar Sangakkara ( 63 ) Jacques Kallis ( 62 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 54 ) Brian Lara ( 53 ) Hashim Amla ( 53 ) Rahul Dravid ( 48 ) Virat Kohli ( 47 ) AB de Villiers ( 45 ) Sanath Jayasuriya ( 42 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 41 ) Younis Khan ( 41 ) Matthew Hayden ( 40 ) Mohammad Yousuf ( 39 ) Tillakaratne Dilshan ( 39 ) Chris Gayle ( 39 ) Mark Waugh ( 38 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 38 ) Virender Sehwag ( 38 ) Graeme Smith ( 37 ) Michael Clarke ( 36 ) Alastair Cook ( 36 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 35 ) Viv Richards ( 35 ) Desmond Haynes ( 35 ) Steve Waugh ( 35 ) Inzamam - ul - Haq ( 35 ) Herschelle Gibbs ( 35 ) Gary Kirsten ( 34 ) David Warner ( 34 ) Adam Gilchrist ( 33 ) Ross Taylor ( 33 ) Kevin Pietersen ( 32 ) Javed Miandad ( 31 ) Aravinda de Silva ( 31 ) Saeed Anwar ( 31 ) Gordon Greenidge ( 30 ) Allan Border ( 30 ) Don Bradman ( 29 ) Mohammad Azharuddin ( 29 ) Graham Gooch ( 28 ) Steve Smith ( 28 ) Greg Chappell ( 27 ) Marvan Atapattu ( 27 ) Nathan Astle ( 27 ) Andrew Strauss ( 27 ) Garfield Sobers ( 26 ) David Boon ( 26 ) Marcus Trescothick ( 26 ) Ian Bell ( 26 ) Kane Williamson ( 26 ) David Gower ( 25 ) Note : Italics denote the players who are currently active at international level World Cup centuries World T20 centuries Champions Trophy centuries Asia Cup centuries Twenty20 International cricket centuries Women 's cricket Test cricket ODI cricket Twenty20 International cricket Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cricketers_by_number_of_international_centuries_scored&oldid=804465083 '' Categories : Lists of cricketers Cricket records and statistics Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 05 : 05 . 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"\n\nRank\nPlayer\nPeriod\nTeams\nTest\nODI\nT20I\nTotal\n\n\n001 !1\nTendulkar, SachinSachin Tendulkar\n1989–2013\n India\n51\n49\n0\n100\n\n\n002 !2\nPonting, RickyRicky Ponting\n1995–2012\n Australia/ICC\n41\n30\n0\n71\n\n\n003 !3\nSangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara\n2000–2015\n Sri Lanka/ICC/Asia\n38\n25\n0\n63\n\n\n004 !4\nKallis, JacquesJacques Kallis\n1995–2014\n South Africa/ICC/Africa\n45\n17\n0\n62\n\n\n005 !5\nJayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene\n1997–2015\n Sri Lanka/Asia\n34\n19\n1\n54\n\n\n006 !=6\nLara, BrianBrian Lara\n1990–2007\n West Indies/ICC\n34\n19\nN/A\n53\n\n\nAmla, HashimHashim Amla ǂ\n2004–2017\n South Africa\n28\n25\n0\n53\n\n\n008 !8\nDravid, RahulRahul Dravid\n1996–2012\n India/ICC/Asia\n36\n12\n0\n48\n\n\n009 !9\nKohli, ViratVirat Kohli ǂ\n2008–2017\n India\n17\n30\n0\n47\n\n\n010 !10\nde Villiers, ABAB de Villiers ǂ\n2004–2017\n South Africa/Africa\n21\n24\n0\n45\n\n\n011 !11\nJayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya\n1989–2011\n Sri Lanka/Asia\n14\n28\n0\n42\n\n\n012 !=12\nChanderpaul, ShivnarineShivnarine Chanderpaul\n1994–2015\n West Indies\n30\n11\n0\n41\n\n\nKhan, YounisYounis Khan\n2000–2017\n Pakistan\n34\n7\n0\n41\n\n\n014 !14\nHayden, MatthewMatthew Hayden\n1993–2009\n Australia/ICC\n30\n10\n0\n40\n\n\n015 !=15\nDilshan, TillakaratneTillakaratne Dilshan\n1999–2016\n Sri Lanka\n16\n22\n1\n39\n\n\nGayle, ChrisChris Gayle ǂ\n2000–2017\n West Indies/ICC\n15\n22\n2\n39\n\n\nYousuf, MohammadMohammad Yousuf\n1998–2010\n Pakistan/Asia\n24\n15\n0\n39\n\n\n018 !=18\nGanguly, SouravSourav Ganguly\n1992–2008\n India/Asia\n16\n22\nN/A\n38\n\n\nSehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag\n1999–2013\n India/ICC/Asia\n23\n15\n0\n38\n\n\nWaugh, MarkMark Waugh\n1988–2002\n Australia\n20\n18\nN/A\n38\n\n\n021 !21\nSmith, GraemeGraeme Smith\n2002–2014\n South Africa/ICC/Africa\n27\n10\n0\n37\n\n\n022 !=22\nClarke, MichaelMichael Clarke\n2003–2015\n Australia\n28\n8\n0\n36\n\n\nCook, AlastairAlastair Cook ǂ\n2006–2017\n England\n31\n5\n0\n36\n\n\n024 !=24\nGavaskar, SunilSunil Gavaskar\n1971–1987\n India\n34\n1\nN/A\n35\n\n\nGibbs, HerschelleHerschelle Gibbs\n1996–2010\n South Africa\n14\n21\n0\n35\n\n\nHaynes, DesmondDesmond Haynes\n1978–1994\n West Indies\n18\n17\nN/A\n35\n\n\nInzamam-ul-Haq\n1991–2007\n Pakistan/ICC/Asia\n25\n10\n0\n35\n\n\nRichards, VivViv Richards\n1974–1991\n West Indies\n24\n11\nN/A\n35\n\n\nWaugh, SteveSteve Waugh\n1985–2004\n Australia\n32\n3\nN/A\n35\n\n\n030 !=30\nKirsten, GaryGary Kirsten\n1993–2004\n South Africa\n21\n14\nN/A\n34\n\n\nWarner, DavidDavid Warner ǂ\n2009–2017\n Australia\n20\n14\n0\n34\n\n\n032 !=32\nGilchrist, AdamAdam Gilchrist\n1996–2008\n Australia/ICC\n17\n16\n0\n33\n\n\nTaylor, RossRoss Taylor ǂ\n2006–2017\n New Zealand\n16\n17\n0\n33\n\n\n034 !34\nPietersen, KevinKevin Pietersen\n2004–2014\n England/ICC\n23\n9\n0\n32\n\n\n035 !=35\nde Silva, AravindaAravinda de Silva\n1984–2003\n Sri Lanka\n20\n11\nN/A\n31\n\n\nMiandad, JavedJaved Miandad\n1975–1996\n Pakistan\n23\n8\nN/A\n31\n\n\nAnwar, SaeedSaeed Anwar\n1989–2003\n Pakistan\n11\n20\nN/A\n31\n\n\n038 !=38\nBorder, AllanAllan Border\n1978–1994\n Australia\n27\n3\nN/A\n30\n\n\nGreenidge, GordonGordon Greenidge\n1974–1991\n West Indies\n19\n11\nN/A\n30\n\n\n040 !=40\nAzharuddin, MohammadMohammad Azharuddin\n1984–2000\n India\n22\n7\nN/A\n29\n\n\nBradman, DonDon Bradman\n1928–1948\n Australia\n29\nN/A\nN/A\n29\n\n\n042 !=42\nGooch, GrahamGraham Gooch\n1975–1995\n England\n20\n8\nN/A\n28\n\n\nSmith, SteveSteve Smith ǂ\n2010–2017\n Australia\n20\n8\n0\n28\n\n\n044 !=44\nAstle, NathanNathan Astle\n1995–2007\n New Zealand\n11\n16\nN/A\n27\n\n\nAtapattu, MarvanMarvan Atapattu\n1990–2007\n Sri Lanka\n16\n11\nN/A\n27\n\n\nChappell, GregGreg Chappell\n1970–1984\n Australia\n24\n3\nN/A\n27\n\n\nStrauss, AndrewAndrew Strauss\n2003–2012\n England\n21\n6\n0\n27\n\n\n048 !=48\nBell, IanIan Bell ǂ\n2004–2015\n England\n22\n4\n0\n26\n\n\nBoon, DavidDavid Boon\n1984–1996\n Australia\n21\n5\nN/A\n26\n\n\nSobers, GarfieldGarfield Sobers\n1954–1974\n West Indies\n26\n0\nN/A\n26\n\n\nTrescothick, MarcusMarcus Trescothick\n2000–2006\n England\n14\n12\nN/A\n26\n\n\nWilliamson, KaneKane Williamson ǂ\n2010–2017\n New Zealand\n17\n9\n0\n26\n\n\n053 !53\nGower, DavidDavid Gower\n1978–1992\n England\n18\n7\nN/A\n25\n\n\n054 !=54\nBoycott, GeoffreyGeoffrey Boycott\n1964–1982\n England\n22\n1\nN/A\n23\n\n\nLanger, JustinJustin Langer\n1993–2007\n Australia\n23\n0\nN/A\n23\n\n\nLaxman, V. V. S.V. V. S. Laxman\n1996–2012\n India\n17\n6\nN/A\n23\n\n\nRoot, JoeJoe Root ǂ\n2012–2017\n England\n13\n10\n0\n23\n\n\n058 !=58\nCowdrey, ColinColin Cowdrey\n1954–1975\n England\n22\n0\nN/A\n22\n\n\nHammond, WallyWally Hammond\n1927–1947\n England\n22\nN/A\nN/A\n22\n\n\nHussey, MichaelMichael Hussey\n2004–2013\n Australia\n19\n3\n0\n22\n\n\nAhmed, IjazIjaz Ahmed\n1986–2001\n Pakistan\n12\n10\nN/A\n22\n\n\n062 !=62\nCrowe, MartinMartin Crowe\n1982–1995\n New Zealand\n17\n4\nN/A\n21\n\n\nHarvey, NeilNeil Harvey\n1948–1963\n Australia\n21\nN/A\nN/A\n21\n\n\nRichardson, RichieRichie Richardson\n1983–1996\n West Indies\n16\n5\nN/A\n21\n\n\n065 !=65\nBarrington, KenKen Barrington\n1955–1968\n England\n20\nN/A\nN/A\n20\n\n\nGambhir, GautamGautam Gambhir ǂ\n2003–2016\n India\n9\n11\n0\n20\n\n\nHooper, CarlCarl Hooper\n1987–2003\n West Indies\n13\n7\nN/A\n20\n\n\nLloyd, CliveClive Lloyd\n1966–1985\n West Indies\n19\n1\nN/A\n20\n\n\nHafeez, MohammadMohammad Hafeez ǂ\n2003–2017\n Pakistan\n9\n11\n0\n20\n\n\nMalik, SaleemSaleem Malik\n1982–1999\n Pakistan\n15\n5\nN/A\n20\n\n\nSarwan, RamnareshRamnaresh Sarwan\n2000–2013\n West Indies\n15\n5\n0\n20\n\n\nTaylor, MarkMark Taylor\n1989–1999\n Australia\n19\n1\nN/A\n20\n\n\n073 !=73\nHutton, LenLen Hutton\n1937–1955\n England\n19\nN/A\nN/A\n19\n\n\nMcCullum, BrendonBrendon McCullum\n2002–2016\n New Zealand\n12\n5\n2\n19\n\n\nStewart, AlecAlec Stewart\n1989–2003\n England\n15\n4\nN/A\n19\n\n\nAbbas, ZaheerZaheer Abbas\n1969–1985\n Pakistan\n12\n7\nN/A\n19\n\n\n077 !=77\nAtherton, MichaelMichael Atherton\n1989–2001\n England\n16\n2\nN/A\n18\n\n\nJones, DeanDean Jones\n1984–1994\n Australia\n11\n7\nN/A\n18\n\n\nLamb, AllanAllan Lamb\n1982–1992\n England\n14\n4\nN/A\n18\n\n\nMartyn, DamienDamien Martyn\n1992–2006\n Australia\n13\n5\nN/A\n18\n\n\nIqbal, TamimTamim Iqbal ǂ\n2007–2017\n Bangladesh\n8\n9\n1\n18\n\n\nVaughan, MichaelMichael Vaughan\n1999–2008\n England\n18\n0\n0\n18\n\n\nVengsarkar, DilipDilip Vengsarkar\n1976–1992\n India\n17\n1\nN/A\n18\n\n\n084 !=84\nAli, AzharAzhar Ali ǂ\n2010–2017\n Pakistan\n14\n3\n0\n17\n\n\nCompton, DenisDenis Compton\n1937–1957\n England\n17\nN/A\nN/A\n17\n\n\nCullinan, DaryllDaryll Cullinan\n1993–2001\n South Africa\n14\n3\nN/A\n17\n\n\nDhawan, ShikharShikhar Dhawan ǂ\n2010–2017\n India\n6\n11\n0\n17\n\n\nFleming, StephenStephen Fleming\n1994–2008\n New Zealand/ICC\n9\n8\n0\n17\n\n\nSamuels, MarlonMarlon Samuels ǂ\n2000–2017\n West Indies\n7\n10\n0\n17\n\n\nTharanga, UpulUpul Tharanga ǂ\n2005–2017\n Sri Lanka/Asia\n3\n14\n0\n17\n\n\nSingh, YuvrajYuvraj Singh ǂ\n2000–2017\n India/Asia\n3\n14\n0\n17\n\n\n092 !=92\nDhoni, MSMS Dhoni ǂ\n2004–2017\n India/Asia\n6\n10\n0\n16\n\n\nFlower, AndyAndy Flower\n1992–2003\n Zimbabwe\n12\n4\nN/A\n16\n\n\nGuptill, MartinMartin Guptill ǂ\n2009–2017\n New Zealand\n3\n12\n1\n16\n\n\nSamaraweera, ThilanThilan Samaraweera\n1998–2013\n Sri Lanka\n14\n2\n0\n16\n\n\nSharma, RohitRohit Sharma ǂ\n2007–2017\n India\n2\n14\n1\n17\n\n\nSutcliffe, HerbertHerbert Sutcliffe\n1924–1935\n England\n16\nN/A\nN/A\n16\n\n\nThorpe, GrahamGraham Thorpe\n1993–2005\n England\n16\n0\nN/A\n16\n\n\n099 !=99\nAmiss, DennisDennis Amiss\n1966–1977\n England\n11\n4\nN/A\n15\n\n\nCollingwood, PaulPaul Collingwood\n2001–2011\n England\n10\n5\n0\n15\n\n\nde Kock, QuintonQuinton de Kock ǂ\n2012–2017\n South Africa\n3\n12\n0\n15\n\n\ndu Plessis, FafFaf du Plessis ǂ\n2011–2017\n South Africa\n6\n8\n1\n14\n\n\nHobbs, JackJack Hobbs\n1909–1930\n England\n15\nN/A\nN/A\n15\n\n\nHussain, NasserNasser Hussain\n1989–2003\n England\n14\n1\nN/A\n15\n\n\nKanhai, RohanRohan Kanhai\n1957–1975\n West Indies\n15\n0\nN/A\n15\n\n\nShastri, RaviRavi Shastri\n1981–1992\n India\n11\n4\nN/A\n15\n\n\nSidhu, Navjot SinghNavjot Singh Sidhu\n1983–1999\n India\n9\n6\nN/A\n15\n\n\nWalcott, ClydeClyde Walcott\n1948–1960\n West Indies\n15\nN/A\nN/A\n15\n\n\nWalters, DougDoug Walters\n1965–1981\n Australia\n15\n0\nN/A\n15\n\n\nWeekes, EvertonEverton Weekes\n1948–1958\n West Indies\n15\nN/A\nN/A\n15\n\n\n111 !=111\nBotham, IanIan Botham\n1976–1992\n England\n14\n0\nN/A\n14\n\n\nChappell, IanIan Chappell\n1964–1980\n Australia\n14\n0\nN/A\n14\n\n\nSlater, MichaelMichael Slater\n1993–2001\n Australia\n14\n0\nN/A\n14\n\n\nViswanath, GundappaGundappa Viswanath\n1969–1983\n India\n14\n0\nN/A\n14\n\n\nWatson, ShaneShane Watson\n2002–2016\n Australia\n4\n9\n1\n14\n\n\n116 !=116\nAmarnath, MohinderMohinder Amarnath\n1969–1989\n India\n11\n2\nN/A\n13\n\n\nLawry, BillBill Lawry\n1961–1971\n Australia\n13\n0\nN/A\n13\n\n\nMarsh, GeoffGeoff Marsh\n1985–1992\n Australia\n4\n9\nN/A\n13\n\n\nMay, PeterPeter May\n1951–1961\n England\n13\nN/A\nN/A\n13\n\n\nMorgan, EoinEoin Morgan ǂ\n2006–2017\n Ireland/ England\n2\n11\n0\n13\n\n\nPujara, CheteshwarCheteshwar Pujara ǂ\n2010–2017\n India\n13\n0\nN/A\n13\n\n\nSmith, RobinRobin Smith\n1988–1996\n England\n9\n4\nN/A\n13\n\n\nTillakaratne, HashanHashan Tillakaratne\n1989–2004\n Sri Lanka\n11\n2\nN/A\n13\n\n\nTrott, JonathanJonathan Trott\n2009–2015\n England\n9\n4\n0\n13\n\n\nWright, JohnJohn Wright\n1978–1993\n New Zealand\n12\n1\nN/A\n13\n\n\n126 !=126\nChandimal, DineshDinesh Chandimal ǂ\n2010–2017\n Sri Lanka\n8\n4\n0\n12\n\n\nEdrich, JohnJohn Edrich\n1963–1976\n England\n12\n0\nN/A\n12\n\n\nFlower, GrantGrant Flower\n1992–2004\n Zimbabwe\n6\n6\n0\n12\n\n\nMohammad, HanifHanif Mohammad\n1952–1969\n Pakistan\n12\nN/A\nN/A\n12\n\n\nKallicharran, AlvinAlvin Kallicharran\n1972–1981\n West Indies\n12\n0\nN/A\n12\n\n\nMorris, ArthurArthur Morris\n1946–1955\n Australia\n12\nN/A\nN/A\n12\n\n\nRahane, AjinkyaAjinkya Rahane ǂ\n2011–2017\n India\n9\n3\n0\n12\n\n\nHasan, Shakib AlShakib Al Hasan ǂ\n2006–2017\n Bangladesh\n5\n7\n0\n12\n\n\nMalik, ShoaibShoaib Malik ǂ\n1999–2017\n Pakistan\n3\n9\n0\n12\n\n\nTaylor, BrendanBrendan Taylor\n2004–2015\n Zimbabwe\n4\n8\n0\n12\n\n\nUmrigar, PollyPolly Umrigar\n1948–1962\n India\n12\nN/A\nN/A\n12\n\n\nWood, GraemeGraeme Wood\n1978–1989\n Australia\n9\n3\nN/A\n12\n\n\n138 !=138\nRazvi, Asif IqbalAsif Iqbal Razvi\n1964–1980\n Pakistan\n11\n0\nN/A\n11\n\n\nBravo, DarrenDarren Bravo ǂ\n2009–2016\n West Indies\n8\n3\n0\n11\n\n\nGatting, MikeMike Gatting\n1978–1995\n England\n10\n1\nN/A\n11\n\n\nGraveney, TomTom Graveney\n1951–1969\n England\n11\nN/A\nN/A\n11\n\n\nHick, GraemeGraeme Hick\n1991–2001\n England\n6\n5\nN/A\n11\n\n\nAkmal, KamranKamran Akmal ǂ\n2002–2017\n Pakistan\n6\n5\n0\n11\n\n\nKatich, SimonSimon Katich\n2001–2010\n Australia\n10\n1\nN/A\n11\n\n\nPrince, AshwellAshwell Prince\n2002–2011\n South Africa/Africa\n11\n0\n0\n11\n\n\nRaja, RameezRameez Raja\n1984–1997\n Pakistan\n2\n9\nN/A\n11\n\n\nButt, SalmanSalman Butt\n2003–2010\n Pakistan\n3\n8\n0\n11\n\n\nAfridi, ShahidShahid Afridi\n1996–2016\n Pakistan/ICC/Asia\n5\n6\n0\n11\n\n\n149 !=149\nSohail, AamerAamer Sohail\n1990–2000\n Pakistan\n5\n5\nN/A\n10\n\n\nShehzad, AhmedAhmed Shehzad ǂ\n2009–2017\n Pakistan\n3\n6\n1\n10\n\n\nShafiq, AsadAsad Shafiq ǂ\n2010–2017\n Pakistan\n10\n0\n0\n10\n\n\nDuminy, JPJP Duminy ǂ\n2004–2017\n South Africa\n6\n4\n0\n10\n\n\nGomes, LarryLarry Gomes\n1976–1987\n West Indies\n9\n1\nN/A\n10\n\n\nHassett, LindsayLindsay Hassett\n1938–1953\n Australia\n10\nN/A\nN/A\n10\n\n\nHeadley, GeorgeGeorge Headley\n1930–1954\n West Indies\n10\nN/A\nN/A\n10\n\n\nHinds, WavellWavell Hinds\n1999–2010\n West Indies\n5\n5\nN/A\n10\n\n\nMisbah-ul-Haq\n2007–2017\n Pakistan\n10\n0\n0\n10\n\n\nNazar, MudassarMudassar Nazar\n1976–1989\n Pakistan\n10\n0\nN/A\n10\n\n\nMohammad, MushtaqMushtaq Mohammad\n1959–1979\n Pakistan\n10\n0\nN/A\n10\n\n\nSimpson, BobBob Simpson\n1957–1978\n Australia\n10\n0\nN/A\n10\n\n\nTurner, GlennGlenn Turner\n1969–1983\n New Zealand\n7\n3\nN/A\n10\n\n"
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"Sachin Tendulkar"
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3753577332574882692 | Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament | Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament - wikipedia Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament This article is about the names of Jesus . For other uses , see Name of Christ ( disambiguation ) . Latin inscription of Philippians 2 : 10 : `` At the name of Jesus every knee should bow '' , Church of the Gesù , Rome . Two names and a variety of titles are used to refer to Jesus in the New Testament . In Christianity , the two names Jesus and Emmanuel that refer to Jesus in the New Testament have salvific attributes . After the Crucifixion of Jesus the early Church did not simply repeat his messages , but focused on him , proclaimed him , and tried to understand and explain his message :. One element of the process of understanding and proclaiming Jesus was the attribution of titles to him . Some of the titles that were gradually used in the early Church and then appeared in the New Testament were adopted from the Jewish context of the age , while others were selected to refer to , and underscore the message , mission and teachings of Jesus . In time , some of these titles gathered significant Christological significance . Christians have attached theological significance to the Holy Name of Jesus . The use of the name of Jesus in petitions is stressed in John 16 : 23 when Jesus states : `` If you ask the Father anything in my name he will give it you . '' There is widespread belief among Christians that the name Jesus is not merely a sequence of identifying symbols but includes intrinsic divine power . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 1.1 Jesus 1.1. 1 Etymology 1.1. 2 `` Jesu '' forms 1.1. 3 Significance of the name 1.2 Emmanuel 2 Titles 2.1 Christ 2.2 Lord 2.3 Master 2.4 Logos ( the Word ) 2.5 Son of God 2.6 Son of Man 2.7 Son of David 2.8 Lamb of God 2.9 New Adam / Second Adam / Last Adam 2.10 Light of the World 2.11 King of the Jews 2.12 Rabboni and Rabbi 2.13 Other names and titles 3 See also 4 References Names ( edit ) Jesus ( edit ) See also : Jesus ( name ) and Name of God in Christianity Beginning of a Byzantine copy of the Gospel of Luke , 1020 . Luke 1 : 31 states : `` ... bring forth a son , and shalt call his name JESUS . '' In the New Testament the name Jesus is given both in the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of Matthew , and Emmanuel only in Matthew . In Luke 1 : 31 an angel tells Mary to name her child Jesus , and in Matthew 1 : 21 an angel tells Joseph to name the child Jesus . The statement in Matthew 1 : 21 `` you shall call his name Jesus , for he will save his people from their sins '' associates salvific attributes to the name Jesus in Christian theology . Although the precise difference between a ' name ' and a ' title ' may be open to interpretation , 198 different names and titles of Jesus in the Bible are listed in Cruden 's Concordance , first published in 1737 , and continuously in print ever since . The first index of the book ( following the royal dedications and author 's preface ) is entitled `` A collection of the Names and Titles given to Jesus Christ '' , with 198 names listed , each accompanied by a biblical reference . Etymology ( edit ) There have been a number of proposals as to the origin and etymological origin of the name Jesus ( cf . Matthew 1 : 21 ) . The name is related to the Hebrew form ( Yehoshua ` ) יְהוֹשֻׁעַ Joshua , which is a theophoric name first mentioned within the Biblical tradition in Exodus 17 : 9 referring to one of Moses ' companions ( and his successor as leader of the Israelites ) . This name is usually considered to be a compound of two parts : יהו Yeho , a theophoric reference to YHWH , the distinctive personal name of the God of Israel , plus a form derived from the Hebrew triconsonantal root y - š - ʕ or י - ש - ע `` to liberate , save '' . There have been various proposals as to how the literal etymological meaning of the name should be translated , including : YHWH saves YHWH ( is ) salvation YHWH ( is ) a saving - cry YHWH ( is ) a cry - for - saving YHWH ( is ) a cry - for - help YHWH ( is ) my help This early Biblical Hebrew name יְהוֹשֻׁעַ ( Yehoshua ` ) underwent a shortening into later Biblical יֵשׁוּעַ ( Yeshua ` ) , as found in the Hebrew text of verses Ezra 2 : 2 , 2 : 6 , 2 : 36 , 2 : 40 , 3 : 2 , 3 : 8 , 3 : 9 , 3 : 10 , 3 : 18 , 4 : 3 , 8 : 33 ; Nehemiah 3 : 19 , 7 : 7 , 7 : 11 , 7 : 39 , 7 : 43 , 8 : 7 , 8 : 17 , 9 : 4 , 9 : 5 , 11 : 26 , 12 : 1 , 12 : 7 , 12 : 8 , 12 : 10 , 12 : 24 , 12 : 26 ; 1 Chronicles 24 : 11 ; and 2 Chronicles 31 : 15 -- as well as in Biblical Aramaic at verse Ezra 5 : 2 . These Bible verses refer to ten individuals ( in Nehemiah 8 : 17 , the name refers to Joshua son of Nun ) . This historical change may have been due to a phonological shift whereby guttural phonemes weakened , including ( h ) . Usually , the traditional theophoric element ( Yahu ) יהו was shortened at the beginning of a name to יו ( Yo - ) , and at the end to יה ( - yah ) . In the contraction of ( Yehoshua ` ) to ( Yeshua ` ) , the vowel is instead fronted ( perhaps due to the influence of the y in triliteral root y - š - ʕ ) . During the post-Biblical period , the name was also adopted by Aramaic and Greek - speaking Jews . Part of a series on Jesus in Christianity ( show ) Christ Christology Names and titles Life of Jesus Gospels Gospel harmony Places Virgin birth Nativity Baptism Ministry Miracles Parables Humiliation Execution Burial Resurrection Ascension Obedience Heavenly Session Intercession Second Coming Relics Jesus in Islam ( show ) Gospel Mary Disciples Death Mahdi End times Background ( show ) Background to the New Testament Language spoken by Jesus Jesus ' race / genealogy Jesus in history ( show ) Chronology Historical Jesus Historicity ( Gospels ) Sources for the historicity of Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus Mythology Christ myth theory Criticism Unknown years Perspectives on Jesus ( show ) Biblical Christian ( Lutheran ) Jewish Talmud Islamic ( Ahmadi ) Scientology Josephus Tacitus Bar - Serapion Jesus in culture ( show ) Life in art Depiction Jesuism Christianity portal Islam portal Book : Jesus By the time the New Testament was written , the Septuagint had already transliterated ישוע ( Yeshua ` ) into Koine Greek as closely as possible in the 3rd - century BCE , the result being Ἰησοῦς ( Iēsous ) . Since Greek had no equivalent to the Semitic letter ש shin ( sh ) , it was replaced with a σ sigma ( s ) , and a masculine singular ending ( - s ) was added in the nominative case , in order to allow the name to be inflected for case ( nominative , accusative , etc . ) in the grammar of the Greek language . The diphthongal ( a ) vowel of Masoretic ( Yehoshua ` ) or ( Yeshua ` ) would not have been present in Hebrew / Aramaic pronunciation during this period , and some scholars believe some dialects dropped the pharyngeal sound of the final letter ע ` ayin ( ` ) , which in any case had no counterpart in ancient Greek . The Greek writings of Philo of Alexandria and Josephus frequently mention this name . It also occurs in the Greek New Testament at Acts 7 : 45 and Hebrews 4 : 8 , referring to Joshua son of Nun . From Greek , Ἰησοῦς ( Iēsous ) moved into Latin at least by the time of the Vetus Latina . The morphological jump this time was not as large as previous changes between language families . Ἰησοῦς ( Iēsous ) was transliterated to Latin IESVS , where it stood for many centuries . The Latin name has an irregular declension , with a genitive , dative , ablative , and vocative of Jesu , accusative of Jesum , and nominative of Jesus . Minuscule ( lower case ) letters were developed around 800 and some time later the U was invented to distinguish the vowel sound from the consonantal sound and the J to distinguish the consonant from I. Similarly , Greek minuscules were invented about the same time , prior to that the name was written in Capital letters : ΙΗΣΟΥΣ or abbreviated as : ΙΗΣ with a line over the top , see also Christogram . Modern English `` Jesus '' / ˈdʒiːzəs / derives from Early Middle English Iesu ( attested from the 12th century ) . The name participated in the Great Vowel Shift in late Middle English ( 15th century ) . The letter J was first distinguished from ' I ' by the Frenchman Pierre Ramus in the 16th century , but did not become common in Modern English until the 17th century , so that early 17th century works such as the first edition of the King James Version of the Bible ( 1611 ) continued to print the name with an I . `` Jesu '' forms ( edit ) Look up Jesu in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Jesu '' is a remnant in modern English of the declension and use of grammatically inflected case endings with some proper nouns in Middle English , which persisted into Early Modern English to around the time of Shakespeare . The form Jesu is often a vocative , `` Jesu ! '' , but may also stand for other cases , such as genitive , as in Latin . The form `` Jesu '' was preserved in hymns and poetry long after it had fallen out of general use in speech , for example in poet laureate Robert Bridges ' translation of Johann Schop 's wording for the English translation of Johann Sebastian Bach 's cantata , Jesu , Joy of Man 's Desiring and in T.S. Colvin 's hymn , Jesu , Jesu , fill us with your love , based on a song from northern Ghana . During the late 19th Century , as `` Jesu '' was increasingly seen as antiquated , some churches attempted to update the wording of hymns containing `` Jesu '' to `` Jesus '' . In modernizing hymn texts the use of `` Jesu '' or `` Jesus '' could cause problems where the metre only allowed two syllables , `` Je - su '' . Significance of the name ( edit ) See also : Holy Name of Jesus The IHS monogram with angels , in Hostýn , Czech Republic . Christians have attached theological significance to the name of Jesus from the earliest days of Christianity . Devotions to and feasts for the Holy Name of Jesus exist both in Eastern and Western Christianity . The devotions and venerations to the name Jesus also extend to the IHS monogram , derived from the Greek word for Jesus ΙΗΣΟΥΣ . The significance of the name of Jesus in the New Testament is underscored by the fact that in his Nativity account Matthew pays more attention to the name of the child and its theological implications than the actual birth event itself . Reverence for the name of Jesus is emphasized by Saint Paul in Philippians 2 : 10 where he states : `` That in the name of Jesus every knee should bow , of those that are in heaven , on earth , and under the earth '' . The use of the name of Jesus in petitions is stressed in John 16 : 23 when Jesus states : `` If you ask the Father anything in my name he will give it you . '' Many Christian prayers thus conclude with the words : `` Through Our Lord Jesus Christ '' . There is widespread belief among Christians that the name Jesus is not merely a sequence of identifying symbols but includes intrinsic divine power , and that where the name of Jesus is spoken or displayed the power of Jesus can be called upon . Emmanuel ( edit ) Matthew 1 : 23 ( `` they shall call his name Emmanuel '' ) provides the name Emmanuel ( meaning God is with us ) . Emmanuel , which is taken from Isaiah 7 : 14 , does not appear elsewhere in the New Testament . The name Emmanuel ( also Immanuel or Imanu'el ) of the Hebrew עִמָּנוּאֵל `` God ( is ) with us '' consists of two Hebrew words : אֵל ( ' El , meaning ' God ' ) and עִמָּנוּ ( ʻImmānū , meaning ' with us ' ) ; Standard Hebrew ʻImmanuʼel , Tiberian Hebrew ʻImmānûʼēl . It is a theophoric name used in the Bible in Isaiah 7 : 14 and Isaiah 8 : 8 . Some interpreters see Matthew 1 : 23 providing a key to an Emmanuel Christology in the New Testament , with Matthew showing an interest in identifying Jesus as `` God with us '' and later developing the Emmanuel theme at key points throughout his Gospel . The name Emmanuel does not directly appear elsewhere in the New Testament , but Matthew builds on the motif in Matthew 28 : 20 to indicate that Jesus will be with the faithful to the end times . According to Ulrich Luz , the Emmanuel motif brackets the entire Gospel of Matthew between 1 : 23 and 28 : 20 , appearing explicitly and implicitly in several other passages , setting the tone for the salvific theme of Matthew . Some Christians see the same meaning in Matthew 28 : 20 ( `` I am with you always , even unto the end of the world '' ) indicates that Jesus will be with the faithful to the end of the age . Titles ( edit ) Christ ( edit ) Main article : Christ ( title ) See also : Confession of Peter Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator with the Christogram IC XC . The title Christ used in the English language is from the Greek Χριστός ( Kristos ) , via the Latin Christus . It means `` anointed one '' . The Greek is a loan translation of the Hebrew mashiaħ ( מָשִׁיחַ ) or Aramaic mshiħa ( מְשִׁיחָא ) , from which we derive the English word Messiah . Christ has now become a name , one part of the name `` Jesus Christ '' , but originally it was a title ( the Messiah ) and not a name ; however its use in `` Christ Jesus '' is a title . In the Septuagint version of the Hebrew Bible ( written over a century before the time of Jesus ) , the word Christos was used to translate into Greek the Hebrew mashiach ( messiah ) , meaning `` anointed . '' ( Another Greek word , Messias appears in Daniel 9 : 26 and Psalm 2 : 2 . ) The New Testament states that the Messiah , long - awaited , had come and describes this savior as The Christ . In Matthew 16 : 16 Apostle Peter , in what has become a famous proclamation of faith among Christians since the first century , said , `` You are the Christ , the Son of the living God . '' In John 11 : 27 Martha tells Jesus `` you are the Christ '' , just before the Raising of Lazarus . In the Pauline Epistles the word Christ is so closely associated with Jesus that it is apparent that for the early Christians there is no need to claim that Jesus is Christ , for that is considered widely accepted among them . Hence Paul can use the term Christos with no confusion as to whom it refers to , and as in First Corinthians 4 : 15 and Romans 12 : 5 he can use expressions such as `` in Christ '' to refer to the followers of Jesus . Symbols for representing Christ ( i.e. Christograms ) were developed by early Christians , e.g. the Chi Rho symbol formed by superimposing the first two Greek letters in Christ ( Greek : `` Χριστός '' ) , chi = ch and rho = r , to produce ☧ . Lord ( edit ) See also : Jesus is Lord , Christology , and Kyrios The Chi Rho circled with the Prayer : `` Lord Jesus Christ , Son of God , have mercy on me '' . Early Christians viewed Jesus as `` the Lord '' and the Greek word Kyrios ( κύριος ) which may mean God , lord or master appears over 700 times in the New Testament , referring to him . In everyday Aramaic , Mari was a very respectful form of polite address , well above `` Teacher '' and similar to Rabbi . In Greek this has at times been translated as Kyrios . While the term Mari expressed the relationship between Jesus and his disciples during his life , the Greek Kyrios came to represent his lordship over the world . Pauline writings further established the various theological consequences of the Lord / Kyrios concept among early Christians , and emphasized the attributes of Jesus as not only referring to his eschatological victory , but to him as the `` divine image '' ( Greek εἰκών eikōn ) in whose face the glory of God shines forth . In Romans 10 : 9 -- 13 Paul emphasized the salvific value of the title , and stated that confessing by mouth ( homologeo ) the belief that Jesus is Lord ( Kyrion Iesoun ) signifies one 's salvation . The high frequency of the use of the term Kyrios in the Acts of the Apostles indicates how natural it was for early Christians to refer to Jesus in this way . This title persisted among Christians as the predominant perception of Jesus for a number of centuries . The use of the Kyrios title for Jesus is central to the development of New Testament Christology , for the early Christians placed it at the center of their understanding and from that center attempted to understand the other issues related to the Christian mysteries . The question of the deity of Christ in the New Testament is inherently related to the Kyrios title of Jesus used in the early Christian writings and its implications for the absolute lordship of Jesus . In early Christian belief , the concept of Kyrios included the Pre-existence of Christ for they believed that if Christ is one with God , he must have been united with God from the very beginning . The title , even in the Greek form , continues to be widely used in Christian liturgy , e.g. in the Kyrie eleison , Christe eleison combination ( i.e. Lord have mercy , Christ have mercy ) , where Jesus is referred to as Lord in one case , and as Christ immediately thereafter . Master ( edit ) The Greek word Epistates ( Epistata in the vocative case ) is used only in Luke 's gospel , where it occurs six times . Robert O'Toole argues that the word relates to Jesus power over the material world rather than his teaching . Some commentators suggest that in Luke 5 , Peter progresses from seeing Jesus as `` Master '' ( v. 5 ) to seeing him as `` Lord '' ( v. 8 ) . Logos ( the word ) ( edit ) Main articles : Logos ( Christianity ) , Pre-existence of Christ , Person of Christ , and Hypostatic union In principio erat verbum , Latin for At the beginning there was the Word . John 1 : 1 - 18 from the Clementine Vulgate . John 1 : 1 - 18 calls Jesus the Logos ( Greek λόγος ) , often used as `` the Word '' in English translations . The identification of Jesus as the Logos which became Incarnate appears only at the beginning of the Gospel of John and the term Logos / Word is used only in two other Johannine passages : 1 John 1 : 1 and Revelation 19 : 13 . It appears nowhere else in the New Testament . The series of statements regarding the Logos at the very beginning of the Gospel of John build on each other . The statement that the Logos existed `` at the beginning '' asserts that as Logos Jesus was an eternal being like God . The statement that the Logos was `` with God '' asserts the distinction of Jesus from God . The statement that the Logos `` was God '' states the unity of Jesus with God , thus stating his divinity . In 1 John 1 : 1 the arrival of the Logos as `` the Word of life '' from the beginning is emphasized and 1 John 5 : 6 builds on it to emphasize the water and blood of incarnation . With the use of the title Logos , Johannine Christology consciously affirms the belief in the divinity of Jesus : that he was God who came to be among men as the Word Incarnate . Although as of the 2nd century the use of the title Logos gave rise to debate between the Alexandrian and Antiochian schools of thought regarding the interaction of the human and divine elements in the Person of Christ , after the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and Council of Chalcedon in 451 the Logos and the second person of the Trinity were often used interchangeably . Son of God ( edit ) Main article : Son of God ( Christianity ) First page of Mark : `` The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ , the Son of God '' , by Sargis Pitsak 14th century . The title `` Son of God '' is applied to Jesus in many cases in the New Testament . It is often used to refer to his divinity , from the beginning in the Annunciation up to the Crucifixion . The declaration that Jesus is the Son of God is made by many individuals in the New Testament , on two separate occasions by God the Father as a voice from Heaven , and is also asserted by Jesus himself . The Son of God title , according to most Christian denominations , Trinitarian in belief , refers to the relationship between Jesus and God , specifically as `` God the Son '' . For thousands of years , emperors and rulers ranging from the Western Zhou dynasty ( c. 1000 B.C. ) in China to Alexander the Great in Greece have assumed titles that reflect a filial relationship with deities . At the time of Jesus , Roman Emperor Augustus exploited the similarity between the titles Divi filius ( son of the Divine One ) and `` Dei filius '' ( Son of God ) and used the ambiguous inscription `` DF '' to refer to himself to emphasize the divine component of his image . J.D. Crossan argues that early Christians adopted this title . The Gospel of Mark begins by calling Jesus the Son of God and reaffirms the title twice when a voice from Heaven calls Jesus : `` my Son '' in Mark 1 : 11 and Mark 9 : 7 . In Matthew 14 : 33 , after Jesus walks on water , the disciples tell Jesus : `` You really are the Son of God ! '' In Matthew 27 : 43 , while Jesus hangs on the cross , the Jewish leaders mock him to ask God help , `` for he said , I am the Son of God '' , referring to the claim of Jesus to be the Son of God . Matthew 27 : 54 and Mark 15 : 39 include the exclamation by the Roman commander , `` He was surely the Son of God ! '' , after the earthquake following the Crucifixion of Jesus . When , in Matthew 16 : 15 -- 16 , Apostle Peter states , `` You are Christ , the Son of the living God '' , Jesus not only accepts the titles , but calls Peter `` blessed '' and declares the profession a divine revelation , unequivocally declaring himself to be both Christ and the Son of God in Matthew 16 : 15 - 16 . In the new Testament , Jesus uses the term `` my Father '' as a direct and unequivocal assertion of his sonship , and a unique relationship with the Father beyond any attribution of titles by others , e.g. , in Matthew 11 : 27 , John 5 : 23 and John 5 : 26 . In a number of other episodes , Jesus claims sonship by referring to the Father , e.g. , in Luke 2 : 49 , when he is found in the temple , a young Jesus calls the temple `` my Father 's house '' , just as he does later in John 2 : 16 in the Cleansing of the Temple episode . In Matthew 1 : 11 and Luke 3 : 22 , Jesus allows himself to be called the Son of God by the voice from above , not objecting to the title . Of all the Christological titles used in the New Testament , Son of God has had one of the most lasting impacts in Christian history and has become part of the profession of faith by many Christians . In the mainstream Trinitarian context , the title implies the full divinity of Jesus as part of the Holy Trinity of Father , Son and the Spirit . However , the concept of God as the father of Jesus and Jesus as the one and only Son of God is distinct from the concept of God as the Creator and father of all people , as indicated in the Apostle 's Creed . The profession begins with expressing belief in the `` Father almighty , creator of heaven and earth '' and then immediately , but separately , in `` Jesus Christ , his only Son , our Lord '' , thus expressing both senses of fatherhood within the Creed . Son of man ( edit ) Main article : Son of man ( Christianity ) `` Son of man '' appears 25 times in Luke , a copy c. 800 shown here . The term Son of man appears many times in all four gospel accounts , e.g. 30 times in Matthew . However , unlike the title Son of God , its proclamation has never been an article of faith in Christianity . While the profession of Jesus as the Son of God has been an essential element of Christian creeds since the Apostolic age , such professions do not apply to Son of man . Yet , the Christological analysis of the relationship between the two terms has been the subject of much research . In modern biblical research the occurrences of Son of man in the Synoptic gospels are generally categorized into three groups : those that refer to his `` coming '' ( as an exaltation ) , those that refer to `` suffering '' and those that refer to `` now at work '' , i.e. referring to the earthly life . The presentation in the Gospel of John is somewhat different from the Synoptics and in John 1 : 51 he is presented as contact with God through `` angelic instrumentality '' , in John 6 : 26 and 6 : 53 he provides life through his death and in John 5 : 27 he holds the power to judge men . The first chapter of the Book of Revelation refers to `` one like a Son of man '' in Revelation 1 : 12 -- 13 which radiantly stands in glory and speaks to the author . In the Gospel of John Jesus is not just a messianic figure , nor a prophet like Moses , but the key emphasis is on his dual role as Son of God and Son of man . Although Son of man is a distinct from Son of God , some gospel passages equate them in some cases , e.g. in Mark 14 : 61 , during the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus when the high priest asked Jesus : `` Are you the Messiah , the Son of the Blessed one ? '' Jesus responded `` I am : and you shall see the Son of man sitting at the right hand of Power , and coming with the clouds of heaven . '' . This builds on the statement in Mark 9 : 31 that `` The Son of man is delivered up into the hands of men , and they shall kill him ; and when he is killed , after three days he shall rise again . '' In the parable of the Sheep and the Goats , the returning Son of man has the power to judge , by separating men from `` all the nations '' into distinct groups , in Matthew 25 : 31 -- 46 . For centuries , the Christological perspective on Son of man has been a natural counterpart to that of Son of God and in many cases affirms the humanity of Jesus just as Son of God affirms his divinity . In the 5th century , Saint Augustine viewed the duality of Son of God and Son of man in terms of the dual nature of Christ in hypostatic union , in that the Son of God became the Son of man through the act of Incarnation and wrote : `` Since he is the only Son of God by nature , he became also the Son of Man that he might be full of grace as well . '' Geza Vermes has argued that `` the son of man '' in the Gospels is unrelated to these Hebrew Bible usages . He begins with the observation that there is no example of `` the '' son of man in Hebrew sources . He suggests that the term originates in Aramaic -- bar nash / bar nasha . Based on his study of Aramaic sources , he concludes that in these sources : ( 1 ) `` Son of man '' is a regular expression for man in general . ( 2 ) It often serves as an indefinite pronoun ( `` one '' or `` someone '' ) . ( 3 ) In certain circumstances it may be employed as a circumlocution . In monologues or dialogues the speaker can refer to himself , not as ' I ' , but as `` the son of man '' in the third person , in contexts implying awe , reserve , or modesty. ( 4 ) In none of the extant texts does `` son of man '' figure as a title . Son of David ( edit ) The title `` Son of David '' indicates Jesus ' physical descent from David , as well as his membership of the Davidic line of kings . The phrase is used a number of times in the gospel of Matthew . It appears in Matthew 1 : 1 to introduce both the genealogy and the gospel . It is found on the lips of the blind men healed in Galilee ( `` Have mercy on us , Son of David '' , Matthew 9 : 27 ) , the crowd who are amazed at Jesus ' healing of a blind , mute and demon - possessed man Matthew 12 : 23 ) , the Canaanite woman whose daughter is exorcised ( `` Lord , Son of David , have mercy on me , '' Matthew 15 : 22 ) , and the blind men healed near Jericho ( `` Lord , Son of David , have mercy on us '' , Matthew 20 : 30 ) . Finally , it also forms part of the shout of the crowds when Jesus enters Jerusalem : `` Hosanna to the Son of David '' ( Matthew 21 : 9 ) . A variant of this title is found in Revelation 22 : 16 , where Jesus refers to himself as `` the Root and the Offspring of David '' . According to Anglican Bishop Charles Ellicott , `` Son of David '' was `` the most popular of all the names of the expected Christ '' . Lamb of God ( edit ) Main article : Lamb of God A typical depiction of Agnus Dei , bleeding into a Holy Chalice and carrying a Christian victory banner . The title Lamb of God ( Agnus Dei ) only appears in the Gospel of John , with the exclamation of John the Baptist : `` Behold the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world '' in John 1 : 29 , the title reaffirmed the next day in John 1 : 36 . The second use of the title Lamb of God takes place in the presence of the first two apostles of Jesus , who immediately follow him , address him as Rabbi with respect and later in the narrative bring others to meet him . These two proclamations of Jesus as the Lamb of God closely bracket the Baptist 's other proclamation in John 1 : 34 : `` I have borne witness that this is the Son of God '' . From a Christological perspective , these proclamations and the descent of the Holy Spirit as a dove in John 1 : 32 reinforce each other to establish the divine element of the Person of Christ . In Johannine Christology the proclamation `` who takes away the sins of the world '' begins the unfolding of the salvific theme of the redemptive and sacrificial death of Jesus followed by his resurrection which is built upon in other proclamations such as `` this is indeed the Saviour of the world '' uttered by the Samaritans in John 4 : 42 . However , nothing in the context of 1 Corinthians 5 : 7 directly implies that in that specific passage Saint Paul refers the death of Jesus using the same theme . The Book of Revelation includes over twenty references to a lion - like lamb ( `` slain but standing '' ) which delivers victory in a manner reminiscent of the resurrected Christ . In the first appearance of the lamb in Revelation ( 5 : 1 - 7 ) only the lamb ( which is of the tribe of Judah , and the root of David ) is found worthy to take the judgment scroll from God and break the seals . In Revelation 21 : 14 the lamb is said to have twelve apostles . The theme of a sacrificial lamb which rises in victory as the Resurrected Christ was employed in early Christology , e.g. in 375 Saint Augustine wrote : `` Why a lamb in his passion ? For he underwent death without being guilty of any inequity . Why a lion in his resurrection ? For in being slain , he slew death . '' The Lamb of God title has found widespread use in Christian prayers and the Agnus Dei ( `` Lamb of God who take away the sins of the world have mercy on us ; Lamb of God who take away the sins of the world grant us peace '' ) is used both in liturgy and as a form of contemplative prayer . New Adam / second Adam / last Adam ( edit ) Main article : Last Adam The Resurrected Jesus pulls Adam and Eve out of their graves , with Satan bound in Hell , Chora Church , Istanbul , c. 1315 . Just as in Adam all of us died , so too in Christ all of us will be brought to life . -- 1 Corinthians 15 : 22 Just as the Gospel of John proclaims the universal relevance of the Incarnation of Jesus as Logos , the Pauline view emphasizes the cosmic view that his birth , Crucifixion and Resurrection brought forth a new man and a new world . Paul 's eschatological view of Jesus counter-positions him as a new man of morality and obedience , in contrast to Adam . Unlike Adam , the new man born in Jesus obeys God and ushers in a world of morality and salvation . In the Pauline view , Adam is positioned as the first man and Jesus as the second and last Adam ( 1 Corinthians 15 : 45 ) , the first having corrupted himself by his disobedience , also infected humanity and left it with a curse as inheritance . The birth of Jesus , on the other hand , counterbalanced the fall of Adam , bringing forth redemption and repairing the damage done by Adam . The theme is reiterated by Paul , in Romans 5 : 18 - 21 , when he states : Therefore just as one man 's trespass led to condemnation for all , so one man 's act of righteousness leads to justification and life for all . For just as by the one man 's disobedience the many were made sinners , so by the one man 's obedience the many will be made righteous . But law came in , with the result that the trespass multiplied ; but where sin increased , grace abounded all the more , so that , just as sin exercised dominion in death , so grace might also exercise dominion through justification * leading to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord . In the 2nd century Church Father Irenaeus continued this tradition and stated : `` so that what we had lost in Adam - namely to be according to the image and likeness of God - that we might recover in Christ Jesus . '' Irenaeus also used the analogy of `` second Adam and second Eve '' and suggested the Virgin Mary as the `` second Eve '' who had set a path of obedience for the second Adam ( i.e. Jesus ) from the Annunciation to Calvary . The tradition continued in the 4th century by Ephrem the Syrian and later by Saint Augustine in his Felix culpa , i.e. the happy fall from grace of Adam and Eve . Later , in the 16th century , John Calvin viewed the birth of Jesus as the second Adam one of the six modes of atonement . Light of the world ( edit ) Main article : Light of the World Stained glass of Jesus as `` Light of the World '' , Church of St. Brendan , Bantry , Ireland . Jesus is called a light in seven instances in the New Testament and Light of the World only in the Gospel of John . The terms `` Bread of Life '' and `` Life of the World '' are also applied by Jesus to himself in John 's Gospel in the same Christological sense . In John 8 : 12 Jesus applies the title to himself while debating with the Jews , and states : I am the light of the world : he who follows me shall not walk in darkness , but shall have the light of life . Jesus again claims to be Light of the World in John 9 : 5 , during the miracle of healing the blind at birth , saying : When I am in the world , I am the Light of the World . This episode leads into John 9 : 39 where Jesus metaphorically explains that he came to this world , so that the blind may see . In the Christological context , the use of the title `` Light of the World '' is similar to the use of the title `` Bread of Life '' in John 6 : 35 , where Jesus states : `` I am the bread of life : he who comes to me shall not hunger . These assertions build on the Christological theme of John 5 : 26 where Jesus claims to possess life Just as the Father does and provide it to those who follow him . The term `` Life of the World '' is applied in the same sense by Jesus to himself in John 6 : 51 . This application of `` light compared with darkness '' also appears in 1 John 1 : 5 which applies it to God and states : `` God is light , and in him is no darkness at all . '' Jesus also used the term Light of the World to refer to his disciples , in Matthew 5 : 14 : The term `` Light of the World '' is related to the parables of Salt and Light and Lamp under a bushel . King of the Jews ( edit ) Main articles : Jesus , King of the Jews and INRI The acronym INRI ( Jesus of Nazareth , King of the Jews ) written in three languages , as in John 19 : 20 , Ellwangen Abbey , Germany . In the New Testament , Jesus is referred to as the King of the Jews on three occasions , coming at the beginning of his life and at the end . Both uses of the title lead to dramatic results in the New Testament accounts . In the account of the Nativity of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew , wise men ( called the Magi ) who come from the east call Jesus the `` King of the Jews '' , causing King Herod to order the Massacre of the Innocents . In the accounts of the Passion of Jesus in all four Canonical Gospels , the use of the `` King of the Jews '' title leads to charges against Jesus that result in his Crucifixion . The title `` King of the Jews '' is used only by the gentiles , namely by the Magi , Pontius Pilate and the Roman soldiers . In contrast the Jewish leaders in the Passion accounts prefer the designation `` King of Israel '' , as in Matthew 27 : 42 , Mark 15 : 32 . The use of the term `` King '' in the charges brought against Jesus is central in the decision to crucify him . In John 19 : 12 Pilate seeks to release Jesus , but the Jews object , saying : `` If thou release this man , thou art not Caesar 's friend : every one that maketh himself a king speaketh against Caesar '' bringing the power of Caesar to the forefront of the discussion for the assumption of the title King implies rebellion against the Roman Empire The final use of the title only appears in Luke 23 : 36 - 37 . Here , after Jesus has carried the cross to Calvary and has been nailed to the cross , the soldiers look up on him on the cross , mock him , offer him vinegar and say : `` If thou art the King of the Jews , save thyself . '' In the parallel account in Matthew 27 : 42 the Jewish priests mock Jesus as `` King of Israel '' , saying : `` He is the King of Israel ; let him now come down from the cross , and we will believe on him . '' Rabboni and Rabbi ( edit ) Mary Magdalene calling Jesus Rabboni and receiving the response : Noli me Tangere , depicted by Antonio da Correggio , circa 1534 . In John 20 : 16 , when Mary Magdalene encounters Jesus shortly after the Resurrection , she calls him Rabbouni ( ῥαββουνί ) literally my great ( one ) or ( more extensively ) my Teacher . For those who do not speak Aramaic the Gospel of John translates this as `` teacher '' , a Rabbi being a Jewish teacher , or master . In the New Testament , the term Rhabbouni is only used by the Magdalene here in John 20 : 16 and in Mark 10 : 51 by the blind man Bartimaeus in the account of the miracle of healing the blind near Jericho . The Rabbi title is used in several New Testament episodes to refer to Jesus , but more often in the Gospel of John than elsewhere and does not appear in the Gospel of Luke at all . In Matthew 's account of the Last Supper ( Matthew 26 : 22 - 25 ) when Jesus says that he will be betrayed by one of his Apostles , one after another the Apostles say `` Surely it is not I , Lord '' but Judas Iscariot says `` Surely it is not I , Rabbi '' , using the term Rabbi instead of Lord . The Iscariot again calls Jesus Rabbi in Matthew 26 : 49 when he betrays him in the Kiss of Judas episode , heavily implying he may never have acknowledged , believed , or understood the divinity of Jesus . Jesus is called Rabbi in conversation by Apostle Peter in Mark 9 : 5 and Mark 11 : 21 , and by Mark 14 : 45 by Nathanael in John 1 : 49 , where he is also called the Son of God in the same sentence . On several occasions , the disciples also refer to Jesus as Rabbi in the Gospel of John , e.g. 4 : 31 , 6 : 25 , 9 : 2 and 11 : 8 . Intimating that the title Rabbi was used by status seeking Pharisees ( who `` sit on the seat of Moses '' ) and use the title as sign of authority , in Matthew 23 : 1 - 8 Jesus rejected the title of Rabbi for his disciples , saying : `` But be not ye called Rabbi : for one is your teacher , and all ye are brethren '' . Other names and titles ( edit ) The New Testament uses several titles to refer to Jesus . However , some terms that are commonly used in the Christian tradition rarely appear in the New Testament , e.g. the exact term `` Savior '' appears only once , and is uttered by the Samaritans in John 4 : 42 . The title `` Nazarene '' applied to Jesus has been also used to designate Christians in Syriac and Arabic traditions . The title `` Chosen one '' or `` Elect one '' is used twice in Luke 's gospel : eklektos is used in 23 : 35 when the rulers mock Jesus , while eklelegmenos is used in 9 : 35 when Jesus is baptized . James R. Edwards notes that the phrase is used repeatedly in 1 Enoch , but was associated in Jewish thinking with triumph and glory , rather than with suffering . A 13th century Gospel of John , the only Gospel in which Bread of Life appears as one of the seven `` I am '' assertions . Christian theologians such as Thomas Aquinas have produced significant arguments analyzing various names and titles for Jesus . In John 8 : 58 Jesus says : `` Before Abraham was born , I am . '' The phrase `` I am '' ( εγω ειμι in Greek ) was considered a name for Jesus by Aquinas who considered it the most proper of all divine names , for Aquinas believed it to refer to the `` being of all things '' . One of the titles preceded by an `` I am '' assertion of Jesus is the `` Bread of Life '' title in John 6 : 35 : `` I am the bread of life : he who comes to me shall not hunger . '' The Bread of Life Discourse takes place in the Gospel of John shortly after Jesus feeds the crowds with five loaves of bread and two fish . In the Epistle to the Hebrews , Jesus is called an `` Apostle '' and a `` High Priest '' in 3 : 1 , the preparation for the two titles being the preceding text of Hebrews 2 : 5 - 18 which present the two functions of Jesus : as an Apostle he represents God to humanity and as a High Priest he represents humanity to God . While John 's Gospel emphasizes Jesus as the Son of God , the Gospel of Luke depicts him as a prophet above all else , attributing that title to Jesus more often than even Mark . A prophet is not someone who merely preaches , but claims divine revelation through God . In Luke 4 : 24 following his hometown rejection episode , Jesus remarks that as a prophet he is not welcome in his own hometown . Elsewhere , in Luke 7 : 39 the Jews again doubt that Jesus is a prophet . The view of Jesus as a prophet is used in the concept of threefold office which sees his 3 roles as `` Prophet , Priest and King '' . While during early Christianity there were people claiming to be prophets , there are no records of anyone else claiming to be a prophet during the life of Jesus . In John 14 : 16 Jesus said he will ask the Father to send `` another '' paraclete , i.e. comforter . The term paraclete only appears in Johannine literature and apart from the four uses in the Gospel of John it appears only in 1 John 2 : 1 . Given that 1 John 2 : 1 views Jesus as a paraclete , the reference in John 14 : 16 states that Jesus sends a second paraclete to continue the life of the Church after his departure . The statement regarding the paraclete is made within the `` farewell discourse '' during the Last Supper of Jesus and the Apostles . The paraclete is thus a link between the ministry of Jesus and the future life of the Church . Some titles of Jesus are unique to the Book of Revelation ; he is referred to as Faithful and True in Revelation 19 : 11 , the Alpha and Omega in Revelation 22 : 13 and elsewhere and the Morning Star in Revelation 22 : 16 . See also ( edit ) Jesus in Christianity Jesus as Wisdom Life of Jesus in the New Testament List of Christian synonyms Names of God in Christianity New Testament places associated with Jesus Redeemer ( Christianity ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Names and Titles of the Lord Jesus Christ . by Charles Spear 2003 ISBN 0 - 7661 - 7467 - 0 pages ix - x ^ Jump up to : Bible explorer 's guide by John Phillips 2002 ISBN 0 - 8254 - 3483 - 1 page 147 ^ Jump up to : All the Doctrines of the Bible by Herbert Lockyer 1988 ISBN 0 - 310 - 28051 - 6 page 159 ^ Jump up to : Theology of the New Testament by Georg Strecker , Friedrich Wilhelm Horn 2000 ISBN 0 - 664 - 22336 - 2 page 89 ^ Jump up to : Jesus : a Gospel portrait by Donald Senior 1992 ISBN 0 - 8091 - 3338 - 5 pages 145 - 147 Jump up ^ The Titles of Jesus in Christology : Their History in Early Christianity by Ferdinand Hahn , Harold Knight , George Ogg 2002 ISBN 0 - 227 - 17085 - 7 pages 11 - 12 ^ Jump up to : Outlines of dogmatic theology , Volume 2 by Sylvester Hunter 2010 ISBN 1 - 146 - 98633 - 5 page 443 ^ Jump up to : Jesus : the complete guide by Leslie Houlden 2006 ISBN 0 - 8264 - 8011 - X page 426 ^ Jump up to : Catholic encyclopedia : Holy Name of Jesus ^ Jump up to : Spiritual theology by Jordan Aumann 1980 ISBN 0 - 7220 - 8518 - 4 page 411 Jump up ^ Dictionary of Premillennial Theology by Mal Couch 1997 ISBN 0 - 8254 - 2410 - 0 page 210 ^ Jump up to : Matthew by Thomas G. Long 1997 ISBN 0 - 664 - 25257 - 5 pages 14 - 15 ^ Jump up to : The Gospel of Matthew by Rudolf Schnackenburg 2002 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4438 - 3 page 9 Jump up ^ A Complete Concordance to the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament : or a Dictionary and Alphabetical Index to the Bible ( commonly called Cruden 's Concordance ) , Alexander Cruden MA , 1737 ( first edition ) , and successive editions ( publishers vary ) . ISBN varies , but , for example , ISBN 0 - 917006 - 31 - 3 for the edition published 1984 by Hendrickson Publishers , Massachusetts , USA . Jump up ^ `` שׁוע '' , Ernest Klein , A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language ( New York : Macmillan Publishing Company 1987 ) Jump up ^ Talshir , M.H. Segal , A Grammar of Mishnaic Hebrew ( Tel Aviv : 1936 ) , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Strong 's Concordance H3091 Jump up ^ Philo , De Mutatione Nominum , § 21 Jump up ^ Brown , Driver , Briggs , Gesenius , Hebrew and English Lexicon With an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic ( Hendrickson , 1985 ) , ISBN 0 - 913573 - 20 - 5 . Cf . Blue Letter Bible , H3442 Jump up ^ Elisha Qimron , The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls ( Harvard Semitic Studies : Scholars Press 1986 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Philo Judaeus , De ebrietate in Philonis Alexandrini opera quae supersunt ed . P. Wendland , Berlin : Reimer , 1897 ( repr . De Gruyter , 1962 ) vol. 2 : 170 - 214 , Section 96 , Line 2 . Jump up ^ Image of the first edition of the King James Version of the Bible , Gospel of Luke . From http://nazirene.peopleofhonoronly.com/ . Retrieved March 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hymns and Psalms , Methodist Publishing House , 1983 , nr 145 Jump up ^ The New American Church Monthly Charles Sears Baldwin , Selden Peabody Delany , Charles Carroll Edmunds - 1917 Volume 1 - Page 34 `` And of the same nature is the offense of the Commission in reversing the decision of the General Convention of 1895 on the issue of the vocative form `` Jesu ! '' in hymns . The subject came up in the House of Deputies , and after full discussion , `` Jump up ^ The Hymnal Companion to the Book of Common Prayer . Edward Henry Bickersteth - 1872 `` On the other hand , the vocative of the sacred name Jesus seems , from the plaintive euphony of the Greek form , Jesu , ... When used in the genitive case , it should be either Jesus ' ( not Jesu 's ) or , when the metre requires three syllables , Jesus Jump up ^ Christian sacrament and devotion by Servus Gieben 1997 ISBN 90 - 04 - 06247 - 5 page 18 Jump up ^ The Continuum encyclopedia of symbols by Udo Becker 2000 ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1221 - 1 page 54 ^ Jump up to : Who do you say that I am ? : essays on Christology by Jack Dean Kingsbury , Mark Allan Powell , David R. Bauer 1999 ISBN 0 - 664 - 25752 - 6 page 17 Jump up ^ Matthew 1 - 13 by Manlio Simonetti 2001 ISBN 0 - 8308 - 1486 - 8 page 17 Jump up ^ Matthew 1 - 2 / Luke 1 - 2 by Louise Perrotta 2004 ISBN 0 - 8294 - 1541 - 6 page 19 ^ Jump up to : Matthew 's Emmanuel by David D. Kupp 1997 ISBN 0 - 521 - 57007 - 7 pages 220 - 224 Jump up ^ The theology of the Gospel of Matthew by Ulrich Luz 1995 ISBN 0 - 521 - 43576 - 5 page 31 Jump up ^ Blue Letter Bible , G5547 ^ Jump up to : Jesus God and Man by Wolfhart Pannenberg 1968 ISBN 0 - 664 - 24468 - 8 pages 30 - 31 Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia of World Religions by Wendy Doniger 2000 ISBN 0 - 87779 - 044 - 2 page 212 Jump up ^ Theology of the New Testament by Rudolf Karl Bultmann 2007 ISBN 1 - 932792 - 93 - 7 page 80 Jump up ^ Jesus of history , Christ of faith by Thomas Zanzig 2000 ISBN 0 - 88489 - 530 - 0 page 314 Jump up ^ `` Etymology Online : ' ' messiah ' ' '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Catholic encyclopedia on Messiah Jump up ^ Jesus the Christ by Walter Kasper 1976 ISBN 0 - 8091 - 2081 - X pages 104 - 105 Jump up ^ Christianity by Donald W. Ekstrand 2008 ISBN 1 - 60477 - 929 - 2 pages 147 - 150 Jump up ^ Christianity by Donald W. Ekstrand 2008 ISBN 1 - 60477 - 929 - 2 page 81 Jump up ^ Lord Jesus Christ : Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity by Larry W. Hurtado 2005 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3167 - 2 page 99 Jump up ^ Symbols of the Christian faith by Alva William Steffler 2002 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4676 - 9 page 66 ^ Jump up to : Mercer dictionary of the Bible by Watson E. Mills , Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 ISBN 0 - 86554 - 373 - 9 pages 520 - 525 ^ Jump up to : The Christology of the New Testament by Oscar Cullmann 1959 ISBN 0 - 664 - 24351 - 7 pages 234 - 237 Jump up ^ The Christology of the New Testament by Oscar Cullmann 1959 ISBN 0 - 664 - 24351 - 7 page 202 ^ Jump up to : Lord Jesus Christ : Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity by Larry W. Hurtado 2005 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3167 - 2 pages 113 and 179 Jump up ^ Lord Jesus Christ by Larry W. Hurtado 2005 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3167 - 2 page 142 ^ Jump up to : Christology : Biblical And Historical by Mini S. Johnson , 2005 ISBN 81 - 8324 - 007 - 0 pages 229 - 235 Jump up ^ The Science of the Sacraments by Charles Webster Leadbeater 2007 ISBN 1 - 60206 - 240 - 4 pages 101 - 102 Jump up ^ O'Toole , Robert F. ( 2004 ) . Luke 's Presentation of Jesus : A Christology . p. 20 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Stein , Robert H. ( 1992 ) . Luke . p. 171 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott , An Intermediate Greek - English Lexicon : logos , 1889 . Jump up ^ The Christology of the New Testament by Oscar Cullmann 1959 ISBN 0 - 664 - 24351 - 7 page 258 ^ Jump up to : The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1988 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3785 - 9 page 106 Jump up ^ Mercer dictionary of the Bible by Watson E. Mills , Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 ISBN 0 - 86554 - 373 - 9 page 520 ^ Jump up to : A concise dictionary of theology by Gerald O'Collins 2004 ISBN 0 - 567 - 08354 - 3 pages 144 - 145 ^ Jump up to : A Complete Introduction to the Bible by Christopher Gilbert 2009 ISBN 0 - 8091 - 4552 - 9 page 216 Jump up ^ Introduction to theology by Owen C. Thomas , Ellen K. Wondra 2002 ISBN 0 - 8192 - 1897 - 9 page 173 Jump up ^ Editors , Erwin Fahlbusch ( 1999 ) , The encyclopedia of Christianity , Leiden , Netherland : Brill , p. 463 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2413 - 7 Jump up ^ Rausch , Thomas P. ( 2003 ) , Who is Jesus ? : an introduction to Christology , Collegeville , Minn. : Liturgical Press , p. 149 , ISBN 0 - 8146 - 5078 - 3 Jump up ^ Mercer dictionary of the Bible by Watson E. Mills , Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 ISBN 0 - 86554 - 373 - 9 page 146 ^ Jump up to : Catholic Encyclopedia : Son of God ^ Jump up to : One teacher : Jesus ' teaching role in Matthew 's gospel by John Yueh - Han Yieh 2004 ISBN 3 - 11 - 018151 - 7 pages 240 -- 241 ^ Jump up to : Dwight Pentecost The words and works of Jesus Christ 2000 ISBN 0 - 310 - 30940 - 9 page 234 ^ Jump up to : The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1988 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3785 - 9 page 571 -- 572 Jump up ^ Introduction to the Science of Religion by Friedrich Muller 2004 ISBN 1 - 4179 - 7401 - X page 136 Jump up ^ China : a cultural and historical dictionary by Michael Dillon 1998 ISBN 0 - 7007 - 0439 - 6 page 293 Jump up ^ Early Christian literature by Helen Rhee 2005 ISBN 0 - 415 - 35488 - 9 pages 159 - 161 Jump up ^ Augustus by Pat Southern 1998 ISBN 0 - 415 - 16631 - 4 page 60 Jump up ^ The world that shaped the New Testament by Calvin J. Roetzel 2002 ISBN 0 - 664 - 22415 - 6 page 73 Jump up ^ A companion to Roman religion edited by Jörg Rüpke 2007 ISBN 1 - 4051 - 2943 - 3 page 80 Jump up ^ Crossan , John Dominic , God and Empire , 2007 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Who do you say that I am ? : essays on Christology by Jack Dean Dean Kingsbury , Mark Allan Powell , David R. Bauer 1999 ISBN 0 - 664 - 25752 - 6 pages 246 - 251 ^ Jump up to : The Person of Christ by Gerrit Cornelis Berkouwer 1954 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4816 - 8 page 163 Jump up ^ The Wiersbe Bible Commentary by Warren W. Wiersbe 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7814 - 4539 - 9 page 245 ^ Jump up to : Christology and the New Testament Christopher Mark Tuckett 2001 ISBN 0 - 664 - 22431 - 8 page 22 ^ Jump up to : Symbols of Jesus : A Christology of Symbolic Engagement by Robert C. Neville 2002 ISBN 0 - 521 - 00353 - 9 page 26 ^ Jump up to : The Son of Man by Chrys C. Caragounis 1986 ISBN 3 - 16 - 144963 - 0 page 145 -- 147 ^ Jump up to : Jesus and the Son of Man by AJB Higgins 2002 ISBN 0 - 227 - 17221 - 3 pages 13 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Christian Theology : An Introduction by Alister E. McGrath 2010 ISBN 1 - 4443 - 3514 - 6 page 270 ^ Jump up to : The ' Son of Man ' as the Son of God by Seyoon Kim 1983 ISBN 3 - 16 - 144705 - 0 pages 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ The Book of Revelation by Robert H. Mounce 1997 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2537 - 0 page 57 Jump up ^ Christology and the New Testament by Christopher Mark Tuckett 2001 ISBN 0 - 664 - 22431 - 8 page 159 Jump up ^ Who Is Jesus ? : An Introduction to Christology by Thomas P. Rausch 2003 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5078 - 3 pages 132 -- 133 Jump up ^ The Augustine Catechism by Saint Augustine of Hippo 2008 ISBN 1 - 56548 - 298 - 0 page 68 Jump up ^ Augustine by Mary T. Clark 2005 ISBN 0 - 8264 - 7659 - 7 page 61 Jump up ^ Vermes , Geza , Jesus in his Jewish context . Minneapolis : Fortress Press . p. 82 . ISBN 0 - 8006 - 3623 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ellicott , C. , Ellicott 's Commentary for Modern Readers on Matthew 1 , accessed 10 January 2016 ^ Jump up to : The Lamb of God by Sergei Bulgakov 2008 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2779 - 9 page 263 Jump up ^ The Life and Ministry of Jesus by Douglas Redford 2007 ISBN 0 - 7847 - 1900 - 4 pages 100 - 101 Jump up ^ Johannine Christology and the Early Church by T.E. Pollard 2005 ISBN 0 - 521 - 01868 - 4 page 21 Jump up ^ Studies in Early Christology by Martin Hengel 2004 ISBN 0 - 567 - 04280 - 4 page 371 Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians by David J. Lull , William A. Beardslee 2007 ISBN 0 - 8272 - 0530 - 9 page 41 ^ Jump up to : Reclaiming the book of Revelation : by Wilfried E. Glabach 2007 ISBN 1 - 4331 - 0054 - 1 pages Jump up ^ Revelation by William C. Weinrich 2005 ISBN 0 - 8308 - 1497 - 3 page 73 Jump up ^ Holy Conversation : Spirituality for Worship by Jonathan Linman 2010 ISBN 0 - 8006 - 2130 - 1 page 148 Jump up ^ Prayer Book Parallels : The Public Services of the Church by Paul Victor Marshall 1990 ISBN 0 - 89869 - 181 - 8 page 369 Jump up ^ Systematic Theology , Volume 2 by Wolfhart Pannenberg 2004 0567084663 ISBN pages 297 - 303 Jump up ^ An exposition of the epistle of Saint Paul to the Philippians by Jean Daille 1995 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2511 - 7 pages 194 - 195 Jump up ^ An introduction to the early history of Christian doctrine by James Franklin Bethune - Baker 2005 ISBN 1 - 4021 - 5770 - 3 page 334 Jump up ^ A History of the Christian Church by Williston Walker 2010 ISBN 1 - 4400 - 4446 - 5 pages 65 - 66 Jump up ^ Burke , Raymond L. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Mariology : A Guide for Priests , Deacons , Seminarians , and Consecrated Persons ISBN 978 - 1 - 57918 - 355 - 4 pages 613 - 614 Jump up ^ The Early Christian World , Volumes 1 - 2 by Philip Francis Esler 2004 ISBN 0 - 415 - 33312 - 1 page 452 Jump up ^ Handbook to life in the medieval world , Volume 1 by Madeleine Pelner Cosman , Linda Gale Jones 2008 ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4887 - 8 page 329 Jump up ^ The theology of John Calvin by Charles Partee 2008 ISBN 0 - 664 - 23119 - 5 page 159 ^ Jump up to : New Testament christology by Frank J. Matera 1999 ISBN 0 - 664 - 25694 - 5 page 235 ^ Jump up to : Names and Titles of the Lord Jesus Christ by Charles Spear 2003 ISBN 0 - 7661 - 7467 - 0 page 226 ^ Jump up to : Christology in Context by Marinus de Jonge 1988 ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25010 - 2 page 147 Jump up ^ John by H.A. Ironside 2006 ISBN 0 - 8254 - 2915 - 3 pages 199 - 202 Jump up ^ Metamorphosis : the Transfiguration in Byzantine theology and iconography by Andreas Andreopoulos 2005 ISBN 0 - 88141 - 295 - 3 page 26 ^ Jump up to : The Gospel of Matthew by R.T. France 2007 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2501 - X page 1048 ^ Jump up to : Studies in Early Christology by Martin Hengel 2004 ISBN 0 - 567 - 04280 - 4 page 46 Jump up ^ The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew by Donald Senior 1985 ISBN 0 - 89453 - 460 - 2 page 124 Jump up ^ Strong 's Greek Concordance , no . G4461 and G4462 Jump up ^ The Gospel according to John by Colin G. Kruse 2004 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2771 - 3 page 378 Jump up ^ The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary by Craig A. Evans 2003 ISBN 0 - 7814 - 3868 - 3 page 376 ^ Jump up to : Great Themes of the Bible , Volume 2 by Sarah S. Henrich 2007 ISBN 0 - 664 - 23064 - 4 page 18 Jump up ^ The place of Judas Iscariot in Christology by Anthony Cane 2005 ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5284 - X page 35 ^ Jump up to : Prophet and teacher : an introduction to the historical Jesus by William R. Herzog 2005 ISBN 0 - 664 - 22528 - 4 page 15 Jump up ^ God with us by Mark Allan Powell 1995 ISBN 0 - 8006 - 2881 - 0 pages 80 - 82 Jump up ^ The theology of the Gospel of John by Dwight Moody Smith 1995 ISBN 0 - 521 - 35776 - 4 page 90 Jump up ^ Luomanen , Petri ( 2011 ) . Recovering Jewish - Christian Sects and Gospels . Brill . p. 55 . ISBN 9789004209718 . Jump up ^ Edwards , James R. ( 2015 ) . The Gospel according to Luke . p. 689 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Gospel According to John : A Literary and Theological Commentary by Thomas L. Brodie 1997 ISBN 0 - 19 - 511811 - 1 page 266 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of theology : a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN 0 - 86012 - 006 - 6 page 1082 Jump up ^ Christ the ' name ' of God : Thomas Aquinas on naming Christ by Henk J.M. Schoot 1993 ISBN 90 - 6831 - 511 - 0 page 90 Jump up ^ Christ the ' name ' of God : Thomas Aquinas on naming Christ by Henk J.M. Schoot 1993 ISBN 90 - 6831 - 511 - 0 page 157 Jump up ^ Who do you say that I am ? : essays on Christology by Jack Dean Kingsbury , Mark Allan Powell , David R. Bauer 1999 ISBN 0 - 664 - 25752 - 6 page 83 Jump up ^ Hebrews David L. Allen 2010 ISBN 0 - 8054 - 0135 - 0 page 240 ^ Jump up to : Themes of St. Luke by John Navone 1970 ISBN 88 - 7652 - 358 - 8 page 132 ^ Jump up to : The Gospel according to Matthew by Leon Morris 1992 ISBN 0 - 85111 - 338 - 9 page 270 Jump up ^ Evangelical Dictionary of Theology . Ed . Walter A. Elwell . ( Grand Rapids : Baker Academic , 2001 ) . 858 ^ Jump up to : The Bible knowledge background commentary by Craig A. Evans 2005 ISBN 0 - 7814 - 4228 - 1 page 128 ^ Jump up to : John by Gail R. O'Day , Susan Hylen 2006 ISBN 0 - 664 - 25260 - 5 page 148 hide Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Holy Family Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament&oldid=838724764 '' Categories : Name of Jesus Christianity - related lists Epithets New Testament words and phrases New Testament - related lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Esperanto 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Kiswahili Magyar Português தமிழ் اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 22 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many names did jesus have in the bible | [
"In Christianity, the two names Jesus and Emmanuel that refer to Jesus in the New Testament have salvific attributes.[2][3][4] After the Crucifixion of Jesus the early Church did not simply repeat his messages, but focused on him, proclaimed him, and tried to understand and explain his message:.One element of the process of understanding and proclaiming Jesus was the attribution of titles to him.[5] Some of the titles that were gradually used in the early Church and then appeared in the New Testament were adopted from the Jewish context of the age, while others were selected to refer to, and underscore the message, mission and teachings of Jesus.[5] In time, some of these titles gathered significant Christological significance.[6]"
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6404175782076072516 | Fibrinolysis | Fibrinolysis - wikipedia Fibrinolysis Jump to : navigation , search Fibrinolysis is a process that prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic . This process has two types : primary fibrinolysis and secondary fibrinolysis . The primary type is a normal body process , whereas secondary fibrinolysis is the breakdown of clots due to a medicine , a medical disorder , or some other cause . In fibrinolysis , a fibrin clot , the product of coagulation , is broken down . Its main enzyme plasmin cuts the fibrin mesh at various places , leading to the production of circulating fragments that are cleared by other proteases or by the kidney and liver . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 2 Measurement 3 Role in disease 4 Pharmacology 5 Fibrinolytic Enzymes 6 References 7 External links Physiology ( edit ) Fibrinolysis ( simplified ) . Blue arrows denote stimulation , and red arrows inhibition . Plasmin is produced in an inactive form , plasminogen , in the liver . Although plasminogen can not cleave fibrin , it still has an affinity for it , and is incorporated into the clot when it is formed . Tissue plasminogen activator ( t - PA ) and urokinase are the agents that convert plasminogen to the active plasmin , thus allowing fibrinolysis to occur . t - PA is released into the blood very slowly by the damaged endothelium of the blood vessels , such that , after several days ( when the bleeding has stopped ) , the clot is broken down . This occurs because plasminogen became entrapped within the clot when it formed ; as it is slowly activated , it breaks down the fibrin mesh . t - PA and urokinase are themselves inhibited by plasminogen activator inhibitor - 1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor - 2 ( PAI - 1 and PAI - 2 ) . In contrast , plasmin further stimulates plasmin generation by producing more active forms of both tissue plasminogen activator ( tPA ) and urokinase . Alpha 2 - antiplasmin and alpha 2 - macroglobulin inactivate plasmin . Plasmin activity is also reduced by thrombin - activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor ( TAFI ) , which modifies fibrin to make it more resistant to the tPA - mediated plasminogen . Measurement ( edit ) When plasmin breaks down fibrin , a number of soluble parts are produced . These are called fibrin degradation products ( FDPs ) . FDPs compete with thrombin , and thus slow down clot formation by preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin . This effect can be seen in the thrombin clotting time ( TCT ) test , which is prolonged in a person that has active fibrinolysis . FDPs , and a specific FDP , the D - dimer , can be measured using antibody - antigen technology . This is more specific than the TCT , and confirms that fibrinolysis has occurred . It is therefore used to indicate deep - vein thrombosis , pulmonary embolism , DIC and efficacy of treatment in acute myocardial infarction . Alternatively , a more rapid detection of fibrinolytic activity , especially hyperfibrinolysis , is possible with thromboelastometry ( TEM ) in whole blood , even in patients on heparin . In this assay , increased fibrinolysis is assessed by comparing the TEM profile in the absence or presence of the fibrinolysis inhibitor aprotinin . Clinically , the TEM is useful for near real - time measurement of activated fibrinolysis for at - risk patients , such as those experiencing significant blood loss during surgery . Testing of overall fibrinolysis can be measured by a euglobulin lysis time ( ELT ) assay . The ELT measures fibrinolysis by clotting the euglobulin fraction ( primarily the important fibrinolytic factors fibrinogen , PAI - 1 , tPA , alpha 2 - antiplasmin , and plasminogen ) from plasma and then observing the time required for clot dissolution . A shortened lysis time indicates a hyperfibrinolytic state and bleeding risk . Such results can be seen in peoples with liver disease , PAI - 1 deficiency or alpha 2 - antiplasmin deficiency . Similar results are also seen after administration of DDAVP or after severe stress . Role in disease ( edit ) Few congenital disorders of the fibrinolytic system have been documented . Nevertheless , excess levels of PAI and alpha 2 - antiplasmin have been implicated in the metabolic syndrome and various other disease states . However , acquired disturbance of fibrinolysis ( Hyperfibrinolysis ) , is not uncommon . Many trauma patients suffer from an overwhelming activation of tissue factor and thus massive hyperfibrinolysis . Also in other disease states hyperfibrinolysis may occur . It could lead to massive bleeding if not diagnosed and treated early enough . The fibrinolytic system is closely linked to control of inflammation , and plays a role in disease states associated with inflammation . Plasmin , in addition to lysing fibrin clots , also cleaves the complement system component C3 , and fibrin degradation products have some vascular permeability inducing effects . Pharmacology ( edit ) In a process called thrombolysis ( the breakdown of a thrombus ) , fibrinolytic drugs are used . They are given following a heart attack to dissolve the thrombus blocking the coronary artery ; experimentally after a stroke to allow blood flow back to the affected part of the brain ; and in the event of a massive pulmonary embolism . Thrombolysis refers to the dissolution of the thrombus due to various agents while fibrinolysis refers specifically to the agents causing fibrin breakdown in the clot . Antifibrinolytics , such as aminocaproic acid ( ε - aminocaproic acid ) and tranexamic acid are used as inhibitors of fibrinolysis . Their application may be beneficial in patients with hyperfibrinolysis because they arrest bleeding rapidly if the other components of the haemostatic system are not severely affected . This may help to avoid the use of blood products such as fresh frozen plasma with its associated risks of infections or anaphylactic reactions . The antifibrinolytic drug aprotinin was abandoned after identification of major side effects , especially on kidney . Fibrinolytic Enzymes ( edit ) Nattokinase Serrapeptase Papain DNase Bromelain Honokiol References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dugdale , David et al. `` Primary or secondary fibrinolysis '' , Medline Plus . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Cesarman - Maus G , Hajjar KA ( May 2005 ) . `` Molecular mechanisms of fibrinolysis '' . British journal of haematology. 129 ( 3 ) : 307 -- 21 . PMID 15842654 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2005. 05444. x . Jump up ^ Cotran , Ramzi S. ; Kumar , Vinay ; Fausto , Nelson ; Nelso Fausto ; Robbins , Stanley L. ; Abbas , Abul K. ( 2005 ) . Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease . St. Louis , Mo : Elsevier Saunders . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0187 - 1 . Jump up ^ Levrat et al. Evaluation of rotation thrombelastography for the diagnosis of hyperfibrinolysis in trauma patients . Br J Anaesthesia 2008 ; 100 : 792 - 7 Jump up ^ Goodnight , Jr. , Scott H. ; Hathaway , William E. ( 2001 ) . Disorders of Hemostasis and Thrombosis ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 134834 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tieu BH , Holcomb JB , Schreiber MA . Coagulopathy : Its pathophysiology and treatment in the injured patient . World J Surg 2007 ; 31 : 1055 - 64 External links ( edit ) Graphical representation of the fibrinolytic pathway ( site not available ) Proteins involved in coagulation Coagulation factors Primary hemostasis vWF platelet membrane glycoproteins : Ib ( A IX ) IIb / IIIa ( IIb IIIa ) VI Intrinsic pathway HMWK / Bradykinin Prekallikrein / Kallikrein XII `` Hageman '' XI IX VIII Extrinsic pathway III `` Tissue factor '' VII Common pathway X V II `` ( Pro ) thrombin '' I `` Fibrin '' Fibrinogen ( FGA , FGG ) XIII Coagulation inhibitors Antithrombin ( inhibits II , IX , X , XI , XII ) Protein C ( inhibits V , VIII ) / Protein S ( cofactor for protein C ) Protein Z ( inhibits X ) ZPI ( inhibits X , XI ) TFPI ( inhibits III ) Thrombolysis / fibrinolysis Plasmin tPA / urokinase PAI - 1 / 2 α2 - AP α2 - macroglobulin TAFI Antithrombotics ( thrombolytics , anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs ) ( B01 ) Antiplatelet drugs Glycoprotein IIb / IIIa inhibitors Abciximab Eptifibatide Orbofiban Roxifiban Sibrafiban Tirofiban ADP receptor / P2Y inhibitors Thienopyridines Clopidogrel Prasugrel Ticlopidine Nucleotide / nucleoside analogs Cangrelor Elinogrel Ticagrelor Prostaglandin analogue ( PGI2 ) Beraprost Iloprost Prostacyclin Treprostinil COX inhibitors Acetylsalicylic acid / Aspirin Aloxiprin Carbasalate calcium Indobufen Triflusal Thromboxane inhibitors Thromboxane synthase inhibitors Dipyridamole ( + aspirin ) Picotamide Terbogrel Receptor antagonists Terbogrel Terutroban Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Cilostazol Dipyridamole Triflusal Other Cloricromen Ditazole Vorapaxar Anticoagulants Vitamin K antagonists ( inhibit II , VII , IX , X ) Coumarins : Acenocoumarol Coumatetralyl Dicoumarol Ethyl biscoumacetate Phenprocoumon Warfarin 1 , 3 - Indandiones : Clorindione Diphenadione Phenindione Other : Tioclomarol Factor Xa inhibitors ( with some II inhibition ) Heparin group / glycosaminoglycans / ( bind antithrombin ) Low molecular weight heparin Bemiparin Certoparin Dalteparin Enoxaparin Nadroparin Parnaparin Reviparin Tinzaparin Oligosaccharides Fondaparinux Idraparinux Heparinoids Danaparoid Dermatan sulfate Sulodexide Direct Xa inhibitors ( `` xabans '' ) Apixaban Betrixaban Darexaban Edoxaban Otamixaban Rivaroxaban Direct thrombin ( IIa ) inhibitors Bivalent : Hirudin Bivalirudin Desirudin Lepirudin Univalent : Argatroban Dabigatran Efegatran Inogatran Melagatran Ximelagatran Other Antithrombin III Defibrotide Protein C Drotrecogin alfa Ramatroban REG1 Thrombolytic drugs / fibrinolytics Plasminogen activators : r - tPA Alteplase Reteplase Tenecteplase UPA Saruplase Urokinase Anistreplase Monteplase Streptokinase Other serine endopeptidases : Ancrod Brinase Fibrinolysin Non-medicinal Citrate EDTA Oxalate WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Myeloid physiology Hematopoiesis Myelopoiesis ( CFU - GEMM ) CFU - GM Granulopoiesis Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Band cell Monocytopoiesis Monoblast Promonocyte MEP Thrombopoiesis Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Erythropoiesis Proerythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte General Extramedullary hematopoiesis Hemostasis Coagulation Fibrinolysis Clot retraction Platelet adhesiveness Other Erythrocyte aggregation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fibrinolysis&oldid=796401871 '' Categories : Fibrinolytic system Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Euskara Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Nederlands Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 16 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | test used to identify the presence of fibrinolysis | [
"When plasmin breaks down fibrin, a number of soluble parts are produced. These are called fibrin degradation products (FDPs). FDPs compete with thrombin, and thus slow down clot formation by preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. This effect can be seen in the thrombin clotting time (TCT) test, which is prolonged in a person that has active fibrinolysis."
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"thrombin clotting time"
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444103729608959936 | Mars Attacks! | Mars Attacks ! - Wikipedia Mars Attacks ! Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the trading card series , see Mars Attacks . Mars Attacks ! Theatrical release poster Directed by Tim Burton Produced by Tim Burton Larry J. Franco Written by Jonathan Gems Based on Mars Attacks by Topps Starring Jack Nicholson Glenn Close Annette Bening Pierce Brosnan Danny DeVito Martin Short Sarah Jessica Parker Michael J. Fox Rod Steiger Tom Jones Lukas Haas Natalie Portman Jim Brown Lisa Marie Sylvia Sidney Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Peter Suschitzky Edited by Chris Lebenzon Production company Tim Burton Productions Warner Bros . Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date December 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 12 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $70 million Box office $101.4 million Mars Attacks ! is a 1996 American comic science fiction horror film directed by Tim Burton , who also co-produced it with Larry J. Franco . The screenplay , which was based on the cult trading card series of the same name , was written by Jonathan Gems . The film features an ensemble cast consisting of Jack Nicholson ( in a dual role ) , Glenn Close , Annette Bening , Pierce Brosnan , Danny DeVito , Martin Short , Sarah Jessica Parker , Michael J. Fox , Rod Steiger , Tom Jones , Lukas Haas , Natalie Portman , Jim Brown , Lisa Marie Smith , and Sylvia Sidney . The film is a parody of science fiction B movies overall and includes elements of black comedy and political satire . Alex Cox had tried to make a Mars Attacks film in the 1980s before Burton and Gems began development in 1993 . When Gems turned in his first draft in 1994 , Warner Bros. commissioned rewrites from Gems , Burton , Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski in an attempt to lower the budget to $60 million . The final production budget came to $80 million , while Warner Bros. spent another $20 million on the Mars Attacks ! marketing campaign . Filming took place from February to November 1996 . The film was shot in California , Nevada , Kansas , Arizona and Argentina . The soundtrack became famous for the Martians ' quirky speech pattern , which was created by reversing the sound of a duck 's quack . The filmmakers hired Industrial Light & Magic to create the Martians using computer animation after their previous plan to use stop motion , supervised by Barry Purves , fell through because of budget limitations . Mars Attacks ! was released theatrically by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on December 13 , 1996 and received mixed reviews from critics . The film grossed approximately $101 million in box office totals , which was seen as a disappointment . Mars Attacks ! was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and earned multiple nominations at the Saturn Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects 3.5 Title sequence 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Reception 5.1 Release and box office 5.2 Critical reaction 5.3 Awards 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In Kentucky , a family watches in confusion as a herd of cattle starts running past their home , on fire . A spaceship explodes before it returns to Mars , and hundreds of other Martian ships leave Mars and head towards Earth . President James Dale , along with his aides , addresses the United States concerning the historic event . The President 's science aides set up a first contact meeting with the Martians in Pahrump , Nevada as President Dale watches the development on TV with his wife Marsha and his daughter Taffy . Using a translation machine , the Ambassador of Mars announces that they `` come in peace '' . When a hippie releases a dove as a symbol of peace , the Ambassador shoots and kills it before he and the other Martians slaughter a large number of people at the event , including General Casey , news reporter Jason Stone and Billy - Glenn Norris before capturing chat - show host Nathalie Lake and her pet Chihuahua Poppy , whose heads they later transpose back onboard one of their flying saucers . Thinking that the Martians assumed that the dove was a symbol of war , President Dale tells Professor Donald Kessler to renegotiate with the Martians , whose ambassador is invited to address the United States Congress . At this meeting , the Martians massacre most of Congress . Donald begs the Martian Ambassador to stop , but is rendered unconscious and taken aboard their ship , where he is later shown with his body parts dismembered and his disembodied head remaining animated . General Decker tries to convince President Dale to retaliate with nuclear warfare , but the President refuses . After a failed attempt to assassinate President Dale , the Martians invade Earth , starting with Washington , D.C. As they attack the White House ( and incinerate the White House tour guide ) , the Secret Service evacuates the President , but the First Lady Marsha is crushed to death by the Nancy Reagan chandelier . Taffy vanishes during the chaos . After the U.S. government unsuccessfully attempts a nuclear attack on the mother ship , the Martians expand their invasion to the rest of Earth , defacing world landmarks for their own amusement as they do so . That night , the Martians breach the bunker where Dale has been taken and the leader reduces Decker to the size of an insect before killing him . The Martians kill everyone else in the bunker except for Dale , who makes an impassioned speech in an attempt to plea for peace and his life . The Martians seem convinced , but then use a false hand to kill the President . As the Martians ravage Las Vegas with Art Land , a Las Vegas developer , being among their victims , Byron Williams , a casino employee and former world champion boxer , leads a small group of survivors consisting of Barbara Land ( Art 's wife ) , Tom Jones , a beautiful waitress named Cindy , and a gambling lawyer to an airfield in the hopes of flying a small jet to safety . They barely make it , losing the lawyer in the process , but discover a large group of Martians stationed there as they are preparing to take off . Byron creates a diversion by challenging them to a fistfight . While he succeeds in killing the Ambassador , he is outnumbered and overwhelmed , but Tom , Barbara and Cindy escape . Billy - Glenn 's brother Richie discovers that the Martians ' heads explode when they hear Slim Whitman 's song `` Indian Love Call . '' He and his grandmother Florence drive around town , using the song to kill the Martians . The military thereafter broadcast the song around the globe , killing most of the Martians and their leader and causing the few remaining survivors to try to flee from Earth . Nathalie and Donald 's disembodied heads kiss while the Martian spaceship they are on explodes when it crashes into the ocean . In the aftermath , Richie and Florence are awarded the Medal of Honor by Taffy , she being the only surviving member of the government . Byron , who survived his brawl with the Martians , arrives in D.C. to reunite with his former wife Louise and their two sons Cedric and Neville ( who saved Dale 's life back in the White House using two guns they stole from a dead Martian ) as the devastation is being cleaned up . Barbara , Cindy and Tom Jones emerge from a cave with some animals to see dozens of crashed Martian ships in the adjacent Lake Tahoe . Cast ( edit ) Jack Nicholson as President James Dale , the President of the United States . Nicholson also portrays Art Land , a developer in Las Vegas . Glenn Close as First Lady Marsha Dale , James Dale 's wife . Annette Bening as Barbara Land , Art Land 's wife . Pierce Brosnan as Professor Donald Kessler , a scientist working for President Dale who is later captured and experimented on by the Martians . Danny DeVito as Rude Gambler Martin Short as Press Secretary Jerry Ross Sarah Jessica Parker as Nathalie Lake , a talk show host who is later captured and experimented on by the Martians . Michael J. Fox as Jason Stone , a news reporter who is killed during the Martians ' first attack . Rod Steiger as General Decker , a U.S. Army general who works for President Dale . Lukas Haas as Richie Norris , Billy - Glenn Norris 's younger brother . Natalie Portman as Taffy Dale , James and Marsha Dale 's daughter . Jim Brown as Byron Williams , a Las Vegas casino employee and former boxer . Lisa Marie Smith as Martian Girl , a Martian posing as a human female . Sylvia Sidney as Florence Norris , Richie and Billy - Glenn 's grandmother . Tom Jones as Himself Christina Applegate as Sharona , Billy - Glenn 's girlfriend . Pam Grier as Louise Williams , Byron 's former wife . Jack Black as Billy - Glenn Norris , a U.S. Army private who is Richie 's older brother and gets himself killed trying to stand up to the Martians . Paul Winfield as General Casey Janice Rivera as Cindy , a co-worker of Byron . Brian Haley as Mitch , a Secret Service agent . Joe Don Baker as Mr. Norris , Billy - Glenn and Richie 's father . O - Lan Jones as Sue - Ann Norris , Billy - Glenn and Richie 's mother . Ray J and Brandon Hammond as Cedric and Neville Williams , Byron and Louise 's sons . Jerzy Skolimowski as Dr. Zeigler , a scientist who created a device that ( badly ) translated the Martian language . Barbet Schroeder as Maurice , the President of France . Joseph Maher as White House Decorator Steve Valentine as TV Director Frank Welker as Martian Vocal Effects Roger L. Jackson as Dr. Zeigler 's translator ( voice uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 1985 , Alex Cox pitched the idea of a film based on the Mars Attacks trading card series as a joint - production to Orion and Tristar Pictures . He wrote three drafts over the next four years , but was replaced by Martin Amis before Orion / Tristar placed Mars Attacks in turnaround . Jonathan Gems , who had previously written multiple unproduced screenplays for director Tim Burton , came up with his own idea for a Mars Attacks film in 1993 . The writer pitched both concepts of Mars Attacks and Dinosaurs Attack ! to Burton , who both decided that Dinosaurs Attack ! would be too similar to Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) . Burton , who was busy preparing Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , believed that Mars Attacks ! would be a perfect opportunity to pay homage to the films of Edward D. Wood , Jr. , especially Plan 9 from Outer Space ( 1959 ) , and other 1950s science fiction B movies , such as Invaders from Mars ( 1953 ) , It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) , The War of the Worlds ( 1953 ) , Target Earth ( 1954 ) , Invasion of the Body Snatchers ( 1956 ) and Earth vs. the Flying Saucers ( 1956 ) . Burton set Mars Attacks ! up with Warner Bros. and the studio purchased the film rights to the trading card series on his behalf . The original theatrical release date was planned for the summer of 1996 . Gems completed his original script in 1994 , which was budgeted by Warner Bros. at $260 million . The studio wanted to make the film for no more than $60 million . After turning in numerous drafts in an attempt to lower the budget , Gems was replaced by Ed Wood writers Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski . Gems eventually returned to the project , writing a total of 12 drafts of the script . Although he is credited with both the screen story and screenplay of Mars Attacks ! , Gems dedicates his novelization of the movie to Burton , who `` co-wrote the screenplay and did n't ask for a credit '' . Warner Bros. was dubious of the Martian dialogue and wanted Burton to add closed captioning subtitles , but he resisted . Working with Burton , Gems pared the film 's 60 leading characters down to 23 , and the worldwide destruction planned for the film was isolated to three major cities . Scenes featuring Martians attacking China , the Philippines , Japan , Europe , Africa , India , and Russia were deleted from the screenplay . `` Bear in mind this was way before Independence Day ( 1996 ) was written , '' Gems commented . `` We had things like Manhattan being destroyed building by building , the White House went and so did the Empire State Building . Warner Bros. figured all this would be too expensive , so we cut most of that out to reduce the cost . '' Howard Stern claimed that the film 's climax , where an attack by Martians was thwarted by playing Slim Whitman songs to them , was originally created by him when he worked at WNBC in 1982 , in a sketch named `` Slim Whitman vs. The Midget Aliens From Mars . '' As Burton listened to the sketch while being interviewed by Stern , he dismissed it as mere coincidence . Casting ( edit ) The decision to hire an A-list ensemble cast for Mars Attacks ! parallels the strategy Irwin Allen used for his disaster films , notably The Poseidon Adventure ( 1972 ) and The Towering Inferno ( 1974 ) . Jack Nicholson , approached for the role of president , jokingly remarked he wanted to play all the roles . Burton agreed to cast Nicholson as both Art Land and President Dale , specifically remembering his positive working relationship with the actor on Batman . Susan Sarandon was originally set to play Barbara Land before Annette Bening was cast . Bening modeled the character after Ann - Margret 's performance in Viva Las Vegas ( 1964 ) . Hugh Grant was the first choice for Professor Donald Kessler , which eventually went to Pierce Brosnan . Meryl Streep , Diane Keaton and Stockard Channing were considered for First Lady Marsha Dale , but Glenn Close won the role . In addition to Nicholson , other actors who reunited with Burton on Mars Attacks ! include Sylvia Sidney from Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) , O - Lan Jones from Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) , and Danny DeVito from Batman Returns ( 1992 ) , continuing Burton 's trend of recasting actors several times from his previous works . Tim Burton offered the role of reporter Jason Stone to Johnny Depp , but he rejected the offer cold . The role was given to Michael J. Fox instead . Filming ( edit ) The originally scheduled start date was mid-August 1995 , but filming was delayed until February 26 , 1996 . Director Tim Burton hired Peter Suschitzky as the cinematographer , because he was a fan of his work in David Cronenberg 's films . Production designer Thomas Wynn ( A Beautiful Mind , Malcolm X ) intended to have the war room pay tribute to Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) . During production , Burton insisted that the art direction , cinematography and costume design of Mars Attacks ! incorporate the look of the 1960s trading cards . On designing the Martian ( played by Burton 's then - girlfriend Lisa Marie Smith ) who seduces Jerry Ross ( Martin Short ) , costume designer Colleen Atwood took combined inspiration from the playing cards , Marilyn Monroe , the work of Alberto Vargas and Jane Fonda in Barbarella ( 1968 ) . Filming for Mars Attacks ! ended on June 1 , 1996 . The film score was written / composed by Burton 's regular Danny Elfman , to whom Burton was reconciled after a quarrel occurred during The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) , for which they did not co-operate in producing Ed Wood ( 1994 ) . Elfman enlisted the help of Oingo Boingo lead guitarist Steve Bartek to help arrange the compositions for the orchestra . Visual effects ( edit ) The Martians were created using computer - generated imagery from ILM . Tim Burton initially intended to use stop motion animation to feature the Martians , viewing it as a homage to the work of Ray Harryhausen , primarily Jason and the Argonauts . Similar to his own Beetlejuice , Burton `` wanted to make ( the special effects ) look cheap and purposely fake - looking as possible . '' He first approached Henry Selick , director of The Nightmare Before Christmas , to supervise the stop motion work , but Selick was busy directing James and the Giant Peach , also produced by Burton . Despite the fact that Warner Bros. was skeptical of the escalating budget and had not yet greenlit the film for production , Burton hired Barry Purves to shepherd the stop - motion work . Purves created an international team of about 70 animators , who worked on Mars Attacks ! for eight months and began compiling test footage in Burbank , California . The department workers studied Gloria Swanson 's choreography and movement as Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard for inspiration on the Martians ' movement . When the budget was projected at $100 million ( Warner Bros. wanted it for no more than $75 million ) , producer Larry J. Franco commissioned a test reel from Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , the visual effects company he worked with on Jumanji . Burton was persuaded to change his mind to employ computer animation , which brought the final production budget to $80 million . Although Purves was uncredited for his work , stop - motion supervisors Ian Mackinnon and Peter Saunders , who would later collaborate with Burton on Corpse Bride , received character design credit . Warner Digital Studios was responsible for the scenes of global destruction , airborne flying saucer sequences , the Martian landing in Nevada , and the robot that chases Richie Norris in his pickup truck . Warner Digital also used practical effects , such as building scale models of Big Ben and other landmarks . The destruction of Art Land 's hotel was footage of the real - life night - time demolition of The Landmark Hotel and Casino , a building Burton wished to immortalize . Title sequence ( edit ) The movie 's opening sequence , which depicts the saucers leaving Mars and flying to Earth , `` measured some 5,000 frames long and was created almost entirely by computer graphics . While the first shot showing a lone reconnaissance ship leaving earth was handled by ILM , the tour de force sequence 's remaining 12 shots were all done by Warner Digital ... On Mars , irises open over the craters dotting the craggy surface , emitting hundreds of thousands of saucers that assume battle formations and head for Earth . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Mars Attacks ! Soundtrack album by Danny Elfman Released March 4 , 1997 Recorded Genre Soundtrack Length 46 : 44 Label Atlantic Records Producer Danny Elfman Danny Elfman chronology Extreme Measures ( 1996 ) Extreme Measures 1996 Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Men in Black 1997 The film 's music was composed by Danny Elfman . The soundtrack was released on March 4 , 1997 by Atlantic Records . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Danny Elfman ( except `` Indian Love Call '' , performed by Slim Whitman and `` It 's Not Unusual '' , performed by Tom Jones ) . No . Title Length 1 . `` Introduction '' 1 : 40 2 . `` Main Titles '' 2 : 22 3 . `` First Sighting '' 1 : 26 4 . `` The Landing '' 6 : 01 5 . `` Ungodly Experiments '' 0 : 53 6 . `` State Address '' 3 : 06 7 . `` Martian Madame '' 3 : 02 8 . `` Martian Lounge '' 2 : 54 9 . `` Return Message '' 2 : 17 10 . `` Destructo X '' 1 : 17 11 . `` Loving Heads '' 1 : 20 12 . `` Pursuit '' 2 : 55 13 . `` The War Room '' 1 : 31 14 . `` Airfield Dilemma '' 2 : 05 15 . `` New World '' 1 : 45 16 . `` Ritchie 's Speech '' 3 : 09 17 . `` End Credits '' 3 : 53 18 . `` Indian Love Call '' ( performed by Slim Whitman ) 3 : 08 19 . `` It 's Not Unusual '' ( performed by Tom Jones ) 2 : 00 Total length : 46 : 44 Reception ( edit ) Release and box office ( edit ) Warner Bros. spent $20 million on the movie 's marketing campaign ; together with $80 million spent during production , the final combined budget came to $100 million . A novelization , written by screenwriter Jonathan Gems , was published by Puffin Books in January 1997 . The film was released in the United States on December 13 , 1996 , earning $9.38 million in its opening weekend . Mars Attacks ! eventually made $37.77 million in US totals and $63.6 million elsewhere , coming to a worldwide total of $101.37 million . The film was considered a box office bomb in the US but generally achieved greater success both critically and commercially in Europe . Many observers found similarities with Independence Day , which also came out in 1996 . `` It was just a coincidence . Nobody told me about it . I was surprised how close it was , '' director Tim Burton continued , `` but then it 's a pretty basic genre I guess . Independence Day was different in tone -- it was different in everything . It almost seemed like we had done kind of a Mad magazine version of Independence Day . '' During the film 's theatrical run in January 1997 , TBS purchased the broadcasting rights of the film . Critical reaction ( edit ) Mars Attacks ! drew mixed responses from critics . Based on 63 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , 52 % of the reviewers enjoyed the film , with an average score of 5.9 / 10 . By comparison , Metacritic calculated an average score of 52 / 100 from 19 reviews . Roger Ebert observed the homages to the 1950s science fiction B movies . `` Ed Wood himself could have told us what 's wrong with this movie : the makers felt superior to the material . To be funny , even schlock has to believe in itself . Look for Infra - Man ( 1975 ) or Invasion of the Bee Girls ( 1973 ) and you will find movies that lack stars and big budgets and fancy special effects but are funny and fun in a way that Burton 's megaproduction never really understands . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times wrote that `` Mars Attacks ! is all 1990s cynicism and disbelief , mocking the conventions that Independence Day takes seriously . This all sounds clever enough but in truth , Mars Attacks ! is not as much fun as it should be . Few of its numerous actors make a lasting impression and Burton 's heart and soul is not in the humor '' . Desson Thomson from The Washington Post said `` Mars Attacks ! evokes plenty of sci - fi classics , from The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 1951 ) to Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) , but it does n't do much beyond that superficial exercise . With the exception of Burton 's jolting sight gags ( I may never recover from the vision of Sarah Jessica Parker 's head grafted on to the body of a chihuahua ) , the comedy is half - developed , pedestrian material . And the climactic battle between Earthlings and Martians is dull and overextended . '' Richard Schickel , writing in Time magazine , gave a positive review . `` You have to admire everyone 's chutzpah : the breadth of Burton 's ( and writer Jonathan Gems ' ) movie references , which range from Kurosawa to Kubrick ; and above all their refusal to offer us a single likable character . Perhaps they do n't create quite enough deeply funny earthlings to go around , but a thoroughly mean - spirited big - budget movie is always a treasurable rarity . '' Jonathan Rosenbaum from the Chicago Reader praised the surreal humor and black comedy , which he found to be in the vein of Dr. Strangelove and Gremlins ( 1984 ) . He said it was far from clear whether the movie was a satire , although critics were describing it as one . Todd McCarthy of Variety called Mars Attacks ! `` a cult sci - fi comedy miscast as an elaborate , all - star studio extravaganza . '' Awards ( edit ) Mars Attacks ! was on the shortlist for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects nomination , but the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences chose Independence Day , Dragonheart and Twister instead . The film was nominated for seven categories at the Saturn Awards . Danny Elfman won Best Music , while director Tim Burton , writer Jonathan Gems , actor Lukas Haas , costume designer Colleen Atwood and the visual effects department at Industrial Light & Magic received nominations . Mars Attacks ! was nominated for both the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film ( which went to Independence Day ) and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fountain , Clarke . `` Mars Attacks ! '' . Allmovie . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alex Cox . `` Writing '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Salisbury ; Tim Burton ( 2006 ) . `` James and the Giant Peach , Mars Attacks ! , Superman Lives and The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy '' . Burton on Burton . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 145 -- 163 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22926 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Christine Spines ( January 1997 ) . `` Men Are From Mars , Women Are From Venus '' . Premiere . ^ Jump up to : Susan Stark ( 1996 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Director Tim Burton Rebels In His New Space Comedy '' . The Detroit News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cindy Pearlman ( 1996 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Today , Vegas : Tomorrow , The World ! Mean Little Green Guys Attack Earth '' . Chicago Sun - Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Anthony C. Ferrante ( March 1997 ) . `` Hidden Gems '' . Fangoria . Jump up ^ Henry Sheehan ( 1996 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Yak - Yak Is Way Martians Communicate '' . The Orange County Register . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jim Smith , J. Clive Matthews ( 2002 ) . Tim Burton . Virgin . pp. 174 -- 5 . ISBN 0753506823 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jeff Gordinier ( 1996 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Jack 's Back '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 1995 - 07 - 28 ) . `` Target Hollywood '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Production ... `` . Warner Bros. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ken Hanke ( 1999 ) . `` A Plan 9 of His Own '' . Tim Burton : An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker . Los Angeles : Renaissance Books . pp. 183 -- 192 . ISBN 1 - 58063 - 162 - 2 . Jump up ^ Richard Natale ( 1997 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Art of fantasy '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 1996 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Fall Movie Preview : December '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Magid , Ron . `` Attack Formation '' in Cinescape , Volume 3 , Number 4 . Lombard , IL : MVP Entertainment , Inc. , January / February 1997 . Jump up ^ Miller 2016 , pp. 185 - 186 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) -- Art of the Title '' . Artofthetitle.com. 1996 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bernard Weinraub ( 1997 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Season of Many Movies , but Not Many Hits '' . The New York Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Mars Attacks ! : A Novelization ( Paperback ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Attacks ! '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Edwin Page ( 2007 ) . `` Mars Attacks ! '' . Gothic Fantasy : The Films of Tim Burton . London : Marion Boyars Publishers . pp. 143 -- 158 . ISBN 0 - 7145 - 3132 - 4 . Jump up ^ John Dempsey ( 1997 - 01 - 23 ) . `` USA Network trumps net window for six features '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Attacks ! '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 1996 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Mars Attacks ! '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan ( 1996 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Mars Attacks ! Tim Burton 's Plan 9 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Desson Thomson ( 1996 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Mars Attacks ! We Lose '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Richard Schickel ; Richard Corliss ( 1996 - 12 - 30 ) . `` A Rich Film Feast '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Rosenbaum . `` Flirting With Disaster '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Todd McCarthy ( 1996 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Mars Attacks ! '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Andrew Hindes ( 1997 - 01 - 09 ) . `` 7 pix set to vie for 3 Oscar f / x noms '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards Organization . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Further reading ( edit ) Jonathan Gems ( January 1997 ) . Mars Attacks ! . Novelization of the film . London : Puffin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 038587 - 8 . Karen Jones ( November 1996 ) . Mars Attacks ! The Art of the Movie . Del Rey Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 40998 - 0 . Miller , Thomas Kent . Mars in the Movies : A History . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9914 - 4 . Magid , Ron . `` Attack Formation '' in Cinescape , Volume 3 , Number 4 . Lombard , IL : MVP Entertainment , Inc. , January / February 1997 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mars Attacks ! . Film portal 1990s portal Official website Mars Attacks ! on IMDb Mars Attacks ! at AllMovie Mars Attacks ! at Rotten Tomatoes Mars Attacks ! at Box Office Mojo Mars Attacks ( complete card set ) ( archive ) -- from trading-cards.org Mars Attacks ( Don Markstein 's Toonopedia ) ( archive ) -- from the 2012 original ( hide ) Tim Burton Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Directorial works Feature films Pee - wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) Sleepy Hollow ( 1999 ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Big Fish ( 2003 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Dark Shadows ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) Dumbo ( 2019 ) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor ( 1971 ) Stalk of the Celery Monster ( 1979 ) Hansel and Gretel ( 1982 ) Vincent ( 1982 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Stainboy ( 2000 ) Music videos `` Bones '' `` Here with Me '' Produced only The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Cabin Boy ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) 9 ( 2009 ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Literature The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories ( 1997 ) Television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( `` The Jar '' , 1986 ) Faerie Tale Theatre ( `` Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp '' , 1986 ) Beetlejuice ( 1989 -- 91 ) Family Dog ( 1993 ) VIAF : 177908999 GND : 7703874 - 5 BNF : cb13166075b ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_Attacks!&oldid=806556163 '' Categories : 1996 films English - language films 1990s science fiction films 1990s science fiction horror films 1990s comedy films American films American science fiction horror films American parody films American comedy science fiction films Alien invasions in films Alien abduction films Films about fictional Presidents of the United States Films directed by Tim Burton Films set in Kansas Films set in Kentucky Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films set in New York City Films set in Washington , D.C. Mars in film Warner Bros. films Film scores by Danny Elfman Films set in the White House Retrofuturism Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 20 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who portrayed the president of the united states in the alien invasion comedy mars attacks | [
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-6391110308347719654 | So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. season 6) | So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 6 ) - wikipedia So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. TV series ) Season 6 Broadcast from September 9 -- December 16 , 2009 Judges Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Adam Shankman Host ( s ) Cat Deeley Broadcaster Fox Broadcasting Company Venue United States Website www.fox.com/dance Winner Russell Ferguson Origin Boston , Massachusetts Genre ( s ) Krump Runner - up Jakob Karr Chronology ◀ 2009 ( Fall ) ▶ So You Think You Can Dance , also known as SYTYCD , is a United States television reality program and dance competition airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company network . Season six premiered on Wednesday , September 9 , 2009 , with Nigel Lythgoe and Mary Murphy returning as permanent judges and Cat Deeley returning to host . Season six is the first to air during the fall season , immediately following the summer airing of season five . Live shows began airing October 26 and the season finale aired on December 16 . Russell Ferguson , the first krumper to make it to the Las Vegas auditions , won the title of `` America 's Favorite Dancer '' and the $250,000 prize . Also in the finale were Jakob Karr in second place , Kathryn McCormick in third place , Ellenore Scott in fourth place , Ashleigh Di Lello in fifth place and Ryan Di Lello in sixth place . Contents ( hide ) 1 Auditions 1.1 Locations 2 Las Vegas week 2.1 Top 20 Finalists 2.1. 1 Male Contestants 2.1. 2 Female Contestants 3 Finals 3.1 Elimination chart 3.2 Performance nights 3.2. 1 Week 1 ( October 26 , 2009 ) 3.2. 1.1 `` Meet the Top 20 '' 3.2. 1.2 Performance show 3.2. 2 Week 2 ( November 3 , 2009 ) 3.2. 3 Week 3 ( November 10 , 2009 ) 3.2. 4 Week 4 ( November 17 , 2009 ) 3.2. 5 Week 5 ( November 24 , 2009 ) 3.2. 6 Week 6 ( December 1 , 2009 ) 3.2. 7 Week 7 ( December 8 , 2009 ) 3.2. 8 Week 8 ( December 15 , 2009 ) 3.3 Result shows 3.3. 1 Week 3 ( November 11 , 2009 ) 3.3. 2 Week 4 ( November 18 , 2009 ) 3.3. 3 Week 5 ( November 25 , 2009 ) 3.3. 4 Week 6 ( December 2 , 2009 ) 3.3. 5 Week 7 ( December 9 , 2009 ) 3.3. 6 Week 8 ( Finale ) ( December 16 , 2009 ) 3.3. 6.1 Judges ' picks 4 Promotion 5 Foreign broadcast 6 Special performance episode 6.1 Changes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Auditions ( edit ) Locations ( edit ) Open auditions for this season somewhat overlapped season 5 . These auditions for season 6 were held in the following cities after season 5 's Las Vegas week , but before season 5 's finals started : Audition City Date Judges Colonial Theatre Boston , Massachusetts May 28 , 2009 Nigel , Mary , Tyce Diorio Woodruff Arts Center Atlanta , Georgia June 1 , 2009 Nigel , Mary , Lil ' C The Orpheum Theatre Los Angeles , California June 12 , 2009 Nigel , Mary , Adam Shankman New Orleans Morial Convention Center New Orleans , Louisiana June 19 , 2009 Adam Shankman , Mary , Lil C Phoenix Convention Center Phoenix , Arizona June 26 , 2009 Nigel , Mary , Mia Michaels Rose Wagner Performing Arts Center Salt Lake City , Utah July 24 , 2009 Nigel , Mary , Mia Michaels ^ 1 Lythgoe was accepting an honorary degree from the University of Bedfordshire ; therefore , two guest judges were present . Las Vegas week ( edit ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy , Adam Shankman , Mia Michaels , Tyce Diorio , Debbie Allen The Las Vegas callbacks were held at Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . 152 dancers were invited to participate in the callback auditions . This number was cut to 38 dancers , before the announcement of the season 's top 20 contestants . Las Vegas week included the following rounds , with cuts made after each : Dancer ( s ) Task / style Music Choreographer ( s ) All ( individual ) Solo Music chosen by contestant The dancer All Hip - Hop `` Girls on the Dance Floor '' -- Far East Movement Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo All Cha - Cha `` Disturbia ( Jody den Broeder remix ) '' -- Rihanna Louis van Amstel Anya Garnis ( assisting ) All Jazz `` Green Light '' -- John Legend Laurie Ann Gibson All ( in groups ) Group choreography CD with track picked from a hat The group All Contemporary `` Walking on Air '' -- Kerli Mia Michaels Female dancers Broadway `` There 's Gotta Be Something Better Than This '' from Sweet Charity Tyce Diorio Male dancers `` It 's Still Rock and Roll to Me '' -- Billy Joel All ( individual ) Solo Music chosen by contestant The dancer Top 20 finalists ( edit ) Male contestants ( edit ) Finalist Age Home Town Dance Style Elimination date Placement Russell Ferguson 19 Boston , Massachusetts Krump December 16 , 2009 Winner Jakob Karr 19 Orlando , Florida Contemporary December 16 , 2009 Runner Up Ryan Di Lello 28 Orem , Utah Latin Ballroom December 16 , 2009 6th Place Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez 28 Miami , Florida Breakdance December 9 , 2009 Top 8 Nathan Trasoras 18 Fresno , California Contemporary December 2 , 2009 Top 10 Victor Smalley 21 Miami , Florida Contemporary November 25 , 2009 Top 12 Kevin Hunte 23 Brooklyn , New York Hip Hop November 18 , 2009 Top 14 Peter Sabasino 22 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Tap November 11 , 2009 Top 16 Phillip Attmore 25 Pasadena , California Tap November 3 , 2009 Top 18 Brandon Dumlao 21 Sacramento , California Hip Hop October 27 , 2009 Top 20 ^ 2 Dumlao replaced original Top 20 dancer Billy Bell , who had to withdraw from the competition due to illness . Female Contestants ( edit ) Finalist Age Home Town Dance Style Elimination date Placement Kathryn McCormick 19 Augusta , Georgia Contemporary December 16 , 2009 3rd Place Ellenore Scott 19 San Diego , California Jazz December 16 , 2009 4th Place Ashleigh Di Lello 26 Orem , Utah Latin Ballroom December 16 , 2009 5th Place Mollee Gray 18 Orem , Utah Jazz December 9 , 2009 Top 8 Noelle Marsh 18 Raleigh , North Carolina Contemporary December 2 , 2009 Top 10 Karen Hauer 27 Holmdel , New Jersey ( originally from Venezuela ) Latin Ballroom November 25 , 2009 Top 12 Channing Cooke 18 Haverhill , Massachusetts Contemporary November 18 , 2009 Top 14 Pauline Mata 19 Malibu , California ( originally from Philippines ) Jazz November 11 , 2009 Top 16 Bianca Revels 20 Detroit , Michigan Tap November 3 , 2009 Top 18 Ariana DeBose 18 Charlotte , North Carolina Contemporary October 27 , 2009 Top 20 Finals ( edit ) Elimination chart ( edit ) The elimination song for the women playing during the montage was `` Never Say Never '' by The Fray . The elimination song for the men playing during the montage was `` Where It Ends '' by 16 Frames . Legend Female Male Bottom 3 couples Bottom 4 contestants Result show date : 10 / 27 11 / 03 11 / 11 11 / 18 11 / 25 12 / 02 12 / 09 12 / 16 Contestant Results Russell Ferguson Btm 4 Winner Jakob Karr Runner - Up Kathryn McCormick Btm 4 3rd place Ellenore Scott Btm 3 Btm 3 Btm 4 4th place Ashleigh Di Lello Injury 5th place Ryan Di Lello Btm 3 Btm 3 Btm 4 Btm 4 6th place Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez Elim Mollee Gray Btm 3 Btm 3 Nathan Trasoras Btm 3 Btm 3 Elim Noelle Marsh Injury Btm 4 Victor Smalley Btm 4 Btm 3 Elim Karen Hauer Btm 3 Btm 3 Kevin Hunte Btm 3 Elim Channing Cooke Peter Sabasino Elim Pauline Mata Btm 4 Phillip Attmore Elim Bianca Revels Brandon Dumlao Elim Ariana DeBose ^ 3 The show was unable to schedule full performance and results shows for the first two weeks due to conflicts with the World Series . ^ 4 These female dancers were barred from performing their routines . See below for more information . Performance nights ( edit ) Due to network conflicts with the World Series , the show was unable to schedule a separate results show for the first two weeks . As a result , no public voting was held on those occasions ; after the couples ' performances , the judges alone selected four dancers to perform solos , and subsequently eliminated two . The standard format of a performance show followed by voting , with a results show the following night , resumed for the third week of competition . Week 1 ( October 26 , 2009 ) ( edit ) `` Meet the Top 20 '' ( edit ) Performances : Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Top 20 Jazz `` Comanche '' -- The Revels Wade Robson Amanda Robson ( co-conceived ) Russell Ferguson Kevin Hunte Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez Hip - Hop `` Beggin ' ( District 78 mix ) '' -- Madcon Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Channing Cooke Ariana DeBose Jakob Karr Nathan Trasoras Contemporary `` Crying '' -- k.d. lang Tyce Diorio Phillip Attmore Bianca Revels Peter Sabasino Tap `` Take the `` A '' Train `` -- Ella Fitzgerald Derick K. Grant Mollee Gray Pauline Mata Ellenore Scott Jazz `` On a Cloud '' -- Platinum Pied Pipers Sonya Tayeh Kathryn McCormick Noelle Marsh Billy Bell Victor Smalley Contemporary `` Viva La Vida '' -- Coldplay Mandy Moore Karen Hauer Ashleigh Di Lello Ryan Di Lello Samba `` Everything I Ca n't Have '' -- Robin Thicke Jason Gilkison Performance show ( edit ) Top 20 Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Results Channing Cooke Phillip Attmore Jive `` Rockin ' Robin '' -- The Jackson 5 Jason Gilkison Safe Jakob Karr Ashleigh Di Lello Broadway `` Hit Me With a Hot Note ( And Watch Me Bounce ) '' from Sophisticated Ladies Tyce Diorio Safe Ariana Dubose Peter Sabasino Hip - Hop `` Black and Gold '' -- Sam Sparro Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Dubose Eliminated Melanie LaPatin Russell Ferguson Foxtrot `` Vagabond Shoes '' -- Vic Damone Tony Meredith Melanie LaPatin Ferguson in bottom 4 Bianca Revels Victor Smalley Contemporary `` Wasted Time '' -- Me'shell Ndegeocello Travis Wall Safe Karen Hauer Kevin Hunt Cha - Cha `` Push It '' from Glee Tony Meredith Melanie LaPatin Safe Ellenore Scott Ryan Di Lello Contemporary Jazz `` Arcadia '' -- Apparat Sonya Tayeh Safe Brandon Dumlao Pauline Mata Smooth Waltz `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Whitney Houston Jason Gilkison Mata in bottom 4 Dumlao eliminated Kathryn McCormick Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez Hip - Hop `` On & On '' -- Missy Elliott Dave Scott Safe Mollee Grey Nathan Trasoras Disco `` Turn the Beat Around '' ( Pablo 's 12 '' Remix ) -- Gloria Estefan Doriana Sanchez Safe ^ 5 Noelle Marsh did not perform on the show due to injury . She would become Ferguson 's partner in Week 2 . Bottom 4 dancers ' solos : Dancer Style Music Result Ariana Dubose Contemporary `` Darkest Hour '' -- Charlotte Martin Eliminated Russell Ferguson Krump `` Give the Drummer Sum '' -- Black Milk Safe Pauline Mata Jazz `` Magalenha '' -- Sérgio Mendes Safe Brandon Dumlao Hip - Hop `` Slow Dancing in a Burning Room '' -- John Mayer Eliminated Eliminated : Ariana Dubose Brandon Dumlao New partners : Pauline Mata and Peter Sabasino Week 2 ( November 3 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Top 18 Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Results Noelle Marsh Russell Ferguson Hip - Hop `` Move Shake Drop Remix '' -- DJ Laz , Flo Rida and Casley Jamal Sims Marsh in bottom 4 Ashleigh Di Lello Jakob Karr Viennese Waltz `` At Last '' -- Etta James Tony Meredith Melanie LaPatin Safe Bianca Revels Victor Smalley Broadway `` Maybe God Is Tryin ' To Tell You Something '' from The Color Purple Tyce Diorio Revels eliminated Smalley in bottom 4 Mollee Gray Nathan Trasoras Bollywood `` Azeem O Shaan Shahenshah '' from Jodhaa Akbar Nakul Dev Mahajan Safe Channing Cooke Phillip Attmore Samba `` Maracatu Funk '' -- The Samba Squad Tony Meredith Melanie LaPatin Attmore eliminated Karen Hauer Kevin Hunte Hip - Hop `` Ice Cream Paint Job '' -- Dorrough Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Safe Kathryn McCormick Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez Contemporary `` 2 Steps Away '' -- Patti LaBelle Stacey Tookey Safe Pauline Mata Peter Sabasino Jazz `` Little Green Bag '' -- George Baker Selection Wade Robson Safe Ellenore Scott Ryan Di Lello Argentine Tango `` Violentango '' -- Ástor Piazzolla Miriam Larici Leonardo Barrionuevo Safe Bottom 4 dancers ' solos : Dancer Style Music Result Noelle Marsh Contemporary `` For a Reason '' -- Zhané Safe Victor Smalley Contemporary `` Narvas '' from The Matrix : Revolutions Safe Bianca Revels Tap `` Tootsee Roll '' -- 69 Boyz Eliminated Phillip Attmore Tap `` Almost Like Being in Love '' -- Nat King Cole Eliminated Eliminated : Bianca Revels Phillip Atmore New partners : Channing Cooke and Victor Smalley Week 3 ( November 10 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Top 16 Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Results Karen Hauer Kevin Hunte Hustle `` Come To Me '' -- France Joli Maria Torres Bottom 3 Ashleigh Di Lello Jakob Karr Jazz `` Relax '' -- Frankie Goes to Hollywood Mandy Moore Safe Pauline Mata Peter Sabasino Quickstep `` Hey Baby ! ( Shake Those Hula Hips ) '' -- Big Kahuna & The Copa Cat Pack JT Thomas Tomas Mielnicki Both eliminated Kathryn McCormick Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez Broadway `` I Wan'na Be Like You ( The Monkey Song ) '' -- Swingin ' Fireballs Andy Blankenbuehler Safe Channing Cooke Victor Smalley Contemporary `` Be Be Your Love '' ( Live at KRCW ) -- Rachael Yamagata Stacey Tookey Safe Ellenore Scott Ryan Di Lello Hip - Hop ( Krump ) `` Lost Boiz Anthem '' -- Tha J - Squad Lil ' C Bottom 3 Mollee Gray Nathan Trasoras Salsa `` Quimbara '' -- Celia Cruz and Johnny Pacheco Gustavo Vargas Safe Noelle Marsh Russell Ferguson African Jazz `` Frog Dance '' -- Mickey Hart and Planet Drum Sean Cheesman Safe Week 4 ( November 17 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Top 14 Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Results Ashleigh Di Lello Jakob Karr Lyrical Hip - Hop `` Whatcha Say '' -- Jason Derülo Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Safe Karen Hauer Kevin Hunte Broadway `` If My Friends Could See Me Now '' from Sweet Charity Spencer Liff Hunte eliminated Noelle Marsh Russell Ferguson Foxtrot `` Baby ( You 've Got What It Takes ) '' -- Michael Bublé and Sharon Jones & The Dap - Kings Edward Simon Safe Channing Cooke Victor Smalley Jazz `` Blackbird '' -- Bobby McFerrin Tyce Diorio Cooke eliminated Kathryn McCormick Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez Paso Doble `` Pursuit '' from Cirque du Soleil Tony Meredith Safe Ellenore Scott Ryan Di Lello Contemporary `` Your Ex-Lover Is Dead '' -- Stars Travis Wall Safe Mollee Gray Nathan Trasoras Pop - Jazz `` Bad Romance '' -- Lady Gaga Laurie Ann Gibson Bottom 3 Week 5 ( November 24 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Top 12 Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Results Ellenore Scott Ryan Di Lello Lindy Hop `` I 've Got To Be a Rug Cutter '' -- The Boilermaker Jazz Band Carla Heiney Bottom 3 Broadway `` Razzle Dazzle '' from Chicago Spencer Liff Kathryn McCormick Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez Jazz `` So Deep '' -- Hot Chip Sonya Tayeh Safe Viennese Waltz `` Your Guardian Angel '' -- The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus Jean - Marc Généreux France Mousseau Karen Hauer Victor Smalley Tango `` Montserrat '' -- Orquesta del Plata Tony Meredith Melanie LaPatin Both eliminated Hip - Hop `` Moving Mountains '' -- Usher Laurie Ann Gibson Mollee Gray Nathan Trasoras Hip - Hop `` Ring - a-Ling '' -- The Black Eyed Peas Jamal Sims Bottom 3 Can - Can `` Cancan Suite '' -- Offenbach / Ponchielli Tyce DiOrio Noelle Marsh Russell Ferguson Samba `` Hips Do n't Lie '' -- Shakira Tony Meredith Melanie LaPatin Safe Contemporary `` A Case of You '' -- Diana Krall Tyce DiOrio Ashleigh Di Lello Jakob Karr Lyrical Jazz `` Time Flies '' -- Lykke Li Sonya Tayeh Safe Cha - Cha `` Cha Cha Heels '' ( Ralphi Rosario Radio Edit ) -- Rosabel feat . Jeanie Tracy Jean - Marc Généreux France Mousseau Week 6 ( December 1 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Top 10 Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Results Noelle Marsh Ryan Di Lello Hip - Hop `` Give It to Me Right '' -- Melanie Fiona Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Marsh eliminated Di Lello in bottom 4 Smooth Waltz `` Jeux d'Eau '' -- Cirque du Soleil JT Thomas Tomas Mielnicki Ashleigh Di Lello Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez Contemporary `` Poison '' -- The Prodigy Garry Stewart Safe Hip - Hop `` Slow Down '' -- Bobby Valentino Dave Scott Kathryn McCormick Nathan Trasoras Broadway `` Choreography '' -- Danny Kaye Spencer Liff McCormick in bottom 4 Trasoras eliminated Rumba `` Walk On By '' -- Aretha Franklin Tony Meredith Melanie LaPatin Ellenore Scott Jakob Karr Quickstep `` Four Brothers '' -- The Manhattan Transfer Tony Meredith Melanie LaPatin Safe Contemporary `` Tore My Heart '' -- OONA and Dave Tweedie Sonya Tayeh Mollee Gray Russell Ferguson Lyrical Jazz `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- Roxette Mandy Moore Safe Jive `` Land of 1000 Dances '' -- Jimmy Barnes Anya Garnis Pasha Kovalev Solos : Dancer Style Music Result Mollee Gray Jazz `` Rock the Beat '' -- LMFAO Safe Russell Ferguson Krump `` Outros '' -- Black Milk Safe Noelle Marsh Contemporary `` Every Time It Rains '' -- Charlotte Martin Eliminated Ryan Di Lello Paso Doble `` Rock You Like a Hurricane '' -- Scorpions Bottom 4 Kathryn McCormick Contemporary `` Beautiful '' -- Bethany Dillon Bottom 4 Nathan Trasoras Contemporary `` Golden Train '' -- Justin Nozuka Eliminated Ellenore Scott Jazz `` Beatbox Harmonica '' -- Yuri Lane Safe Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez Breakdancing `` No Air '' -- Jordin Sparks & Chris Brown Safe Ashleigh Di Lello Samba `` Batucada Por Favor '' -- Bob Azzam Safe Jakob Karr Contemporary `` Always Midnight '' ( Acoustic ) -- Pat Monahan Safe Week 7 ( December 8 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Top 8 Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Results Kathryn McCormick Ryan Di Lello Disco `` Last Dance '' ( Samantha Ronson remix ) -- Donna Summer Doriana Sanchez Di Lello in bottom 4 Cha - Cha `` Put Your Hands On Me '' -- Joss Stone Jason Gilkison Mollee Gray Jakob Karr Viennese Waltz `` Ordinary Day '' -- Vanessa Carlton Jason Gilkison Gray eliminated Broadway `` Easy Street '' ( Samantha Ronson remix ) from Annie Joey Dowling Ellenore Scott Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez Contemporary `` Machine Gun '' -- Portishead Travis Wall Scott in bottom 4 Perez eliminated Hip - Hop `` People Are Strange '' ( District 78 remix ) -- The Doors Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Russell Ferguson Rachel / Alysha Hip - Hop `` Too Much Booty 2 '' ( Bobby J Remix ) -- Soundmaster T & Jah - Rista feat . Korveil Shane Sparks Safe Bollywood `` Spirit of Rangeela '' from Rangeela Nakul Dev Mahajan Solos : Dancer Style Music Result Jakob Karr Contemporary `` When You Say My Name '' -- Mario Spinetti Safe Mollee Gray Jazz `` Heartburn '' -- Alicia Keys Eliminated Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez Breakdance `` Fancy Footwork '' -- Chromeo Eliminated Ellenore Scott Jazz `` I Got the Feelin ' '' -- James Brown Bottom 4 Russell Ferguson Krump `` Holiday Buckness '' -- J - Squad Safe Kathryn McCormick Contemporary `` Shadowfeet '' -- Brooke Fraser Safe Ryan Di Lello Cha - Cha `` Din Da Da '' -- Kevin Aviance Bottom 4 ^ 6 Ashleigh Di Lello was paired with Russell Ferguson , but dislocated her shoulder during rehearsal of their Bollywood number and was barred from performing by doctors . As a result , she did not perform a solo and Ferguson danced their two numbers with the choreographers ' assistants , Alysha Shroff . Voting for Di Lello was still opened ; viewers were urged to consider her previous performances and rehearsal footage in making their choice in voting for her . Week 8 ( December 15 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Top 6 Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Kathryn McCormick Ryan Di Lello Samba `` Magalenha '' -- Sérgio Mendes Jason Gilkison Ellenore Scott Jakob Karr Broadway `` I Gotcha '' from Fosse Tyce Diorio Ashleigh Di Lello Russell Ferguson Lyrical Jazz `` Angel Standing By '' -- Jewel Sonya Tayeh Ellenore Scott Ryan Di Lello Jazz `` Kontact Me '' -- Boyz Noise Garry Stewart Ashleigh Di Lello Jakob Karr Foxtrot `` Let the Good Times Roll '' -- Chuck Brown & Eva Cassidy Jean - Marc Généreux Ellenore Scott Russell Ferguson Paso Doble `` Village Attack '' from Blood Diamond Jason Gilkison Kathryn McCormick Jakob Karr Contemporary Ballet `` At This Moment '' -- Michael Bublé Dwight Rhoden Desmond Richardson Ashleigh Di Lello Ryan Di Lello Contemporary `` I 'm There Too '' -- Michelle Featherstone Travis Wall Kathryn McCormick Russell Ferguson Hip - Hop `` I Can Transform Ya '' -- Chris Brown ft . Lil Wayne and Swizz Beats Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Result shows ( edit ) Week 3 ( November 11 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 16 : `` Warrior , Pt. 2 '' -- Lloyd Banks ( Hip - Hop ; Choreographer : Dave Scott ) Guest dancers : Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater : `` Episodes '' -- Ulysses Dove ( Contemporary Ballet ; Choreographer : Ulysses Dove ) Bottom 3 's solos : Dancer Style Music Result Ellenore Scott Jazz `` Eleanor '' -- Alexa Woodward Safe Ryan Di Lello Jive `` Jump with My Baby '' -- Big Bad Voodoo Daddy Safe Pauline Mata Jazz `` Took the Night '' -- Chelley Eliminated Peter Sabasino Tap None Eliminated Karen Hauer Samba `` Celia y Tito '' -- Celia Cruz & Tito Puente Safe Kevin Hunte Hip - Hop `` I Question Mark '' -- Wade Robson Safe ^ 6 Sabasino chose to dance a cappella . Eliminated : Pauline Mata Peter Sabasino New partners : None Week 4 ( November 18 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 14 : `` Aha ! '' -- Imogen Heap ( Contemporary Jazz ; Choreographer : Wade Robson , co-conceived with Amanda Robson ) Musical guest : `` According to You '' -- Orianthi Guest dancers : Nakul Dev Mahajan and NDM Bollywood Dance Productions : `` Desi Girl '' from Dostana ( Bollywood ; Choreographer : Nakul Dev Mahajan ) Bottom 3 's solos : Dancer Style Music Result Karen Hauer Latin `` Break on Through ( To the Other Side ) '' -- The Doors Safe Kevin Hunte Hip - Hop `` Freeze '' -- T - Pain featuring Chris Brown Eliminated Channing Cooke Contemporary `` The Face '' -- RyanDan Eliminated Victor Smalley Contemporary `` Baby 's Romance '' -- Chris Garneau Safe Mollee Gray Jazz `` Let Me Think About It ( Radio Edit ) '' -- Ida Corr vs. Fedde le Grand Safe Nathan Trasoras Contemporary `` So Insane '' -- Discovery Safe Eliminated : Channing Cooke Kevin Hunte New partners : Karen Hauer and Victor Smalley Week 5 ( November 25 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 12 : `` What 's a Girl Gotta Do '' -- Basement Jaxx feat . Paloma Faith ( Pop - Jazz ; Choreographer : Napoleon and Tabitha D'umo ) Musical guest : `` Give It Up To Me '' -- Shakira Guest dancer ( s ) : Paloma Herrera : Don Quixote : Kitri 's Variation ( The Fan ) - Ludwig Minkus ( Ballet ; Choreographer : Paloma Herrera ) Bottom 3 's solos : Dancer Style Music Result Karen Hauer Cha - Cha `` She Wants to Move '' - N.E.R.D. Eliminated Victor Smalley Contemporary `` Village Attack '' from Blood Diamond Eliminated Mollee Gray Jazz `` Bulletproof '' -- La Roux Safe Nathan Trasoras Contemporary `` Going Going Gone ( Live ) '' -- Stars Safe Ellenore Scott Jazz `` Bottom '' -- Zap Mama Safe Ryan Di Lello Samba `` Baila Baila Conmigo '' -- Missiego Safe Eliminated : Karen Hauer Victor Smalley New partners : None . Now that only 10 dancers remain , partners are randomly assigned each week and the top 10 will be voted individually . Week 6 ( December 2 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 10 : `` It 's Still Rock and Roll to Me '' -- Billy Joel ( Broadway ; Choreographer : Tyce Diorio ) Musical guest : `` I Wanna Rock '' -- Snoop Dogg ( featuring Quest Crew and The Ranger $ ) Guest dancer ( s ) : The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers : `` Yellow '' -- Vitamin String Quartet ( Hip - Hop ; Choreographer : Harry Shum , Jr. , Christopher Scott , and Galen Hooks ) Bottom 4 's Solos : Dancer Style Music Result Noelle Marsh Contemporary `` Inside a Boy '' ( Son Lux Remix ) -- My Brightest Diamond Eliminated Ryan Di Lello Paso Doble `` Rock You Like A Hurricane '' -- Scorpions Safe Kathryn McCormick Contemporary `` Beautiful '' -- Bethany Dillon Safe Nathan Trasoras Contemporary `` Pretty Wings '' -- Maxwell Eliminated Eliminated : Noelle Marsh Nathan Trasoras Week 7 ( December 9 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 8 : `` Pon de Floor '' ( Samantha Ronson remix ) -- Major Lazer feat . Vybz Kartel ( Jazz ; Choreographer : Sonya Tayeh ) Musical guests : `` Nobody '' -- Wonder Girls `` Live Like We 're Dying '' -- Kris Allen Bottom 4 's solos : Dancer Style Music Result Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez Breakdance `` Flashing Lights '' -- Vitamin String Quartet Eliminated Ellenore Scott Jazz `` Hajnal '' -- Venetian Snares Safe Ryan Di Lello Cha - Cha `` Din Da Da '' -- Kevin Aviance Safe Mollee Gray Jazz `` You 'll Find A Way '' ( Switch & Sinden Remix ) -- Santigold Eliminated Week 8 ( finale ) ( December 16 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Judges : Lil ' C , Tyce Diorio , Debbie Allen , Adam Shankman , Mary Murphy , Nigel Lythgoe Musical Guests : `` I See You '' -- Leona Lewis `` Whataya Want from Me '' -- Adam Lambert `` I Am '' -- Mary J. Blige `` Louboutins '' -- Jennifer Lopez Guest dancers The Groovaloos ( `` Groovaloo Street '' -- Rapier & Burns ) Group dances : Dancers Style Music Choreographer Top 20 Jazz `` Scared of Me '' -- Fedde le Grand featuring Mitch Crown Kelley Abbey Top 20 Jazz `` Comanche '' -- The Revels Wade Robson Amanda Robson Judges ' picks ( edit ) Dancers Style Music Choreographer Chosen by Russell Ferguson Kevin Hunte Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez Hip - Hop `` Beggin ' ( District 78 mix ) '' -- Madcon Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Lil ' C Ellenore Scott Jakob Karr Contemporary `` Tore My Heart '' -- OONA and Dave Tweedie Sonya Tayeh Adam Shankman Phillip Attmore Bianca Revels Peter Sabasino Tap `` Take the `` A '' Train `` -- Ella Fitzgerald Derick K. Grant Nigel Lythgoe Ashleigh Di Lello Ryan Di Lello Jive `` Straight to ... Number One ( Duck 's Radio Mix ) '' -- Touch and Go Ashleigh Di Lello Ryan Di Lello Mary Murphy Kathryn McCormick Jakob Karr Contemporary `` At This Moment '' -- Michael Bublé Dwight Rhoden Desmond Richardson Nigel Lythgoe Mollee Gray Nathan Trasoras Bollywood `` Azeem O Shaan Shahenshah '' from Jodhaa Akbar Nakul Dev Mahajan Tyce Diorio Ellenore Scott Jonathan `` Legacy '' Perez Contemporary `` Machine Gun '' -- Portishead Travis Wall Adam Shankman Noelle Marsh Russell Ferguson African Jazz `` Frog Dance '' -- Mickey Hart and Planet Drum Sean Cheesman Debbie Allen Channing Cooke Ariana DeBose Jakob Karr Nathan Trasoras Contemporary `` Crying '' -- k.d. lang Tyce Diorio Lil ' C Kathryn McCormick Russell Ferguson Hip - Hop `` I Can Transform Ya '' -- Chris Brown ft . Lil Wayne and Swizz Beats Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Mary Murphy Top 20 Jazz `` Comanche '' -- The Revels Wade Robson Amanda Robson ( co-conceived ) Nigel Lythgoe ^ 7 As Ferguson injured himself performing in the first Judge 's Pick routine , the noted subsequent routines were shown pre-recorded rather than newly performed live . Eliminated Ryan Di Lello Ashleigh Di Lello Ellenore Scott Kathryn McCormick Runner - up Jakob Karr Winner Russell Ferguson Promotion ( edit ) As a result of the auditions for season 6 taking place concurrently with the airing of season 5 , increased promotion was possible . A Deeley voice - over at the end of the fifth season 's audition episodes sent viewers to the official website for more information about auditioning for the fall season . The judges ' travels to various cities were also mentioned if the audition weekend followed a results show . A video segment of Ryan Kasprzak , brother of top 20 contestant Evan Kasprzak and fellow auditioner for season 5 , aired during the summer 's top 18 results show . It showed him auditioning for season 6 in Los Angeles and making it to the Las Vegas round . Nigel Lythgoe also mentioned him in the finale of season 5 , stating that there will be `` more Kasprzak in the fall . '' Since then , however , it was announced Kasprzak was eliminated after the ballroom round of Vegas week . Foreign broadcast ( edit ) Unlike previous seasons , much of season 6 was not simulcast on Canadian network CTV , due to conflicts with their fall schedule . As a result , CTV 's sister network ' A ' aired the series from its start until the end of November , with CTV resuming with the Top 10 week on December 1 . Norwegian channel TVNorge will air the show in performance and results shows , and shows all routines , as it did in season 5 . In South Africa the season is set to premier in February . AXN Asia also aired this season just after the season 4 ended airing in January 2010 . Australia finally airs this season since the fifth season back in 2009 on Network Ten . This season premiered on January 15 , 2011 on the new channel Eleven . Special performance episode ( edit ) On October 26 , 2009 , Fox aired a special episode introducing viewers to the Top 20 contestants of season 6 dancing in their own styles . Contemporary dancer Billy Bell appeared in the special before having to withdraw due to illness . Changes ( edit ) Besides not starting results shows until the Top 16 , this will be the first season where the finale will occur at the Top 6 stage , rather than the usual Top 4 . This is most likely due to the show producers and network not wishing to continue airing through the week of Christmas , due to the special performance show . See also ( edit ) List of So You Think You Can Dance finalists References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Season Finale : Jeanine Mason is America 's Favorite Dancer ! '' . FOX.com. 2009 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Adam Shankman will be ' SYTYCD ' judge Jump up ^ `` Auditions : Get a 2nd Chance as Dance Doubles Down with Summer & Fall Shows ! Details Here '' . FOX.com. 2009 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Illness forces Billy Bell out of ' Dance ' . External links ( edit ) Official `` So You Think You Can Dance '' Website Official `` So You Think You Can Dance '' Facebook Fan Page ( hide ) So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Seasons 1 ( 2005 ) 2 ( 2006 ) 3 ( 2007 ) 4 ( 2008 ) 5 ( summer 2009 ) 6 ( fall 2009 ) 7 ( 2010 ) 8 ( 2011 ) 9 ( 2012 ) 10 ( 2013 ) 11 ( 2014 ) 12 ( 2015 ) 13 ( The Next Generation ) ( 2016 ) 14 ( 2017 ) Winners Nick Lazzarini Benji Schwimmer Sabra Johnson Joshua Allen Jeanine Mason Russell Ferguson Lauren Froderman Melanie Moore Eliana Girard & Chehon Wespi - Tschopp Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall & Amy Yakima Ricky Ubeda Gaby Diaz Leon `` Kida '' Burns Lex Ishimoto Other finalists Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_(U.S._season_6)&oldid=821126129 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 15 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won season 6 of so you think you can dance | [
"So You Think You Can Dance, also known as SYTYCD, is a United States television reality program and dance competition airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company network. Season six premiered on Wednesday, September 9, 2009,[1] with Nigel Lythgoe and Mary Murphy returning as permanent judges and Cat Deeley returning to host.[2] Season six is the first to air during the fall season, immediately following the summer airing of season five. Live shows began airing October 26 and the season finale aired on December 16. Russell Ferguson, the first krumper to make it to the Las Vegas auditions, won the title of \"America's Favorite Dancer\" and the $250,000 prize. Also in the finale were Jakob Karr in second place, Kathryn McCormick in third place, Ellenore Scott in fourth place, Ashleigh Di Lello in fifth place and Ryan Di Lello in sixth place."
] | [
"Russell Ferguson"
] |
3262429342512199736 | Susan Banks | Susan Banks - wikipedia Susan Banks Susan Banks Eileen Davidson as Susan Banks Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Eileen Davidson ( 1996 -- 98 , 2014 -- 17 ) Brynn Thayer ( 2011 ) Stacy Haiduk ( 2018 -- ) Duration 1996 -- 98 2011 2014 2017 -- First appearance November 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 04 ) Created by James E. Reilly Introduced by Ken Corday and Tom Langan ( 1996 ) Ken Corday , Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng ( 2014 ) Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng ( 2017 -- 18 ) Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Susan Delilah Banks Kristen Blake Susan Crumb show Family Siblings Sister Mary Moira Banks Thomas Banks Penelope Kent Spouse John Black ( 1997 ) Edmund Crumb ( 1998 -- ? ) Sons EJ DiMera Grandchildren Johnny DiMera Sydney DiMera Susan Banks is a fictional character on NBC 's daytime drama Days of Our Lives . She was played by Eileen Davidson from November 4 , 1996 to April 8 , 1998 , and again in 2014 and 2017 . Susan is the eccentric mother of Elvis `` EJ '' DiMera , and once acted as Kristen Blake 's doppelganger . In November 2011 , it was announced that Brynn Thayer would take over the role of Susan , since Davidson was committed to The Young and the Restless . Thayer made her brief one - off appearance as Susan on December 7 , 2011 . In January 2014 , it was announced that Davidson would be returning to Days for a three - month story arc after having departed with the show in November 2013 . In late September 2014 , it was announced that Davidson would reprise her role as Susan Banks ; her first time portraying the character in 16 years . Davidson returned to the role once again on November 2 , 2017 . She reprised the role of Susan 's sister , Sister Mary Moira on November 21 , 2017 . Stacy Haiduk debuted as Susan on August 21 , 2018 . Contents 1 Casting 2 Development 3 Storylines 3.1 1996 -- 98 3.2 2011 3.3 2014 3.4 2017 -- 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Casting ( edit ) The decision to create a storyline in which Stefano hires a doppelganger to impersonate Kristen Blake demanded that the Days producers cast an actress who resembled Davidson . Actress , Brenda Epperson was considered for the role , an actress Davidson suggested to replace her in her role as Ashley Abbott on The Young and the Restless , due to their uncanny resemblance . Instead of casting Epperson , or any actress for that matter , Davidson suggested that she play both roles : Kristen and her alter . The show ultimately agreed . On rehearsing , Davidson related : `` I had a tape recorder and I would read the scene and turn it off when the character I was supposed to be talked . I ran lines that way . The major way that I knew it was working was because the crew was laughing , and I was laughing , we were cracking up all the time . '' Due to the sixteen - hour work days ( including Saturdays ) Davidson spent on the Days set led to her developing digestive problems and insomnia . `` They worked me to death . I was at the end of my contract , I was going to leave after the first year I played Susan . And they asked me to stay an additional year to finish off the storyline , so I did . '' The gruel from playing upwards of five characters led to Davidson 's departure from the show . Post-Days , head writer James E. Reilly called Davidson personally to apologize for working her ' into the ground . ' He told her that he could n't help it ; he felt inspired by her . `` That 's OK . You know I volunteered to play both characters ! '' Davidson responded . In 2011 , Days was unable to obtain Davidson , who was working on The Young and the Restless at the time , to reprise the role of Susan . A recast was made with actress Brynn Thayer filling in . Thayer was asked to research the character by watching old clips of Davidson as Susan on YouTube . The show decided to show only the back of Thayer 's head as Susan , who takes a phone call from Salem . Per Davidson 's agreement in 2012 to return to the soap , a stipulation was included in her contract : Lisa Williams , who acted as her double in her mid-90s Days stint , would be re-hired if need be . Davidson returned to the soap under the assumption that she would be portraying Susan Banks , with just a little bit of Kristen DiMera . Ultimately , Banks would never reappear . However , in September 2013 , a tribute of sorts was made to the late James E. Reilly when Kristen , who needs to go undercover , uses Susan 's teeth as a disguise . Davidson had taken Susan 's teeth with her before leaving the soap in 1998 . Prior to her 2014 return , Davidson was alerted that her storyline would include Susan Banks . `` They told me , but they also knew that I was up for it . '' Lisa Williams returned as Davidson 's double . Davidson reprised her role in November 2017 . In 2017 , head writer Ron Carlivati discussed the decision behind having Susan Banks being responsible for Will Horton 's disappearance and resurrection , stating : `` When we went to explore who might have a motivation to initiate Will 's disappearance or Will 's death , Susan came to mind , and we came up with a story that would require ( Eileen Davidson ) involved . '' Carlivati admitted his reluctance to this decision , due to Davidson 's commitment to The Young and the Restless , even considering a recast for the role , however , deemed that `` trickier '' . Davidson announced that her scenes became a collaborative effort as Carlivati was unfamiliar with Susan and was relying on others to fill him in -- `` But who better than , you know , the person that played her ? ( ... ) ( Ron ) was very open to hearing my input , and when I thought that it was maybe too broad , he would let me change it or cut it or whatever I needed to do . It 's easy to write Susan broad , and it 's easy to play her broad . So it 's always , like , trying to pull it back , but also showing the flavor of her personality . '' On August 17 , 2018 , it was announced that Stacy Haiduk had been cast as Susan ; she made her first appearance as Susan on August 21 , 2018 . Development ( edit ) While James E. Reilly created the character , Davidson was the driving force behind the character 's personality . `` Susan was supposed to be insecure from a small town , not very worldly , basically kind of ignorant . She had an innocence . I based a lot of it on innocence , not necessarily ignorance . But she was very intelligent in a certain way . She was good at getting what she wanted . '' Davidson would have a lot of input into all of the characters she portrayed , including wardrobe and hairstyles . Reilly added Susan 's obsession with Elvis Presley . On Susan 's voice , Davidson states : `` For the voice , I just went up a couple of octaves and threw in a Southern accent . It was easy . '' Besides the characters Kristen and Susan Banks , Davidson would go on to play an assortment of Susan 's family members : Sister Mary Moira ( a nun ) , Thomas Banks , and Penelope Kent . Storylines ( edit ) 1996 -- 98 ( edit ) In August 1996 , Kristen is hospitalized after an explosion kills her mother and she miscarries her child . Stefano soon reappears in Salem and hires Kristen 's lookalike Susan Banks to carry a child that Kristen would raise as her and John 's . With the help of her father and Peter , Kristen fakes her pregnancy . When Susan goes into labor , Kristen disguised as a nurse is forced to watch as John marries Susan , believing she is really Kristen . Kristen gets custody of the child long enough to name him John Black , Jr. and Susan soon returns to claim her child and husband . Kristen enlists Vivian Alamain ( Louise Sorel ) and Ivan in keeping Susan locked in a secret room but Marlena puts the pieces together and Kristen is forced to lock her away . When Susan discovers the truth , sick of Kristen 's manipulations she locks Kristen inside the room and attempts to marry John until Laura Horton ( Jamie Lyn Bauer ) confronts her at the wedding . After being rejected by John due to her scheming , Kristen 's failed attempt to kill Marlena lands her in jail . After being released on bail , she attempts suicide after hearing about John and Marlena 's engagement . She then reveals Marlena 's presumed dead husband , Roman Brady ( now Josh Taylor ) ; John and Kristen then pretend to marry to keep Roman from becoming suspicious . When John and Stefano ruin her attempt to get back Susan 's son , Elvis ( a.k.a. John , Jr . ) , she reveals that Roman and Marlena have been seeing one another . Kristen 's attempt to force Susan into giving the child back ends with the death of Susan 's identical sister , Penelope Kent . Fearing she 'll be charged with murder , Kristen pretends to be Susan and is forced to marry Susan 's boyfriend , Edmund Crumb ( Adam Caine ) . In the meantime , `` Susan '' and Edmund go on a honeymoon and Laura is arrested for Kristen 's murder . Edmund admits to Kristen 's `` murder '' and they soon run into the real Susan who explains that Kristen sold her into a harem ; it is then revealed that the dead person was Susan 's other sibling , Penelope Kent . To get revenge against Kristen , Susan exchanges her freedom for Kristen to be sold to the harem . 2011 ( edit ) In December 2011 , Bo ( Peter Reckell ) and Hope ( Kristian Alfonso ) come across an ornament owned by Alice Horton . Tucked inside it they find a letter written by Susan asking Alice for help with Elvis who was sick and needed a doctor . The letter is to be extended to Stefano . Bo finds Susan 's phone number in England and Hope decides to call her . Hope inquires as to the significance of the letter to Susan ( Brynn Thayer ) who becomes nervous that Elvis is in trouble . Susan inadvertently reveals that Alice helped Elvis , and Stefano visited her after Elvis was better . Realizing that she 's said too much , Susan pretends that the phone line has a bad connection and hangs up . 2014 ( edit ) Susan turns up on the DiMera Mansion doorstep . She 's come to visit EJ . She 's had a premonition that he 's in grave danger . She attempts to convince him to return to England with her . Susan also does n't think that Sami ( Alison Sweeney ) is the right woman for him to be with ; she sees her as nothing but trouble . She reveals why she allowed Stefano , who she says is evil , to raise him : she and Edmund could n't provide the life that he could . Susan refers to EJ as her `` first born , '' suggesting that she 's had more children after him . Susan is left alone in the mansion and decides to pay John a visit in the hospital . She goes to open the door to leave and is greeted by Kristen who is standing there . The two trade barbs ; Susan rushes out after Kristen gets Stefano on the phone . Susan visits an unconscious John in the hospital . She talks about their almost wedding and before going , leaves a photo from the nuptials . 2017 -- ( edit ) The hunt for Will Horton ( Chandler Massey ) leads Sami , John and Marlena to a house in Memphis occupied by Roger ( John Enos III ) , an Elvis impersonator , and Susan Banks . While toting a rifle and standing in a bedroom whose walls are adorned with the initials `` EJ '' , Susan reveals that she paid Dr. Wilhelm Rolf to revive Will as part of a revenge plot against Sami . Susan holds Sami responsible for EJ 's death ; it 's caused her to spiral out of control as well as ended her marriage to Edmund . Susan is adamant that Rolf 's revival did n't work . However , Will , identifying himself as EJ , is found alive and working in a bar in Memphis . Friends and family try desperately to convince him that he 's been brainwashed by his `` mother '' Susan and to return to Salem . When Roger confirms that Susan is n't Will 's biological mother , Susan suffers a mental breakdown and is hospitalized . Will decides to return to Salem to learn about his former life . Will keeps tabs on Susan 's progress through Roger , learning that she 's been institutionalized and that on New Year 's Eve she 's suffered a relapse after receiving a visitor in her hospital room . Months later , a recovered Susan ( Stacy Haiduk ) arrives back in Salem on Will 's doorstep to make amends . She also turns up at Marlena 's bachelorette party and manages to invite herself to Marlena and John Black 's upcoming wedding . Susan mentions to Marlena that she was visited by Kristen , who is very much alive , in the hospital . Marlena convinces Susan that Kristen is dead and that she was probably just hallucinating from the drugs that the hospital had administrated . Kristen ( Haiduk ) catches Susan alone and forces her at knife - point to switch places with her so she can attend the wedding undetected . Reception ( edit ) Davidson 's performance earned her her first Daytime Emmy Award nomination in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1998 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brynn Thayer To DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com. 2012 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Eileen Davidson Returns to Days of Our Lives '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) . `` The Eileen Davidson Interview -- Days of our Lives '' . Michael Fairman On - Air - On - Soaps . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Adams 2011 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Michael A. ( 1997 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Daze of Their Lives '' . People Magazine . People.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 36 ( 50 ) : pg. 5 . December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One and Done '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 38 ( 34 ) : pg. 28 . August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Eileen Davidson Talks About Her Shocking Departure From Days of Our Lives '' . TV Guide . Tvguide.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( 2012 ) . `` Hot Scoop on Eileen Davidson 's Return to Days of Our Lives '' . TV Guide . Tvguide.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Waldron , Stephanie , Robert ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` New Beginnings '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 39 ( 39 ) : pg. 35 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Eileen Davidson Dishes on Her ' Funny and Tragic ' Return to Days of Our Lives '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 45 ) . November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldron , Robert ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ICYMI : Eileen Davidson Interview '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Stacy Haiduk Joins DAYS as Susan -- What About Kristen ? '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams 2011 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Adams 2011 , pp. 73 - 74 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Update for 1996 '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com. 1996 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Update for 1997 '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com. 1997 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 7 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Update for 1998 '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com. 1998 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 9 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cough Up That Hairball '' . Soaps.com. 2011 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Event : Soap Opera Digest Awards ( 1998 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . February 26 , 1998 . Bibliography Adams , Alina ( 2011 ) . Soap Opera 451 : A Time Capsule of Daytime Drama 's Greatest Moments . Alina Adams Media . ASIN B005NSDZYC . External links ( edit ) Susan Banks at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Rex Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Rex Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Xander Kiriakis Chloe Lane Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Ben Weston Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bart Beiderbecke Tate Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Steve Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Banks&oldid=858508984 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2018 , at 17 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who's playing susan banks on days of our lives | [
"Susan Banks\nEileen Davidson as Susan BanksDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by\n\nEileen Davidson (1996–98, 2014–17)\nBrynn Thayer (2011)\nStacy Haiduk (2018–)\nDuration\n\n1996–98\n2011\n2014\n2017–\nFirst appearance\nNovember 4, 1996 (1996-11-04)Created by\nJames E. ReillyIntroduced by\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1996)\nKen Corday, Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng (2014)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2017–18)\nClassification\nPresent; regularProfileOther names\nSusan Delilah BanksKristen BlakeSusan Crumb\nshowFamilySiblings\nSister Mary Moira BanksThomas BanksPenelope KentSpouse\nJohn Black (1997)Edmund Crumb (1998–?)Sons\nEJ DiMeraGrandchildren\nJohnny DiMeraSydney DiMera"
] | [
"Stacy Haiduk"
] |
1274397435003487883 | The Expanse (TV series) | The Expanse ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Expanse ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Expanse Genre Science fiction Drama Based on The Expanse series of novels by James S.A. Corey Developed by Mark Fergus Hawk Ostby Starring Thomas Jane Steven Strait Cas Anvar Dominique Tipper Wes Chatham Paulo Costanzo Florence Faivre Shawn Doyle Shohreh Aghdashloo Frankie Adams Composer ( s ) Clinton Shorter Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 25 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Broderick Johnson Andrew Kosove Sharon Hall Sean Daniel Jason F. Brown Mark Fergus Hawk Ostby Naren Shankar Producer ( s ) Daniel Abraham Ty Franck Lynn Raynor Ben Cook Dan Nowak Steven Strait ( season 3 ) Location ( s ) Toronto , Canada Running time 42 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Penguin in a Parka SeanDanielCo Alcon Entertainment Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Legendary Entertainment ( international distribution ) Release Original network Syfy Picture format 480i 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 Original release November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) -- present External links Website The Expanse is an American science fiction television series on Syfy , developed by Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby , based on the series of novels by Daniel Abraham and Ty Franck ( writing under the pseudonym James S.A. Corey ) . Set in a future where humanity has colonized the Solar System , it follows United Nations executive Chrisjen Avasarala ( Shohreh Aghdashloo ) , police detective Josephus Miller ( Thomas Jane ) , and ship 's officer Jim Holden ( Steven Strait ) and his crew as they unravel a conspiracy that threatens peace in the system and the survival of humanity . The series premiered on demand on November 23 , 2015 , and on Syfy on December 14 , 2015 . In March 2017 , Syfy renewed The Expanse for a 13 - episode third season , which premiered April 11 , 2018 . The series received positive reviews from critics , who highlighted its beautiful visuals , well - developed characters , and thrilling political narrative . It has received a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation as well as a Saturn Award nomination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Music 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Season 1 6.2 Season 2 6.3 Season 3 6.4 Ratings 6.5 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Two hundred years in the future , in a fully colonized Solar System , police detective Josephus Miller ( Thomas Jane ) , born on Ceres in the asteroid belt , is assigned to find a missing young woman , Juliette `` Julie '' Andromeda Mao ( Florence Faivre ) . James Holden ( Steven Strait ) , the Executive Officer of the ice hauler Canterbury , is involved in a tragic incident that threatens to destabilize the uneasy peace between Earth , Mars and the Belt . On Earth , Chrisjen Avasarala ( Shohreh Aghdashloo ) , a United Nations executive , works to prevent war between Earth and Mars by any means necessary . Soon , the three find out that the missing woman and the ice hauler 's fate are part of a vast conspiracy that threatens all humanity . Cast and characters ( edit ) Thomas Jane , Steven Strait , Cas Anvar Dominique Tipper , Florence Faivre , Shohreh Aghdashloo Main ( edit ) Thomas Jane as Josephus `` Joe '' Aloisus Miller , a Belter detective on Ceres assigned to find Julie Mao ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Steven Strait as James `` Jim '' Holden , the Earther captain of the Rocinante , formerly the executive officer of the Canterbury Cas Anvar as Alex Kamal , the Martian pilot of the Rocinante , formerly the pilot of the Canterbury Dominique Tipper as Naomi Nagata , the Belter engineer of the Rocinante , formerly an engineer of the Canterbury Wes Chatham as Amos Burton , the Earther mechanic of the Rocinante , formerly a mechanic of the Canterbury Paulo Costanzo as Shed Garvey , the Canterbury 's medical technician ( season 1 ) Florence Faivre as Juliette `` Julie '' Andromeda Mao , the missing daughter of business tycoon Jules - Pierre Mao ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Shawn Doyle as Sadavir Errinwright , UN Undersecretary of Executive Administration Shohreh Aghdashloo as Chrisjen Avasarala , UN Deputy Undersecretary of Executive Administration Frankie Adams as Roberta `` Bobbie '' Draper , a Martian Marine gunnery sergeant ( season 2 -- present ) Recurring ( edit ) Chad L. Coleman as Frederick `` Fred '' Lucius Johnson , `` The Butcher of Anderson Station , '' a former UNN colonel - turned - leader of the OPA Andrew Rotilio as Diogo Harari , a young Belter from Ceres Athena Karkanis as Octavia `` Tavi '' Muss , Miller 's former partner ( season 1 ) Jared Harris as Anderson Dawes , the OPA 's Ceres liaison François Chau as Jules - Pierre Mao , the owner of Mao - Kwikowski Mercantile , a subsidiary of Protogen , and Julie 's father Jay Hernandez as Dmitri Havelock , Miller 's Earther partner with Star Helix Security ( season 1 ) Lola Glaudini as Shaddid , the captain of Star Helix Security 's Ceres detachment ( season 1 ) Kevin Hanchard as `` Semi '' Sematimba , a detective on Eros , and an old friend of Miller 's ( season 1 ) Martin Roach as Souther , UNN admiral , former UNN Fleet Commander , now commander of the UN 's Jupiter fleet ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Daniel Kash as Antony Dresden , Protogen 's head of biological research ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Brian George as Arjun Avasarala , Chrisjen 's husband Greg Bryk as K. Lopez , a MCRN lieutenant assigned to the MCRN Donnager ( season 1 ) Elias Toufexis as Kenzo Gabriel , a corporate spy on Tycho Station ( season 1 ) Nick E. Tarabay as Cotyar , a security professional working for Avasarala ( season 2 -- present ) Cara Gee as Drummer , Johnson 's Belter second - in - command ( season 2 -- present ) Mpho Koaho as Richard Travis , an Earth - born MMC private in Draper 's squad ( season 2 ) Sarah Allen as Hillman , a MMC private in Draper 's squad ( season 2 ) Dewshane Williams as Sa'id , a MMC corporal in Draper 's squad ( season 2 ) Peter Outerbridge as Martens , a MCRN captain assigned to the MCRN Scirocco ( season 2 ) Conrad Pla as Janus , a UN colonel assigned to the UNS Arboghast ( season 2 ) Byron Mann as Augusto Nguyễn , a UNN admiral ( season 2 ) Ted Whittall as Michael Iturbi , a UN scientist assigned to the UNS Arboghast ( season 2 ) Terry Chen as Praxideke `` Prax '' Meng , a Ganymedian botanist ( season 2 -- present ) Leah Jung as Mei Meng , Prax 's daughter ( season 2 -- present ) Ted Atherton as Lawrence Strickland , a Protogen pediatrician on Ganymede ( season 2 -- present ) Jonathan Whittaker as Esteban Sorrento - Gillis , UN Secretary General ( season 2 -- present ) Elizabeth Mitchell as Rev. Dr. Annushka `` Anna '' Volovodov , a Europan Methodist pastor ( season 3 ) David Strathairn as Klaes Ashford ( season 3 ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Expanse episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 13 February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) April 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 19 ) 13 April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) TBA Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The Expanse is based on the novel series of the same name by James S.A. Corey , a pen name of the authors Daniel Abraham and Ty Franck , who also serve as writers and producers for the show . The first novel , Leviathan Wakes ( 2011 ) , was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel and Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel . On April 11 , 2014 , Syfy announced a straight - to - series commitment to a television adaptation of the book series , and ordered the production of 10 one - hour - long episodes for the first season . On that date Syfy President Dave Howe commented : `` The Expanse is epic in scale and scope and promises to be Syfy 's most ambitious series to date '' . Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby wrote the pilot , directed by Terry McDonough , and serve as writers and showrunners alongside Naren Shankar . Produced by Alcon Television and The Sean Daniel Company , principal photography started on October 29 , 2014 , in Toronto . The pilot episode was screened at San Diego Comic - Con in July 2015 . In May 2015 , before the first season aired , writing commenced for a second season , which was ordered in December 2015 . The second season of The Expanse premiered on February 1 , 2017 . On March 16 , 2017 , The Expanse was renewed by Syfy for a 13 - episode third season to air in 2018 . Filming for season 3 began on July 12 , 2017 . Four digital comics based on the books and tying into the television series have been published by ComiXology . The first focuses on the origin of James Holden and was released February 1 , 2017 . The next three , highlighting the origins of other characters are : Naomi Nagata , released April 19 , 2017 ; Alex Kamal , released May 24 , 2017 ; and Amos Burton , released July 12 , 2017 . The show 's title sequence was animated and directed by Australian studio Breeder and its VFX team . Music ( edit ) The show 's soundtrack was composed by Clinton Shorter . The complete soundtrack dubbed The Expanse Season 1 -- The Original Television Soundtrack , consisting of nineteen tracks , was released by Lakeshore Records , on May 20 , 2016 via iTunes , and on May 26 , 2016 via Amazon . Release ( edit ) In the United States , The Expanse is broadcast by Syfy and streams on Amazon Prime . In Canada , the series airs on Space and streams on CraveTV . In New Zealand , the series airs on Sky . In all other countries where Netflix is available , seasons 1 and 2 can be streamed . Reception ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Hawk Ostby accepting the Hugo Award at Worldcon in Helsinki 2017 The first season received a rating of 65 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 23 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a score of 76 % with an average rating of 7.12 out of 10 based on 42 reviews which summarized critics ' consensus as follows : `` The Expanse blends sci - fi elements and detective noir into a visually compelling whole , though it takes a few episodes for the story to capture viewers ' intrigue . '' Reporting on the pilot screening , io9 's Lauren Davis declared herself `` blown away '' by The Expanse , appreciating its `` incredible sense of scale '' and its `` deeply thought out future world that reflects on our present one , with high production values and characters who speak and act like real people '' . Max Nicholson of IGN characterized the pilot as `` grim and dramatic '' , and a `` very dense hour of television '' , with the terminology and large cast sometimes difficult to follow for viewers unfamiliar with the novels , but highlighted the pilot 's `` gorgeous '' visuals and effects reminiscent of Battlestar Galactica , Dune and Firefly . Writing for Variety , Maureen Ryan was unimpressed by the first four episodes `` awkwardly linking a series of somewhat muddled stories '' and the series ' stereotypical characters , but credited it with tackling `` issues of class , representation and exploitation '' , and a convincing design . At Tor.com , Justin Landon highlighted The Expanse 's `` bold and unique cinematography '' and its claustrophobic , discomforting set designs , as well as the `` extremely faithful '' characterization , but remarked that the patois spoken by the Belters , the natives of the asteroid belt , made the series difficult to follow . Season 2 ( edit ) The second season was also received favorably . On Metacritic , it has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 5 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a score of 95 % with an average rating of 8.83 out of 10 based on 20 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Expanse 's second season offers more of the show 's excellent signature production values while increasing character development and politically thrilling narratives . '' Writing for io9 , Katherine Trendacosta noted how the show had become `` shockingly prescient '' , insofar as many of the issues and ideas explored by The Expanse mirrored contemporary trends in global politics . Brian Tallerico , in `` Why The Expanse Is the Best Sci - FI TV Show You 're Not Watching '' for Rolling Stone , praised the show for its contemporary political relevance and called its willingness to mix tones , and its protagonists , laudable . He summarized that at its core , The Expanse was all about people responding to fear -- fear of the other , fear of the new , fear of inequality , fear of death . Writing for NPR , astrophysicist Adam Frank praised the show and its writers for the scientific realism . He wrote that `` more than any other TV space - themed show , it gets the science right '' , which he found interesting . Season 3 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a score of 100 % with an average rating of 8.75 out of 10 based on 10 reviews . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 10 : 00 pm ( premiere ) Tuesday 10 : 00 pm 10 December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 1.19 February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 0.555 0.703 0.22 Wednesday 10 : 00 pm 13 February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 0.700 April 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 19 ) 0.581 0.562 0.18 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 13 April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 0.653 TBA TBD TBD TBD Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Robert Munroe , Clint Green , Kyle Menzies , Tom Turnbull ( for `` Salvage '' ) Nominated 2017 Directors Guild of Canada Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series Robert Lieberman ( for `` Rock Bottom '' ) Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series The Expanse Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form Mark Fergus , Hawk Ostby and Terry McDonough ( for `` Leviathan Wakes '' ) Won Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Television Series The Expanse Nominated 2018 Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Television Series The Expanse Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The Expanse ' Sets Season 3 Premiere Date ; Unveils Trailer '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weinstein , Shelli ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Steven Strait , Shohreh Aghdashloo to Star in Syfy 's ' The Expanse ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Dominique Tipper , Wes Chatham , More , Round Out ' The Expanse ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Noonan , Kevin ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Syfy 's ' The Expanse ' Adds ' Walking Dead , ' ' Mad Men ' Alums '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Expanse ' Casts Frankie Adams As Bobbie Draper '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Expanse casts Lost star Elizabeth Mitchell in key role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Expanse ' : David Strathairn Cast In Key Role In Syfy Space Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - expanse , the on syfy '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Syfy Gives Straight - to - Series Greenlight to ' The Expanse ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Syfy and Alcon TV Announce Start of Production on The Expanse , New 10 - episode Epic Space Drama '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Expanse ' Renewed For Season 2 By Syfy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , Trent ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Space opera The Expanse officially picked up for second season at Syfy '' . Blastr . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ @ ExpanseSyfy ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` # TheExpanse Season 2 premiere has moved to 2.1. 17 . Happy now , Earthers ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Expanse Renewed for Season 3 '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Breck ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` A small tradition for me is to raise a flag over the set on first shoot day . Today was day 1 of season 3 # TheExpanse '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Shooting ? '' . ACTRA Toronto . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Expanse Origins # 1 ( of 4 ) '' . ComiXology . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breeder Opens `` The Expanse '' for SyFy `` . Stash Magazine . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Expanse -- Season 1 ( Original Television Soundtrack ) -- Clinton Shorter '' . iTunes . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Expanse -- Season 1 ( Original Television Soundtrack ) -- Clinton Shorter '' . Amazon . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Someone Is Finally Streaming The Expanse , the Best Scifi Show of the Year '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Expanse Is Coming To Space , And Here 's Why You Should Be Excited '' . Space . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Intergalactic War Continues on Season 2 of Hit Space Series THE EXPANSE , Premiering February 1 '' . Bell Media . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Expanse is the new sci - fi show you 're about to binge on '' . New Zealand Herald . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Space Drama ' The Expanse ' Acquired By Netflix For Global Distribution '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Expanse : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Expanse : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Lauren ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Expanse Is the Show We 've Been Wanting Since Battlestar Galactica '' . i09 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Comic - Con 2015 : Syfy Debuts Thomas Jane 's New Series The Expanse '' . IGN . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` TV Review : ' The Expanse ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Landon , Justin ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` A Risky Adaptation : Syfy 's The Expanse '' . Tor.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Expanse : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Expanse : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Expanse Is Back , and It 's Become Disturbingly Prescient '' . io9 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tallerico , Brian ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' The Expanse ' Is the Best Sci - FI TV Show You 're Not Watching -- How Syfy 's series about Martian colonies , missing - person cases and interstellar class warfare is slowly turning into a must - see gem '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Adam ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sci - Fi Show ' The Expanse ' Preps Us For The Future '' . NPR . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Expanse : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' The Expanse ' premiere not that expansive , ' Monday Night Football ' leads '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Expanse : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Expanse : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Directors Guild of Canada Awards Nominees Announced '' . Directors Guild of Canada . June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Hugo Awards '' . Hugo Awards . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Expanse on IMDb James S.A. Corey 's The Expanse series Novels Leviathan Wakes ( 2011 ) Caliban 's War ( 2012 ) Abaddon 's Gate ( 2013 ) Cibola Burn ( 2014 ) Nemesis Games ( 2015 ) Babylon 's Ashes ( 2016 ) Persepolis Rising ( 2017 ) Adaptation Television series Syfy original programming Former 1990s debuts The Animation Station ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Cartoon Quest ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Farscape ( 1999 -- 2003 ) First Wave ( 1998 -- 2001 ) FTL Newsfeed ( 1992 -- 96 ) Good vs. Evil ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Mission Genesis ( 1997 ) Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Poltergeist : The Legacy ( 1999 ) Sightings ( 1996 -- 98 ) Sliders ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Welcome to Paradox ( 1998 ) 2000s debuts Andromeda ( 2000 -- 05 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 -- 09 ) Black Scorpion ( 2001 ) Cha $ e ( 2008 ) The Chronicle ( 2001 -- 02 ) Destination Truth ( 2007 -- 12 ) Doctor Who ( 2006 -- 09 ) The Dresden Files ( 2007 ) ECW ( 2006 -- 10 ) Estate of Panic ( 2008 ) Eureka ( 2006 -- 12 ) Exposure ( 2000 -- 02 ) Flash Gordon ( 2007 -- 08 ) Ghost Hunters ( 2004 - 2016 ) Ghost Hunters Academy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Ghost Hunters International ( 2008 -- 12 ) The Invisible Man ( 2000 -- 02 ) Mad Mad House ( 2004 ) The Outer Limits ( 2001 -- 02 ) Painkiller Jane ( 2007 ) Proof Positive ( 2004 ) Sanctuary ( 2008 -- 11 ) Scare Tactics ( 2003 -- 13 ) The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne ( 2000 ) Stargate SG - 1 ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Stargate Atlantis ( 2004 -- 09 ) Stargate Universe ( 2009 -- 11 ) Tremors ( 2003 ) Tripping the Rift ( 2004 -- 05 ) Warehouse 13 ( 2009 -- 14 ) WCG Ultimate Gamer ( 2009 -- 10 ) Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 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( since 2017 ) Killjoys ( since 2015 ) Krypton ( since 2018 ) The Magicians ( since 2015 ) Paranormal Witness ( since 2011 ) Superstition ( since 2017 ) Van Helsing ( since 2016 ) Wynonna Earp ( since 2016 ) Z Nation ( since 2014 ) Upcoming Deadly Class ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( 2018 ) The Purge ( TBA ) Camera Ready ( TBA ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form `` Conversations with Dead People '' ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) ( 2003 ) Gollum 's Acceptance Speech at the 2003 MTV Movie Awards ( 2004 ) `` 33 '' ( Battlestar Galactica ) ( 2005 ) `` The Empty Child '' / `` The Doctor Dances '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2006 ) `` The Girl in the Fireplace '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2007 ) `` Blink '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2008 ) Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog ( 2009 ) `` The Waters of Mars '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2010 ) `` The Pandorica Opens '' / `` The Big Bang '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2011 ) `` The Doctor 's Wife '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2012 ) `` Blackwater '' ( Game of Thrones ) ( 2013 ) `` The Rains of Castamere '' ( Game of Thrones ) ( 2014 ) `` By Means Which Have Never Yet Been Tried '' ( Orphan Black ) ( 2015 ) `` AKA Smile '' ( Jessica Jones ) ( 2016 ) `` Leviathan Wakes '' ( The Expanse ) ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Expanse_(TV_series)&oldid=837277797 '' Categories : 2010s American science fiction television series 2015 American television series debuts Asteroid mining in fiction Augmented reality in fiction Ceres ( dwarf planet ) in fiction English - language television programs Main - belt asteroids in fiction Mars in television Science fiction television series Space adventure television series Syfy original programs Television programs based on American novels Television series by Universal Television Television series produced in Toronto Television series set in the 23rd century The Expanse Water scarcity in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Kurdî 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 20 : 35 . 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"The Expanse\nGenre\n\nScience fiction\nDrama\nBased on\nThe Expanse series of novelsby James S. A. CoreyDeveloped by\n\nMark Fergus\nHawk Ostby\nStarring\n\nThomas Jane\nSteven Strait\nCas Anvar\nDominique Tipper\nWes Chatham\nPaulo Costanzo\nFlorence Faivre\nShawn Doyle\nShohreh Aghdashloo\nFrankie Adams\nComposer(s)\nClinton ShorterCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n3No. of episodes\n25 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nBroderick Johnson\nAndrew Kosove\nSharon Hall\nSean Daniel\nJason F. Brown\nMark Fergus\nHawk Ostby\nNaren Shankar\nProducer(s)\n\nDaniel Abraham\nTy Franck\nLynn Raynor\nBen Cook\nDan Nowak\nSteven Strait (season 3)\nLocation(s)\nToronto, CanadaRunning time\n42–44 minutesProduction company(s)\n\nPenguin in a Parka\nSeanDanielCo\nAlcon Entertainment\nDistributor\n\nNBCUniversal Television Distribution\nLegendary Entertainment (international distribution)\nReleaseOriginal network\nSyfyPicture format\n\n480i\n1080i (HDTV)\nAudio format\n5.1Original release\nNovember 23, 2015 (2015-11-23) – presentExternal links\nWebsite"
] | [
"November 23, 2015"
] |
-7916993146654476419 | Microchip implant (animal) | Microchip implant ( animal ) - wikipedia Microchip implant ( animal ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For use in humans , see Microchip implant ( human ) . Microchip implant in a cat . An RFID chip ( also known as PIT tag ) next to a grain of rice . A microchip implant is an identifying integrated circuit placed under the skin of an animal . The chip , about the size of a large grain of rice , uses passive RFID ( Radio Frequency Identification ) technology , and is also known as a PIT ( Passive Integrated Transponder ) tag . Externally attached microchips such as RFID ear tags are commonly used to identify farm and ranch animals , with the exception of horses . Some external microchips can be read with the same scanner used with implanted chips . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses and benefits 2 Usage 3 Components of a microchip 4 Implant location 5 Animal species 6 Worldwide use 7 Cross-compatibility and standards issues 8 Reported adverse reactions 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Uses and benefits ( edit ) Animal shelters , animal control officers and veterinarians routinely look for microchips to return lost pets quickly to their owners , avoiding expenses for housing , food , medical care , outplacing and euthanasia . Many shelters place chips in all outplaced animals . Microchips are also used by kennels , breeders , brokers , trainers , registries , rescue groups , humane societies , clinics , farms , stables , animal clubs and associations , researchers , and pet stores . Microchips can activate some pet doors programmed to recognize specific animals . Some countries require microchips in imported animals to match vaccination records . Microchip tagging may also be required for CITES - regulated international trade in certain endangered animals : for example , Asian Arowana are tagged to limit import to captive - bred fish . Also , birds not banded who cross international borders as pets or for trade must be microchipped so that each bird is uniquely identifiable . Usage ( edit ) Information about the implant is often imprinted on a collar tag worn by a pet Microchips can be implanted by a veterinarian or at a shelter . After checking that the animal does not already have a chip , the vet or technician injects the chip with a syringe and records the chip 's unique ID . No anesthetic is required it is a simple procedure and causes little discomfort : the pain is minimal and short - lived . A test scan ensures correct operation . An enrollment form is completed with chip ID , owner contact information , pet name and description , shelter and / or veterinarian contact information , and an alternate emergency contact designated by the pet owner . Some shelters and vets designate themselves as the primary contact to remain informed about possible problems with the animals they place . The form is sent to a registry , who may be the chip manufacturer , distributor or an independent entity such as a pet recovery service . Some countries have a single official national database . For a fee , the registry typically provides 24 - hour , toll - free telephone service for the life of the pet . Some veterinarians leave registration to the owner , usually done online , but a chip without current contact information is essentially useless . The owner receives a registration certificate with the chip ID and recovery service contact information . The information can also be imprinted on a collar tag worn by the animal . Like an automobile title , the certificate serves as proof of ownership and is transferred with the animal when it is sold or traded ; an animal without a certificate could be stolen . Authorities and shelters examine strays for chips , providing the recovery service with the ID number , description and location so they may notify the owner or contact . If the pet is wearing the collar tag , the finder does not need a chip reader to contact the registry . An owner can also report a missing pet to the recovery service , as vets look for chips in new animals and check with the recovery service to see if it has been reported lost or stolen . Many veterinarians scan an animal 's chip on every visit to verify correct operation . Some use the chip ID as their database index and print it on receipts , test results , vaccination certifications and other records . Some veterinary tests and procedures require positive identification of the animal , and a microchip may be acceptable for this purpose as an alternative to a tattoo . Components of a microchip ( edit ) A microchip implant is a passive RFID device . Lacking an internal power source , it remains inert until it is powered by the scanner . Most implants contain three elements : a ' chip ' or integrated circuit ; a coil inductor , possibly with a ferrite core ; and a capacitor . The chip contains unique identification data and electronic circuits to encode that information . The coil acts as the secondary winding of a transformer , receiving power inductively coupled to it from the scanner . The coil and capacitor together form a resonant LC circuit tuned to the frequency of the scanner 's oscillating magnetic field to produce power for the chip . The chip then transmits its data back through the coil to the scanner . Example of an RFID scanner used with animal microchip implants . These components are encased in biocompatible soda lime or borosilicate glass and hermetically sealed . Barring rare complications , dogs and cats are unaffected by them . Implant location ( edit ) In dogs and cats , chips are usually inserted below the skin at the back of the neck between the shoulder blades on the dorsal midline . According to one reference , continental European pets get the implant in the left side of the neck . The chip can often be felt under the skin . Thin layers of connective tissue form around the implant and hold it in place . Horses are microchipped on the left side of the neck , halfway between the poll and withers and approximately one inch below the midline of the mane , into the nuchal ligament . Birds are implanted in their breast muscles . Proper restraint is necessary so the operation requires either two people ( an avian veterinarian and a veterinary technician ) or general anesthesia . Implanted microchips can distort magnetic resonance imaging ( MRIs ) , including those of the spinal cord . Animal species ( edit ) Horse microchipping Many animal species have been microchipped , including cockatiels and other parrots , horses , llamas , alpacas , goats , sheep , miniature pigs , rabbits , deer , ferrets , penguins , sharks , snakes , lizards , alligators , turtles , toads , frogs , rare fish , chimpanzees , mice , and prairie dogs -- even whales and elephants . The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service uses microchipping in its research of wild bison , black - footed ferrets , grizzly bears , elk , white - tailed deer , giant land tortoises and armadillos . Worldwide use ( edit ) Microchips are not yet universal , but they are legally required in some jurisdictions such as the state of New South Wales , Australia and the United Kingdom ( for dogs , since 6 April 2016 ) . Some countries , such as Japan , require ISO - compliant microchips or a compatible reader on imported dogs and cats . In New Zealand , all dogs first registered after 1 July 2006 must be microchipped . Farmers protested that farm dogs should be exempt , drawing a parallel to the Dog Tax War of 1898 . Farm dogs were exempted from microchipping in an amendment to the legislation passed in June 2006 . A National Animal Identification and Tracing scheme in New Zealand is currently being developed for tracking livestock . In April 2012 Northern Ireland became the first part of the United Kingdom to require microchipping of individually licensed dogs . Dog microchipping became mandatory in England on 6 April 2016 . In Israel , microchips in dogs are mandatory . Australia has a National Livestock Identification System . The United States uses the National Animal Identification System for farm and ranch animals other than dogs and cats . In most species except horses , an external eartag is typically used in lieu of an implant microchip . Eartags with microchips or simply stamped with a visible number can be used . Both use ISO 15 digit microchip numbers with the U.S. country code of 840 . Cross-compatibility and standards issues ( edit ) In most countries , pet ID chips adhere to an international standard to promote compatibility between chips and scanners . In the United States , however , three proprietary types of chips compete along with the international standard . Scanners distributed to United States shelters and veterinarians well into 2006 could each read at most three of the four types . Scanners with quad - read capability are now available and are increasingly considered required equipment . Older scanner models will be in use for some time , so United States pet owners must still choose between a chip with good coverage by existing scanners and one compatible with the international standard . The four types include : The ISO Conformant Full Duplex type has the greatest international acceptance . It is common in many countries including Europe ( since the late 1990s ) and Canada . It is one of two chip protocol types ( along with the `` Half Duplex '' type sometimes used in farm and ranch animals ) that conform to International Organization for Standardization standards ISO 11784 & 11785 . To support international / multivendor application , the 3 - digit country code can contain an assigned ISO country code or a manufacturer code from 900 to 998 plus its identifying serial number . In the United States , distribution of this type has been controversial . When 24PetWatch.com began distributing them in 2003 ( and more famously Banfield Pet Hospitals in 2004 ) many shelter scanners could n't read them . ( Some still ca n't ; asking local shelters about this is still a good idea . ) At least one Banfield - chipped pet was inadvertently euthanized . The Trovan Unique type is another pet chip protocol type in use since 1990 in pets in the United States . Patent problems forced the withdrawal of Trovan 's implanter device from United States distribution and they became uncommon in pets in the United States , although Trovan 's original registry database `` infopet.biz '' remained in operation . In early 2007 , the American Kennel Club 's chip registration service , AKC Companion Animal Recovery Corp , which had been the authorized registry for HomeAgain brand chips made by Destron / Digital Angel , began distributing Trovan chips with a different implanter . These chips are read by the Trovan , HomeAgain ( Destron Fearing ) , and Bayer ( Black Label ) readers . Despite multiple offers from Trovan to AVID to license the technology to read the Trovan chips , AVID continues to distribute readers that do not read Trovan or the ISO compliant chips . A third type sometimes known as FECAVA or Destron is available under various brand names . These include , in the United States , `` Avid Eurochip '' , the common current 24PetWatch chips , and the original ( and still popular ) style of HomeAgain chips . ( HomeAgain and 24Petwatch can now supply the true ISO chip instead on request . ) Chips of this type have 10 digit ( hexadecimal ) chip numbers . This `` FECAVA '' type is readable on a wide variety of scanners in the United States and has been less controversial , although its level of adherence to the ISO standards is sometimes exaggerated in some descriptions . The ISO standard has an annex ( appendix ) recommending that three older chip types be supported by scanners , including a 35 - bit `` FECAVA '' / `` Destron '' type . The common Eurochip / HomeAgain chips do n't agree perfectly with the annex description , although the differences are sometimes considered minor . But the ISO standard also makes it clear that only its 64 - bit `` full - duplex '' and `` half - duplex '' types are `` conformant '' ; even chips ( e.g. , the Trovan Unique ) that match one of the Annex descriptions are not . More visibly , FECAVA can not support the ISO standard 's required country / manufacturer codes . They may be accepted by authorities in many countries where ISO - standard chips are the norm , but not by those requiring literal ISO conformance . Finally , there 's the AVID brand Friendchip type , which is peculiar due to its encryption characteristics . Cryptographic features are not necessarily unwelcome ; few pet rescuers or humane societies would object to a design that outputs an ID number `` in the clear '' for anyone to read , along with authentication features for detection of counterfeit chips , but the authentication in `` Friendchips '' has been found lacking and rather easy to spoof to the AVID scanner . Although no authentication encryption is involved , obfuscation requires proprietary information to convert transmitted chip data to its original label ID code . Well into 2006 , scanners containing the proprietary decryption were provided to the United States market only by AVID and Destron / Digital Angel ; Destron / Digital Angel put the decryption feature in some , but not all , of its scanners , possibly as early as 1996 . ( For years , its scanners distributed to shelters through HomeAgain usually had full decryption , while many sold to veterinarians would only state that an AVID chip had been found . ) Well into 2006 , both were resisting calls from consumers and welfare group officials to bring scanners to the United States shelter community combining AVID decryption capability with the ability to read ISO - compliant chips . Some complained that AVID itself had long marketed combination pet scanners compatible with all common pet chips except possibly Trovan outside the United States . By keeping them out of the United States , it could be considered partly culpable in the missed - ISO chips problem others blamed on Banfield . In 2006 , the European manufacturer Datamars , a supplier of ISO chips used by Banfield and others , gained access to the decryption secrets and began supplying scanners with them to United States customers . This `` Black Label '' scanner was the first four - standard full - multi pet scanner in the United States market . Later in 2006 , Digital Angel announced that it would supply a full - multi scanner in the United States . In 2008 AVID announced a `` breakthrough '' scanner , although as of October 2010 AVID 's is still so uncommon that it 's unclear whether it supports the Trovan chip . Trovan also acquired the decryption technology in 2006 or earlier , and now provides it in scanners distributed in the United States by AKC - CAR . ( Some are quad - read , but others lack full ISO support . ) Numerous references in print state that the incompatibilities between different chip types are a matter of `` frequency '' . One may find claims that early ISO adopters in the United States endangered their customers ' pets by giving them ISO chips that work at a `` different frequency '' from the local shelter 's scanner , or that the United States government considered forcing an incompatible frequency change . These claims were little challenged by manufacturers and distributors of ISO chips , although later evidence suggests the claims were disinformation . In fact , all chips operate at the scanner 's frequency . Although ISO chips are optimized for 134.2 kHz , in practice they are readable at 125 kHz and the `` 125 kHz '' chips are readable at 134.2 kHz . Confirmation comes from government filings that indicate the supposed `` multi-frequency '' scanners now commonly available are really single - frequency scanners operating at 125 , 134.2 or 128 kHz . In particular , the United States HomeAgain scanner did n't change excitation frequency when ISO - read capability was added ; it 's still a single frequency , 125 kHz scanner . Scanner Compatibility table for chip types used in pets Expected results for chip type ( OK = Good read NR = No read DO = Detect Only with no number given ) Scanner to test ISO Conformant Full Duplex chip AVID Encrypted `` FriendChip '' Original U.S. HomeAgain , AVID Eurochip , or FECAVA `` Trovan Unique '' and current AKC CAR chips Minimal ISO Conformant Scanner ( also must read HALF Duplex chips common in livestock ear tags ) OK NR NR NR AVID Basic U.S. Scanner NR OK NR NR AVID Deluxe U.S. Scanner NR OK OK NR AVID Universal Scanner sold outside U.S. OK OK OK NR Assumed AVID MiniTracker Pro Scanner announced August 2008 OK OK OK NR according to some ( Few have seen one . ) Various vintages of U.S. HomeAgain `` Universal '' Shelter Scanners by Destron / Digital Angel Corp . NR , DO , or OK OK OK Possibly all OK Typical Destron / Digital Angel Corp . U.S. Veterinarian 's scanner pre-2007 NR DO OK DO Trovan LID - 560 - MULTI per mfr . specifications on Web OK OK OK OK U.S. Trovan Pocket Scanner per AKC - CAR Web Site DO OK OK OK U.S. Trovan ProScan700 per AKC - CAR Web Site OK OK OK OK Original 2006 Datamars Black Label Scanner OK OK OK OK but Reliability Questioned Datamars Black Label Scanner `` classypets '' model OK NR or DO ? OK OK but Reliability Questioned Banfield - Distributed 2004 - 2005 Vintage Datamars Scanners OK Possibly all DO OK Possibly all OK but Reliability Questioned ( Undocumented Feature ) Datamars Minimax and Micromax OK NR NR NR Typical Homemade Scanner OK OK but extra step required ( web - based decryption service ) OK OK ( For users requiring Shelter - Grade certainty , this table is not a substitute for testing the scanner with a set of specimen chips . One study cites problems with certain Trovan chips on the Datamars Black Label scanner . In general , the study found none of the tested scanners to read all four standards without some deficiency . The study predates the most recent scanner models , however . ) Reported adverse reactions ( edit ) RFID chips are used in animal research , and at least three studies conducted since the 1990s have reported tumors at the site of implantation in laboratory mice and rats . Noted veterinary associations responded with continued support for the procedure as reasonably safe for cats and dogs , pointing to rates of serious complications on the order of one in a million in the U.K. , which has a system for tracking such adverse reactions and has chipped over 3.7 million pet dogs . A recent study found no safety concerns for microchipped animals with RFID chips undergoing MRI at one Tesla magnetic field strength . In 2011 a microchip - associated fibrosarcoma was reported found in the neck of a 9 - year old , neutered - male cat . Histological examination was consistent with postinjection sarcoma , but all prior vaccinations occurred in the hindlegs . See also ( edit ) Microchip implant ( human ) PositiveID Proximity card Pet recovery service Remote - controlled animal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For display , typically the three country / manufacturer code digits are followed by twelve digits of serial number to make a 15 - digit numeric string . Jump up ^ Curiously , an actual matching descriptive specification from the Federation of European Companion Animal Veterinary Associations , or one from Destron Corporation , remains illusive . Jump up ^ The differences are obvious and easily surmounted by someone trying to make a scanner for a FECAVA chip specimen , so the Annex is still quite useful . ( The actual FECAVA frequency - modulated signals are inverted ( backwards ) from the Annex specification . ) Jump up ^ This is found in clauses 2 and 6 of ISO 11785 ; the two actual conformant 64 - bit types are described in clauses 6.1 and 6.2 . Jump up ^ Few of the petitioners bothered to ask AVID to add Trovan - chip compatibility at that time , as these chips would remain uncommon and obscure until 2007 in the U.S. Jump up ^ In addition to its current scanners with full support for ISO full duplex chips , and maybe ten years production of earlier scanners with no ISO support , Destron / Digital Angel Corp. is also reported to have made in - between models circa 2006 , one that gives a detection indication , but no number for ISO chips , and one model that gives either simple detection or full number readout , depending perhaps on the chip 's manufacturer or some other factor . These models may be hard to discern without many specimen chips ; upgrades may be available , especially to current customer partners of HomeAgain . Jump up ^ A mention of a chip type called `` AVID Travelchip '' has been removed from this heading . It appears that `` Travelchip '' was actually a trademark not of AVID itself but of a chip distributor , which used it as a blanket term for several different chip types sold in value - added kits - firstly AVID Eurochips , later HomeAgain types both regular and ISO . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ www.surepetcare.com . `` Award Winning Microchip Cat Flaps & Feeders from SureFlap '' . www.sureflap.co.uk . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why is it important to ensure my pet is microchipped ? - RSPCA Australia knowledgebase '' . kb.rspca.org.au . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Microchip Implantation Sites ( World Small Animal Veterinary Association ) . Jump up ^ Saito M , Ono S , Kayanuma H , Honnami M , Muto M , Une Y ( May 2010 ) . `` Evaluation of the susceptibility artifacts and tissue injury caused by implanted microchips in dogs on 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging '' . J. Vet . Med . Sci. 72 ( 5 ) : 575 -- 81 . doi : 10.1292 / jvms. 09 - 0386 . PMID 20086326 . Jump up ^ `` WSAVA - Australian Microchip Standard '' . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dog microchipping law brings fines risk '' . 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Entering Japan : Dogs & Cats . Jump up ^ Masters , Catherine ( 25 March 2006 ) . `` The year of the dog war '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Farm Dogs Exempted from Microchipping Jump up ^ `` NI first on law to microchip dogs '' . 8 April 2012 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Dog microchipping becomes compulsory across UK '' . BBC News . 2016 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Pet 's Death Rekindles Electronic ID Debate in JAVMA News Jump up ^ Trovan Chips Adopted by Los Angeles in 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Open Letter to Hannis Stoddard '' . www.rfidnews.com . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` B '' Country List ( Search for `` Home Again microchips are ISO compatible '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ ISO Standards Discussion ( Search for `` as compliant '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ The TRAVELchip Single ( Search for `` Complies with '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ ISO Standards Combined Text ( `` FECAVA '' discussion starts on page 16 of the PDF file . ) Jump up ^ Pet 's Death Rekindles Electronic ID Debate in JAVMA News ( Search for `` best '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ APHIS Comment Submission from Digital Angel Corp ( page 2 , item 4 in the referenced . doc file . ) Jump up ^ Avid Announces New Scanner to Reunite More Lost Pets with Their Families Jump up ^ U.S. FCC database search form ( Submit the form with `` Grantee Code '' and `` Product Code '' for each individual scanner ; for the new universal Digital Angel / HomeAgain Scanner , still operating at 125 kHz codes `` C5S '' and `` HS9250L '' ; for a recent AVID scanner , operating at 134.2 kHz , codes `` IOL '' and `` - 134 - AV1034I '' . ) Jump up ^ Descriptions of AVID Scanners ( Search for `` only the AVID '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ Test Results from American Humane ( Search for `` in use in canada '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ Avid Announces New Scanner . Jump up ^ Test Results from American Humane ( Search for `` unless vet is with a shelter '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ Trovan Multi Scanner specifications ( Apparently applies to models sold outside U.S. ) Jump up ^ Using The AKC - CAR Multi-System Pocket Scanner ( U.S. Model says `` Detect Only '' on ISO chip type . ) Jump up ^ AKC CAR Scanners Jump up ^ Datamars Multi Scanner specifications . Jump up ^ Datamars Multi Scanner specifications . Jump up ^ Datamars Scanner Descriptions . Jump up ^ Software for Homemade Scanners - Chip Type Listing . Jump up ^ Nov. 2007 Scanner Evaluation from EID Limited . Jump up ^ Lewan , Todd . `` Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumors '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Position Statement from World Small Animal Veterinary Association . Jump up ^ Baker , Martin A. ; MacDonald , Iain ( 2011 ) . `` Evaluation of veterinary radiofrequency identification devices at 1T '' . Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 52 ( 2 ) : 161 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1740 - 8261.2010. 01762. x . Jump up ^ Carminato A , Vascellari M , Marchioro W , Melchiotti E , Mutinelli F ( December 2011 ) . `` Microchip - associated fibrosarcoma in a cat '' . Vet . Dermatol. 22 ( 6 ) : 565 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3164.2011. 00975. x . PMID 21535253 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microchip implant . A1 ID Systems : Manufacturer of microchip identification for animals . Lost Pet Found After 13 Years ( Apparently the current record for this type of story ) `` Injunction on Microchip Sales '' . Pet Age . January 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 . Microchip Frequently Asked Questions Petlog SmartChip PETtrac Tracer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microchip_implant_(animal)&oldid=813211497 '' Categories : Cat equipment Dog equipment Dogs as pets Radio - frequency identification Identification of domesticated animals Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 12 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the chip located on a dog | [
"In dogs and cats, chips are usually inserted below the skin at the back of the neck between the shoulder blades on the dorsal midline. According to one reference, continental European pets get the implant in the left side of the neck.[3] The chip can often be felt under the skin. Thin layers of connective tissue form around the implant and hold it in place."
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"below the skin at the back of the neck between the shoulder blades on the dorsal midline"
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1655956763161167802 | Material requirements planning | Material requirements planning - wikipedia Material requirements planning Jump to : navigation , search This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( April 2017 ) Material requirements planning ( MRP ) is a production planning , scheduling , and inventory control system used to manage manufacturing processes . Most MRP systems are software - based , but it is possible to conduct MRP by hand as well . An MRP system is intended to simultaneously meet three objectives : Ensure materials are available for production and products are available for delivery to customers . Maintain the lowest possible material and product levels in store Plan manufacturing activities , delivery schedules and purchasing activities . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 The scope of MRP in manufacturing 2.1 Dependent demand vs independent demand 2.2 Data 2.3 Outputs 2.4 Methods to find order quantities 2.5 Mathematical formulation 3 Problems with MRP systems 3.1 Solutions to data integrity issues 4 Demand driven MRP 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Prior to MRP , and before computers dominated industry , reorder point ( ROP ) / reorder - quantity ( ROQ ) type methods like EOQ ( economic order quantity ) had been used in manufacturing and inventory management . MRP was created initially to supply the Polaris program then , in 1964 , as a response to the Toyota Manufacturing Program , Joseph Orlicky developed material requirements planning ( MRP ) . The first company to use MRP was Black & Decker in 1964 , with Dick Alban as project leader . Orlicky 's 1975 book Material Requirements Planning has the subtitle The New Way of Life in Production and Inventory Management . By 1975 , MRP was implemented in 700 companies . This number had grown to about 8,000 by 1981 . In 1983 , Oliver Wight developed MRP into manufacturing resource planning ( MRP II ) . In the 1980s , Joe Orlicky 's MRP evolved into Oliver Wight 's manufacturing resource planning ( MRP II ) which brings master scheduling , rough - cut capacity planning , capacity requirements planning , S&OP in 1983 and other concepts to classical MRP . By 1989 , about one third of the software industry was MRP II software sold to American industry ( $1.2 billion worth of software ) . The scope of MRP in manufacturing ( edit ) Dependent demand vs independent demand ( edit ) Independent demand is demand originating outside the plant or production system , while dependent demand is demand for components . The bill of materials ( BOM ) specifies the relationship between the end product ( independent demand ) and the components ( dependent demand ) . MRP takes as input the information contained in the BOM . The basic functions of an MRP system include : inventory control , bill of material processing , and elementary scheduling . MRP helps organizations to maintain low inventory levels . It is used to plan manufacturing , purchasing and delivering activities . `` Manufacturing organizations , whatever their products , face the same daily practical problem - that customers want products to be available in a shorter time than it takes to make them . This means that some level of planning is required . '' Companies need to control the types and quantities of materials they purchase , plan which products are to be produced and in what quantities and ensure that they are able to meet current and future customer demand , all at the lowest possible cost . Making a bad decision in any of these areas will make the company lose money . A few examples are given below : If a company purchases insufficient quantities of an item used in manufacturing ( or the wrong item ) it may be unable to meet contract obligations to supply products on time . If a company purchases excessive quantities of an item , money is wasted - the excess quantity ties up cash while it remains as stock that might never be used at all . Beginning production of an order at the wrong time can cause customer deadlines to be missed . MRP is a tool to deal with these problems . It provides answers for several questions : What items are required ? How many are required ? When are they required ? ... MRP can be applied both to items that are purchased from outside suppliers and to sub-assemblies , produced internally , that are components of more complex items . Data ( edit ) The data that must be considered include : The end item ( or items ) being created . This is sometimes called independent demand , or Level `` 0 '' on BOM ( bill of materials ) . How much is required at a time . When the quantities are required to meet demand . Shelf life of stored materials . Inventory status records . Records of net materials available for use already in stock ( on hand ) and materials on order from suppliers . Bills of materials . Details of the materials , components and sub-assemblies required to make each product . Planning data . This includes all the restraints and directions to produce such items as : routing , labor and machine standards , quality and testing standards , pull / work cell and push commands , lot sizing techniques ( i.e. fixed lot size , lot - for - lot , economic order quantity ) , scrap percentages , and other inputs . Outputs ( edit ) There are two outputs and a variety of messages / reports : Output 1 is the `` Recommended Production Schedule . '' This lays out a detailed schedule of the required minimum start and completion dates , with quantities , for each step of the Routing and Bill Of Material required to satisfy the demand from the master production schedule ( MPS ) . Output 2 is the `` Recommended Purchasing Schedule . '' This lays out both the dates on which the purchased items should be received into the facility and the dates on which the purchase orders or blanket order release should occur in order to match the production schedules . Messages and reports : Purchase orders . An order to a supplier to provide materials . Reschedule notices . These recommend cancelling , increasing , delaying or speeding up existing orders . Methods to find order quantities ( edit ) Well - known methods to find order quantities are : Dynamic lot - sizing Silver -- Meal heuristic Least - Unit - Cost heuristic Mathematical formulation ( edit ) MRP can be expressed as an optimal control problem : Initial conditions : x i ′ ( 0 ) = x i 0 ′ ( \ displaystyle x'_ ( i ) ( 0 ) = x'_ ( i0 ) ) i = 1 , ... , J Dynamics : x i ′ ( t + 1 ) = x i ′ ( t ) + z i ( t ) − d i ′ ( t ) − ∑ j ε S u c ( i ) z j ( t + L i j ′ − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle x'_ ( i ) ( t + 1 ) = x'_ ( i ) ( t ) + z_ ( i ) ( t ) - d'_ ( i ) ( t ) - \ sum _ ( j \ epsilon Suc ( i ) ) z_ ( j ) ( t + L'_ ( ij ) - 1 ) ) t = 0 , ... , T - 1 , i = 1 , ... , J Constraints : x i ′ ( t ) ≥ 0 ( \ displaystyle x'_ ( i ) ( t ) \ geq 0 ) t = 1 , ... , T , i = 1 , ... , J z i ( t ) ≥ 0 ( \ displaystyle z_ ( i ) ( t ) \ geq 0 ) t = 0 , ... , T - 1 , i = 1 , ... , J Objective : m i n ∑ i ∑ t = 0 T − 1 ( k i ( t ) δ ( z i ( t ) ) + c i ( t ) z i ( t ) ) + ∑ i ∑ t = 1 T h i ′ ( t ) x i ′ ( t ) ( \ displaystyle min \ sum _ ( i ) \ sum _ ( t = 0 ) ^ ( T - 1 ) \ left ( k_ ( i ) ( t ) \ delta ( z_ ( i ) ( t ) ) + c_ ( i ) ( t ) z_ ( i ) ( t ) \ right ) + \ sum _ ( i ) \ sum _ ( t = 1 ) ^ ( T ) h'_ ( i ) ( t ) x'_ ( i ) ( t ) ) Where x ' is local inventory ( the state ) , z the order size ( the control ) , d is local demand , k represents fixed order costs , c variable order costs , h local inventory holding costs . δ ( ) is the Heaviside function . Changing the dynamics of the problem leads to a multi-item analogue of the dynamic lot - size model . Problems with MRP systems ( edit ) Integrity of the data . If there are any errors in the inventory data , the bill of materials ( commonly referred to as ' BOM ' ) data , or the master production schedule , then the output data will also be incorrect ( `` GIGO '' : garbage in , garbage out ) . Data integrity is also affected by inaccurate cycle count adjustments , mistakes in receiving input and shipping output , scrap not reported , waste , damage , box count errors , supplier container count errors , production reporting errors , and system issues . Many of these type of errors can be minimized by implementing pull systems and using bar code scanning . Most vendors in this type of system recommend at least 99 % data integrity for the system to give useful results . Systems require that the user specify how long it will take for a factory to make a product from its component parts ( assuming they are all available ) . Additionally , the system design also assumes that this `` lead time '' in manufacturing will be the same each time the item is made , without regard to quantity being made , or other items being made simultaneously in the factory . A manufacturer may have factories in different cities or even countries . It is not good for an MRP system to say that we do not need to order some material , because we have plenty of it thousands of miles away . The overall ERP system needs to be able to organize inventory and needs by individual factory and inter-communicate the needs in order to enable each factory to redistribute components to serve the overall enterprise . This means that other systems in the enterprise need to work properly , both before implementing an MRP system and in the future . For example , systems like variety reduction and engineering , which makes sure that product comes out right first time ( without defects ) , must be in place . Production may be in progress for some part , whose design gets changed , with customer orders in the system for both the old design , and the new one , concurrently . The overall ERP system needs to have a system of coding parts such that the MRP will correctly calculate needs and tracking for both versions . Parts must be booked into and out of stores more regularly than the MRP calculations take place . Note , these other systems can well be manual systems , but must interface to the MRP . For example , a ' walk around ' stock intake done just prior to the MRP calculations can be a practical solution for a small inventory ( especially if it is an `` open store '' ) . The other major drawback of MRP is that it fails to account for capacity in its calculations . This means it will give results that are impossible to implement due to manpower , machine or supplier capacity constraints . However this is largely dealt with by MRP II . Generally , MRP II refers to a system with integrated financials . An MRP II system can include finite or infinite capacity planning . But , to be considered a true MRP II system must also include financials . In the MRP II ( or MRP2 ) concept , fluctuations in forecast data are taken into account by including simulation of the master production schedule , thus creating a long - term control . A more general feature of MRP2 is its extension to purchasing , to marketing and to finance ( integration of all the functions of the company ) , ERP has been the next step . Solutions to data integrity issues ( edit ) Bill of material -- The best practice is to physically verify the bill of material either at the production site or by disassembling the product . Cycle count -- The best practice is to determine why a cycle count that increases or decreases inventory has occurred . Find the root cause and correct the problem from occurring again . Scrap reporting -- This can be the most difficult area to maintain with any integrity . Start with isolating the scrap by providing scrap bins at the production site and then record the scrap from the bins on a daily basis . One benefit of reviewing the scrap on site is that preventive action can be taken by the engineering group . Receiving errors -- Manual systems of recording what has been received are error prone . The best practice is to implement the system of receiving by ASN from the supplier . The supplier sends an ASN ( advanced shipping notification ) . When the components are received into the facility , the ASN is processed and then company labels are created for each line item . The labels are affixed to each container and then scanned into the MRP system . Extra labels reveal a shortage from the shipment and too few labels reveal an over shipment . Some companies pay for ASN by reducing the time in processing accounts payable . Shipping errors -- The container labels are printed from the shipper . The labels are affixed to the containers in a staging area or when they are loaded on the transport . Production reporting -- The best practice is to use bar code scanning to enter production into inventory . A product that is rejected should be moved to an MRB ( material review board ) location . Containers that require sorting need to be received in reverse . Replenishment -- The best replenishment practice is replacement using bar code scanning , or via pull system . Depending upon the complexity of the product , planners can actually order materials using scanning with a min - max system . Demand driven MRP ( edit ) In 2011 , the third edition of `` Orlicky 's Materials Requirements Planning '' introduced a new type of MRP called `` demand driven MRP '' ( DDMRP ) . The new edition of the book was written , not by Orlicky himself ( he died in 1986 ) but by Carol Ptak and Chad Smith at the invitation of McGraw Hill to update Orlicky 's work . Demand driven MRP is a multi-echelon formal planning and execution technique with five distinct components : Strategic inventory positioning -- The first question of effective inventory management is not , `` how much inventory should we have ? '' Nor is it , `` when should we make or buy something ? '' The most fundamental question to ask in today 's manufacturing environments is , `` given our system and environment , where should we place inventory to have the best protection ? '' Inventory is like a break wall to protect boats in a marina from the roughness of incoming waves . Out on the open ocean the break walls have to be 50 -- 100 feet tall , but in a small lake the break walls are only a couple feet tall . In a glassy smooth pond no break wall is necessary . Buffer profiles and level -- Once the strategically replenished positions are determined , the actual levels of those buffers have to be initially set . Based on several factors , different materials and parts behave differently ( but many also behave nearly the same ) . DDMRP calls for the grouping of parts and materials chosen for strategic replenishment and that behave similarly into `` buffer profiles . '' Buffer profiles take into account important factors including lead time ( relative to the environment ) , variability ( demand or supply ) , whether the part is made or bought or distributed and whether there are significant order multiples involved . These buffer profiles are made up of `` zones '' that produce a unique buffer picture for each part as their respective individual part traits are applied to the group traits . Dynamic adjustments -- Over the course of time , group and individual traits can and will change as new suppliers and materials are used , new markets are opened and / or old markets deteriorate and manufacturing capacities and methods change . Dynamic buffer levels allow the company to adapt buffers to group and individual part trait changes over time through the use of several types of adjustments . Thus , as more or less variability is encountered or as a company 's strategy changes these buffers adapt and change to fit the environment . Demand - driven planning -- takes advantage of the sheer computational power of today 's hardware and software . It also takes advantage of the new demand - driven or pull - based approaches . When these two elements are combined then there is the best of both worlds ; relevant approaches and tools for the way the world works today and a system of routine that promotes better and quicker decisions and actions at the planning and execution level . Highly visible and collaborative execution -- Simply launching purchase orders ( POs ) , manufacturing orders ( MOs ) and transfer orders ( TOs ) from any planning system does not end the materials and order management challenge . These POs , MOs and TOs have to be effectively managed to synchronize with the changes that often occur within the `` execution horizon . '' The execution horizon is the time from which a PO , MO or TO is opened until the time it is closed in the system of record . DDMRP defines a modern , integrated and greatly needed system of execution for all part categories in order to speed the proliferation of relevant information and priorities throughout an organization and supply chain . These five components work together to greatly dampen , if not eliminate , the nervousness of traditional MRP systems and the bullwhip effect in complex and challenging environments . The Demand Driven Institute claims the following : In utilizing these approaches , planners will no longer have to try to respond to every single message for every single part that is off by even one day . This approach provides real information about those parts that are truly at risk of negatively impacting the planned availability of inventory . DDMRP sorts the significant few items that require attention from the many parts that are being managed . Under the DDMRP approach , fewer planners can make better decisions more quickly . That means companies will be better able to leverage their working and human capital as well as the huge investments they have made in information technology . One down - side , however , is that DDMRP can not run on the majority of MRPII / ERP systems in use today , so organisations will have to implement a compatible system in order to run DDMRP . DDMRP has been successfully applied to a variety of environments including CTO ( configure to order ) , MTS ( make to stock ) , MTO ( make to order ) and ETO ( engineer to order ) . The methodology is applied differently in each environments but the five step process remains the same . DDMRP leverages knowledge from theory of constraints ( TOC ) , traditional MRP & DRP , Six Sigma and lean . It is effectively an amalgam of MRP and kanban techniques . As such , it incorporates the strengths of both but also the weaknesses of both ; hence its limited adoption . Additional references are included below . See also ( edit ) Capacity requirements planning ( CRP ) Configurable BOM CONWIP Enterprise resource planning ( ERP ) Industrial engineering Just - in - time ( JIT ) Kanban Modular BOM References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Uday Karmarkar , Getting Control of Just - in - Time , Harvard Business Review 1989 Jump up ^ Joseph Orlickly , Materials Requirement Planning , McGraw - Hill 1975 Jump up ^ WJ Hopp , ML Spearman Commissioned Paper To Pull or Not to Pull : What Is the Question ? Manufacturing & Service Operations Management , 2004 Jump up ^ IE. 1991 . Competition in manufacturing leads to MRP II . 23 ( July ) 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ J. Orlickly , Net Change Material Requirement Planning , IBM Systems J. 1973 in Jos Peeters , Early MRP Systems at Royal Phillips Electronics in the 1960s and 1970s , Annals of the History of Computing , IEEE 2009 ^ Jump up to : Ptak , Carol & Smith , Chad ( 2011 ) . Orlicky 's MRP 3rd edition , McGraw Hill , New York ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 175563 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Zipkin Paul H. , Foundations of Inventory Management , Boston : McGraw Hill , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 256 - 11379 - 3 Jump up ^ Waldner , Jean - Baptiste ( 1992 ) . `` CIM : Principles of Computer Integrated Manufacturing '' . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons : 46 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 93450 - X . Jump up ^ Ptack , Carol ; Smith , Chad ( 2011 ) . Orlicky 's Materials Requirements Planning . McGraw Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 175563 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ptak , Carol & Smith , Chad ( 2016 ) . DDMRP , Industrial Press , ISBN 978 - 0831135980 Jump up ^ Smith , Debra & Smith , Chad ( 2013 ) . Demand Driven Performance , Using Smart Metrics , McGraw Hill , ISBN 978 - 0071796095 Jump up ^ Mondon , Caroline ( 2016 ) . Missing Links , Industrial Press , ISBN 978 - 0831136079 External links ( edit ) MRP ( Material Requirement Planning ) What is MRP ? Is MRP a Planning System ? Materials requirements planning ( MRP ) a numeric example MRP in Excel Office MRP versus ERP comparison Demand Driven Material Requirements Planning Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_requirements_planning&oldid=825879615 '' Categories : Information technology management Computer - aided engineering Enterprise resource planning terminology Business terms Production planning Production economics Supply chain management Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from April 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from April 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Tagalog Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 23 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | at which step in mrp ii are requirements for component parts and sub-assemblies determined | [
"Output 1 is the \"Recommended Production Schedule.\" This lays out a detailed schedule of the required minimum start and completion dates, with quantities, for each step of the Routing and Bill Of Material required to satisfy the demand from the master production schedule (MPS)."
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"Output 1"
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4050273704275241865 | Han (Chinese surname) | Han ( Chinese surname ) - wikipedia Han ( Chinese surname ) For the Korean surname , see Han ( Korean surname ) . Han Simplified Chinese 韩 Traditional Chinese 韓 show Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Hán Wade -- Giles Han Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Hon Southern Min Hokkien POJ Hàn Hán Chinese 寒 show Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Hán Wade -- Giles Han Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Hon Hàn Simplified Chinese 汉 Traditional Chinese 漢 show Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Hàn Wade -- Giles Han Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Hon Han ( simplified Chinese : 韩 ; traditional Chinese : 韓 ; pinyin : Hán ; Korean : 한 ) is a common Chinese surname . The spelling `` Han '' is based on China 's pinyin system and so used throughout Mainland China . Spelling can vary from ' Hon ' in Cantonese - speaking areas to ' Hang ' in Hainan . Less common Chinese surnames romanized as Han include : 寒 ( Hán ) and 汉 / 漢 ( Hàn ) . Han ( 韩 ) is currently ranked 25th in China in terms of the number of bearers at around 8 million persons . Contents 1 Four Chinese Origins of ' 韩 ' 1.1 From ' 姬 ' surname 1.2 From the transcription of non-Han names 1.3 From given name to surname 1.4 By Imperial Appointment 2 Notable people with surname 韩 / 韓 2.1 Modern 2.2 Pre-Modern 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Four Chinese origins of ' 韩 ' ( edit ) From ' 姬 ' surname ( edit ) ' 姬 ' ( Jì ) is an ancient Chinese surname . It is an alternate surname of the Yellow Emperor ( Gongsun Xuanyuan ) and the Zhou ruling family . A descendent of King Wu of Zhou , Wan , was given land in Hanyuan . Wan 's descendants created the State of Han during the Warring States period . When the state was conquered by Qin in 230 BC , members of the ruling family adopted Han ' 韩 ' as their surname . From the transcription of non-han names ( edit ) Non-Han ethnic groups tend to adopt Chinese surnames through the process known as sinicization . During the reforms of Emperor Xiao Wen of Northern Wei , the Xianbei surname ' Dahan ' , 大 汗 ( dà hàn ) in Chinese , was changed to Han ' 韩 ' because the two names sound similar after ' Da ' or ' 大 ' is dropped . Manchu clan names Hacihuri ( Chinese : 哈 思 呼 哩 ; pinyin : Hāsīhūlī ) , Hangiya ( Chinese : 韩 佳 ; pinyin : Hánjiā ) , Hanja ( Chinese : 罕 扎 ; pinyin : Hànzhā ) , Hanyan ( Chinese : 翰 颜 ; pinyin : Hányán ) , and Gilate ( Chinese : 吉 喇 特 ; pinyin : Jílǎtè ) were changed to Han ' 韩 ' . From given name to surname ( edit ) The mythical Yellow Emperor had a son Chang Yi ( 昌 意 ) , who had a son with the given name Han Liu ( 韩 流 ) . Those who claimed to be Han Liu 's descendants adopted Han as their surname . By imperial appointment ( edit ) The Salar Muslims voluntarily joined the Ming Dynasty . The Salar clan leaders each capitulated to the Ming Dynasty around 1370 . The chief of the four upper clans around this time was Han Pao - yuan and Ming granted him office of centurion , it was at this time the people of his four clans took Han as their surname . The other chief Han Shan - pa of the four lower Salar clans got the same office from Ming , and his clans were the ones who took Ma as their surname . Ma and Han are the two most widespread names among the salar . Ma is a Salar surname for the same reason it is a common Hui surname , Ma substitutes for Muhammad . The upper four clans of the Salar assumed the surname Han and lived west of Xunhua . One of these Salar surnamed Han was Han Yimu , a Salar officer who served under General Ma Bufang . He fought in the Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China ( 1950 -- 1958 ) , leading Salars in a revolt in 1952 and 1958 . Han Youwen was another Salar General , who served in the Communist People 's Liberation Army . Notable people with surname 韩 / 韓 ( edit ) Modern ( edit ) Han Dongfang ( 韩 东方 / 韓 東方 ) , human rights activist Han Fuju ( 韩复榘 / 韓復榘 ) , Kuomintang general Han Geng ( 韩庚 / 韓庚 ) , singer and actor Han Hong ( 韩 红 / 韓紅 ) , singer and songwriter Han Lao Da ( 韩 劳 达 / 韓 勞 達 ) , Singaporean playwright Han Meilin ( 韩美林 / 韓美林 ) , artist Han Sai Por ( 韩 少 芙 / 韓 少 芙 ) , Singaporean sculptor Han Shaogong ( 韩少功 / 韓少功 ) , novelist Han Xiaopeng ( 韩晓鹏 / 韓曉鵬 ) , freestyle skier Han Xianchu ( 韩先楚 / 韓先楚 ) , general in the People 's Liberation Army Han Xinyun ( 韩馨蕴 / 韓馨蘊 ) , tennis player Han Youwen ( 韩有文 / 韓有文 ) , general in the National Revolutionary Army Han Zheng ( 韩正 / 韓正 ) , mayor of Shanghai Hon Sui Sen ( 韩 瑞生 / 韓 瑞生 ) , Singaporean politician Pre-Modern ( edit ) Han Dang ( 韩 当 / 韓 當 ) , general of the Three Kingdoms period Han Fei ( 韩 非 / 韓非 ) , philosopher of the Warring States period Han Fu ( 韩 馥 / 韓 馥 ) , warlord of the Eastern Han dynasty Han Gan ( 韩 干 / 韓 幹 ) , painter of the Tang dynasty Han Guang ( 韩 广 / 韓 廣 ) , ruler of the Kingdom of Liaodong Han Hong ( 韩 弘 / 韓 弘 ) , general and statesman of the Tang dynasty Han Hao ( 韩 浩 / 韓 浩 ) , general of the Eastern Han dynasty Han Shantong ( 韩山童 / 韓山童 ) , rebel leader of the Yuan dynasty Han Shizhong ( 韩世忠 / 韓世忠 ) , general of the Southern Song dynasty Han Tuozhou ( 韩侂胄 / 韓 侂 胄 ) , statesman of the Southern Song dynasty Han Xiangzi ( 韩 湘子 / 韓 湘子 ) , one of the Eight Immortals Han Xin ( 韩信 / 韓信 ) , general of the Western Han dynasty King Xin of Han ( 韩王信 / 韓王信 ) , a vassal ruler under Emperor Gaozu of Han Han Yu ( 韩愈 / 韓愈 ) , poet and philosopher of the Tang dynasty See also ( edit ) Change of Xianbei names to Han names List of common Chinese surnames References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 据 近年 来 的 人口 统计 资料 , 按 人口 多少 排序 , 韩 姓 在 中国 100 大姓 中 , 排行 第 25 位 , 约 800 多 万 人 Archived January 5 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Gladstone , William Ewart ; Hamilton - Gordon Stanmore , Baron Arthur ( 1961 ) . Gladstone - Gordon correspondence , 1851 - 1896 : selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor . Volume 51 . American Philosophical Society . p. 27 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Allatson , Paul ; McCormack , Jo ( 2008 ) . Exile cultures , misplaced identities . Rodopi . p. 74 . ISBN 90 - 420 - 2406 - 2 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Krug , Paul Barbara ; Hendrischke , Hans ( 2009 ) . The Chinese Economy in the 21st Century : Enterprise and Business . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 196 . ISBN 1 - 84844 - 458 - 3 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goodman , David S.G. , ed. ( 2004 ) . China 's campaign to `` Open up the West '' : national , provincial , and local perspectives . Cambridge University Press . p. 73 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 61349 - 3 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) `` Chinese surname history : Han '' . People 's Daily Online . July 21 , 2005 . Surname list This page lists people with the surname Han . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han_(Chinese_surname)&oldid=848654052 '' Categories : Surnames Chinese - language surnames Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Korean - language text Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Español 贛 語 Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ 日本 語 Русский ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 11 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the last name hon come from | [
"Han (simplified Chinese: 韩; traditional Chinese: 韓; pinyin: Hán; Korean: 한) is a common Chinese surname. The spelling \"Han\" is based on China's pinyin system and so used throughout Mainland China. Spelling can vary from 'Hon' in Cantonese-speaking areas to 'Hang' in Hainan.\n"
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"China"
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-6532576905193027958 | Garibi Hatao | Garibi hatao - wikipedia Garibi hatao Jump to : navigation , search Garibi Hatao desh bachao ( `` Abolish poverty , save the nation '' ) was the theme and slogan of Indira Gandhi 's 1971 election bid and later also used by her son Rajiv Gandhi . The slogan and the proposed anti-poverty programs that came with it were designed to give Gandhi an independent national support , based on rural and urban poor , which would allow her to by - pass the dominant rural castes both in and out of state and local government ; likewise the urban commercial class . And , for their part , the previously voiceless poor would at last gain both political worth and political weight . The programs created through garibi hatao , though carried out locally , were funded , developed , supervised , and staffed by Government officials in New Delhi and Congress Party officials . All in all , garibi hatao did little and accomplished less : only about 4 % of all funds allocated for economic development went to the three main anti-poverty programs , and precious few of these ever reached the ' poorest of the poor ' , but it did help secure Gandhi 's election . It was part of the 5th Five - Year Plan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The original aam aadmi leader '' . www.hindustantimes.com. 2009 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://planningcommission.nic.in4planrelwelcome.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garibi_Hatao&oldid=828713345 '' Categories : Indian general election , 1971 Indian political slogans Poverty in India 1971 in India Hindi words and phrases Indira Gandhi administration Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 4 March 2018 , at 08 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | garibi hatao was the main objective of which plan | [
"Garibi Hatao desh bachao (\"Abolish poverty, save the nation\") was the theme and slogan of Indira Gandhi's 1971 election bid and later also used by her son Rajiv Gandhi.[1] The slogan and the proposed anti-poverty programs that came with it were designed to give Gandhi an independent national support, based on rural and urban poor, which would allow her to by-pass the dominant rural castes both in and out of state and local government; likewise the urban commercial class. And, for their part, the previously voiceless poor would at last gain both political worth and political weight."
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"Indira Gandhi's 1971 election bid"
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-6126524783574644727 | Coronary circulation | Coronary circulation - wikipedia Coronary circulation Jump to : navigation , search Coronary circulation Coronary arteries labeled in red text and other landmarks in blue text . Details Artery red Identifiers MeSH A07. 231.114. 269 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle ( myocardium ) . The vessels that deliver oxygen - rich blood to the myocardium are the coronary arteries . The vessels that remove the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle are known as cardiac veins . These include the great cardiac vein , the middle cardiac vein , the small cardiac vein , the smallest cardiac veins , and the anterior cardiac veins . The arteries , when healthy , are capable of autoregulation to maintain coronary blood flow at levels appropriate to the needs of the heart muscle . These relatively narrow vessels are commonly affected by atherosclerosis and can become blocked , causing angina or a heart attack . The coronary arteries that run deep within the myocardium are referred to as subendocardial . The coronary arteries are classified as `` end circulation '' , since they represent the only source of blood supply to the myocardium ; there is very little redundant blood supply , which is why blockage of these vessels can be so critical . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Anastomoses 1.2 Variation 1.2. 1 Coronary artery dominance 2 Function 2.1 Supply to papillary muscles 2.2 Changes in diastole 2.3 Changes in oxygen demand 3 Branches 4 Additional images 5 References 6 See also Structure ( edit ) Schematic diagram of the coronary arteries and veins . Schematic view of the heart An anterior left coronary artery . Base and diaphragmatic surface of heart . Coronary arteries supply blood to the myocardium and other components of the heart . Two coronary arteries originate from the left side of the heart at the beginning ( root ) of the aorta , just after the aorta exits the left ventricle . There are three aortic sinuses ( dilations ) in the wall of the aorta just superior to the aortic semilunar valve . Two of these , the left posterior aortic sinus and anterior aortic sinus , give rise to the left and right coronary arteries , respectively . The third sinus , the right posterior aortic sinus , typically does not give rise to a vessel . Coronary vessel branches that remain on the surface of the artery and follow the sulci of the heart are called epicardial coronary arteries . The left coronary artery distributes blood to the left side of the heart , the left atrium and ventricle , and the interventricular septum . The circumflex artery arises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left . Eventually , it will fuse with the small branches of the right coronary artery . The larger anterior interventricular artery , also known as the left anterior descending artery ( LAD ) , is the second major branch arising from the left coronary artery . It follows the anterior interventricular sulcus around the pulmonary trunk . Along the way it gives rise to numerous smaller branches that interconnect with the branches of the posterior interventricular artery , forming anastomoses . An anastomosis is an area where vessels unite to form interconnections that normally allow blood to circulate to a region even if there may be partial blockage in another branch . The anastomoses in the heart are very small . Therefore , this ability is somewhat restricted in the heart so a coronary artery blockage often results in myocardial infarction causing death of the cells supplied by the particular vessel . The right coronary artery proceeds along the coronary sulcus and distributes blood to the right atrium , portions of both ventricles , and the heart conduction system . Normally , one or more marginal arteries arise from the right coronary artery inferior to the right atrium . The marginal arteries supply blood to the superficial portions of the right ventricle . On the posterior surface of the heart , the right coronary artery gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery , also known as the posterior descending artery . It runs along the posterior portion of the interventricular sulcus toward the apex of the heart , giving rise to branches that supply the interventricular septum and portions of both ventricles . Anastomoses ( edit ) Cast of coronary arteries ( right = yellow , left = red ) There are some anastomoses between branches of the two coronary arteries . However the coronary arteries are functionally end arteries and so these meetings are referred to as potential anastamoses , which lack function , as opposed to true anastomoses like that in the palm of the hand . This is because blockage of one coronary artery generally results in death of the heart tissue due to lack of sufficient blood supply from the other branch . When two arteries or their branches join , the area of the myocardium receives dual blood supply . These junctions are called anastomoses . If one coronary artery is obstucted by an atheroma , the second artery is still able to supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium . However , this can only occur if the atheroma progresses slowly , giving the anastomoses a chance to proliferate . Under the most common configuration of coronary arteries , there are three areas of anastomoses . Small branches of the LAD ( left anterior descending / anterior interventricular ) branch of the left coronary join with branches of the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary in the interventricular groove . More superiorly , there is an anastomosis between the circumflex artery ( a branch of the left coronary artery ) and the right coronary artery in the atrioventricular groove . There is also an anastomosis between the septal branches of the two coronary arteries in the interventricular septum . The photograph shows area of heart supplied by the right and the left coronary arteries . Variation ( edit ) The left and right coronary arteries occasionally arise by a common trunk , or their number may be increased to three ; the additional branch being the posterior coronary artery ( which is smaller in size ) . In rare cases , a person will have the third coronary artery run around the root of the aorta . Occasionally , a coronary artery will exist as a double structure ( i.e. there are two arteries , parallel to each other , where ordinarily there would be one ) . Coronary artery dominance ( edit ) The artery that supplies the posterior third of the interventricular septum -- the posterior descending artery ( PDA ) determines the coronary dominance . If the posterior descending artery is supplied by the right coronary artery ( RCA ) , then the coronary circulation can be classified as `` right - dominant '' . If the posterior descending artery is supplied by the circumflex artery ( CX ) , a branch of the left artery , then the coronary circulation can be classified as `` left - dominant '' . If the posterior descending artery is supplied by both the right coronary artery and the circumflex artery , then the coronary circulation can be classified as `` co-dominant '' . Approximately 70 % of the general population are right - dominant , 20 % are co-dominant , and 10 % are left - dominant . A precise anatomic definition of dominance would be the artery which gives off supply to the AV node i.e. the AV nodal artery . Most of the time this is the right coronary artery . Function ( edit ) Supply to papillary muscles ( edit ) The papillary muscles attach the mitral valve ( the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle ) and the tricuspid valve ( the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle ) to the wall of the heart . If the papillary muscles are not functioning properly , the mitral valve may leak during contraction of the left ventricle . This causes some of the blood to travel `` in reverse '' , from the left ventricle to the left atrium , instead of forward to the aorta and the rest of the body . This leaking of blood to the left atrium is known as mitral regurgitation . Similarly , the leaking of blood from the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve and into the right atrium can also occur , and this is described as tricuspid insufficiency or tricuspid regurgitation . The anterolateral papillary muscle more frequently receives two blood supplies : left anterior descending ( LAD ) artery and the left circumflex artery ( LCX ) . It is therefore more frequently resistant to coronary ischemia ( insufficiency of oxygen - rich blood ) . On the other hand , the posteromedial papillary muscle is usually supplied only by the PDA . This makes the posteromedial papillary muscle significantly more susceptible to ischemia . The clinical significance of this is that a myocardial infarction involving the PDA is more likely to cause mitral regurgitation . Changes in diastole ( edit ) During contraction of the ventricular myocardium ( systole ) , the subendocardial coronary vessels ( the vessels that enter the myocardium ) are compressed due to the high ventricular pressures . This compression results in momentary retrograde blood flow ( i.e. , blood flows backward toward the aorta ) which further inhibits perfusion of myocardium during systole . However , the epicardial coronary vessels ( the vessels that run along the outer surface of the heart ) remain open . Because of this , blood flow in the subendocardium stops during ventricular contraction . As a result , most myocardial perfusion occurs during heart relaxation ( diastole ) when the subendocardial coronary vessels are open and under lower pressure . Flow never comes to zero in the right coronary artery , since the right ventricular pressure is less than the diastolic blood pressure . Changes in oxygen demand ( edit ) The heart regulates the amount of vasodilation or vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries based upon the oxygen requirements of the heart . This contributes to the filling difficulties of the coronary arteries . Compression remains the same . Failure of oxygen delivery caused by a decrease in blood flow in front of increased oxygen demand of the heart results in tissue ischemia , a condition of oxygen deficiency . Brief ischemia is associated with intense chest pain , known as angina . Severe ischemia can cause the heart muscle to die from hypoxia , such as during a myocardial infarction . Chronic moderate ischemia causes contraction of the heart to weaken , known as myocardial hibernation . In addition to metabolism , the coronary circulation possesses unique pharmacologic characteristics . Prominent among these is its reactivity to adrenergic stimulation . The majority of vasculature in the body constricts in response to norepinephrine , a sympathetic neurotransmitter that the body uses to increase blood pressure . In the coronary circulation , however , norepinephrine vasoconstriction , due to the predominance of beta - adrenergic receptors in the coronary circulation . However , metabolic control factors will increase as a result of increased oxygen demand in the heart and will more greatly influence vasodilation . Thus sympathetic innervation to the coronary arteries ultimately causes vasodilation . Branches ( edit ) The following are the named branches of the coronary circulation in a right - dominant heart : Aorta Left coronary artery / Left main coronary artery ( LMCA ) Left circumflex artery ( LCX ) Obtuse marginal artery # 1 ( OM1 ) Obtuse marginal artery # 2 ( OM2 ) Left anterior descending artery ( LAD ) Diagonal artery # 1 Diagonal artery # 2 Right coronary artery ( RCA ) Atrioventricular nodal branch Right marginal artery Posterior descending artery ( PDA ) Posteriolateral artery # 1 ( PL # 1 ) Posteriolateral artery # 2 ( PL # 2 ) Additional images ( edit ) Anterior view of coronary circulation Posterior view of coronary circulation Illustration of coronary arteries References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from the CC - BY book : OpenStax College , Anatomy & Physiology . OpenStax CNX. 30 jul 2014 ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coronary circulation . ^ Jump up to : Betts , J. Gordon ( 2013 ) . Anatomy & physiology . pp. 787 -- 846 . ISBN 1938168135 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ 00460 at CHORUS ^ Jump up to : Fuster , V ; Alexander RW ; O'Rourke RA ( 2001 ) . Hurst 's The Heart ( 10th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 135694 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Voci P , Bilotta F , Caretta Q , Mercanti C , Marino B ( 1995 ) . `` Papillary muscle perfusion pattern . A hypothesis for ischemic papillary muscle dysfunction '' . Circulation. 91 ( 6 ) : 1714 -- 8 . PMID 7882478 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. cir. 91.6. 1714 . See also ( edit ) Left coronary artery Right coronary artery Cardiology Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery ( hide ) Anatomy of the heart General Surface base apex sulci coronary interatrial anterior interventricular posterior interventricular borders right left Internal atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle Chambers Right heart ( venae cavae , coronary sinus ) → right atrium ( atrial appendage , fossa ovalis , limbus of fossa ovalis , crista terminalis , valve of inferior vena cava , valve of coronary sinus ) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle ( infundibulum , moderator band / septomarginal trabecula ) → pulmonary valve → ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation ) Left heart ( pulmonary veins ) → left atrium ( atrial appendage ) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve ( aortic sinus ) → ( aorta and systemic circulation ) Layers Endocardium heart valves Myocardium Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers Pericardial cavity pericardial sinus Pericardium fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium / visceral layer fold of left vena cava Blood supply Circulatory system Coronary circulation Coronary arteries LCCN : sh85032869 NDL : 00995356 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coronary_circulation&oldid=795807546 '' Categories : Cardiac anatomy Cardiology Arteries Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Eesti Español Esperanto Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the left coronary artery supply blood to | [
"The left coronary artery distributes blood to the left side of the heart, the left atrium and ventricle, and the interventricular septum. The circumflex artery arises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left. Eventually, it will fuse with the small branches of the right coronary artery. The larger anterior interventricular artery, also known as the left anterior descending artery (LAD), is the second major branch arising from the left coronary artery. It follows the anterior interventricular sulcus around the pulmonary trunk. Along the way it gives rise to numerous smaller branches that interconnect with the branches of the posterior interventricular artery, forming anastomoses. An anastomosis is an area where vessels unite to form interconnections that normally allow blood to circulate to a region even if there may be partial blockage in another branch. The anastomoses in the heart are very small. Therefore, this ability is somewhat restricted in the heart so a coronary artery blockage often results in myocardial infarction causing death of the cells supplied by the particular vessel.[1]",
"The left coronary artery distributes blood to the left side of the heart, the left atrium and ventricle, and the interventricular septum. The circumflex artery arises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left. Eventually, it will fuse with the small branches of the right coronary artery. The larger anterior interventricular artery, also known as the left anterior descending artery (LAD), is the second major branch arising from the left coronary artery. It follows the anterior interventricular sulcus around the pulmonary trunk. Along the way it gives rise to numerous smaller branches that interconnect with the branches of the posterior interventricular artery, forming anastomoses. An anastomosis is an area where vessels unite to form interconnections that normally allow blood to circulate to a region even if there may be partial blockage in another branch. The anastomoses in the heart are very small. Therefore, this ability is somewhat restricted in the heart so a coronary artery blockage often results in myocardial infarction causing death of the cells supplied by the particular vessel.[1]",
"The left coronary artery distributes blood to the left side of the heart, the left atrium and ventricle, and the interventricular septum. The circumflex artery arises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left. Eventually, it will fuse with the small branches of the right coronary artery. The larger anterior interventricular artery, also known as the left anterior descending artery (LAD), is the second major branch arising from the left coronary artery. It follows the anterior interventricular sulcus around the pulmonary trunk. Along the way it gives rise to numerous smaller branches that interconnect with the branches of the posterior interventricular artery, forming anastomoses. An anastomosis is an area where vessels unite to form interconnections that normally allow blood to circulate to a region even if there may be partial blockage in another branch. The anastomoses in the heart are very small. Therefore, this ability is somewhat restricted in the heart so a coronary artery blockage often results in myocardial infarction causing death of the cells supplied by the particular vessel.[1]"
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"left side of the heart",
"left atrium and ventricle",
"interventricular septum"
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854808899533488740 | Italian meal structure | Italian meal structure - wikipedia Italian meal structure Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Italian cuisine History ( show ) Ancient Roman cuisine Medieval cuisine Early modern cuisine Contemporary cuisine Regional cuisines ( show ) Lombard cuisine Neapolitan cuisine Roman cuisine Sicilian cuisine Venetian cuisine Cuisine of Abruzzo Lists ( show ) Chefs Dishes Pasta Cheeses PDO Desserts and pastries Restaurants Wine IGT DOCG DOC Beer See also ( show ) Italian - American cuisine Sammarinese cuisine Osteria Trattoria Enoteca Sagra List of Italian chefs Meal structure Cuisine of Corsica Italy portal Italian meal structure is similar to most other European ones , consisting of breakfast , lunch , and supper . Late - morning and mid-afternoon snacks , called merenda ( plural merende ) , are also often included in this meal structure . Italians also commonly divide a celebratory meal into several different courses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Daytime meal structure 1.1 Breakfast ( Colazione ) 1.2 Lunch ( Pranzo ) 1.3 Mid-afternoon snack ( Merenda ) 1.4 Supper ( Cena ) 2 Formal meal structure 3 See also 4 References Daytime meal structure ( edit ) Breakfast ( colazione ) ( edit ) A typical cup of cappuccino at breakfast . Italian breakfast ( prima colazione ) consists of caffè latte ( hot coffee with milk ) or coffee with bread or rolls , butter and jam . A cookie - like rusk hard bread , called fette biscottate , and cookies are commonly eaten . Children drink hot chocolate , plain milk , or hot milk with very little coffee . If breakfast is eaten in a bar ( coffee shop ) , it is composed of cappuccino and cornetto ( frothed hot milk with coffee and a pastry ) or espresso and pastry . Other products , such as breakfast cereals , fruit salad ( macedonia ) , muesli and yogurt , are becoming increasingly common as part of the meal . However , Italian breakfasts vary by region and by season . In some regions , such as Tuscany and Umbria , in the past , people used to drink red wine ( notably Chianti ) into which they would dip their biscuits . It is also very common for Italians to have a quick breakfast snack during the middle of the morning ( typically a tramezzino or bread roll ) . Lunch ( pranzo ) ( edit ) An Insalata Caprese , a cold dish which might be consumed at a lunch in Italy during the hot summer . Lunch is usually regarded as the most important meal . Most shops close for the pausa pranzo ( lunch break ) between 13 : 00 and 15 : 00 . In most schools , children are given a lunch break when they can go home for lunch , or eat at the school cafeteria , or eat a packed lunch . Since the introduction of fast foods , takeaways and frozen and tinned foods , Italians tend to eat less home - made food but fresh food is still quite common and most people buy bread , milk and other foods daily . Many adults still make their own food ( e.g. , tomato sauce from their own tomatoes ) and takeaways are still not very frequent . A typical Italian lunch consists of a first course il primo ( pasta , rice or similar ) , a second - course il secondo ( meat or fish ) served together with a side dish il contorno ( vegetable or salad ) and fruit . Commuters and other workers tend to eat less often at home but instead , have a quick meal in a restaurant or pizzeria . Many foreign fast - food chains operate in Italy , especially in big cities and along motorways . Italian fast - food chains , like Autogrill , are also prevalent , often featuring versions of local dishes . Mid-afternoon snack ( merenda ) ( edit ) See also : Merienda Many children and adults have a mid-afternoon snack called merenda , generally consumed after school or in mid-afternoon . This may include a wide variety of foods . Merenda is often similar to breakfast , and might consist of a hot milky drink with bread and honey / jam or brioches ; other foods are also eaten , such as yogurt , gelato , granita , fruit salad ( or just fruit ) , nuts , biscuits and cookies , cake , sweets , etc . Supper ( cena ) ( edit ) For cena , people tend to have the same or more amount of food than for `` pranzo '' and usually it consists of the same kind of dishes reported above . Formal meal structure ( edit ) An Italian - style antipasto . A Lombard brasato di maiale ( pork stew ) is considered a second course . A little cup of espresso coffee which would be consumed after the meal . A structure of an Italian meal in its full form , usually performed during festivities . Aperitivo The aperitivo opens a meal , and it is similar to an appetizer . Most people gather around standing up and have alcoholic / non-alcoholic drinks such as wine , prosecco , spritz , vermouth , gingerino . Occasionally small amounts of food are consumed , such as olives , crisps , nuts , cheese , sauce dips , little quiches or similar snacks . Antipasto The antipasto is a slightly heavier starter . It is usually cold and lighter than the first course . Examples of foods eaten are salumi ( such as salame , mortadella , prosciutto , bresaola and other charcuterie products ) , cheeses , sandwich - like foods ( panino , bruschetta , tramezzino , crostino ) , vegetables , cold salmon or prawn cocktails ; more elaborate dishes are occasionally prepared . Primo A primo is the first course . It consists of hot food and is usually heavier than the antipasto , but lighter than the second course . Non-meat dishes are the staple of any primo piatto : examples are risotto , pasta , soup and broth , gnocchi , polenta , crespelle , casseroles , or lasagne . Secondo This course may include different meats and types of fish , including turkey , sausage , pork , steak , stew , beef , zampone , salt cod , stockfish , salmon , lobster , lamb , chicken , or a roast . The primo or the secondo piatto may be considered more important depending on the locality and the situation . Contorno ( side dish ) A contorno is a side dish and it 's commonly served alongside a secondo piatto . These usually consist of vegetables , raw or cooked , hot or cold . They are usually served in a separate dish , not on the same plate as the meat . Insalata If the contorno contained many leafy vegetables , the salad might be omitted . Otherwise , a fresh garden salad would be served at this point . Formaggi e frutta An entire course is dedicated to local cheeses and fresh seasonal fruit . The cheeses will be whatever is typical of the region ( see List of Italian cheeses ) . Dolce Next follows the dolce , or dessert . Frequent dishes include tiramisu , panna cotta , cake or pie , panettone or pandoro ( the last two are mainly served at Christmas time ) and the Colomba Pasquale ( an Easter cake ) . A gelato or a sorbetto can be eaten too . Though there are nationwide desserts , popular across Italy , many regions and cities have local specialties . In Naples , for instance , zeppole and rum baba are popular ; in Sicily , cassata and cannoli are commonly consumed ; mostarda , on the other hand , is more of a Northern dish . Caffè Coffee is often drunk at the end of a meal , even after the digestivo . Italians , unlike many countries , do not have milky coffees or drinks after meals ( such as cappuccino or caffè macchiato ) , but strong coffee such as espresso , which is often drunk very quickly in small cups at very high temperatures . Digestivo The digestivo , also called ammazzacaffè if served after the coffee , is the drink to conclude the meal . Drinks such as grappa , amaro , limoncello or other fruit / herbal drinks are drunk . Digestivo indicates that the drinks served at this time are meant to ease digestion of a long meal . See also ( edit ) Full course dinner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mike Kiely ( 4 December 2010 ) . `` The structure of an Italian meal '' . Italiana . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_meal_structure&oldid=812758786 '' Categories : Italian cuisine Meals Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 18 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the most important meal in italy | [
"Lunch is usually regarded as the most important meal. Most shops close for the pausa pranzo (lunch break) between 13:00 and 15:00. In most schools, children are given a lunch break when they can go home for lunch, or eat at the school cafeteria, or eat a packed lunch. Since the introduction of fast foods, takeaways and frozen and tinned foods, Italians tend to eat less home-made food but fresh food is still quite common and most people buy bread, milk and other foods daily. Many adults still make their own food (e.g., tomato sauce from their own tomatoes) and takeaways are still not very frequent. A typical Italian lunch consists of a first course il primo (pasta, rice or similar), a second-course il secondo (meat or fish) served together with a side dish il contorno (vegetable or salad) and fruit."
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-6777908059954182851 | Black Panther (film) | Black Panther ( film ) - wikipedia Black Panther ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Black Panther Theatrical release poster Directed by Ryan Coogler Produced by Kevin Feige Written by Ryan Coogler Joe Robert Cole Based on Black Panther by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Chadwick Boseman Michael B. Jordan Lupita Nyong'o Danai Gurira Martin Freeman Daniel Kaluuya Letitia Wright Winston Duke Angela Bassett Forest Whitaker Andy Serkis Music by Ludwig Göransson Cinematography Rachel Morrison Edited by Michael P. Shawver Claudia Castello Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 134 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 -- 210 million Box office $1.345 billion Black Panther is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the eighteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Ryan Coogler , who co-wrote the screenplay with Joe Robert Cole , and stars Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther , alongside Michael B. Jordan , Lupita Nyong'o , Danai Gurira , Martin Freeman , Daniel Kaluuya , Letitia Wright , Winston Duke , Angela Bassett , Forest Whitaker , and Andy Serkis . In Black Panther , T'Challa returns home and is crowned king of Wakanda but finds his sovereignty challenged by a new adversary , in a conflict with global consequences . Wesley Snipes expressed interest in working on a Black Panther film in 1992 , but the project did not come to fruition . In September 2005 , Marvel Studios announced a Black Panther film as one of ten based on Marvel characters and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Mark Bailey was hired to write a script in January 2011 . Black Panther was announced in October 2014 , and Boseman made his first appearance as the character in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) . By 2016 , Cole and Coogler had joined ; additional cast joined in May , making Black Panther the first Marvel film with a predominantly black cast . Principal photography took place from January to April 2017 , at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area , and Busan , South Korea . Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29 , 2018 , and was released theatrically in the United States on February 16 , 2018 , in 2D , 3D , IMAX and other premium large formats . The film received praise for its screenplay , direction , performances , action , costume design , production merits , and soundtrack . Critics considered it one of the best films set in the MCU and noted its cultural significance . It grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide , and became the second - highest - grossing film of 2018 , the third - highest - grossing film ever in the United States , the ninth - highest - grossing film of all time , and the highest - grossing film by a black director . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.2. 1 Design 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 Pre-sale ticket records 6.1. 2 United States and Canada 6.1. 3 Other territories 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Black representation and analysis 6.4 Accolades 7 Future 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot Centuries ago , five African tribes war over a meteorite containing vibranium . One warrior ingests a `` heart - shaped herb '' affected by the metal and gains superhuman abilities , becoming the first `` Black Panther '' . He unites all but the Jabari Tribe to form the nation of Wakanda . The Wakandans use the vibranium to develop advanced technology and isolate themselves from the world by posing as a Third World country . In 1992 , King T'Chaka visits his brother N'Jobu , who is working undercover in Oakland , California . T'Chaka accuses N'Jobu of assisting black - market arms dealer Ulysses Klaue with stealing vibranium from Wakanda . N'Jobu's partner reveals he is Zuri , another undercover Wakandan , and confirms T'Chaka's suspicions . In the present day , following T'Chaka's death , his son T'Challa returns to Wakanda to assume the throne . He and Okoye , the leader of the Dora Milaje regiment , extract Nakia , T'Challa's ex-lover , from an undercover assignment so she can attend his coronation ceremony with his mother Ramonda and younger sister Shuri . At the ceremony , the Jabari Tribe 's leader M'Baku challenges T'Challa for the crown in ritual combat . T'Challa defeats M'Baku and persuades him to yield rather than die . When Klaue and Erik Stevens steal a Wakandan artifact from a London museum , W'Kabi , T'Challa's friend and Okoye 's lover , urges him to bring Klaue back dead or alive . T'Challa , Okoye , and Nakia travel to Busan , South Korea , where Klaue plans to sell the artifact to CIA agent Everett K. Ross . A firefight erupts and Klaue attempts to flee but is caught by T'Challa , who reluctantly releases him to Ross ' custody . Klaue tells Ross that Wakanda 's international image is a front for a technologically advanced civilization . Erik attacks and extracts Klaue as Ross is gravely injured protecting Nakia . Rather than pursue Klaue , T'Challa takes Ross to Wakanda , where their technology can save him . While Shuri heals Ross , T'Challa confronts Zuri about N'Jobu . Zuri explains that N'Jobu planned to share Wakanda 's technology with people of African descent around the world to help them conquer their oppressors . As T'Chaka arrested N'Jobu , N'Jobu attacked Zuri , forcing T'Chaka to kill him . T'Chaka ordered Zuri to lie that N'Jobu had disappeared and left behind N'Jobu's American son , Erik , in order to maintain the lie . Erik became a U.S. black ops soldier , adopting the name `` Killmonger '' . Meanwhile , Killmonger kills Klaue and takes his body to Wakanda . He is brought before the tribal elders , revealing his identity and claim to the throne . Killmonger challenges T'Challa to ritual combat , in which he kills Zuri , defeats T'Challa and hurls him over a waterfall , where he is presumed dead . Killmonger ingests the heart - shaped herb and orders the rest incinerated , but Nakia extracts one first . Killmonger , supported by W'Kabi and his army , prepares to distribute shipments of Wakandan weapons to operatives around the world . Nakia , Shuri , Ramonda and Ross flee to the Jabari Tribe for aid . They find a comatose T'Challa , rescued by the Jabari in repayment for sparing M'Baku's life . Healed by Nakia 's herb , T'Challa returns to fight Killmonger , who dons his own Black Panther suit and commands W'Kabi and his army to attack T'Challa . Shuri , Nakia , and the Dora Milaje join T'Challa , while Ross remotely pilots a jet and shoots down the planes carrying the vibranium weapons . M'Baku and the Jabari arrive to reinforce T'Challa . Confronted by Okoye , W'Kabi and his army stand down . Fighting in Wakanda 's vibranium mine , T'Challa disrupts Killmonger 's suit and stabs him . Killmonger refuses to be healed , choosing to die a free man rather than be incarcerated . T'Challa establishes an outreach center at the building where N'Jobu died to be run by Nakia and Shuri . In a mid-credits scene , T'Challa appears before the United Nations to reveal Wakanda 's true nature to the world . In a post-credits scene , Shuri helps Bucky Barnes with his recuperation . Cast ( L : R ) Producer Kevin Feige , director Ryan Coogler , and actors Lupita Nyong'o , Michael B. Jordan , Danai Gurira , and Chadwick Boseman promoting Black Panther at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International . Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther : The king of the African nation of Wakanda , who gains enhanced strength by ingesting the Heart - Shaped Herb . After the events of Captain America : Civil War , and the death of his father T'Chaka , T'Challa is in mourning while ascending to the throne . Boseman , who called T'Challa an anti-hero , said that he is `` very much aware of ( his ) responsibility '' as the leader of Wakanda . Black Panther 's suit that forms around his body was inspired by a similar design seen in Ta - Nehisi Coates ' Black Panther comic book run . Boseman worked with the same dialect coach he had during Message from the King , and worked with Marrese Crump to stay in shape between Civil War and Black Panther . In preparing for the role , Boseman examined Shaka Zulu , Patrice Lumumba , speeches from Nelson Mandela , Fela Kuti songs , and talked to a Yoruba Babalawo , while also making two trips to South Africa . Boseman trained in Dambe , Capoeira Angola and Zulu stick fighting to prepare for the role , along with taking a DNA test to better understand his African ancestry . He signed a five - film contract with Marvel . Ashton Tyler plays a young T'Challa . Michael B. Jordan as N'Jadaka / Erik `` Killmonger '' Stevens : The son of N'Jobu , and a U.S. black - ops soldier who seeks to overthrow his cousin T'Challa . Executive producer Nate Moore said Killmonger `` has his own opinion on how Wakanda has been run and should ( be ) run '' . Jordan , who had `` been wanting to play a villain for a while '' , likened Killmonger and T'Challa's relationship to the X-Men characters Magneto and Professor X . He added that Killmonger is `` very strategic , thoughtful . He 's very patient . Very well skilled , trained to a T . '' Killmonger 's bumpy , ritualistic tribal markings on his chest and torso resemble the scar tattoos of the Mursi and Surma tribes , and consisted of 90 individually sculpted silicone molds that took two - and - a-half hours to apply . Jordan would have to sit in a sauna for two hours at the end of the day to remove the prosthetics . Killmonger 's dreadlocks hairstyle was a modern take on the character 's long hair in the comics . In preparing for the role , Jordan examined Malcolm X , Marcus Garvey , Huey P. Newton , Fred Hampton , and Tupac Shakur . Corey Calliet served as Jordan 's trainer on the film , after also doing so on Creed . Seth Carr plays a young Killmonger . Lupita Nyong'o as Nakia : T'Challa's former lover and a War Dog , an undercover spy for Wakanda placed in other countries to complete missions . She is from the River Tribe . Nyong'o called Nakia a `` departure '' from her comic counterpart . She begins the film fighting for enslaved women in Nigeria ; Nyong'o learned to speak Hausa for certain scenes in the film . She also trained in judo , jujitsu , silat and Filipino martial arts . Danai Gurira as Okoye : An `` extremely proud '' Wakandan and traditionalist from the Border Tribe , who is the head of the Dora Milaje , the all - female special forces of Wakanda , who serve as T'Challa's bodyguards . When looking to cast Gurira , director Ryan Coogler had not seen The Walking Dead , in which Gurira portrays the popular character Michonne , and instead wanted her for the part because of her performance in Mother of George . Gurira said that the fighting skills she learned playing Michonne complemented the skills of Okoye , but that `` there 's a lot of ways that they 're extremely different ... Okoye is a whole ' nother thing . '' Gurira described the Dora Milaje as a secret service that is `` also very much about intel . It 's not just military '' , with Okoye the head of intel . Regarding Okoye 's stoic demeanor , Gurira said , `` She can be serious , but she also has an unexpected sense of humor . She has a heart , but for her country and for her people . '' Gurira 's head was re-shaved every day to have her head tattoos applied , which took two - and - a-half to three - and - a-half hours . Martin Freeman as Everett K. Ross : A member of the Central Intelligence Agency and former liaison of its Joint Counter Terrorism Task Force . Freeman said that Ross `` has an uneasy peace with T'Challa '' , and that he `` goes on a strange journey , an enlightening journey to Wakanda '' . Unlike his comic book counterpart , who mainly served as comic relief , Freeman and the filmmakers sought to turn this version of Ross into a more capable agent in terms of diplomacy and combat . Daniel Kaluuya as W'Kabi : A confidant to T'Challa and his best friend , who is the head of security for the Border Tribe , serving as the first line of defense for Wakanda . Letitia Wright as Shuri : T'Challa's 16 - year - old sister and the princess of Wakanda who designs new technology for the country . Wright described her as `` an innovative spirit and an innovative mind '' who `` wants to take Wakanda to a new place ... ( and ) has a great fashion sense '' . Wright also felt Shuri was a good role model for young black girls . Moore called Shuri the smartest person in the world , even more so than Tony Stark . Winston Duke as M'Baku : A powerful , ruthless warrior who is the leader of Wakanda 's mountain tribe , the Jabari , who are in protest to T'Challa being the new king . Duke described the Jabari as people who `` strongly believe that to move forward , you have to have a strong adherence and respect for the past . So they have a deep moral conscience . '' Character elements from Christopher Priest 's 1998 -- 2003 Black Panther series were adapted for M'Baku's portrayal in the film . M'Baku is not referred to in the film by his comics alter ego `` Man - Ape '' , since Marvel felt there were `` a lot of racial implications that do n't sit well '' in having a black character dress up as an ape . This aspect of the character was instead reworked to have the Jabari tribe that M'Baku is the leader of worship the gorilla gods , with M'Baku still wearing elements of fur on his arms and legs and a chest - plate that hints at the gorilla . Moore continued , `` Man - Ape is a problematic character for a lot of reasons , but the idea behind Man - Ape we thought was really fascinating ( ... ) It 's a line I think we 're walking , and hopefully walking successfully . '' To further differentiate the Jabari , Duke spoke a version of the Nigerian Igbo language rather than the Xhosa language spoken by other Wakandans . Angela Bassett as Ramonda : T'Challa and Shuri 's mother and Queen Mother of Wakanda . Boseman noted that Ramonda `` is one of the advisors that ( T'Challa ) would look to ... for some of the answers of what his father might want or might do . She may not be exactly right all the time , but she definitely has insights . '' Bassett wore a silver , waist - length wig for the role that was made from 120 pieces of hair hand - rolled into dreadlocks . Calliet also served as Bassett 's trainer , working with her before she began filming , and while she was on set , by creating high - intensity interval training circuits and helping to craft her diet . Forest Whitaker as Zuri : An elder statesman in Wakanda , and the keeper of the heart - shaped herb . Coogler called Zuri a religious and spiritual figure , and a way to reference the spirituality within Wakanda from the comics . He also added that Zuri `` is a major tie back '' to T'Chaka for T'Challa , and is `` Black Panther 's version of Obi - Wan Kenobi '' . Denzel Whitaker , who is not related to Forest , plays a young Zuri . Andy Serkis as Ulysses Klaue : A South African black - market arms dealer , smuggler and gangster , who is allied with Killmonger . He uses a piece of advanced Wakandan mining equipment as a sonic disruptor arm - cannon , replacing his left arm , which he lost in Avengers : Age of Ultron . Boseman described Klaue as a threat to Wakanda , one of the few outsiders to enter the country , and someone with access to vibranium , comparing him to Osama bin Laden . Serkis added that in addition to his desire for vibranium , Klaue is motivated by a `` personal '' vendetta against T'Challa , and `` to expose what he thinks is the hypocrisy of Wakanda '' . Additionally , John Kani and Florence Kasumba reprise their respective roles of T'Chaka and Ayo from Captain America : Civil War , with Kani 's son Atandwa portraying a young T'Chaka . Sterling K. Brown plays N'Jobu , T'Chaka's brother and Killmonger 's father , who is a War Dog sent to America . Wakandan elders in the film include Isaach de Bankolé for the River Tribe , Connie Chiume for the Mining Tribe , Dorothy Steel for the Merchant Tribe , and Danny Sapani for the Border Tribe . Sydelle Noel appears as Xoliswa , a member of the Dora Milaje , with other members played by Marija Abney , Janeshia Adams - Ginyard , Maria Hippolyte , Marie Mouroum , Jénel Stevens , Zola Williams , Christine Hollingsworth , and Shaunette Renée Wilson . Nabiyah Be initially announced that she was playing criminal Tilda Johnson , but her character was simply named Linda in the final film due to Gabrielle Dennis being cast as Johnson in the second season of Luke Cage . Comedian Trevor Noah voices Griot , a Wakandan ship A.I. Black Panther co-creator Stan Lee has a cameo in the film as a patron in the South Korean casino , and Sebastian Stan has an uncredited cameo reprising his role as Bucky Barnes in a post-credits scene . Production Development In June 1992 , Wesley Snipes announced his intention to make a film about Black Panther . Snipes wanted to highlight the majesty of Africa , which he felt was poorly portrayed in Hollywood films , saying , `` I think Black Panther spoke to me because he was noble , and he was the antithesis of the stereotypes presented and portrayed about Africans , African history and the great kingdoms of Africa . '' He had begun work on the film by that August . The next July , Snipes planned to begin The Black Panther after starring in Demolition Man , and the next month he expressed interest in making sequels to the film as well . In January 1994 , Snipes entered talks with Columbia Pictures to portray Black Panther , and Black Panther co-creator Stan Lee joined the film by March ; it had entered early development by May . Snipes had discussions with several different screenwriters and directors about the project , including Mario Van Peebles and John Singleton . When the film had not progressed by January 1996 , Lee explained that he had not been pleased with the scripts for the project . Snipes said that there was confusion among those unfamiliar with the comics , who thought that the film was about the Black Panther Party . We 've yet to have a major black comic book hero on the screen . Especially the Black Panther , which is such a rich , interesting life . It 's a dream come true to originate something ( like ) that . -- Actor Wesley Snipes , who worked on early iterations of Black Panther In July 1997 , Black Panther was listed as part of Marvel Comics ' film slate , and in March 1998 , Marvel reportedly hired Joe Quesada and Jimmy Palmiotti , who at the time were editors of the Black Panther comics under the Marvel Knights brand , to work on it . However , Quesada and Palmiotti have denied that this happened . That August , corporate problems at Marvel put the project on hold , while the next August , Snipes was set to produce , and possibly star , in the film . In May 2000 , Artisan Entertainment announced a deal with Marvel to co-produce , finance , and distribute a film based on Black Panther . In March 2002 , Snipes said he planned to film Blade 3 or Black Panther in 2003 , and reiterated his interest five months later . In July 2004 , Blade 3 director David S. Goyer said this was unlikely , as Snipes was `` already so entrenched as Blade that another Marvel hero might be overkill '' . In September 2005 , Marvel chairman and CEO Avi Arad announced Black Panther as one of the ten Marvel films that would be developed by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures . In June 2006 , Snipes said he hoped to have a director for the project soon . In February 2007 , Kevin Feige , president of production for Marvel Studios , reiterated that Black Panther was on Marvel 's development slate . By July , John Singleton had been approached to direct the film . In March 2009 , Marvel hired writers to help come up with creative ways to launch its lesser - known properties , including Black Panther , with Nate Moore , the head of the writers program , helping to oversee the development of the Black Panther film specifically . In January 2011 , Marvel Studios hired documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey to write a script for Black Panther , to be produced by Feige . In October 2013 , Feige said `` I do n't know when it will be exactly , but we certainly have plans to bring ( Black Panther ) to life some day '' , noting that the Marvel Cinematic Universe had already introduced the metal vibranium , which comes from Black Panther 's home nation Wakanda . There had been discussions of introducing Wakanda to the MCU as early as 2010 's Iron Man 2 , but this was put off until Marvel had `` a full idea of what exactly that looked like '' . In October 2014 , Feige announced that Black Panther would be released on November 3 , 2017 , with Chadwick Boseman cast in the title role . Boseman did not audition before he was hired for the role , instead discussing what he wanted to do with the part with Marvel . The actor was set to first portray the character in Captain America : Civil War , before starring in his own film . Feige said that Marvel was considering minority filmmakers for the director and writer , but that they were focused on `` looking for the best filmmakers , the best writers , the best directors possible . So I 'm not going to say for sure that we 're going to hire from any one demographic , but we 're meeting a lot of people . '' He added that they had met with former Black Panther comics writer Reginald Hudlin . In January 2015 , Boseman said that the film was going through a `` brainstorming phase '' , and he was looking at the different stories in the comics and how they may be merged for the film . The next month , Marvel pushed back the release date to July 6 , 2018 . In April 2015 , Feige said he would be meeting with directors after the release of Avengers : Age of Ultron at the end of the month , and that further casting was underway . By May 2015 , Marvel had discussions with Ava DuVernay to direct this film or Captain Marvel . In June , Feige confirmed that he had met with DuVernay alongside a number of other directors , and said that he expected a decision to be made by mid - to late 2015 . By early July , DuVernay had passed on directing the film , explaining that `` Marvel has a certain way of doing things and I think they 're fantastic and a lot of people love what they do . I loved that they reached out to me ... ( but ) we had different ideas about what the story would be ... we just did n't see eye to eye . Better for me to realize that now than cite creative differences later . '' Later in the month , DuVernay expanded , It was a process of trying to figure out , are these people I want to go to bed with ? Because it 's really a marriage , and for this it would be three years . It 'd be three years of not doing other things that are important to me . So it was a question of , is this important enough for me to do ? At one point , the answer was yes because I thought there was value in putting that kind of imagery into the culture in a worldwide , huge way ... a black man as a hero -- that would be pretty revolutionary . These Marvel films go everywhere from Shanghai to Uganda , and nothing that I probably will make will reach that many people , so I found value in that ... ( but ) it 's important to me that ( my work ) be true to who I was in this moment . And if there 's too much compromise , it really was n't going to be an Ava DuVernay film . By October 2015 , F. Gary Gray and Ryan Coogler had been considered to direct the film , though negotiations with Coogler had cooled , and Gray had chosen to direct Fast & Furious 8 instead . Joe Robert Cole , a member of the Marvel writers program , was in talks to write the screenplay , and Marvel changed the release date once again , moving it to February 16 , 2018 . By December , discussions with Coogler were reignited after the successful opening of his film Creed . Feige described Black Panther as `` a big geopolitical action adventure that focuses on the family and royal struggle of T'Challa in Wakanda , and what it means to be a king '' , while calling the film `` a very important '' link to Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel . He added that the film would be the first Marvel Studios production to feature a `` primarily African - American cast '' . Pre-production What 's so great about Panther is he 's a superhero who , if you grab him and ask him if he 's a superhero , he 'll tell you , ' No . ' He sees himself as a politician , as a leader in his country . It just so happens that the country is a warrior - based nation where the leaders have to be warriors , as well , so sometimes he has to go fight . -- Ryan Coogler , director of Black Panther In January 2016 , Coogler was confirmed as director , and explained that he grew up reading comics , so Black Panther `` is just as personal to me as the last couple of films I was able to make . I feel really fortunate to be able to work on something I 'm this passionate about again . '' In agreeing to direct the film after being `` wooed '' by Feige for months , Coogler insisted that he bring collaborators from his previous films to work on Black Panther , to differentiate the film from others in the MCU , that are often `` shot , composed , and edited by the same in - house people '' . This included Fruitvale Station cinematographer Rachel Morrison , as well as production designer Hannah Beachler and composer Ludwig Göransson , who both worked with Coogler on Fruitvale Station and Creed . Discussing working in with the MCU while still creating `` a Ryan Coogler movie '' , the director said , What Marvel 's doing ... is making content that exists in a particular universe , where the characters tie in and crossover , and I think that 's a great creative challenge to me -- to make this movie as personal as possible . It 's going to be my most personal movie to date , which is crazy to say , but it 's completely the case . I 'm obsessed with this character and this story right now , and I think it 's going to be very unique and still fit into the overall narrative that they 're establishing . I grew up as a comic book fan , and the same things used to happen in the comic books . You 'd have Wolverine 's books , and they 'd be so much darker and more brutal than the X-Men books , but they 'd still fit in when you open the pages of the X-Men book . It 's new to movies , but it 's not new to storytelling . Coogler promoting Black Panther at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International In April 2016 , Feige said that Coogler was working on the script with Cole , and that filming would begin at the `` very beginning of next year '' . Feige noted that Civil War laid `` the groundwork '' for T'Challa's morality , and established the `` geopolitical landscape '' that he would have to deal with on returning to Wakanda for Black Panther . Civil War also introduced the Wakandan language , based on the Xhosa language . Boseman was taught Xhosa by John Kani , who portrayed T'Challa's father King T'Chaka in that film . Lupita Nyong'o entered negotiations to star as T'Challa's love interest the next month , and Michael B. Jordan also joined , in an undisclosed role , after previously working with Coogler on Fruitvale Station and Creed . Later in the month , Nate Moore , now serving as a producer on the film , stated that filming would occur in Atlanta , Georgia , with Marvel `` definitely investigating shooting in Africa '' as well . At San Diego Comic - Con International 2016 , Nyong'o was confirmed for the film , in the role of Nakia , while Jordan 's role was revealed to be Erik Killmonger . Also announced was Danai Gurira as Okoye . Coogler confirmed that filming would begin in January 2017 . In September 2016 , Winston Duke was cast as M'Baku , a role that Yahya Abdul - Mateen II had also tested for . The following month , Forest Whitaker was cast as Zuri and Daniel Kaluuya as W'Kabi , with Florence Kasumba revealed to be reprising her role as Ayo from Captain America : Civil War . Letitia Wright was also cast in an unspecified role . Angela Bassett was cast as T'Challa's mother , Ramonda , in November , and by January 2017 , Sterling K. Brown was cast as N'Jobu . At that time , Marvel received permission from the Oakland , California - based public transit agency AC Transit to use their logo in the film for the opening flashback sequence . The setting was chosen due to Coogler 's Oakland roots . Amandla Stenberg was also considered for a role in the film , before she ultimately declined to appear . Stenberg , who is bi-racial and light skinned , called the decision `` really challenging '' as she did not feel comfortable taking a role in the film from a dark - skinned actor saying , `` it would have just been off to see me as a bi-racial American with a Nigerian accent ( playing a dark - skinned African ) just pretending that I 'm the same color as everyone else in the movie . '' The production team was inspired by Ta - Nehisi Coates ' run on Black Panther , who was writing the comic at the time , including Coates ' poetic dialogue , the art by Brian Stelfreeze , and `` some of the questions that it 's asking '' . Other runs of Black Panther in the comics that inspired the film include those by Jack Kirby , Christopher Priest ( which Coogler felt most influenced the film ) , Jonathan Hickman , and Hudlin . Characters for the film were picked from throughout the comics , based on what worked best for the film 's story . Coogler had hoped to include Spider - Man villain Kraven the Hunter early in the process ( before being told the character was unavailable to use in the film ) because of a scene in Priest 's run that had T'Challa fighting Kraven . Donald Glover and his brother Stephen Glover made some minor contributions to an early draft of the script , which included developing the relationship between T'Challa and his younger sister Shuri . Moore noted that an early script had more scenes outside of Wakanda , saying , after the Korea sequence , `` T'Challa , Nakia and Okoye ( went ) and sort of explored the theme of what it means to be African and African - American in the world a bit more ... There were definitely some great story ideas that we had to leave on the table and hopefully we get to revisit someday , '' including a `` super cool '' sequence that was storyboarded and ultimately cut to keep the story concise . Design The Maasai people of Kenya ( top ) inspired about 80 % of the design of the Dora Milaje , Wakanda 's all - female special forces ( bottom ) . Cole called the film an historic opportunity to depict a black superhero `` at a time when African - Americans are affirming their identities while dealing with vilification and dehumanization '' . He added that it was important to root the themes of the film in the actual cultures of Africa , and that they would be working with experts on the region of Africa that Wakanda is supposed to be located in . Elaborating on this , Cole noted that all the countries in Africa have `` different histories , mythologies , and cultures ( so ) what we tried to do was hone in on some of the history , some of the cultural influences and then extrapolate out in our technology ... we wanted to root it in reality first and then build out from there '' . Coogler compared the rarity of vibranium existing only in Wakanda to the real - life mineral coltan that can almost only be found in Congo . He wanted Wakanda to feel like a country rather than just one city by featuring multiple tribes , each with their own cultures , and created a project bible that listed each Wakandan tribe and their origins , which guided the design process . Special care was taken in all aspects of the design to create a futuristic look that was not alien , as some of Jack Kirby 's comic designs appeared . Beachler wanted to honor the comics with her designs , and then fill in the gaps with research concentrated on Sub-Saharan Africa , pulling inspiration from Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , Congo - Kinshasa , and Ethiopia , as well as the designs of Zaha Hadid . Moore described this approach as a love letter to Africa . Beachler looked at the architecture of existing tribes , and then tried to make them technologically advanced in a natural way rather than if Wakanda had been colonized . She said that this combination of old and new was an important theme throughout the film , as well as circular motifs to signify the transmission of energy . Some of the older areas explored in the film include Warrior Falls , the City of the Dead , and the Hall of Kings , which are juxtaposed with the more modern Afro - punk style of the Golden City , the capital . Rondavels were incorporated into the tops of Wakanda 's skyscrapers , inspired by the look of mountains at Blyde River Canyon in South Africa . Beachler created different sigils and architecture for each of the Wakandan tribes , with the Border Tribe inspired by Lesotho , the Merchant Tribe having a sigil based on Nigerian writing , and the Golden Tribe using a symbol for the sun found throughout Africa . Gorilla City , home to the Jabari Tribe , was originally set in a rain forest , but Coogler suggested that it be found up a mountain in snow . Beachler based the written form of the Wakandan language seen throughout the film on an old Nigerian language . Beachler also worked on the vibranium technology used throughout the country , consulting with mining and metallurgy experts . This included the vibranium mine where the substance is depicted as glowing blue rocks , before it is refined into the stainless steel look previously seen in the MCU . The film also adapts the kimoyo bead technology from the comics , and features sand - based technology . Beachler wanted all of the futuristic elements of the film to be consistent with projections of what real world technology may be like in 25 or 30 years , including the maglev and hovercraft technology used in vehicles . The Wakandan vehicles depicted in the film include a maglev train for carrying vibranium ; the king 's Royal Talon Fighter , which looks like a mask from the top and bottom ; and the Dragon Flyer , inspired by the Congo peafowl . The majority of Beachler 's sets were constructed on sound stages in Atlanta , including the Tribal Council , Shuri 's design space , and the Hall of Kings . The Tribal Council set was built with a glass floor through which an old ruin can be seen . The exterior set for Warrior Falls was built on a backlot north of Atlanta , and was inspired by the Oribi Gorge . The set was 36 feet ( 11 m ) , made up of a 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) high pool , and then 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) high cliff faces that were designed to be extended to 100 feet ( 30 m ) with visual effects . A framework for the cliffs was hand - sculpted from industrial styrofoam , with a system of tunnels built - in to the design to allow extras to climb up to different areas of the cliffs . The framework was then covered with 25,000 cubic feet ( 710 m ) of foam that was sculptured to match rocks found at Oribi Gorge . Six large pumps were used to fill the pool at the base of the set , and create a waterfall over the ledge at the bottom . The base of the pool was made from padding so stunts could safely be carried out on the set , but designed to look like rocks and to have enough grip that the actors would not fall over in the water . The set took four months to complete , and was used for two weeks of filming . Costume designer Ruth E. Carter referenced the Maasai , Himba , Dogon , Basotho , Tuareg , Turkana , Xhosa , Zulu , Suri and Dinka people in her designs for Wakanda . She also examined appropriate works by Japanese fashion designer Issey Miyake , French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent and American fashion designer Donna Karan . Winnie Mandela provided inspiration to the costumes Carter created for Angela Bassett , while the Dora Milaje costumes primarily used red to reflect different African cultures , and included beaded tabards that feature talismans for `` protection , good spirit , and good luck , and a sense of ownership , as if the costume could be handed down from mother to daughter '' . Carter specifically wanted to avoid the `` girls in the bathing suits '' look , and instead have the Dora Milaje wear full armor that they would practically need for battle . She also had to take the stunt work that the actors had to do into consideration . Anthony Francisco , the Senior Visual Development Illustrator , noted the Dora Milaje costumes were based 80 percent on the Maasai , five percent on samurai , five percent on ninjas , and five percent on the Ifugao people from the Philippines . The arm band and neck rings were a reference to the Southern Ndebele people , which denotes stature . As such , Okoye has gold bands and rings to denote she is a general , compared to the other Dora Milaje wearing silver . The costumes for T'Challa combined his role as king and as the head of the military , including combining a kente cloth cloak with military boots . Carter also used distinct colors and patterns for each of Wakanda 's tribes , such as green with shells for the River Tribe based on the Suri , blue with wood for the Border Tribe , and black with royal purple for the Black Panther and the Royal Palace . The Merchant Tribe was clothed in plums and purples for the merchants in reference to the Tuareg , and ochre for the Mining Tribe , inspired by the Himba . Three out of every five people in Wakanda go barefoot , which also influenced the costuming process . When the Wakandan characters are in other countries , their clothing looks `` quite normal '' but is intended to be consistent with their respective Wakandan designs . Carter created 700 costumes for the film , working with `` an army '' of illustrators , designers , mold makers , fabric dyers , jewelry makers and more . Hair department head Camille Friend referenced traditional African art , fabrics , hair , and textures , and the current - day natural hair movement in her designs . Friend strived to keep the hair natural , using `` braids , locs and twists ... extensions , ( and ) wigs '' . As with Carter , each tribe had their own identifiable hair aesthetic , such as the Jabari Tribe having `` very straight , clean lines '' with war - paint detail , inspired by Senegalese warriors . Filming Principal photography had begun by January 21 , 2017 , at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area , under the working title Motherland . Filming also took place in the Sweet Auburn neighborhood in Atlanta , which doubled as Oakland ; the High Museum of Art , which served as the fictional Museum of Great Britain in London ; and Atlanta City Hall , which served as a United Nations building . Shortly after filming started , Kani 's son Atandwa stated that he would appear in the film alongside his father , the latter reprising the role of T'Chaka , while on - set photographs revealed that Martin Freeman would reprise his role as Everett K. Ross . Marvel announced the start of production on January 26 , along with confirming the casting of Freeman , Wright , and John Kani , and revealing that Andy Serkis would reprise his role as Ulysses Klaue from Avengers : Age of Ultron . Atandwa portrays a younger version of his father 's character , and also served as a cultural consultant during filming , along with dialect coach Beth McGuire who ensured there was continuity between the various actors who had to use `` Wakandan accents '' . Jordan joined the production later than the rest of the core cast . He felt that this aided his performance , since his character is separate from and in conflict with the other characters . Because of this , Jordan kept to himself while he was on set . It was revealed during a press visit to the film 's set that the Dora Milaje would be widely explored in the film , which does not adapt the ceremonial betrothal aspect from the comics . Moore compared the politics and humor of the film to Captain America : The Winter Soldier , saying that the former would be inherent but not `` preachy '' , and that the latter would be avoiding the tones of Guardians of the Galaxy and Ant - Man . He added that the film does not depend on the plots of any other MCU films -- and the character Bucky Barnes would not come out of cryogenic sleep during Black Panther after being frozen by Wakandan scientists at the end of Civil War -- but the events of this film do affect the wider MCU moving forward . Since Black Panther and Avengers : Infinity War were filming simultaneously in Atlanta , both production teams worked together closely to ensure a unified presentation of Wakanda in the films , as the country also plays a large role in Infinity War . Additional filming took place in South Korea , with the city of Busan serving as the setting of a car chase scene , involving 150 cars and over 700 people . Filming in Busan began on March 17 , 2017 , with shooting occurring at the Jagalchi Fish Market , and filming taking place by Gwangalli Beach on March 21 . Other filming locations included Marine City in the Haeundae District and at the Gwangandaegyo Bridge . The production crew also hired hundreds of current and former film students from local universities as staff or assistant staff during the South Korea filming . Filming in the country wrapped on March 27 . At CinemaCon 2017 , Wright was revealed to be portraying Shuri in the film . Location shooting also took place at the Rwenzori Mountains and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda , while Marzano Films provided aerial footage of South Africa , Zambia , Uganda and South Korea . Filming concluded on April 19 , 2017 . Cinematographer Rachel Morrison , who was eager to work on Black Panther because of the bond that she formed with Coogler on Fruitvale Station , filmed in 3.4 K ArriRaw with Arri Alexa XT Plus cameras and Panavision Primo lenses . Morrison stated that she primarily used a two - camera set - up with a third or fourth camera on occasion . Morrison also said that lighting was her biggest challenge , the magnitude of which `` was much bigger than I 'd experienced before '' , and made extensive use of Arri SkyPanel LED light fixtures , which she could preprogram from an iPad . Morrison explained that she surrounded entire sets with SkyPanels and even `` built an entire jungle on a sound stage '' . Post-production At the end of June 2017 , Sydelle Noel revealed she had been cast in the film as Xoliswa , a member of the Dora Milaje . In July 2017 , Moore said Black Panther would be a cross between The Godfather and the James Bond films as a `` big , operatic family drama centered around a world of international espionage . So hopefully we 're getting the best of both worlds . '' Coogler added that the film was influenced by `` the films of the ' 70s '' such as the works of Francis Ford Coppola in that decade , as well as crime fiction . Coogler also watched the film A Prophet for inspiration . Feige called the film 's story `` rich in culturally relevant ideas . These are conversations we were having two years ago because that is inherently the story within the comics . Now it 's going to seem like the most highly fluid thing we could have done . '' Boseman also indicated there were parallels to `` pull from '' in the film in relation to Donald Trump becoming President of the United States after Barack Obama . In January 2018 , Coogler hinted at the inclusion of post-credit scenes . Two are included , with the second featuring Sebastian Stan reprising his role as Bucky Barnes . Visual effects Previsualization ( top ) and completed visual effects shot of Wakanda by Industrial Light & Magic ( bottom ) Visual effects for the film were created by : Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) with help from Virtuos , Stereo D , and Scanline VFX ; Double Negative ; Luma Pictures ; Mammal Studios ; Method Studios ; Perception ; Rise Visual Effects Studios ; Torm Studios ; Trixter ; Cantina Creative ; Lola VFX ; Capital T ; Exceptional Minds ; Technicolor VFX ; Rodeo FX ; Imageloom VFX ; Anibrain ; Method Pune ; Bot VFX ; Pixstone Images ; Futureworks ; Vertigo Visual ; FX3X ; and Yannix Thailand Co . Previsualization was completed by Digital Domain and The Third Floor , while Perception also created the main title sequence for the film . ILM was primarily responsible for creating the digital urban environments of Wakanda . VFX supervisor Craig Hammack said , `` African culture has symbology , color and richness and a certain amount of earthy material qualities that make things difficult to design as a futuristic city , '' which typically use lots of steel and glass . ILM looked to real life examples that blend modern architecture with natural environments like One Central Park in Sydney and modern African architecture like The Pearl of Africa Hotel in Kampala as influences . ILM also worked on some interior shots , extending Beachler 's set , and the initial rhinoceros . For T'Challa's ancestral plane scenes , ILM worked on the nighttime scene first , having the sky reflect the Northern Lights , and worked hard to keep the sky visible in the daytime scene . ILM also added additional vibranium sand for the burial sequences to aid in the breathing of Boseman when filming , and added the flames when Killmonger burns the heart - shaped herb . Perception , which also did the main on - end title sequence that referenced the vibranium sand effect that ILM and other companies contributed through the film , also helped create Shuri 's laboratory and the interface designs for the displays . Method Studios created much of the digital natural environments of Wakanda . Method built a 3,600 square kilometers ( 1,400 sq mi ) landscape that is visible in various aerial shots in the film . VFX Supervisor Andy Brown said , `` Looking out from the top of Mount Bashenga , you can see the rich diversity of African landscapes -- it looks lush and jungle - like in one direction , and more like the plains and savannah in the other , so we had multiple ecosystems to tackle , but it really drives home the vastness of these shots . '' Method was also responsible for creating Black Panther 's and Killmonger 's digital suits , and many of the film 's digital characters , vehicles , and weapons . They also worked on the final battle sequence , including crowd simulation . Method worked with the stunt coordinators in their motion capture sessions to give each Dora Milaje or Jabari fighter their unique fighting style . Brown noted that `` In addition to randomizing the height , weight , and other characteristics of each fighter to add variance to the crowd , we had to incorporate more specific elements such as unique face tattoos for each Dora Milaje fighter and the signature hairstyles of the Jabari warriors . '' Method also worked on the vibranium mine , animating the gadgets in Shuri 's laboratory . Luma Pictures worked on the Busan car chase sequence , digitally creating the Lexus cars featured in the sequence . Multiple digital versions of the same car were created , so the production could have the actual cars crash and do various stunts with them , with Luma then inserting the digital versions to augment them . Luma also created the sonic forces from Klaue 's cannon , while Scanline VFX worked on digitally removing Serkis ' left arm for the sonic cannon and the London museum heist sequence . Music Main article : Black Panther ( soundtrack ) Ludwig Göransson was hired to compose the film 's score by April 2017 . Göransson traveled to Senegal and South Africa to record local musicians to form the `` base '' of his soundtrack . Kendrick Lamar produced the film 's curated soundtrack , Black Panther : The Album , along with Top Dawg Entertainment founder Anthony Tiffith . Coogler chose Lamar for the project because his `` artistic themes align with those we explore in the film '' . Three singles from the album were released throughout January and February 2018 : `` All the Stars '' , `` King 's Dead '' , and `` Pray for Me '' . Black Panther : The Album was released on February 9 , 2018 , while a soundtrack of Göransson 's score was released on February 16 , 2018 . Release Black Panther had its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on January 29 , 2018 . The premiere featured a purple carpet that was flanked by women dressed as the Dora Milaje , and was lit by futuristic lamps . Coogler , the cast members , and other guests wore African clothing , to honor the African roots of the film , at the request of Marvel for attendees to wear `` royal attire '' . Ahead of the screening at the premiere , Coogler received an extended standing ovation before he announced the cast of the film . Black Panther was released in the United Kingdom , Hong Kong , and Taiwan on February 13 , 2018 , in South Korea on February 14 , 2018 , and the United States on February 16 , 2018 . In the United States , the film opened in 4,020 theaters , with over 3,200 of those in 3D , 404 in IMAX , over 660 in premium large format , and over 200 D - Box locations . In addition , Black Panther was the first MCU film to be converted to ScreenX , a 270 - degree wraparound format , that played in over 101 locations in eight countries . The film opened in most of its markets in its first weekend of release and had a `` cross-nation release '' in Africa , a first for a Disney film . It was originally scheduled to be released on November 3 , 2017 , before moving in February 2015 to July 6 , 2018 to accommodate Spider - Man : Homecoming . In October 2015 , it moved again to accommodate Ant - Man and the Wasp . Black Panther premiered in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia on April 18 , 2018 . The occasion marks the first public film screening since movie theaters were banned in the kingdom in the early 1980 's , after ultraconservative religious standards were introduced in 1979 . The ban was lifted in December 2017 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman as part of an effort to revamp Saudi society . The film premiered in a newly constructed 620 leather seat cinema , owned by AMC Theatres , in Riyadh 's King Abdullah Financial District that was originally intended to be a symphony hall . Disney 's regional distributor Italia Film revealed that 40 seconds of the film had been removed , which was in line with cuts made to the film across the region . Awwad Alawwad , Saudi Arabia 's Minister of Culture and Information , and Adam Aron , CEO of AMC Entertainment , were in attendance for the premiere along with other diplomats and industry experts ; no one from the cast or production team was in attendance . The premiere also had men and women sitting together , a representation of the Saudi government 's recently relaxed enforcement of laws banning co-mingling between unrelated men and women . Black Panther screened for five days before Avengers : Infinity War premiered on April 26 in the kingdom . Marketing Marvel debuted early footage and concept art from the film in April 2017 , at a press event for several of the MCU Phase Three films . Kyle Buchanan at Vulture.com praised the cinematography , costume and production design , and focus on dark - skinned actors and characters , saying `` Black Panther does n't look like any of the other Marvel movies ... If this is what the future of superhero movies looks like , deal me in . '' Feige believed the screened footage was the first time Marvel had shown raw dailies , a decision made because the company wanted to show off the film 's cast ( which Feige called `` the highest - class cast we 've had on a first movie '' ) and diversity , even though editing for it had not yet begun . A teaser poster was released ahead of the first teaser trailer , which premiered during Game 4 of the 2017 NBA Finals . Fans felt the poster was poorly photoshopped , and tweets mentioning it were only 27 percent positive , and 27 percent negative , according to CNBC 's marketing technology firm Amobee . The poster was also compared to a real - life picture of Black Panther Party co-founder Huey P. Newton holding two gun spears . The trailer received a much more positive response , with Peter Sciretta of / Film saying it was `` nothing like I was expecting this movie to look like and that 's refreshing '' . io9 's Charles Pulliam - Moore called the teaser `` every bit as intense as you were hoping it would be '' and `` epic as hell '' . Andrew Husband for Uproxx felt the single teaser `` easily outshines Spider - Man : Homecoming 's big - from - the - beginning marketing campaign '' . Forbes 's Scott Mendelson felt that `` Black Panther has the chance to be a seminal event in the same way we 're now seeing with Wonder Woman . '' The trailer was viewed 89 million times in 24 hours , and `` dominated the conversation on social media for much of the night '' over Game 4 , being the top - trending item on Twitter . The Hollywood Reporter noted that the teaser generated 349,000 Twitter mentions in 24 hours , also more than Game 4 . The amount of mentions were second to the amount the Star Wars : The Last Jedi teaser received . comScore and its PreAct service noted over 466,000 new social media conversations for the film after the trailer released , the most for the week . For the week ending on June 18 , comScore and its PreAct service again noted social media conversations for the film , with over 33,000 new ones , the second-most for the week behind Spider - Man : Homecoming . The service also noted Black Panther produced a total of over 566,000 conversations to date . ( L : R ) Moderator Chris Hardwick , Feige , Coogler , and the cast of Black Panther at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Costumes from the film were on display at D23 Expo 2017 and the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con . Also in July , Marvel Studios unveiled a partnership with Lexus , with the 2018 Lexus LC being featured in the film . A graphic novel , Black Panther : Soul of a Machine , was released in December 2017 from writers Fabian Nicieza , Geoffrey Thorne and Chuck Brown , with cover illustrations by Scott `` Rahzzah '' Wilson and Szymon Kudranski , in which Black Panther defeats a villain with the help of the Lexus LC 500 . Lexus also unveiled the 2018 LC Inspiration Series production car and a concept coupe dubbed the Black Panther Inspired LC . Coogler , Boseman and other members of the cast presented exclusive footage of the film at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con , which received a standing ovation from the audience . The footage segued into a montage featuring Kendrick Lamar 's song `` DNA '' . Coogler called the lyrics `` amazing '' and both literally and culturally appropriate for the footage and film . In September 2017 , Coogler , Gurira , and Moore participated in a panel at the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation 's Annual Legislative Conference , where exclusive footage from the film was also shown and met with a positive response . On October 16 , 2017 , a full trailer was released . Dave Trumbore for Collider felt it was `` a killer trailer . It not only shows off a ton of action sequences , outrageous costume design , and comic book goodies for fans out there , it also brings an unmistakable sense of style that 's all Black Panther 's own . '' Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter said the message of the trailer was clear : `` this is n't like the other Marvel movies , this is something else '' . BamSmackPow 's Brendan Day said the trailer `` does everything right '' , showing `` a lot of cool imagery and action scenes without giving us much context or story points '' and having unique music choices , featuring `` BagBak '' by Vince Staples and `` The Revolution Will Not Be Televised '' by Gil Scott - Heron . Writing for Rolling Stone , Tre Johnson felt the trailer showed T'Challa as `` someone with the arrogance of ( John ) Shaft , the coolness of ( Barack ) Obama and the hot - headed impulsiveness of Kanye West '' . He continued , `` After decades of trying to nail the modern black superhero , we may finally be getting what we 've asked for ... Coogler has set out to do something with the modern black superhero that all previous iterations have fallen short of doing : making it respectable , imaginative and powerful . The Afro - punk aesthetic , the unapologetic black swagger , the miniscule appearances from non-black characters -- it 's an important resetting of a standard of what 's possible '' . A few days later , Marvel Comics published a prelude tie - in comic focusing on one of T'Challa's first missions as the Black Panther around the time of Iron Man . The first College Football Playoff National Championship halftime show was organized by Disney for the 2018 championship game , with Kendrick Lamar performing to promote Black Panther : The Album , to release a new trailer for the film , and to begin selling tickets for the film 's opening weekend . Marvel again partnered with Lexus to create a commercial for Super Bowl LII . Promoting the 2018 Lexus LS 500 F Sport , it featured Boseman and Wright reprising their roles . The commercial was released on January 25 , 2018 , ahead of its airing during the Super Bowl . According to RelishMix , the Lexus commercial had 4.3 million views on social media after it aired in the Super Bowl . Marvel also partnered with British shoe manufacturer Clarks to create a variant of their Originals ' Trigenic Evo shoe , inspired by the film . By February 12 , 2018 , Black Panther had amassed more than 5 million tweets on Twitter globally , becoming the most tweeted about film of 2018 , after being a top film in 2017 as well . Twitter also launched a custom emoji for the film , that appears when the hashtag # BlackPanther is used . During New York Fashion Week at Industria Studios in lower Manhattan , designers Cushnie et Ochs , Ikiré Jones , Tome , Sophie Theallet , Fear of God , Chromat , and LaQuan Smith created custom pieces that were inspired by the film for an event titled `` Welcome to Wakanda : Fashion for the Black Panther Era '' . Nick Barose applied makeup for the event , while Rodney Cutler styled hair . By mid-March 2018 , the film became the most - tweeted about film of all time on Twitter , with 35 million tweets . Twitter noted the most used Black Panther - related hashtags were # BlackPanther , # WakandaForever , and # Wakanda , with the most discussed characters Black Panther , Killmonger , and Shuri . Additionally , the most - retweeted tweets about the film were Lamar 's reveal of the soundtrack tracklist he curated , a video of kids trying to buy tickets using a Vincent Adultman - style trench coat disguise , and former First Lady Michelle Obama 's praise for the film . Other marketing partners included PepsiCo and Unilever , which launched an arts program in urban areas to provide an opportunity for young people interested in film to be mentored by established artists . Brisk created an interactive Black Panther installation at the 2018 NBA All - Star Game weekend , which showcased nine Brisk labels created by emerging artists to promote the Creators Class program . These labels debuted on all Brisk packaging nationwide in late February . Lancôme highlighted a line of makeup that Lupita Nyong'o and Letitia Wright used at the premiere of the film . Synchrony Financial worked with Coogler and Marvel to award the Ghetto Film School Fellows program with a $50,000 grant , with Coogler also visiting the school to speak to the students . Black Panther had the most expansive advertising budget and biggest line of merchandise of any Marvel non-sequel . Deadline Hollywood estimated the marketing budget globally was $140 million . In order to make the film `` feel like a cultural event '' , Asad Ayaz , Executive Vice President of Marketing for Marvel films at Disney , said the marketing campaign was about `` super-serving black moviegoers while also making it the broadest moviegoing event '' . Disney and Marvel also created a `` synergy program '' with the College Football Playoffs on ESPN , the ABC 's television series Black - ish , Grey 's Anatomy , Scandal , and How to Get Away With Murder , the Freeform series Grown - ish , and the Bravo franchise The Real Housewives . Marketing in territories outside the United States by Disney was fairly uniform , with a few exceptions . In the Middle East , the focus was kept on Black Panther , rather than Boseman out of costume , as superhero films `` just keep working '' in the territory , according to Gianluca Chakra , Managing Partner of major regional Middle East distributor Front Row . For Asian territories , they also focused on Black Panther as well as the action in the film , a strong selling point for audiences there . A Wakanda exhibit was featured in malls in seven cities in China , along with displays showing Black Panther next to other established MCU characters . A special trailer was also created for the Chinese audience , with Boseman introducing himself and the character 's connection to the other MCU films . Weibo attended the Los Angeles premiere of the film to take pictures and videos with the cast and crew in real time for China , the first time the company has partnered with a foreign studio for this type of engagement . Home media Black Panther was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on May 8 , 2018 , and on Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on May 15 . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes ; audio commentary ; deleted scenes ; a blooper reel ; an exclusive look at Ant - Man and the Wasp ; and a featurette on the first ten years of the MCU . Reception Box Office As of May 28 , 2018 , Black Panther has grossed $698.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $646.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $1.345 billion . The $370.5 million earned worldwide in its opening weekend was the 15th - largest of all time . It became the highest - grossing solo superhero film , the third - highest - grossing film of the MCU after The Avengers and Age of Ultron , and the ninth - highest - grossing film of all time . By its second weekend , the film earned $54.6 million globally from IMAX , which was the fastest Marvel film to reach the $50 million mark . In its fourth weekend , the film surpassed $1 billion , becoming the fifth MCU film , sixteenth Walt Disney Studios film , and 33rd film overall to do so . In March 2018 , five weeks after the film released , Deadline Hollywood estimated the net profit of the film would be $461 million , accounting for production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media . Presale ticket Records In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Black Panther was the second most anticipated film of 2018 , behind Avengers : Infinity War . Fandango reported that its first 24 hours of ticket pre-sales for the film were the largest ever for a Marvel film , surpassing Captain America : Civil War . Two weeks ahead of its release , Fandango announced that the film outsold all previous superhero films at the same point in the sales cycle , breaking the record previously held by Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Additionally , Black Panther had the highest number of ticket pre-sales for any superhero film at Alamo Drafthouse Cinema , after 18 days of sales . This was more than Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , the next closest film , which only had 72 % of Black Panther 's ticket sales in the same time frame . AMC Theatres also revealed that the film was out - selling all previous Marvel films , with strong sales in both urban areas and suburban locations . Four days before its United States opening , IMAX Entertainment CEO Greg Foster revealed that Black Panther had the most advanced IMAX ticket sales of any Marvel film . He added that it did not appear the ticket sales had peaked , stating that a film usually peaks 10 days before it opens , but Black Panther `` feels like it 's going to peak the day it opens '' . Atom Tickets also revealed strong pre-sales for the film . On February 15 , 2017 , Fandango announced that the film had the fourth - highest pre-sale tickets sold , behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Star Wars : The Last Jedi , and Rogue One . It also became the top pre-seller for a superhero film , beating Captain America : Civil War and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , for a film released in February , beating Deadpool , as well as for the first quarter of the year , beating The Hunger Games and Beauty and the Beast . United States and Canada Black Panther earned $75.8 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $25.2 million from Thursday night previews ) , and earned $242.1 million over the four - day Presidents ' Day weekend , which was the best Presidents ' Day weekend opening , the second - best four - day opening after Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $288 million ) and best ever for an African - American director . The Thursday night gross was the second - best for a MCU film , behind Avengers : Age of Ultron ( $27.6 million ) , the second - best preview night for a non-summer release , behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $27.7 million ) , and the best preview night for a February release , beating Deadpool ( $12.7 million ) . $3 million of the Thursday preview gross came from IMAX , which was tied for the most with Age of Ultron and Captain America : Civil War . The total opening day gross was the third - highest for a superhero film , behind Age of Ultron ( $84 million ) and The Avengers ( $80 million ) , the second - highest pre-summer release , behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $81 million ) , and the eighth - highest opening day ever . The $50.6 million earned on Friday was the largest single - day gross for a solo superhero film and the largest single - day gross for a non-sequel film . The $60.1 million earned on Sunday was the best single - day gross for a superhero film and the second best Sunday ever , behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $60.5 million ) . The three - day total weekend gross of $202 million was the fifth - best three - day opening ever and the biggest opening for a pre-summer and February release . The film 's $40.2 million gross on Monday was the best Monday gross of all time . IMAX contributed $23.5 million to the opening weekend gross , which was the best ever for a February release and any Marvel film , and the fourth - best opening ever . Speaking to the success of the film in its opening weekend , Anthony D'Alessandro of Deadline Hollywood said it was `` summer box office records during the second month of the year '' . AMC Theatres also reported that Black Panther became the highest - grossing film in history at 33 of their locations after two days , earning more than other films have earned in an entire weekend . They later stated that the film became the highest - grossing film in an opening weekend for 150 of their theaters , with 15 locations more than doubling their previous record and two tripling their previous record . Black Panther also had the second - largest Saturday and largest Sunday in AMC history , and had the second - largest opening weekend for the chain with 4.4 million admissions . Atom Tickets sold more tickets for Black Panther than any other superhero film . Fandango 's pre-sales accounted for 30 % of the opening weekend gross , one of the largest box office shares for any film in Fandango 's history . The opening weekend gross surpassed early projections for the film . Early projections in December 2017 had it earning between $80 -- 90 million , which increased to $100 -- 120 million by the end of January 2018 , and ultimately increasing again closer to the film 's release , projecting it to earn $150 -- 170 million or more . Several other film studios projected the total could be as high as $180 -- 200 million , while Disney initially projected the film to gross around $150 million in its opening weekend . On the Tuesday after its opening weekend , Black Panther earned an estimated $21.07 million , which was the best pre-summer Tuesday ever , beating Beauty and the Beast ( $17.8 million ) , the best Tuesday ever for an MCU film , beating The Avengers ( $17.6 million ) , and the second - best Tuesday all time , after The Force Awakens ( $37.3 million ) . Its five - day total of $263.2 million was still second to The Force Awakens ( $325.4 million ) . The $14.3 million earned the Thursday after its opening weekend was the best Thursday ever for a MCU film , beating The Avengers ( $12.4 million ) . It also surpassed $300 million on Friday , becoming the fastest MCU film to reach that mark in eight days , once again surpassing The Avengers , which had reached the mark in nine days , and tying The Last Jedi and Jurassic World . It also became the MCU film with the highest first - week gross . In its second weekend , the film earned $112 million , which was a 45 percent decrease from its opening week . This percentage was the smallest decline in a second weekend for any MCU film and was described by D'Alessandro as `` an amazing second - weekend hold '' . It was the second - best second weekend ever after The Force Awakens ( $149.2 million ) and the best second weekend ever for a Marvel film , beating The Avengers ( $103 million ) . Over its second weekend , the film also surpassed $400 million for its total domestic gross , reaching the mark in ten days ; this was the second fastest to reach that milestone , tied with Jurassic World behind The Force Awakens ( eight days ) . It became the highest - grossing film released in the month of February , surpassing The Passion of the Christ ( $370.3 million ) . IMAX also contributed $9 million to the weekend gross , bringing the domestic total to $36 million , which was the most for any MCU film . By surpassing $400 million , Black Panther exceeded initial early projections for its total domestic gross . By February 28 , 2018 , the film had earned $421.8 million , which made it the highest - grossing superhero origin film , surpassing Wonder Woman ( $412.6 million ) . The third weekend at the box office saw the film remain the top grossing film , earning $65.7 million and having its total gross surpass $500 million becoming the second - highest - grossing MCU film ; the $65.7 million was the third - best third weekend ever , behind The Force Awakens ( $90.2 million ) and Avatar ( $68.5 million ) . Black Panther remained the top film for the fourth straight weekend with an additional $41.1 million , which was the third - highest fourth weekend of all time , again behind The Force Awakens and Avatar . Black Panther remained number one in its fifth weekend , having the fourth - highest fifth weekend ever with $27 million . It became the first film to hold the number one spot at the box office for at least five weekends since Avatar , which led for seven weeks , and the first February release to hold the top box office spot for five weekends since The Silence of the Lambs in 1991 and Wayne 's World in 1992 . By surpassing $600 million , it became the seventh film ever to break that point , and the second fastest film to do so in 31 days , after The Force Awakens ( 12 days ) . The film 's sixth weekend saw it fall to number two at the box office , behind Pacific Rim : Uprising , while also becoming the highest - grossing superhero film ever . The next weekend it fell to third , behind Ready Player One and Acrimony , to fourth in its eighth weekend , to sixth in its ninth weekend , and to eighth in its tenth weekend . However , in its eleventh weekend , Black Panther rose back to fifth place , in part because of the release of Avengers : Infinity War the same weekend . The next weekend , the film placed seventh , earning $3.14 million from over 1,600 locations . D'Alessandro noted the gross from that number of locations indicated people were continuing to see Black Panther in conjunction with Infinity War . Black Panther remained in the top ten in its thirteenth weekend , placing ninth . Black Panther is the highest - grossing film of 2018 and the third - highest - grossing film of all time . Other territories Outside the United States and Canada , the film opened in 48 territories in its first weekend and has earned $184 million , opening at number one in most territories ( and second in territories where Fifty Shades Freed performed better such as in Germany and Italy ) , and becoming the top February opening in many as well . The film opened at number one in the United Kingdom , where it had the best single day gross of 2018 so far and the highest - grossing February opening weekend ever . In South Korea , where it also opened at number one , the opening day gross of $4.7 million was the second - best MCU opening and the best ever for February . The $25.3 million it earned in its opening weekend was the fifth - highest Western release in South Korea . The other Asian markets that opened in its first weekend were also number one along with the biggest opening weekend of 2018 to date . The Latin America market also had all territories open at number one , and Black Panther was the best opening of 2018 in all except Argentina and Uruguay . It also was the highest - grossing opening of February of all time in Mexico , Brazil , Colombia , Bolivia , Ecuador , Panama and Paraguay . The African market saw the highest - grossing February opening of all - time in Bahrain , East Africa , Kuwait , Qatar , South Africa , the United Arab Emirates , and West Africa . South Africa also had the highest - grossing Saturday ever and the second highest - grossing opening weekend of all time . The Netherlands had the highest - grossing day ever for a superhero film and the highest - grossing February opening weekend ever . Other territories opening at number one included Australia , Bosnia , Croatia , Czech Republic , Greece , Israel , Portugal , Serbia , Ukraine , and in France , Belgium , and Switzerland for the remainder of the opening weekend , after Fifty Shades Freed 's top gross on Valentine 's Day . Malaysia , Thailand , the Philippines , and Indonesia recorded the largest opening day ever for February , while Malaysia was the third - highest MCU opening of all time and Indonesia had the third - largest opening weekend of all time . In Hong Kong , the opening was the second - largest opening day in February , while Taiwan and Australia had the third - largest February opening . IMAX accounted for $11.5 million of the opening weekend gross on 272 screens , with Nigeria , Kenya , and Indonesia having the best opening weekend ever in the format , South Korea had the second - best opening weekend , and Angola , Belgium , Bahrain , France , Israel , Netherlands , and Argentina and the best IMAX opening ever for a Marvel film . In its second weekend in 55 territories , the film earned $83.5 million and remained number one in most territories , including retaining the top spot in the Latin America market and becoming the top film in Germany . The West Africa region saw a 7 % increase , which resulted in the biggest three - day weekend ever . In South Africa , the second weekend gross became the third - biggest three - day weekend ever , behind the first weekend gross and The Fate of the Furious . The film opened in Russia in IMAX , earning $1.7 million which was a February record in the country , while the opening in Vietnam ( $2.5 million , including previews ) was the fifth - highest opening weekend , and Trinidad had the biggest opening weekend ever ( $700,000 ) . In its third weekend in 56 territories , the film remained number one in Austria , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , Australia , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Singapore , and all markets in Latin America , while its opening in Japan was the top Western film for the weekend , the second overall . IMAX contributed $713,000 to Japan 's opening weekend , which was a record for a March opening and the fourth - highest Marvel IMAX opening ever . Black Panther also became the highest - grossing film of all time in West and East Africa , the fifth - highest - grossing film all time in South Africa , and the top MCU film in the Netherlands . In its fourth weekend , Black Panther opened in China ( $66.5 million ) , which was the fourth - highest MCU and superhero opening ever in the market . $7.3 million came from IMAX , which was the best - ever March opening weekend and the best - ever opening day for March in the territory . The film also remained at number one in the United Kingdom and the Latin America market except Argentina for the fourth straight weekend , as well as number one in South Africa , Australia and New Zealand . The film 's fifth weekend saw it once again be the top film in South Africa for the fifth weekend , where it also became the highest - grossing film ever , along with becoming the highest - grossing film in West , East , and southern Africa . It also became the fifth - highest - grossing MCU film in other territories of all time . Black Panther remained the top film in South Africa for a sixth weekend and became the highest - grossing superhero film ever in the Netherlands . The film continued to be the top film in South Africa for a seventh week , where it also became the fourth best MCU film in the country , and became the second - highest grossing MCU film in the United Kingdom in its eighth weekend . As of April 8 , 2018 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $104.6 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $67.7 million ) , and South Korea ( $42.8 million ) . Critical response The performances of Chadwick Boseman , Michael B. Jordan , and Letitia Wright ( L to R ) were widely praised by critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 97 % based on 374 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Black Panther elevates superhero cinema to thrilling new heights while telling one of the MCU 's most absorbing stories -- and introducing some of its most fully realized characters . '' As of February 18 , 2018 , it is the best - reviewed live - action superhero film on the site , beating The Dark Knight and Iron Man ( both 94 % ) . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 88 out of 100 , based on 55 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , the second superhero film to receive that grade after Marvel 's own The Avengers . Filmgoers polled by Screen Engine / comScore 's PostTrak service gave the film a 92 % overall positive score and a 88 % `` definite recommend '' , with a third of people planning to see the film again . RelishMix reported that Twitter hashtags for # BlackPanther and tagging of the film 's Twitter account from audiences leaving the theater set an all - time film record in its opening weekend , with 559,000 unique posts in one day . This was twice the number The Last Jedi received in December 2017 , with 232,000 , while 100,000 posts for a film is average . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` The actors are all seen to very good advantage . Boseman certainly holds his own , but there are quite a few charismatic supporting players here keen to steal every scene they can -- and they do , notably the physically imposing Jordan , the radiant Nyong'o and especially Wright , who gives her every scene extra punch and humor . '' Peter Debruge of Variety said , `` Black Panther celebrates its hero 's heritage while delivering one of Marvel 's most all - around appealing standalone installments to date . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called Black Panther `` a jolt of a movie '' , and said , `` in its emphasis on black imagination , creation and liberation , the movie becomes an emblem of a past that was denied and a future that feels very present . And in doing so opens up its world , and yours , beautifully . '' Kenneth Turan of Los Angeles Times said , `` With dialogue that deftly explores serious questions , such as how much if anything do wealthy countries owe the poor and oppressed of the world , Black Panther draws energy from Coogler 's sense of excitement at all he 's attempting . The result is a superhero movie that 's worth seeing twice , and that is a rare sighting indeed . '' Richard Roeper , writing for the Chicago Sun - Times , called the film `` one of the best superhero movies of the century '' and said , `` If you appreciate finely honed storytelling with a Shakespearean core ; winning performances from an enormously talented ensemble ; provocative premises touching on isolationism , revolution and cultures of oppression , and oh yeah , tons of whiz - bang action sequences and good humor -- then you should see Black Panther . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today awarded the film four out of four stars , and called it Marvel Studios ' best origin film since Guardians of the Galaxy . Truitt also praised the `` superb cast '' and stated , `` While the themes are deep , Black Panther is at the same time a visual joy to behold , with confident quirkiness , insane action sequences and special effects , and the glorious reveal of Wakanda , whose culture is steeped in African influences but which also offers a jaw - dropping look at what a city of the future could be . '' Also giving the film four stars , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called it `` ( un ) like any other Marvel movie -- an exhilarating triumph on every level from writing , directing , acting , production design , costumes , music , special effects to you name it '' . Natasha Alford of The Grio said , `` Black Panther is remarkable because this film is a movement , a revolution in progress , and a joy to experience all wrapped into one '' , and called it `` a master class in what it means to be proud of who you are , where you have been and where you and your people are going . '' Jamie Broadnax of Black Girl Nerds said Marvel `` created a masterpiece with Black Panther '' , adding , `` it 's afro - futuristic and Blackity - black as hell . It 's everything I 've ever desired in a live - action version of this popular superhero and yet so much more . Quite frankly , the experience is indescribable . '' Jamelle Bouie of Slate said , `` it is fair to say that Black Panther is the most political movie ever produced by Marvel Studios , both in its very existence ... and in the questions its story raises . '' He added that the film should be included with Superman , Spider - Man 2 and The Dark Knight as films in the superhero genre that do not `` transcend the genre as much as they embrace it in all its respects '' . Bouie concluded , `` Black Panther could have been just another Marvel romp -- a fun but ultimately disposable entry in the studio 's catalogue . But Ryan Coogler and company had the power , and perhaps the responsibility , to do much more . And they did . '' Black representation and analysis In early January 2018 , New York resident Frederick Joseph created a GoFundMe campaign in hopes to raise money to help children of color at the Boys & Girls Club in Harlem see Black Panther . Joseph called the release of Black Panther a `` rare opportunity for young students ( primarily of color ) to see a black major cinematic and comic book character come to life . This representation is truly fundamental for young people , especially those who are often underserved , unprivileged , and marginalized both nationally and globally . '' The campaign exceeded its goal , and given the popularity of its intent , Joseph asked others to create their own campaigns in their own communities to take more children to see the film , which he named the `` Black Panther Challenge '' . GoFundMe created a centralized page for anyone wishing to create a campaign for the challenge , and revealed that 10 campaigns created using the sign - up page would receive a $100 donation from GoFundMe . Over 400 additional campaigns were started around the world , with many celebrities offering their support and contributions to the campaigns , such as actress Octavia Spencer , who intended to buy out a theater in Mississippi for underserved members of the community . Obi Umunna , a Jacksonville , Florida - based attorney born to Nigerian immigrants , participated in the challenge , saying , `` I just want for kids in my community to have the same opportunity and to see this movie ... I think this is an awesome opportunity for them to see themselves represented in a very positive light ... compared to some of the negative images that you see on a daily basis . '' The campaign became the largest GoFundMe in history for an entertainment event and raised over $400,000 . Science & Entertainment Exchange Director for the National Academy of Sciences Richard Loverd felt the film would increase interest in science , technology , and Africa for young black Americans , similarly to how The Hunger Games films and Brave sparked girls ' interest in archery . Jamie Broadnax , editor - in - chief and creator of the website Black Girl Nerds , felt Black Panther would `` bring in a lot of people ( of color ) who do n't even really go to comic - book movies ... ( since ) they 're going to see themselves reflected in a huge way that they just have n't been able to see before '' , especially since the film avoided black pain , suffering , and poverty , usual topics in films about the black experience . She added that the strong female characters , such as Shuri , would be an inspiration for girls and young people . Gil Robertson , co-founder and president of the African American Film Critics Association , added that the film was `` critically important '' and `` a gate - opener opportunity for other black - centered projects '' . Child development expert Deborah Gilboa felt the film would make a huge impact on children 's spirits , by offering positive role models and knowing that `` not only can they succeed , they need to see that lots of people want to sit in a theater and watch someone like them succeed in a big , big way . That 's how we help build a generation of young people who are engaged in the greater good and courageous in their actions . '' In the film 's opening weekend , 37 % of audiences in the United States were African - American , according to Screen Engine / comScore 's PostTrak service , compared to 35 % Caucasian , 18 % Hispanic , and 5 % Asian . This was the most diverse audience for a superhero film ever , where African - Americans generally make up 15 % of audiences for such films . In its second weekend , demographics were 37 % Caucasian , 33 % African American , 18 % Hispanic and 7 % Asian . Writing for Time , Jamil Smith felt Black Panther , which he described as a film `` about what it means to be black in both America and Africa -- and , more broadly , in the world '' , was `` poised to prove to Hollywood that African - American narratives have the power to generate profits from all audiences . And , more important , that making movies about black lives is part of showing that they matter . '' He added , `` In the midst of a regressive cultural and political moment fueled in part by the white - nativist movement , the very existence of Black Panther feels like resistance . Its themes challenge institutional bias , its characters take unsubtle digs at oppressors , and its narrative includes prismatic perspectives on black life and tradition . '' Discussing why the film was a defining moment for black America in The New York Times Magazine , Carvell Wallace said that in contrast to earlier black superhero films , Black Panther `` is steeped very specifically and purposefully in its blackness '' . He continued , `` Black Panther is a Hollywood movie , and Wakanda is a fictional nation . But coming when they do , from a director like Coogler , they must also function as a place for multiple generations of black Americans to store some of our most deeply held aspirations . We have for centuries sought to either find or create a promised land where we would be untroubled by the criminal horrors of our American existence . '' Wallace also commented on how the film fits into the larger idea of Afrofuturism , particularly in its presentation of Wakanda . Historian Nathan D.B. Connolly felt Black Panther was `` a breakthrough in black cultural representation . It 's a powerful fictional analogy for real - life struggles . And Black Panther owes its very existence to centuries of political and artistic activity , always occurring in real places and under the mortal ( but still super - ) powers of real people ... Black Panther taps a 500 - year history of African - descended people imagining freedom , land and national autonomy . '' Connolly also felt , culturally , the film would be this generation 's A Raisin in the Sun . A number of writers looked to the film 's subtext and what it said about African history , colonialism ( including post-colonialism and neocolonialism ) , and tensions between African and African - American cultures . Patrick Gathara , writing in The Washington Post , described the film as offering a `` regressive , neocolonial vision of Africa '' , which -- rather than a `` redemptive counter-mythology '' -- offers `` the same destructive myths '' . Gathara highlighted the Africa that is portrayed as being divided and tribalized , with Wakanda run by a wealthy and feuding elite , centered upon `` royalty and warriors '' , whose fortune comes not from its citizens ' endeavors , skill or innate abilities , but from a `` lucky meteor strike '' , and as a country which , despite its advanced technical abilities , does not evince any great thinkers , nor even a means of succession beyond lethal combat and primeval trials of strength . Gathara continued that the very idea of `` Africa '' is essentially of European creation , and concluded that `` Despite their centuries of vibranium - induced technological advancement , the Wakandans remain so remarkably unsophisticated that a ' returning ' American can basically stroll in and take over , just as 19th - century Europeans did to the real Africa ... ( The film ) should not be mistaken for an attempt at liberating Africa from Europe . Quite the opposite . Its ' redemptive counter-mythology ' entrenches the tropes that have been used to dehumanize Africans for centuries . The Wakandans , for all their technological progress , still cleanly fit into the Western molds , a dark people in a dark continent '' . Dwayne Wong ( Omowale ) writing in HuffPost saw the film and its comic origins as `` address ( ing ) serious political issues concerning Africa 's relationship to the West that is very rarely given the serious attention that it deserves '' . Wakandans are `` at times portrayed as being very suspicious towards outsiders , to the point of almost being xenophobic '' and `` no outsider can truly be trusted '' with its security . He concludes that while the country is fictional , `` the politics ... are very real . The end of colonialism did not end Western tampering in Africa 's politics . We see this issue still going on in Africa today ... The Black Panther movie offers an opportunity to explore this issue of neo-colonialism and its continued impact on Africa 's development '' . Carlos Rosario Gonzalez of Bam ! Smack ! Pow ! , noting the struggle between T'Challa and Killmonger , saw `` two very distinct philosophies collide ... what it means to be African and conversely , what Africa means to Afro - minorities today '' , and described the film as exploring these themes `` through the lens of colonialism '' . In this view , Wakanda represents Africa without Western colonialism , and Killmonger shows us that `` we can sometimes inevitably become what we seek to destroy ... With Wakanda 's resources in his fingertips , Killmonger want ( s ) to become the new colonizer ; a colonizer of the West ... In the end , Wakanda 's conservative ways created the very problem that sought to destroy them , Eric ( sic ) Killmonger '' . Jelani Cobb , writing in The New Yorker , discussed the divide between Africans and African - Americans , which he called a `` fundamental dissonance '' . He felt T'Challa and Killmonger represented `` dueling responses to five centuries of African exploitation at the hands of the West . The villain , to the extent that the term applies , is history itself '' . Cobb added , `` nothing in Marvel 's collection of films is or could be political in the same way as Black Panther , because , in those other stories , we were at least clear about where the lines of fantasy departed from reality . '' The film `` exists in an invented nation in Africa , a continent that has been grappling with invented versions of itself ever since white men first declared it the ' dark continent ' and set about plundering its people and its resources . '' By contrast , James Wilt , writing for Canadian Dimension , stated that `` at its core , Black Panther contains a fundamentally reactionary understanding of black liberation that blatantly advocates respectability politics over revolution , sterilizes the history of real - life anti-colonial struggles in Africa and elsewhere , and allows white folks such as myself to feel extremely comfortable watching it '' . Wilt considered the scene where Ross is portrayed as `` the hero '' for shooting down the Wakandan ships attempting to leave as the film 's way of endorsing the crushing of armed revolt against oppression , and in particular , `` it helped solidify the message that violence is perfectly fine , so long as it 's not directed against white people . '' Wilt also wrote , concerning the villain Killmonger , that `` all the most hideous traits imaginable are downgraded on to ( him ) , making the only major African - American character and agitator for revolution a manic killer consumed by rage and violence '' , which is a common trope . Russell Rickford of Africa is a Country agreed with Wilt 's assessment of Killmonger , whose role as a character is `` to discredit radical internationalism '' and reproduce `` a host of disturbing tropes '' . Faisal Kutty from Middle East Eye felt the film had underlying Islamophobic themes , such as in the beginning of the film where Islamic characters are depicted as villains by showing a group based on Boko Haram that kidnapped several girls and forced them to wear hijab . Christopher Lebron , in a piece for Boston Review , saw Black Panther as `` racist '' . He observed that black Americans who had been left in poverty and oppression , as exemplified by Killmonger , were still being `` relegated to the lowest rung of political regard '' in the film , treated as less deserving of empathy and less capable of their acts being deemed heroic , than even Ross ' white spy . Lebron felt that T'Challa could have shown himself a good person by `` understand ( ing ) that Killmonger is in part the product of American racism and T'Chaka's cruelty '' and by `` realiz ( ing ) that Wakanda has been hoarding resources '' , and could have agreed that justice sometimes requires violence as a last resort against oppression . He comments rhetorically on this , `` After all , what else do comic - book heroes do but dispense justice with their armored fists and laser rifles '' ? Instead , T'Challa stays silent despite Killmonger 's description of the oppression suffered by his fellows around the world , until eventually Killmonger allows himself to die . He summed up by commenting that `` In 2018 , a world home to both the Movement for Black Lives and a president who identifies white supremacists as fine people , we are given a movie about black empowerment where the only redeemed blacks are African nobles . They safeguard virtue and goodness against the threat not of white Americans or Europeans , but a black American '' . Accolades Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2018 Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Motion Picture Release Black Panther Pending Best Actor in a Film Chadwick Boseman Pending Best Actress in a Film Lupita Nyong'o Pending Best Supporting Actor in a Film Michael B. Jordan Pending Best Supporting Actress in a Film Danai Gurira Pending Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Film Letitia Wright Pending Best Film Director Ryan Coogler Pending Best Film Screenplay Ryan Coogler , Joe Robert Cole Pending Best Film Production Design Hannah Beachler Pending Best Film Editing Michael P. Shawver , Claudia Castello Pending Best Film Music Ludwig Goransson Pending Best Film Costume Designer Ruth E. Carter Pending Best Film Make - Up Joel Harlow , Ken Diaz Pending Best Film Special / Visual Effects Geoffrey Baumann , Craig Hammack , Dan Sudick Pending Billboard Music Awards Top Soundtrack Black Panther : The Album Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Movie of the Year Black Panther Pending Best Actor Chadwick Boseman Pending Best Hero Pending Best Villain Michael B. Jordan Pending Best Scene Stealer Letitia Wright Pending Best Fight Chadwick Boseman vs. Winston Duke Pending Best On - Screen Team Chadwick Boseman , Lupita Nyong'o , Danai Gurira , and Letitia Wright Pending Golden Trailer Awards Best Action `` Crown '' Pending Best Action TV Spot `` Entourage : 60 '' Pending Best Music TV Spot `` Women of Wakanda '' Pending Best Sound Editing in a TV Spot `` Team '' Pending Best Billboard `` Arclight Motion Billboard '' Pending Best Radio / Audio Spot `` Just Getting Started '' Pending Best Wildposts ( Teaser Campaign ) `` Character Series '' Pending BET Awards Best Movie Black Panther Pending Album of the Year Black Panther : The Album Pending Future With the release of Black Panther , Feige said `` there are many , many stories to tell '' about the character , and that he wanted Coogler to return for any potential sequel . Coogler added that he wanted to see how T'Challa would grow as a king in future films , since his reign only began recently in the MCU , while in the comics , he has been king since childhood . In March 2018 , Feige added there was `` nothing specific to reveal '' in terms of a sequel , but that there `` absolutely '' were `` ideas and a pretty solid direction on where we want to head with the second one '' . See also Afrofuturism in film List of black film box office receipts List of black films of the 2010s Notes Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2016 film Captain America : Civil War References ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Studios Begins Production On ' Black Panther ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . 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Zuri is someone he looks to for guidance . ' He says think of him as the Wise Old Man -- Black Panther 's version of Obi - Wan Kenobi . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel confirms Andy Serkis for Black Panther , releases plot summary '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther trailer decoded : Secrets of the new Marvel movie -- Slide 14 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . In the comics , Klaue 's weapon was an ultra-sonic emitter he used as a prosthetic for his missing arm . In this film , he attaches a piece of advanced Wakandan mining equipment as his arm - cannon -- which is presumably what led the CIA and Black Panther to capture him . 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Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Set Footage Shows First Look at the Dora Milaje '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jenna ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther : Letitia Wright Confirmed as Shuri '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mumbere , Daniel ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther wins the hearts of African cinema fans '' . Africanews . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Seymour , Mike ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther : Building Wakanda '' . FX Guide . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther '' . Marzano Films . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rachel Morrison on Black Panther and Mudbound '' . Arri . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Erik ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Black Panther ' Director Ryan Coogler Talks ' James Bond ' Influences And That Kendrick Lamar Album '' . Fandango . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hellard , Paul ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Luma & ScanlineVFX deliver for Black Panther '' . FXPhd . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flook , Ray ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Musical Anatomy of a Superhero : The Best SDCC Panel That I Did n't Intend To See '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Foutch , Haleigh ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar Will Produce and Curate Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Soundtrack '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar , Future , James Blake Team on Jay Rock 's ' King 's Dead ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Madden , Sidney ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar and the Weeknd Team Up For ' Pray For Me ' '' . NPR . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moniuszko , Sara ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Everything we know about the Marvel superhero film ' Black Panther ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Black Panther ' Score Album Details '' . Film Music Reporter . February 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : First Reactions From the Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Premiere Began With a Standing Ovation '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Heading Toward Massive $170 Million - Plus Opening '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Hyo - won ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Team Kick Off Global Press Tour in South Korea : `` Not Just a Popcorn Movie '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Goes Wild : At $242 M Superhero Owns 2nd Best 4 - Day Opening & Defeats ' Last Jedi ' -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Before ' Black Panther ' Pounces To Potential $180 M+ , ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Will Pop at Valentine 's Day B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' to Break Saudi Arabia 's 35 - Year Cinema Ban '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ritman , Alex ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' to Break Saudi Arabia 's 35 - Year Cinema Ban '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Saudi Arabia Prepares for First Public Cinema Opening in 35 Years '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Saudi Arabia Breaks 35 - Year Cinema Ban With Historic ' Black Panther ' Screening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Let Kevin Feige Get You Even More Hyped for Black Panther '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Menta , Anna ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Poster Is Here And Fans Are Pointing Out A Major Detail '' . Elite Daily . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Husband , Andrew ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` The First Teaser Trailer For Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Is Finally Here '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : David , Javier E. ; DiChristopher , Tom ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' teaser trailer debuts steals the spotlight , challenging LeBron James and ' Wonder Woman ' '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Teaser Trailer : T'Challa Takes the Throne '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pulliam - Moore , Charles ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` The First Black Panther Teaser Trailer is Here and It 's Epic as Hell '' . io9 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Trailer : ' Black Panther ' May Be A ' Wonder Woman ' - Level Event '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Teaser Trailer Racks Up 89M Views in First 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Climbs to Top of Social Media Chart With First Trailer '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Dominates Social Media '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Announces Epic Experiences For Fans at Disney 's D23 Expo 2017 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Costumes on Display at Comic - Con '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Unveils Lexus Partnership Ahead of Comic - Con ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Taken for a Ride in a Lexus Courtesy of Fabian Nicieza '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lexus ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Lexus Introduces Two New Vehicles Inspired by Marvel Studios ' ' Black Panther ' Ahead of SEMA 2017 '' . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Intense , secret Black Panther footage scores standing ovation at Comic - Con '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Coogler explains why Kendrick Lamar is the perfect sound for ' Black Panther ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : New Trailer Teases One of Marvel 's Most Exciting Movies Yet '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Trailer Says So Little So Beautifully '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Day , Brendan ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` What makes the Black Panther movie trailer awesome '' . BamSmackPow ( FanSided ) . Time Inc . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Tre ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Black Superheroes Matter : Why a ' Black Panther ' Movie Is Revolutionary '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pulliam - Moore , Charles ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` We Finally Know What the Black Panther Was Up to Before Captain America : Civil War '' . io9 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's ' Black Panther ' Playbook : A Peek at the Marketing of a Phenomenon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Super Bowl Ad Drops Early '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schneider - Levy , Barbara ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Teams Up With Clarks to Launch Special ' Black Panther ' Sneakers '' . Footwear News . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Becomes Most Tweeted Movie of 2018 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Carvell ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Why ' Black Panther ' Is a Defining Moment for Black America '' . The New York Times Magazine . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Maloney , Nora ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Backstage at the Black Panther New York Fashion Week Presentation '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Houlb , Christian ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther is the most - tweeted - about movie of all time '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bart , Peter ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Registers Global Social & Box Office Impact , Even Setting Records on Turbulent African Continent '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Can ' Black Panther ' Be A Box Office Game - Changer Overseas ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Blu - ray Release Date , Bonus Features , and Cover Art Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Blasts Off With $169 M Overseas ; $371 M WW Weekend -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Tops $150 M In Global Bow ; ' Black Panther ' Now # 1 Solo Superhero Movie WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Box Office : What Fueled the Movie 's Record Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Runs Past $300 M Offshore , $700 M WW ; ' Operation Red Sea ' Rises in China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 10 , 2018 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Black Panther ' Joins Billion - Dollar Club '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther had the biggest first day ticket presale of any Marvel movie '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Slashes Superhero Advance Ticket Sales Records on Fandango '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Sets Alamo Drafthouse Superhero Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ; Lopez , Ricardo ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther 's ' Grassroots Marketing Movement Is Unlike Any Other Marvel Movie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ricardo ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Sees More Imax Pre-Sales Than Any Other Marvel Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khosla , Proma ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' has one of the highest ticket presale rates of all time '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Black Panther ' See One of the Best Second Weekends Ever ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Superhero Fatigues To Record $76 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Box Office Halo Heats Up Exhibition Stocks '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Top - Grossing Film in History at 33 AMC Theaters '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Fandango Ticket Sales Rep More Than 30 % Of ' Black Panther 's $242 M Record Opening Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Long Range Forecast : Is Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Poised to Become 2018 's First Blockbuster ? '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised To Pounce on B.O. : Advance Ticket Sales Beating ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tracking for Heroic $100 M -- $120 M U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Bounds Toward Huge $150 Million Presidents Day Weekend Opening '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Now Tracking for Massive $165 M U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Posts Record $21 M Pre-Summer Tuesday ; Second Weekend To Reap $104 M -- $109 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Dashes Past $520 M Worldwide , Eyes $190 M+ In Second Global Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Breaks More Records : $112 M Second Weekend Is Second - Best Ever As Marvel Movie Crosses $400 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Becomes Highest - Grossing MCU Film in First Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Rules With $108 Million in Second Weekend '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Long Range Tracking : ' Ready Player One ' '' . BoxOffice . February 2 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther Is About To Hit A Major Superhero Movie Milestone '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Passes ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Toy Story 3 ' at U.S. Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Busts Past Half Billion ; ' Red Sparrow ' Flies Low With $17 M -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Surpasses ' Tomb Raider ' for Fifth Box Office Crown '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Can ' Tomb Raider ' Take Down ' Black Panther ' At The Weekend Box Office ? -- Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Surpasses ' The Avengers ' as Highest - Grossing Superhero Movie of All Time in U.S. '' Variety . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Opens To $50 M : How Paramount Turned Up The Volume on the John Krasinski - Emily Blunt Pic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` The Rock Rebounds : ' Rampage ' Shushes ' A Quiet Place ' With $35.7 M No. 1 Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Still Noisy With $21.7 M As ' Rampage ' Beats Chest , ' Super Trooper 2 ' Surprises -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Second - Fastest Pic To $400 M With Second - Best 2nd Weekend Ever , Now Back At $115 M+ -- Monday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Now Second - Fastest To Half Billion ; ' Life of the Party ' No Pizzazz With $18 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Sails Past ' Titanic ' to Become No. 3 Title of All Time in U.S. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Rises To $82 M Through Friday ; $150 M+ Weekend in Sight -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Pouncing On $400 M Overseas , $900 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops $500 M Overseas , $1 B WW With $67 M China Bow ; ' Tomb Raider ' Kicks Off -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Tops $100 M Offshore , Digs Up $41 M in China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chutel , Lynsey ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' is now the highest grossing film ever in East , West and southern Africa '' . Quartz Africa . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Grabs $128 M Abroad While Taking $181 M+ Globally ; ' Peter Rabbit ' Crosses $200 M -- Int'l Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Racing To $400 M WW ; Scores $161 M+ In China For WB Best -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther Reviews : More Than Just Another Marvel Triumph '' . Rotten Tomatoes . February 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Fandango ) . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Earns Highest - Ever Score for Live - Action Superhero Pic on Rotten Tomatoes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Black Panther ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Black Panther ' Shakes Up Marvel With Flair and Feeling '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' is a royally imaginative standout in the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richrd ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : One of Marvel 's best movie superheroes comes out of Africa '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Rousing , representative ' Black Panther ' is one spectacular superhero '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Marvel 's History - Making Superhero Movie 's a Masterpiece '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alford , Natasha ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Early Review : ' Black Panther ' is a masterpiece . Here 's why you need to see it for yourself '' . The Grio . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Broadnax , Jamie ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` BGN Film Review : ' Black Panther ' -- Marvel 's Greatest Accomplishment '' . Black Girl Nerds . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bouie , Jamelle ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther Is a Marvel Movie Superpowered by Its Ideas '' . Slate . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Breanna ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` # BlackPantherChallenge Has Taken the Internet by Storm and Celebrities Are Chipping In '' . The Root . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tate , Allison Slater ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Man wants kids everywhere to see ' Black Panther ' -- and he 's going to send them '' . Today . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosario , Richy ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` # BlackPantherChallenge Inspires Nationwide Initiative For Kids To Watch ' Black Panther ' '' . Vibe . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Lauren ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` An activist starts a GoFundMe campaign to help kids in Harlem see ' Black Panther ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Octavia Spencer plans to buy out Mississippi screening of ' Black Panther ' for underserved communities '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tiffanie ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Local attorney puts Jacksonville up to Black Panther Challenge for underprivileged youth '' . The Florida Times - Union . Jacksonville . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Daring , diverse ' Black Panther ' promises to be Hollywood 's latest ' cultural touchstone ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jamil ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Revolutionary Power of Black Panther '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Nathan D.B. ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` How ' Black Panther ' Taps into 500 Years of History '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gathara , Patrick ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' offers a regressive , neocolonial vision of Africa '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wong ( Omowale ) , Dwayne ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` The Black Panther and Neo-Colonial Politics in Africa '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Carlos Rosario ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` The remnants of colonialism still haunt us , but Black Panther offers a solution '' . Bam ! Smack ! Pow ! ( Fansided ) . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jelani ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' and the Invention of ' Africa ' '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wilt , James ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` How Black Panther liberalizes black resistance for white comfort '' . Canadian Dimension . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rickford , Russell ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` I have a problem with Black Panther '' . Africa is a Country . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kutty , Faisal ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Is Black Panther Islamophobic ? '' . Middle Eastern Eye . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lebron , Christopher ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Is Not the Movie We Deserve '' . Boston Review . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Awards 2018 Nominations : See the Full List '' . Billboard. April 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 9 May 2018 ) . `` Golden Trailer Award Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Top List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BET Networks Announces Official Nominees For The ' BET Awards ' 2018 '' ( Press release ) . New York , NY : Black Entertainment Television . May 16 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige on Casting Chadwick Boseman and Sequel Talk '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Coogler Interested in Seeing What Kind of King Black Panther Becomes in Sequels '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Studios chief Kevin Feige on the future of Black Panther , Captain Marvel , X-Men -- and beyond '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Panther ( film ) . 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"Black Panther is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the eighteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Ryan Coogler, who co-wrote the screenplay with Joe Robert Cole, and stars Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther, alongside Michael B. Jordan, Lupita Nyong'o, Danai Gurira, Martin Freeman, Daniel Kaluuya, Letitia Wright, Winston Duke, Angela Bassett, Forest Whitaker, and Andy Serkis. In Black Panther, T'Challa returns home and is crowned king of Wakanda but finds his sovereignty challenged by a new adversary, in a conflict with global consequences."
] | [
"Wakanda"
] |
6841533926891496249 | Honda Civic Si | Honda Civic Si - wikipedia Honda Civic Si Jump to : navigation , search Honda Civic Si 2015 Honda Civic Si Coupe ( FG4 ( US ) ; facelift ) Overview Manufacturer Honda Production 1984 -- present Body and chassis Class Sport compact Layout FF layout Related Honda Civic The Honda Civic Si is a sport compact trim of Civic by Honda . The Si ( Sport Injected ) trim was introduced for the third generation of Honda Civics in both Japan and North America . In Canada and elsewhere the trim became known as the SiR for the sixth and seventh generations , and the Si trim was equivalent to the USDM EX model . For the Japanese and European markets , the Civic Type R was adopted as the high - performance variant of the Civic , starting with the EK9 hatch for Japan in 1996 and then with the EP3 hatch for Europe in 2001 . In North America the Type R name has never been used for Honda - branded vehicles ( only the Acura Integra ) , and the Si / SiR badge continues to signify the highest performance trim . The Civic Si contrasts with the more track - oriented and spartan Type R , which has less sound deadening and amenities in return for better performance . The Civic Si has been positioned as more of a full - featured sport trim , featuring luxury options such as a sunroof and a seven speaker audio system . Contents ( hide ) 1 1984 -- 1987 2 1988 -- 1991 3 1992 -- 1995 4 1996 -- 2000 5 2001 -- 2005 6 2006 -- 2011 6.1 Civic Si Sedan 6.2 Civic Mugen Si Sedan 6.3 2009 refresh 7 2012 -- 2015 8 2017 -- present 9 Media coverage 10 References 11 External links 1984 -- 1987 ( edit ) Further information : Honda Civic ( third generation ) § Sporting versions 1988 -- 1991 ( edit ) Further information : Honda Civic ( fourth generation ) § SI 1992 -- 1995 ( edit ) Further information : Honda Civic ( fifth generation ) 1996 -- 2000 ( edit ) Further information : Honda Civic ( sixth generation ) § Si The Honda Civic Si was not sold in the US during model years 1996 - 1998 . It started production again for the 1999 and 2000 model years . 2001 -- 2005 ( edit ) Further information : Honda Civic ( seventh generation ) § Si / SiR / Type R / 2.0 i - VTEC 2006 -- 2011 ( edit ) Eighth generation Si ( FA5 / FG2 ) Overview Production 2006 -- 2011 Assembly Alliston , Ontario , Canada ( HCM ) Sumaré , São Paulo , Brazil ( Honda Brazil ) ( from January 2008 -- present ) Body and chassis Body style 2 - door coupe ( FG2 ) 4 - door sedan ( FA5 ) Powertrain Engine 2.0 L 197 hp ( 147 kW ; 200 PS ) I4 2.0 L 192 hp ( 143 kW ; 195 PS ) ( Brazil ) 1.4 L 98 hp ( 73 kW ; 99 PS ) ( Europe ) 1.8 L 138 hp ( 103 kW ; 140 PS ) ( Europe ) Transmission 6 - speed manual with a helical limited slip differential Dimensions Wheelbase 104.3 in ( 2,649 mm ) ( coupe ) 106.3 in ( 2,700 mm ) ( sedan ) Length 174.8 in ( 4,440 mm ) ( 2006 -- 08 coupe ) 175.5 in ( 4,458 mm ) ( 2009 -- 11 coupe ) 176.7 in ( 4,488 mm ) ( sedan ) 177.3 in ( 4,503 mm ) ( 2009 -- 11 sedan ) Width 68.9 in ( 1720 mm ) ( coupe ) 69.0 in ( 1750 mm ) ( sedan ) Height 53.5 in ( 1340 mm ) ( 2006 - 08 coupe ) 56.5 in ( 1420 mm ) ( sedan ) Curb weight 2,877 lb ( 1,305 kg ) ( 2006 coupe ) 2,886 lb ( 1,309 kg ) ( 2007 - 08 coupe ) 2,899 lb ( 1,315 kg ) ( 2009 coupe ) 2,895 lb ( 1,313 kg ) ( 2010 - 11 coupe ) 2,945 lb ( 1,336 kg ) ( 2007 - 08 sedan ) 2,954 lb ( 1,340 kg ) ( 2009 - 11 sedan ) The Si was redesigned for the 2006 model year along with all other Civic trims , bringing about significant changes from the previous generation . The car comes with a 2.0 - liter K20Z3 i - VTEC engine that produces 197 hp ( 147 kW ; 200 PS ) and 139 lbf ft ( 188 N m ) of torque , while also including a 6 - speed manual transmission with a helical limited slip differential . Forty percent stiffer spring and dampening rates from the non-Si trims and stiffer sway bars have bolstered the Civic Si 's handling , with the car achieving 0.90g ( 8.8 m / s ) of lateral acceleration on the skidpad . It is also the quickest Civic Si off the line , with a factory 0 -- 60 time of 6.7 seconds according to Honda . Some new features include a moonroof , a seven - speaker 360 - watt sound system , 17 - inch alloy wheels with 215 / 45R17 Michelin all - season tires , and key-less trunk access . In Canada , the Acura CSX Type - S was offered in 2007 , borrowing the engine and drivetrain from the Civic Si but offering additional luxury options such as leather seating . The CSX features similar front and rear fascias to the JDM Civic , but with slight differences -- the CSX has a crease running along the center of the hood and front bumper , whereas the JDM does not . In Europe the Si and the Type - S models were offered , with the Type - S in the 3 door configuration the Type - R is based on and the Si in the 5 door , but bother going without the 198bhp 2.0 L engine . No saloon version was offered in Europe . The 2007 model changes for the Civic Si include the addition of the Si trim for sedans , vehicle stability assist ( VSA ) ( not available on Canadian models . The 2010 and 2011 Canadian models had VSA ) , darker silver wheels , body - color grille , a deck lid spoiler , reversed red / black coloring on the odometer , and Si - embroidered front floor mats . The introductory price of the Si Coupe increased by $800 to the MSRP of $21,090 . For the 2008 model year , the Civic Si received minor tweaks that include even darker wheels than the 2007 model and a new shift boot with red stitching . Mechanical changes included a new tire pressure monitor system , a new rear upper arm that decreases the amount of rear camber , and a lowered spring rate for the coupe to match the sedan . This was also the first year Canada sold the Civic Si Sedan . Vehicle color selections : Fiji Blue Pearl ( Si - exclusive color , replaced by Dyno Blue Pearl in 09 ) Galaxy Grey Metallic ( replaced by Polished Metal Metallic in 09 ) Habanero Red Pearl ( Si - exclusive color , replaced by Redline Orange Pearl in 09 ) Nighthawk Black pearl ( replaced by Crystal Black Pearl in 09 ) Rally Red Taffeta White Alabaster Silver Metallic Civic Si sedan ( edit ) Honda introduced the Civic Si Sedan for North America in 2007 ; previously , only the Japanese market had been offered Si Sedans . Debuted at the Chicago Auto Show , the Si sedan concept featured larger 18 - inch alloy wheels than its coupe counterpart , along with 4 - piston Brembo brakes , and large cross drilled brake rotors . The production version lacked such concept accoutrements , and the Si Sedan is mechanically almost identical to the coupe . Performance of the Si sedan is roughly equivalent to the Si coupe ; the sedan 's 60 - pound ( 27 kg ) weight increase is offset by a slightly more balanced front / rear weight distribution ( 60 / 40 for the sedan versus 61 / 39 for the coupe ) . Civic Mugen Si sedan ( edit ) 2008 Honda Civic Si Mugen Sedan ( FA5 ( US ) ; pre-facelift ) The 2008 model year also brought into production the limited - edition 2008 Civic Mugen Si Sedan , which was announced at the 2007 SEMA auto show . The Mugen sedan came only in Fiji Blue Pearl , and featured a higher - flowing cat - back exhaust , track - tested sport suspension , an exclusive Mugen grille , an exclusive shift knob , Mugen Si badges on the exterior and interior , Mugen forged GP wheels , and a Mugen body kit custom designed for the American trim . Production was limited to only 1000 units , and the car carried an MSRP of $29,500 . Testing by Car and Driver magazine determined that the acceleration of the Mugen Si was roughly equivalent to that of the standard Civic Si coupe . 2009 refresh ( edit ) Changes for the 2009 Si included a revised front bumper and grille , a neclear - lensed and amber bulbs for the front and rear turn signals , a clear instead of red third brake light in the rear spoiler , and chrome trunk trim for the sedan . Several new colors were also introduced , such as Redline Orange Pearl , Dyno Blue , Polished Metal Metallic , and Crystal Black Pearl , replacing the previously similar colors . The 2010 Civic Si saw no significant changes , save for a black engine cover ( instead of silver ) . 2009 Honda Civic Si Sedan ( FA5 ( US ) ; facelift ) 2009 Honda Civic Si Coupe ( FG2 ( US ) ; facelift ) 2012 -- 2015 ( edit ) Ninth generation Si ( FB6 / FG4 ) 2012 Honda Civic Si Sedan ( FB6 ( US ) ; pre-facelift ) Overview Production 2011 -- 2015 Assembly Alliston , Ontario , Canada ( HCM ) Body and chassis Body style 4 - door sedan ( FB6 ) 2 - door coupe ( FG4 ) Powertrain Engine 2.4 L 205 hp ( 153 kW ; 208 PS ) K24Z7 I4 Transmission 6 - speed manual with Helical Limited - Slip Differential Dimensions Wheelbase Coupe : 103.1 in ( 2,619 mm ) Sedan : 103.1 in ( 2,619 mm ) Length Coupe : 176.1 in ( 4,473 mm ) Sedan : 177.3 in ( 4,503 mm ) Width 69.0 in ( 1,753 mm ) Height Coupe : 55.0 in ( 1,397 mm ) Sedan : 56.5 in ( 1,435 mm ) Curb weight 2,877 lb ( 1,305 kg ) ( 2012 Coupe ) 2,895 lb ( 1,313 kg ) ( 2012 Sedan ) 2012 Honda Civic Si Coupe ( FG4 ( US ) ; pre-facelift ) The 9th generation was the first generation to use a different engine than other models of the Honda Civic . The 9th generation Civic Si is available as a Coupe and as a Sedan . Honda uses a new 2.4 L K - Series ( K24Z7 ) which has increased displacement through longer piston stroke than the K20Z3 from the 8th generation Civic Si , yet the K24Z7 retains the 11.0 : 1 compression used in the K20Z3 . The K24Z7 produces 201 hp and 170 lb ft ( 230 N m ) of torque . Honda retuned the exhaust system in early 2014 , increasing the output to 205 hp and 174 lb ft ( 236 N m ) of torque . The K24Z7 is different than the K24Z7 found in the Honda CR - V ; the CR - V has lower compression and a different , efficiency - oriented VTEC design . The redline of the K24Z7 is 7000 rpm with a fuel cut at 7200 rpm . A 6 speed manual transmission with a helical LSD ( Limited Slip Differential ) is still offered as the only available transmission option for the Civic Si . The wing spoilers are different from the 8th generation , and the interior of the car received slight updates with the addition of a rev limit indicator and a power meter displayed in the new i - MID ( intelligent Multi-Information Display ) . Sway bars have been changed to F18mm / R15mm from the F28mm / R17mm in 8th generation . The chassis is more rigid , and the curb weight is slightly lower than the 8th generation . 2015 Honda Civic Si Sedan ( FB6 ( US ) ; facelift ) Announced at the 2011 SEMA Show in Las Vegas a HFP ( Honda Factory Performance ) Version of the Civic was made available in a limited production of dealer installed performance parts which included : Lowered Suspension 18 '' HFP Diamond Cut Alloy Wheels Michelin Pilot Super Sport sized in 215 / 40 - 18 Full body Kit including front , rear and side skirts HFP Badging HFP Branded Floor mats In Canada the production was limited to 400 ( 200 Black Coupes , 200 White Coupes ) . In the USA the production was limited to 500 available in all of the colors Honda Offered the Civic Si Coupe in . After the 2015 model year Honda did not produce the Civic Si for 2016 , citing poor sales . 2017 -- present ( edit ) Tenth generation Si Overview Production 2017 -- present Assembly Honda of Canada Manufacturing , Alliston , Ontario , Canada Body and chassis Body style 4 - door sedan 2 - door coupe Powertrain Engine 1.5 L 205 hp ( 153 kW ; 208 PS ) I4 ( turbo ) Transmission 6 - speed manual The 2017 Honda Civic Si was revealed in a live YouTube broadcast on April 6 , 2017 . It is powered by a more powerful version of the turbocharged 1.5 L turbocharged 4 - cylinder engine found in other Civics and shares the same MHI TD03 9 - vane turbocharger as the 2017 CR - V . The 2017 Honda Civic Si is based on the EX-T sedan and coupe with the following differences : engine output increased to 205 HP @ 5,700 RPM ( SAE net ) and 192 lb - ft torque @ 2,100 - 5,000 RPM ( SAE net ) higher maximum boost pressure ( 20.3 vs. 16.5 PSI ) lower compression ratio ( 10.3 : 1 vs. 10.6 : 1 ) higher - capacity MHI TD03 turbocharger ( 9 - vane vs. 11 - vane ) helical limited - slip differential larger front brake rotors ( 12.3 '' vs. 11.1 '' vented front and 11.1 '' vs. 10.2 '' solid rear ) two - mode damper system with normal and firm settings SPORT mode replaces ECON mode - increases suspension damping , reduces power steering assist , increases throttle sensitivity , and raises the activation threshold of the Vehicle Stability Assist system 235 / 40R18 91W tires vs. 215 / 50R17 91H 7 % stiffer front spring rate 18 % stiffer front upper damper mounts 7 % stiffer front stabilizer bar rate 32 % stiffer rear spring rate Solid vs. fluid - filled front and rear compliance bushings ( rear shared with the Type R ) High - stiffness rear upper control arms ( shared with the Type R ) 26 % stiffer rear stabilizer bar rate Si - specific seats with thicker side bolsters , non-adjustable headrests , and stitched `` Si '' logos red interior stitching , gauges , and Display Audio color scheme black headliner and pillar trim vs. gray in EX-T front and rear facias similar to the hatchback center - mounted polygonal exhaust outlet higher - flowing intake system 23 % higher - flowing exhaust system aluminum clutch , brake , and accelerator pedals carbon fiber - look interior trim 10 % shorter shifter stroke leather - wrapped , aluminum shift knob revised shift linkage increased rigidity of shifter bracket mount 450 - watt audio system ( same as EX-T coupe vs. 180 - watt in EX-T sedan ) additional items in Driver Information Display including G - force meter , turbo boost gauge with PSI indication , lap timer , throttle percentage , and brake pressure leather - wrapped steering wheel , shift boot , and shift knob premium fuel recommended tire repair kit including sealant and a 12 - volt inflator replaces the compact , temporary spare vanity mirrors are non-illuminated vs. illuminated EPA fuel economy ratings of 28 / 38 / 32 city / highway / combined vs. 31 / 42 / 35 Exterior colors include Aegean Blue Metallic , Crystal Black Pearl , Lunar Silver Metallic , Modern Steel Metallic , Rallye Red , White Orchid Pearl , and Energy Green Pearl ( coupe only ) . The only interior color is black with red accents . Features that are new to the Si for the first time include dual - mode dampers , dual - zone automatic climate control , heated front seats , electronic parking brake , walk - away auto door locking , and a 7 '' touchscreen with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto . Factory - equipped navigation is no longer available . The Si went on sale during May 2017 in the United States with an MSRP of $24,775 for either the coupe or sedan . The sole factory option is summer tires for an additional $200 . Media coverage ( edit ) In Insurance Bureau of Canada 's report on top 10 most stolen vehicles in 2005 , 2000 Honda Civic Si 2 - door , 1999 Honda Civic Si coupe , 1994 Honda Civic Si 2 - door Hatchback , 1995 Honda Civic Si 2 - door Hatchback are listed as ranks # 1 , # 2 , # 5 , # 8 respectively . However , it should be noted that the sixth and seventh generation Civic Si was badged as a Civic SiR in Canada while the Canadian Si was equivalent to a US market EX . The Honda Civic is also the most popular passenger vehicle in Canada . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Honda '' Test Drive : 2004 Honda Civic Si Sedan `` . CanadianDriver. 2004 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Civic SiR '' . Canadianautoreview.com. 2002 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Honda Civic Chassis '' . Honda . Jump up ^ `` Mid-Size Coupe Comparison '' . Motor Trend . Jump up ^ `` Auto Buzz '' . ReportOnBusiness.com . Jump up ^ `` Honda Civic Si Sedan Coming to Canada '' . CNW Group . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Honda Civic Review '' . JB car pages . Jump up ^ `` Honda Announces Civic Mugen Si Sedan at SEMA '' . Honda . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Honda Civic Review '' . JB car pages . Jump up ^ `` Honda Civic Mugen Si Short Take Road Test '' . Car and Driver . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Civic Si Ups the Ante with More Power , Higher Tech and Sportier Coupe Styling '' . Honda . Jump up ^ `` Build Your Civic '' . American Honda Motor Co . Jump up ^ Honda Canada Inc . `` Honda HFP '' . honda.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 stolen cars '' . MSN Finance . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda Civic . Official U.S. site 2017 Civic Si Official Site `` previous -- Honda road car timeline , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 Kei car Today Today Life Life Life Today Associe Life That 's N - ONE Life Dunk Zest N - WGN Acty Street Street N - BOX Vamos Subcompact City / Jazz City Logo Brio City Brio Amaze Civic Civic Civic Civic Civic Fit / Jazz Fit / Jazz Fit / Jazz Ballade Ballade Concerto Domani Fit Aria / City City City / Grace Compact Domani Civic / Hybrid Civic / Hybrid Civic / Hybrid Quint Quint Integra Integra Integra Integra Ascot Innova Integra SJ Accord Accord Accord Accord CB Accord CD Accord CF Insight Vigor Vigor Ascot Ascot Torneo Vigor Rafaga Accord Inspire Accord CB3 / CC Accord CG7 / CH5 Crider Mid-size Vigor Accord CG Accord CL Accord CU Accord CR Inspire Inspire / Saber Inspire / Saber Inspire / Accord UC FCX Clarity Full - size Inspire / Accord CP Legend Legend Legend Legend Legend Coupé Ballade Sports CR - X CR - X Civic Coupe Civic Coupe Insight CR - Z Integra Coupe Integra Coupe Integra Coupe Accord Coupe Accord Coupe Accord Coupe Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Legend Coupe Legend Coupe Roadster Beat S2000 S660 Convertible City Cabriolet CR - X del Sol Sport compact Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Integra Type R Integra Type R Sports car Accord Type R Accord Euro - R Torneo Euro - R NSX NSX NSX Type R NSX - R Mini Crossover Z HR - V Vezel / HR - V Compact Crossover Crossroad Element CR - V CR - V Mid-size Crossover Crosstour Pilot SUV Jazz CR - V CR - V Passport Passport Pilot Horizon MDX Crossroad Station wagon Civic Country Civic Shuttle Civic Shuttle Orthia Airwave Fit Shuttle Accord Wagon CB9 Accord Wagon CEI Accord Wagon CF6 Accord Wagon CM Accord Tourer CW Avancier Mini MPV Capa Mobilio Spike Freed Spike EV Plus Mobilio Mobilio Compact MPV Stream Stream S - MX Edix / FR - V Jade Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Minivan Shuttle Odyssey RA6 Odyssey RB Odyssey RB3 Odyssey RC Odyssey LaGreat / Odyssey RL Odyssey RL3 Odyssey RL5 Elysion Pickup Tourmaster Ridgeline Microvan Acty Van Acty Acty Acty Van City Pro Civic Van Civic Pro Civic Pro Partner Van Partner Honda Motor Company Divisions and subsidiaries Acura American Honda Honda Canada Canada Manufacturing Aircraft Performance Development India Motorcycles Racing F1 Taiwan China ( 65 % ) UK Joint ventures Dongfeng Honda ( 50 % ) GE Honda Aero Engines ( 50 % ) Guangqi Honda ( 50 % ) Everus Bangladesh Honda Private Limited ( 70 % share ) Aircraft MH01 MH02 HA - 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-6146798387434410027 | Deepwater Horizon oil spill | Deepwater Horizon oil spill - wikipedia Deepwater Horizon oil spill Deepwater Horizon oil spill The oil seen from space by NASA 's Terra satellite on 24 May 2010 Location Gulf of Mexico near Mississippi River Delta , United States Coordinates 28 ° 44 ′ 17.30 '' N 88 ° 21 ′ 57.40 '' W / 28.7381389 ° N 88.3659444 ° W / 28.7381389 ; - 88.3659444 Coordinates : 28 ° 44 ′ 17.30 '' N 88 ° 21 ′ 57.40 '' W / 28.7381389 ° N 88.3659444 ° W / 28.7381389 ; - 88.3659444 Date April 20 -- September 19 , 2010 ( 4 months , 4 weeks and 2 days ) Cause Cause Wellhead blowout Casualties 11 killed 17 injured Operator Transocean under contract for BP Spill characteristics Volume 4.9 million barrels ( 210,000,000 U.S. gallons ; 780,000 cubic meters ) ± 10 % Area 2,500 to 68,000 sq mi ( 6,500 to 176,100 km ) This article is part of a series about the Deepwater Horizon oil spill BP Deepwater Horizon Explosion Oil spill Timeline Volume and extent Closure Response Environmental impact Health consequences Economic effects Reactions Investigation Litigation Compensation External video Frontline : The Spill ( 54 : 25 ) , Frontline on PBS The Deepwater Horizon oil spill ( also referred to as the BP oil spill / leak , the BP oil disaster , the Gulf of Mexico oil spill , and the Macondo blowout ) is an industrial disaster that began on 20 April 2010 , in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP - operated Macondo Prospect , considered to be the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8 % to 31 % larger in volume than the previous largest , the Ixtoc I oil spill . The U.S. government estimated the total discharge at 4.9 million barrels ( 210 million US gal ; 780,000 m ) . After several failed efforts to contain the flow , the well was declared sealed on 19 September 2010 . Reports in early 2012 indicated that the well site was still leaking . A massive response ensued to protect beaches , wetlands and estuaries from the spreading oil utilizing skimmer ships , floating booms , controlled burns and 1.84 million US gallons ( 7,000 m ) of oil dispersant . Due to the months - long spill , along with adverse effects from the response and cleanup activities , extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and fishing and tourism industries was reported . In Louisiana , 4,900,000 pounds ( 2,200 t ) of oily material was removed from the beaches in 2013 , over double the amount collected in 2012 . Oil cleanup crews worked four days a week on 55 miles ( 89 km ) of Louisiana shoreline throughout 2013 . Oil continued to be found as far from the Macondo site as the waters off the Florida Panhandle and Tampa Bay , where scientists said the oil and dispersant mixture is embedded in the sand . In April 2013 , it was reported that dolphins and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate . One study released in 2014 reported that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs that would be expected to be fatal or at least life - shortening and another study found that cardiotoxicity might have been widespread in animal life exposed to the spill . Numerous investigations explored the causes of the explosion and record - setting spill . The U.S. government September 2011 report pointed to defective cement on the well , faulting mostly BP , but also rig operator Transocean and contractor Halliburton . Earlier in 2011 , a White House commission likewise blamed BP and its partners for a series of cost - cutting decisions and an inadequate safety system , but also concluded that the spill resulted from `` systemic '' root causes and `` absent significant reform in both industry practices and government policies , might well recur '' . In November 2012 , BP and the United States Department of Justice settled federal criminal charges with BP pleading guilty to 11 counts of manslaughter , two misdemeanors , and a felony count of lying to Congress . BP also agreed to four years of government monitoring of its safety practices and ethics , and the Environmental Protection Agency announced that BP would be temporarily banned from new contracts with the US government . BP and the Department of Justice agreed to a record - setting $4.525 billion in fines and other payments . As of February 2013 , criminal and civil settlements and payments to a trust fund had cost the company $42.2 billion . In September 2014 , a U.S. District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct . In July 2015 , BP agreed to pay $18.7 billion in fines , the largest corporate settlement in U.S. history . How the misuse of categorical exclusion for National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA ) compliance relates to this spill is described in Regulatory Capture . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Deepwater Horizon drilling rig 1.2 Explosion 2 Volume and extent of oil spill 3 Efforts to stem the flow of oil 3.1 Short - term efforts 3.2 Explosives 3.3 Well declared `` effectively dead '' 3.4 Recurrent or continued leakage 4 Containment , collection and use of dispersants 4.1 Containment 4.2 Use of Corexit dispersant 4.3 Removal 4.4 Oil - eating microbes 5 Access restrictions 6 Cleanup 7 Consequences 7.1 Environmental impact 7.2 Health consequences 7.3 Economy 7.4 Offshore drilling policies 8 Reactions 8.1 U.S. reactions 8.2 United Kingdom reactions 8.3 International reactions 9 Legal aspects and settlements 9.1 Investigations 9.2 Spill response fund 9.3 Civil litigation and settlements 9.4 Justice Department lawsuit 9.5 Criminal charges 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links 14.1 Lead state agency websites 14.2 News media 14.3 Interactive maps 14.4 Images 14.5 Animations and graphics Background ( edit ) Deepwater Horizon drilling rig ( edit ) Main article : Deepwater Horizon Location of the Deepwater Horizon on 20 April 2010 Deepwater Horizon prior to explosion . The Deepwater Horizon was a 10 - year - old semi-submersible , mobile , floating , dynamically positioned drilling rig that could operate in waters up to 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) deep . Built by South Korean company Hyundai Heavy Industries and owned by Transocean , the rig operated under the Marshallese flag of convenience , and was chartered to BP from March 2008 to September 2013 . It was drilling a deep exploratory well , 18,360 feet ( 5,600 m ) below sea level , in approximately 5,100 feet ( 1,600 m ) of water . The well is situated in the Macondo Prospect in Mississippi Canyon Block 252 ( MC252 ) of the Gulf of Mexico , in the United States ' exclusive economic zone . The Macondo well is found roughly 41 miles ( 66 km ) off the Louisiana coast . BP was the operator and principal developer of the Macondo Prospect with a 65 % share , while 25 % was owned by Anadarko Petroleum Corporation , and 10 % by MOEX Offshore 2007 , a unit of Mitsui . Explosion ( edit ) Main article : Deepwater Horizon explosion Play media Supply boats continued to battle the fire , viewed from a Coast Guard helicopter At approximately 9 : 45 pm CDT , on 20 April 2010 , high - pressure methane gas from the well expanded into the drilling riser and rose into the drilling rig , where it ignited and exploded , engulfing the platform . At the time , 126 crew members were on board : seven BP employees , 79 of Transocean , and employees of various other companies . Eleven missing workers were never found despite a three - day U.S. Coast Guard ( USCG ) search operation and are believed to have died in the explosion . Ninety - four crew members were rescued by lifeboat or helicopter , 17 of whom were treated for injuries . The Deepwater Horizon sank on the morning of 22 April 2010 . Volume and extent of oil spill ( edit ) Main article : Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill See also : Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill approaches the coast of Mobile , Alabama , 6 May 2010 Oil stained beaches in Pensacola , Florida ; 1 July 2010 Burning and skimming operations in the Gulf of Mexico ; 10 June 2010 Thick oil washes ashore in Louisiana ; 10 June 2010 The oil leak was discovered on the afternoon of 22 April 2010 when a large oil slick began to spread at the former rig site . The oil flowed for 87 days . BP originally estimated a flow rate of 1,000 to 5,000 barrels per day ( 160 to 790 m / d ) . The Flow Rate Technical Group ( FRTG ) estimated the initial flow rate was 62,000 barrels per day ( 9,900 m / d ) . The total estimated volume of leaked oil approximated 4.9 million barrels ( 210 million US gal ; 780,000 m ) with plus or minus 10 % uncertainty , including oil that was collected , making it the world 's largest accidental spill . BP challenged the higher figure , saying that the government overestimated the volume . Internal emails released in 2013 showed that one BP employee had estimates that matched those of the FRTG , and shared the data with supervisors , but BP continued with their lower number . The company argued that government figures do not reflect over 810,000 barrels ( 34 million US gal ; 129,000 m ) of oil that was collected or burned before it could enter the Gulf waters . According to the satellite images , the spill directly affected 68,000 square miles ( 180,000 km ) of ocean , which is comparable to the size of Oklahoma . By early June 2010 , oil had washed up on 125 miles ( 201 km ) of Louisiana 's coast and along the Mississippi , Florida , and Alabama coastlines . Oil sludge appeared in the Intracoastal Waterway and on Pensacola Beach and the Gulf Islands National Seashore . In late June , oil reached Gulf Park Estates , its first appearance in Mississippi . In July , tar balls reached Grand Isle and the shores of Lake Pontchartrain . In September a new wave of oil suddenly coated 16 miles ( 26 km ) of Louisiana coastline and marshes west of the Mississippi River in Plaquemines Parish . In October , weathered oil reached Texas . As of July 2011 , about 491 miles ( 790 km ) of coastline in Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama and Florida were contaminated by oil and a total of 1,074 miles ( 1,728 km ) had been oiled since the spill began . As of December 2012 , 339 miles ( 546 km ) of coastline remain subject to evaluation and / or cleanup operations . Concerns were raised about the appearance of underwater , horizontally extended plumes of dissolved oil . Researchers concluded that deep plumes of dissolved oil and gas would likely remain confined to the northern Gulf of Mexico and that the peak impact on dissolved oxygen would be delayed and long lasting . Two weeks after the wellhead was capped on 15 July 2010 , the surface oil appeared to have dissipated , while an unknown amount of subsurface oil remained . Estimates of the residual ranged from a 2010 NOAA report that claimed about half of the oil remained below the surface to independent estimates of up to 75 % . That means that over 100 million US gallons ( 380 Ml ) ( 2.4 million barrels ) remained in the Gulf . As of January 2011 , tar balls , oil sheen trails , fouled wetlands marsh grass and coastal sands were still evident . Subsurface oil remained offshore and in fine silts . In April 2012 , oil was still found along as much as 200 miles ( 320 km ) of Louisiana coastline and tar balls continued to wash up on the barrier islands . In 2013 , some scientists at the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill and Ecosystem Science Conference said that as much as one - third of the oil may have mixed with deep ocean sediments , where it risks damage to ecosystems and commercial fisheries . In 2013 , more than 4,600,000 pounds ( 2,100 t ) of `` oiled material '' was removed from the Louisiana coast . Although only `` minute '' quantities of oil continued to wash up in 2013 , patches of tar balls were still being reported almost every day from Alabama and Florida Panhandle beaches . Regular cleanup patrols were no longer considered justified but cleanup was being conducted on an as - needed basis , in response to public reports . It was first thought that oil had not reached as far as Tampa Bay , Florida ; however , a study done in 2013 found that one of the plumes of dispersant - treated oil had reached a shelf 80 miles ( 130 km ) off the Tampa Bay region . According to researchers , there is `` some evidence it may have caused lesions in fish caught in that area '' . Efforts to Stem the flow of oil ( edit ) Main article : Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill See also : Offshore oil spill prevention and response Short - term efforts ( edit ) Concept diagram of underwater oil containment domes originally planned for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . At this stage , there were 2 remaining oil leaks from the fallen pipeline . Oil containment dome under construction in Port Fourchon , Louisiana , at Wild Well Control on 26 April First , BP unsuccessfully attempted to close the blowout preventer valves on the wellhead with remotely operated underwater vehicles . Next , it placed a 125 - tonne ( 280,000 lb ) containment dome over the largest leak and piped the oil to a storage vessel . While this technique had worked in shallower water , it failed here when gas combined with cold water to form methane hydrate crystals that blocked the opening at the top of the dome . Pumping heavy drilling fluids into the blowout preventer to restrict the flow of oil before sealing it permanently with cement ( `` top kill '' ) also failed . BP then inserted a riser insertion tube into the pipe and a stopper - like washer around the tube plugged at the end of the riser and diverted the flow into the insertion tube . The collected gas was flared and oil stored on board the drillship Discoverer Enterprise . Before the tube was removed , it collected 924,000 US gallons ( 22,000 bbl ; 3,500 m ) of oil . On 3 June 2010 , BP removed the damaged drilling riser from the top of the blowout preventer and covered the pipe by the cap which connected it to another riser . On 16 June , a second containment system connected directly to the blowout preventer began carrying oil and gas to service vessels , where it was consumed in a clean - burning system . The United States government 's estimates suggested the cap and other equipment were capturing less than half of the leaking oil . On 10 July , the containment cap was removed to replace it with a better - fitting cap ( `` Top Hat Number 10 '' ) . Mud and cement were later pumped in through the top of the well to reduce the pressure inside it which did n't work either . A final device was created to attach a chamber of larger diameter than the flowing pipe with a flange that bolted to the top of the blowout preventer and a manual valve set to close off the flow once attached . On 15 July , the device was secured and time was taken closing the valves to ensure the attachment under increasing pressure until the valves were closed completing the temporary measures . Explosives ( edit ) In mid-May , United States Secretary of Energy Steven Chu assembled a team of nuclear physicists , including hydrogen bomb designer Richard Garwin and Sandia National Laboratories director Tom Hunter . Oil expert Matthew Simmons maintained that a nuclear explosion was the only way BP could permanently seal the well and cited successful Soviet attempts to seal off runaway gas wells with nuclear blasts . A spokesperson for the U.S. Energy Department said that `` neither Energy Secretary Steven Chu nor anyone else '' ever considered this option . On 24 May , BP ruled out conventional explosives , claiming that if blasts failed to clog the well , `` we would have denied ourselves all other options . '' Well declared `` effectively dead '' ( edit ) Transocean 's Development Driller III started drilling a first relief well on 2 May 2010 . GSF Development Driller II started drilling a second relief on 16 May 2010 . On 3 August 2010 , first test oil and then drilling mud was pumped at a slow rate of approximately 2 barrels ( 320 L ) per minute into the well - head . Pumping continued for eight hours , at the end of which time the well was declared to be `` in a static condition . '' On 4 August 2010 , BP began pumping cement from the top , sealing that part of the flow channel permanently . On 3 September 2010 , the 300 - ton failed blowout preventer was removed from the well and a replacement blowout preventer was installed . On 16 September 2010 , the relief well reached its destination and pumping of cement to seal the well began . On 19 September 2010 , National Incident Commander Thad Allen declared the well `` effectively dead '' and said that it posed no further threat to the Gulf . Recurrent or continued leakage ( edit ) The Discoverer Enterprise and the Q4000 work around the clock burning undesirable gases from the still uncapped Deepwater Horizon well in the Gulf of Mexico . 26 June 2010 In May 2010 , BP admitted they had `` discovered things that were broken in the sub-surface '' during the `` top kill '' effort . Oil slicks were reported in March and August 2011 , in March and October 2012 , and in January 2013 . Repeated scientific analyses confirmed that the sheen was a chemical match for oil from Macondo well . The USCG initially said the oil was too dispersed to recover and posed no threat to the coastline , but later warned BP and Transocean that they might be held financially responsible for cleaning up the new oil . USGS director Marcia McNutt stated that the riser pipe could hold at most 1,000 barrels ( 160 m ) because it is open on both ends , making it unlikely to hold the amount of oil being observed . In October 2012 , BP reported that they had found and plugged leaking oil from the failed containment dome , now abandoned about 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) from the main well . In December 2012 , the USCG conducted a subsea survey ; no oil coming from the wells or the wreckage was found and its source remains unknown . In addition , a white , milky substance was observed seeping from the wreckage . According to BP and the USCG , it is `` not oil and it 's not harmful . '' In January 2013 , BP said that they were continuing to investigate possible sources of the oil sheen . Chemical data implied that the substance might be residual oil leaking from the wreckage . If that proves to be the case , the sheen can be expected to eventually disappear . Another possibility is that it is formation oil escaping from the subsurface , using the Macondo well casing as flow conduit , possibly intersecting a naturally occurring fault , and then following that to escape at the surface some distance from the wellhead . If it proves to be oil from the subsurface , then that could indicate the possibility of an indefinite release of oil . The oil slick was comparable in size to naturally occurring oil seeps and was not large enough to pose an immediate threat to wildlife . Containment , collection and use of dispersants ( edit ) Main article : Deepwater Horizon oil spill response The fundamental strategies for addressing the spill were containment , dispersal and removal . In summer 2010 , approximately 47,000 people and 7,000 vessels were involved in the project . By 3 October 2012 , federal response costs amounted to $850 million , mostly reimbursed by BP . As of January 2013 , 935 personnel were still involved . By that time cleanup had cost BP over $14 billion . It was estimated with plus - or - minus 10 % uncertainty that 4.9 million barrels ( 780,000 m ) of oil was released from the well ; 4.1 million barrels ( 650,000 m ) of oil went into the Gulf . The report led by the Department of the Interior and the NOAA said that `` 75 % ( of oil ) has been cleaned up by Man or Mother Nature '' ; however , only about 25 % of released oil was collected or removed while about 75 % of oil remained in the environment in one form or another . In 2012 , Markus Huettel , a benthic ecologist at Florida State University , maintained that while much of BP 's oil was degraded or evaporated , at least 60 % remains unaccounted for . In May 2010 , a local native set up a network for people to volunteer their assistance in cleaning up beaches . Boat captains were given the opportunity to offer the use of their boat to help clean and prevent the oil from further spreading . To assist with the efforts the captains had to register their ships with the Vessels of Opportunity , however an issue arose when more boats registered than actually participated in the clean up efforts - only a third of the registered boats . Many local supporters were disappointed with BP 's slow response , prompting the formation of The Florida Key Environmental Coalition . This coalition gained significant influence in the clean up of the oil spill to try and gain some control over the situation . Containment ( edit ) Oil containment boom used in an attempt to protect barrier islands Containment booms stretching over 4,200,000 feet ( 1,300 km ) were deployed , either to corral the oil or as barriers to protect marshes , mangroves , shrimp / crab / oyster ranches or other ecologically sensitive areas . Booms extend 18 -- 48 inches ( 0.46 -- 1.22 m ) above and below the water surface and were effective only in relatively calm and slow - moving waters . Including one - time use sorbent booms , a total of 13,300,000 feet ( 4,100 km ) of booms were deployed . Booms were criticized for washing up on the shore with the oil , allowing oil to escape above or below the boom , and for ineffectiveness in more than three to four - foot ( 90 -- 120 cm ) waves . The Louisiana barrier island plan was developed to construct barrier islands to protect the coast of Louisiana . The plan was criticised for its expense and poor results . Critics allege that the decision to pursue the project was political with little scientific input . The EPA expressed concern that the booms would threaten wildlife . For a time , a group called Matter of Trust , citing insufficient availability of manufactured oil absorption booms , campaigned to encourage hair salons , dog groomers and sheep farmers to donate hair , fur and wool clippings , stuffed in pantyhose or tights , to help contain oil near impacted shores , a technique dating back to the Exxon Valdez disater . Use of Corexit dispersant ( edit ) A C - 130 Hercules sprays Corexit dispersant onto the Gulf of Mexico The spill was also notable for the volume of Corexit oil dispersant used and for application methods that were `` purely experimental . '' Altogether , 1.84 million US gallons ( 7,000 m ) of dispersants were used ; of this 771,000 US gallons ( 2,920 m ) were released at the wellhead . Subsea injection had never previously been tried but due to the spill 's unprecedented nature BP together with USCG and EPA decided to use it . Over 400 sorties were flown to release the product . Although usage of dispersants was described as `` the most effective and fast moving tool for minimizing shoreline impact '' , the approach continues to be investigated . A 2011 analysis conducted by Earthjustice and Toxipedia showed that the dispersant could contain cancer - causing agents , hazardous toxins and endocrine - disrupting chemicals . Environmental scientists expressed concerns that the dispersants add to the toxicity of a spill , increasing the threat to sea turtles and bluefin tuna . The dangers are even greater when poured into the source of a spill , because they are picked up by the current and wash through the Gulf . According to BP and federal officials , dispersant use stopped after the cap was in place ; however , marine toxicologist Riki Ott wrote in an open letter to the EPA that Corexit use continued after that date and a GAP investigation stated that `` ( a ) majority of GAP witnesses cited indications that Corexit was used after ( July 2010 ) . '' According to a NALCO manual obtained by GAP , Corexit 9527 is an `` eye and skin irritant . Repeated or excessive exposure ... may cause injury to red blood cells ( hemolysis ) , kidney or the liver . '' The manual adds : `` Excessive exposure may cause central nervous system effects , nausea , vomiting , anesthetic or narcotic effects . '' It advises , `` Do not get in eyes , on skin , on clothing , '' and `` Wear suitable protective clothing . '' For Corexit 9500 the manual advised , `` Do not get in eyes , on skin , on clothing , '' `` Avoid breathing vapor , '' and `` Wear suitable protective clothing . '' According to FOIA requests obtained by GAP , neither the protective gear nor the manual were distributed to Gulf oil spill cleanup workers . Corexit EC9500A and Corexit EC9527A were the principal variants . The two formulations are neither the least toxic , nor the most effective , among EPA 's approved dispersants , but BP said it chose to use Corexit because it was available the week of the rig explosion . On 19 May , the EPA gave BP 24 hours to choose less toxic alternatives to Corexit from the National Contingency Plan Product Schedule , and begin applying them within 72 hours of EPA approval or provide a detailed reasoning why no approved products met the standards . On 20 May , BP determined that none of the alternative products met all three criteria of availability , non-toxicity and effectiveness . On 24 May , EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson ordered EPA to conduct its own evaluation of alternatives and ordered BP to reduce dispersant use by 75 % . BP reduced Corexit use by 25,689 to 23,250 US gallons ( 97,240 to 88,010 L ) per day , a 9 % decline . On 2 August 2010 , the EPA said dispersants did no more harm to the environment than the oil and that they stopped a large amount of oil from reaching the coast by breaking it down faster . However , some independent scientists and EPA 's own experts continue to voice concerns about the approach . Underwater injection of Corexit into the leak may have created the oil plumes which were discovered below the surface . Because the dispersants were applied at depth , much of the oil never rose to the surface . One plume was 22 miles ( 35 km ) long , more than 1 mile ( 1,600 m ) wide and 650 feet ( 200 m ) deep . In a major study on the plume , experts were most concerned about the slow pace at which the oil was breaking down in the cold , 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) water at depths of 3,000 feet ( 900 m ) . In late 2012 , a study from Georgia Tech and Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes in Environmental Pollution journal reported that Corexit used during the BP oil spill had increased the toxicity of the oil by 52 times . The scientists concluded that `` Mixing oil with dispersant increased toxicity to ecosystems '' and made the gulf oil spill worse . '' Removal ( edit ) Oil skimming vessels ( distance ) in the Gulf of Mexico Dark clouds of smoke and fire emerge as oil burns during a controlled fire in the Gulf of Mexico , 6 May 2010 The three basic approaches for removing the oil from the water were : combustion , offshore filtration , and collection for later processing . USCG said 33 million US gallons ( 120,000 m ) of tainted water was recovered , including 5 million US gallons ( 19,000 m ) of oil . BP said 826,800 barrels ( 131,450 m ) had been recovered or flared . It is calculated that about 5 % of leaked oil was burned at the surface and 3 % was skimmed . On the most demanding day 47,849 people were assigned on the response works . From April to mid-July 2010 , 411 controlled in - situ fires remediated approximately 265,000 barrels ( 11.1 million US gal ; 42,100 m ) . The fires released small amounts of toxins , including cancer - causing dioxins . According to EPA 's report , the released amount is not enough to pose an added cancer risk to workers and coastal residents , while a second research team concluded that there was only a small added risk . Workers cleaning a beach affected by the spill . Oil was collected from water by using skimmers . In total 2,063 various skimmers were used . For offshore , more than 60 open - water skimmers were deployed , including 12 purpose - built vehicles . EPA regulations prohibited skimmers that left more than 15 parts per million ( ppm ) of oil in the water . Many large - scale skimmers exceeded the limit . Due to use of Corexit the oil was too dispersed to collect , according to a spokesperson for shipowner TMT . In mid-June 2010 , BP ordered 32 machines that separate oil and water , with each machine capable of extracting up to 2,000 barrels per day ( 320 m / d ) . After one week of testing , BP began to proceed and by 28 June , had removed 890,000 barrels ( 141,000 m ) . After the well was captured , the cleanup of shore became the main task of the response works . Two main types of affected coast were sandy beaches and marshes . On beaches the main techniques were sifting sand , removing tar balls , and digging out tar mats manually or by using mechanical devices . For marshes , techniques such as vacuum and pumping , low - pressure flush , vegetation cutting , and bioremediation were used . Oil - eating microbes ( edit ) Dispersants are said to facilitate the digestion of the oil by microbes . Mixing dispersants with oil at the wellhead would keep some oil below the surface and in theory , allowing microbes to digest the oil before it reached the surface . Various risks were identified and evaluated , in particular that an increase in microbial activity might reduce subsea oxygen levels , threatening fish and other animals . Several studies suggest that microbes successfully consumed part of the oil . By mid-September , other research claimed that microbes mainly digested natural gas rather than oil . David L. Valentine , a professor of microbial geochemistry at UC Santa Barbara , said that the capability of microbes to break down the leaked oil had been greatly exaggerated . However , biogeochemist Chris Reddy , said natural microorganisms are a big reason why the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was not far worse . Genetically modified Alcanivorax borkumensis was added to the waters to speed digestion . The delivery method of microbes to oil patches was proposed by the Russian Research and Development Institute of Ecology and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources . Access restrictions ( edit ) On 18 May 2010 , BP was designated the lead `` Responsible Party '' under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 , which meant that BP had operational authority in coordinating the response . The first video images were released on 12 May , and further video images were released by members of Congress who had been given access to them by BP . During the spill response operations , at the request of the Coast Guard , the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) implemented a 900 - square - mile ( 2,300 km ) temporary flight restriction zone over the operations area . Restrictions were to prevent civilian air traffic from interfering with aircraft assisting the response effort . All flights in the operations ' area were prohibited except flight authorized by air traffic control ; routine flights supporting offshore oil operations ; federal , state , local and military flight operations supporting spill response ; and air ambulance and law enforcement operations . Exceptions for these restrictions were granted on a case - by - case basis dependent on safety issues , operational requirements , weather conditions , and traffic volume . No flights , except aircraft conducting aerial chemical dispersing operations , or for landing and takeoff , were allowed below 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) . Notwithstanding restrictions , there were 800 to 1,000 flights per day during the operations . Local and federal authorities citing BP 's authority denied access to members of the press attempting to document the spill from the air , from boats , and on the ground , blocking access to areas that were open to the public . In some cases photographers were granted access only with BP officials escorting them on BP - contracted boats and aircraft . In one example , the U.S. Coast Guard stopped Jean - Michel Cousteau 's boat and allowed it to proceed only after the Coast Guard was assured that no journalists were on board . In another example , a CBS News crew was denied access to the oil - covered beaches of the spill area . The CBS crew was told by the authorities : `` this is BP 's rules , not ours , '' when trying to film the area . Some members of Congress criticized the restrictions placed on access by journalists . The FAA denied that BP employees or contractors made decisions on flights and access , saying those decisions were made by the FAA and Coast Guard . The FAA acknowledged that media access was limited to hired planes or helicopters , but was arranged through the Coast Guard . The Coast Guard and BP denied having a policy of restricting journalists ; they noted that members of the media had been embedded with the authorities and allowed to cover response efforts since the beginning of the effort , with more than 400 embeds aboard boats and aircraft to date . They also said that they wanted to provide access to the information while maintaining safety . Cleanup ( edit ) On 15 April 2014 , BP claimed that cleanup along the coast was substantially complete , but the United States Coast Guard responded by stating that a lot of work remained . Using physical barriers such as floating booms , cleanup workers ' objective was to keep the oil from spreading any further . They used skimmer boats to remove a majority of the oil and they used sorbents to absorb any remnant of oil like a sponge . Although that method did not remove the oil completely , chemicals called dispersants are used to hasten the oil 's degradation to prevent the oil from doing further damage to the marine habitats below the surface water . For the Deep Horizon oil spill , cleanup workers used 1,400,000 US gallons ( 5,300,000 l ; 1,200,000 imp gal ) of various chemical dispersants to further breakdown the oil . The State of Louisiana was funded by BP to do regular testing of fish , shellfish , water , and sand . Initial testing regularly showed detectable levels of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate , a chemical used in the clean up . Testing over the past year reported by GulfSource.org , for the pollutants tested have not produced results . Consequences ( edit ) Environmental impact ( edit ) Main article : Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Capturing heavily oiled young turtles 20 to 40 miles offshore for rehabilitation ; 14 June 2010 The spill area hosts 8,332 species , including more than 1,270 fish , 604 polychaetes , 218 birds , 1,456 mollusks , 1,503 crustaceans , 4 sea turtles and 29 marine mammals . Between May and June 2010 , the spill waters contained 40 times more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) than before the spill . PAHs are often linked to oil spills and include carcinogens and chemicals that pose various health risks to humans and marine life . The PAHs were most concentrated near the Louisiana Coast , but levels also jumped 2 -- 3 fold in areas off Alabama , Mississippi and Florida . PAHs can harm marine species directly and microbes used to consume the oil can reduce marine oxygen levels . The oil contained approximately 40 % methane by weight , compared to about 5 % found in typical oil deposits . Methane can potentially suffocate marine life and create `` dead zones '' where oxygen is depleted . A 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on bluefin tuna funded by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , Stanford University , and the Monterey Bay Aquarium and published in the journal Science , found that the toxins from oil spills can cause irregular heartbeats leading to cardiac arrest . Calling the vicinity of the spill `` one of the most productive ocean ecosystems in the world '' , the study found that even at very low concentrations `` PAH cardiotoxicity was potentially a common form of injury among a broad range of species in the vicinity of the oil . '' Another peer - reviewed study , released in March 2014 and conducted by 17 scientists from the United States and Australia and published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , found that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs that would be expected to be fatal or at least life - shortening . The scientists said that their findings would most likely apply to other large predator fish and `` even to humans , whose developing hearts are in many ways similar . '' BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf , but The New York Times reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study . An oiled brown pelican near Grand Isle , Louisiana The oil dispersant Corexit , previously only used as a surface application , was released underwater in unprecedented amounts , with the intent of making it more easily biodegraded by naturally occurring microbes . Thus , oil that would normally rise to the surface of the water was emulsified into tiny droplets and remained suspended in the water and on the sea floor . The oil and dispersant mixture permeated the food chain through zooplankton . Signs of an oil - and - dispersant mix were found under the shells of tiny blue crab larvae . A study of insect populations in the coastal marshes affected by the spill also found a significant impact . Chemicals from the spill were found in migratory birds as far away as Minnesota . Pelican eggs contained `` petroleum compounds and Corexit '' . Dispersant and PAHs from oil are believed to have caused `` disturbing numbers '' of mutated fish that scientists and commercial fishers saw in 2012 , including 50 % of shrimp found lacking eyes and eye sockets . Fish with oozing sores and lesions were first noted by fishermen in November 2010 . Prior to the spill , approximately 0.1 % of Gulf fish had lesions or sores . A report from the University of Florida said that many locations showed 20 % of fish with lesions , while later estimates reached 50 % . In October 2013 , Al Jazeera reported that the gulf ecosystem was `` in crisis '' , citing a decline in seafood catches , as well as deformities and lesions found in fish . In July 2010 , it was reported that the spill was `` already having a ' devastating ' effect on marine life in the Gulf '' . Damage to the ocean floor especially endangered the Louisiana pancake batfish whose range is entirely contained within the spill - affected area . In March 2012 , a definitive link was found between the death of a Gulf coral community and the spill . According to NOAA , a cetacean Unusual Mortality Event ( UME ) has been recognized since before the spill began , NOAA is investigating possible contributing factors to the ongoing UME from the Deepwater Horizon spill , with the possibility of eventual criminal charges being filed if the spill is shown to be connected . Some estimates are that only 2 % of the carcasses of killed mammals have been recovered . Striped dolphins ( Stenella coeruleoalba ) observed in emulsified oil on 29 April 2010 In the first birthing season for dolphins after the spill , dead baby dolphins washed up along Mississippi and Alabama shorelines at about 10 times the normal number . A peer - reviewed NOAA / BP study disclosed that nearly half the bottlenose dolphins tested in mid-2011 in Barataria Bay , a heavily oiled area , were in `` guarded or worse '' condition , `` including 17 percent that were not expected to survive '' . BP officials deny that the disease conditions are related to the spill , saying that dolphin deaths actually began being reported before the BP oil spill . By 2013 , over 650 dolphins had been found stranded in the oil spill area , a four-fold increase over the historical average . The National Wildlife Federation ( NWF ) reports that sea turtles , mostly endangered Kemp 's ridley sea turtles , have been stranding at a high rate . Before the spill there were an average of 100 strandings per year ; since the spill the number has jumped to roughly 500 . NWF senior scientist Doug Inkley notes that the marine death rates are unprecedented and occurring high in the food chain , strongly suggesting there is `` something amiss with the Gulf ecosystem '' . In December 2013 , the journal Environmental Science & Technology published a study finding that of 32 dolphins briefly captured from 24 - km stretch near southeastern Louisiana , half were seriously ill or dying . BP said the report was `` inconclusive as to any causation associated with the spill '' . Heavy oiling of Bay Jimmy , Plaquemines Parish ; 15 September 2010 In 2012 , tar balls continued to wash up along the Gulf coast and in 2013 , tar balls could still be found in on the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts , along with oil sheens in marshes and signs of severe erosion of coastal islands , brought about by the death of trees and marsh grass from exposure to the oil . In 2013 , former NASA physicist Bonny Schumaker noted a `` dearth of marine life '' in a radius 30 to 50 miles ( 48 to 80 km ) around the well , after flying over the area numerous times since May 2010 . In 2013 , researchers found that oil on the bottom of the seafloor did not seem to be degrading , and observed a phenomenon called a `` dirty blizzard '' : oil in the water column began clumping around suspended sediments , and falling to the ocean floor in an `` underwater rain of oily particles . '' The result could have long - term effects because oil could remain in the food chain for generations . A 2014 bluefin tuna study in Science found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil . A 2015 study of the relative toxicity of oil and dispersants to coral also found that the dispersants were more toxic than the oil . A 2015 study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , published in PLOS ONE , links the sharp increase in dolphin deaths to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . On 12 April 2016 , a research team reported that 88 percent of about 360 baby or stillborn dolphins within the spill area `` had abnormal or under - developed lungs '' , compared to 15 percent in other areas . The study was published in the April 2016 Diseases of Aquatic Organisms . Health consequences ( edit ) Main article : Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill By June 2010 , 143 spill - exposure cases had been reported to the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals ; 108 of those involved workers in the clean - up efforts , while 35 were reported by residents . Chemicals from the oil and dispersant are believed to be the cause ; it is believed that the addition of dispersants made the oil more toxic . A worker cleans up oily waste on Elmer 's Island just west of Grand Isle , La. , 21 May 2010 The United States Department of Health and Human Services set up the GuLF Study in June 2010 in response to these reports . The study is run by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , and will last at least five years . Workers contracted by BP clean up oil on a beach in Port Fourchon , Louisiana , 23 May 2010 Mike Robicheux , a Louisiana physician , described the situation as `` the biggest public health crisis from a chemical poisoning in the history of this country . '' In July , after testing the blood of BP cleanup workers and residents in Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama , and Florida for volatile organic compounds , environmental scientist Wilma Subra said she was `` finding amounts 5 to 10 times in excess of the 95th percentile '' ; she said that `` the presence of these chemicals in the blood indicates exposure . '' Riki Ott , a marine toxicologist with experience of the Exxon Valdez oil spill , advised families to evacuate the Gulf . She said that workers from the Valdez spill had suffered long - term health consequences . Following the 26 May 2010 hospitalization of seven fishermen that were working in the cleanup crew , BP requested that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health perform a Health Hazard Evaluation . This was to cover all offshore cleanup activities , BP later requested a second NIOSH investigation of onshore cleanup operations . Tests for chemical exposure in the seven fishermen were negative ; NIOSH concluded that the hospitalizations were most likely a result of heat , fatigue , and terpenes that were being used to clean the decks . Review of 10 later hospitalizations found that heat exposure and dehydration were consistent findings but could not establish chemical exposure . NIOSH personnel performed air monitoring around cleanup workers at sea , on land , and during the application of Corexit . Air concentrations of volatile organic compounds and PAHs never exceeded permissible exposure levels . A limitation of their methodology was that some VOCs may have already evaporated from the oil before they began their investigation . In their report , they suggest the possibility that respiratory symptoms might have been caused by high levels of ozone or reactive aldehydes in the air , possibly produced from photochemical reactions in the oil . NIOSH did note that many of the personnel involved were not donning personal protective equipment ( gloves and impermeable coveralls ) as they had been instructed to and emphasized that this was important protection against transdermal absorption of chemicals from the oil . Heat stress was found to be the most pressing safety concern . Workers reported that they were not allowed to use respirators , and that their jobs were threatened if they did . OSHA said `` cleanup workers are receiving `` minimal '' exposure to airborne toxins ... OSHA will require that BP provide certain protective clothing , but not respirators . '' ProPublica reported that workers were being photographed while working with no protective clothing . An independent investigation for Newsweek showed that BP did not hand out the legally required safety manual for use with Corexit , and were not provided with safety training or protective gear . A 2012 survey of the health effects of the spill on cleanup workers reported `` eye , nose and throat irritation ; respiratory problems ; blood in urine , vomit and rectal bleeding ; seizures ; nausea and violent vomiting episodes that last for hours ; skin irritation , burning and lesions ; short - term memory loss and confusion ; liver and kidney damage ; central nervous system effects and nervous system damage ; hypertension ; and miscarriages '' . Dr. James Diaz , writing for the American Journal of Disaster Medicine , said these ailments appearing in the Gulf reflected those reported after previous oil spills , like the Exxon Valdez . Diaz warned that `` chronic adverse health effects , including cancers , liver and kidney disease , mental health disorders , birth defects and developmental disorders should be anticipated among sensitive populations and those most heavily exposed '' . Diaz also believes neurological disorders should be expected . Two years after the spill , a study initiated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found biomarkers matching the oil from the spill in the bodies of cleanup workers . Other studies have reported a variety of mental health issues , skin problems , breathing issues , coughing , and headaches . In 2013 , during the three - day `` Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill & Ecosystem Science Conference '' , findings discussed included a ' `` significant percentage '' of Gulf residents reporting mental health problems like anxiety , depression and PTSD . These studies also showed that the bodies of former spill cleanup workers carry biomarkers of `` many chemicals contained in the oil '' . A study that investigated the health effects among children in Louisiana and Florida living less than 10 miles from the coast found that more than a third of the parents reported physical or mental health symptoms among their children . The parents reported `` unexplained symptoms among their children , including bleeding ears , nose bleeds , and the early start of menstruation among girls , '' according to David Abramson , director of Columbia University 's National Center for Disaster Preparedness . A cohort study of almost 2,200 Louisiana women found `` high physical / environmental exposure was significantly associated with all 13 of the physical health symptoms surveyed , with the strongest associations for burning in nose , throat or lungs ; sore throat ; dizziness and wheezing . Women who suffered a high degree of economic disruption as a result of spill were significantly more likely to report wheezing ; headaches ; watery , burning , itchy eyes and stuffy , itchy , runny nose . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economic and political consequences of the Deepwater Horizon disaster Sign in Orange Beach , Alabama advising against swimming due to the oil spill The spill had a strong economic impact to BP and also the Gulf Coast 's economy sectors such as offshore drilling , fishing and tourism . Estimates of lost tourism dollars were projected to cost the Gulf coastal economy up to 22.7 billion through 2013 . In addition , Louisiana reported that lost visitor spending through the end of 2010 totaled $32 million , and losses through 2013 were expected to total $153 million in this state alone . The Gulf of Mexico commercial fishing industry was estimated to have lost $247 million as a result of postspill fisheries closures . One study projects that the overall impact of lost or degraded commercial , recreational , and mariculture fisheries in the Gulf could be $8.7 billion by 2020 , with a potential loss of 22,000 jobs over the same time frame . BP 's expenditures on the spill included the cost of the spill response , containment , relief well drilling , grants to the Gulf states , claims paid , and federal costs , including fines and penalties . As of March 2012 , BP estimated the company 's total spill - related expenses do not exceed $37.2 billion . However , by some estimations penalties that BP may be required to pay have reached as high as $90 billion . In addition , in November 2012 the EPA announced that BP will be temporarily banned from seeking new contracts with the US government . Due to the loss of the market value , BP had dropped from the second to the fourth largest of the four major oil companies by 2013 . During the crisis , BP gas stations in the United States reported a sales drop of between 10 and 40 % due to backlash against the company . Local officials in Louisiana expressed concern that the offshore drilling moratorium imposed in response to the spill would further harm the economies of coastal communities as the oil industry directly or indirectly employs about 318,000 Louisiana residents ( 17 % of all jobs in the state ) . NOAA had closed 86,985 square miles ( 225,290 km ) , or approximately 36 % of Federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico , for commercial fishing causing $2.5 billion cost for the fishing industry . The U.S. Travel Association estimated that the economic impact of the oil spill on tourism across the Gulf Coast over a three - year period could exceed approximately $23 billion , in a region that supports over 400,000 travel industry jobs generating $34 billion in revenue annually . Offshore drilling policies ( edit ) Main articles : United States offshore drilling debate and 2010 United States deepwater drilling moratorium See also : Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar US oil production and imports , 1910 -- 2012 . On 30 April 2010 , President Barack Obama ordered the federal government to hold the issuing of new offshore drilling leases and authorized the investigation of 29 oil rigs in the Gulf in an effort to determine the cause of the disaster . Later a six - month offshore drilling ( below 500 feet ( 150 m ) of water ) moratorium was enforced by the United States Department of the Interior . The moratorium suspended work on 33 rigs , and a group of affected companies formed the Back to Work Coalition . On 22 June , a United States federal judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana Martin Leach - Cross Feldman when ruling in the case Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar , lifted the moratorium finding it too broad , arbitrary and not adequately justified . The ban was lifted in October 2010 . On 28 April 2010 , the National Energy Board of Canada , which regulates offshore drilling in the Canadian Arctic and along the British Columbia Coast , issued a letter to oil companies asking them to explain their argument against safety rules which require same - season relief wells . On 3 May California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger withdrew his support for a proposed plan to allow expanded offshore drilling projects in California . On 8 July , Florida Governor Charlie Crist called for a special session of the state legislature to draft an amendment to the state constitution banning offshore drilling in state waters , which the legislature rejected on 20 July . In October 2011 , the United States Department of the Interior 's Minerals Management Service was dissolved after it was determined it had exercised poor oversight over the drilling industry . Three new agencies replaced it , separating the regulation , leasing , and revenue collection responsibilities respectively , among the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement , the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management , and Office of Natural Resources Revenue . In March 2014 , BP was again allowed to bid for oil and gas leases . Reactions ( edit ) Main article : Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill US reactions ( edit ) Protesters advocating boycott of BP On 30 April , President Obama dispatched the Secretaries of the Department of Interior and Homeland Security , as well as the EPA Administrator and NOAA to the Gulf Coast to assess the disaster . In his 15 June speech , Obama said , `` This oil spill is the worst environmental disaster America has ever faced ... Make no mistake : we will fight this spill with everything we 've got for as long as it takes . We will make BP pay for the damage their company has caused . And we will do whatever 's necessary to help the Gulf Coast and its people recover from this tragedy . '' Interior Secretary Ken Salazar stated , `` Our job basically is to keep the boot on the neck of British Petroleum . '' Some observers suggested that the Obama administration was being overly aggressive in its criticisms , which some BP investors saw as an attempt to deflect criticism of his own handling of the crisis . Rand Paul accused President Obama of being anti-business and `` un-American '' . Public opinion polls in the U.S. were generally critical of the way President Obama and the federal government handled the disaster and they were extremely critical of BPs response . Across the US , thousands participated in dozens of protests at BP gas stations and other locations , reducing sales at some stations by 10 % to 40 % . Industry claimed that disasters are infrequent and that this spill was an isolated incident and rejected claims of a loss of industry credibility . The American Petroleum Institute ( API ) stated that the offshore drilling industry is important to job creation and economic growth . CEOs from the top five oil companies all agreed to work harder at improving safety . API announced the creation of an offshore safety institute , separate from API 's lobbying operation . American protester stands on a Union Jack , presumably associating BP with the United Kingdom The Organization for International Investment , a Washington D.C. - based advocate for overseas investment in the United States , warned that the heated rhetoric was potentially damaging the reputation of British companies with operations in the United States and could spark a wave of U.S. protectionism that would restrict British firms from government contracts , political donations and lobbying . In July 2010 , President Obama issued an executive order , specifically citing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill , that adopted recommendations from the Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force and established the National Ocean Council . The council called together a number of federal committees and departments engaged in ocean issues to work with a newly established committee for conservation and resource management . In June 2018 , the executive order establishing the National Ocean Council was revoked by President Trump in an effort to roll back bureaucracy and `` benefit ocean industries employ millions of Americans . '' United Kingdom reactions ( edit ) In the UK , there was anger at the American press and news outlets for the misuse of the term `` British Petroleum '' for the company -- a name which has not been used since British Petroleum merged with the American company Amoco in 1998 to form BP . It was said that the U.S. was ' dumping ' the blame onto the British people and there were calls for British Prime Minister David Cameron to protect British interests in the United States . British pension fund managers ( who have large holdings of BP shares and rely upon its dividends ) accepted that while BP had to pay compensation for the spill and the environmental damage , they argued that the cost to the company 's market value from President Obama 's criticism was far outweighing the direct clean - up costs . Initially BP downplayed the incident ; its CEO Tony Hayward called the amount of oil and dispersant `` relatively tiny '' in comparison with the `` very big ocean . '' Later , he drew an outpouring of criticism when he said that the spill was a disruption to Gulf Coast residents and himself adding , `` You know , I 'd like my life back . '' BP 's chief operating officer Doug Suttles contradicted the underwater plume discussion noting , `` It may be down to how you define what a plume is here ... The oil that has been found is in very minute quantities . '' In June , BP launched a PR campaign and successfully bid for several search terms related to the spill on Google and other search engines so that the first sponsored search result linked directly to the company 's website . On 26 July 2010 , it was announced that CEO Tony Hayward was to resign and would be replaced by Bob Dudley , who is an American citizen and previously worked for Amoco . Hayward 's involvement in Deepwater Horizon has left him a highly controversial public figure . In May 2013 , he was honored as a `` distinguished leader '' by the University of Birmingham , but his award ceremony was stopped on multiple occasions by jeers and walk - outs and the focus of a protest from People & Planet members . In July 2013 , Hayward was awarded an honorary degree from Robert Gordon University . This was described as `` a very serious error of judgement '' by Friends of the Earth Scotland , and `` a sick joke '' by the university 's Student President . International reactions ( edit ) The U.S. government rejected offers of cleanup help from Canada , Croatia , France , Germany , Ireland , Mexico , the Netherlands , Norway , Romania , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , the United Kingdom , and the United Nations . The U.S. State Department listed 70 assistance offers from 23 countries , all being initially declined , but later , 8 had been accepted . The USCG actively requested skimming boats and equipment from several countries . Legal aspects and settlements ( edit ) Investigations ( edit ) Main article : Deepwater Horizon investigation In the United States the Deepwater Horizon investigation included several investigations and commissions , including reports by the USCG National Incident Commander , Admiral Thad Allen , the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling , Bureau of Ocean Energy Management , Regulation and Enforcement ( BOEMRE ) , National Academy of Engineering , National Research Council , Government Accountability Office , National Oil Spill Commission , and Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board . The Republic of the Marshall Islands Maritime Administrator conducted a separate investigation on the marine casualty . BP conducted its internal investigation . An investigation of the possible causes of the explosion was launched on 22 April 2010 by the USCG and the Minerals Management Service . On 11 May the United States administration requested the National Academy of Engineering conduct an independent technical investigation . The National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling was established on 22 May to `` consider the root causes of the disaster and offer options on safety and environmental precautions . '' The investigation by United States Attorney General Eric Holder was announced on 1 June 2010 . Also the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce conducted a number of hearings , including hearings of Tony Hayward and heads of Anadarko and Mitsui 's exploration unit . According to the US Congressional investigation , the rig 's blowout preventer , built by Cameron International Corporation , had a hydraulic leak and a failed battery , and therefore failed . On 8 September 2010 , BP released a 193 - page report on its web site . The report places some of the blame for the accident on BP but also on Halliburton and Transocean . The report found that on 20 April 2010 , managers misread pressure data and gave their approval for rig workers to replace drilling fluid in the well with seawater , which was not heavy enough to prevent gas that had been leaking into the well from firing up the pipe to the rig , causing the explosion . The conclusion was that BP was partly to blame , as was Transocean , which owned the rig . Responding to the report , Transocean and Halliburton placed all blame on BP . On 9 November 2010 , a report by the Oil Spill Commission said that there had been `` a rush to completion '' on the well and criticised poor management decisions . `` There was not a culture of safety on that rig , '' the co-chair said . The National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling released a final report on 5 January 2011 . The panel found that BP , Halliburton , and Transocean had attempted to work more cheaply and thus helped to trigger the explosion and ensuing leakage . The report stated that `` whether purposeful or not , many of the decisions that BP , Halliburton , and Transocean made that increased the risk of the Macondo blowout clearly saved those companies significant time ( and money ) . '' BP released a statement in response to this , saying , that `` even prior to the conclusion of the commission 's investigation , BP instituted significant changes designed to further strengthen safety and risk management . '' Transocean , however , blamed BP for making the decisions before the actual explosion occurred and government officials for permitting those decisions . Halliburton stated that it was acting only upon the orders of BP when it injected the cement into the wall of the well . It criticized BP for its failure to run a cement bond log test . In the report , BP was accused of nine faults . One was that it had not used a diagnostic tool to test the strength of the cement . Another was ignoring a pressure test that had failed . Still another was for not plugging the pipe with cement . The study did not , however , place the blame on any one of these events . Rather , it concluded that `` notwithstanding these inherent risks , the accident of April 20 was avoidable '' and that `` it resulted from clear mistakes made in the first instance by BP , Halliburton and Transocean , and by government officials who , relying too much on industry 's assertions of the safety of their operations , failed to create and apply a program of regulatory oversight that would have properly minimized the risk of deepwater drilling . '' The panel also noted that the government regulators did not have sufficient knowledge or authority to notice these cost - cutting decisions . On 23 March 2011 , BOEMRE ( former MMS ) and the USCG published a forensic examination report on the blowout preventer , prepared by Det Norske Veritas . The report concluded that the primary cause of failure was that the blind shear rams failed to fully close and seal due to a portion of drill pipe buckling between the shearing blocks . The US government report issued in September 2011 stated that BP is ultimately responsible for the spill , and that Halliburton and Transocean share some of the blame . The report states that the main cause was the defective cement job , and Halliburton , BP and Transocean were , in different ways , responsible for the accident . The report stated that , although the events leading to the sinking of Deepwater Horizon were set into motion by the failure to prevent a well blowout , the investigation revealed numerous systems deficiencies , and acts and omissions by Transocean and its Deepwater Horizon crew , that had an adverse impact on the ability to prevent or limit the magnitude of the disaster . The report also states that a central cause of the blowout was failure of a cement barrier allowing hydrocarbons to flow up the wellbore , through the riser and onto the rig , resulting in the blowout . The loss of life and the subsequent pollution of the Gulf of Mexico were the result of poor risk management , last ‐ minute changes to plans , failure to observe and respond to critical indicators , inadequate well control response , and insufficient emergency bridge response training by companies and individuals responsible for drilling at the Macondo well and for the operation of the drilling platform . Spill response fund ( edit ) President Barack Obama meets with EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson to discuss response to the spill . Main article : Gulf Coast Claims Facility See also : Kenneth Feinberg On 16 June 2010 , after BP executives met with President Obama , BP announced and established the Gulf Coast Claims Facility ( GCCF ) , a $20 billion fund to settle claims arising from the Deepwater Horizon spill . This fund was set aside for natural resource damages , state and local response costs , and individual compensation , but could not be used for fines or penalties . Prior to establishing the GCCF , emergency compensation was paid by BP from an initial facility . The GCCF was administrated by attorney Kenneth Feinberg . The facility began accepting claims on 23 August 2010 . On 8 March 2012 , after BP and a team of plaintiffs ' attorneys agreed to a class - action settlement , a court - supervised administrator Patrick Juneau took over administration . Until this more than one million claims of 220,000 individual and business claimants were processed and more than $6.2 billion was paid out from the fund . 97 % of payments were made to claimants in the Gulf States . In June 2012 , the settlement of claims through the GCCF was replaced by the court supervised settlement program . During this transition period additional $404 million in claims were paid . The GCCF and its administrator Feinberg had been criticized about the amount and speed of payments as well as a lack of transparency . An independent audit of the GCCF , announced by Attorney General Eric Holder , was approved by Senate on 21 October 2011 . An auditor BDO Consulting found that 7,300 claimants were wrongly denied or underpaid . As a result , about $64 million of additional payments was made . The Mississippi Center for Justice provided pro bono assistance to 10,000 people to help them `` navigate the complex claims process . '' In a New York Times opinion piece , Stephen Teague , staff attorney at the Mississippi Center for Justice , argued that BP had become `` increasingly brazen '' in `` stonewalling payments . '' `` But tens of thousands of gulf residents still have n't been fully compensated for their losses , and many are struggling to make ends meet . Many low - wage workers in the fishing and service industries , for example , have been seeking compensation for lost wages and jobs for three years . '' In July 2013 , BP made a motion in court to freeze payments on tens of thousands of claims , arguing inter alia that a staff attorney from the Deepwater Horizon Court - Supervised Settlement Program , the program responsible for evaluating compensation claims , had improperly profited from claims filed by a New Orleans law firm . The attorney is said to have received portions of settlement claims for clients he referred to the firm . The federal judge assigned to the case , Judge Barbier , refused to halt the settlement program , saying he had not seen evidence of widespread fraud , adding that he was `` offended by what he saw as attempts to smear the lawyer administering the claims . '' Civil litigation and settlements ( edit ) Main article : Deepwater Horizon litigation See also : Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar By 26 May 2010 , over 130 lawsuits relating to the spill had been filed against one or more of BP , Transocean , Cameron International Corporation , and Halliburton Energy Services , although it was considered likely by observers that these would be combined into one court as a multidistrict litigation . On 21 April 2011 , BP issued $40 billion worth of lawsuits against rig owner Transocean , cementer Halliburton and blowout preventer manufacturer Cameron . The oil firm alleged failed safety systems and irresponsible behaviour of contractors had led to the explosion , including claims that Halliburton failed to properly use modelling software to analyze safe drilling conditions . The firms deny the allegations . On 2 March 2012 , BP and plaintiffs agreed to settle their lawsuits . The deal would settle roughly 100,000 claims filled by individuals and businesses affected by the spill . On 13 August , BP asked US District Judge Carl Barbier to approve the settlement , saying its actions `` did not constitute gross negligence or willful misconduct '' . On 13 January 2013 , Judge Barbier approved a medical - benefits portion of BP 's proposed $7.8 billion partial settlement . People living for at least 60 days along oil - impacted shores or involved in the clean - up who can document one or more specific health conditions caused by the oil or dispersants are eligible for benefits , as are those injured during clean - up . BP also agreed to spend $105 million over five years to set up a Gulf Coast health outreach program and pay for medical examinations . According to a group presenting the plaintiffs , the deal has no specific cap . BP says that it has $9.5 billion in assets set aside in a trust to pay the claims , and the settlement will not increase the $37.2 billion the company budgeted for spill - related expenses . BP originally expected to spend $7.8 billion . By October 2013 it had increased its projection to $9.2 billion , saying it could be `` significantly higher . '' On 31 August 2012 , the US Department of Justice ( DOJ ) filed papers in federal court in New Orleans blaming BP for the Gulf oil spill , describing the spill as an example of `` gross negligence and willful misconduct . '' In their statement the DOJ said that some of BP 's arguments were `` plainly misleading '' and that the court should ignore BP 's argument that the Gulf region is `` undergoing a robust recovery '' . BP rejected the charges saying `` BP believes it was not grossly negligent and looks forward to presenting evidence on this issue at trial in January . '' The DOJ also said Transocean , the owner and operator of the Deepwater Horizon rig , was guilty of gross negligence as well . On 14 November 2012 , BP and the US Department of Justice reached a settlement . BP will pay $4.5 billion in fines and other payments , the largest of its kind in US history . In addition , the U.S. government temporarily banned BP from new federal contracts over its `` lack of business integrity '' . The plea was accepted by Judge Sarah Vance of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana on 31 January 2013 . The settlement includes payments of $2.394 billion to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation , $1.15 billion to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund , $350 million to the National Academy of Sciences for oil spill prevention and response research , $100 million to the North America Wetland Conservation Fund , $6 million to General Treasury and $525 million to the Securities and Exchange Commission . Oil sector analysts at London - based investment bank Canaccord Genuity noted that a settlement along the lines disclosed would only be a partial resolution of the many claims against BP . On 3 January 2013 , the US Justice Department announced `` Transocean Deepwater Inc. has agreed to plead guilty to violating the Clean Water Act and to pay a total of $1.4 billion in civil and criminal fines and penalties '' . $800 million goes to Gulf Coast restoration Trust Fund , $300 million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund , $150 million to the National Wild Turkey Federation and $150 million to the National Academy of Sciences . MOEX Offshore 2007 agreed to pay $45 million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund , $25 million to five Gulf state and $20 million to supplemental environmental projects . On 25 July 2013 , Halliburton pleaded guilty to destruction of critical evidence after the oil spill and said it would pay the maximum allowable fine of $200,000 and will be subject to three years of probation . On 9 July 2013 , Alaska inventor and oil field veteran Chris McIntyre filed suit against BP , alleging that the company used his design to cap the Macondo Well without compensation . McIntyre sent BP the design for the capping device on 14 May 2010 . BP subsequently used McIntyre 's design ( or one very similar ) to shut in the well on 15 July 2010 . BP maintains that its employees first conceived of the design some days before McIntyre . Both parties agree that the device did not exist prior to 20 April 2010 . The case , Christopher McIntyre v. BP Exploration & Production is currently on appeal with the United States Court for the Ninth Circuit in San Francisco . McIntyre seeks remand to the District Court of Alaska for a jury trial . In January 2014 , a panel of the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected an effort by BP to curb payment of what it described as `` fictitious '' and `` absurd '' claims to a settlement fund for businesses and persons affected by the oil spill . BP said administration of the 2012 settlement was marred by the fact that people without actual damages could file a claim . The court ruled that BP had n't explained `` how this court or the district court should identify or even discern the existence of ' claimants that have suffered no cognizable injury . ' '' The Court then went further , calling BP 's position `` nonsensical . '' The Supreme Court of the United States later refused to hear BP 's appeal after victims and claimants , along with numerous Gulf coast area chambers of commerce , objected to the oil major 's efforts to renege on the Settlement Agreement . In September 2014 , Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against it by paying $1.1 billion into a trust by way of three installments over two years . Justice Department Lawsuit ( edit ) BP and its partners in the oil well , Transocean and Halliburton , went on trial on 25 February 2013 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana in New Orleans to determine payouts and fines under the Clean Water Act and the Natural Resources Damage Assessment . The plaintiffs included the U.S. Justice Department , Gulf states and private individuals . Tens of billions of dollars in liability and fines were at stake . A finding of gross negligence would result in a four-fold increase in the fines BP would have to pay for violating the federal Clean Water Act , and leave the company liable for punitive damages for private claims . The trial 's first phase was to determine the liability of BP , Transocean , Halliburton , and other companies , and if they acted with gross negligence and willful misconduct . The second phase scheduled in September 2013 focused on the flow rate of the oil and the third phase scheduled in 2014 was to consider damages . According to the plaintiffs ' lawyers the major cause of an explosion was the mishandling of a rig safety test , while inadequate training of the staff , poor maintenance of the equipment and substandard cement were also mentioned as things leading to the disaster . According to The Wall Street Journal the U.S. government and Gulf Coast states had prepared an offer to BP for a $16 billion settlement . However , it was not clear if this deal had been officially proposed to BP and if BP has accepted it . On 4 September 2014 , U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct . He described BP 's actions as `` reckless . '' He said Transocean 's and Halliburton 's actions were `` negligent . '' He apportioned 67 % of the blame for the spill to BP , 30 % to Transocean , and 3 % to Halliburton . Fines would be apportioned commensurate with the degree of negligence of the parties , measured against the number of barrels of oil spilled . Under the Clean Water Act fines can be based on a cost per barrel of up to $4,300 , at the discretion of the judge . The number of barrels was in dispute at the conclusion of the trial with BP arguing 2.5 million barrels were spilled over the 87 days the spill lasted , while the court contends 4.2 million barrels were spilled . BP issued a statement strongly disagreeing with the finding , and saying the court 's decision would be appealed . Barbier ruled that BP had acted with `` conscious disregard of known risks '' and rejected BP 's assertion that other parties were equally responsible for the oil spill . His ruling stated that BP `` employees took risks that led to the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history , '' that the company was `` reckless , '' and determined that several crucial BP decisions were `` primarily driven by a desire to save time and money , rather than ensuring that the well was secure . '' The ruling means that BP , which had already spent more than $28 billion on cleanup costs and damage claims , may be liable for another $18 billion in damages , four times the Clean Water Act maximum penalties and many times more than the $3.5 billion BP had already allotted . BP strongly disagreed with the ruling and filed an immediate appeal . The size of the ruling `` casts a cloud over BP 's future , '' The New York Times reported . On 2 July 2015 , BP , the U.S. Justice Department and five gulf states announced that the company agreed to pay a record settlement of $18.7 billion . To date BP 's cost for the clean - up , environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached $54 billion . Criminal charges ( edit ) Main article : Deepwater Horizon litigation In addition to the private lawsuits and civil governmental actions , the federal government charged multiple companies and five individuals with federal crimes . In the November 2012 resolution of the federal charges against it , BP agreed to plead guilty to 11 felony counts related to the deaths of the 11 workers and paid a $4 billion fine . Transocean 's plead guilty to a misdemeanor charge as part of its $1.4 billion fine . In April 2012 , the Justice Department filed the first criminal charge against Kurt Mix , a BP engineer , for obstructing justice by deleting messages showing that BP knew the flow rate was three times higher than initial claims by the company , and knew that `` Top Kill '' was unlikely to succeed , but claimed otherwise . Three more BP employees were charged in November 2012 . Site managers Donald Vidrine and Robert Kaluza were charged with manslaughter for acting negligently in their supervision of key safety tests performed on the rig prior to the explosion , and failure to alert onshore engineers of problems in the drilling operation . David Rainey , BP 's former vice-president for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico , was charged with obstructing Congress by misrepresenting the rate that oil was flowing out of the well . Lastly , Anthony Badalamenti , a Halliburton manager , was charged with instructing two employees to delete data related to Halliburton 's cementing job on the oil well . None of the charges against individuals resulted in any prison time , and no charges were levied against upper level executives . Anthony Badalementi was sentenced to one year probation , Donald Vidrine paid a $50,000 fine and received 10 months probation , Kurt Mix received 6 months probation , and David Rainey and Robert Kaluza were acquitted . In popular culture ( edit ) In 2012 , `` We Just Decided To '' , the pilot of the HBO series The Newsroom , featured its characters covering the Deepwater Horizon story . The 2015 film The Runner , directed by Austin Stark and starring Nicolas Cage , is a fictional story of a politician and his family set in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon disaster . Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 film based on the explosion , directed by Peter Berg and starring Mark Wahlberg . See also ( edit ) United States portal Environment portal 2010s portal Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill List of industrial disasters List of oil spills Taylor oil spill Offshore oil and gas in the US Gulf of Mexico References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration . EMRA Gulf Response. ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Deepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Office of the Maritime Administrator. 17 August 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Aeppli_2013 Jump up ^ `` 20130127 - Calm seas but troubled waters '' . Onwingsofcare.org . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben Raines , Press - Register . `` Scientists : Oil fouling Gulf matches Deepwater Horizon well ( photo gallery , video ) al.com '' . Blog.al.com . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Schleifstein , Mark ( 26 November 2012 ) . `` Coast Guard , BP investigating reports of oil at Deepwater Horizon site '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard says oil sheen 16 miles northeast of BP well too dispersed to be recovered '' . NOLA . Jump up ^ `` Sheen at Deepwater Horizon disaster site is BP oil , Coast Guard says '' . NOLA . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Says Sheen Near Macondo Matches 2010 BP Spill '' . Bloomberg Businessweek. 11 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Attkisson , Sharyl ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` BP finishes latest search for Gulf oil leaks '' . CBS News . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Attkisson , Sharyl ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Oil may be seeping from Deepwater Horizon site '' . CBS News . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Schleifstein , Mark ( 25 October 2012 ) . `` Source of new oil sheen near Deepwater Horizon site has been plugged , BP says '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Schleifstein , Mark ( 28 December 2012 ) . `` BP Macondo well , Deepwater Horizon wreckage videos released by Coast Guard '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Attkisson , Sharyl ( 31 January 2013 ) . `` Unknown substance leaking from Deepwater Horizon site '' . CBS News . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Roach , John ( 31 January 2013 ) . `` Mystery ' oil sheen ' grows near site of BP Gulf disaster , says researcher '' . NBC News . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Suzanne Goldenberg , US environment correspondent ( 19 August 2010 ) . `` BP oil spill : US scientist retracts assurances over success of cleanup Environment '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Richard A. ( 13 August 2010 ) . `` A Lot of Oil on the Loose , Not So Much to Be Found '' ( PDF ) . Science . 329 ( 5993 ) : 734 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 329 ... 734K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 329.5993. 734 . PMID 20705818 . Jump up ^ `` Tar Balls from BP Oil Spill Wash Up on Gulf Beaches '' . National Geographic . 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Keys environmentalists act to protect against BP oil spill summer 2010 Global Nonviolent Action Database '' . nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , J. Steven ( 3 March 2011 ) . BP Macondo Well Incident . U.S. Gulf of Mexico . Pollution Containment and Remediation Efforts ( PDF ) . Lillehammer Energy Claims Conference . BDO Consulting . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 August 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Containment boom effort comes up short in BP oil spill . The Christian Science Monitor. ( 11 June 2010 ) . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Klein , Naomi ( 19 June 2010 ) . `` BP oil spill Deepwater Horizon , BP ( Business ) , Oil spills ( Environment ) , Oil and gas companies ( Business ) , Oil ( environment ) , Oil ( business ) , US news , Conservation ( Environment ) , Pollution ( Environment ) , World news , Environment , Business '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ BP spill response plans severely flawed MNN -- Mother Nature Network Archived 17 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Slosh and Berm : Building Sand Barriers off Louisiana 's Coast to Hold Back Oil Spill Has Low Probability of Success '' David Biello in Scientific American 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` Are the Sand Berms Really Stopping Oil ? '' . Popular Mechanics. 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sand berms partially political '' article by Amy Wold in The Advocate 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 Archived 12 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ EPA slams Jindal 's sand berm plan wwltv.com New Orleans Archived 26 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` How can human hair mop up the oil spill ? '' . BBC News . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Farhi , Paul ( 8 May 2010 ) . `` Matter of Trust creates hair - and - nylon booms to help clean up BP oil spill in Gulf '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Spencer ( 3 September 2010 ) . `` BP Provides Lessons Learned From Gulf Spill '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oil dispersants used in Gulf of Mexico spill causing alarm '' . Jump up ^ Lustgarten , Abrahm ( 30 April 2010 ) . `` Chemicals Meant To Break Up BP Oil Spill Present New Environmental Concerns '' . ProPublica . ^ Jump up to : `` Migratory Birds Carry Chemicals from BP Oil Spill to Minnesota Two Years After Disaster '' . Audubon. 23 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Blair , Kimberly ( 26 September 2011 ) . `` DISPERANTS : Chemicals BP used may cause cancer '' . Pensacola News Journal . Archived from the original on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Suzanne Goldenberg ( 5 May 2010 ) . `` Dispersant ' may make Deepwater Horizon oil spill more toxic ' Environment '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bolstad , Erika ; Clark , Lesley ( 2 August 2010 ) . `` Government defends BP 's use of dispersants , but worries linger '' . McClatchy Newspapers . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ ( Photo credit Jerry Moran \ Native Orleanian ) . `` Degraded oil in Mississippi Sound tests positive for dispersants , says lawyer al.com '' . Blog.al.com . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Riki Ott : An Open Letter to US EPA , Region 6 '' . Huffington Post . 27 August 2010 . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Corexit : Deadly Dispersant in Oil Spill Cleanup '' . GAP . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What are oil dispersants ? '' . CNN . 15 May 2010 . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Guarino ( 15 May 2010 ) . `` In Gulf oil spill , how helpful -- or damaging -- are dispersants ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . ^ Jump up to : Mark Guarino ( 17 May 2010 ) . `` Gulf oil spill : Has BP ' turned corner ' with siphon success ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ `` National Contingency Plan Product Schedule '' . Environmental Protection Agency . 13 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2010 . Retrieved 21 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dispersant Monitoring and Assessment Directive -- Addendum '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Protection Agency . 20 May 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 May 2010 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Tilove , Jonathan ( 21 May 2010 ) . `` BP is sticking with its dispersant choice '' . Times - Picayune . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Wald , Matthew L. ( 31 July 2010 ) . `` BP Used Much Dispersant Despite E.P.A. Directive of Rarely '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Elisabeth Rosenthal ( 24 May 2010 ) . `` In Standoff With Environmental Officials , BP Stays With an Oil Spill Dispersant '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Lisa P. ( 24 May 2010 ) . `` Statement by EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson from Press Conference on Dispersant Use in the Gulf of Mexico with U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral Landry '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Lavandera , Ed ( 3 June 2010 ) . `` Dispersants flow into Gulf in ' science experiment ' '' . CNN . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldenberg , Suzanne ( 3 August 2010 ) . `` BP oil spill : Obama administration 's scientists admit alarm over chemicals '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan , Amina ( 4 September 2010 ) . `` Gulf oil spill : Effects of dispersants remain a mystery '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 22 - mile - long oily plume mapped near BP site -- Disaster in the Gulf '' . MSNBC. 19 August 2010 . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ AOL . `` News & latest headlines from AOL '' . AOL . Jump up ^ `` Drowning in Oil '' . Newsweek. 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chemical Dispersant Made BP Oilspill 52 Times More Toxic '' . Mother Jones . Jump up ^ `` Dispersant makes oil from spills 52 times more toxic '' . MSNBC. 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Schoof , Renee ( 17 July 2010 ) . `` Mother Nature left to mop up oily mess '' . The Sun News . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Burning off oil from BP spill in Gulf posed little health risk , feds say in new report ( video ) '' . Jump up ^ Why Is the Gulf Cleanup So Slow ? , The Wall Street Journal , 2 July 2010 Jump up ^ Rioux , Paul ( 16 July 2010 ) . `` Giant oil skimmer ' A Whale ' deemed a bust for Gulf of Mexico spill '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Gabbatt , Adam ( 16 June 2010 ) . BP oil spill : Kevin Costner 's oil - water separation machines help with clean - up . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Fountain , Henry ( 24 June 2010 ) . `` Advances in Oil Spill Cleanup Lag Since Valdez '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Sanchez , Bonfiles , Escobedo ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` BP ' Excited ' Over Kevin Costner 's Oil Cleanup Machine , Purchases 32 '' . ABC News Good Morning America . Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Response : Current Operations as of June 28 '' . Deep Water Horizon Unified Command Agency . 28 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 June 2010 . Retrieved 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Kintisch , Eli ( 13 August 2010 ) . `` An Audacious Decision in Crisis Gets Cautious Praise '' ( PDF ) . Science . 329 ( 5993 ) : 735 -- 736 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 329 ... 735K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 329.5993. 735 . PMID 20705819 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Valentine , David L. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Dynamic autoinoculation and the microbial ecology of a deep water hydrocarbon irruption '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 50 ) : 20286 -- 20291 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 10920286V . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1108820109 . PMC 3528554 . PMID 22233808 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Eryn ( 16 September 2010 ) . `` Bacteria in the gulf mostly digested gas , not oil , study finds '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Biello , David . `` How Microbes Helped Clean BP 's Oil Spill '' . Scientific American . ^ Jump up to : Oil - eating microbes may not be all they 're cracked up to be The Upshot Yahoo ! News . Yahoo ! ! ! News . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Biello , David ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` How Microbes Helped Clean BP 's Oil Spill '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . The microbes did a spectacular job of eating a lot of the natural gas Jump up ^ Biello , David ( 25 May 2010 ) . `` Slick Solution : How Microbes Will Clean Up the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Riki Ott : Bio-Remediation or Bio-Hazard ? Dispersants , Bacteria and Illness in the Gulf . Huffington Post . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` West Siberian research institute to help clean up Deepwater Horizon spill '' . Moscow . RIA Novosti. 27 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Marisa Taylor and Renee Schoof for McClatchy Newspapers , 18 May 2010 . BP withholds oil spill facts -- and government lets it Jump up ^ Gerald Baron for Crisisblogger , 8 June 2012 . White House and BP legal wrangling : more damage to collaborative work in disaster response ^ Jump up to : Jeremy W Peters for the New York Times , 9 June 2010 Efforts to Limit the Flow of Spill News ^ Jump up to : `` Deepwater Horizon NOTAM Overview : Air Traffic Organization , System Operations , Security '' ( PPT ) . Federal Aviation Administration . 25 July 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Huber , Mark ( January 2011 ) . `` The Other Gulf War '' . Air & Space . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Michael ( 11 June 2010 ) . `` Is BP Stopping Journalists from Observing the Oil Slick ? '' . The Weekly Standard . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Maggi , Laura ( 29 May 2010 ) . `` Limits on access to oiled waters , coast frustrates journalists '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ CBS News May 18 , 2010 Broadcast Jump up ^ Mac McClelland for Mother Jones , 24 May 2010 . `` It 's BP 's Oil ' : Running the Corporate Blockade at Louisiana 's Crude - Covered Beaches ^ Jump up to : Matthew Philips , `` BP 's Photo Blockade of the Gulf Oil Spill : Photographers Say BP and Government Officials Are Preventing Them from Documenting the Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Disaster '' , Newsweek , 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Matthew Lysiak and Helen Kennedy , `` Dying , dead marine wildlife paint dark , morbid picture of Gulf Coast following oil spill '' , Daily News ( New York ) , 2 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Zak for the Washington Post , 3 June 2010 . As oil spread , did BP battle to contain the media ? Jump up ^ NPR. 4 June 2010 Transcript : Media Encounter Access Problems While Covering The Oil Spill Archived 17 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Under ' BP 's Rules '' . CBS Evening News . 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ PR Newser , 20 May 2010 , Crisis Communications , CBS Denied Access to Shoot Oil Spill Jump up ^ `` Gulf Oil Spill '' . Smithsonian Ocean Portal . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ GulfSource.org Archived 17 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive Jump up ^ Biello , David ( 9 June 2010 ) . `` The BP Spill 's Growing Toll on the Sea Life of the Gulf '' . Yale Environment 360 . Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies . Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Shirley , Thomas C. ; John W. Tunnell Jr. ; Fabio Moretzsohn ; Jorge Brenner ( May 2010 ) . `` Biodiversity of the Gulf of Mexico : Applications to the Deep Horizon oil spill '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies , Texas A&M University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` OSU researchers find heightened levels of known carcinogens in Gulf -- News and Research Communications '' . Oregon State University . ^ Jump up to : Schneyer , Joshua ( 27 September 2010 ) . `` U.S. oil spill waters contain carcinogens : report '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Collins , Jeffrey ; Dearen , Jason ( 16 May 2010 ) . `` BP : Mile - long tube sucking oil away from Gulf well '' . The Washington Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oil spill full of methane , adding new concerns '' . MSNBC. 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oil spill 's environmental costs '' . Toronto Sun . Jump up ^ Ortmann , Alice C. ; Anders , Jennifer ; Shelton , Naomi ; Gong , Limin ; Moss , Anthony G. ; Condon , Robert H. ( July 2012 ) . `` Dispersed Oil Disrupts Microbial Pathways in Pelagic Food Webs '' . PLOS ONE . 7 ( 7 ) : 1 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 742548O . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0042548 . PMC 3409195 . PMID 22860136 . e42548 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oil from Deepwater Horizon disaster entered food chain in the Gulf of Mexico '' . Sciencedaily.com. 20 March 2012 . Bibcode : 2012GeoRL ... 39.1605 M . doi : 10.1029 / 2011GL049505 . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Froomkin , Dan ( 29 July 2010 ) . `` Scientists Find Evidence That Oil And Dispersant Mix Is Making Its Way into The Foodchain '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Beaumont , Peter ( 31 March 2012 ) . `` Gulf 's dolphins pay heavy price for Deepwater oil spill '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` BP oil spill : The ' horribly mutated ' creatures living in the Gulf '' . Yahoo . Jump up ^ `` Eyeless shrimp and mutant fish raise concerns over BP spill effects '' . Fox News Channel . 7 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dahr Jamail . `` Gulf seafood deformities alarm scientists -- Features '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jamail , Dahr . `` Gulf ecosystem in crisis after BP spill '' . Al Jazeera . Jump up ^ Deepwater Horizon spill threatens more species than legally protected , study finds Jump up ^ Smith , Lewis ( 23 May 2011 ) . `` Deep sea fish named in world top ten new species '' . Fish2Fork . Retrieved 23 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Gerken , James ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Gulf Oil Spill : Coral Death ' Definitively ' Linked To BP Spill '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . Jump up ^ White , Helen K. ; Hsing , Pen - Yuan ; Cho , Walter ; Shank , Timothy M. ; Cordes , Erik E. ; Quattrini , Andrea M. ; Nelson , Robert K. ; Camilli , Richard ; Demopoulos , Amanda W.J. ; German , Christopher R. ; Brooks , James M. ; Roberts , Harry H. ; Shedd , William ; Reddy , Christopher M. ; Fisher , Charles R. ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep - water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico '' . PNAS. 109 ( 50 ) : 20303 -- 20308 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 10920303W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1118029109 . PMC 3528508 . PMID 22454495 -- via www.pnas.org . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` BP oil spill seriously harmed deep - sea corals , scientists warn '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Gutman , Matt ; Netter , Sarah ( 3 December 2010 ) . `` Submarine Dive Finds Oil , Dead Sea Life at Bottom of Gulf of Mexico '' . ABS News . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 2011 Cetacean Unusual Mortality Event in Northern Gulf of Mexico -- Office of Protected Resources -- NOAA Fisheries '' . Nmfs.noaa.gov. 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Conservation Letters : Whale and dolphin death toll during Deepwater disaster may have been greatly underestimated by Dr. Rob Williams , et al. -- Offshore Oil Drilling . Reefrelieffounders.com ( 30 March 2011 ) . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Karen ( 22 February 2011 ) . `` Spike Reported in Number of Stillborn Dolphins on Coast '' . SunHerald.com . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Half of bottlenose dolphins in Barataria Bay were seriously ill or dying in 2011 , new study finds '' . NOLA . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Leslie ( 23 March 2012 ) . `` Gulf Dolphins Exposed to Oil Are Seriously Ill , Agency Says '' . The New York Times . Gulf of Mexico ; Louisiana . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Restoring A Degraded Gulf of Mexico -- National Wildlife Federation '' . NWF . Jump up ^ `` How You Can Help Wildlife Impacted by the BP Oil Spill -- National Wildlife Federation '' . NWF . Jump up ^ Gerken , James ( 2 April 2013 ) . `` Is The Gulf Still Sick ? '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` BP Oil Spill : Dolphins Plagued By Death , Disease Years After Rig Explosion '' . Huffington Post Canada . 12 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Gander , Kashmira ( 17 February 2014 ) . `` Dolphins ' suffering miscarriage , lung disease , losing teeth after BP oil spill ' researchers claim '' . The Independent ( UK ) . London . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tar Balls from BP Oil Spill Wash Up on Gulf Beaches '' . National Geographic . 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About 565,000 pounds of oiled material from Deepwater Horizon stirred up by Hurricane Isaac '' . NOLA . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Storm Lee surge reveals tar mats on Fourchon Beach '' . NOLA . Jump up ^ `` Discovery of ' tar mat ' prompts Gulf closure '' . WDSU . Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Dermansky , Julie ( 20 April 2013 ) . `` Three Years After the BP Spill , Tar Balls and Oil Sheen Blight Gulf Coast '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Science . `` Mystery ' oil sheen ' grows near site of BP Gulf disaster , says researcher '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ Gulf of Mexico , since the BP Oil Spill of 2010 April Archived 8 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` AP : BP oil not degrading on Gulf floor , study says '' . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Study : `` Dirty bathtub '' buried oil from BP spill `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Tuna study reveals how pollution causes heart problems '' . The Australian . 14 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dispersant Used to Clean Deepwater Horizon Spill More Toxic to Corals Than the Oil '' . NewsWise . Jump up ^ Ryan Grenoble ( 20 May 2015 ) . Spike In Dolphin Deaths Directly Tied To Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill , Researchers Say . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholas St. Fleur ( 20 May 2015 ) . Study Links Dolphin Deaths to Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Staletovich , Jenny ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Hundreds of baby dolphin deaths tied to BP 's Gulf oil spill '' . The Sun News . The Miami Herald . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana DHH Releases Oil Spill - Related Exposure Information '' . Louisiana Department of Health & Hospitals ( DHH ) . 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Leader , Jessica ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Is This Oil Spill Solution Worse Than The Problem ? '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Charles W. ( 2011 ) . `` OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH . Study to Examine Health Effects in ' Deepwater Horizon ' Oil Spill Cleanup workers '' . Environmental Health Perspectives . National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences . 119 ( 5 ) : A204 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 119 - a204 . ISSN 0091 - 6765 . JSTOR 41203284 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Jamail , Dahr ( 29 October 2010 ) . `` BP dispersants ' causing sickness ' '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Blumenfeld , Erika ( 17 May 2011 ) . `` Exposing the human side of BP 's oil spill '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Jamail , Dahr ( 9 March 2011 ) . `` Gulf spill sickness wrecking lives '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BP Oil Spill Cleanup Workers Getting Sick , Exxon Valdez Survivor Warns of Long - Term Health Effects '' . Democracy Now ! . 7 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Rose Aguilar , `` Experts : Health Hazards in Gulf Warrant Evacuations '' , Truthout , 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Health of Exxon Valdez cleanup workers was never studied '' , Herald - Review ( McClatchy ) , 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Health Hazard Evaluation of Deepwater Horizon Response Workers National Institute for Occupation Safety and Health , August 2011 . Jump up ^ Vanhemert , Kyle . `` BP Reportedly Preventing Clean - Up Workers From Wearing Respirators '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Elizabeth ( 31 May 2010 ) . `` Fisherman files restraining order against BP '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Elana , Schor ( 9 July 2010 ) . `` Petition Urges Obama Admin to Protect Gulf Spill Cleanup Workers '' . NYT . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Trotman , Melanie . `` OSHA Says Cleanup Workers Do n't Need Respirators '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Chavkin , Sasha . `` Coast Guard Photos Show Spill Workers Without Protective Gear '' . ProPublica . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hertgaard , Mark . `` What BP Does n't Want You to Know About the 2010 Gulf Spill '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Investigation : Two Years After the BP Spill , A Hidden Health Crisis Festers '' . The Nation. 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . Jump up ^ International , Living on Earth / World Media Foundation / Public Radio . `` Living on Earth : Research Update on the Impact of BP Oil Spill '' . LCE . Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill & Ecosystem Science Conference ( 21 -- 23 January 2013 , New Orleans , LA ) '' . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BP Deepwater Horizon spill : Scientists say seafood safe , but health effects being measured '' . NOLA . Jump up ^ Conferences on this theme occurred at least in 2016 and 2017 . `` 2016 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill and Ecosystem Science Conference '' . CVENT.com. `` 2017 Oil Spill and Ecosystem Science Conference '' . CVENT.com . Jump up ^ Lauren C. Peres , Edward Trapido , Ariane L. Rung , Daniel J. Harrington , Evrim Oral , Zhide Fang , Elizabeth Fontham , and Edward S. Peters . Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Physical Health among Adult Women in Southern Louisiana : The Women and Their Children 's Health ( WaTCH ) Study . Environ Health Perspect ; DOI : 10.1289 / ehp. 1510348 . advance publication , retrieved 5 February 2016 Jump up ^ Pepitone , Julianne ( 10 June 2010 ) . `` BP shares recover after reassurance '' . CNNMoney . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the BP Oil Spill on Visitor Spending in Louisiana : Revised estimates based on data through 2010 Q4 , Prepared for the Louisiana Office of Tourism '' . Tourism Economics . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Summary of Information concerning the Ecological and Economic Impacts of the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Disaster '' ( PDF ) . Natural Resources Defense Council . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Sumaila , U.R. ; et al. ( March 2012 ) . `` Impact of the Deepwater Horizon well blowout on the economics of U.S. Gulf fisheries '' . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences . 69 ( 3 ) : 499 -- 510 . doi : 10.1139 / f2011 - 171 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Breen , Tom ( 5 July 2010 ) . `` BP costs for oil spill response pass $3 billion '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fahey , Jonathan ; Kahn , Chris ( 3 March 2012 ) . `` BP begins to put spill behind it with settlement '' . Boston.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BP Announces Massive Oil Spill Settlement '' . Huffington Post . 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smaller BP 's profits down as oil spill trial looms '' . Reuters. 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Weber , Harry ( 19 December 2010 ) . `` Time to scrap BP brand ? Gas - station owners divided '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Sasser , Bill ( 24 May 2010 ) . `` Despite BP oil spill , Louisiana still loves Big Oil '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ `` FB10 - 055 : BP Oil Spill : NOAA Modifies Commercial and Recreational Fishing Closure in the Oil - Affected Portions of the Gulf of Mexico '' ( PDF ) . NOAA , National Marine Fisheries Service , Southeast Regional Office , Southeast Fishery Bulletin . 21 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deepwater Horizon / BP Oil Spill : Size and Percent Coverage of Fishing Area Closures Due to BP Oil Spill '' . NOAA , National Marine Fisheries Service , Southeast Regional Office . 21 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Walsh . ( 1 May 2010 ) . Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill : No End in Sight for Eco-Disaster . Time . Retrieved 1 May 2010 '' . Yahoo ! News . 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Proctor , Carleton ( 1 August 2010 ) . `` Big price tag for recovery of Gulf Coast '' . Pensacola News Journal . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Potential Impact of the Gulf Oil Spill on Tourism '' ( PDF ) . Oxford Economics . 21 July 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Nicholas ; Nichols , Hans ( 1 May 2010 ) . `` New Offshore Oil Drilling Must Have Safeguards , Obama Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ CBS / AP ( 29 April 2010 ) . `` Oil Spill Reaches Mississippi River '' . CBS News . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judge denies stay in moratorium ruling '' . Upstream Online . NHST Media Group . 24 June 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Durio , Katie . `` Back to Work Coalition Established to Address Federal Permitting Issues '' . KATC.com . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ VanderKlippe , Nathan ( 30 April 2010 ) . `` Arctic drilling faces tougher scrutiny '' . The Globe and Mail . Canada . pp. B1 , B8 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Wood , Daniel B. ( 4 May 2010 ) . `` Citing BP oil spill , Schwarzenegger drops offshore drilling plan '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Mirchandani , Rajesh ( 3 May 2010 ) . `` California 's Schwarzenegger turns against oil drilling '' . BBC News . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 8 July 2010 ) . `` Fla. governor calls special oil drilling session '' . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on 20 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bosquet , Steve ( 20 July 2010 ) . `` Party - line vote ends Florida 's oil drilling ban special session '' . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Campbell ; Schwartz , John ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` BP shifts its position on Gulf payouts '' . The Charlotte Observer . The New York Times . p. 4A . Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary ( 30 April 2010 ) . `` Statement by the President on the Economy and the Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico '' ( Press release ) . The White House . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of President Obama 's BP Oil Spill speech '' . Reuters. 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rand Paul : Obama BP criticism ' un-American ' '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . 21 May 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Armitstead , Louise ; Butterworth , Myra ( 9 June 2010 ) . `` Barack Obama 's attacks on BP hurting British pensioners '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Klaus , Krista ( 31 May 2010 ) . `` Memorial Day protest of BP held at Clearwater station '' . WFLA - TV , News Channel 8 , Tampa . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Protest held near BP gas station in Bloomington '' . WCCO - TV , Minneapolis . 31 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` More than a thousand people attend rally against BP and the government '' . WGNO TV , New Orleans . 30 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Weber , Harry ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` APNewsBreak : Trade group says BP to give cash to gas stations due to lost sales from boycotts '' . Canadian Business . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Geman , B. `` Oil spill commission , lobbying group at odds over industry 's credibility '' . The Hill . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Palomo , J. `` API response to commission report : `` We 've made progress to improve safety '' '' ( Press release ) . American Petroleum Institute . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Tom ; Dlouhy , Jennifer ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` Oil and gas industry creates offshore safety institute '' . The Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Teather , David ( 14 July 2010 ) . `` British companies ' reputation in the US is under threat , warns Washington overseas investment group '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Mason , Rowena ( 10 July 2010 ) . `` UK firms suffer after BP oil spill '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 13547 -- Stewardship of the Ocean , Our Coasts , and the Great Lakes '' . The White House Office of the Press Secretary . 19 July 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : David Abel ( 22 June 2018 ) . `` Trump rescinds Obama - era ocean policy '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Oliver Milman ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Deepwater Horizon disaster altered building blocks of ocean life '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Webb , Tim ( 13 May 2010 ) . `` BP Boss Admits Job on the Line over Gulf oil spill '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Mouawad , Jad ; Krauss , Clifford ( 3 June 2010 ) . `` Another Torrent BP Works to Stem : Its C.E.O. '' The New York Times . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ BP downplays government claim on oil plumes ( Flash video ) . MSNBC. 9 June 2010 . Event occurs at 3 : 42 . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Emily Friedman ( 5 June 2010 ) . `` BP Buys ' Oil ' Search Terms to Redirect Users to Official Company Website '' . ABC News . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Gareth ( 7 June 2010 ) . `` BP buys ' oil spill ' sponsored links for search engines '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Macalister , Terry ; Wray , Richard ( 26 July 2010 ) . `` Tony Hayward to quit BP '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Macalister , Terry ( 25 July 2010 ) . `` Bob Dudley : Profile of the new BP chief executive '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Wragg , Tom ( 21 March 2013 ) . `` Why we disrupted Tony Hayward 's award at the University of Birmingham '' . Bright Green . Archived from the original on 29 March 2013 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Cheyne , James ( 12 July 2013 ) . `` University defends degree for Deepwater Horizon boss Tony Hayward '' . STV . Jump up ^ `` Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill : International Offers of Assistance '' ( Press release ) . United States Department of State . 29 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogin , Josh ( 6 May 2010 ) . `` U.S. not accepting foreign help on oil spill '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Jonsson , Patrik ( 19 June 2010 ) . `` Jones Act : Maritime politics strain Gulf oil spill cleanup '' . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salazar Launches Safety and Environmental Protection Reforms to Toughen Oversight of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations '' ( Press release ) . US department of Interior . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Address : President Obama Establishes Bipartisan National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling '' ( Press release ) . White House . 22 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Attorney General Eric Holder on Gulf Oil Spill '' ( Press release ) . United States Department of Justice . 1 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anadarko and Mitsui executives set to testify '' . Upstream Online . NHST Media Group . 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deepwater Horizon blowout preventer ' faulty ' -- Congress '' . BBC News . 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Weber , Harry R. ; Kunzelman , Michael ; Cappiello , Dina ( 8 September 2010 ) . `` All eyes on BP report on Gulf '' . Oil Spill News / Artesia News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniel Bates ( 30 August 2010 ) . `` BP accepts blame for Gulf of Mexico spill after leaked memo reveals engineer misread pressure reading '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Clayton for the Christian Science Monitor. 8 September 2010 Transocean , Halliburton blast BP report on cause of blowout , oil spill Jump up ^ `` Gulf oil spill : President 's panel says firms complacent '' . BBC . 9 November 2010 . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Obama oil spill commission 's final report blames disaster on cost - cutting by BP and partners '' . The Telegraph . London . Reuters. 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . Jump up ^ National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling ( January 2011 ) . `` Deep Water : The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling '' ( PDF ) . US Government . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rascoe , Ayesha ( 5 January 2011 ) . `` BP and firms made risky decisions before spill : report '' . Reuters . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Broder , John M. ( 5 January 2011 ) . `` Blunders Abounded Before Gulf Spill , Panel Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mufson , Steven ( 5 January 2011 ) . `` BP , Transocean , Halliburton blamed by presidential Gulf oil spill commission '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cappiello , Dina ; Weber , Harry R. ( 5 January 2011 ) . `` Panel : Without changes in oil industry and government , BP - like spill could happen again '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 20 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DNV report on Deepwater Horizon BOP concluded '' ( Press release ) . 23 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Weber , Dina Cappiello and Harry R. ( 14 September 2011 ) . `` Gulf oil spill report : BP ultimately responsible in Gulf spill '' -- via Christian Science Monitor . ^ Jump up to : McDonell , Colin ( March 2012 ) . `` Comment . The Gulf Coast Claims Facility and the Deepwater Horizon Litigation : Judicial Regulation of Private Compensation Schemes '' ( PDF ) . Stanford Law Review . 64 ( 3 ) : 765 -- 795 . ISSN 1939 - 8581 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Independent Evaluation of the Gulf Coast Claims Facility . Executive Summary ( PDF ) ( Report ) . BDO Consulting . 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gulf residents to get extra $64 M for 2010 oil spill claims '' . USA Today . 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Kunzelman , Michael ( 25 April 2012 ) . `` Judge hears details of Gulf oil spill settlement '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Associated Press . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Kunzelman , Michael ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` BP Class - Action Settlement Exceeds $1 Billion in Payments Over Gulf Oil Spill '' . Huffington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi AG Sues Kenneth Feinberg '' . WKRG . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Stephen Teague ( 31 July 2013 ) . `` Shirking Responsibility in the Gulf '' . The New York Times . Biloxi , Miss . Jump up ^ Leader , Jessica ( 19 July 2013 ) . `` Judge Rules Against BP Over Settlement Payout Request '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Pagnamenta , Robin ( 26 May 2010 ) . `` Lloyd 's syndicates launch legal action over BP insurance claim '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` BP , Transocean Lawsuits Surge as Oil Spill Spreads in Gulf '' . Bloomberg. 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Leo King ( 21 April 2011 ) . `` BP £ 24bn lawsuits claim contractors failed to use modelling software properly '' . Computerworld UK . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , John ( 3 March 2012 ) . `` Accord Reached Settling Lawsuit Over BP Oil Spill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US points to ' gross negligence ' by BP '' . Al Jazeera. 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Richard ( 11 January 2013 ) . `` Federal judge approves BP Gulf oil spill medical settlement '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BP , plaintiffs reach billion dollar deal in Gulf oil spill '' CNN , 3 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` BP appeal to stop ' fictitious ' U.S. oil spill claims fails '' . Yahoo Finance . Reuters. 11 January 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` DOJ accuses BP of ' gross negligence ' in Gulf oil spill '' . CNN . 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sorry -- this page has been removed '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA IN RE : OIL SPILL BY THE OIL RIG : MDL NO . 2179 `` DEEPWATER HORIZON '' IN THE GULF : OF MEXICO , ON APRIL 20 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Rampton , Roberta ; Gardner , Timothy ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` U.S. bans BP from new government contracts after oil spill deal '' . Chicago Tribune . Reuters . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hargreaves , Steve ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` BP banned from federal contracts '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Guegel , Anthony ( 31 January 2013 ) . `` US court accepts BP 's Macondo guilty plea '' . Upstream Online . NHST Media Group . ( subscription required ) . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BP Will Pay $4.5 B in Plea Deal over Macondo '' . www.rigzone.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Transocean Agrees to Plead Guilty to Environmental Crime and Enter Civil Settlement to Resolve U.S. Clean Water Act Penalty Claims from Deepwater Horizon Incident '' . Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs . 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Krauss , Clifford ( 25 July 2013 ) . `` Halliburton Pleads Guilty to Destroying Evidence After Gulf Spill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Young , Tom ( 15 January 2014 ) . `` Judges Call BP 's Arguments `` Nonsensical '' `` . The Legal Examiner . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lahav , Alexandra ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` The ideas that underly BP 's cert petition do n't make sense '' . The Legal Examiner . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Tom ( 8 December 2014 ) . `` BP 's Appeal Fails to Interest Supreme Court , Cert Denied '' . The Legal Examiner . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Halliburton to pay around $1.1 bn for US oil spill claims '' . Reuters. 2 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Richard ( 5 April 2013 ) . `` BP to begin presenting its defense Monday in Gulf oil spill trial '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Kathrine ( 25 February 2013 ) . `` Macondo trial gets under way '' . Upstream Online . NHST Media Group . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Feeley , Jef ; Johnson Jr. , Allen ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` BP , Transocean Accused of ' Reckless ' Actions in Spill '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blame game kicks off in Macondo trial '' . Upstream Online . NHST Media Group . 26 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Plume , Karl ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` U.S. Justice , Gulf states crafting BP spill settlement '' . Reuters . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BP found `` grossly negligent ' in Gulf of Mexico oil spill '' . New Orleans Sun . 4 September 2014 . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Fisk , Margaret Cronin ; Calkins , Lauren Brubaker ; Feeley , Jef ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` ' Worst Case ' BP Ruling on Gulf Spill Means Billions More in Penalties '' . Bloomberg LLP . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Rushe , Dominic ( 2 July 2015 ) . `` BP set to pay largest environmental fine in US history for Gulf oil spill '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Ed Crooks , Christopher Adams , . `` BP : Into uncharted waters '' . ft.com . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rudolf , John ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` Kurt Mix , BP Engineer , Faces First Oil Spill Charges '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Feds File First Criminal Charges Related to BP Gulf Spill '' . ProPublica. 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Tom ( 4 April 2012 ) . `` First Criminal Charges Filed in Deepwater Horizon Accident '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldenberg , Suzanne ; Rushe , Dominic ( 15 November 2012 ) . `` BP to pay $4.5 bn penalty over Deepwater Horizon disaster '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Cronin Fisk , Margaret ; Johnson Jr. , Allen ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` BP Managers Plead Not Guilty to Deepwater Horizon Criminal Charges '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Halliburton manager gets 1 year probation in Gulf oil spill '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Halliburton manager gets 1 year probation in Gulf oil spill '' . CBS News . ^ Jump up to : `` Blowout : Four years after his indictment , one of the only people prosecuted for the Deepwater Horizon explosion tells his side of the story '' . Texas Monthly . ^ Jump up to : Gill , James . `` Disaster prosecution is , well , a disaster '' . The New Orleans Advocate . Jump up ^ Scott Tobias ( 22 June 2012 ) . `` The Newsroom : `` We Just Decided To '' `` . AV Club . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Kornblatt , Andrew ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` The Movie BP ( Probably ) Does n't Want You To See '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher ( 17 June 2015 ) . `` Nicolas Cage Gets Serious About the BP Oil Spill In The Runner Trailer '' . Film School Rejects . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Khatchadourian , Raffi ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` A Reporter at Large : The Gulf war '' . The New Yorker . 87 ( 04 ) : 36 -- 59 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Liu , Yonggang ; MacFadyen , Amy ; Ji , Zhen - Gang ; Weisberg , Robert H. ( 2011 ) . Monitoring and Modeling the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill : A Record - Breaking Enterprise . Geophysical Monograph Series . 195 . Bibcode : 2011GMS ... 195 ... L . doi : 10.1029 / GM195 . Marghany , Maged ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` Utilization of a genetic algorithm for the automatic detection of oil spill from RADARSAT - 2 SAR satellite data '' . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 89 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 20 -- 29 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2014.10. 041 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deepwater Horizon oil spill . Deepwater BP Oil Spill at the Wayback Machine ( archive index ) -- at Whitehouse.gov Deepwater Horizon Incident , Gulf of Mexico from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) RestoreTheGulf.gov official U.S. Government Web site , taking over content and functions from Deepwater Horizon Response site Smithsonian 's Ocean Portal Science in a Time of Crisis : WHOI 's response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill a multimedia presentation from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution `` Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill : Interim Report by the National Academy of Sciences '' Erik Stokstad ( 8 February 2013 ) . `` BP Research Dollars Yield Signs of Cautious Hope '' . Sciencemag.org . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . CDC -- Oil Spill Response Resources -- NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic Daniel Kaniewski ; James Carafano ( 9 August 2010 ) . `` Critical Lessons from the Federal Response to the Gulf Oil Spill '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . The Role of BP in the Deepwater Horizon Explosion and Oil Spill : Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce , House of Representatives , One Hundred Eleventh Congress , Second Session , June 17 , 2010 Lead state agency websites ( edit ) Florida Department of Environmental Protection ( DEP ) Mississippi DEQ State of Florida Oil Spill Academic Task Force News media ( edit ) Full coverage from The New York Times Full coverage from The Times - Picayune ( New Orleans ) ScientificAmerican.com 2015 - 04020 BP Gulf Oil Spill : 5 Years Later Indepth Report Deepwater Horizon oil spill caused lasting damage , report says BP Oil Spill , NPR Interactive maps ( edit ) Gulf Oil Spill Tracker interactive map and form for citizen reporting ( SkyTruth.org ) Map and Estimates of the Oil Spilled ( New York Times ) Where Oil Has Made Landfall ( New York Times ) Images ( edit ) Rig fire at Deepwater Horizon 4 / 21 / 10 , video at CNN iReport GOES - 13 satellite images on the CIMSS Satellite Blog Underwater Video Examines Multiple Leak Points Causing BP Oil Spill The Big Fix . Documentary about the oil spill Animations and graphics ( edit ) Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Interactive : Smithsonian Ocean Portal BBC News -- interactive animation to the disaster and blocking efforts New York Times exploded view diagrams on the methods used to stop the oil spill Graphic : Where the oil and gas went Deepwater Horizon oil spill Events Deepwater Horizon explosion Volume and extent Efforts to stem the spill Timeline May 2010 June 2010 July 2010 August 2010 Companies and organisations Owners Anadarko Petroleum BP Mitsui Oil Exploration Major contractors Cameron International Halliburton Nalco Holding Company Transocean Wild Well Control Other Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Flow Rate Technical Group Minerals Management Service National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling Unified Command U.S. Coast Guard Worst Case Discharge People BP Bob Dudley Tony Hayward Doug Suttles Carl - Henric Svanberg Darryl Willis MMS S. Elizabeth Birnbaum Michael R. Bromwich Chris Oynes U.S. Coast Guard Thad Allen Mary Landry Peter Neffenger James A. Watson Paul F. Zukunft Other Kenneth Feinberg Places Macondo Prospect Mississippi Canyon Perdido Pass Vessels Drilling Deepwater Horizon Relief ships / rigs Development Driller III Discoverer Clear Leader Discoverer Enterprise GSF Development Driller II Helix Producer 1 Loch Rannoch Mighty Servant 3 Overseas Cascade Q4000 Seacor Lee Toisa Pisces A Whale Pacific Responder California Responder Reactions and impact Environmental Environmental impact Health consequences GuLF Study Socio - economic Deepwater drilling moratorium court case Economic effects Investigation Litigation Response fund Other If God Is Willing and da Creek Do n't Rise ( 2010 documentary ) `` Coon 2 : Hindsight '' ( 2010 South Park episode ) Deepwater Horizon ( 2016 film ) Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar Spillcam Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge United States offshore drilling debate Category Commons BP Divisions Air Alaska Amoco Ampm Aral ARCO Australia BP Connect Britoil Burmah Canada Castrol Iraq National Rosneft ( 19.75 % ) Shell - Mex and BP Ohio Prudhoe Bay Solar Shipping Facilities Oil fields Amoco Building , Chicago Amoco Building , New Orleans ARCO Tower Atlantis Castrol Technology Centre Deepwater Horizon Helios House Kingsbury Iolair Mad Dog Northstar Richfield Tower Sangachal Sea Quest FPSO Noble Seillean Sullom Voe Sunbury Thunder Horse Sponsorships ARCO Arena BP Ford World Rally Team BP National Championships BP Natural World Book Prize BP Pedestrian Bridge BP Portrait Award BP Professor of Organic Chemistry BP Top 8 BP Ultimate Acropolis Rally People Robert Anderson Sylvia Baca John Browne Robert Dudley William Fraser William D'Arcy Tony Hayward Robert Horton Doug Suttles Carl - Henric Svanberg Controversies Abadan crisis Amoco Milford Haven Deepwater Horizon explosion Deepwater Horizon spill Invasion of Iran Iranian coup Torrey Canyon oil spill Prudhoe Bay spill Texas City explosion Other Anglo - Persian Oil Company BP America Production Co. v. 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how much oil was spilled in the deep water horizon spill | [
"The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill/leak, the BP oil disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and the Macondo blowout) is an industrial disaster that began on 20 April 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect,[6][7][8][9] considered to be the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8% to 31% larger in volume than the previous largest, the Ixtoc I oil spill. The U.S. government estimated the total discharge at 4.9 million barrels (210 million US gal; 780,000 m3).[3] [10]After several failed efforts to contain the flow, the well was declared sealed on 19 September 2010.[11] Reports in early 2012 indicated that the well site was still leaking.[12][13]\n"
] | [
"4.9 million barrels (210 million US gal; 780,000 m3)"
] |
-833668185537639809 | History of the New England Patriots | History of the New England Patriots - wikipedia History of the New England Patriots Jump to : navigation , search Regular season winning percentage , 1960 -- 2010 The history of the New England Patriots began when Boston business executive William `` Billy '' Sullivan and Sullivan Brother Printers , owned by Joseph Sullivan , were awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League ( AFL ) on November 16 , 1959 . The following winter , locals submitted thousands of ideas for the Boston football team 's official name . On February 20 , 1960 , Sullivan chose `` Boston Patriots '' , with `` Patriots '' referring to those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation . `` Patriots '' as a nickname had been suggested by 74 fans , among them Larry Kepnes . Immediately thereafter , artist Phil Bissell developed the `` Pat Patriot '' logo . The Patriots ' time in the AFL saw them without a regular home stadium . Nickerson Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium , all in or near Boston , served as home fields during their time in the American Football League . Early Patriots stars included defensive tackles Jim Lee `` Earthquake '' Hunt and Houston Antwine ; quarterback Vito `` Babe '' Parilli ; and flanker - placekicker Gino `` The Duke '' Cappelletti . Hunt , Parilli and Cappelletti played every year of the existence of the AFL , with Hunt and Cappelletti spending all ten years with the Patriots . Cappelletti was the all - time leading scorer in the AFL . Later the Patriots were joined by such stars as defensive end Larry Eisenhauer , fullback Jim Nance , and middle linebacker and future Hall of Famer Nick Buoniconti . Cappelletti and Nance were AFL Most Valuable Players , Cappelletti in 1964 and Nance in 1966 . Buoniconti and Antwine were later named to the American Football League All - Time Team . The Boston Patriots defeated the Buffalo Bills in an AFL Eastern Division playoff game in 1963 , and played in the 1963 AFL championship game , losing to the San Diego Chargers 51 -- 10 . Although they would not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years , in the AFL , the Patriots often challenged the dominant Bills for the Eastern Division title . When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970 , the Patriots were placed in the AFC East division , where they still play today . The following year , the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , a suburb of Boston , which would serve as their home for 30 years ; the team also changed their name to the New England Patriots to reflect the location change , as well as its following throughout the region as its only NFL team ( though both New York City teams have substantial followings in parts of Connecticut as well ) . During the 1970s , the Patriots had some success , earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976 -- as a wild card - berth -- and in 1978 -- as AFC East champions . They would lose both games . In 1985 , they returned to the playoffs , and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX , which they lost against the Chicago Bears 46 -- 10 . Following their Super Bowl loss , they returned to the playoffs in 1986 , but lost in the first round . The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years . They changed ownership several times in that period , being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988 , who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992 . Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis , Missouri , but sold the team two years later to current owner , local businessman Robert Kraft in 1994 . Though Orthwein 's period as owner was short and controversial , he did oversee major changes to the team . Former New York Giants coach Bill Parcells was hired in 1993 , and the drastic changes were made the same year to the Patriots uniforms , changing their primary colors from their traditional red and white to blue and silver , and introducing a new logo . Parcells would bring the Patriots to two playoff appearances , including Super Bowl XXXI , which they lost to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 35 -- 21 . Pete Carroll , Parcells ' successor , would also take the team to the playoffs twice . Bill Belichick , current head coach , was hired in 2000 , and a new home field , Gillette Stadium was opened in 2002 . Under Belichick , the team has won five Super Bowls , including three in four years ( 2001 - 2004 ) , and finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16 -- 0 record , becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated , and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games ; however , they ended that season with an 18 - 1 record after their loss to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII . The Patriots have made the playoffs in 14 of the 17 seasons that Belichick has been coach , missing them only in 2000 ( his first season ) , 2002 , and 2008 . They later faced the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX on February 1 , 2015 , and won by a score of 28 - 24 . The Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34 - 28 in Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earlier NFL experience 2 1960 -- 69 : AFL beginnings 3 1973 -- 78 : Fairbanks era 4 1979 -- 84 : Coaching changes 5 1985 : First Super Bowl appearance 6 1986 -- 1992 : Ownership changes and struggles 7 1993 -- 96 : Parcells era 7.1 1993 7.2 1993 -- 94 offseason : Bob Kraft Buys the Team 7.3 1994 7.4 1995 7.5 1996 : Second Super Bowl appearance 8 1997 -- 99 : Pete Carroll years 8.1 1997 8.2 1998 8.3 1999 9 2000 -- present : Brady / Belichick era 9.1 2000 : Belichick hired 9.2 2001 : First Super Bowl Championship 9.3 Gillette Stadium 9.4 2002 : Narrowly missing the playoffs 9.5 2003 -- 04 : Back - to - back Super Bowl titles 9.6 2005 -- 06 : Playoff losses 9.7 2007 : 16 - 0 season 9.8 2008 : The Cassel year 9.9 2008 -- 09 offseason : Changes 9.10 2009 -- 10 : Early playoff exits 9.11 2011 : Return to the Super Bowl 9.12 2012 -- 13 : Playoff Losses in AFC Championship 9.13 2014 : Fourth Super Bowl Championship 9.14 2015 : AFC Championship Loss 9.15 2016 : Fifth Super Bowl Championship 10 Notes and references Earlier NFL experience ( edit ) Boston had previously been home to several NFL teams . The first was the Boston Bulldogs , which lasted only one season ( 1929 ) . They were followed by the Boston Braves / Redskins , from 1932 to 1936 . They had played first at Braves Field and then at Fenway Park . The team did not draw well , even in their final season when they reached the NFL Championship Game , and moved to Washington following the 1936 season . The Boston Yanks played from 1944 to 1948 before moving to New York to become the New York Yanks . 1960 -- 69 : AFL beginnings ( edit ) On July 30 , 1960 , the Boston Patriots defeated the Buffalo Bills in the first AFL pre-season game . The Boston Patriots played in the first - ever game in the American Football League , against the Denver Broncos on September 9 , 1960 , a game which they lost by a score of 10 - 13 . Although the team made only one AFL playoff appearance ( in 1963 ) , it had numerous stars . In 1963 , eleven Patriots made the AFL All - star team , including Gino Cappelletti , Jim Colclough , Nick Buoniconti , and Babe Parilli . That year the Patriots made it to the AFL Championship for the first time ever , but lost to the San Diego Chargers 51 -- 10 . Linebacker Tom Addison , an original Patriot and the first Patriot all - star , founded and was selected President of the AFL Players Association in the mid-1960s . In the late - 1960s , fullback Jim Nance became an offensive weapon for the Patriots , gaining 1,458 yards in 1966 and 1,216 in 1967 , when he was the AFL MVP . Mandates set in the wake of the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 required that all teams reside in stadiums with at least 50,000 seats . None of the four stadiums the Patriots had used up to that point qualified , and because Boston is one of the oldest and most densely built cities in North America , there was little room in Boston for a new stadium . Rumors began to spread about a possible relocation to Tampa , Florida ; these rumors ultimately never came to fruition ( Tampa eventually got the Buccaneers instead ) . In 1971 the Patriots moved into a hastily and inexpensively constructed stadium in suburban Foxborough ( also known as Foxboro ) , on land granted by the Bay State Raceway . The team was renamed the New England Patriots in March 1971 , to reflect its new location roughly halfway between Providence and Boston as well as a desire to better position itself as New England 's regional NFL team ( this would influence the name of the New England Whalers hockey team when they began play in 1972 , like the Patriots , labeling themselves a New England team ) . The original choice , Bay State Patriots , was rejected by the NFL . The stadium , to be known as Schaefer Stadium , was built at a cost of about $7.1 million in only 325 days . The stadium was one of the first stadiums in the country to be named after a corporate sponsor , as the Schaefer Brewing Company paid $150,000 for naming rights . Additionally , the town of Foxborough was one of the first in the country to assess a surtax on every ticket sold . The first event held at the new Schaefer Stadium was a preseason game against the New York Giants on August 15 , 1971 . A massive traffic jam on Route 1 prevented half of the fans from getting in until halftime . Once the stadium was fully occupied , the water pressure proved inadequate . The Massachusetts Board of Health threatened to close the stadium unless the problem was fixed . The team then built water tanks to boost pressure . As a test , a `` flush - off '' was conducted , where every toilet in the stadium was flushed at the same time . They worked , but the Patriots had to supplement the facilities with port - a-potties . On the field in 1971 was a new quarterback , Heisman Trophy winner Jim Plunkett . Plunkett , from Stanford University , was the first overall selection in the 1971 NFL Draft , which the Patriots received for having finished with the NFL 's worst record in 1970 . The Patriots also signed free agent Randy Vataha , who had been one of Plunkett 's favorite wide receivers at Stanford . 1973 -- 78 : Fairbanks era ( edit ) The Patriots continued to have difficulties even after moving to Schaefer Stadium , and went through three coaches in their first four post-merger seasons . One bright spot was the arrival of offensive guard John Hannah in the 1973 NFL Draft . Hannah would anchor the Patriots ' offensive line for the next 13 seasons and eventually become the first career Patriot to make the Pro Football Hall of Fame . This draft also brought running back Sam Cunningham , the team 's all - time leading rusher , and wide receiver Darryl Stingley to New England . In 1973 , the team hired Chuck Fairbanks , who had enjoyed success as head coach at the University of Oklahoma , as head coach . The Patriots showed marked improvement in Fairbanks 's second season , 1974 , finishing 7 -- 7 , but with injuries to Plunkett in 1975 , regressed to 3 -- 11 that season . Following the 1975 season , Plunkett was traded to the San Francisco 49ers , and eventually would win two Super Bowls with the Oakland Raiders . The draft picks acquired in the Plunkett trade were used to select defensive backs Mike Haynes and Tim Fox and set the stage for the team 's first winning seasons in the NFL . Second - year player Steve Grogan -- who had played much of the 1975 season with Plunkett injured -- became New England 's top quarterback in 1976 . The Patriots finished 11 - 3 , their best record in team history to that point , and advanced to the playoffs for the first time since 1963 . Their opponent in the first round would be the Oakland Raiders , whose only regular season loss had come at the hands of New England , 48 - 17 . By late in the game , the Patriots were leading the Raiders , 21 -- 17 . On a critical 3rd - down play late in the 4th quarter , Patriots defensive tackle Ray `` Sugar Bear '' Hamilton appeared to get a critical sack on Oakland quarterback Ken Stabler , which would have forced the Raiders into a 4th - down situation and the possible end to their season . However , referee Ben Dreith called a roughing the passer penalty on Hamilton , nullifying the sack and giving the Raiders an automatic 1st down deep in New England territory . Replays would show that there was no illegal contact -- a point that Stabler himself would all but concede in interviews years later . The call would ultimately prove fatal to the Patriots , as Stabler would score on a short touchdown run with less than a minute left , and the Raiders held on for a 24 -- 21 win . Partially because of the controversy , the league never assigned Dreith to officiate Patriots games again . The 1977 season was a disappointing one for the Patriots , aided by contract holdouts by offensive linemen John Hannah and Leon Gray . The Patriots finished 9 -- 5 , one game out of first place in the AFC East , and out of the playoffs . In a 1978 preseason game against the Raiders , wide receiver Darryl Stingley was paralyzed from the neck down from a tackle by Oakland 's Jack Tatum . Tatum , who would write a book called `` They Call Me Assassin '' , never apologized for the hit . Despite this devastating loss , the Patriots would rally and finish 11 -- 5 for their first post-merger division title . However , hours before the final game of the regular season , coach Chuck Fairbanks surprised many by announcing he would be leaving the team to become head coach at the University of Colorado . Owner Billy Sullivan immediately suspended Fairbanks , and offensive coordinator Ron Erhardt and defensive coordinator Hank Bullough were left to coach the final game without a head coach . Fairbanks was reinstated for the playoffs , but the team lost its divisional playoff game 31 - 14 to the Houston Oilers , which also was the first Patriots post-season game at Schaefer Stadium . 1979 -- 84 : coaching changes ( edit ) For the next two years , the Patriots would suffer late - season collapses that would deny them return trips to the playoffs . In 1979 , after starting 7 -- 3 , the team lost four out of their last six games , including three in a row to divisional rivals in December , to finish 9 -- 7 and out of the playoffs . In 1980 , with star running back Sam Cunningham holding out all season , the Patriots started 6 -- 1 but finished 10 -- 6 , again out of the playoffs . With these performances in mind , a local sportswriter intimated that the team suffered from the `` Bozo Syndrome '' , meaning that they played `` like clowns in the clutch . '' The Patriots continued to slide in 1981 , finishing 2 -- 14 , including two losses to the Baltimore Colts which were the only two games the Colts won that year . The Patriots would be outscored by only 48 points throughout the season , while the Colts allowed an NFL - record 533 points and finished with a minus - 274 point differential , the second - worst since the AFL -- NFL merger . Following the 1981 season , Erhardt was fired and replaced by Ron Meyer , who had been the head coach at Southern Methodist University . The Patriots had the top draft pick overall in the 1982 NFL Draft and selected Kenneth Sims , a defensive end from the University of Texas at Austin , who would largely prove to be a disappointment in his seven seasons with the team . In the strike - shortened 1982 season , the highlight of the Patriots ' campaign was the so - called `` Snow Plow Game '' , a controversial 3 -- 0 late - season win over the Miami Dolphins . The controversy came in the 4th quarter when the Patriots were preparing for a field goal attempt . Mark Henderson , a convict on work release , used a John Deere tractor with a rotating sweeper to clear a swath of field to aid the Patriots . Kicker John Smith 's 33 - yard attempt was good , and the points would prove to be the only points scored by either team that afternoon . The win would help put the Patriots in the playoffs , but the first - round rematch in Miami was easily won by the Dolphins . In 1983 , quarterback Tony Eason was drafted in the first round , the fourth of six quarterbacks taken in the first round . Eason would play sparingly in 1983 , but would become the Patriots ' starting quarterback in 1984 . Meanwhile , the team 's pattern of not being able to finish seasons strong became apparent again . The team again lost some key games late , and finished out of the playoffs at 8 -- 8 . Also that year , the naming - rights deal with Schaefer expired , and Sullivan renamed the stadium Sullivan Stadium after himself . The Patriots , with the top overall pick in the 1984 NFL Draft , selected Irving Fryar , a wide receiver from the University of Nebraska . With Tony Eason starting at quarterback , the Patriots got off to a strong 5 -- 2 start . However , after a pair of losses , the Patriots fired head coach Ron Meyer and replaced him with former Baltimore Colts wide receiver Raymond Berry . The players initially responded well to Berry , winning three of their first four games under him . However , showing once again a failure to finish strong , the Patriots again lost three straight games in December , and again missed the playoffs at 9 -- 7 . 1985 : first Super Bowl appearance ( edit ) Main article : 1985 New England Patriots season Craig James rushes the ball against the Dolphins in the 1985 AFC Championship Game . After struggling to start the 1985 season , new coach Raymond Berry replaced Eason with Grogan . But Grogan broke his leg late in the season , and Eason got the starting job again . New England won six straight games and finished 11 -- 5 , with a wild card playoff berth . During the season , wide receivers Stanley Morgan and Irving Fryar , tight end Lin Dawson , and running back Craig James all led the Patriots in touchdowns . In the wild card round of the playoffs , the Patriots beat the New York Jets 26 - 14 for their first playoff win since 1963 . In that game , Morgan caught a touchdown pass from Eason , and defensive back Ronnie Lippett returned a fumble for a TD to seal the victory . In the divisional playoff against the Los Angeles Raiders , the Patriots forced six turnovers and won 27 - 20 , gaining a measure of revenge for their crushing 1976 defeat . Dawson started the game with a touchdown , then when the Patriots were kicking off in the 4th quarter , a fumble by the Raiders resulted in a touchdown for Jim Bowman . After winning two playoff games , this set up an AFC Championship showdown against the rival Miami Dolphins . The Patriots had lost 20 straight games in Miami at the time , but won this one , dominating the Dolphins defensively again en route to a 31 - 14 win . Eason threw touchdowns to running back Tony Collins and tight end Derrick Ramsey to get the game started . Later , a Mosi Tatupu touchdown put the game away with the Patriots as the AFC Champions of 1985 . Thus the Patriots completed an improbable run to Super Bowl XX , where they faced the Chicago Bears . The Patriots ' defense attempting to stop a Bears ' end zone rushing play during Super Bowl XX . Unfortunately for the Patriots , they would be caught in the middle of a bizarre Super Bowl week subplot . Prior to the AFC Championship game , Irving Fryar had cut two fingers with a kitchen knife , requiring them to be put in a cast . At first it was dismissed as a freak accident , but after the conference championship , the truth came out : Fryar 's wife , Jacqueline , had slashed him in a domestic incident after Fryar had knocked her down . It was a distraction that , many thought , epitomized the history of these Patriots -- coming as it did in what was otherwise to that point the franchise 's finest hour . In the Super Bowl , though the Bears had not allowed a point in the playoffs , the Patriots took an early 3 - 0 lead after a Walter Payton fumble in the 1st quarter . This resulted a field goal by Tony Franklin . The opening drive would be marked by an injury to Dawson , who would be forced to leave the contest with a broken leg . The Bears would go on to score the next 44 points , including a touchdown by rookie defensive lineman William `` The Refrigerator '' Perry . The Patriots would add a meaningless touchdown ( an 8 - yard touchdown pass to Fryar from Grogan ) at the end to make the final score 46 -- 10 , the most lopsided defeat in Super Bowl history at the time . 1986 -- 1992 : ownership changes and struggles ( edit ) Defensive players Johnny Rembert ( left ) and Brent Williams ( right ) are members of the Patriots ' All - 1980s and All - 1990s Team , respectively . John Hannah , generally considered one of the best guards to play pro football , retired after the Patriots ' Super Bowl experience . Also , the day after the game , Boston Globe sportswriter Ron Borges wrote a story alleging that six Patriots players , including Fryar , cornerback Raymond Clayborn , safety Roland James , and running back Tony Collins were marijuana users . Furthermore , allegations surfaced that Fryar was involved in gambling of NFL games . In 1986 , the Patriots ' strength was their passing game , led by Eason and star receiver Stanley Morgan , who gained nearly 1,500 yards receiving . Despite having statistically the worst rushing offense in the league , New England led the AFC East with an 11 -- 5 record , and traveled to Denver to take on the Broncos in the divisional playoffs . A late 4th - quarter touchdown pass from John Elway to Vance Johnson won the game for Denver , who would eventually succeed the Patriots as AFC Champions . This would be the team 's last playoff appearance for eight years . Local product Doug Flutie ( from Natick , Massachusetts ) , who won the Heisman Trophy for Boston College in 1984 , was acquired by the Patriots during the 1987 players ' strike and crossed the picket line to play his first game for the Patriots , which was also the last of three games played by replacement players in the 1987 season . Many defensive players for New England also crossed the picket line . However , late - season injuries put the Patriots out of playoff contention at 8 -- 7 . In 1988 , Flutie played five games before he was replaced by Eason , after which they would alternate as the Patriots ' starting quarterback . Though the Patriots had some success with this atypical arrangement , finishing the season 9 -- 7 , the Patriots narrowly missed the playoffs . During this time , the Sullivan family -- who had owned the Patriots since their inception -- lost millions of dollars on poor investments , most notably their involvement in producing The Jackson 5 1984 Victory Tour , headed by family scion Chuck Sullivan . They were never among the NFL 's wealthiest owners , and the investments , and specifically the losses suffered from the Victory Tour , had a considerable negative impact on the family fortune and compromised , in many ways , the operation of the Patriots . For instance , since most of their money was tied up in the Patriots , they were forced to pledge Sullivan Stadium as collateral to finance the Victory Tour . By at least one estimate , the losses from the tour nearly equaled the Sullivans ' net worth . Even with the Patriots making the Super Bowl , the revenue from the team was not nearly enough to service the debt . The massive losses from the Victory Tour forced the Sullivans to quietly put the Patriots and Sullivan Stadium on the market in 1985 . Prospective buyers balked at the $100 million asking price , but it made more sense after the Patriots made the Super Bowl . By the start of 1988 , the Sullivans seemed to be on an irreversible slide toward bankruptcy . At one point , they had to get a $4 million advance from the league just to make payroll . Billy Sullivan asked the NFL for permission to sell 50 percent of the team 's stock to the public , but the league turned him down . After a last - ditch effort to persuade Reebok CEO Paul Fireman to take a minority stake came undone , the Sullivans were forced to sell the team to Remington Products magnate Victor Kiam in 1988 for $84 million , though Billy Sullivan remained as team president until 1992 . Sullivan Stadium , however , lapsed into bankruptcy , and was bought out of bankruptcy court by Boston paper magnate Robert Kraft -- a development whose importance would n't be fully realized until long after the Sullivans had left the scene . Although the Patriots were respectable in 1988 , missing the playoffs by only a game , the 1989 season was a disaster for the team . Three of the team 's biggest players on defense ( Andre Tippett , Garin Veris and Ronnie Lippett ) were injured in the same preseason game . Neither Eason , Flutie , nor Grogan emerged as the starting quarterback , and each rotated the starting quarterback job throughout the season . Eason was later traded during the season , leaving Flutie and Grogan to battle for the job . The Patriots finished the season 5 -- 11 . Following the season , Flutie left for the Canadian Football League , and long time general manager Dick Steinberg also left to take a similar job with the New York Jets . Berry was fired and replaced by Pittsburgh Steelers defensive coordinator Rod Rust for 1990 . Under Rust , the Patriots finished with the worst season in franchise history in 1990 -- a 1 -- 15 record . On the day after what turned out to be the team 's only win that year ( against the Colts ) , the Patriots were thrown into the middle of a sexual harassment scandal when Boston Herald reporter Lisa Olson was sexually and verbally assaulted by several Patriots players in the team 's locker room and was later labeled a `` classic bitch '' by Kiam . Following an investigation into the scandal , NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue fined the team $50,000 , and players Zeke Mowatt , Michael Timpson and Robert Perryman $12,500 , $5,000 , and $5,000 respectively . As a final indignity , their season finale against the New York Giants would be one of their few sellouts of the year ; however , most of the fans at the game that day were Giants fans . The team lost that game , missing a game - tying field goal in the closing seconds . Shortly thereafter , the Patriots revamped their front office . Rust was fired and replaced by Dick MacPherson , a New England native who had been the coach at Syracuse University . Additionally , Sam Jankovich , who had been athletic director at the University of Miami and oversaw the national resurgence of their athletic program ( and specifically their football team ) , was brought on as CEO of the Patriots . The Patriots showed marked improvement in 1991 . Hugh Millen took over at quarterback partway through the season , and the Patriots responded to MacPherson 's upbeat , positive style . The Patriots improved to 6 -- 10 with several upsets over playoff teams , including wins against the Minnesota Vikings and eventual AFC Champion Buffalo Bills , and were competitive in many of their losses . Attendance and fan interest improved . Although optimism was high entering the 1992 season , the team was disappointing and finished 2 -- 14 , which eventually led to the departures of both MacPherson and Jankovich . Rumors of a possible move to St. Louis , Missouri intensified when Kiam sold the team to St. Louis businessman James Orthwein , a scion of the Busch family . Orthwein wanted to return the NFL to his hometown of St. Louis and saw the Patriots as a vehicle to make that happen . 1993 -- 96 : Parcells era ( edit ) 1993 ( edit ) Main article : 1993 New England Patriots season The Patriots went about the business of giving the team a brand new look for 1993 , in every way . The most dramatic change was the hiring of Bill Parcells , a two - time Super Bowl winner , as head coach . One of the most respected coaches in the history of the game , Parcells brought instant credibility and respectability for the franchise . He was also largely given a free hand with respect to personnel . Changes to the uniforms and logo were rolled out as well . The old `` Pat Patriot '' logo was retired and replaced with a stylized Patriot head , designed in tandem with NFL Properties that many fans would eventually call `` Flying Elvis '' . The team 's primary color changed from red to blue , and the helmets from white to silver . With the first pick in the 1993 NFL Draft , the Patriots selected quarterback Drew Bledsoe from Washington State . This was only part of a major season of change in New England . Other draft picks such as linebacker Chris Slade helped the team immediately . Bledsoe started the season as the starting quarterback , but after losing the first four games , he was injured and replaced with former Dolphins backup Scott Secules , who won one of his two games . The 1993 season began with an 1 -- 11 record . Of their 11 losses , eight were by 7 points or less , and only two of their 11 defeats were by more than 14 points , both coming before Week 4 . Finally , at the end of the season , the Patriots ' luck began to turn . They ended their season by winning their last four games in a row , over Cincinnati , Cleveland , Indianapolis , and , most dramatically , over Miami in overtime in the finale -- a game that eliminated the Dolphins from the playoffs . 1993 -- 94 offseason : Bob Kraft buys the team ( edit ) Interest in the Patriots grew both during and after the 1993 season , despite their lackluster on - field showing . By many measures , the Patriots were as popular as they had ever been -- even more popular than they had been during their 1985 Super Bowl year . Despite this interest , however , rumors abounded that the team was going to move to St. Louis as soon as James Orthwein could clear all the hurdles . Finally , in the 1993 off - season , the issue reached its climax . Orthwein offered Robert Kraft , the team 's landlord since 1988 , $75 million to break the operating covenant of the lease , which would then free him to move the Patriots to St. Louis . Kraft refused , which continued to bind the Patriots to playing at Foxboro . When it became apparent that Kraft would not allow Orthwein to buy out the lease , Orthwein put the team up for sale . Kraft bought the team for a then - NFL record $175 million in 1994 , beating out an investor group which included Paul Newman and Walter Payton as investors ( the latter of which was on the Chicago Bears team that beat the Patriots in Super Bowl XX ) . On February 26 , 1994 , Kraft 's first full day as owner of the Patriots , the team sold 5,958 season tickets , shattering by over sixfold the team 's prior single - day record of 979 . Moreover , soon after Kraft took full ownership , the Patriots sold out the entire 1994 season -- the first time in team history that had happened . Every Patriots home game -- preseason , regular season , and playoffs -- has been sold out ever since . 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 New England Patriots season Quarterback Drew Bledsoe Halfway through the 1994 season , the Patriots looked flat . They were 3 -- 6 and had lost 4 straight games when they faced the Minnesota Vikings at home for Week 10 . With the season on the line , Drew Bledsoe sparked a second - half comeback by switching to a no - huddle offense . Bledsoe set single - game records for pass attempts and completions , and the Patriots won the game 26 -- 20 in overtime . This led to the Patriots winning their last seven games of the regular season , finishing 10 -- 6 and making the playoffs as a wild card . In their first playoff game in nine years , the Patriots were beaten in the first round by the Cleveland Browns 20 -- 13 . The Browns , coached by one - time Parcells assistant ( and future Patriots head coach ) Bill Belichick , were the last team to beat New England in the regular season . 1995 ( edit ) Main article : 1995 New England Patriots season The Patriots drafted Curtis Martin in the third round of the 1995 NFL Draft , giving the team its best running back in decades . Despite a dramatic opening day win against Belichick 's Browns to start the 1995 season , and a sensational rookie campaign by the young Martin , Bledsoe struggled with injuries , the team struggled with inconsistency , and the Patriots finished a lackluster 6 -- 10 . 1995 was also marked by the Patriots ' first home appearance on Monday Night Football since 1981 . During the Patriots ' last appearance on the program , a number of fans in attendance proved to be rowdy and uncontrollable , and there was an abnormally high number of arrests . As a result of this behavior , the Town of Foxborough and the NFL refused to schedule Monday night home games in New England . ( This behavior , which occurred during day games as well , led the Patriots to only sell reduced - alcohol beer for several seasons in the 1980s . ) After the Patriots ' successful season , however , Robert Kraft successfully lobbied the Town of Foxborough and the NFL to schedule the Patriots on a Monday night . The NFL granted Kraft 's request , scheduling the Patriots on Monday , October 23 , in a game against the Buffalo Bills . The Patriots won the game , 27 -- 14 , and the crowd was peaceful and orderly , with only a handful of isolated disturbances and arrests . In appreciation , Kraft took out a full - page ad in the Boston Globe thanking fans for their excellent behavior , and the Patriots have since hosted many more night games without incident . Another major change was the primary home station for most Patriots regular season games . Since 1965 , they had aired on WBZ - TV , Boston 's longtime NBC affiliate . After owner Westinghouse Broadcasting switched the station 's affiliation to CBS , WHDH - TV took on airing the NFL on NBC package locally . 1996 : second Super Bowl appearance ( edit ) Main article : 1996 New England Patriots season In the 1996 NFL Draft , despite Bill Parcells ' objections , the Patriots selected wide receiver Terry Glenn with their 1st - round draft pick . Despite Parcells referring to Glenn as `` she '' during a preseason press conference , Glenn provided much the same spark to the receiving corps that Martin had provided to the running game . On defense , rookie safety Lawyer Milloy made an impact , as did Willie Clay ( signed from the Detroit Lions ) and second - year cornerback Ty Law . Linebackers Tedy Bruschi and Ted Johnson arrived on the scene to help veterans such as Willie McGinest and Slade . Despite all these additions , the Patriots once again started out lackluster in 1996 . After an early - season loss to the Redskins at home dropped the Patriots down to 3 -- 3 , the Patriots proceeded to win their next four games in a row , and eight out of their last 10 , only losing to the Denver Broncos ( who would finish with the AFC 's best record ) and the defending Super Bowl champion Dallas Cowboys to finish 11 -- 5 , winning the AFC East and earning a first - round bye in the playoffs as a # 2 seed . The Patriots defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 28 -- 3 in a divisional playoff game -- only the second home playoff game in franchise history . The game was played mostly under thick fog . They then held off the Jacksonville Jaguars 20 -- 6 in the first AFC Championship game played in Foxboro ( a game marked by a sudden power `` brownout '' just as rookie kicker Adam Vinatieri was to attempt a field goal in the 2nd quarter ) . The team advanced to Super Bowl XXXI against the Green Bay Packers . In the months and years after Kraft 's purchase of the Patriots , relations between Kraft and Parcells were increasingly strained . This was primarily due to a struggle over Parcells ' authority over football operations . Kraft wanted Parcells to yield some of his authority over personnel moves to a separate general manager . Parcells had effectively been the Patriots ' general manager as well since his arrival , and was not interested in yielding authority that he had been granted over personnel when he was hired . He famously complained that `` if they 're gon na let you cook the dinner , they at least ought to let you shop for some of the groceries . '' The conflict climaxed in the days leading up to the Super Bowl , with rampant rumors that Parcells would leave the Patriots after the season to take the vacant head coaching job with the New York Jets . Despite these distractions , the Patriots played the Packers close for much of the game , and actually took the lead briefly in the 2nd quarter . However , two long Brett Favre touchdown passes and a Super Bowl record 99 - yard kickoff return for a touchdown by MVP Desmond Howard sealed New England 's fate , with the Packers winning their 12th title , and third of the Super Bowl era , 35 -- 21 . 1997 -- 99 : Pete Carroll years ( edit ) 1997 ( edit ) Main article : 1997 New England Patriots season After the Super Bowl , Parcells resigned from the Patriots , prompting Kraft to believe the Jets had been tampering with Parcells in an attempt for him to resign and take the Jets ' vacant head coaching position and have say in the Jets ' first overall selection in the 1997 NFL Draft . The Jets decided that since Parcells could n't be their head coach in 1997 because of an earlier contract renegotiation which eliminated the 1997 season from his contract , they would hire Parcells as a consultant and have Bill Belichick , the assistant head coach who followed Parcells from the Patriots , hold the title of head coach . Kraft , who was requesting a 1st - round draft pick in return for allowing Parcells to coach elsewhere , called the Jets ' agreement `` a transparent farce '' that `` demonstrated it was the Jets ' intention all along for Bill Parcells to become head coach of the Jets for the ' 97 season . '' Despite Parcells claiming the Jets had been given league permission for the consulting agreement , the NFL denied any permission was given , instead having commissioner Paul Tagliabue arrange an agreement between the two sides . The Patriots received 3rd - and 4th - round picks in the 1997 NFL Draft , a 2nd - round pick in the 1998 Draft , and a 1st - round pick in the 1999 Draft in compensation for allowing Parcells to become the Jets ' head coach . After being rebuffed by former San Francisco 49ers head coach George Seifert , Kraft hired Pete Carroll as the new head coach of the Patriots . The new regime , led by personnel man Bobby Grier , was immediately derided for botching draft picks , and the Patriots slipped back further in the standings during each of Carroll 's years . In 1997 , the Patriots still won the AFC East with a 10 - 6 record , but some key losses ( including a loss to Parcells ' Jets and a 4th - quarter collapse against the Pittsburgh Steelers ) meant the team had to play in the wild card round in the playoffs . After having an easy time with the Miami Dolphins 17 - 3 in Foxboro , the injury - plagued Patriots met the Steelers in Pittsburgh for a rematch of the previous year 's divisional playoff . A late fumble ( recovered by future Patriot linebacker Mike Vrabel ) won the game for Pittsburgh , 7 - 6 . 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 New England Patriots season In the 1998 offseason , the Patriots tendered restricted free agent running back Curtis Martin with the highest possible tender , which would return the Patriots ' 1st - and 3rd - round draft picks if any team were to sign him and the Patriots were to decide not to match the offer . Fueling the rivalry between the two teams , the Jets and Parcells , who had resigned from the Patriots two years earlier , signed Martin , and per restricted free agency rules , ceded their 1st - and 3rd - round picks in the 1998 NFL Draft to the Patriots . With the 1st - round pick , the Patriots selected another running back , Robert Edwards , who rushed for over 1,000 yards in his rookie campaign . After stumbling through the first half of the 1998 season ( 5 - 6 after the first 11 games ) , Drew Bledsoe , playing with a broken finger , engineered late 4th - quarter comebacks against the Miami Dolphins and Buffalo Bills to save the season . The Bills game was especially controversial , as the game was prolonged due to a series of questionable calls . With under a minute to go and down by four points , the Patriots engineered a long drive . However , the Buffalo defense appeared to stop the Patriots on 4th down with a juggled catch out of bounds . The referee needed to determine whether receiver Shawn Jefferson was inbounds , caught the ball , and achieved first down yardage . The referee on the sideline signaled first down after a conference with other officials . Several Bills claimed one said `` just give it to them '' ( referring to 1st - down yardage ) in the huddle . Television instant replays showed that he was short of first down yardage , but the NFL had discontinued use of instant replay after the 1991 season . This was followed by a questionable pass interference call made in the end zone on what would have been the game 's final play . Bledsoe hit tight end Ben Coates for a touchdown on the final untimed play of the game . In protest , the Bills left the field and let Patriots kicker Adam Vinateri walk in for a meaningless two - point conversion . Doug Flutie , then the Bills ' quarterback , later quipped , `` They gave them the game , we figured we might as well give them the extra point . '' Drew Bledsoe and Terry Glenn were later both knocked out for the season , and the Patriots backed into the last playoff spot with a 9 -- 7 record . Backup quarterback Scott Zolak proved to be no match for the Jacksonville Jaguars in the first playoff game , as the Patriots lost 25 - 10 . Although Robert Edwards had a promising rookie season , his career was permanently derailed after he suffered a dislocated knee in Hawaii while playing a game of flag football on the beach -- a game that was an officially sponsored activity that took place during Pro Bowl weekend . Edwards would miss the next three seasons and would not play for the Patriots again ( although he did play for the Miami Dolphins as a reserve in 2002 ) . Also during 1998 , most Patriots games moved back to WBZ - TV after a three - year absence . This came because the AFC package moved to CBS . 1999 ( edit ) Main article : 1999 New England Patriots season Taking Edwards ' place in 1999 were veteran Terry Allen and rookie Kevin Faulk , but neither player was able to eclipse 1,000 yards rushing , and the Patriots ' rushing offense was 23rd in the NFL . The Patriots opened with an emotional 30 -- 28 victory over the New York Jets , then followed by hosting the Indianapolis Colts and second - year quarterback Peyton Manning ; Manning raced the Colts to a 28 -- 7 halftime lead but was limited to just 13 second - half passing yards as Drew Bledsoe threw three touchdowns , two of them to Ben Coates , which turned out to be his final touchdown catches with New England ; after an Edgerrin James fumble , Adam Vinatieri kicked the winning field goal in a 31 -- 28 final . The Patriots began the season with a 6 -- 2 record , but after a 27 -- 3 win over the Arizona Cardinals , Coates went to the media to protest that he was not being thrown to enough ; it soured Coates ' relationship with Bledsoe and Carroll , and the team stumbled down the stretch , finishing 8 -- 8 and out of the playoffs for the first time since 1995 . Further demoralizing the team was a late - season fight between Lawyer Milloy and receiver Vincent Brisby that began at a charity event hosted by linebacker Willie McGinest and continued the next day at a team meeting . Following the season finale , Carroll was fired , while Vice President of Player Personnel Bobby Grier was retained only until the 2000 NFL Draft . 2000 -- present : Brady / Belichick era ( edit ) 2000 : Belichick hired ( edit ) Main article : 2000 New England Patriots season Head coach Bill Belichick transformed the Patriots into a perennial Super Bowl contender . Following the firing of three - year head coach Pete Carroll in January 2000 , Patriots owner Robert Kraft pursued Jets assistant head coach Bill Belichick for the Patriots ' head coaching vacancy . Belichick , who had been an assistant coach under Parcells with the Patriots in 1996 , followed Parcells to the Jets after that season and was contractually named Parcells ' successor . A day after the 1999 season , Parcells resigned as head coach of the Jets and made his second retirement from NFL coaching , and Belichick automatically succeeded him as head coach . The following day , at a press conference for his hiring , Belichick wrote a resignation note on a napkin ( `` I resign as HC of the NYJ . '' ) , and proceeded to give a half - hour resignation speech to the press . Despite rumors that he had been offered the Patriots ' vacant head coaching position , Belichick cited the Jets ' uncertain ownership situation following the death of owner Leon Hess earlier that year as the reason for his resignation . The Jets denied Belichick permission to speak with other teams , and as had happened in 1997 with Parcells , the NFL upheld Belichick 's contractual obligations to the Jets . Belichick then filed an antritrust lawsuit against the NFL in federal court . After Parcells and Kraft , talking for the first time since Parcells ' resignation from the Patriots , agreed to settle their differences , the Patriots and Jets agreed to a compensation package to allow Belichick to become the Patriots ' head coach . With the deal , the Patriots sent their 1st - round pick in the 2000 NFL Draft and 4th - and 7th - round picks in the 2001 Draft to the Jets , while also receiving the Jets ' 5th - round selection in 2001 and 7th - round pick in 2002 . Soon after hiring Belichick , Kraft gave him near - complete control over football matters -- effectively making him the team 's general manager as well . Ironically , Parcells had left New England in part because Kraft was not willing to let him have the final say in football operations . Belichick restructured the team 's personnel department in the offseason , and later proclaimed that the team `` could not win with 40 good players while the other team has 53 , '' after a number of players showed up out of shape for the start of training camp . The Patriots went on to finish the 2000 season 5 -- 11 , finishing last in the AFC East and missing the playoffs for the second straight season . To date , this is the last losing season for the Patriots . The Patriots also ushered in the Belichick era by updating their logos and uniforms . Noticeable changes included a darker shade of blue ( dubbed `` Nautical blue '' ) , and modern fonts and striping on the uniforms . 2001 : first Super Bowl Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2001 New England Patriots season Coming off a fifth - place finish in head coach Bill Belichick 's first season in 2000 , the Patriots were not expected to fare much better in 2001 . While Drew Bledsoe was signed to a 10 - year contract extension in March , offensive tackle Bruce Armstrong retired , and wide receiver Terry Glenn had a preseason contract holdout and was also hit with a drug suspension by the NFL for the first four games of the season . Despite these high - profile losses , the Patriots were able to find adequate replacements at very low cost . Receivers Troy Brown and David Patten had career seasons , 1st - round draft pick Richard Seymour anchored the defensive line , and Antowain Smith ( a free agent signed from Buffalo ) ran for over 1,000 yards . The season would not begin without tragedy , however . In training camp , quarterbacks coach Dick Rehbein died of cardiac arrest on August 6 at the age of 45 . The Patriots lost their opener to the Cincinnati Bengals , and in the first post-9 / 11 game against the Jets , Bledsoe was severely injured , shearing a blood vessel in his chest after being tackled out of bounds by Jets linebacker Mo Lewis . In Bledsoe 's absence , Tom Brady , a 6th - round pick in the 2000 NFL Draft , took the helm and won three out of his first four starts , setting an NFL record by not throwing an interception in his first 162 career passes . As a result , Brady earned the confidence of Belichick and his teammates , and when Bledsoe was cleared to play , Belichick announced that Brady would remain the team 's starting quarterback . Despite Bledsoe 's unhappiness about his new role -- he was quoted as saying that he `` looked forward to competing to get ( his ) job back '' -- he caused no distractions and was supportive of Brady and the Patriots . Led by Brady , who immediately became a fan favorite , the Patriots continued to play good football , winning their final six games to capture the AFC East with an 11 -- 5 record . The Patriots additionally won a first - round bye as the # 2 seed in the playoffs for the second time in their history . In the final game ever played at Foxboro Stadium , the Patriots hosted the Oakland Raiders in a snowstorm which endured through the entire game . This game became known as the `` Tuck Rule Game '' , when a play originally ruled to be a Brady fumble was reversed by referee Walt Coleman as an incomplete pass based upon the obscure `` tuck rule . '' After review , Coleman ruled that , because Brady 's arm was moving forward when he lost the football , he was deemed to have been in the act of throwing when he lost control of the ball . Had the original ruling stood , the Raiders would have essentially clinched the win ; instead , the Patriots continued to drive into the frigid wind and heavy snow , and kicker Adam Vinatieri tied the game with a 45 - yard field goal in the final 30 seconds . The Raiders did not attempt to run a play at the end of regulation , and after losing the coin toss to start overtime , would not see the ball again , as the Patriots drove downfield on their opening possession and won the game , 16 -- 13 . The Patriots then went to Pittsburgh to face the favored Steelers in the AFC Championship Game . After Brady injured his ankle in the second quarter , Bledsoe ( in his last appearance as a Patriot ) came off the sideline and immediately led the team to their only offensive touchdown of the game , with the drive culminating in a touchdown pass to David Patten . In the second half , thanks to help from two special teams touchdowns and two 4th - quarter interceptions of passes thrown by Pittsburgh 's Kordell Stewart , the Patriots upset the Steelers 24 -- 17 to advance to Super Bowl XXXVI . It would be the Patriots ' third Super Bowl in team history , all of which to that point had been played in New Orleans . Quarterback Tom Brady led the Patriots to five Super Bowl wins and seven Super Bowl appearances . In the Super Bowl , the Patriots faced the heavily favored St. Louis Rams , led by league MVP Kurt Warner and known as `` The Greatest Show on Turf '' , who had beaten the Patriots in the regular season in Foxboro . The Patriots were introduced second , and rather than coming out player - by - player , which was customary at the time , they were introduced collectively as a team . The team introduction was met with great praise and admiration , and has since been used by each team at the Super Bowl . In contrast to the regular season game , Bill Belichick devised a defensive game plan that used the blitz very sparingly , but called for chipping the Rams receivers and running back Marshall Faulk as they went into their patterns , a game plan very similar to the one he employed against the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXV . This disrupted the Rams ' precise passing routes and the entire rhythm of the offense and caused the usually cool - under - pressure Warner to look shaky in the pocket , being sacked several times . The Patriots forced three turnovers , all of which led to scores ( including an interception returned by Ty Law for a touchdown in the 2nd quarter ) . Belichick 's defense held the Rams ' high - powered offense in check until the 4th quarter , but after trailing 17 -- 3 early in the quarter , St. Louis scored two touchdowns to tie the game at 17 -- 17 . With 1 : 30 to go and no timeouts , and with John Madden on the Fox Sports telecast opining that the Patriots should play for overtime , Brady calmly led New England 's offense downfield , missing on only one pass . The Patriots drove to the Rams ' 30 - yard line , setting up Adam Vinatieri , who won the game with a 48 - yard field goal as time expired , giving the Patriots their first Super Bowl win in the team 's 42nd season . The Patriots ' victory parade in Boston was attended by 1.5 million fans . The team was invited to Fenway Park for opening day of the Boston Red Sox season . The Patriots also became the last major sports team in Boston to win its first championship . Brady was selected Super Bowl MVP and signed a long - term contract with the team in the offseason . Bledsoe was traded to the Buffalo Bills in the offseason for a 1st - round pick in the 2003 NFL Draft . Gillette stadium ( edit ) Main article : Gillette Stadium Gillette Stadium . Throughout his tenure as owner of the Patriots , Robert Kraft attempted to get a new stadium built somewhere in New England . After failing to reach an accord with either the City of Boston or the State of Rhode Island , in 1998 Kraft came close to reaching a deal with the Massachusetts Legislature for Kraft to build a new , self - financed stadium adjacent to the old stadium with the state providing $75 million in infrastructure improvements . However , Massachusetts House Speaker Tom Finneran refused to support the bill , saying that he did not want public money benefiting private interests . Unable to overcome Finneran 's objections , Kraft reached a deal with Connecticut Governor John G. Rowland to build a new stadium in Hartford , Connecticut , originally scheduled to open in 2001 . However , after the stadium plan was approved by the Connecticut General Assembly , there were a number of problems discovered with the proposed stadium site that would result in considerable delay of the stadium construction . At the same time , the NFL announced loan incentives where teams in the six largest markets ( which included Boston ) could be eligible to borrow up to $150 million from the league at advantageous interest rates and terms in order to build new stadiums . Furthermore , the Massachusetts Legislature , and Finneran , also indicated that they would be amenable to further discussions with Kraft . With this in mind , mindful of the mounting issues in Hartford and growing opposition to the deal , in the spring of 1999 , Kraft announced that he was abandoning the Hartford stadium project . Kraft , preferring to keep the team where it was , eventually reached a mutually acceptable deal with the Massachusetts legislature for the necessary infrastructure improvements . The final hurdle the stadium needed to clear was approval by the citizens of Foxborough on six separate measures . Despite some initial hesitation regarding a proposed dedicated access road for premium ticket holders , the Patriots won approval on each measure by an over 90 % majority . This cleared the way for what was originally known as CMGi Field to be built adjacent to the old stadium in Foxboro . The naming rights to the stadium were originally purchased by CMGi , an e-commerce company based in nearby Waltham , Massachusetts , which , at the time , was parent company to internet auction site uBid . The stadium would open in the spring of 2002 with a `` soft opening '' , including games of the New England Revolution and concerts . In the months leading up to the grand opening of the stadium in September 2002 , CMGi Corporation fell upon difficult financial times and sold the naming rights to the Gillette Company prior to the grand opening . The stadium was renamed Gillette Stadium , and is sometimes referred to by fans as `` The Razor '' . 2002 : narrowly missing the playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2002 New England Patriots season Following their victory in Super Bowl XXXVI seven months earlier , the Patriots played their first game in the new Gillette Stadium in the NFL 's prime - time Monday Night Football opener against the Pittsburgh Steelers , a win for the Patriots . After an additional two wins to begin the season , including a 44 -- 7 road win against the division rival New York Jets , the team lost five of its next seven games , allowing an average of 137 rushing yards a game during that span . In the final week of the season , the Patriots defeated the Miami Dolphins on an overtime Adam Vinatieri field goal to give both teams a 9 -- 7 record . A few hours later , the Jets , who defeated the Patriots the week prior , also finished with a 9 -- 7 record with a win over the Green Bay Packers . Due to their record against common opponents , the Jets won the tiebreaker for the division title , which eliminated the Patriots and Dolphins from the playoffs . 2003 -- 04 : back - to - back Super Bowl titles ( edit ) Main articles : 2003 New England Patriots season and 2004 New England Patriots season Patriot fans rally in front of Boston City Hall following the Super Bowl XXXVIII championship Two seasons after winning Super Bowl XXXVI , the Patriots went into 2003 after missing the playoffs in 2002 . In a salary cap - related move , captain and Pro Bowl safety Lawyer Milloy was released days before the start of the regular season , prompting second - guessing of head coach Bill Belichick among fans and a report by ESPN analyst Tom Jackson that Patriots players `` hated their coach '' , an accusation later denied by players . Milloy signed with the Buffalo Bills , who defeated the Patriots 31 -- 0 in the season opener . The Patriots would rebound , though , not losing another game after starting with a 2 -- 2 record . Due to multiple injuries , the Patriots started 42 different players during the season , an NFL record for a division winner until the Patriots started 45 different players in 2005 . Undefeated at home , nose tackle Ted Washington coined the phrase `` Homeland Defense '' for a Patriots ' defense , boosted by the acquisitions of Washington and San Diego Chargers castoff safety Rodney Harrison in the offseason , that gave up a league - low 14.9 points per game en route to a 14 -- 2 regular season record . The regular season was bookmarked with a 31 -- 0 victory over the Bills at home in Week 17 , a score that reversed the Patriots ' shutout loss to the Bills in Week 1 . The talkative safety Rodney Harrison helped the Patriots win back - to - back Super Bowls in 2003 and 2004 . The Patriots had the NFL 's best record at 14 -- 2 and , for the first time in their history , earned the top seed in the AFC 2003 - 04 playoffs , ensuring home - field advantage throughout . Their opponent in the divisional playoffs was the Tennessee Titans . Played in a temperature of 4 ° F ( - 16 ° C ) ( making it the second - coldest game in NFL history ) , the Patriots and Titans played close until Adam Vinatieri kicked the go - ahead field goal with 4 minutes left . An incomplete Steve McNair pass on 4th down with 1 : 40 left won the game 17 -- 14 for New England . The Patriots then faced the Indianapolis Colts for the AFC Championship . The New England defense frustrated Colts quarterback Peyton Manning all day , forcing him to throw four interceptions ( three to Ty Law ) and sacking him three times . Despite only one offensive touchdown by the Patriots , the team was dominant . Still , the Colts remained in the game until the very end , when a late Vinatieri field goal with 10 seconds left gave the Patriots their final margin of victory , 24 -- 14 . The Patriots were back in the Super Bowl , this time to face the Carolina Panthers . Super Bowl XXXVIII was one of the closest and most exciting championship games ever played . After a defensive battle for most of the first half , the teams traded touchdowns late in the 2nd quarter , then more quick strikes by both teams made the score 14 -- 10 Patriots at halftime . The 3rd quarter was scoreless , but running back Antowain Smith scored on the first play of the 4th quarter to make it 21 -- 10 . Carolina scored two more touchdowns ( but failed to convert the two - point conversion on both ) to take a 22 -- 21 lead . The Patriots answered with a long drive that culminated in a trick pass to linebacker Mike Vrabel , followed by Kevin Faulk 's run for a two - point conversion that put the Patriots up 29 -- 22 with 2 : 51 left to play . Undaunted , the Panthers drove quickly downfield and , as he had done two years previous with the Rams , Ricky Proehl 's late touchdown catch tied the game , 29 - 29 with 1 : 08 to play . As he had two years prior , Brady led the Patriots on a dramatic , game - ending drive , which culminated with a Vinatieri 41 - yard field goal with four seconds left . The Patriots won their second Super Bowl in three years , 32 -- 29 , and Brady was once again named MVP . The victory also made the 2003 Patriots the first team ever to win -- or for that matter , even reach -- the Super Bowl after having been shut out on opening day . Adam Vinatieri warms up prior to Super Bowl XXXIX . Following a Super Bowl win in 2003 , the Patriots looked to improve their running game in the 2004 offseason . Replacing Antowain Smith was longtime but disgruntled Cincinnati Bengals running back Corey Dillon , who was acquired in a trade days before the 2004 NFL Draft ; Dillon would rush for a career - high 1,635 yards in 2004 . Winning their first six games of the season , the Patriots set the NFL record for consecutive regular season victories ( 18 ) , which was later broken in the 2006 -- 2008 seasons ( 21 ) , and consecutive regular season and playoff victories ( 21 ) before losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers on October 31 . In that game , Pro Bowl cornerback Ty Law was lost for the season with a foot injury . Combined with the loss of other starting cornerback Tyrone Poole two weeks earlier , the Patriots were forced to complete the regular season and playoffs by using second - year cornerback Asante Samuel , undrafted free agent Randall Gay , and longtime Patriots wide receiver Troy Brown at cornerback , among others . President George W. Bush poses with the New England Patriots during a ceremony honoring the Super Bowl XXXIX champions in the Rose Garden . With a 14 -- 2 record and the second seed in the AFC playoffs , the Patriots defeated the Colts at home in the playoffs for the second straight year , holding the Colts ' top offense to three points . The Patriots then defeated the top - seeded Steelers on the road , 41 -- 27 , in the AFC Championship Game . Prior to the Patriots ' matchup with the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl XXXIX , Eagles wide receiver Freddie Mitchell said he did not know the names of the Patriots ' defensive backs , which was taken as a sign of disrespect by the Patriots ' `` replacement '' secondary . The Patriots would go on to defeat the Eagles 24 -- 21 in their second straight Super Bowl victory and third championship in four seasons , leading to some labeling the Patriots of the era a dynasty . To date , the 2003 -- 2004 New England Patriots are the most recent team to win back - to - back Super Bowls . 2005 -- 06 : playoff losses ( edit ) Main articles : 2005 New England Patriots season and 2006 New England Patriots season Two weeks after earning a victory in Super Bowl XXXIX , linebacker Tedy Bruschi suffered a stroke and initially planned on missing the entire 2005 season ; Bruschi returned to the field against the Buffalo Bills on October 31 . Cornerback Ty Law was released in the offseason , and injuries at cornerback , as well as a season - ending injury to safety Rodney Harrison in Week 3 , forced the Patriots to start a number of players in the secondary early in the season . Overall , injuries caused the Patriots to start 45 different players at one point or another during the season , an NFL record for a division champion ( breaking the record of 42 set by the Patriots in 2003 ) . Beginning the season with a 4 -- 4 record , the Patriots lost their first game at home since 2002 against the San Diego Chargers in Week 4 . The team ended the season on a 5 -- 1 run to finish 10 -- 6 , earning their third straight AFC East title . With the # 4 seed in the AFC playoffs , the Patriots defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars 28 - 3 in the Wild Card round , marking the last time a reigning Super Bowl champion won a playoff game the following season until the 2014 Seattle Seahawks defeated the Carolina Panthers 31 - 17 in the divisional round of the playoffs a season after the team won Super Bowl XLVIII . The Patriots ultimately fell to the Denver Broncos 27 - 13 on the road in the Divisional Playoffs , committing five turnovers in the game . The Patriots entered the 2006 season without their two starting wide receivers from 2005 ; David Givens left in free agency , while Deion Branch held out for a new contract before being traded to Seattle in early September . Eventually replacing them were Reche Caldwell and Jabar Gaffney , who was signed as a street free agent in October . Back - to - back losses in November ended the team 's streak of 57 games without consecutive losses , three games shy of the NFL record . With a 12 -- 4 record and their fourth straight division title , the Patriots entered the playoffs as the # 4 seed , defeating the New York Jets 37 - 16 in the Wild Card Playoffs . A close 24 - 21 win over the top - seeded San Diego Chargers on the road set the Patriots up to face their rival , the Indianapolis Colts , in the AFC Championship . Despite opening up a 21 -- 3 lead in the 2nd quarter , the Patriots stumbled down the stretch at the RCA Dome , and the Colts emerged with a 38 -- 34 victory . 2007 : 16 - 0 season ( edit ) Main article : 2007 New England Patriots season After having lost their two starting wide receivers in the previous offseason , the Patriots added Donte ' Stallworth in free agency and traded for Wes Welker and Randy Moss in the spring of 2007 ; Welker would lead the NFL in receptions in 2007 , while Moss would set an NFL record with 23 touchdown catches . The season began with controversy , when in Week 2 , head coach Bill Belichick and the Patriots were penalized by the NFL for their involvement in the videotaping of opponents ' defensive signals from an unauthorized location in their Week 1 game against the New York Jets , referred to in the press as Spygate . The scandal was uncovered by Jets head coach and former Patriots assistant Eric Mangini . Belichick was fined $500,000 , the maximum allowed under league rules , and the Patriots were fined $250,000 and were forced to forfeit their first round pick in the 2008 draft . Despite the fines , the Patriots continued to gain momentum , winning mid-season games by scores such as 52 -- 7 and 56 -- 10 , as quarterback Tom Brady iterated the team 's desire to blow out and `` kill teams . '' Randy Moss caught a league - record 23 touchdowns in 2007 , which greatly helped Tom Brady pass for 50 , also a record . Wes Welker was known by few before becoming a Patriot . The Patriots clinched the AFC East before their eleventh game ( in Week 12 ) , the fourth time since the NFL introduced the 16 - game schedule in 1978 that a team had clinched a division title by its eleventh game . In the season finale , the Patriots looked to finish the regular season with the first 16 -- 0 record in NFL history , and did so successfully . In that game , Brady and Moss connected on two touchdown passes , with Moss setting his 23 - touchdown record and Brady setting an NFL record with 50 touchdown passes on the season . It was the first undefeated regular season in the NFL since the 1972 Miami Dolphins finished 14 -- 0 and the fourth and most recent time that an NFL team has had an undefeated regular season ( the Chicago Bears recorded undefeated regular seasons in both 1934 and 1942 ) . Tom Brady earned his first NFL MVP award , while the Patriots ' offense broke numerous records , including those for points scored and point differential . They also broke the record for most games won in a single regular season ( 15 ) that had previously been held by the 1984 San Francisco 49ers , 1985 Chicago Bears , 1998 Minnesota Vikings , and 2004 Pittsburgh Steelers , although four years later , the 2011 Green Bay Packers would also record a 15 - 1 regular season . With the # 1 seed in the AFC playoffs , the Patriots defeated both the Jacksonville Jaguars 31 - 20 and San Diego Chargers 21 - 12 in order to advance to Super Bowl XLII ; according to the Elias Sports Bureau , this made them the first professional team since 1884 in any of the four major American sports ( football , basketball , baseball , hockey ) to win the first 18 games of their season . Facing the prospect of a perfect 19 -- 0 season with a victory over the underdog New York Giants , analysts saw the 2007 Patriots as being the greatest team in NFL history . Despite being the overwhelming favorites in the game , the Patriots failed to protect a four - point lead on a Giants drive late in the fourth quarter . A dramatic pass from Eli Manning to David Tyree put the Giants deep in Patriots territory , and a Manning touchdown pass to Plaxico Buress gave the Giants a 17 - 14 lead with 35 seconds left . The loss left the 1972 Dolphins as the only undefeated champions in NFL history . The Patriots ended the season at 18 -- 1 , becoming one of only three teams to go 18 -- 1 overall , including playoff games , along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears , both of whom won their respective Super Bowls ( the 1984 49ers won Super Bowl XIX and the 1985 Bears won Super Bowl XX ) . 2008 : the Cassel year ( edit ) Main article : 2008 New England Patriots season Matt Cassel throws a pass in place of injured Tom Brady in 2008 . In the 2008 season opener , quarterback Tom Brady , the NFL 's MVP in 2007 , suffered a serious knee injury and missed the remainder of the season . Backup quarterback Matt Cassel replaced Brady . Cassel 's start in Week 2 was his first start in a game since high school , and he led the Patriots to a win , which extended the team 's regular - season winning streak record to 21 games before a loss the next week ended the streak . This record was broken by the Indianapolis Colts in 2009 . Despite entering the last week of the season with a three - game winning streak , the Patriots found themselves not controlling their own destiny . In addition to a Week 17 win , they also needed either a Miami Dolphins loss to win the AFC East , or a Baltimore Ravens loss to earn a wild card playoff berth . However , both Baltimore and Miami won , and the Dolphins , Ravens and Patriots all finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Miami qualified for the playoffs by winning the AFC East division over the Patriots on the fourth divisional tiebreaker ( better conference record : 8 -- 4 to 7 -- 5 ) . Baltimore qualified for the playoffs as a wild card team , defeating the Patriots on the second wild card tiebreaker ( better conference record : 8 -- 4 to 7 -- 5 ) . The Patriots thus became the first team since the 1985 Denver Broncos to finish with an 11 -- 5 record and not make the playoffs . 2008 -- 09 offseason : changes ( edit ) After missing the playoffs in 2008 , the Patriots ' offseason was marked by a number of front office , coaching , and personnel changes . Vice President of Player Personnel Scott Pioli , who had been head coach Bill Belichick 's personnel director since 2000 , departed to become the general manager of the Kansas City Chiefs , while offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels was named head coach of the Denver Broncos . Quarterback Matt Cassel , who led the team to 11 wins in 2008 after starter Tom Brady was injured , was traded to the Chiefs along with veteran linebacker Mike Vrabel in March . Defensive starters Tedy Bruschi and Rodney Harrison both retired , while All - Pro defensive end Richard Seymour was traded to the Oakland Raiders for a 1st - round pick in the 2011 NFL Draft days before the start of the regular season . 2009 -- 10 : early playoff exits ( edit ) Main articles : 2009 New England Patriots season and 2010 New England Patriots season In the 2009 season opener on Monday Night Football , the Patriots celebrated their 50th season with an American Football League `` legacy game '' against the Buffalo Bills . Down 11 points late in the 4th quarter , the Patriots scored two touchdowns to secure a victory in Brady 's first game back from injury . In November , the 6 -- 2 Patriots traveled to face the undefeated Indianapolis Colts ; with a six - point lead late in the 4th quarter , the Patriots tried to convert a 4th and 2 situation inside their own 30 - yard line but failed , setting up a Colts touchdown and the Patriots ' third loss of the season . After losing two of their next three games , the Patriots went on to win three in a row to secure a division title ; the team also finished with their fourth perfect regular season record at home in seven years . With the # 3 seed in the AFC playoffs , the Patriots faced the Baltimore Ravens at home in the Wild Card Playoffs . The Ravens opened up a 24 -- 0 lead in the 1st quarter , and the Patriots did not recover , ending their season with a 33 - 14 loss . The Patriots went into 2010 without either a named offensive or defensive coordinator following the departure of defensive coordinator Dean Pees . After beating Cincinnati in the season opener , they lost 28 -- 14 to the Jets at the new Meadowlands Stadium . In Week 3 , the Patriots hosted the Buffalo Bills , winning 38 -- 30 . In Week 4 , they beat Miami 41 -- 14 , but following the game , wide receiver Randy Moss was traded to his original team , the Minnesota Vikings , while regaining Deion Branch from the Seahawks . After beating the Chargers in San Diego , the Patriots won 28 -- 18 against a struggling Vikings team before losing to the Cleveland Browns . Then came a primetime matchup with the Steelers , which the Patriots won 39 -- 26 . Week 11 brought about the much - anticipated annual battle with Peyton Manning and the Colts , and New England avenged the 2009 loss , winning 31 -- 28 . On Thanksgiving , they beat the Detroit Lions 45 -- 24 before a hotly anticipated battle with the Jets in Week 13 . However , that game turned into a rout , and the Patriots won 45 -- 3 , after which they beat the Chicago Bears in a snowstorm at Soldier Field . The Week 15 game with the Green Bay Packers proved a surprise , as Packers backup quarterback Matt Flynn nearly brought his team to a victory in Gillette Stadium . By routing the Bills in Week 16 , New England swept that team for the sixth consecutive season , along with locking up another AFC East title and the # 1 seed . Week 17 saw a meaningless win over the Dolphins . Tom Brady finished the regular season with an NFL - record 335 consecutive pass attempts without an interception , while the Patriots committed an NFL - record low 10 turnovers on the season . The Patriots were heavily favored to go to Super Bowl XLV , but faced a Jets team that was now prepared for their revamped post-Randy Moss trade offense . New York 's pass defense effectively shut the Patriots down , as Brady found it all - but impossible to make throws . The Jets won 28 -- 21 , sending New England to a second straight home playoff exit . 2011 : return to the Super Bowl ( edit ) Main article : 2011 New England Patriots season Prior to the 2011 season , the Patriots drafted Arkansas quarterback Ryan Mallett . The team also made two high - profile trade acquisitions in defensive lineman Albert Haynesworth and wide receiver Chad Ochocinco . Rob Gronkowski in 2011 . Opening the 2011 campaign in Miami on Monday Night Football , New England breezed to victory 38 -- 24 ; Brady set a personal single - game record with 517 passing yards , highlighted by an NFL record - tying 99 - yard touchdown reception by Wes Welker . They easily beat San Diego in Week 2 in their home opener , but in Week 3 their 15 - game win streak against the Buffalo Bills finally ended when Tom Brady threw four interceptions , and the Patriots lost 34 -- 31 on a last - second field goal . Determined to not lose two in a row , the team smashed Oakland 31 -- 19 in Week 4 , then got a measure of revenge for the 2010 playoff loss by beating the Jets 30 -- 21 . In Week 6 , the Dallas Cowboys made their first trip to Foxboro since 2003 ; they ground to a 16 -- 13 lead late in the fourth quarter , but Brady led a drive ending in a game - winning touchdown to tight end Aaron Hernandez and a 20 -- 16 Patriots win . During the Patriots ' subsequent bye week , a minor incident occurred where tight end Rob Gronkowski was seen in a photo with an adult film actress wearing his game shirt . Following a 25 -- 17 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers , wide receiver Julian Edelman was arrested for indecent assault following an incident in a Back Bay nightclub on Halloween night . In what was a Super Bowl preview , the Giants beat the Patriots 24 -- 20 on a last - second drive . The Patriots would win their last eight games to take the top seed in the AFC playoffs . After routing the Denver Broncos 45 -- 10 in the Divisional Game , the Patriots won the AFC Championship Game , defeating the Baltimore Ravens 23 -- 20 , after Ravens receiver Lee Evans dropped a potential go - ahead touchdown and kicker Billy Cundiff missed a game - tying 31 - yard field goal attempt in the closing seconds . Seeking revenge from their defeat in the regular season , the Patriots came up short against the NFC champion New York Giants 21 -- 17 in Super Bowl XLVI , a rematch of the team 's previous Super Bowl loss . 2012 -- 13 : playoff losses in AFC Championship ( edit ) Main articles : 2012 New England Patriots season and 2013 New England Patriots season In their 2012 season opener , the Patriots easily defeated Tennessee before losing at home to Arizona . In Week 3 , New England faced a very tough Baltimore Ravens team in Baltimore . The Patriots remained competitive through the first half , but the Ravens came back to win 30 - 28 on a last - second field goal . The first three games of the season had been officiated by replacement referees , as the regular referees were locked out during a contract dispute with the owners . The replacement referees were widely criticized , and at the end of the Ravens game , Bill Belichick made contact with a referee as he was leaving the field to argue a call ; the league fined him for it . The Patriots rebounded in Week 4 , easily defeating the Buffalo Bills 52 - 28 . After that , the Patriots went on the defeat the Denver Broncos 31 - 21 , but lost to the Seattle Seahawks 24 - 23 the following week . The Patriots then defeated the New York Jets in overtime , 29 - 26 , which brought on a seven - game win streak . During this streak , they defeated very good teams like the Indianapolis Colts , 59 - 24 , and the Houston Texans , 42 - 14 . After losing to the San Francisco 49ers 41 - 34 in Week 15 , they defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars and the Miami Dolphins to end the season . The Patriots came out with the # 2 seed in the AFC . The Patriots were given the bye week before they had to face the Houston Texans in a rematch of the previous Week 14 matchup . The Patriots were the highly favored team in that game , and ultimately won again , 41 - 28 . But now they had to face the Baltimore Ravens in a rematch of last year 's AFC Championship . Despite the Patriots leading 13 - 7 at halftime , the Ravens scored 21 unanswered points in the second half to win 28 - 13 . The Ravens would go on to win Super Bowl XLVII against the 49ers . The 2013 season was more of the same . Even though injuries and a lack of experience wrecked the team 's depth for much of the season , New England still finished as the AFC East champions and the No. 2 seed . They opened the season 4 -- 0 before losing to the Cincinnati Bengals 13 -- 6 in Week 5 . After a home win against the New Orleans Saints on Week 6 , the Patriots fell to the rival Jets 30 -- 27 on a converted Nick Folk field goal following an unsportsmanlike penalty to rookie Chris Jones . They rebounded with a pair of home wins against the Dolphins and the Pittsburgh Steelers , but lost 24 -- 20 on Monday Night Football to the Carolina Panthers following the bye week on a controversial end - game interception by Luke Kuechly . They went on to finish with five wins in their last six games to clinch another division title and first round bye . Facing Andrew Luck and the Colts in the Divisional Round , New England routed Indianapolis 43 -- 22 to set up a clash against Peyton Manning and the Broncos . But for the second straight time , the Patriots ' season ended in the AFC Championship , as the Patriots fell 26 -- 16 to the Broncos on the road . 2014 : fourth Super Bowl Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2014 New England Patriots season The Patriots finished 12 -- 4 for the third straight year , winning their sixth straight AFC East title , as well as the top - overall seed and home field advantage for the AFC playoffs . With their seeding , New England was awarded a first - round bye in the playoffs for the fifth season in a row , the first such occurrence for any team since the league switched to a 12 - team playoff format in 1990 ( surpassing the 1992 -- 95 Dallas Cowboys ) . The Patriots defeated the Baltimore Ravens 35 -- 31 in the Divisional Round of the playoffs , advancing to their fourth consecutive AFC Championship game . There , they defeated the Indianapolis Colts 45 -- 7 to advance to their eight Super Bowl appearance , only making them the third team to reach the Super Bowl eight times , with the other teams being the Pittsburgh Steelers and Dallas Cowboys . On February 1 , 2015 , the Patriots played the defending Super Bowl champions Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX . After a scoreless first quarter , both teams exchanged two touchdowns to make it 14 - 14 at halftime . Seattle then scored a field goal and a touchdown to take a 10 - point lead going into the final quarter . The Patriots rallied , scoring two touchdowns to take a 28 - 24 lead with 2 : 02 remaining , and then rookie cornerback Malcolm Butler caught a critical interception on Seattle 's final offensive play that helped to seal the victory . Brady won his third Super Bowl MVP award . 2015 : AFC Championship loss ( edit ) Main article : 2015 New England Patriots season The Patriots started the year 11 - 0 , before losing on Sunday Night Football to the Denver Broncos , 24 - 30 in overtime . Injuries soon mounted up , with nineteen players placed on injured reserve . Despite the high number of injuries , the Patriots easily advanced to the playoffs , winning the AFC East for the seventh straight year , while also securing a first round bye and the # 2 seed overall . In the Divisional Round of the playoffs , the Patriots defeated the Kansas City Chiefs , 27 - 20 . Advancing to their fifth straight AFC Championship game , the Patriots were matched up against the # 1 seeded Broncos , a rematch from earlier in the year , set once again in Denver . The final game in the Tom Brady - Peyton Manning rivalry turned out to be a defensive struggle , with the Broncos outlasting the Patriots 20 - 18 and advancing to Super Bowl 50 . 2016 : fifth Super Bowl Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2016 New England Patriots season After losing Tom Brady for the first four games of the season due to the punishment imposed by Commissioner Roger Goodell stemming from Deflategate , the Patriots turned to back - up quarterback Jimmy Garoppolo . Garoppolo led the Patriots to a win opening night against the Arizona Cardinals . After a shoulder injury to Garoppolo in the second game of the season against the Miami Dolphins , rookie , third - string back - up quarterback Jacoby Brissett entered the game and led the Patriots to victory . Four days later on Thursday Night Football , Brissett led the Patriots to a 27 - 0 shutout victory against the Houston Texans . A thumb injury to Brissett 's throwing hand derailed the Patriots offense the following week , leading to a shutout home loss to the Buffalo Bills . Brady returned the following week and led the Patriots to four straight victories . A loss mid-season in Week 10 to the Seattle Seahawks proved to be the final defeat of the year , as the Patriots closed the regular season winning seven straight games , along with their eighth consecutive division title and securing the # 1 seed overall in the AFC . In the playoffs , the Patriots hosted the Texans in the Divisonal Round , in a rematch from the regular season . A tight first half turned to blowout in the second , as the Patriots pulled away from Houston , winning 34 - 16 . In the AFC Championship game , the Patriots were matched up against the Pittsburgh Steelers for the third time in the Brady / Belichick era . The winner of the game would be the first team in NFL history to make nine appearances in the Super Bowl . The Patriots won in comfortable fashion , 36 - 17 , and advanced to the Super Bowl . On February 5 , 2017 , the Patriots faced newly crowned NFL MVP Matt Ryan and the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI . A poor three quarters of play found the Patriots down 28 - 3 , in what looked like an insurmountable lead for Atlanta . The Patriots stormed back in the greatest comeback in Super Bowl history , as Tom Brady went 43 - for - 62 with 466 yards , two touchdowns and one interception to lead the Patriots to tie the score 28 - 28 in the closing minutes of the game . In the first overtime in Super Bowl history , the Patriots won the coin toss and elected to receive the ball . Brady led the Patriots down the field , to the 1 - yard line of the Falcons . Running back James White ran a toss into the end zone , giving the Patriots a 34 - 28 victory and their second league title in three seasons . Brady was named Super Bowl MVP for a record fourth time and surpassed Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw with his fifth Super Bowl victory as a quarterback , the most all - time . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ The History of the New England Patriots - New England Patriots.com Retrieved 12 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official New England Patriots History '' . Patriots.com . New England Patriots . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) New England Patriots ( 1960 -- present ) Accessed 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Jim Nance statistics Accessed 25 January 2006 . Jump up ^ NFL MVP player of the year Accessed 25 January 2006 . Jump up ^ No byline ( March 12 , 1970 ) . Pros in Tampa ? The Evening Independent . Retrieved from Google Newspapers May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Now The `` BAY STATE '' Patriot Squad `` . Gettysburg Times . 1971 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Switch Again , Adding Regional Flavor '' . The New York Times . 1971 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Past Heisman Trophy Winners National Champs.net . Jump up ^ Pro Football Draft History : 1971 Pro Football Hall of Fame . Jump up ^ NFL 1970 Team Rankings . Jump up ^ All - time Leaders -- Rushing Archived 2007 - 09 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Patriots.com . Jump up ^ The amazing courage of Derek Stingley Archived 2007 - 04 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Pro Football Weekly . Jump up ^ Borges , Ron . `` Butt of jokes to last laugh '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.pro-football-reference.com/super-bowl/xx.htm Jump up ^ Oates , Bob ( 1986 - 09 - 05 ) . `` From Touchdowns To Turmoil '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , David ( 1986 ) . The League : The Rise and Decline of the NFL . New York City : Bantam Books . pp. 629 -- 32 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 05167 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Farinella , Mark ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` Jackson 's part in Pats ' history was real ' thriller ' '' . The Sun Chronicle . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lisa Olsen sexual harassment scandal Accessed 31 January 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Wilner , Barry ( December 2000 ) . `` Take That ! '' . Football Digest . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 1997 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Parcells Seeking New Kitchen '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Take That ! ( p. 1 ) Football Digest . Accessed 16 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Take That ! ( p. 2 ) Football Digest . Accessed 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( December 2000 ) . `` Take That ! ( p. 2 ) '' . Football Digest . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Edwards will miss season '' . The Standard - Times ( New Bedford ) . Associated Press . 1999 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pats fire Pete Carroll '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . 2000 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots fire Grier '' . The Standard - Times ( New Bedford ) . 2000 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ The Buzz : Bobby 's world is n't all bad The Virginian - Pilot . Accessed 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ McEntegart , Pete ( 2006 - 07 - 28 ) . `` The 10 spot '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Take That ! ( p. 3 ) Football Digest . Accessed 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots fire Grier '' . The Standard - Times ( New Bedford ) . Associated Press . 2000 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Mike ( 2000 - 07 - 26 ) . `` PRO FOOTBALL ; Belichick Has Patriots ' Ears ; Now the Hard Part '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` SI Scouting Reports 2001 '' . Sports Illustrated . 2001 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Zimmerman , Paul ( 2001 - 09 - 05 ) . `` 5 : New England Patriots '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mcmillan , Jean ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Pats call off Hartford move '' . The Standard - Times ( New Bedford ) . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` New England 27 , Miami 24 , OT '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 2002 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cafardo , Nick ( 2003 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Fans seek safety '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots say they do n't ' Hate ' Belichick '' . ESPN.com. 2003 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick Biography '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Cafardo , Nick ( 2004 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Chess Match '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Receiver disses New England secondary '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . 2005 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Soshnick , Scott ( 2008 - 01 - 28 ) . `` NFL 's Patriots Owe Dynasty to One Guy Named Mo '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bill Belichick Biography Archived June 2 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . New England Patriots . Accessed 23 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Crouse , Karen ( 2006 - 11 - 12 ) . `` NFL : Jets end streak of losses to Patriots '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 19 -- via International Herald Tribune . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( 2007 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Dressed for success ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Young , Shalise Manza ( 2007 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Pats tie earliest clinching of the AFC East '' . The Providence Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots at Giants : Game Notes '' . Patriots.com. 2007 - 12 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pats back in Super Bowl after win over Chargers '' . MSNBC.com . Associated Press . 2008 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Don ( 2007 - 12 - 29 ) . `` 19 - 0 would make Patriots best team ever '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Myers , Gary ( 2008 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Giant upset over Pats has familiar ring to New England 's shocker over Rams '' . Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( 2008 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Giants Stun Patriots in Super Bowl XLII '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Patriots ' Brady out for season with knee injury - NBC Sports Retrieved 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ New England Patriots Beat Miami Dolphins : Tom Brady Sets Records On Monday Night Football Retrieved 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ 2012 NFL Playoffs : Patriots Crush Broncos , 45 - 10 , as Brady Sets Touchdown Record - Bleacher Report Retrieved 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Patriots beat Ravens , advance to Super Bowl - Yahoo ! Retrieved 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Giants win Super Bowl rematch over Patriots - Boston Globe Retrieved 12 July 2012 . New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame The Hall at Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 19 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold History of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets AFC North Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers AFC South Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans AFC West Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins NFC North Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings NFC South Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC West Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Defunct Teams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_England_Patriots&oldid=807287163 '' Categories : New England Patriots Boston Patriots National Football League history by team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 01 : 33 . 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"The history of the New England Patriots began when Boston business executive William \"Billy\" Sullivan and Sullivan Brother Printers, owned by Joseph Sullivan, were awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League (AFL) on November 16, 1959.[1] The following winter, locals submitted thousands of ideas for the Boston football team's official name. On February 20, 1960, Sullivan chose \"Boston Patriots\", with \"Patriots\" referring to those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation. \"Patriots\" as a nickname had been suggested by 74 fans, among them Larry Kepnes. Immediately thereafter, artist Phil Bissell developed the \"Pat Patriot\" logo.[2]"
] | [
"Boston Patriots"
] |
-836495194580501574 | Ava Jerome | Ava Jerome - wikipedia Ava Jerome Jump to : navigation , search Ava Jerome General Hospital character Portrayed by Maura West Duration 2013 -- First appearance May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) Created by Ron Carlivati Introduced by Frank Valentini Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Denise DeMuccio Occupation Mob heiress Art dealer Residence Port Charles , New York ( show ) Family Family Jerome Parents Victor Jerome Delia Ryan Stepparents Roger Coleridge Siblings Johnno Ryan Dino Antoinelli Olivia St. John Evan Jerome Julian Jerome Children Kiki Jerome Avery Corinthos Aunts and uncles Bob Reid Nieces and nephews Owen Ryan Evan Jerome , Jr . Sam Morgan Lucas Jones Daniel Morgan Leo Falconeri Emily Morgan Ava Jerome is a fictional character from the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital . The role is portrayed by three - time Daytime Emmy Award winner Maura West , who made her on - screen debut on May 8 , 2013 . Ava is part of the Jerome crime family ; she is the only daughter of Victor Jerome ( Jack Axelrod ) and Ryan 's Hope 's Delia Ryan ( Ilene Kristen ) , and the younger half - sister of Evan Jerome , Olivia St. John ( Tonja Walker ) and Julian Jerome ( Jason Culp , William deVry ) . Introduced by executive producer Frank Valentini and created by head writer Ron Carlivati , Ava is introduced as the ex-lover of Robert `` Franco '' Frank ( James Franco , Roger Howarth ) , and mother of his presumed daughter Lauren Katherine `` Kiki '' Jerome ( Kristen Alderson , Hayley Erin ) , the missing heiress to the Quartermaine family fortune . An art dealer by day , in July 2013 , Ava is revealed to be the previously unmentioned youngest child of the infamous Jerome crime family , introduced to the series in the late 1980s . Ava 's attempt to use her daughter 's faked paternity to get power at ELQ Industries is a part of her scheme with big brother , Julian Jerome to reclaim their family 's territory from resident mob boss , Sonny Corinthos ( Maurice Benard ) . West 's performance has been met with critical acclaim , winning her the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and creation 2 Character development 2.1 Relationship with Morgan , affair with Sonny and pregnancy 2.2 Connie Falconeri murder 2.3 Cancer 3 Storyline 4 Reception 5 References and notes 6 External links Casting and creation ( edit ) West ( left ) , previously known for her portrayal of Carly Tenney Snyder on As the World Turns , was cast in the newly created role of Ava in April 2013 . In early April , Jamey Giddens and Jillian Bowe of Daytime Confidential reported a rumor that the Daytime Emmy Award winner Maura West , best known for her role as Carly Snyder on As the World Turns was set to join the cast in a top secret role . On April 24 , nearly two weeks after Confidential 's original report , Soap Opera Digest and other soap opera media confirmed the news and revealed that West had joined the cast in the newly created role of Ava Jerome , and was slated to appear sometime in May . Soaps In Depth editor Richard M. Simms immediately speculated that the character shared a connection to the infamous ' 80s crime family , the Jerome family . West made her debut on May 8 , 2013 . In an interview with Soap Opera Digest , West revealed that her agent , Mamie Sparer was contacted by General Hospital casting director , Mark Teschner who had her come in to meet with executive producer , Frank Valentini and that the meeting prompted her to sign on to appear as Ava . Of her role , West admitted the part was only scheduled as a five - day stint , however , was offered a contract before she even began work on the soap . In an interview with TV Guide 's Michael Logan , West was asked what made her take on the role of Ava . She admitted , `` Next to nothing . You have to put your faith in people , which was hard because I 'd never met ( executive producer ) Frank Valentini and ( head writer ) Ron Carlivati , but they are so fun , so infectious ! But , then , Ava was not intended to hang around all that long . '' When asked about the casting of West in the role , Valentini and Carlivati admitted they both felt West was perfect the role . `` When Ron and I had talked about this character , there were several actresses we had in mind initially , and a couple of things did n't work out . Then I thought about Maura , and when I said it to Ron , we both said , ' Absolutely ! ' So we both kind of stumbled upon it at the same time , because we are both not physically in the same city , we are often on the phone , '' Valentini revealed in an interview in December 2013 . Valentini also admitted that he knew there might be some on West 's part when it came to accepting the role . He explained , `` I understood she was n't necessarily into the idea of doing another soap , because she had not the best experience on another show . But , I thought let 's do it and let 's see what happens . '' Carlivati also mentioned being a fan of West 's from her time on World Turns , stating , `` I was a fan of hers from As the World Turns . And when you first see Maura , she is so classically beautiful . I was not that familiar with As the World Turns , but when you would turn it on , you would see this beautiful woman who just seems to be appropriate as a soap actress . '' Character development ( edit ) According to West , Ava has a lot going on ; `` She 's mysterious and strong and just has all of the characteristics of a great character . '' West explained that Ava is very reminiscent of her earlier portrayal of Carly on As the World Turns . However , she argued that Ava is a bit more `` sophisticated . '' The characters are not the same , `` but there are certain colors that are similar '' West continued . In an interview with Boston Herald , West said of Ava , `` There 's a ton of mystery to Ava . ( ... ) She 's full of strength and has undertones of vulnerability . '' She also said she did n't originally know that Ava was part of the infamous Jerome crime family , but in fact played her as if she possibly could be . She remarked , `` am certainly playing her and making an early assumption that she is . This woman is n't all poise and ladylike . There 's grit under there . '' `` It 's awesome ! And it makes Ava even cooler . She 's like , ' So what if I 'm not a guy ? I 'm an heir ! ' She did n't marry into the mob . She is the mob . When you grow up watching your father come home and wash blood off his hands , you do n't give it much mind . There are no rules when you 've been raised in a world like that -- and that 's very freeing as an actor . I loooove Ava ! I love that she is so poised -- almost hyper - poised -- as she struts around town yet she 's also gritty , angry , really abrasive . I love that she 's hiding things . '' -- West , on playing a female gangster ( 2013 ) . If Ava 's connection to the notorious Jerome crime family panned out , not only would West 's arrival cause trouble for Port Charles 's local kingpin , Sonny Corinthos ( Maurice Benard ) , but there was also great storyline potential for Ian Buchanan and Finola Hughes 's Duke Lavery and Anna Devane who shared a quite volatile history with the Jerome family . Critics began speculating that the character would be the long lost daughter of Tonja Walker 's Olivia St. John ( born Jerome ) despite the relatively small age difference between the actresses ; however Matt Webb Motivich of TV Line also suggested that Ava could be a previously unknown child of Olivia 's crime lord father , Victor Jerome ( Jack Axelrod ) . The character is immediately thrown into a major storyline as it is revealed that she is helping hide Morgan and that she Lauren 's mother . According to series head writer , Ron Carlivati , `` This is ( a ) woman who conceived a child with Franco , so you have to worry about that right there . '' Though Ava initially comes off as a `` devoted mother , '' there is much more behind to her . At the Winter 2014 Television Critics Association press tour , West opened up about portraying Ava and how it compared to portraying Carly on World Turns . She described , `` I have to be honest , I work very hard ... I wanted to create a character that was different . I loved Carly , but I ca n't play her again . Then when this part came up , I thought , how am I going to play this role ? She 's different . She has similarities as women do . ' How does she carry herself ? ' Ava never touches her hair . Ava never moves . Ava 's a snake . She only moves when she is going to strike . And these are things I think about . This is how I wanted to create this person . '' When asked how she keeps Ava sympathetic and vulnerable , West described , `` You never judge your own self . You do what you do -- we all do this every day . Ava does n't judge herself , she does what she does because she thinks she is right . ( ... ) She is not retrospectively looking at her actions . She is just living in it . As an actor , you ca n't judge your character ever . Let others judge it . '' Relationship with Morgan , affair with Sonny and pregnancy ( edit ) At the Winter 2014 TCA 's , West opened up about Ava 's relationship with Morgan and where it was headed . She said , `` She was worried about the thought that there are other elements that interfere with love . ( ... ) Family interfering with love is as old as love itself . I do think she loves him and her heart is broken . '' During May 2014 sweeps , Ava cheated on Morgan and had an affair with his father , Sonny . The pair slept together in a crypt . In an interview , West spoke about the events of the affair and its locale . She stated , `` A lot of people seemed shocked by it and I was very surprised by that reaction . I was never even thinking about the locale ! I was thinking about Ava 's pain . '' West also spoke about her alter - ego 's revelation that she was carrying the next Corinthos family baby. , stating : That it 's a classic soap story that has worked since television began . ( ... ) Nothing bothers me . I 'm here to play . '' Connie Falconeri murder ( edit ) Following the revelation that Ava had in fact murdered Connie Falconeri ( Kelly Sullivan ) , head writer Ron Carlivati opened up to Michael Logan of TV Guide about the revelation , and whether or not he felt he had turned Ava into a cold - blooded killer . Carlivati stated , `` Of course , we were nervous ! Especially the more we and the audience got invested in Ava . It was always my plan to have her be the killer but there was still the chance that we would change our minds and not write it that way . As the character started growing in popularity , ( executive producer ) Frank Valentini said , `` You know , Connie 's killer does n't have to be Ava . Maybe something else happened . Maybe someone else came in and killed Connie . '' There was certainly that temptation to protect Ava but , in the end , we decided it was a stronger move to stick with our original idea and see where that could take us down the line : What will happen between Ava and Sonny if and when he finds out she killed Connie ? What will he do ? She will have nowhere to run ! '' Cancer ( edit ) In early 2015 , Ava ( after escaping from prison ) is shot by Carlos Rivera ( Jeffrey Vincent Parise ) , as revenge for causing him to be falsely imprisoned , and falls from a bridge . She is presumed dead and a wake in her honor takes place , although in reality she survives . Silas Clay ( Michael Easton ) , who has stashed Ava in a secret hospital room in New York , informs her that she has cancer and is dying , with her condition quickly worsening . After a bone marrow donor can not be found to save her , Silas agrees to euthanize Ava ( per her wishes ) , on April 16 . Soap Opera Digest speculated as to whether or not this was in fact the character 's final appearance . Despite General Hospital refusing to comment on West 's contract status , Carlivati claimed that this was possibly Ava 's `` final farewell '' , explaining that `` Basically , we kept writing ourselves into a corner with Ava and then figuring out a way out . We were like , ' Wait a minute , what if she 's pregnant , ' you know ? And then we painted her in this cancer corner and we kind of could n't figure a way out . '' Discussing Ava 's wishes for Silas to help her die , he said : `` Ava wants to die on her own terms , even if it 's only a few weeks ahead of what might happen '' , and clarified that the soap opera was not trying to `` come down on either side of ( the euthanasia debate ) '' . Storyline ( edit ) Luke Spencer ( Anthony Geary ) tracks down art dealer Ava Jerome at her home in New York City . Luke gets Ava to confess that she was once involved with the crazed artist Robert `` Franco '' Frank ( Roger Howarth ) and that he fathered her daughter , Lauren Katherine `` Kiki '' Jerome ( Kristen Alderson ) . Ava is shocked to learn from Luke that Franco is an heir to the wealthy and powerful Quartermaine family and that Lauren is entitled to a share of the family fortune . After Luke 's visit , it is revealed that Morgan Corinthos ( Bryan Craig ) , the missing son of mob boss , Sonny Corinthos ( Maurice Benard ) is hiding out in Ava 's apartment . Before leaving for work , Ava convinces Morgan to call home . Ava follows her daughter to Port Charles and has an impromptu meeting with Tracy Quartermaine ( Jane Elliot ) over Kiki 's shares , and manages to work out a deal that would endow her with a large money sum . Ava then confronts her daughter about the latest revelations and confesses that her father is in fact alive , leaving Kiki in a state of anger against her mother . Whilst in town , Ava runs Dr. Silas Clay ( Michael Easton ) , with whom she previously had a fling . When Silas begins to question whether or not Kiki is his , Morgan confronts Ava about the truth to which she reveals that Kiki is not Franco 's , but in fact is Silas ' daughter . When Ava 's older brother , the presumed dead Julian Jerome ( William deVry ) arrives in town under the alias `` Derek Wells '' , the two reveal how their gambling ring involvement with Morgan was all in a hoax to work their way into the Corinthos family crime organization . Ava also confesses to Julian her involvement in the shooting of Olivia Falconeri ( Lisa LoCicero ) . While on a discovery to find out about her birth father , Sam Morgan ( Kelly Monaco ) and Silas travel to New York City and discover that Delia Ryan ( Ilene Kristen ) , who had an affair with Victor , was Ava 's birth mother . During a heated confrontation , A.J. Quartermaine ( Sean Kanan ) confronts Ava about the night that Connie Falconeri ( Kelly Sullivan ) was murdered ; Ava then confesses it was she who murdered Connie , not A.J. , due to Connie discovering the truth about `` Derek '' and Ava 's connection . Sonny interrupts and shoots A.J. , killing him as a result . During A.J. 's funeral , Ava sleeps with Sonny in the Quartermaine family crypt , and is discovered by Morgan , who breaks their relationship off . To escape town , Sonny sends Ava to his private island to hide out , after Carly finds out the truth about A.J. 's death . While on the island , Sonny confronts Ava , and confesses he knows the truth about Ava 's involvement in the shootings of both Olivia and Connie , and promises to kill her . Ava then confesses that she is pregnant , with either Sonny or Morgan 's child , guaranteeing her nine more months of life from Sonny . Reception ( edit ) Jamey Giddens of Daytime Confidential referred to West 's potential casting as a `` bombshell . '' TV Source discussed the storyline potential that could come with West 's character if she shared was related to the Jerome family . West debut as Ava was highly anticipated by fans and critics alike . `` ( i ) t was as amazing as we 'd hoped '' said Omar Nobles of West 's May 8 debut . In naming his Top 5 Bad - Ass Women of Summer TV , Luke Kerr of Daytime Confidential listed West and her portrayal of Ava as an honorable mention , citing : `` Maura West has been bringing the heat this summer as General Hospital 's mad art dealer . She has sizzling chemistry with Michael Easton 's Silas . '' In the June 10 , 2013 issue of ABC Soaps In Depth magazine , editor and chief Richard M. Simms named West and her character were listed as one of the top five enjoyable things about the series at that time . In a Soapoperadigest.com online poll , fans were asked who they believed to be the most enjoyable new additions to the cast . West 's portrayal of Ava Jerome was voted the best , winning 42 % of the vote with 5,200 votes . Based on her portrayal of Ava Jerome , Michael Logan of TV Guide , called West `` the soap sensation of the decade '' . Highlight Hollywood editor Tommy Lightfoot Garrett called West 's acting talents as `` definitely one of Hollywood 's top five most talented women today . '' He went on to call her `` lightning in a bottle '' and that `` she can do anything '' proving that `` just when you think her talent is contained , she breaks out of that mold , and proves she 's unstoppable . '' Giddens further remarked of Ava and her brother Julian , `` If loving Ava and Julian is wrong , I do n't wan na be right ! '' West 's portrayal of Ava in her relationship with Bryan Craig 's Morgan Corinthos was listed on TV Guide 's 2013 Hot List under the category of `` Hot Bed '' . Michael Logan writes , `` He is a marvelous muddle of puppy awkwardness and testy testosterone . It 's the scandal of Port Charles , but this was no one - night mistake . '' For her portrayal of Ava , West placed at number thirty - four , down four positions , on Daytime Confidential 's Hot 100 list for 2013 . West also made Logan 's list of `` The Best in Soaps 2013 '' , as Best Actress . He praised West saying : `` Her performance as high - strung , power - mad mob spawn Ava Jerome is a noirish marvel -- deadly , campy and defiantly sexual . There is nothing like a dame . '' Daytime Confidential also listed West 's arrival of Ava and the return of the Jerome crime family as number nine on their `` 10 Best Soap Opera Storylines of 2013 '' . They said , `` When sultry gallery owner Ava Jerome ( Maura West ) was first introduced , fans and Port Charles citizens alike took notice of her infamous surname . '' Hollywood Highlight also listed West as one of their top five female performers in 2013 . The website praised , `` Can anyone be so good , so grand , so sublime with every single man and woman on her talented cast ? She can , she is . From beautiful wife , to busy mother , who knows where this woman finds the time to be the best in Daytime TV , but whatever she is doing , we should bottle it and force - feed it to every actress in this town . '' Michael Fairman of On - Air On - Soaps named West 's debut as Ava Jerome as `` Best New Character , Female '' as part of his Best and Worst of 2013 list ! . `` This savvy soap veteran made Ava Jerome must - see soap TV whenever she walked into a room , and delivered her lines with such lethal undertones ! We loved it ... and Ava 's red - hot fling with the much younger Morgan Corinthos ( Bryan Craig ) ! You go , Ava ! , '' Fairman raved in his year - end review . Daytime Confidential also listed West at number three on their list of 10 Best Female Soap Opera Entertainers of 2013 , for her role as Ava Jerome . The site praised West 's talent , praising , `` Maura West recalled the brassy broads of Old Hollywood as mob queen Ava Jerome on General Hospital in 2013 . We did n't think it was possible to love a character played by the actress more than we adored As The World Turns ' Carly Snyder , but boy - oh - boy were we wrong ! '' Head writer Ron Carlivati also praised West 's portrayal of Ava , praising , `` Now to see what she has brought to the character of Ava , it has just been amazing . It is so different than the character she played before , and what that shows me is ... she can pretty much do anything . '' Boston Herald praised West 's performance , exclaiming , `` Springfield native Maura West is mesmerizing as ' General Hospital 's ' scheming Ava Jerome , sultry , sexy , vulnerable , vindictive -- sometimes in the same scene . To think , this was only supposed to be a five - episode gig . If West hosted a pay - per - view in which she read the zip codes for the United States , she might make a fortune . '' In early 2014 , West received a pre-nomination for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series , her sixth potential nomination in the category . West was previously nominated five times in previous years , for her portrayal of Carly Tenney Snyder , winning twice ; this is her first potential nomination in the role of Ava Jerome . West was listed at number one on Daytime Confidential 's `` Top 10 Female Soap Opera Entertainers of 2014 '' list . They called West `` 10 percent present '' and cited `` West fought to keep her character relevant amid a slew of new storylines and larger - than - life characters . '' In 2015 , West received a pre-nomination for the 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards in the category of Lead Actress for her portrayal of Ava , her sixth over-all potential nomination in the category , and her second for the role of Ava . West was officially nominated in the category of Lead Actress on March 31 , her first for her portrayal of Ava Jerome . She later won in the category on April 26 , 2015 . She was nominated again in the same category in 2016 . References and notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( April 13 , 2013 ) . `` RUMOR REPORT : Is Soap Superstar Maura West Headed For General Hospital ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Maura West To GH ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simms , Richard M. ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Maura West Joins GH ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Maura West Confirmed In New Role on General Hospital ! '' . On Air , On Soaps . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Motivich , Matt ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` General Hospital Casts ATWT Vet Maura West -- As a Member of the Jerome Crime Family ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Maura West Joins GENERAL HOSPITAL '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Maura West joins General Hospital '' . Soap Central . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` THIS WEEK : General Hospital Puts New Style on Old Faces '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Maura West Makes GH Debut '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Levinsky , Mara ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` How The West Was Won '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. : pgs. 30 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Perigard , Mark ( June 23 , 2013 ) . `` Springfield native is making waves on ABC 's ' General Hospital ' '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` Maura West Takes General Hospital By Storm '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( December 26 , 2013 ) . `` The Frank Valentini and Ron Carlivati Interview -- General Hospital -- Soapmakers of the Year 2013 '' . On Air , On Soaps . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maura West Makes GH Debut '' . Soap Opera Digest . May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Durrell , Angel ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Emmy Winner Maura West Joins ' General Hospital ' '' . TVSource Magazine . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Noble - White , Omar ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` 12 Awesome GIFS from Maura West 's ' General Hospital ' Debut '' . TVSource Magazine . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ins&Outs : Who Is Ava ? '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group : pg. 11 . May 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hornick , Susan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` TCA SCOOP : GH 's Maura West on Lethal Ava Jerome -- `` She Only Moves When She is Going to Strike '' `` . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` General Hospital 's Maura West Interview : The Making Of Ava Jerome ! '' . On Air , On Soaps . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : General Hospital 's Maura West on Ava 's Shocking News '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` General Hospital Shockers : Writer Ron Carlivati on Sonny , Ava and Robin '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' GH ' : A Bridge Too Far , Beach Bombs and A Hot Lsd Injection '' . Uexpress . Universal Uclick . February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is Maura West out at GH ? '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. : 5 May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GENERAL HOSPITAL : Maura West Delivers Yet Another Knockout Performance ... And Ava Learns She Is Dying ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` General Hospital SPOILERS : Ned Makes Quite The Fiscally Unsound Sacrifice '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Purvis , Matt ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` GH Recap : I 'm Yours '' . SheKnows Media . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ron Carlivati ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Episode 12782 '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ron Carlivati ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Episode 12812 '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ron Carlivati ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Episode 12862 '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Top 5 Bad - Ass Women of Summer TV '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simms , Richard M. ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` 5 Things We 're Loving About GENERAL HOSPITAL Right Now ... '' . Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group : pgs. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ SOD ( 2013 ) . `` Which of GH 's recent cast additions have you most been enjoying ? '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levinsky , Mara ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Extra Extra : Snap Poll '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. : pg. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Lightfoot Garrett , Tommy ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` Highlight Hollywood 's Leading Ladies Gold Standard , Maura West , Heather Tom And Anna Paquin : The Best Of The Best '' . Highlight Hollywood . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Can Ava Jerome Stay One Step Ahead of Her Enemies on General Hospital ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` TV Guide 's HOT LIST : GH 's Ava and Morgan HOT BED & The Stafford Project HOT MESS ! '' . On Air , On Soaps . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` TV Guide Magazine Unveils The 2013 Hot List '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Confidential Hot 100 , 2013 '' . Daytime Confidential . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Best in Soaps 2013 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Soap Opera Storylines of 2013 '' . Daytime Confidential . December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lightfoot Garrett , Tommy ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` Highlight Hollywood Chooses FIVE BEST TV Actresses 2013 : Clarke , Sagal , West , Lang , Cohan '' . Hollywood Highlight . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( December 29 , 2013 ) . `` On - Air On - Soaps Names The Best and Worst of 2013 ! '' . On Air , On Soaps . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Female Soap Opera Entertainers of 2013 '' . Daytime Confidential . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark ( December 29 , 2013 ) . `` TV 's juiciest dramas take place on daytime '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Awards Unveil Contenders for Acting Nominations '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` 41st ANNUAL DAYTIME EMMY PRENOMS REVEALED '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` 41st Annual Daytime Emmy Pre-Nominations Announced ! Did Your Favorites Make The Cut ? '' . On Air , On Soaps . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` NATAS Reveals 41st Annual Daytime Emmy Pre-Noms ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Jared ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` 41st Annual Daytime Emmy Awards Pre-Nominations Announced '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` Daytime Emmys Drama Performer Pre-Nominations Announced '' . We Love Soaps . Blogger . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daytime Confidential ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` 10 Female Soap Opera Entertainers of 2014 '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media Inc. ( in partnership with SAY Media ) . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ All references concerning the pre-nominations for the 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards : Simms , Richard M. ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Emmy Pre-Noms Announced ! '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : soapsindepth.com . Bauer Media Group . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . SOD ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` DAYTIME EMMY PRENOMINATIONS REVEALED ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Noonan , Kevin ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Daytime Emmys Announce Drama Performer Pre-Nominations '' . Variety . United States : variety.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Giddens , Jamey ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` NATAS Reveals Daytime Emmy Acting Pre-Nominees '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc. ( in partnership with SAY Media . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Fairman , Michael ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` 42nd Annual Daytime Emmy Drama Performer Pre-Nominations Announced ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Kroll , Dan J. `` 2015 Daytime Emmy pre-nominations '' . United States : Soapcentral.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Mistretta , Amy . `` 2015 Daytime Emmys : Pre-Nominations Announced . '' . Soaps She Knows . United States : SheKnows Media Entertainment . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ All references concerning the nominations for the 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards : Oshmyansky , Rosalyn ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Daytime Emmy Awards Nominations : General Hospital , The Talk & ET Score Nods ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . United States . CBS Television Distribution . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Biedenharn , Isabella ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Nominations announced : General Hospital and The Ellen DeGeneres Show lead in their categories '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States . Time Inc . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Block , Alex Ben ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Daytime Emmys : General Hospital Leads the Field With 28 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Associated Press ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Daytime Emmy nominations revealed : ABC soap opera General Hospital leads pack '' . New York Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Daily News , L.P . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . SOD ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` DAYTIME EMMY NOMINEES ANNOUNCED ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Pedersen , Erik ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` CBS , General Hospital Lead Daytime Emmy Noms '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Fairman , Michael ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` 42nd Annual Daytime Emmy Nominations Announced ! General Hospital Leads All Shows With 28 ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Schaefer , Megan ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Awards Nominees 2015 : Check Out Nomination List For 42nd Annual Award Show '' . International Business Times . United States . IBT Media . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Winners '' . Burbank : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . April 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 43rd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . New York City : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . March 24 , 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The relationship between Ava and Robert `` Franco '' Frank was originally stated as a marriage in the December 21 , 2009 episode of General Hospital . However , in 2013 the story was retconned to being just a relationship . External links ( edit ) Ava Jerome at Soapcentral.com Ava Jerome at Soaps.com General Hospital General Hospital characters ( current contract cast only ) Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford Hayden Barnes Nina Clay Carly Corinthos Jacks Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Anna Devane Dante Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Hamilton Finn Franco Nelle Hayes Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Maxie Jones Andre Maddox Jason Morgan Sam Morgan Griffin Munro Dillon Quartermaine Michael Quartermaine Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer - Falconeri Elizabeth Webber Nathan West General Hospital characters ( recurring cast ) TJ Ashford Ned Ashton Scott Baldwin Spencer Cassadine Lucy Coe Darby Collette Kevin Collins Brad Cooper Kristina Davis Emma Drake Felix DuBois Leo Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Parker Forsyth Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Alice Gunderson Josslyn Jacks Epiphany Johnson Lucas Jones Molly Lansing Ric Lansing Janice Lomax Rosalie Martinez Matthew Mayes Diane Miller Daniel Morgan Liesl Obrecht Monica Quartermaine Delia Ryan Mac Scorpio Robert Scorpio Felicia Scorpio - Jones Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Cameron Spencer Jake Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Georgie Spinelli Ellie Trout David Walters Heather Webber General Hospital characters ( notable former characters ) Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Ruby Anderson Larry Ashton Gail Baldwin Lee Baldwin Tom Baldwin Sr . Brenda Barrett Julia Barrett Amanda Barrington Katherine Bell Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Gia Campbell Helena Cassadine Mikkos Cassadine Stavros Cassadine Stefan Cassadine Victor Cassadine Jagger Cates Stone Cates Lois Cerullo Ryan Chamberlain Skye Chandler Mike Corbin Morgan Corinthos Rae Cummings Marco Dane Anna Donely Sean Donely Noah Drake Patrick Drake Bill Eckert Cesar Faison Connie Falconeri Audrey Hardy Tom Hardy Simone Hardy Steve Hardy Tom Hardy Tiffany Hill Paul Hornsby Matt Hunter Jasper Jacks Jerry Jacks Victor Jerome B.J. Jones Frisco Jones Georgie Jones Tania Jones Tony Jones Joe Kelly Duke Lavery Anne Logan Lucille March Courtney Matthews Susan Moore Lisa Niles Blackie Parrish A.J. Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Lila Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Coleman Ratcliffe Madeline Reeves Lily Rivera Sabrina Santiago Robin Scorpio - Drake Kyle Sloane Frank Smith Zander Smith Filomena Soltini Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Dominique Stanton Holly Sutton - Scorpio Marcus Taggert Diana Taylor Peter Taylor Amy Vining Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Jeff Webber Lesley Webber Rick Webber Steven Webber Britt Westbourne Karen Wexler Anthony Zacchara Claudia Zacchara Johnny Zacchara Related topics Port Charles ( city ) Luke and Laura Sonny and Carly Patrick and Robin Frisco and Felicia Jason and Sam Lucky and Elizabeth Jason and Elizabeth List of cast members 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli History of General Hospital Fictional families Cassadine family Corinthos family Cramer family Hardy / Webber family Jerome family Lord family Quartermaine family Scorpio / Jones family Spencer family Spinoffs and specials Twist of Fate Port Charles Night Shift What If ... ( hide ) General Hospital characters ( hide ) Present and future characters Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford TJ Ashford Ned Ashton Franco Baldwin Scott Baldwin Charlotte Cassadine Spencer Cassadine Valentin Cassadine Nina Clay Lucy Coe Brad Cooper Kevin Collins Avery Corinthos Carly Corinthos Michael Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Kristina Davis Anna Devane Emma Drake Robin Scorpio - Drake Felix DuBois Dante Falconeri Leo Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Hamilton Finn Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Alice Gunderson Nora Hanen Buchanan Jasper Jacks Josslyn Jacks Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Epiphany Johnson Felicia Jones Lucas Jones Maxie Jones Molly Lansing Ric Lansing Andre Maddox Diane Miller Danny Morgan Emily Scout Morgan Jason Morgan Sam Morgan Griffin Munro Liesl Obrecht Dillon Quartermaine Monica Quartermaine Mac Scorpio Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Cameron Spencer Jake Spencer Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Georgie Spinelli Elizabeth Webber Heather Webber Nathan West Past characters Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Lee Baldwin Hayden Barnes Brenda Barrett Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Helena Cassadine Nikolas Cassadine Stone Cates Claudia Zacchara Corinthos Morgan Corinthos Blair Cramer Rae Cummings Marco Dane Téa Delgado Noah Drake Patrick Drake Levi Dunkleman Audrey Hardy Steve Hardy Kate Howard Jerry Jacks Georgie Jones Duke Lavery Ethan Lovett Starr Manning Todd Manning Courtney Matthews John McBain Lisa Niles A.J. Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Skye Chandler Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Madeline Reeves Sabrina Santiago Holly Sutton - Scorpio Jennifer Smith Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Cole Thornhart Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Lesley Webber Steven Webber Britt Westbourne Johnny Zacchara Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children Hardy / Webber Scorpio / Jones Spencer Quartermaine Cassadine Jerome Corinthos Lord Cramer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ava_Jerome&oldid=799100281 '' Categories : General Hospital characters Fictional artists Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters with cancer Fictional characters from New York City Fictional mobsters Fictional murderers Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 16 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did ava jerome kill on general hospital | [
"Following the revelation that Ava had in fact murdered Connie Falconeri (Kelly Sullivan), head writer Ron Carlivati opened up to Michael Logan of TV Guide about the revelation, and whether or not he felt he had turned Ava into a cold-blooded killer. Carlivati stated, \"Of course, we were nervous! Especially the more we and the audience got invested in Ava. It was always my plan to have her be the killer but there was still the chance that we would change our minds and not write it that way. As the character started growing in popularity, [executive producer] Frank Valentini said, \"You know, Connie's killer doesn't have to be Ava. Maybe something else happened. Maybe someone else came in and killed Connie.\" There was certainly that temptation to protect Ava but, in the end, we decided it was a stronger move to stick with our original idea and see where that could take us down the line: What will happen between Ava and Sonny if and when he finds out she killed Connie? What will he do? She will have nowhere to run!\"[21]"
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"Connie Falconeri"
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7241773603097596094 | Karyn Parsons | Karyn Parsons - wikipedia Karyn Parsons Karyn Parsons ( 1966 - 10 - 08 ) October 8 , 1966 ( age 51 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Nationality American Education Santa Monica High School Occupation Actress , comedian Years active 1987 -- present Spouse ( s ) Randy Brooks ( m . 1987 ; div. 1990 ) Alexandre Rockwell ( m . 2003 ) Children Karyn Parsons ( born October 8 , 1966 ) is an American actress and comedian . She is best known for her role as Hilary Banks on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air from 1990 -- 1996 . Parsons also starred in the 1995 film Major Payne opposite Damon Wayans . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Parsons was born in Los Angeles , California . In an interview for Essence in 2008 , she described her parentage as biracial . Her mother , Louise Parsons , is an African American from Charleston , South Carolina and her father , Kenneth B. Parsons , is of Welsh descent and from Butte , Montana . She attended Santa Monica High School . Career ( edit ) Parsons starred as Hilary Banks on the sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , which aired on NBC from 1990 to 1996 . She co-created , co-produced , co-wrote , and co-starred on the Fox sitcom Lush Life in 1996 , which was later canceled after four episodes . In 2001 , she starred in the critically acclaimed but short - lived television series The Job with Denis Leary . Besides television , Parsons has starred in several films , particularly in comedies such as Late Nights ( 1992 ) , Major Payne ( 1995 ) , and The Ladies Man ( 2000 ) . Parsons is the creator of Sweet Blackberry , a line of animated films about unsung black heroes . The first in the series is about Henry `` Box '' Brown , a slave who mailed himself to freedom . Personal Life ( edit ) Parsons married The Young and the Restless actor Randy Brooks in 1987 ; they divorced in 1990 . Parsons married director Alexandre Rockwell in 2003 . Together they have a daughter , Lana ( born June 8 , 2003 ) , and a son , Nico ( born April 11 , 2007 ) . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes Death Spa Brooke 1992 Class Act Ellen 1995 Major Payne Emily Walburn 1998 Mixing Nia Nia 2000 The Ladies Man Julie Simmons 2002 13 Moons Lily 2017 On Monday of Last Week Tracy Short film Television Year Title Role Notes The Bronx Zoo Amelia Episodes : `` Changes '' and `` The Power of a Lie '' 1988 Hunter Elizabeth Childs Episode : `` Renegade '' 1988 CBS Summer Playhouse Lynette Episode : `` Roughhouse '' 1990 -- 96 The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Hilary Banks Main role 1992 Blossom Hilary Banks Episode : `` Wake Up Little Suzy '' 1992 Out All Night Hilary Banks Episode : `` The Great Pretender '' 1995 The John Larroquette Show Annie Episode : `` Several Unusual Love Stories '' Gulliver 's Travels Lady - in - waiting Episode : `` February 4 , 1996 '' Lush Life Margot Hines Lead role 1999 Melrose Place Jackie Zambrano Episodes : `` How Amanda Got Her Groove '' and `` Unpleasantville '' 1999 Linc 's Elaine Episode : `` Dog Day Afternoon '' 2001 -- 02 The Job Toni Main role 2002 Static Shock Tracy Voice ; Episode : `` Static Shaq '' 2018 Fly Denise Wyatt Main role ; In production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Karyn Parsons Profile '' . NNDB.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.blackcelebkids.com/2008/07/01/karyn-parsonsits-hard-being-biracial-in-americaraising-biracial-kids/ Jump up ^ Karyn Parsons Biography - Yahoo ! Movies Jump up ^ Maltais , Michelle ( December 22 , 2005 ) . `` Delivered from slavery '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Media . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Stephen ( February 3 , 2008 ) . `` Fresh Prince 's Hilary Produces a Little Black History '' . Calgary Herald . Postmedia Network . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New TV series `` Fly '' will tell the stories of the first all Black female flight crew `` . Our Weekly . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Karyn Parsons on IMDb BNE : XX1306910 BNF : cb14214058j ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 1932 4302 LCCN : nr2004015214 VIAF : 12517025 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karyn_Parsons&oldid=854691612 '' Categories : 1966 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Hollywood , Los Angeles African - American actresses American child actresses American film actresses American people of Welsh descent American television actresses American television producers Women television producers American television writers American voice actresses American women writers Living people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bosanski Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 03 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who played hilary on the fresh prince of bel-air | [
"Karyn Parsons (born October 8, 1966)[1] is an American actress and comedian. She is best known for her role as Hilary Banks on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air from 1990–1996. Parsons also starred in the 1995 film Major Payne opposite Damon Wayans.\n"
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"Karyn Parsons"
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3532916623664570423 | OPEC | OPEC - wikipedia OPEC Jump to : navigation , search Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Flag Headquarters Vienna , Austria Official language English Type International cartel Membership 14 states ( May 2017 ) ( show ) Algeria Angola Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Gabon Iran * Iraq * Kuwait * Libya Nigeria Qatar Saudi Arabia * United Arab Emirates Venezuela * * founding member Leaders Secretary General Mohammed Barkindo Establishment Baghdad , Iraq Statute September 1960 In effect January 1961 Currency Indexed as USD per barrel ( US $ / bbl ) Website www.opec.org Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC , / ˈoʊpɛk / OH - pek , or OPEP in several other languages ) is an intergovernmental organization of 14 nations as of May 2017 , founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members ( Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Venezuela ) , and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna . As of 2016 , the 14 countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world 's `` proven '' oil reserves , giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by American - dominated multinational oil companies . OPEC 's stated mission is `` to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets , in order to secure an efficient , economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers , a steady income to producers , and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry . '' The organization is also a significant provider of information about the international oil market . As of May 2017 , OPEC 's members are Algeria , Angola , Ecuador , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Libya , Nigeria , Qatar , Saudi Arabia ( the de facto leader ) , United Arab Emirates , and Venezuela , while Indonesia is a former member . Two - thirds of OPEC 's oil production and reserves are in its six Middle Eastern countries that surround the oil - rich Persian Gulf . The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources , and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations . The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended interruptions in supply . In the 1970s , restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic rise in oil prices and OPEC 's revenue and wealth , with long - lasting and far - reaching consequences for the global economy . In the 1980s , OPEC started setting production targets for its member nations ; and generally when the production targets are reduced , oil prices increase , most recently from the organization 's 2008 and 2016 decisions to trim oversupply . Economists often cite OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition , but whose consultations are protected by the doctrine of sovereign immunity under international law . In December 2014 , `` OPEC and the oil men '' ranked as # 3 on Lloyd 's list of `` the top 100 most influential people in the shipping industry '' . However , their influence on international trade is periodically challenged by the expansion of non-OPEC energy sources , and by the recurring temptation for individual OPEC countries to exceed production ceilings and pursue conflicting self - interests . Contents ( hide ) 1 Membership 1.1 Current member countries 1.2 Lapsed members 1.3 Observers 1.4 Leadership and decision - making 1.5 International cartel 1.6 Conflicts 2 Market information 2.1 Publications and research 2.2 Crude oil benchmarks 2.3 Spare capacity 3 History and impact 3.1 Post-WWII situation 3.2 1959 -- 1960 anger from exporting countries 3.3 1960 -- 1975 founding and expansion 3.4 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo 3.5 1975 -- 1980 Special Fund , now OFID 3.6 1975 hostage siege 3.7 1979 -- 1980 oil crisis and 1980s oil glut 3.8 1990 -- 2003 ample supply and modest disruptions 3.9 2003 -- 2011 volatility 3.10 2008 production dispute 3.11 2014 -- 2017 oil glut 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Membership ( edit ) Current member countries ( edit ) As of May 2017 , OPEC has 14 member countries : six in the Middle East ( Western Asia ) , six in Africa , and two in South America . According to the US Energy Information Administration , OPEC 's combined rate of oil production ( including gas condensate ) represented 44 percent of the world 's total in 2016 , and OPEC accounted for 73 percent of the world 's `` proven '' oil reserves , including 48 percent from just the six Middle Eastern members : Approval of a new member country requires agreement by three - quarters of OPEC 's existing members , including all five of the founders . In October 2015 , Sudan formally submitted an application to join , but it is not yet a member . Country Region Membership Years Population ( 2015 est . ) Area ( km ) Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 ) Proven Reserves ( bbl , 2016 ) Algeria North Africa 1969 -- 39,542,166 2,381,740 1,348,361 12,200,000,000 Angola Western Africa 2007 -- 19,625,353 1,246,700 1,769,615 8,423,000,000 Ecuador Americas 1973 -- 1992 , 2007 -- 15,868,396 283,560 548,421 8,273,000,000 Equatorial Guinea Western Africa 2017 -- 740,743 28,051 227,000 1,100,000,000 Gabon Western Africa 1975 -- 1995 , 2016 -- 1,705,336 267,667 210,820 2,000,000,000 Iran Middle East 1960 -- 81,824,270 1,648,000 3,990,956 157,530,000,000 Iraq Middle East 1960 -- 37,056,169 437,072 4,451,516 143,069,000,000 Kuwait Middle East 1960 -- 2,788,534 17,820 2,923,825 101,500,000,000 Libya North Africa 1962 -- 6,411,776 1,759,540 384,686 48,363,000,000 Nigeria Western Africa 1971 -- 181,562,056 923,768 1,999,885 37,070,000,000 Qatar Middle East 1961 -- 2,194,817 11,437 1,522,902 25,244,000,000 Saudi Arabia Middle East 1960 -- 27,752,316 2,149,690 10,460,710 266,578,000,000 United Arab Emirates Middle East 1967 -- 5,779,760 83,600 3,106,077 97,800,000,000 Venezuela Americas 1960 -- 29,275,460 912,050 2,276,967 299,953,000,000 OPEC Total 452,127,152 12,150,695 35,221,740 1,209,103,000,000 World Total 7,256,490,011 510,072,000 80,622,287 1,650,585,000,000 OPEC Percent 6 % 2 % 44 % 73 % ^ Jump up to : One petroleum barrel ( bbl ) is approximately 42 US gallons , or 159 liters , or 0.159 m , varying slightly with temperature . To put the production numbers in context , a supertanker typically holds 2,000,000 barrels ( 320,000 m ) , and the world 's current production rate would take approximately 56 years to exhaust the world 's current proven reserves . ^ Jump up to : The five founding members attended the first OPEC conference in September 1960 . Jump up ^ The UAE was founded in December 1971 . Its OPEC membership originated with the Emirate of Abu Dhabi . Lapsed members ( edit ) Country Region Membership Years Population ( 2015 est . ) Area ( km ) Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 ) Proven Reserves ( bbl , 2016 ) Indonesia Southeast Asia 1962 -- 2008 , Rejoined 2014 - 2016 255,993,674 1,904,569 833,667 3,692,500,000 For countries that export petroleum at relatively low volume , their limited negotiating power as OPEC members would not necessarily justify the burdens imposed by OPEC production quotas and membership costs . Ecuador withdrew from OPEC in December 1992 , because it was unwilling to pay the annual US $2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under its OPEC quota at the time , although it rejoined in October 2007 . Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995 ; it rejoined in July 2016 . In May 2008 , Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year , having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota . It rejoined the organization in January 2016 , but announced another `` temporary suspension '' of its membership at year - end when OPEC requested a 5 percent production cut . Some commentators consider that the United States was a de facto member of OPEC during its formal occupation of Iraq , due to its leadership of the Coalition Provisional Authority in 2003 -- 2004 . But this is not borne out by the minutes of OPEC meetings , as no US representative attended in an official capacity . Observers ( edit ) Since the 1980s , representatives from Egypt , Mexico , Norway , Oman , Russia , and other oil - exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers . This arrangement serves as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies . Leadership and decision - Making ( edit ) OPEC Conference delegates at Swissotel , Quito , Ecuador , December 2010 See also : List of Secretaries General of OPEC The OPEC Conference is the supreme authority of the organization , and consists of delegations normally headed by the oil ministers of member countries . The chief executive of the organization is the OPEC Secretary General . The Conference ordinarily meets at the Vienna headquarters , at least twice a year and in additional extraordinary sessions when necessary . It generally operates on the principles of unanimity and `` one member , one vote '' , with each country paying an equal membership fee into the annual budget . However , since Saudi Arabia is by far the largest and most - profitable oil exporter in the world , with enough capacity to function as the traditional swing producer to balance the global market , it serves as `` OPEC 's de facto leader '' . International cartel ( edit ) At various times , OPEC members have displayed apparent anti-competitive cartel behavior through the organization 's agreements about oil production and price levels . In fact , economists often cite OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition , as in this definition from OECD 's Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law : International commodity agreements covering products such as coffee , sugar , tin and more recently oil ( OPEC : Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ) are examples of international cartels which have publicly entailed agreements between different national governments . OPEC members strongly prefer to describe their organization as a modest force for market stabilization , rather than a powerful anti-competitive cartel . In its defense , the organization was founded as a counterweight against the previous `` Seven Sisters '' cartel of multinational oil companies , and non-OPEC energy suppliers have maintained enough market share for a substantial degree of worldwide competition . Moreover , because of an economic `` prisoner 's dilemma '' that encourages each member nation individually to discount its price and exceed its production quota , widespread cheating within OPEC often erodes its ability to influence global oil prices through collective action . OPEC has not been involved in any disputes related to the competition rules of the World Trade Organization , even though the objectives , actions , and principles of the two organizations diverge considerably . A key US District Court decision held that OPEC consultations are protected as `` governmental '' acts of state by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act , and are therefore beyond the legal reach of US competition law governing `` commercial '' acts . Despite popular sentiment against OPEC , legislative proposals to limit the organization 's sovereign immunity , such as the NOPEC Act , have so far been unsuccessful . Conflicts ( edit ) OPEC often has difficulty agreeing on policy decisions because its member countries differ widely in their oil export capacities , production costs , reserves , geological features , population , economic development , budgetary situations , and political circumstances . Indeed , over the course of market cycles , oil reserves can themselves become a source of serious conflict , instability and imbalances , in what economists call the `` natural resource curse '' . A further complication is that religion - linked conflicts in the Middle East are recurring features of the geopolitical landscape for this oil - rich region . Internationally important conflicts in OPEC 's history have included the Six - Day War ( 1967 ) , Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) , a hostage siege directed by Palestinian militants ( 1975 ) , the Iranian Revolution ( 1979 ) , Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 1988 ) , Iraqi occupation of Kuwait ( 1990 -- 1991 ) , September 11 attacks by mostly Saudi hijackers ( 2001 ) , American occupation of Iraq ( 2003 -- 2011 ) , Conflict in the Niger Delta ( 2004 -- present ) , Arab Spring ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , Libyan Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) , and international Embargo against Iran ( 2012 -- 2016 ) . Although events such as these can temporarily disrupt oil supplies and elevate prices , the frequent disputes and instabilities tend to limit OPEC 's long - term cohesion and effectiveness . Market Information ( edit ) As one area in which OPEC members have been able to cooperate productively over the decades , the organization has significantly improved the quality and quantity of information available about the international oil market . This is especially helpful for a natural - resource industry whose smooth functioning requires months and years of careful planning . Publications and research ( edit ) Logo for JODI , in which OPEC is a founding member In April 2001 , OPEC collaborated with five other international organizations ( APEC , Eurostat , IEA , OLADE ( es ) , UNSD ) to improve the availability and reliability of oil data . They launched the Joint Oil Data Exercise , which in 2005 was joined by IEF and renamed the Joint Organisations Data Initiative ( JODI ) , covering more than 90 percent of the global oil market . GECF joined as an eighth partner in 2014 , enabling JODI also to cover nearly 90 percent of the global market for natural gas . Since 2007 , OPEC has published the `` World Oil Outlook '' ( WOO ) annually , in which it presents a comprehensive analysis of the global oil industry including medium - and long - term projections for supply and demand . OPEC also produces an `` Annual Statistical Bulletin '' ( ASB ) , and publishes more - frequent updates in its `` Monthly Oil Market Report '' ( MOMR ) and `` OPEC Bulletin '' . Crude oil benchmarks ( edit ) Sulfur content and API gravity of different types of crude oil See also : Benchmark ( crude oil ) A `` crude oil benchmark '' is a standardized petroleum product that serves as a convenient reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil , including standardized contracts in major futures markets since 1983 . Benchmarks are used because oil prices differ ( usually by a few dollars per barrel ) based on variety , grade , delivery date and location , and other legal requirements . The OPEC Reference Basket of Crudes has been an important benchmark for oil prices since 2000 . It is calculated as a weighted average of prices for petroleum blends from the OPEC member countries : Saharan Blend ( Algeria ) , Girassol ( Angola ) , Oriente ( Ecuador ) , Rabi Light ( Gabon ) , Iran Heavy ( Islamic Republic of Iran ) , Basra Light ( Iraq ) , Kuwait Export ( Kuwait ) , Es Sider ( Libya ) , Bonny Light ( Nigeria ) , Qatar Marine ( Qatar ) , Arab Light ( Saudi Arabia ) , Murban ( UAE ) , and Merey ( Venezuela ) . North Sea Brent Crude Oil is the leading benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils , and is used to price approximately two - thirds of the world 's traded crude oil . Other well - known benchmarks are West Texas Intermediate ( WTI ) , Dubai Crude , Oman Crude , and Urals oil . Spare capacity ( edit ) The US Energy Information Administration , the statistical arm of the US Department of Energy , defines spare capacity for crude oil market management `` as the volume of production that can be brought on within 30 days and sustained for at least 90 days ... OPEC spare capacity provides an indicator of the world oil market 's ability to respond to potential crises that reduce oil supplies . '' In November 2014 , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) estimated that OPEC 's `` effective '' spare capacity , adjusted for ongoing disruptions in countries like Libya and Nigeria , was 3.5 million barrels per day ( 560,000 m / d ) and that this number would increase to a peak in 2017 of 4.6 million barrels per day ( 730,000 m / d ) . By November 2015 , the IEA changed its assessment `` with OPEC 's spare production buffer stretched thin , as Saudi Arabia -- which holds the lion 's share of excess capacity -- and its ( Persian ) Gulf neighbours pump at near - record rates . '' History and impact ( edit ) Post-WWII situation ( edit ) In 1949 , Venezuela and Iran took the earliest steps in the direction of OPEC , by inviting Iraq , Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to improve communication among petroleum - exporting nations as the world recovered from World War II . At the time , some of the world 's largest oil fields were just entering production in the Middle East . The United States had established the Interstate Oil Compact Commission to join the Texas Railroad Commission in limiting overproduction . The US was simultaneously the world 's largest producer and consumer of oil ; and the world market was dominated by a group of multinational companies known as the `` Seven Sisters '' , five of which were headquartered in the US following the breakup of John D. Rockefeller 's original Standard Oil monopoly . Oil - exporting countries were eventually motivated to form OPEC as a counterweight to this concentration of political and economic power . 1959 -- 1960 anger from exporting countries ( edit ) In February 1959 , as new supplies were becoming available , the multinational oil companies ( MOCs ) unilaterally reduced their posted prices for Venezuelan and Middle Eastern crude oil by 10 percent . Weeks later , the Arab League 's first Arab Petroleum Congress convened in Cairo , Egypt , where the influential journalist Wanda Jablonski introduced Saudi Arabia 's Abdullah Tariki to Venezuela 's observer Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo , representing the two then - largest oil - producing nations outside the United States and the Soviet Union . Both oil ministers were angered by the price cuts , and the two led their fellow delegates to establish the Maadi Pact or Gentlemen 's Agreement , calling for an `` Oil Consultation Commission '' of exporting countries , to which MOCs should present price - change plans . Jablonski reported a marked hostility toward the West and a growing outcry against `` absentee landlordism '' of the MOCs , which at the time controlled all oil operations within the exporting countries and wielded enormous political influence . In August 1960 , ignoring the warnings , and with the US favoring Canadian and Mexican oil for strategic reasons , the MOCs again unilaterally announced significant cuts in their posted prices for Middle Eastern crude oil . 1960 -- 1975 founding and expansion ( edit ) OPEC headquarters in Vienna ( 2009 building ) The following month , during 10 -- 14 September 1960 , the Baghdad Conference was held at the initiative of Tariki , Pérez Alfonzo , and Iraqi prime minister Abd al - Karim Qasim , whose country had skipped the 1959 congress . Government representatives from Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and Venezuela met in Baghdad to discuss ways to increase the price of crude oil produced by their countries , and ways to respond to unilateral actions by the MOCs . Despite strong US opposition : `` Together with Arab and non-Arab producers , Saudi Arabia formed the Organization of Petroleum Export Countries ( OPEC ) to secure the best price available from the major oil corporations . '' The Middle Eastern members originally called for OPEC headquarters to be in Baghdad or Beirut , but Venezuela argued for a neutral location , and so the organization chose Geneva , Switzerland . On 1 September 1965 , OPEC moved to Vienna , Austria , after Switzerland declined to extend diplomatic privileges . During 1961 -- 1975 , the five founding nations were joined by Qatar ( 1961 ) , Indonesia ( 1962 -- 2008 , rejoined 2014 - 2016 ) , Libya ( 1962 ) , United Arab Emirates ( originally just the Emirate of Abu Dhabi , 1967 ) , Algeria ( 1969 ) , Nigeria ( 1971 ) , Ecuador ( 1973 -- 1992 , rejoined 2007 ) , and Gabon ( 1975 -- 1994 , rejoined 2016 ) . By the early 1970s , OPEC 's membership accounted for more than half of worldwide oil production . Indicating that OPEC is not averse to further expansion , Mohammed Barkindo , OPEC 's Acting Secretary General in 2006 , urged his African neighbors Angola and Sudan to join , and Angola did in 2007 , followed by Equatorial Guinea in 2017 . Since the 1980s , representatives from Egypt , Mexico , Norway , Oman , Russia , and other oil - exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers , as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies . 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo ( edit ) An undersupplied US gasoline station , closed during the oil embargo in 1973 Main article : 1973 oil crisis In October 1973 , the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OAPEC , consisting of the Arab majority of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria ) declared significant production cuts and an oil embargo against the United States and other industrialized nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War . A previous embargo attempt was largely ineffective in response to the Six - Day War in 1967 . However , in 1973 , the result was a sharp rise in oil prices and OPEC revenues , from US $3 / bbl to US $12 / bbl , and an emergency period of energy rationing , intensified by panic reactions , a declining trend in US oil production , currency devaluations , and a lengthy UK coal - miners dispute . For a time , the UK imposed an emergency three - day workweek . Seven European nations banned non-essential Sunday driving . US gas stations limited the amount of gasoline that could be dispensed , closed on Sundays , and restricted the days when gasoline could be purchased , based on license plate numbers . Even after the embargo ended in March 1974 following intense diplomatic activity , prices continued to rise . The world experienced a global economic recession , with unemployment and inflation surging simultaneously , steep declines in stock and bond prices , major shifts in trade balances and petrodollar flows , and a dramatic end to the post-WWII economic boom . The 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo had lasting effects on the United States and other industrialized nations , which established the International Energy Agency in response , as well as national emergency stockpiles designed to withstand months of future supply disruptions . Oil conservation efforts included lower speed limits on highways , smaller and more energy - efficient cars and appliances , year - round daylight saving time , reduced usage of heating and air - conditioning , better insulation , increased support of mass transit , and greater emphasis on coal , natural gas , ethanol , nuclear and other alternative energy sources . These long - term efforts became effective enough that US oil consumption would rise only 11 percent during 1980 -- 2014 , while real GDP rose 150 percent . But in the 1970s , OPEC nations demonstrated convincingly that their oil could be used as both a political and economic weapon against other nations , at least in the short term . 1975 -- 1980 Special Fund , now OFID ( edit ) Main article : OPEC Fund for International Development OPEC 's international aid activities date from well before the 1973 -- 1974 oil price surge . For example , the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development has operated since 1961 . In the years after 1973 , as an example of so - called `` checkbook diplomacy '' , certain Arab nations have been among the world 's largest providers of foreign aid , and OPEC added to its goals the selling of oil for the socio - economic growth of poorer nations . The OPEC Special Fund was conceived in Algiers , Algeria , in March 1975 , and was formally established the following January . `` A Solemn Declaration ' reaffirmed the natural solidarity which unites OPEC countries with other developing countries in their struggle to overcome underdevelopment , ' and called for measures to strengthen cooperation between these countries ... ( The OPEC Special Fund 's ) resources are additional to those already made available by OPEC states through a number of bilateral and multilateral channels . '' The Fund became an official international development agency in May 1980 and was renamed the OPEC Fund for International Development ( OFID ) , with Permanent Observer status at the United Nations . 1975 hostage siege ( edit ) `` Carlos the Jackal '' ( KGB photo , 1970s ) Main article : OPEC siege On 21 December 1975 , Saudi Arabia 's Ahmed Zaki Yamani , Iran 's Jamshid Amuzegar , and the other OPEC oil ministers were taken hostage at their semi-annual conference in Vienna , Austria . The attack , which killed three non-ministers , was orchestrated by a six - person team led by Venezuelan terrorist `` Carlos the Jackal '' , and which included Gabriele Kröcher - Tiedemann and Hans - Joachim Klein . The self - named `` Arm of the Arab Revolution '' group declared its goal to be the liberation of Palestine . Carlos planned to take over the conference by force and hold for ransom all eleven attending oil ministers , except for Yamani and Amuzegar who were to be executed . Carlos arranged bus and plane travel for his team and 42 of the original 63 hostages , with stops in Algiers and Tripoli , planning to fly eventually to Baghdad , where Yamani and Amuzegar were to be killed . All 30 non-Arab hostages were released in Algiers , excluding Amuzegar . Additional hostages were released at another stop in Tripoli before returning to Algiers . With only 10 hostages remaining , Carlos held a phone conversation with Algerian President Houari Boumédienne , who informed Carlos that the oil ministers ' deaths would result in an attack on the plane . Boumédienne must also have offered Carlos asylum at this time and possibly financial compensation for failing to complete his assignment . Carlos expressed his regret at not being able to murder Yamani and Amuzegar , then he and his comrades left the plane . All the hostages and terrorists walked away from the situation , two days after it began . Some time after the attack , Carlos 's accomplices revealed that the operation was commanded by Wadie Haddad , a founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine . They also claimed that the idea and funding came from an Arab president , widely thought to be Muammar al - Gaddafi of Libya , itself an OPEC member . Fellow militants Bassam Abu Sharif and Klein claimed that Carlos received and kept a ransom between US $20 million and US $50 million from `` an Arab president '' . Carlos claimed that Saudi Arabia paid ransom on behalf of Iran , but that the money was `` diverted en route and lost by the Revolution '' . He was finally captured in 1994 and is serving life sentences for at least 16 other murders . 1979 -- 1980 oil Crisis and 1980s oil glut ( edit ) Fluctuations of OPEC net oil export revenues since 1972 Main articles : 1979 oil crisis and 1980s oil glut In response to a wave of oil nationalizations and the high prices of the 1970s , industrial nations took steps to reduce their dependence on OPEC oil , especially after prices reached new peaks approaching US $40 / bbl in 1979 -- 1980 when the Iranian Revolution and Iran -- Iraq War disrupted regional stability and oil supplies . Electric utilities worldwide switched from oil to coal , natural gas , or nuclear power ; national governments initiated multibillion - dollar research programs to develop alternatives to oil ; and commercial exploration developed major non-OPEC oilfields in Siberia , Alaska , the North Sea , and the Gulf of Mexico . By 1986 , daily worldwide demand for oil dropped by 5 million barrels , non-OPEC production rose by an even - larger amount , and OPEC 's market share sank from approximately 50 percent in 1979 to less than 30 percent in 1985 . Illustrating the volatile multi-year timeframes of typical market cycles for natural resources , the result was a six - year decline in the price of oil , which culminated by plunging more than half in 1986 alone . As one oil analyst summarized succinctly : `` When the price of something as essential as oil spikes , humanity does two things : finds more of it and finds ways to use less of it . '' To combat falling revenue from oil sales , in 1982 Saudi Arabia pressed OPEC for audited national production quotas in an attempt to limit output and boost prices . When other OPEC nations failed to comply , Saudi Arabia first slashed its own production from 10 million barrels daily in 1979 -- 1981 to just one - third of that level in 1985 . When even this proved ineffective , Saudi Arabia reversed course and flooded the market with cheap oil , causing prices to fall below US $10 / bbl and higher - cost producers to become unprofitable . Faced with increasing economic hardship ( which ultimately contributed to the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989 ) , the `` free - riding '' oil exporters that had previously failed to comply with OPEC agreements finally began to limit production to shore up prices , based on painstakingly negotiated national quotas that sought to balance oil - related and economic criteria since 1986 . ( Within their sovereign - controlled territories , the national governments of OPEC members are able to impose production limits on both government - owned and private oil companies . ) Generally when OPEC production targets are reduced , oil prices increase . 1990 -- 2003 ample supply and modest disruptions ( edit ) See also : 1990 oil price shock One of the hundreds of Kuwaiti oil fires set by retreating Iraqi troops in 1991 Fluctuations of Brent crude oil price , 1988 -- 2015 Leading up to his August 1990 Invasion of Kuwait , Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was pushing OPEC to end overproduction and to send oil prices higher , in order to help OPEC members financially and to accelerate rebuilding from the 1980 -- 1988 Iran -- Iraq War . But these two Iraqi wars against fellow OPEC founders marked a low point in the cohesion of the organization , and oil prices subsided quickly after the short - term supply disruptions . The September 2001 Al Qaeda attacks on the US and the March 2003 US invasion of Iraq had even milder short - term impacts on oil prices , as Saudi Arabia and other exporters again cooperated to keep the world adequately supplied . In the 1990s , OPEC lost its two newest members , who had joined in the mid-1970s . Ecuador withdrew in December 1992 , because it was unwilling to pay the annual US $2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under the OPEC quota , although it rejoined in October 2007 . Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995 ; it rejoined in July 2016 . Iraq has remained a member of OPEC since the organization 's founding , but Iraqi production was not a part of OPEC quota agreements from 1998 to 2016 , due to the country 's daunting political difficulties . Lower demand triggered by the 1997 -- 1998 Asian financial crisis saw the price of oil fall back to 1986 levels . After oil slumped to around US $10 / bbl , joint diplomacy achieved a gradual slowing of oil production by OPEC , Mexico and Norway . In June 2003 , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) and OPEC held their first joint workshop on energy issues . They have continued to meet regularly since then , `` to collectively better understand trends , analysis and viewpoints and advance market transparency and predictability . '' 2003 -- 2011 volatility ( edit ) See also : Oil price increases of 2003 -- 2008 Widespread insurgency and sabotage occurred during the 2003 -- 2008 height of the American occupation of Iraq , coinciding with rapidly increasing oil demand from China and commodity - hungry investors , recurring violence against the Nigerian oil industry , and dwindling spare capacity as a cushion against potential shortages . This combination of forces prompted a sharp rise in oil prices to levels far higher than those previously targeted by OPEC . Price volatility reached an extreme in 2008 , as WTI crude oil surged to a record US $147 / bbl in July and then plunged back to US $32 / bbl in December , during the worst global recession since World War II . OPEC 's annual oil export revenue also set a new record in 2008 , estimated around US $1 trillion , and reached similar annual rates in 2011 -- 2014 ( along with extensive petrodollar recycling activity ) before plunging again . By the time of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and Arab Spring , OPEC started issuing explicit statements to counter `` excessive speculation '' in oil futures markets , blaming financial speculators for increasing volatility beyond market fundamentals . In May 2008 , Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year , having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota . A statement released by OPEC on 10 September 2008 confirmed Indonesia 's withdrawal , noting that OPEC `` regretfully accepted the wish of Indonesia to suspend its full membership in the organization , and recorded its hope that the country would be in a position to rejoin the organization in the not - too - distant future . '' 2008 production dispute ( edit ) Countries by net oil exports ( 2008 ) The differing economic needs of OPEC member states often affect the internal debates behind OPEC production quotas . Poorer members have pushed for production cuts from fellow members , to increase the price of oil and thus their own revenues . These proposals conflict with Saudi Arabia 's stated long - term strategy of being a partner with the world 's economic powers to ensure a steady flow of oil that would support economic expansion . Part of the basis for this policy is the Saudi concern that overly expensive oil or unreliable supply will drive industrial nations to conserve energy and develop alternative fuels , curtailing the worldwide demand for oil and eventually leaving unneeded barrels in the ground . To this point , Saudi Oil Minister Yamani famously remarked in 1973 : `` The Stone Age did n't end because we ran out of stones . '' On 10 September 2008 , with oil prices still near US $100 / bbl , a production dispute occurred when the Saudis reportedly walked out of a negotiating session where rival members voted to reduce OPEC output . Although Saudi delegates officially endorsed the new quotas , they stated anonymously that they would not observe them . The New York Times quoted one such delegate as saying : `` Saudi Arabia will meet the market 's demand . We will see what the market requires and we will not leave a customer without oil . The policy has not changed . '' Over the next few months , oil prices plummeted into the $30 s , and did not return to $100 until the Libyan Civil War in 2011 . 2014 -- 2017 oil glut ( edit ) See also : 2010s oil glut Countries by oil production ( 2013 ) Top oil - producing countries ( million barrels per day , 1973 -- 2016 ) Gusher well in Saudi Arabia : conventional source of OPEC production Shale `` fracking '' in the US : important new challenge to OPEC market share During 2014 -- 2015 , OPEC members consistently exceeded their production ceiling , and China experienced a slowdown in economic growth . At the same time , US oil production nearly doubled from 2008 levels and approached the world - leading `` swing producer '' volumes of Saudi Arabia and Russia , due to the substantial long - term improvement and spread of shale `` fracking '' technology in response to the years of record oil prices . These developments led in turn to a plunge in US oil import requirements ( moving closer to energy independence ) , a record volume of worldwide oil inventories , and a collapse in oil prices that continued into early 2016 . In spite of global oversupply , on 27 November 2014 in Vienna , Saudi Oil Minister Ali Al - Naimi blocked appeals from poorer OPEC members for production cuts to support prices . Naimi argued that the oil market should be left to rebalance itself competitively at lower price levels , strategically rebuilding OPEC 's long - term market share by ending the profitability of high - cost US shale oil production . As he explained in an interview : Is it reasonable for a highly efficient producer to reduce output , while the producer of poor efficiency continues to produce ? That is crooked logic . If I reduce , what happens to my market share ? The price will go up and the Russians , the Brazilians , US shale oil producers will take my share ... We want to tell the world that high - efficiency producing countries are the ones that deserve market share . That is the operative principle in all capitalist countries ... One thing is for sure : Current prices ( roughly US $60 / bbl ) do not support all producers . A year later , when OPEC met in Vienna on 4 December 2015 , the organization had exceeded its production ceiling for 18 consecutive months , US oil production had declined only slightly from its peak , world markets appeared to be oversupplied by at least 2 million barrels per day despite war - torn Libya pumping 1 million barrels below capacity , oil producers were making major adjustments to withstand prices as low as the $40 s , Indonesia was rejoining the export organization , Iraqi production had surged after years of disorder , Iranian output was poised to rebound with the lifting of international sanctions , hundreds of world leaders at the Paris Climate Agreement were committing to limit carbon emissions from fossil fuels , and solar technologies were becoming steadily more competitive and prevalent . In light of all these market pressures , OPEC decided to set aside its ineffective production ceiling until the next ministerial conference in June 2016 . By 20 January 2016 , the OPEC Reference Basket was down to US $22.48 / bbl -- less than one - fourth of its high from June 2014 ( $110.48 ) , less than one - sixth of its record from July 2008 ( $140.73 ) , and back below the April 2003 starting point ( $23.27 ) of its historic run - up . As 2016 continued , the oil glut was partially trimmed with significant production offline in the US , Canada , Libya , Nigeria and China , and the basket price gradually rose back into the $40 s . OPEC regained a modest percentage of market share , saw the cancellation of many competing drilling projects , maintained the status quo at its June conference , and endorsed `` prices at levels that are suitable for both producers and consumers '' , although many producers were still experiencing serious economic difficulties . Then , as OPEC members grew weary of a multi-year supply contest with diminishing returns and shrinking financial reserves , the organization finally attempted its first production cut since 2008 . Despite many political obstacles , a September 2016 decision to trim approximately 1 million barrels per day was codified by a new quota agreement at the November 2016 OPEC conference . The agreement ( which exempted disruption - ridden members Libya and Nigeria ) covered the first half of 2017 -- alongside promised reductions from Russia and ten other non-members , offset by expected increases in the US shale sector , Libya , Nigeria , spare capacity , and surging late - 2016 OPEC production before the cuts took effect . Indonesia announced another `` temporary suspension '' of its OPEC membership , rather than accepting the organization 's requested 5 percent production cut . Prices fluctuated around US $50 / bbl , and OPEC in May 2017 decided to extend the new quotas through March 2018 , with the world waiting to see if and how the oil inventory glut might be fully siphoned - off by then . Longtime oil analyst Daniel Yergin `` described the relationship between OPEC and shale as ' mutual coexistence ' , with both sides learning to live with prices that are lower than they would like . '' See also ( edit ) List of country groupings List of intergovernmental organizations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law '' ( PDF ) . OECD. 1993 . p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Member Countries '' . OPEC . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC 172nd Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . OPEC . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Most Influential People in the Shipping Industry : 3 . OPEC and the oil men '' . 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Retrieved 16 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC : Fifty Years Regulating Oil Market Roller Coaster '' . Inter Press Service . 14 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC discord fuels further oil price drop '' . The Financial Times . 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gülen , S. Gürcan ( 1996 ) . `` Is OPEC a Cartel ? Evidence from Cointegration and Causality Tests '' ( PDF ) . The Energy Journal . 17 ( 2 ) : 43 -- 57 . doi : 10.5547 / issn0195 - 6574 - ej - vol17 - no2 - 3 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2000 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Global Energy Scene '' ( PDF ) . OPEC Bulletin . 43 ( 5 ) : 24 -- 41 . June -- July 2012 . Jump up ^ Browning , Edgar K. ; Zupan , Mark A. ( 2004 ) . `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma and Cheating by Cartel Members '' . Microeconomics : Theory & Applications ( 8th ed . ) . Wiley . pp. 394 -- 396 . ISBN 978 - 0471678717 . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Colgan , Jeff ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` OPEC , the Phantom Menace '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Van de Graaf , Thijs ( 2016 ) . `` Is OPEC dead ? Oil exporters , the Paris agreement and the transition to a post-carbon world '' . Energy Research & Social Science . doi : 10.1016 / j. erss. 2016.10. 005 . Jump up ^ Farah , Paolo Davide ; Cima , Elena ( September 2013 ) . `` Energy Trade and the WTO : Implications for Renewable Energy and the OPEC Cartel '' . Journal of International Economic Law . 16 ( 3 ) : 707 -- 740 . SSRN 2330416 . Jump up ^ Weil , Dan ( 25 November 2007 ) . `` If OPEC Is a Cartel , Why Is n't It Illegal ? '' . Newsmax . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Joelson , Mark R. ; Griffin , Joseph P. ( 1975 ) . `` The Legal Status of Nation - State Cartels Under United States Antitrust and Public International Law '' . The International Lawyer. 9 ( 4 ) : 617 -- 645 . JSTOR 40704964 . Jump up ^ Learsy , Raymond J. ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` NOPEC ( ' No Oil Producing and Exporting Cartels Act ' ) : A Presidential Issue and a Test of Political Integrity '' . Huffington Post . Varied forms of a NOPEC bill have been introduced some 16 times since 1999 , only to be vehemently resisted by the oil industry . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Saudi Oil Minister Ali Naimi '' . Middle East Economic Survey . 57 ( 51 / 52 ) . 22 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saudis Vow to Ignore OPEC Decision to Cut Production '' . The New York Times . 11 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Palley , Thomas I. ( December 2003 ) . `` Lifting the Natural Resource Curse '' . Foreign Service Journal . Jump up ^ Ross , Michael L. ( May 2015 ) . `` What Have We Learned about the Resource Curse ? '' . Annual Review of Political Science . 18 : 239 -- 259 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - polisci - 052213 - 040359 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Oren ( 13 February 2016 ) . `` The Middle East 's Conflicts Are About Religion '' . The National Interest . 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The new era of petroleum trading : spot - oil , spot - related contracts , and futures markets ( PDF ) . The World Bank . pp. 65 -- 69 . ISBN 0 - 8213 - 1199 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Basket Price '' . OPEC . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brent crude and other oil price benchmarks '' . Reuters. 5 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Energy & Financial Markets : What Drives Crude Oil Prices ? '' . US Energy Information Administration . 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Effective ' OPEC Spare Capacity : Reality - Based Data '' ( PDF ) . IEA Energy ( 7 ) : 13 . November 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 billion barrel cushion '' . Oil Market Report . International Energy Agency . 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` General Information '' ( PDF ) . OPEC . May 2012 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yergin , Daniel ( 1991 ) . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money , and Power . 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Jump up ^ `` Gas Fever : Happiness Is a Full Tank '' . Time . 18 February 1974 . Jump up ^ Skidelsky , Robert ( 2009 ) . Keynes : The Return of the Master . Allen Lane . pp. 116 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 258 - 1 . Jump up ^ Masouros , Pavlos E. ( 2013 ) . Corporate Law and Economic Stagnation : How Shareholder Value and Short - Termism Contribute to the Decline of the Western Economies . Eleven International Publishing . pp. 60 -- 62 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Crisis ( 1970s ) '' . The History Channel . 2010 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Horton , Sarah ( October 2000 ) . `` The 1973 Oil Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Pennsylvania Envirothon . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oil Shock : The role of OPEC '' . Socialism Today ( 51 ) . October 2000 . Jump up ^ Aven , Petr ; Nazarov , Vladimir ; Lazaryan , Samvel ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` Twilight of the Petrostate '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . Kuwait Fund . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Oweiss , Ibrahim M. ( 1990 ) . `` Economics of Petrodollars '' . In Esfandiari , Haleh ; Udovitch , A.L. The Economic Dimensions of Middle Eastern History . Darwin Press . pp. 179 -- 199 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Ben ( 21 June 2015 ) . `` Cables Released by WikiLeaks Reveal Saudis ' Checkbook Diplomacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . OFID . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Agreement Establishing the OPEC Fund for International Development '' ( PDF ) . OPEC . 27 May 1980 . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Intergovernmental Organizations '' . United Nations . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bellamy , Patrick . `` Carlos the Jackal : Trail of Terror '' . truTV . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Follain , John ( 1998 ) . Jackal : The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist , Carlos the Jackal . Arcade Publishing . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 1559704663 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Gary ( 28 March 2017 ) . `` ' Carlos the Jackal ' jailed over 1974 Paris grenade attack '' . Sky News . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet '' . US Energy Information Administration . 10 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2008 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet '' . US Energy Information Administration . 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mouawad , Jad ( 3 March 2008 ) . `` Oil Prices Pass Record Set in ' 80s , but Then Recede '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Denning , Liam ( 18 May 2016 ) . `` It 's Saudi Arabia 's World . Big Oil Just Lives In It '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Toth , Ferenc L. ; Rogner , Hans - Holger ( January 2006 ) . `` Oil and nuclear power : Past , present , and future '' ( PDF ) . Energy Economics . 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 25 . 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Oil production in Saudi Arabia increased fourfold , while oil prices collapsed by approximately the same amount in real terms . As a result , the Soviet Union lost approximately $20 billion per year , money without which the country simply could not survive . Jump up ^ McMaken , Ryan ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` The Economics Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall '' . Mises Institute . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . High oil prices in the 1970s propped up the regime so well , that had it not been for Soviet oil sales , it 's quite possible the regime would have collapsed a decade earlier . Jump up ^ `` Brief History '' . OPEC . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Libya orders oil cuts of 270K bpd '' . Associated Press . 30 December 2008 . Libya has asked oil companies to slash production by 270,000 barrels per day . Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. told customers in letters dated Dec. 25 that it was cutting ... 10 to 15 percent of all types of ADNOC crude in February . Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa said the South American nation would suspend crude production by Italy 's Agip and reduce quotas for other companies to comply with new OPEC cuts . Jump up ^ `` Report to Congress : United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance '' . US Environmental Protection Agency . 1991 . p. 14 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Europe Brent Crude Oil Spot Price FOB ( DOE ) '' . Quandl . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Ibrahim , Youssef M. ( 18 July 1990 ) . `` Iraq Threatens Emirates and Kuwait on Oil Glut '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Iraq heads for OPEC clash over quota '' . UPI. 5 February 2010 . Iraq , a founding member of OPEC , has not had a production quota since 1998 , when it was pegged at 1.3 million bpd to allow Saddam Hussein 's regime to sell oil for food during U.N. sanctions imposed in 1990 ... Despite the success of the 2009 auctions , problems remain -- mounting violence in the run - up to March 7 parliamentary elections , uncertainty over their outcome , and , probably more importantly , the absence of a long - delayed oil law that will define revenue - sharing and regulation of the industry . Jump up ^ Putting a Price on Energy ( PDF ) . Energy Charter Secretariat. 2007 . p. 90 . ISBN 9059480465 . Jump up ^ `` Dialogue replaces OPEC -- IEA Mistrust '' ( PDF ) . IEA Energy ( 7 ) : 7 . November 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Greg ( 7 December 2005 ) . `` Dems Doubt Iraq Progress '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Oil price ' may hit $200 a barrel ' '' . BBC News . 7 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Masters , Michael W. ( 20 May 2008 ) . `` Testimony '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs . Jump up ^ Tuttle , Robert ; Galal , Ola ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Oil Ministers See Demand Rising '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opening address to the 159th Meeting of the OPEC Conference '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 149th Meeting of the OPEC Conference '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Owen , Nick A. ; Inderwildi , Oliver R. ; King , David A. ( August 2010 ) . `` The status of conventional world oil reserves : Hype or cause for concern ? '' . Energy Policy . 38 ( 8 ) : 4743 -- 4749 . doi : 10.1016 / j. enpol. 2010.02. 026 . Jump up ^ Al - Naimi , Ali ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Saudi oil policy : stability with strength '' . Saudi Embassy . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Waldman , Peter ( 12 April 2015 ) . `` Saudi Arabia 's Plan to Extend the Age of Oil '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Frei , Matt ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Washington diary : Oil addiction '' . BBC . 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Jump up ^ `` OPEC ceiling falls in '' . Argus Media . 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Kalantari , Hashem ; Sergie , Mohammed ( 2 January 2016 ) . `` Iran Says Post-Sanctions Crude Output Boost Wo n't Hurt Prices '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC 169th Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Halligan , Liam ( 4 June 2016 ) . `` OPEC is very much alive as Saudis learn to tread softly '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Has Its Way as China Oil Output Cut by Most in 15 Years '' . Bloomberg News . 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North America Rig Count '' . Baker Hughes . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Agrees to Cut Production in Drive to End Record Glut '' . Bloomberg News . 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC 171st Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Blas , Javier ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` The World 's Biggest Oil Kingdom Reverses Course '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Hume , Neil ( 28 September 2016 ) . `` OPEC agrees on need for output cut '' . The Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` Russian Energy Minister Says Oil Cuts to Start in January '' . Bloomberg News . 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Said to Break Bread With Shale in Rare Show of Detente '' . Bloomberg News . 7 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Energy portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to OPEC . Official website The OPEC Fund for International Development ( OFID ) official website ( hide ) Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) Algeria Angola Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Gabon Iran Iraq Kuwait Libya Nigeria Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Venezuela List of Secretaries General OPEC Fund for International Development OPEC Reference Basket Heads of state of OPEC member states Bouteflika Dos Santos Moreno Obiang Bongo Khamenei Masum Sabah Sarraj Buhari Tamim Salman Khalifa Maduro Acting heads of state shown in italics . 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"Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, /ˈoʊpɛk/ OH-pek, or OPEP in several other languages) is an intergovernmental organization of 14 nations as of May 2017, founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna. As of 2016, the 14 countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world's \"proven\" oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by American-dominated multinational oil companies."
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"Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries"
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-572605637416014202 | Former Presidents Act | Former presidents Act - wikipedia Former presidents Act The Former Presidents Act ( known also as FPA ; 3 U.S.C. § 102 ) is a 1958 U.S. federal law that provides several lifetime benefits to former presidents of the United States who have not been removed from office . Contents 1 History 2 Current status 2.1 Pension 2.2 Transition 2.3 Staff and office 2.4 Medical insurance 2.5 Secret Service protection 2.6 Diplomatic Immunity 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links History ( edit ) Before 1958 , the U.S. federal government provided no pension or other retirement benefits to former United States presidents . Andrew Carnegie offered to endow a US $25,000 annual pension for former Chief Executives in 1912 , but congressmen questioned the propriety of such a private pension . That prompted legislation to provide benefits to former presidents . When the Former Presidents Act took effect , there were two living former presidents : Herbert Hoover and Harry S. Truman . Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first president to fall under the act upon leaving office . The original act provided for lifetime Secret Service protection for former presidents . In 1997 , it was reduced to 10 years for presidents taking office after 1997 . The 1997 amendment was reverted by the Former Presidents Protection Act of 2012 ( Pub. L. 112 -- 257 ) . All living former presidents and their spouses after Dwight D. Eisenhower are now entitled to receive lifetime Secret Service protection . Current status ( edit ) By law , former presidents are entitled to a pension , staff and office expenses , medical care or health insurance , and Secret Service protection . Pension ( edit ) The Secretary of the Treasury pays a taxable pension to the president . Former presidents receive a pension equal to the pay that the head of an executive department ( Executive Level I ) would be paid , as of 2017 $207,800 per year . The pension begins immediately after a president 's departure from office . A former president 's spouse may also be paid a lifetime annual pension of $20,000 if they relinquish any other statutory pension . Transition ( edit ) Transition funding for the expenses of leaving office is available for seven months . It covers office space , staff compensation , communications services , and printing and postage associated with the transition . Staff and office ( edit ) Private office staff and related funding is provided by the Administrator of the General Services Administration . People employed under this subsection are selected by and responsible only to the former president for the performance of their duties . Each former president fixes basic rates of compensation for persons employed for him , not exceeding an annualized total of $150,000 for the first 30 months and $96,000 thereafter . Medical insurance ( edit ) Former presidents are entitled to medical treatment in military hospitals ; they pay for this at interagency rates set by the Office of Management and Budget . Two - term presidents may buy health insurance under the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program ; a GSA legal opinion ruled Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush ineligible . Secret Service protection ( edit ) Former presidents were entitled from 1965 to 1996 to lifetime Secret Service protection , for themselves , spouses , and children under 16 . A 1994 statute , ( Pub. L. 103 -- 329 ) , limited post-presidential protection to ten years for presidents inaugurated after January 1 , 1997 . Under this statute , Bill Clinton would still be entitled to lifetime protection , and all subsequent presidents would have been entitled to ten years ' protection . On January 10 , 2013 , President Barack Obama signed the Former Presidents Protection Act of 2012 , reinstating lifetime Secret Service protection for his predecessor George W. Bush , himself , and all subsequent presidents . Richard Nixon relinquished his Secret Service protection in 1985 , the only president to do so . Diplomatic immunity ( edit ) Former presidents are entitled to a Diplomatic Passport . This passport is an assurance by the United States government that former presidents do not have trouble obtaining visa rights from other countries . This includes personal travel with this passport . See also ( edit ) Presidential Townhouse Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Smith , Stephanie ( 2008 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Former Presidents : Federal Pension and Retirement Benefits '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . U.S. Senate . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Public Law 112 - 257 Jan. 10 , 2013 Jump up ^ Ann Compton ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` Lifetime Secret Service Protection Restored for Presidents Bush and Obama '' . ABC News . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/salaries-wages/salary-tables/17Tables/exec/html/EX.aspx Jump up ^ Brandon , Emily ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` President Bush Will Get a $196,700 Pension '' . US News and World Report . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Former presidents currently receive a pension that is equal to pay for the head of an executive department . Jump up ^ Brandon , Emily ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) . `` President Bush Will Get a $196,700 Pension '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . Bush 's payouts will grow to $203,600 next year and $210,700 in 2011 Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service : History '' . U.S. Department of Treasury . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . 1965 Congress authorized protection of former presidents and their spouses during their lifetime and minor children until age 16 ... 1997 Congress passed legislation in 1994 stating that presidents elected to office after January 1 , 1997 , will receive Secret Service protection for 10 years after leaving office . Individuals elected to office prior to January 1 , 1997 , will continue to receive lifetime protection . ( Public Law 103 - 329 ) Jump up ^ Ginsberg , Wendy ( 2008 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Former Presidents : Pensions , Office Allowances , and Other Federal Benefit '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . 10 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Nancy ( 1985 - 07 - 28 ) . `` Follow - Up On The News ; Nixon Guards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 18 . His sole reason was to save money for the government , according to his assistant , John Taylor ... Mr. Nixon 's wife , Pat , dropped Secret Service protection last year . The others on the agency 's permanent - protection rolls are former Presidents Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter , and President Lyndon B. Johnson 's widow , Lady Bird . External links ( edit ) National Archives : Former Presidents Act Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Former_Presidents_Act&oldid=847996130 '' Categories : Presidency of the United States United States federal government administration legislation 1958 in American law Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 04 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the pension of the president of the united states | [
"The Secretary of the Treasury pays a taxable pension to the president. Former presidents receive a pension equal to the pay that the head of an executive department (Executive Level I) would be paid, as of 2017[update] $207,800 per year.[4] The pension begins immediately after a president's departure from office.[5] A former president's spouse may also be paid a lifetime annual pension of $20,000 if they relinquish any other statutory pension.[1]\n"
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-8662152310261979841 | Ages of consent in North America | Ages of consent in North America - Wikipedia Ages of consent in North America Age of consent laws in Canada , the U.S. , and Mexico Puberty Less than 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Varies by state / province / region / territory Age of consent laws in Central America Age of consent laws in the Caribbean In North America , the legal age of consent relating to sexual activity varies by jurisdiction . The age of consent in Canada is 16 . As of August 2018 , each U.S. state has set its age of consent at either age 16 , age 17 , or age 18 . The age of consent in Mexico is complex . Typically , Mexican states have a `` primary '' age of consent ( which may be as low as 12 ) , and sexual conduct with persons below that age is always illegal . Sexual relations which occur between adults and teenagers under 18 are left in a legal gray area : laws against corruption of minors as well as estupro laws can be applied to such acts , at the discretion of the prosecution . These laws are situational and are subject to interpretation . The ages of consent in the countries of Central America range from 14 to 18 . The below is a list of all jurisdictions in North America as listed in List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America . Contents 1 Overview 2 Antigua and Barbuda 3 Anguilla ( United Kingdom ) 4 Aruba 5 Bahamas 6 Barbados 7 Belize 8 Bermuda and British Virgin Islands ( United Kingdom ) 9 Canada 9.1 Anal intercourse in Canada 9.2 History of the Canadian age of consent 10 Cayman Islands ( United Kingdom ) 11 Caribbean Netherlands 12 Clipperton Island ( France ) 13 Costa Rica 14 Cuba 15 Curaçao ( Netherlands ) 16 Dominica 17 Dominican Republic 18 El Salvador 19 Greenland ( Denmark ) 20 Grenada 21 Guadeloupe ( France ) 22 Guatemala 23 Haiti 24 Honduras 25 Jamaica 26 Martinique ( France ) 27 Mexico 27.1 Legislative framework 27.2 `` Estupro '' 27.3 Federal Law 27.4 Local laws 27.4. 1 Federal District 28 Montserrat ( United Kingdom ) 29 Nicaragua 30 Panama 31 Puerto Rico ( United States ) 32 Saint Kitts and Nevis 33 Saint Lucia 34 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 35 Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) 36 Trinidad and Tobago 37 United States 38 Virgin Islands ( United States ) 39 See also 40 References Overview The age of consent is the age at or above which a person is considered to have the legal capacity to consent to sexual activity . Both partners must be of legal age to give consent , although exceptions to the age of consent law exist in some jurisdictions when the minor and his or her partner are within a certain number of years in age or when a minor is married to his / her partner . Persons below the age of consent may not , by law , give consent , and sexual relations involving such persons may be punished by criminal sanctions similar to those for rape or sexual assault . Non-violent sexual contact with persons under the age of consent may be punished with varying degrees of severity , ranging from a misdemeanor with a simple fine , to a felony with a punishment equivalent to rape . Different ages may apply if one partner is in a position of power or authority over the other , such as a teacher , manager , coach , parent or stepparent . For example , in Indiana the age of consent is 16 but it is illegal for a person over 18 to have sex with anyone under 18 if they work at their school , are their parent or a stepparent , or are a person recruiting them to join the military . Historically , the age of consent applied to male - female relationships ; same - sex relationships were often illegal regardless of the ages of participants . Modern laws vary , and there may be multiple ages that apply in any jurisdiction . For instance , different ages may apply if the relationship is between partners of the same sex , or if the sexual contact is not strictly vaginal intercourse . Antigua and Barbuda In Antigua and Barbuda , the age of consent is 16 . The Sexual Offences Act of 1995 raised the age of consent from 14 to 16 years of age . Sexual Intercourse with female between fourteen and sixteen 6 . ( 1 ) Where a male person has sexual intercourse with a female person who is not his wife with her consent and who has attained the age of fourteen years but has not yet attained the age of sixteen years , he is guilty of an offence , and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for ten years . ( 2 ) A male person is not guilty of an offence under subsection ( 1 ) -- ( a ) if he honestly believed that the female person was sixteen years of age or more ; or ( b ) if the male person is not more than three years older than the female person and the court is of the opinion that the evidence discloses that as between the male person and the female person , the male person is not wholly or substantially to blame . Sexual intercourse with male under sixteen 7 . ( 1 ) Where a female adult has sexual intercourse with a male person who is not her husband and who is under the age of sixteen years , she is guilty of an offence , whether or not the male person consented to the intercourse , and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for seven years . A female adult is not guilty of an offence under subsection ( 1 ) -- ( a ) if she honestly believed that the male person was sixteen years of age or more ; or ( b ) if the female adult is not more than three years older than the male person and the court is of the opinion that evidence discloses that as between the female adult and the male person , the female adult is not wholly or substantially to blame . Anguilla ( United kingdom ) The age of consent in Anguilla is 16 . It is determined in Part 14 of the Criminal Code - SEXUAL OFFENCES - Sexual Offences Against Minors - by Article 143 . `` Sexual intercourse with person between 14 and 16 years of age '' . Aruba This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Section relies solely on a permanently dead link . Please help improve this section if you can . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The age of consent in Aruba is 15 , as specified in Article 251 of the Criminal Code of Aruba ( which Aruba adapted after its secession from the Netherlands Antilles ) which reads : Article 251 : `` A person who , out of wedlock , with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached fifteen , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than eight years or a fine of at most 100 000 florin '' . Bahamas This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2018 ) In The Bahamas , the age of consent for opposite - sex activity is 16 and the age of consent for same - sex activity is 18 . Homosexuality was legalized in 1991 , but `` public homosexuality '' is an offense that carries a 20 - year jail term without parole . 11 . ( 1 ) Any person who has unlawful sexual intercourse with any person being of or above fourteen years of age and under sixteen years of age , whether with or without the consent of the person with whom he had unlawful sexual intercourse , is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for life subject to , on a first conviction for the offence , a term of imprisonment of seven years and , in the case of a second or subsequent conviction for the offence , a term of imprisonment of fourteen years . Barbados This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2018 ) In Barbados the age of consent is 16 . Section 5 , part I `` Sexual intercourse with person between 14 and 16 '' of the Sexual Offences Act 1992 ( 1 ) Where a person has sexual intercourse with another with the other 's consent and that other person has attained the age of 14 but has not yet attained the age of 16 that person is guilty of an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term of 10 years . Belize In Belize , the age of consent is 16 , regardless of sexual orientation or gender . The legislation reads : Criminal Code ( CAP. 101 ) Section 47.1 `` Every person who , with or without consent , has sexual intercourse with a person who is under the age of fourteen years commits the offence of unlawful sexual intercourse and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term that is not less than twelve years but may extend to imprisonment for life . '' Section 47.2 `` Every person who has unlawful sexual intercourse with a person who is above the age of fourteen years but under the age of sixteen years , commits an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term that is not less than five years but no more than ten years . '' Bermuda and British Virgin Islands ( United kingdom ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2018 ) Age of sexual consent is 16 , regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender . Canada The Tackling Violent Crime Act took effect on 1 May 2008 , raising the age of consent from 14 to 16 . There exist two close - in - age exemptions , depending on the age of the younger partner . A youth of twelve or thirteen can consent to sexual activity with an individual less than two years older than they . A fourteen - or fifteen - year - old can consent to sexual activity with a partner who is less than five years older than they . Criminal law ( including the definition of the age of consent ) is in the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government , so the age of consent is uniform throughout Canada . Section 151 of the Criminal Code of Canada makes it a crime to touch , for a sexual purpose , any person under the age of 16 years . Section 153 then goes on to prohibit the sexual touching of a person under 18 by a person in three circumstances : if he or she is in a `` position of trust or authority '' towards the youth , if the youth is in a `` relationship of dependency '' with him or her , or if the relationship is `` exploitative '' . The term `` position of trust or authority '' is not defined in the Code but the courts have ruled that parents , teachers , and medical professionals hold a position of trust or authority towards youth they care for or teach . Section 153 ( 1.2 ) of the Code provides that a judge can infer whether or not a relationship is `` exploitative '' by considering its nature and circumstances including how old the youth is , the difference in ages between the partners , how the relationship evolved , and the degree of control or influence that the older partner has over the youth . The `` position of trust under 18 '' anti-exploitation rules were expanded in 2005 by Bill C - 2 where a judge may choose to term a situation to be sexual exploitation based on the nature and circumstances of the relationship including the age of the younger party , age difference , evolution of the relationship ( how it developed , e.g. quickly and secretly over the Internet ) , the control or influence over the young person ( degree of control or influence the other person had over the young person ) . This passed before the 2008 amendments , and they were not repealed so they are still in effect and can apply towards adults in these situations with young persons over the age of consent and under 18 ( 16 - 17 ) . Where an accused is charged with an offence under s . 151 ( Sexual Interference ) , s . 152 ( Invitation to sexual touching ) , s . 153 ( 1 ) ( Sexual exploitation ) , s . 160 ( 3 ) ( Bestiality in presence of or by child ) , or s . 173 ( 2 ) ( Indecent acts ) , or is charged with an offence under s . 271 ( Sexual assault ) , s . 272 ( Sexual assault with a weapon , threats to a third party , or causing bodily harm ) , or s . 273 ( Aggravated sexual assault ) in respect of a complainant under the age of sixteen years , it is not a defense that the complainant consented to the activity that forms the subject - matter of the charge . Anal intercourse in Canada Section 159 of the Criminal Code criminalizes anal intercourse , but provides exceptions for a husband and wife , and any two persons 18 years of age or older . These exceptions do not apply if a third person is present , or if the anal intercourse takes place anywhere but in private . However , courts in Ontario , Quebec , and Alberta have independently declared s . 159 to be unconstitutional as violations of the equality provision of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . History of the Canadian age of consent See also : Age of consent reform in Canada During the 19th century , the age of consent for heterosexual vaginal sex was 12 ; in 1890 , the Parliament raised the age of consent to 14 . The punishment for anyone who had sexual intercourse with someone younger than 14 was life imprisonment and whipping , while the punishment for anyone who attempted to seduce an underage girl was two years ' imprisonment and whipping . Canada had also laws against `` seducing '' minor girls who were over the age of consent . In 1886 , a law was enacted that made the `` seduction '' of a girl over 12 and under 16 `` of previously chaste character '' a criminal offence ; the `` seduction '' of a female under 18 `` under promise of marriage '' was also made illegal in 1886 , and amended in 1887 to apply to females under 21 . After the raising of the age of consent to 14 , the laws against `` seducing '' minor girls were amended to apply to those older than 14 , and various laws of this kind have remained in force through the 20th century . The age of consent was raised from 14 to 16 in the spring of 2008 , when the Tackling Violent Crime Act became effective . The new measures still allow for close - in - age exceptions between 12 and 16 : if there is no more than a two - year gap for those 12 and 13 , or a five - year gap for those 14 and 15 . Anal sex remains illegal with exceptions for those over 18 , if they comply with the restrictions set out under section 159 . Female homosexuality was never illegal in the former British colonies ; oral sex was legalized in 1969 with the same age of consent as vaginal sex . Also introduced in 1969 were the exceptions regarding criminal anal sex ( effectively legalizing it ) , but with a higher age barrier set at 21 , under section 159 ; in 1988 , the age barrier for these exceptions was lowered to 18 . As of 2008 there are no plans to repeal section 159 , even though it has been ruled unconstitutional in some Canadian provinces . Cayman Islands ( United kingdom ) The age of consent in Cayman Islands is 16 . Defilement of girls under sixteen years of age , etc . 134 . ( 1 ) Whoever unlawfully and carnally - ( a ) knows any girl under the age of twelve years is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for twenty years ; or ( b ) knows any girl between the ages of twelve and sixteen years is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for twelve years . Indecent assaults on females 132 . ( 1 ) It is an offence for a person to make an indecent assault on a woman . ( 2 ) A girl under the age of sixteen can not in law give any consent which would prevent an act being an assault for the purposes of this section . Caribbean Netherlands The age of consent in the Caribbean Netherlands ( Bonaire , Saba and Sint Eustatius ) is 16 , as specified by the Criminal Code BES , Articles 251 , which reads : Art 251 : `` A person who , out of wedlock , with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached sixteen , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years '' . Before prosecution , the public attorney will , if possible , allow the minor to indicate if prosecution is deemed desirable . Clipperton Island ( France ) Clipperton Island is an uninhabited nine - square - kilometre ( approx . 3.5 - square - mile ) coral atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean , a state private property under the direct authority of the French government , administered by the Minister of Overseas France . The laws of France where applicable apply . See Age of consent Europe # France . Costa Rica See also : LGBT rights in Costa Rica In Costa Rica under the Penal Code of 2004 , the age of consent is 18 , regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender . Spanish : Artículo 159. - Será sancionado con pena de prisión de dos a seis años , quien aprovechándose de la edad , se haga acceder o tenga acceso carnal con una persona de uno u otro sexo , mayor de trece años y menor de quince años , por la vía oral , anal o vaginal , con su consentimiento . Igual pena se impondrá si la acción consiste en la introducción de uno o varios dedos , objetos o animales por la vía vaginal o anal . Translation : Article 159 . Anyone who , taking advantage of age , attempts to obtain or obtains carnal access , by oral , anal or vaginal penetration , to a person of either sex who is over 13 and under 15 years of age , with his or her consent , shall be punished with two to six years ' imprisonment . A similar penalty shall be imposed if the act involves the introduction of one or more fingers , objects or animals into the vagina or anus . The age of consent used to be 15 , but it was increased in recent years after legal reform . Cuba This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2018 ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Section relies solely on a dead link . Please help improve this section if you can . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The age of consent in Cuba is 16 . Curaçao ( Netherlands ) The age of consent in Curaçao is 15 , as specified by the Criminal Code of the Netherlands Antilles ( which Curaçao did n't change after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles ) , Articles 251 , which reads : Art 251 : `` A person who , out of wedlock , with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached fifteen , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years '' . For children 12 - 14 prosecution only takes place upon a `` complaint '' by the minor , his parents , teacher , or the guardianship board . Dominica In Dominica the age of consent is 16 . `` Defilement of girls between fourteen ( 14 ) and sixteen ( 16 ) years of age '' , Article 4 of the Sexual Offences Act `` ( 1 ) Subject to subsections ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) , any person who - a ) unlawfully and carnally knows , or attempts to have unlawful carnal knowledge of any girl of or above the age of fourteen ( 14 ) years and under the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years ( ... ) - is liable to imprisonment for seven years . Dominican Republic The age of consent in the Dominican Republic is 18 . El Salvador. In El Salvador , the age of consent appears to be 18 ( although the laws are not clear cut in regard to sexual acts with persons aged between 15 and 18 ) . CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN 15 : VIOLACIÓN EN MENOR O INCAPAZ Art . 159. - El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal con menor de quince años de edad o con otra persona aprovechándose de su enajenación mental , de su estado de inconsciencia o de su incapacidad de resistir , será sancionado con prisión de catorce a veinte años . Approximate translation : `` Anyone who has vaginal or anal sexual intercourse with a minor younger than fifteen years of age or of another person by taking advantage of their insanity , their state of unconsciousness or inability to resist , shall be punished with imprisonment of fourteen to twenty years . '' CHILDREN AGED BETWEEN 15 AND 18 : Several laws apply to sex with persons aged between 15 and 18 . Article 169 makes it illegal to `` promote , facilitate , manage , finance , instigate or organize in any way the use of persons under eighteen years of age in sexual or erotic acts individually or organized , publicly or privately '' . Art . 169. - El que promoviere , facilitare , administrare , financiare , instigare u organizare de cualquier forma la utilización de personas menores de dieciocho años en actos sexuales o eróticos , de manera individual u organizada , de forma pública o privada , será sancionado con pena de tres a ocho años de prisión . En igual responsabilidad incurrirá quien con conocimiento de causa autorizare el uso o arrendare el inmueble para realizar cualquiera de las actividades descritas en el inciso anterior . Approximate translation : Article 169 . - Any person who promotes , facilitates , manages , finances , instigates or organizes in any way the use of persons under eighteen years of age in sexual or erotic acts , individually or organized , publicly or privately , shall be punished with penalty of three to eight years in prison . Similarly , anyone who knowingly authorizes the use or rents a property to perform any of the activities described in the preceding paragraph , incurs criminal liability . Article 167 makes it illegal to `` promote or facilitate the corruption of a person under eighteen ( ... ) through various sexual acts of carnal knowledge , even if the victim consents to participate in them '' . CORRUPCIÓN DE MENORES E INCAPACES Art . 167. - El que promoviere o facilitare la corrupción de una persona menor de dieciocho años de edad o de un deficiente mental , mediante actos sexuales diversos del acceso carnal , aunque la víctima consintiere participar en ellos , será sancionado con prisión de seis a doce años . Approximate translation : Article 167 . - Any person who promotes or facilitates the corruption of a person under eighteen years of age or a mentally handicapped through various sexual acts of carnal knowledge , even if the victim consents to participate in them , shall be punished with imprisonment of six to twelve years . Article 171 deals with `` obscene exhibition '' , and also appears to set the age of consent at 18 . EXHIBICIONES OBSCENAS Art . 171. - El que ejecutare o hiciere ejecutar an otros actos lúbricos o de exhibición obscena , o indecorosa , en lugar público o expuesto al público o bien ante menores de dieciocho años de edad o deficientes mentales , será sancionado con prisión de dos a cuatro años . Approximate translation : Art . 171 . Anyone who performs or makes others perform acts of lewd or lascivious exhibition , or indecency in a public place or a place open to the public or to minors under eighteen years of age or mentally handicapped , shall be punished with imprisonment from two to four years . Articles 163 and 154 of the Penal Code ( Código Penal ) deal with estupro and make it illegal to use deception ( engaño ) or to take advantage of one 's superiority ( superioridad ) that arises from a relationship in order to gain sexual access to teenagers aged between 15 and 18 . ESTUPRO Art . 163. - El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal mediante engaño , con persona mayor de quince años y menor de dieciocho años de edad , será sancionado con prisión de cuatro a diez años . Approximate translation : Art . 163 . `` Anyone who has vaginal or anal intercourse , by using deception , with a person over fifteen and under eighteen years of age , shall be punished with imprisonment of four to ten years '' . ESTUPRO POR PREVALIMIENTO Art . 164. - El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal con persona mayor de quince y menor dieciocho años de edad , prevaliéndose de la superioridad originada por cualquier relación , será sancionado con prisión de seis a doce años . Approximate translation : Art . 164 . `` Anyone who has vaginal or anal intercourse with a person over fifteen and under eighteen years of age , relying on the superiority arising from any relationship , shall be punished with imprisonment from six to twelve years . '' Greenland ( Denmark ) The laws of Denmark , where applicable , apply . See Ages of consent in Europe # Denmark . Grenada The age of consent in Grenada is 16 . Penalties are 30 years ' imprisonment if the victim is less than 14 , and 15 years ' imprisonment if the victim is 14 to 16 years of age . Guadeloupe ( France ) For this section , see Ages of consent in Europe § France . Guatemala In Guatemala , the age of consent is 18 , regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender . The Law against Sexual Violence , Exploitation , and Trafficking in Persons was passed in February 2009 , and provides sentences ranging from 13 to 24 years in prison , depending on the young persons age , for sex with a minor . Haiti This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2018 ) The age of consent in Haiti is 18 . Honduras Honduras , the age of consent is considered to be 14 . Article 142 . The stupor of a person older than fourteen ( 14 ) and under eighteen ( 18 ) years taking advantage of trust , hierarchy or authority , is punishable by six ( 6 ) to eight ( 8 ) years of imprisonment . When rape is committed by deception is punishable by five ( 5 ) to seven ( 7 ) years of imprisonment . Article 143 . The sexual intercourse with parents or children , brothers , or relationship between adopter and adopted , with stepparent , when the victim is over eighteen ( 18 ) years constitutes the crime of incest , will be punished with four ( 4 ) to six ( 6 ) years of imprisonment and shall proceed under complaint by the injured party or his legal representative . When the victim is older than fourteen ( 14 ) and under eighteen ( 18 ) years , the penalty shall be increased in a medium ( 1 / 2 ) . Article 144 . Whoever for sexual character and by force , intimidation or deceit abducts or retains a person shall be punished by imprisonment of four ( 4 ) to six ( 6 ) years . When the victim of this crime is a person under eighteen ( 18 ) years of age , it is punishable with the penalty prescribed in the preceding paragraph increased by half ( 1 / 2 ) . Jamaica In Jamaica the age of consent is 16 . `` Above twelve ( 12 ) and under sixteen ( 16 ) '' , Article 50 , Offences Against the Person `` Whosoever shall unlawfully and carnally know and abuse any girl being above the age of twelve ( 12 ) years and under the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years shall be guilty of a misdemeanour , and being convicted thereof , shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years ; Martinique ( France ) For this section , see Ages of consent in Europe § France . Mexico Legislative framework In Mexico , criminal legislation is shared between the federal and state governments . The federal law establishes the age of 12 as the minimum age of consent , while the age at which there are no restrictions for consensual sexual activities is 18 ( sex with someone 12 - 18 is not illegal per se , but can still be open to prosecution under certain circumstances ) . Local state laws may override the federal law . In practice , the decision as to whether or not to prosecute is left to state authorities regardless of the younger person 's age . At state level , the minimum ages of consent vary between 12 ( and puberty in a few states ) and 15 , while the age at which there are no restrictions for consensual sexual activities vary from 16 to 18 ( most common 18 ) . `` Estupro '' Estupro is a crime existing across Mexico , as well as in other Latin American jurisdictions . Although the definitions vary by state , it is usually defined as sexual conduct with a child who has reached the minimum age of consent but is under 18 ( 16 or 17 in some states ) when the consent of the child is obtained by seduction and / or deceit . For instance the law of Aguascalientes reads : `` El estupro consiste en realizar cópula con persona mayor de doce y menor de dieciséis años de edad , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de seducción o engaño . '' ( translation : Estupro consists in copulating with a person over twelve and under sixteen years old , obtaining his / her consent through seduction or deceit ) . Traditionally , estupro applied only to acts committed with a girl , and required `` chastity '' or `` honesty '' of the girl . The vast majority of Mexican states have modernized their laws by removing the requirement of `` chastity '' or `` honesty '' and by making the laws gender neutral . However , traditional laws still exist in some states : for instance , the law of Baja California reads : Al que realice cópula con mujer de catorce años de edad y menor de dieciocho , casta y honesta , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de la seducción o el engaño ( translation : `` Whoever copulates with a chaste and honest female over fourteen and under eighteen years old , obtaining her consent through seduction or deceit '' ) . Some states have removed the requirement of `` chastity '' or `` honesty '' , but continue to define estupro as applicable only to girls . For instance , in Campeche the law states : Al que tenga cópula con mujer mayor de doce años pero menor de dieciocho , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de la seducción o el engaño ( translation : `` Whoever copulates with a female over twelve and under eighteen years old , obtaining her consent through seduction or deceit '' ) . The exact type of coercion that must be used varies by state , for example the Federal Law only makes reference to `` deceit '' , omitting `` seduction '' ( it reads : Al que tenga cópula con persona mayor de doce años y menor de dieciocho , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de engaño , translation : `` Whoever copulates with a person over twelve and under eighteen years old , obtaining his / her consent through deceit '' ) . Federal law Article 261 of the Federal Criminal Code ( PDF ) states that : `` Whoever , without the purpose of reaching copulation , performs a sexual act in a person under 12 or in a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason can not resist , or demands that the act is performed , will be punished with a term of 2 to 5 years in prison '' . If the offender uses moral or physical violence , an extra half term is added to the initial time . Article 266 refers to the previous article 265 , which covers the rape of adults in general and establishes a term of 8 to 14 years in prison for sex obtained through physical or moral violence . Article 266 then states that : `` It is equivalent to rape and will be punished with the same penalty : ( 1st Clause ) -- who without violence performs a copulation with a person under 12 '' . The 3rd Clause of this article punishes with the same penalties also `` the vaginal or anal introduction of objects , without violence and with lascivious goals '' , in a person under 12 or in a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the fact , or for any reason can not resist . If any of the aforementioned acts is performed with physical or moral violence , the sentence is raised in up to a half . A further article , 266 Bis , determines an extra penalty of up to a half under certain circumstances -- ( a ) when there are multiple offenders ; ( b ) when the offense is committed by a parent , legal guardian , stepfather or `` companion '' ( amasio ) of the mother ; ( c ) when there is an abuse of authority of someone as a civil servant ; ( d ) when the crime is committed by a person who has the minor under his or her custody , guard or education , or yet through the abuse of trust . There is another crime in Article 262 for consented sex with adolescents aged 12 to 18 , when consent is obtained through deceit . The penalty is 3 months to 4 years in prison . This crime , however , is prosecuted only through a complaint of the minor or his / her parents or legal guardians , as determined in Article 263 . Artículo 262 del Código Penal : `` Al que tenga cópula con persona mayor de doce años y menor de dieciocho , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de engaño , se le aplicará de tres meses a cuatro años de prisión . '' Translation : Article 262 : `` Whoever copulates with a person over twelve and under eighteen years old , obtaining his / her consent through deceit '' Article 201 prohibits the `` corruption '' of a minor under 16 . Further reading : Official version - Mexican Chamber of Deputies website ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived 22 November 2007 ) Copy in HTML / PDF , browsable by section ( in Spanish ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived 7 August 2007 ) Interpol website ( in Spanish ) at the Library of Congress Web Archives ( archived 27 September 2001 ) ) Local laws State Minimum age of consent ( sex with persons under this age is always illegal ) Age at which there are no restrictions ( sex with persons below this age is not illegal per se , but it is still open to prosecution ) `` Violación equiparada '' `` Estupro '' Aguascalientes 12 16 125 122 Baja California 14 18 177 182 Baja California Sur 12 18 286 290 Campeche 12 18 234 230 Chiapas 12 18 157 bis 155 Chihuahua 14 18 172 177 Coahuila 12 16 386 394 Colima 14 18 209 211 Distrito Federal 12 18 181 bis 180 Durango 14 18 394 388 Guanajuato 12 16 181 185 Guerrero 12 18 140 145 Hidalgo 12 18 180 185 Jalisco 12 18 176 142 - I México 15 18 273 271 Michoacán 12 16 240 243 Morelos 12 18 154 159 Nayarit Puberty 18 260 258 Nuevo León 14 18 266 262 Oaxaca 12 18 247 243 Puebla 12 18 272 266 Querétaro 12 18 161 167 Quintana Roo 12 18 127 130 San Luis Potosí 12 16 152 149 Sinaloa 12 18 180 184 Sonora 12 18 219 215 Tabasco 12 17 150 153 Tamaulipas 12 18 275 270 Tlaxcala 14 18 221 291 Veracruz 14 16 182 185 Yucatán 13 16 315 311 Zacatecas 13 18 237 234 All Mexican states ( as well as Mexico City ) have corruption of minors statutes that can , upon complaint of the family ( or minor ) , be used to punish sexual relations with persons under eighteen . Although actual prosecutions for violations of Corruption of Minors statutes ( and age of consent statutes in general ) tend to be sporadic , regional , and very situation dependent , many Mexican states nonetheless classify Corruption of Minors as a `` Delito Grave '' ( Major Crime ) in their penal codes . Additionally , all the states have `` Estupro '' laws that can , upon complaint of the family ( or minor ) , be used to prosecute adults who engage in sexual intercourse with minors by seduction or deceit ( the exact definitions of this crime vary by state , see section estupro , above ) . In some Mexican jurisdictions prosecutors have chosen to prosecute consensual sexual activity involving adults and underage minors only upon complaint by the minor , or a custodial complaint . Federal District The age of consent in the Federal District ( Mexico City ) is 12 , one of the lowest in the world , and the overall criminal legislation of Mexico 's capital is close to that of the federal law regarding this subject , although tougher in some aspects -- higher penalties and broader definitions . According to the Estatuto del Gobierno del Distrito Federal ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) ( Government Statute of the Federal District ) , Article 42 , Clause XII , the District 's Legislative Assembly has powers to legislate in criminal law . Article 175 of the Federal District Criminal Code refers to the previous Article 174 , which stipulates a term of 6 to 17 years of prison for the rape of adults , while defining copulation as `` the introduction of the penis in the human body through the vagina , anus or mouth '' . Article 175 ( violación ) then states that : `` It is equivalent to rape and will be punished with the same penalty : '' ( first clause ) -- `` who performs a copulation with a person under 12 years of age or with a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason can not resist '' ; the second clause defines whosoever `` introduces in the vagina or anus any element , instrument or any part of the human body different from the penis '' as having committed the same crime , in relation to these same persons . Article 177 covers `` sexual abuse '' and punishes other acts referred as `` unintentional '' acts -- `` who without purpose of reaching copulation , performs a sexual act with a person under 12 or a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason can not resist it , or that demands that such act is observed or performed , will be punished with 2 to 7 years in prison '' . In both Articles ( 175 and 177 ) , there is an extra half term in case of physical or moral violence . And according to Article 178 , there is also a punishment of an extra two thirds of the term under the same circumstances foreseen in Article 266 Bis of the Federal Law ( see above ) , added by two new circumstances -- ( clause V ) when the victim is inside a private vehicle or a public service vehicle ; and ( clause VI ) when the crime is committed in a desert or isolated place . There is a crime called estupro stipulated in Article 180 , which refers to consented sex with adolescents aged 12 to 18 , when consent is obtained through any means of deceit . The penalty is 6 months to 4 years of prison . This crime needs a complaint ( querella ) to be prosecuted . There is a Corruption of Minors statute ( Article 184 ) that can be used to punish by imprisonment , for seven to twelve years , adults who engage in sexual relations with persons under eighteen . This situation exists all over Mexico , and can be prosecuted upon complaint of victim or the victim 's family . Montserrat ( United kingdom ) The age of consent in Montserrat is 16 . Unlawful sexual intercourse with girl under age of sixteen 121. ( 1 ) Subject to the provisions of the section , a man who has unlawful sexual intercourse with a girl above the age of thirteen and under the age of sixteen shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for two years . ( 2 ) It is immaterial in the case of a charge for an offence under this section that the intercourse was had with the consent of the girl concerned . Indecent assault on a woman 122. ( 1 ) Subject to the provisions of this section , any man who makes an indecent assault on a woman shall be guilty of an offence and liable -- ( ... ) ( 2 ) A girl under the age of sixteen years can not in law give consent which would prevent an act being an assault for the purposes of this section . Nicaragua In Nicaragua , the age of consent is 18 , although , in regard to young people 16 - 17 , the law ( Article 175 ) is not clear cut . Article 170 . Statutory rape Anyone who is married or in a stable de facto union or who is of age and who , without violence or intimidation , has or allows carnal access with a person aged between 14 and 16 shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of two to four years . Article 175 . Sexual exploitation , pornography and paid sexual acts with adolescents Anyone who induces , provides , promotes or uses persons aged under 16 or a disabled person for sexual or erotic purposes , forcing them to witness or participate in an act or show in public or in private , even if the victim consents to witness or participate in such an act , shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of five to seven years , or four to six years if the victim is aged between 16 and 18 . ( ... ) Article 168 . Rape of children under the age of 14 Anyone who has or allows carnal access with a person aged under 14 or who , for sexual purposes , inserts or forces the victim to insert a finger , object or instrument , by way of the vagina , anus or mouth , with or without consent , shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of 12 to 15 years . Article 172 . Sexual abuse Anyone who engages in lewd acts with or improper touching of another person , without their consent , ( ... ) In no circumstances shall the victim be considered to have given consent if the victim is under the age of 14 or has a mental disability or illness . Panamá In Panama , the age of consent is in general 18 , although sexual conduct with children aged 14 to 18 is not always illegal . Artículo 176 . Quien , valiéndose de una condición de ventaja , logre acceso sexual con persona mayor de catorce años y menor de dieciocho , aunque medie consentimiento , será sancionado con prisión de dos a cuatro años Translation : Article 176 . Whoever , using a condition of advantage , achieves sexual intercourse with a person over fourteen and under eighteen , even with consent , shall be punished with imprisonment from two to four years This does not apply if the age difference is less than 5 - years and the partners are in a stable couple relationship . No se aplicarán las sanciones señaladas en este artículo cuando entre la víctima y el agente exista una relación de pareja permanente debidamente comprobada y siempre que la diferencia de edad no supere los cinco años . Translation : The sanctions provided in this article do not apply if there is a couple relationship duly established between the victim and the agent , and the age difference does not exceed five years . Puerto Rico ( United states ) See also : Ages of consent in the United States The age of consent in Puerto Rico is 16 . There is a 4 - year close - in - age exception subject to a minimum age of 14 . Article 130. - Sexual Assault. - Any person who performs sexual penetration , whether an orogenital act or vaginal or anal sex penetration , whether genital , digital , or instrumental ... shall be punished ... when the victim has not attained the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years , except when the victim is over fourteen ( 14 ) years old and the age difference between the victim and the accused is four ( 4 ) years or less . Article 133. - Lewd Acts. - Any person who , without the intention to consummate the crime of sexual assault described in Article 130 , subjects another person to an act that tends to awaken , excite or satisfy the sexual passion or desire of the accused ... shall be punished ... when the victim has not attained the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years at the time of the act . Saint Kitts and Nevis The age of consent in Saint Kitts and Nevis is 16 . Saint Lucia The age of consent in Saint Lucia is 16 . Saint Vincent and the Grenadines The age of consent in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is 15 . The penalty for statutory rape of a girl over 13 but under 15 is five years ' imprisonment ; under 13 it is life imprisonment . Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) The age of consent in Sint Maarten is 15 , as specified by the Criminal Code of the Netherlands Antilles ( which Sint Maarten did not change after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles ) , Articles 251 , which reads : Art 251 : 1 . `` A person who , out of wedlock , with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached fifteen , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years '' . Prosecution for the violation of the above article only takes place upon a `` complaint '' by the minor , his parents , teacher , or the guardianship board ( Art 251 , 2 . 3 . 4 . ) Trinidad and Tobago The age of consent in Trinidad and Tobago is 18 , as per the Children Act , 2012 . It was raised from 16 to 18 in 2015 . The Children Act , 2012 defines a `` child '' as `` a person under the age of eighteen years '' . 18 . Subject to section 20 , a person who sexually penetrates a child commits an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for life . 19 . ( 1 ) Subject to section 20 , where a person touches a child and -- ( a ) the touching is sexual ; and ( b ) the child is under sixteen years of age , the person commits an offence . ( 2 ) A person who commits an offence under subsection ( 1 ) is liable -- ( a ) on summary conviction , to a fine of fifty thousand dollars and to imprisonment for ten years ; or ( b ) on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for twenty years . ( 3 ) Where a person commits an offence under subsection ( 1 ) , and the touching involves the placing of any body part or of an object onto the penis or bodily orifice of a child , that person is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life . Three close - in - age exemptions exist , as per section 20 : 20 . ( 1 ) A person sixteen years of age or over but under twenty - one years of age is not liable under section 18 if -- ( a ) he is less than three years older than the child against whom he is purported to have perpetrated the offence ; ( b ) he is not in a familial relationship with the child nor in a position of trust in relation to the child ; ( c ) he is not of the same sex as the child ; and ( d ) the circumstances do not reveal any element of exploitation , coercion , threat , deception , grooming or manipulation in the relationship . ( 2 ) A person fourteen years of age or over but under sixteen years of age is not liable under section 18 or 19 if -- ( a ) he is less than two years older than the child against whom he is purported to have perpetrated the offence ; ( b ) he is not in a familial relationship with the child nor in a position of trust in relation to the child ; ( c ) he is not of the same sex as the child ; and ( d ) the circumstances do not reveal any element of exploitation , coercion , threat , deception , grooming or manipulation in the relationship . ( 3 ) A person twelve years of age or over but under fourteen years of age is not liable under section 18 or 19 if -- ( a ) he is less than two years older than the child against whom he is purported to have perpetrated the offence ; ( b ) he is not in a familial relationship with the child nor in a position of trust in relation to the child ; ( c ) he is not of the same sex as the child ; and ( d ) the circumstances do not reveal any element of exploitation , coercion , threat , deception , grooming or manipulation in the relationship . United states General ages of consent in the 50 U.S. states , the District of Columbia , and the inhabited U.S. territories Main article : Ages of consent in the United States In the United States , the age of consent laws are made at the state , territorial , and federal district levels . There exist several federal statutes related to protecting minors from sexual predators , but none of them imposes an age limit on sexual acts . On 26 June 2003 , both heterosexual and homosexual sodomy became legal in all U.S. states , territories , and the District of Columbia under the U.S. Supreme Court decision Lawrence v. Texas ( between non-commercial , consenting adults in a private bedroom ) . In State v. Limon ( 2005 ) , the Kansas Supreme Court used Lawrence as a precedent to overturn the state 's `` Romeo and Juliet '' law , which proscribed lesser penalties for heterosexuals than homosexuals convicted of similar age of consent related offenses . Each U.S. state has its own age of consent , as does the District of Columbia . As of August 1 , 2018 , the age of consent in each state in the United States was either 16 years of age , 17 years of age , or 18 years of age . The most common age of consent is 16 . Virgin Islands ( United states ) See also : Ages of consent in the United States The age of consent is 18 . There is however a close - in - age exemption that allows minors 16 and 17 years old to consent with someone no more than five years older than themselves and minors 13 to 15 years old to consent with one another , but not with anyone 16 or over . Article § 1700 . Aggravated rape in the first degree bans sexual intercourse or sodomy with a child under 13 . Sexual acts with minors are aggravated by the use of force , intimidation , or the perpetrator 's position of authority , and by the fact that the minor , being under 16 and not the perpetrator 's spouse , is residing in the same household as the perpetrator. ( see Article § 1700 , Article § 1702 , Article § 1708 ) . Other relevant articles of the criminal code are : § 1702 . Rape in the second degree ( a ) Any person over 18 years of age who perpetrates under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree , an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is at least 16 years but less than 18 years of age , and the perpetrator is 5 years or older than the victim , is guilty of rape in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years . § 1703 . Rape in the third degree Any person under 18 years of age but over 16 years of age who perpetrates an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is under 16 years of age but over 13 years of age , under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree , is guilty of rape in the third degree and shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Family Division of the Superior Court `` Sexual contact '' , that is , non-penetrative sex , defined as `` the intentional touching of a person 's intimate parts , whether directly or through clothing , to arouse or to gratify the sexual desires of any person '' is not permitted with children under 16 , but a close - in - age exemption allows those aged at least 13 to engage in such acts with partners under 18 . § 1708 . Unlawful sexual contact in the first degree A person who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse -- ( ... ) ( 2 ) when the other person is under thirteen years of age ; § 1709 . Unlawful sexual contact in the second degree A person over eighteen years of age who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is over thirteen but under sixteen years of age is guilty of unlawful sexual contact in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 1 year Paraphrasing Virgin Islands Code : V.I.C. § 1700 - 1709 Virgin Islands Code and appeals records Francis vs. VI NOTE : `` mistake of fact as to the victim 's age is not a defense '' . See also North America portal Sexuality portal Law portal Age of consent reform Ages of consent in Africa Ages of consent in Asia Ages of consent in Europe Ages of consent in Oceania Ages of consent in South America Child sexual abuse Fantasy defense Jailbait Adolescent sexuality in Canada Sex education Comprehensive sex education References Jump up ^ Murdoch , Kieron ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` CARIBBEAN : Magistrate says do not tolerate pre-consent aged teens having sex '' . St. Lucia News Online . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 February 2010 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld 2003 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Antigua and Barbuda '' . UNHCR . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anguilla Laws '' . Anguilla Laws . 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It is an offense of rape : sexual intercourse with a person of either sex through violence or threat of causing the taxpayer 's spouse or domestic partner he or one of his relatives within the fourth ( 4th ) degree of consanguinity or second ( 2nd ) affinity serious and imminent harm . For purposes of this article shall mean sexual intercourse , which have vaginal , anal or oral route . It will be punishable with ten ( 10 ) to fifteen ( 15 ) years of imprisonment . They are special cases of rape sexual intercourse with a person of either sex when without any violence or threats , meet any of the following circumstances . Such cases shall be punishable by fifteen ( 15 ) to twenty ( 20 ) years of imprisonment and are as follows : 1 ) When the victim is under fourteen ( 14 ) years of age ; 2 ) When the victim is found deprived of reason or will or when for any reason can not resist ; 3 ) When the active to commit the crime of rape intentionally diminishes or abolishes the will of the victim using this narcotic or psychotropic substances , including alcohol or committed the violation finding the taxpayer in the previous situation subject ; . Article 141 . commit acts of lust , who taking advantage of the conditions or using the means indicated in the preceding article makes victim to another or others in acts of lust other than sexual intercourse shall be punished with imprisonment of five ( 5 ) to eight ( 8 ) years . When the victim is under fourteen ( 14 ) years even if you have consented to the act or being older the taxable person suffers from a mental illness or incomplete mental development or retardation or private has reason or will or when by any cause can not resist the previous sentence is increased by half ( 1 / 2 ) . When acts of lust consisting in the insertion of objects or instruments of any nature in the sexual organs or other natural orifices or artificial simulating the sexual organs of the taxpayer body , the offender shall be punished with imprisonment of ten ( 10 ) fifteen ( 15 ) years . '' Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word - JAMAICA TEMPLATE START. doc '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 February 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . 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State.gov. 26 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Human Rights Report : Saint Lucia '' . State.gov. 11 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld Saint Vincent and the Grenadines : Prevalence of abuse against children , including sexual abuse ; laws concerning abuse against children ; availability of facilities for abused children '' . UNHCR . Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Human Rights Report : Saint Vincent and the Grenadines '' . State.gov. 11 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ http://decentrale.regelgeving.overheid.nl/cvdr/XHTMLoutput/Historie/Nederlandse%20Antillen/2364/2364_1.html Jump up ^ `` Act No. 12 of 2012 '' ( PDF ) . ttparliament.org . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Bruzual , Alexander ( 13 September 2015 ) . `` Age of sexual consent raised to 18 '' . Trinidad Express . Archived from the original on 17 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 85898 - State v. Limon - Luckert - Kansas Supreme Court '' . Kscourts.org . Archived from the original on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Age of Consent across the United States '' . AgeOfConsent.net . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 01 . Outline of human sexuality Physiology and biology Erection Insemination Intersex Libido Orgasm Female and male ejaculation Pre-ejaculate Pregnancy Sexual arousal Health and education Birth control Condom Masters and Johnson Reproductive medicine Andrology Gynaecology Urology Safe sex Sex education Sex therapy Sexology Sexual dysfunction Erectile dysfunction Hypersexuality Hyposexuality Sexual medicine Sexual surrogate Sexually transmitted infection Identity and diversity Gender binary Gender identity Men who have sex with men Sexual identity Sexual orientation Women who have sex with women Law Age of consent Criminal transmission of HIV Child sexual abuse Incest Indecent exposure Obscenity Sexual abuse Rape Sexual assault Sexual harassment Sexual misconduct Sexual violence History Blue Movie Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist sex wars Golden Age of Porn History of erotic depictions `` Porno chic '' Sexual revolution Relationships and society Anarchism and love / sex Extramarital sex Family planning Flirting Marriage Modesty Paraphilia Polyamory Premarital sex Promiscuity Romance Sexual abstinence Sexual addiction Sexual attraction Sexual capital Sexual ethics Sexual objectification Sexual slang By country Ancient Rome China India Japan Philippines South Korea United States Sexual activities Anal sex Bareback BDSM Child sex Coprophilia Creampie Gang bang Emetophilia Fetishism Fingering Fisting Group sex Masturbation Mechanics of sex Nipple stimulation Non-penetrative sex Facial Foot fetishism Footjob Frot Handjob Mammary intercourse Sumata Oral sex 69 Anilingus Cunnilingus Fellatio Irrumatio Orgasm control Paraphilia Pompoir Quickie Sex positions Sexual fantasy Sexual fetishism Sexual intercourse Foreplay Sexual penetration Sexual sublimation Swinging Tribadism Urethral intercourse Urolagnia Virtual sex Cybersex Dirty talk Wet T - shirt contest Zoophilia Sex industry Red - light district Adult video games Erotica Pornography Film actor Prostitution Survival sex Sex museum Sex shop Sex tourism Child Female Sex worker Sex toy doll Strip club Webcam model Religion and sexuality Buddhism Christian demonology Daoism Islam Mormonism Sex magic Sex portal Biology portal Sexual ethics Human sexuality Adolescent sexuality Rainbow party Adultery Education Fetishism Incest law Miscegenation Objectification Orientation Pregnancy Abortion Prostitution law Survival sex Child sexuality Child marriage Child pornography law Child prostitution Child sex tourism Sexual abuse Child - on - child sexual abuse Child sexual abuse law Harassment Rape law Age of consent ( reform ) Africa Asia Europe North America United States Oceania South America Topical outline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ages_of_consent_in_North_America&oldid=860731546 '' Categories : Age of consent by continent Adolescent sexuality in North America Minimum ages Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2018 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2018 Articles needing cleanup from August 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from August 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles to be expanded from August 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing Spanish - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2018 Webarchive template other archives Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2018 , at 17 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the lowest age of consent in america | [
"Each U.S. state has its own age of consent, as does the District of Columbia. As of August 1, 2018, the age of consent in each state in the United States was either 16 years of age, 17 years of age, or 18 years of age. The most common age of consent is 16.[52]\n"
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"16"
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-3846153365217468960 | Ranji Trophy | Ranji Trophy - wikipedia Ranji Trophy For the current tournament , see 2017 -- 18 Ranji Trophy . Ranji Trophy Ranji Trophy Logo Countries India Administrator BCCI Format First - class cricket First tournament 1934 Tournament format Round - robin then knockout Number of teams 37 Current champion Vidarbha ( 1st title ) Most successful Mumbai ( 41 titles ) Qualification Irani Cup Most runs Wasim Jaffer ( 10665 ) 1996 -- present Most wickets Rajinder Goel ( 640 ) 1958 -- 1985 2017 -- 18 Ranji Trophy The Ranji Trophy is a domestic first - class cricket championship played in India between teams representing regional and state cricket associations . The competition currently consists of 37 teams , with all 29 states in India and two of the seven union territories having at least one representation . The competition is named after first Indian cricketer who played international cricket , Ranjitsinhji , who was also known as `` Ranji '' . The current Ranji Trophy championship is held by Vidarbha , which won against Delhi by 9 wickets in the final match of the 2017 -- 18 season held at Holkar Stadium , Indore . The 2018 -- 19 season will see the competition getting expanded from 28 teams to 37 , making it the biggest Ranji Trophy competition in terms of number of teams and matches . Contents 1 History 2 Participants 3 Current teams 4 Defunct teams 5 Format 5.1 Points summary 6 Tournament records 7 Winners 7.1 Finals appearances by team 8 See also 9 References and notes 10 External links History ( edit ) Ranjitsinhji , after whom the tournament is named The competition was launched in following a meeting of the in July 1934 , with the first fixtures taking place in 1934 -- 35 . The trophy was donated by Ranji . The first match of the competition was held on 4 November 1934 between Madras and Mysore at the Chepauk ground in Madras in the final . Mumbai ( Bombay ) have won the tournament the most number of times with 41 wins including 15 back - to - back wins from 1958 -- 59 to 1972 -- 73 . Participants ( edit ) State teams and cricket associations and clubs with first - class status are qualified to play in the Ranji Trophy . While most associations are regional , like the Karnataka State Cricket Association and Mumbai Cricket Association , two , Railways and Services , are pan-Indian Current teams ( edit ) The following 37 teams currently participate in the Ranji Trophy : Andhra Arunachal Pradesh † Assam Baroda Bengal Bihar † Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Hyderabad ( Telangana ) Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka ( Mysore ) Kerala ( Travancore - Cochin ) Madhya Pradesh ( Madhya Bharat / Holkar / Central India ) Maharashtra Manipur † Meghalaya † Mizoram † Mumbai ( Bombay ) Nagaland † Odisha Puducherry † Punjab Railways Rajasthan ( Rajputana ) Saurashtra ( Nawanagar ) Sikkim † Services ( Army ) Tamil Nadu ( Madras ) Tripura Uttar Pradesh ( United Provinces ) Uttarakhand † Vidarbha † denotes newly added teams for the 2018 -- 19 season Defunct teams ( edit ) The following teams have appeared in the Ranji Trophy , but no longer do so : Central Provinces and Berar ( 1934 / 35 -- 1949 / 50 ) Northern India ( 1934 / 35 -- 1946 / 47 ) Sind ( 1934 / 35 -- 1947 / 48 ) Southern Punjab ( 1934 / 35 -- 1951 / 52 , 1959 / 60 -- 1967 / 68 ) Western India ( 1934 / 35 -- 1945 / 46 ) North West Frontier Province ( 1937 / 38 -- 1946 / 47 ) Holkar ( 1941 / 42 -- 1954 / 55 ) Gwalior ( 1943 / 44 ) Kathiawar ( 1946 / 47 -- 1949 / 50 ) Patiala / Patiala and Eastern Punjab States Union ( 1948 / 49 , 1953 / 54 -- 1958 / 59 ) Eastern Punjab ( 1950 / 51 -- 1959 / 60 ) Travancore - Cochin ( 1951 / 52 -- 1956 / 57 ) Madhya Bharat ( 1955 / 56 -- 1956 / 57 ) Northern Punjab ( 1960 / 61 -- 1967 / 68 ) Format ( edit ) From its inception until the 2001 season , the teams were grouped geographically into four or five zones -- North , West , East , and South , with Central added in 1952 -- 53 . Initial matches were played within the zones on a knock - out basis until 1956 -- 57 , and thereafter on a league basis , to determine a winner ; then , the five individual zone winners competed in a knock - out tournament , leading to a final which decided the winner of the Ranji Trophy . From the 1970 -- 71 season , the knock - out stage was expanded to the top two teams from each zone , a total of ten qualifying teams . This was expanded again to the top three from each zone in 1992 -- 93 , a total of fifteen qualifying teams ; between 1996 -- 97 and 1999 -- 2000 , the fifteen qualifying teams competed in a secondary group stage , with three groups of five teams , and the top two from each group qualified for a six - team knock - out stage ; in all other years until 2001 -- 02 , a full fifteen - team knock - out tournament was held . The format was changed in the 2002 -- 03 season with the zonal system abandoned and a two - division structure adopted -- the Elite Group , containing fifteen teams , and the Plate Group , containing the rest . Each group had two sub-groups which played a round - robin ; the top two from each Elite sub-group then contested a four - team knock - out tournament to determine the winner of the Ranji Trophy . The team which finished last in each Elite sub-group was relegated , and both Plate Group finalists were promoted for the following season . For the 2006 -- 07 season , the divisions were re-labelled the Super League and Plate League respectively . In the 2008 -- 09 season , this format was adjusted to give both Super League and Plate League teams an opportunity to contest the Ranji Trophy . The top two from each Plate sub-group contested semi-finals ; the winners of these two matches then joined the top three from each Super League sub-group in an eight - team knock - out tournament . The winner of this knock - out tournament then won the Ranji Trophy . Promotion and relegation between Super League and Plate League continued as before . In the 2010 -- 11 season , Rajasthan won the Ranji Trophy after beginning the season in the Plate League . From the 2012 -- 13 season , this format was adjusted slightly . The Super League and Plate League names were abandoned , but the two - tier system remained . The top tier expanded from fifteen teams to eighteen teams , in two sub-groups of nine ( known as Group A and Group B , and considered equal in status ) ; and the second tier was reduced to nine teams in a single group ( known as Group C ) . The top three teams from Groups A and B and the top two from Group C contest the knockout phase . The lowest placed team in each of Group A and Group B is relegated to Group C , and the top two from Group C are promoted to the top tier . Round - robin matches are four days in length ; knockout matches are played for five days . Throughout its history , if there is no outright result in a Ranji Trophy knock - out match , the team leading after the first innings is the winner . Prior to the 2016 -- 17 season matches were played at the home ground of one of the two teams taking part . For the 2016 -- 17 competition the BCCI decided that all games would be staged at a neutral venue . Points summary ( edit ) Points in the league stages of both divisions are currently awarded as follows : Scenario Points Win outright 6 Bonus point ( for innings or 10 wicket wins ) 1st innings lead in a drawn match No result 1st innings deficit in a drawn match Lost Outright 0 Tournament Records ( edit ) Main article : List of Ranji Trophy records Team records Most wins 41 Mumbai Highest team score 944 / 6 decl . Hyderabad v Andhra 1993 -- 94 Lowest team score 21 Hyderabad v Rajasthan Individual match records Highest individual innings 443 * B.B. Nimbalkar Maharashtra v Kathiawar 1948 -- 49 Best innings bowling 10 / 20 Premangsu Chatterjee Bengal v Assam 1956 -- 57 Best match bowling 16 / 99 Anil Kumble Karnataka v Kerala 1994 -- 95 Individual season records Most runs in a season 1415 V.V.S. Laxman Hyderabad 1999 -- 2000 Most centuries in a season 8 V.V.S. Laxman Hyderabad 1999 -- 2000 Most wickets in a season 64 Bishan Bedi Delhi 1974 -- 75 Individual career records Most career runs 10665 Wasim Jaffer 1996 -- present Most career centuries 36 Wasim Jaffer 1996 -- present Highest career batting average 98.35 Vijay Merchant 1934 -- 51 Most career wickets 637 Rajinder Goel 1958 -- 85 Some sources credit Goel with 636 or 640 wickets instead -- see Rajinder Goel article for details . Winners ( edit ) The following teams have won the tournament : Season Winner Runner - up 1934 -- 35 Bombay Northern India 1935 -- 36 Bombay Madras 1936 -- 37 Nawanagar Bengal 1937 -- 38 Hyderabad Nawanagar 1938 -- 39 Bengal Southern Punjab 1939 -- 40 Maharashtra United Provinces 1940 -- 41 Maharashtra Madras 1941 -- 42 Bombay Mysore 1942 -- 43 Baroda Hyderabad 1943 -- 44 Western India Bengal 1944 -- 45 Bombay Holkar 1945 -- 46 Holkar Baroda 1946 -- 47 Baroda Holkar 1947 -- 48 Holkar Bombay 1948 -- 49 Bombay Baroda 1949 -- 50 Baroda Holkar 1950 -- 51 Holkar Gujarat 1951 -- 52 Bombay Holkar 1952 -- 53 Holkar Bengal 1953 -- 54 Bombay Holkar 1954 -- 55 Madras Holkar 1955 -- 56 Bombay Bengal 1956 -- 57 Bombay Services 1957 -- 58 Baroda Services 1958 -- 59 Bombay Bengal 1959 -- 60 Bombay Mysore 1960 -- 61 Bombay Rajasthan 1961 -- 62 Bombay Rajasthan 1962 -- 63 Bombay Rajasthan 1963 -- 64 Bombay Rajasthan 1964 -- 65 Bombay Hyderabad 1965 -- 66 Bombay Rajasthan 1966 -- 67 Bombay Rajasthan 1967 -- 68 Bombay Madras 1968 -- 69 Bombay Bengal 1969 -- 70 Bombay Rajasthan 1970 -- 71 Bombay Maharashtra 1971 -- 72 Bombay Bengal 1972 -- 73 Bombay Tamil Nadu 1973 -- 74 Karnataka Rajasthan 1974 -- 75 Bombay Karnataka 1975 -- 76 Bombay Bihar 1976 -- 77 Bombay Delhi 1977 -- 78 Karnataka Uttar Pradesh 1978 -- 79 Delhi Karnataka 1979 -- 80 Delhi Bombay 1980 -- 81 Bombay Delhi 1981 -- 82 Delhi Karnataka 1982 -- 83 Karnataka Bombay 1983 -- 84 Bombay Delhi 1984 -- 85 Bombay Delhi 1985 -- 86 Delhi Haryana 1986 -- 87 Hyderabad Delhi 1987 -- 88 Tamil Nadu Railways 1988 -- 89 Delhi Bengal 1989 -- 90 Bengal Delhi 1990 -- 91 Haryana Bombay 1991 -- 92 Delhi Tamil Nadu 1992 -- 93 Punjab Maharashtra 1993 -- 94 Bombay Bengal 1994 -- 95 Bombay Punjab 1995 -- 96 Karnataka Tamil Nadu 1996 -- 97 Mumbai Delhi 1997 -- 98 Karnataka Uttar Pradesh 1998 -- 99 Karnataka Madhya Pradesh 1999 -- 00 Mumbai Hyderabad 2000 -- 01 Baroda Railways 2001 -- 02 Railways Baroda 2002 -- 03 Mumbai Tamil Nadu 2003 -- 04 Mumbai Tamil Nadu 2004 -- 05 Railways Punjab 2005 -- 06 Uttar Pradesh Bengal 2006 -- 07 Mumbai Bengal 2007 -- 08 Delhi Uttar Pradesh 2008 -- 09 Mumbai Uttar Pradesh 2009 -- 10 Mumbai Karnataka 2010 -- 11 Rajasthan Baroda 2011 -- 12 Rajasthan Tamil Nadu 2012 -- 13 Mumbai Saurashtra 2013 -- 14 Karnataka Maharashtra 2014 -- 15 Karnataka Tamil Nadu 2015 -- 16 Mumbai Saurashtra 2016 -- 17 Gujarat Mumbai 2017 -- 18 Vidarbha Delhi Finals appearances by team ( edit ) Bombay / Mumbai have played in 46 of the 83 finals till 2016 -- 17 and have won 41 Ranji Trophy championships , the most by any team . Team Wins Appearances Win % Last win Bombay / Mumbai 41 46 89.1 2016 Karnataka / Mysore 8 14 57.1 2015 Delhi 7 15 46.7 2008 Baroda 5 9 55.6 Madhya Pradesh / Holkar 11 36.4 1953 Bengal 13 15.4 Tamil Nadu / Madras 12 16.7 Rajasthan 10 20.0 2012 Hyderabad 5 40.0 Maharashtra 5 40.0 1941 Railways 50.0 2005 Western India / Nawanagar / Saurashtra 50.0 1944 Uttar Pradesh / United Provinces 6 16.7 2006 Southern Punjab / Punjab 5 20.0 Haryana 50.0 1991 Gujarat 50.0 2017 Vidarbha 100.0 2018 Services 0 00.0 Bihar 0 00.0 Northern India 0 00.0 See also ( edit ) India portal Cricket portal Cricket in India History of cricket List of Ranji Trophy records List of hat - tricks in the Ranji Trophy References and notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Ranji Trophy '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranji Trophy to be held at neutral venues , confirms BCCI '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Compiled from Overall First - Class Records at CricketArchive . Jump up ^ The Home of CricketArchive . Cricketarchive.co.uk ( 1994 - 01 - 11 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Home of CricketArchive . Cricketarchive.co.uk ( 1935 - 02 - 06 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Home of CricketArchive . Cricketarchive.co.uk ( 1948 - 12 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Home of CricketArchive . Cricketarchive.co.uk ( 1957 - 01 - 29 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Home of CricketArchive . Cricketarchive.co.uk ( 1995 - 01 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ From Indian Cricket 2004 , published by The Hindu , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Most Runs in Ranji Trophy '' . Cricket Archive . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Partab Ramchand ( 19 February 2000 ) . `` Wasim Jaffer in elite company '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 28 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Partab Ramchand ( 19 February 2000 ) . `` Ajay Sharma in elite company '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 28 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Anil Gulati ( 30 June 2001 ) . `` I was born at the wrong time : Rajinder Goel '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 28 February 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ranji Trophy . Official website of the BCCI The Ranji Trophy -- Cricinfo Ranji Trophy Seasons 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Current teams Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Baroda Bengal Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Hyderabad Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Mumbai Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Railways Rajasthan Saurashtra Services Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand Vidarbha Former teams Army Central Provinces and Berar Eastern Punjab Northern India Northern Punjab Patiala Sindh Southern Punjab Travancore - Cochin Western India Records List of Ranji Trophy records Triple centuries Hat - tricks First - class cricket domestic competitions England & Wales County Championship Champion County match University Match MCCU matches Australia Sheffield Shield South Africa Sunfoil Series Sunfoil 3 - Day Cup West Indies Regional Four Day Competition India Ranji Trophy Duleep Trophy Irani Cup New Zealand Plunket Shield Pakistan Quaid - e-Azam Trophy Sri Lanka Premier Trophy Zimbabwe Logan Cup Bangladesh National Cricket League Bangladesh Cricket League Ireland Inter-Provincial Championship Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Abdali 4 - day Tournament Cricket in India Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) National teams India India A U-19 Women Blind Zonal teams Central East North South West State teams Andhra Auranachal Pradesh Assam Baroda Bengal Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Hyderabad Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Mumbai Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Railways Rajasthan Saurashtra Services ( M ) Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand Vidarbha Tournaments First - class Ranji Trophy Duleep Trophy Irani Cup Senior Women 's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game One Day Vijay Hazare Trophy Deodhar Trophy BCCI Corporate Trophy Senior Women 's Challenger Trophy Senior Women 's One Day League NKP Salve Challenger Trophy ( defunct ) Twenty20 Indian Premier League Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Senior Women 's T20 League Senior Women 's T20 Challenger Trophy Other Rohinton Baria Trophy Cooch Behar Trophy Celebrity Cricket League Indian Cricket League ( defunct ) BCCI Presidents Members Selectors Awards Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi Memorial Lecture National Cricket Academy Lists Captains Test wicket - keepers ODI wicket - keepers International grounds Test records ODI records T20I records Others History India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry Sports leagues of India Major pro leagues Badminton Basketball Cricket ( Twenty20 ) Football I - League Hockey Kabaddi Mixed Martial Arts Wrestling Other tournaments Cricket ( List A ) Duleep Trophy ( First - class cricket ) Ranji Trophy ( First - class cricket ) Football Women 's Football Kabaddi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranji_Trophy&oldid=862320107 '' Categories : Ranji Trophy First - class cricket competitions Indian domestic cricket competitions Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski සිංහල தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2018 , at 16 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in whose memory is the ranji trophy tournament played | [
"The Ranji Trophy is a domestic first-class cricket championship played in India between teams representing regional and state cricket associations. The competition currently consists of 37 teams, with all 29 states in India and two of the seven union territories having at least one representation. The competition is named after first Indian cricketer who played international cricket, Ranjitsinhji, who was also known as \"Ranji\".\n"
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"Ranjitsinhji"
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-6670293840808868876 | Understanding Poetry | Understanding poetry - wikipedia Understanding poetry Understanding Poetry was an American college textbook and poetry anthology by Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren , first published in 1938 . The book influenced New Criticism and went through its fourth edition in 1976 . The textbook `` widely influenced ... the study of poetry at the college level in America . '' The Intercollegiate Studies Institute has named the book one of the `` Fifty best books of the century . '' Understanding Poetry , according to an article at the Modern American Poetry Web site , `` codified many of the so - called New Critical ideas into a coherent approach to literary study . Their book , and its companion volume , Understanding Fiction ( 1943 ) , revolutionized the teaching of literature in the universities and spawned a host of imitators who dominated English departments well into the 1960s . '' Even those who are highly critical of the textbook 's approach to poetry have acknowledged the reach and influence of the volume . Poet Ron Silliman has called it `` the hegemonic poetry textbook of the period . '' According to Warren 's obituary in The New York Times : `` Understanding Poetry and Understanding Fiction , which he wrote with Mr. Brooks , taught an entire generation how to read a work of literature and helped make the New Criticism dominant in the decade surrounding World War II . It was an approach to criticism that regarded the work at hand as autonomous , as an artifact whose structure and substance could be analyzed without respect to social , biographical and political details . '' Writing in The Virginia Quarterly Review , Harold B. Sween said : `` Among the rank and file of university faculty in the English - speaking world , few works of this century have gained the influence of two of his ( Brooks ' ) textbooks written in collaboration with Warren , Understanding Poetry ( 1938 ) and Understanding Fiction ( 1943 ) . They revolutionized the teaching of literature in thousands of classrooms for 25 years ... Brooks and Warren gained universal recognition for changing the focus of reading poetry ( and fiction ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contents 1.1 Preface 1.1. 1 Preface in the third edition 1.2 Introduction 1.3 `` I. Narrative Poems '' 1.4 `` II . Descriptive Poems '' 1.5 `` III . Metrics '' 1.6 `` IV . Tone '' 1.7 `` V. Imagery '' 1.8 `` VI . Theme : Statement and Idea '' 1.9 `` VII . Poems for Study '' 1.10 `` VIII . How Poems Come About : Intention and Meaning '' 2 Publication history 3 Notes 4 External links Contents ( edit ) These contents refer to the third edition ( 1960 ) , which may differ in some respects , particularly in poems used as examples , from other editions . Preface ( edit ) `` Poetry gives us knowledge . It is a knowledge of ourselves in relation to the world of experience , and to that world considered , not statistically , but in terms of human purposes and values . '' -- from the Preface Poetry is inherently `` dramatic , '' the authors say , defining dramatic as something concrete which involves a process and a conflict in an effort to find meaning . There are other ways to think of poetry other than as knowledge , the authors concede , but that is `` the assumption behind this book . '' Poems should not be thought of as carrying messages or statements that can be translated more concisely or exactly in prose . Instead , the reader must `` surrender to '' the impact of the poem as a whole , which includes comprehending the form of the poem . In fact , the kind of knowledge that poetry gives readers can be comprehended `` only through form . '' Readers should carefully observe the human events , images , rhythms , and statements of the poem . Context is also important . The form of a poem is a person 's attempt to deal with a certain problem , `` poetic and personal . '' Poems are written within a historical and cultural context , and the reader also has a context and needs to understand the `` dramatic implications of the form . '' Preface in the third edition ( edit ) For the third edition , the authors add in the preface ( in a section dated January 24 , 1960 ) that the introductions to the several sections have been expanded , some discussions from the previous edition have been dropped and others added . The exercises have been changed and expanded ; selections of poems have been changed to better represent some periods ; two appendices have been dropped ( `` Ambiguity , Added Dimension , and Submerged Metaphor '' and `` the Poem Viewed in Wider Perspective '' ) , with much of their material put into the exercises and discussions ; `` How Poems Come About : Intention and Meaning '' has been revised , with new material added ; Section VII , `` Poems for Study '' has turned into an anthology , although not a systematic survey , of modern poetry . Introduction ( edit ) People communicate not just to convey information for businesslike practical reasons , they also convey feelings and attitudes . Telling a joke , passing the time in conversation and greeting old friends are some examples , and poetry is another . Some propositions -- including many involving values , emotions , feelings , attitudes and judgments -- ca n't be conveyed through communicating practical information or with scientific precision . Like science , literature ( and especially poetry ) uses a specialized language for the purposes of precision in matters different from science . In ordinary life , people must deal with forms of communication that use some of the methods of poetry , including editorials , sermons , political speeches , advertisements and magazine articles . Yet when approaching poems , many people confuse practical or `` scientific '' kinds of communication with poetic communication , sometimes as a way of justifying their interest in poetry , and so fall into certain mistakes . One mistake is `` message - hunting '' -- looking only for a profitable statement or idea in a poem . A short prose statement can work better than a poem for communicating advice . Something else is at work in poetry . Another mistake is thinking that poetry deals only with emotion or sensation , or even thinking that poetry can express an emotion such as grief the way tears would express it , or bring up the emotion in the reader . But poetry can never do that as well as real experience , the authors say , and a poem , such as Keats ' Ode to a Nightingale , used as an example here , may really convey the poet 's interpretation of an experience . A third common mistake is an attempt to mechanically combine the first two , defining poetry as the `` beautiful statement of some high truth '' , or `` truth '' with `` decorations '' . This mistake can lead to thinking of poems as collections of pretty language pleasing for its associations with pleasant things . But even Shakespeare and Milton wrote fine passages bringing up unpleasant and disagreeable associations . The things represented do n't themselves shape the poetic effect , which depends on the `` kind of use the poet makes of them . '' These mistakes look at poems in a mechanical way rather than in an organic way in which the elements ( such as meter , rhyme , figurative language , along with attitude and emotion ) need to be understood to be acting in a fundamental , intimate , organic way with each other . The introduction also states ( but does n't develop the thought ) that poems are inherently dramatic , with an implied speaker who reacts to a situation , scene or idea . `` I. narrative poems '' ( edit ) In a `` Foreword '' introducing discussions of individual poems , the authors say that poetry takes the general human interest that people have in other people ( expressed at other times in news articles about such things as outlaws , lovers killing lovers or other tragedies , to cite some examples ) and put into a form `` that preserves it '' even after initial curiosity wanes . Poems that tell a story use the reader 's natural curiosity about how a story will turn out ( the most obvious way we become interested in literature ) , although readers or listeners who know the ending still enjoy the poems . The story element can be prominent , as in ( who ? ) `` Frankie and Johnny '' or much less prominent , as in Robert Frost 's , `` Out , Out '' . Narrative is a way for the poet to provoke certain emotional reactions and ideas in readers . Using the ballad `` Johnie Armstrong '' as an example , the authors show how a narrative poem , far more than a novel or even a short story , will use bare `` facts '' in a dramatic way that gives them an emotional and intellectual meaning , whether or not the reader or listener has analyzed those or other elements . Poems are more concentrated or `` closely '' organized than prose in that they tend to present concentrated , sharper selected details in a concentrated , carefully arranged way , giving them more `` intensity . '' By presenting concrete , explicit statements ( as in `` The Wife of Usher 's Well '' ) , the poet can convey an emotional impact as well as information , which more abstract language ca n't do . The reader can also be drawn into a more immediate appreciation of a poem by drawing out ideas from suggestions rather than the poet making explicit statements . Yet not every implication of a poem needs to be understood consciously for a reader to enjoy the work . The theme of a poem can be properly described ( to give a fuller understanding of the poem ) without the process becoming `` message hunting '' if the reader understands that `` the poem gives the theme its force '' , not the other way around . `` II . Descriptive poems '' ( edit ) The poems in this section give readers an impression of some scene or object showing the impression they gave the poet either through his senses or imagination . Conveying fresh , vivid impressions of things is fundamental to good poetry , the authors assert . Descriptions in poetry are linked closely to our lives and our values , just as narratives are . When a poet describes an object it is separated from its context in the natural world and therefore looks different to the reader . We feel it carries associations , emotional or intellectual or both , that the natural object does n't . If nothing else , we know that the poet has chosen the object to describe and we wonder why . `` Iii . Metrics '' ( edit ) Rhythmical language in poetry is one of the ways we can see the tendency of poems towards a high degree of organization -- there tends to be far more emphasis on rhythm in poetry than in prose . Verse , a specialized form of rhythm in language , is one of the elements that , when related to other elements in a poem , combines to form poetry . Rhythm is often associated with powerful or intense states of emotion , and while poetry is not concerned with only the emotional elements of human experience , it does try to `` do justice to '' those elements . `` ( P ) oetry is a result of a relationship among various elements and does not ever inhere specially in any single element . It is the fusion of all the elements that counts . '' ( page 152 , 3rd edition ) Verse may seem trivial but is a powerful way of `` establishing a pervasive impression of unity . '' Stanza patterns do the same . They reveal a `` certain formality '' to the text and focus our attention . Since poetry frequently defies common sense , metrical form , in a way , offers the reader hope that the text will ultimately make sense , even that all parts of the poem will ultimately make sense . Meter can also be a subtle way for a poet to emphasize and de-emphasize . By occasionally breaking the metrical pattern , the poet can emphasize a word , for example . Certain metrical situations do n't automatically produce particular effects -- the use of meter achieves an effect only within the context of sense and feeling . The same is true for stanza forms , which are worth considering only as far as they help produce the particular effect of any given poem . Free verse , with varying line lengths and sometimes little else to distinguish it from prose , uses the particular lengths and line breaks to call attention to particular words or details . `` Iv . Tone '' ( edit ) In poems , tone is the expression of attitude . Tone is also linked with poetic voice . `` V. Imagery '' ( edit ) metaphor simile personification `` VI . Theme : Statement and Idea '' ( edit ) `` VII . Poems for study '' ( edit ) Poems are simply presented here without `` critical apparatus '' directing the student . The poems are meant to be modern ( although , in the third edition at least , the authors recognize that it 's a stretch to include Gerard Manley Hopkins ) . With poets who are relatively recent and mostly still living , the works come from the same world as the student . The poems are put in `` natural groupings '' for convenience , although other groupings of the same poems could also be made . `` Viii . How poems come about : Intention and meaning '' ( edit ) The poem itself is what 's important to the reader , but knowing something about the origin of a poem may help us better understand and appreciate it and poetry in general . Understanding the cultural context of a work of literature is also vital . Publication history ( edit ) The book was reworked for each new edition : First edition , 1938 Second edition , 1950 Third edition , 1960 , Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc . Fourth edition , 1976 ISBN 0 - 03 - 076980 - 9 ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 076980 - 1 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Robert Penn Warren biographical sketch at the Academy of American Poets Web site , accessed January 25 , 2007 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Bohner , Charles , `` Robert Penn Warren 's Life and Career '' , accessed February 6 , 2007 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Silliman , Ron , `` The Desert Modernism '' , article in The Electronic Poetry Review , accessed February 6 , 2007 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) `` Robert Penn Warren , Poet and Author , Dies '' , obituary article , no byline noted on New York Times Web page , The New York Times , September 16 , 1989 , page 1 , accessed February 6 , 2007 Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Sween , Harold B. , `` Cleanth Brooks : Courtly Enigma '' , a review of Cleanth Brooks and the Rise of Modern Criticism , by Mark Royden Winchell , in The Virginia Quarterly Review , Winter 1998 , accessed February 6 , 2007 External links ( edit ) ( 6 ) Web page at the University of Pennsylvania describing the book ( 7 ) Online excerpt from the second edition of book ( on Andrew Marvell 's `` Horatian Ode '' ) hide Robert Penn Warren Works Understanding Poetry ( 1939 ) Night Rider ( 1939 ) At Heaven 's Gate ( 1943 ) All the King 's Men ( 1946 ) Who Speaks for the Negro ? ( 1965 ) Adaptations All the King 's Men ( 1949 film ) All the King 's Men ( 2006 film ) Willie Stark ( 1981 opera ) Life and events `` Fugitives '' school of poetry The Southern Review magazine Family Eleanor Clark ( wife ) Rosanna Warren ( daughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Understanding_Poetry&oldid=788861235 '' Categories : Literature about poetry Literary textbooks Poetry anthologies New Criticism 1938 books 1950 books 1960 books 1976 books Talk Contents About Wikipedia Македонски Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2017 , at 22 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | understanding poetry by brooks and warren encapsulates the principles of | [
"Understanding Poetry, according to an article at the Modern American Poetry Web site, \"codified many of the so-called New Critical ideas into a coherent approach to literary study. Their book, and its companion volume, Understanding Fiction (1943), revolutionized the teaching of literature in the universities and spawned a host of imitators who dominated English departments well into the 1960s.\"[2]\n"
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"New Critical ideas"
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-2814536528565836929 | Erin Hannon | Erin Hannon - wikipedia Erin Hannon Kelly `` Erin '' Hannon Ellie Kemper as Erin Hannon First appearance `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' Last appearance `` Finale '' Created by Greg Daniels Portrayed by Ellie Kemper Information Gender Female Occupation Receptionist , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton , PA Receptionist , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton , PA Family Reed ( foster brother ) Mr. and Mrs. Hannon ( parents ) Significant other ( s ) Pete Miller ( boyfriend ) Andy Bernard ( ex-boyfriend ) Gabe Lewis ( ex-boyfriend ) Nationality American Kelly Erin Hannon ( born May 1 , 1986 ) is a fictional character from the U.S. comedy television series The Office . She is the office receptionist for the Scranton branch of the Dunder Mifflin Paper Company , Inc. , a position previously held by Pam Beesly before she quit to go work for the Michael Scott Paper Company . Erin is portrayed by Ellie Kemper . She is an original character , although her closest equivalent in the British version of the series would be Mel the receptionist , who appears briefly in The Office Christmas specials , as Dawn Tinsley 's replacement . Contents 1 Biography 2 Season 5 3 Season 6 4 Season 7 5 Season 8 6 Season 9 7 Behind the scenes 8 Reception 9 References Biography ( edit ) Erin Hannon is the receptionist hired to replace Pam Beesly ( after Kevin 's brief stint in the job ) in `` Dream Team '' . She first appears in `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' , and is referred to by her middle name , Erin , to distinguish her from Kelly Kapoor . Although at times rather intellectually challenged , with her cheerful , silly demeanor , and childlike naïveté , Erin is usually the most consistently nice , optimistic Dunder - Mifflin employee . Contrasting with her predecessor , Pam , she not only loves being a receptionist but admires her coworkers including Michael Scott and Dwight Schrute . In a deleted scene from `` Niagara '' , she admits she was born four months prematurely and could not eat hard foods until she turned 6 . `` St. Patrick 's Day '' reveals further that she was sick and in the hospital between the ages of 3 and 6 . She grew up in foster families and has said that when she was younger `` my hair was my room '' , i.e. , the place she hid from stress and trauma . In `` WUPHF.com '' , she said all of her peers were getting their drivers licenses eight years ago which would give her a birth year of approximately 1986 . It is hinted that Erin was brought up in a very religious Christian household , as seen in `` Nepotism '' , when Michael argues with the staff about nepotism and defends it by saying the Person God sent to help Earth was His Son , Jesus Christ , which Erin claims is a `` really tight argument '' , and another example is in `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' , when she is shocked to learn Gabe is an atheist , and is even more shocked when he states there might be a God , but he does not believe it is just some `` guy with a long white beard . '' She is seen repeatedly following Dwight 's insane directions . Dwight and Andy both admit to being attracted to Erin , as does Ryan . Erin seems to have a fun - loving and bubbly personality similar to Kelly Kapoor , although Erin is much more naïve . She admires Kelly 's casual Friday outfit , commenting that she looks like J. Lo , and the two restart Michael 's Cafe Disco after he shuts it down . The two also ride to Pam and Jim 's wedding together with Andy , both listening to their iPods in the backseat . In `` Counseling '' , she took the term `` disposable camera '' literally as she throws a disposable camera away after taking the last picture , commenting that she thinks disposable cameras are wasteful and you never get to see the pictures . Erin also tells Michael she used to work at a Taco Bell Express but could not keep up when they turned it into a regular Taco Bell . In a deleted scene from `` Mafia '' , Meredith tells Erin that the office will always like Pam better than her , saddening Erin as she does not like conflicts . She also accidentally ruins Pam 's painting of the office building while trying to clean it . Later when asking Kelly to help her fix the painting , we find out Erin has a seizure condition -- because Kelly demands her medical alert bracelet as payment for her services . Erin may have attended Keystone College , as a pennant for the school can be seen at her desk in `` The Boat '' and in `` Pool Party '' . Season 5 ( edit ) After Kevin fails miserably as Pam 's replacement , Charles Miner hires Erin as the new receptionist , whose first name is Kelly but the office decided to call her by her middle name , Erin , to avoid confusion with Kelly Kapoor . She becomes good friends with Kelly and in `` Cafe Disco '' , they help to generate interest in Michael 's `` Cafe Disco . '' Erin greatly admires her predecessor , calling her `` a living legend '' to DeAngelo Vickers , and often asks her advice on various aspects of the job . However , Pam is at first somewhat impatient with Erin 's enthusiasm for a job she never took seriously and often dismisses her requests for approval by saying `` it looks great . '' Initially , Dwight and Andy compete for her attention , but Dwight withdraws in acknowledgment of his new friendship with Andy . For the remainder of the season , Andy awkwardly flirts with Erin . Season 6 ( edit ) In `` Koi Pond '' , Erin is shown to be self - conscious about being an orphan , and is attracted to Andy , whom she calls `` the coolest guy I 've ever met . '' She also does not know who Marlon Brando is , mistaking a reference to him for Marlon Wayans . In `` Murder '' , Andy asks her out on a real date while they are playing characters as a part of the Belles , Bourbon , and Bullets . Erin accepts , but then is disappointed when Andy tells her later there was no real date . It was `` just a part of the game '' , though both wanted to go out . Andy later begs to get Erin as his Secret Santa . He gives her gifts based on `` The 12 Days of Christmas '' . Unfortunately the first four gifts are all birds resulting in harm to herself , geese swarming her car and an incident where her cat ate one of the turtle doves . She asks her secret Santa to please stop . When asked if it is him Andy brushes it off , but later Michael reveals him and he is somewhat surprised to see her legitimately angry at him . At the end of the day , Andy has twelve drummers appear á la the last part of the song . Despite the fiasco of the earlier gifts , Erin easily forgives him and is seen enjoying the drummers and smiling warmly . Erin finally earns Michael 's respect in `` Scott 's Tots '' when she points out the benefit of the promise Michael could not fulfill to a group of underprivileged high school students . She eventually figures out Michael 's idiosyncratic habits ( such as having ants on a log served every day at 2 : 30 and being spun around in his desk chair until he is dizzy ) and , unlike Pam , gladly accommodates them , she seems disappointed when Jim Halpert declines to continue them during his brief tenure as branch manager . She also tells Michael that she would like to be an accountant someday , even though she is bad at math . After Andy 's massive effort for Erin 's Secret Santa gift , Andy thinks that the `` ball is in Erin 's court '' , while Erin assumes that after Andy 's last spectacular display involving a band drumline that he will surely be the one to ask . Andy , in `` Sabre '' , then awkwardly confronts Erin about her weekend plans , revealing that she has none . Andy exits with exasperation , hoping that his `` hint '' would be sufficient for her to ask . Later , in `` Manager and Salesman '' , Andy gives everyone in the office a card for Valentine 's Day to mask his affection for Erin . Kelly takes this card to heart and believes Andy is in love with her . Andy makes it clear that he does not love Kelly , and Erin begins to realize Andy really does have feelings for her . In `` The Delivery '' , Erin shows a knowledge of horse racing history as she names the Triple Crown winners to distract Pam before she goes to the hospital . Erin later has lunch with Kevin after Michael lied and told Kevin that Erin liked him . Erin feels sorry for Kevin because Michael told her Kevin had the heart of an actual elephant . Erin later confronts Michael and tells him that she likes Andy . Andy 's response is to snoop behind plants and spy on Kevin and Erin . Later in the same episode , Andy gives Erin a fax which asks her on a date . After getting confrontational about it , Andy admits that he wanted to take Erin on a date , which she happily accepts . In `` St. Patrick 's Day '' , Erin and Andy are set to go on their first date , but Erin gets very sick , prompting Jo Bennett to tell her to go home . Andy decides to see Erin anyway by showing up at her house . The two enjoy watching TV together until Erin 's foster brother Reed comes into the room and steals Andy 's spot on the couch next to Erin . Reed behaves with Erin in a way that makes Andy uncomfortable , but when Andy gets ready to leave , Erin kisses him on the cheek . In `` New Leads '' , after Michael distributes the sales leads to rest of the staff , Erin hides Andy 's leads . The Hot & Cold game she plays with him in the reception area turns into an uncomfortable situation where Andy almost fondles Erin 's chest . At the end of episode , Erin offers a cold Andy her jacket in a landfill where they share their first kiss . In `` Happy Hour '' , Erin and Andy tell the crew that they are trying to keep their relationship a secret because of Andy 's aversion to drama . This continues as they go to the Happy Hour with the other members of the Office . After several uncomfortable situations in which they continue to try to keep the secret and a rather animated argument in a photobooth , Andy declares to the entire building that he has been on `` two dates with Erin Hannon and they went well and there will probably be more . '' They tell the crew that they found more drama trying to keep it a secret . In `` Secretary 's Day '' , Andy plans the perfect Secretary 's Day for Erin , including a lunch with Michael . During the lunch , Michael reveals Andy 's prior year - long engagement with Angela , a fact which was previously concealed from Erin . When Erin speaks with Pam at her desk , a Keystone College pennant is visible . At the end of the episode , Erin informs Andy that she needs some time alone from him . Feeling bad over the whole affair , Michael smooths things over a bit with Erin and has a talk with her . And in `` Whistleblower '' , while the characters have not resumed dating yet , Erin does express concern when Andy tells her he is afraid for his safety ( because of the fire - catching printers , though he does not directly tell her about them ) and she agrees to distribute the `` demonstration video '' he made with Darryl if anything happens to him . Erin warmly pats Andy on the leg and tells him she thinks he did the right thing , after he is outed for leaking the printer story to a local paper and everyone else in the office shuns him . Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Nepotism '' , Erin reveals that Gabe asked her out over the summer . She only accepted because Gabe was her boss but eventually the two began seriously dating , much to Andy 's chagrin . Her relationship with Gabe has been presented as boring and lame , as highlighted by her unsuccessful efforts to defeat him at online Scrabble and avoid watching his favored horror films in `` The Seminar '' , his long - winded Valentine 's Day surprise for her that consists mostly of her bonding with Andy and getting a hand - kiss gesture in `` PDA '' , and letting the staff know she and Gabe were late to work because he fell in the shower and had to be rescued by the fire department in `` Todd Packer '' . In `` Andy 's Play '' , Andy is performing in a local production of Sweeney Todd . He pressures the entire office to go , but really just wants to get Erin to attend , in order to spend time with her and win her back from Gabe . Andy is delighted that Erin is coming without Gabe , however ultimately his plan backfires when she agrees to babysit Cecilia so Jim and Pam can attend . Ultimately Erin shows up to the play and the two spend time together , however Erin leaves to spend time with Gabe leaving Andy despondent . In `` Sex Ed '' , the Office believes Michael has herpes , and Andy uses the situation to host a Sex Ed class in the office . The class is in actuality an attempt by Andy to figure out if Gabe and Erin are having sex . Upset after realizing the two are possibly having sex , Andy throws a tantrum and storms off . Gabe admonishes Andy later , explaining he only asked Erin out after Andy gave him his blessing . In `` Christening '' , Erin expresses admiration over Michael 's spontaneous decision to go down to Mexico to help build a school for local children . In an effort to impress Erin , Andy goes along with Michael . After Michael and Andy start having cold feet and get off the bus , Erin picks them up and laughs with them about it . In `` Viewing Party '' , Erin and Gabe are hosting a Glee viewing party at Gabe 's apartment . Andy desperately attempts to get Erin 's attention during the party , however ultimately ends up getting sick and is comforted by Gabe . Meanwhile , Erin attempts to get Michael to bond with Gabe , however Michael 's insecurities over Gabe 's position cause him to sabotage the party . After Erin confronts Michael over his hostile feelings for Gabe , Michael angrily questions why she needs his approval as he is not her father . Erin is silent and Michael has an insightful moment , realizing Erin admires him and views him as a father figure . The two share a joke as they pointedly make fun of their developing father - daughter relationship . As he leaves the party , Michael warns Gabe that he will , both figuratively and literally , kill Gabe if he breaks Erin 's heart . In `` WUPHF.com '' , Erin is annoyed with Ryan 's abuse of company property to fuel his own social networking company , WUPHF.com . In `` Classy Christmas '' , Erin assists Michael in preparing for when Holly returns to Scranton . However , when she meets Holly for the first time , she is disappointed with her appearance after Michael spoke so highly of her . She admits in a talking head that she does not see why Michael is attracted to Holly , and when Holly tries to reason with Michael after he admits being upset with her , Erin shoos her away in defending Michael . She then tries to shoo Holly 's boyfriend A.J. away when he arrives to surprise Holly . Erin remains unkind to Holly in `` Ultimatum '' but finally warms to her when she sees the passionate kiss between Michael and Holly that came at the end of `` The Search '' . In `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' , Erin starts avoiding Gabe at work because she does not feel attracted to him anymore . Erin reveals how she feels to Pam and Jim , with Pam encouraging her to tell Gabe to avoid leading him on . She then breaks up with Gabe while accepting her Dundie in front of everyone at a packed restaurant . Gabe tells everyone he is upset with Erin but tries to joke it off , only to reveal he is genuinely upset and leaves the award show . Later she joins the rest of the office in serenading a teary - eyed Michael with a song . During `` Goodbye , Michael '' , a distraught Gabe is tenacious in trying to win Erin back , even following her into the women 's bathroom . Erin later has a heart - to - heart conversation with Michael about her love life , and admits that she might be in love with Andy . Michael dismisses both Gabe and Andy and advises Erin that the right guy will come along and she will know it . Michael then tells her that he is just a phone call away in Colorado if she needs advice , and kisses her on the head before walking away . At the end of `` The Inner Circle '' , when Deangelo escapes the hospital and returns to the office , Jim asks Erin to call 911 . She asks who should she say is calling , causing Jim to give her a deadpan look while flatly saying her name . In `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' , Erin and Andy are shown hanging out together again . However , after Gabe invites Andy to go to the conference room to speak in private , Gabe breaks down , and Andy promises he will not date Erin again . Later , at reception , Gabe confesses his love to Erin again , but it does not win her back . In a talking - head interview , Erin says she is taking a break from dating , and she admits that while Gabe was a great guy with many wonderful qualities , `` it was a challenge being touched by him '' . When Dwight accidentally fires the gun right by Andy , causing him temporary hearing loss , Erin is the most worried about him , and tries to accompany him to the hospital , but is stopped by Gabe , who , as an excuse , says that she needs to stay for her receptionist duties . When Andy comes back from the hospital , he and Erin hang out in the kitchen , only for Gabe to confront Andy with the promise , but Andy stands up for himself and embarrasses Gabe by describing Gabe 's crying fit to Erin . When asked whether or not he wants to date Erin , he does not give a straight answer , and eventually claims that it is between him and his diary . In `` Search Committee '' , Erin and Phyllis await the results of a DNA test to see if Erin is the daughter previously given up by Phyllis in high school . After some advice from Phyllis , Erin tells Andy in front of the entire Office that she still has feelings for him . Andy denies her , later stating to the camera that he is still hurt from being dumped in favor of Gabe . Phyllis finds out the results are negative , but holds off telling Erin and continues to show maternal affection toward her . Season 8 ( edit ) In Season 8 , Erin is on Robert 's loser side of the list . She helps Andy out with his challenges of being manager and is the only one to congratulate him on his new job . In `` Lotto '' , she helps out in the warehouse and suggests easier ways to move the boxes . In `` Spooked '' , Erin is in charge of the Halloween party , but is forced to make it more adult when co-workers think the decorations are childish . She also finds out that Andy is in a relationship with someone . During `` Christmas Wishes '' , Erin finally meets Jessica , Andy 's girlfriend . Erin tells her that she is welcome to the office and the party , but later on Robert California talks Erin into being an `` adult woman and a free spirit '' and having a drink . But this does not just stop at one , Erin tells Andy that she has had `` a thousand '' . Later that night , she tells Andy that she wants Jessica dead and that was her Christmas wish , which shows she still has feelings for Andy . She later gets a ride home from Robert , who tells her to take some aspirin and get some rest . Later on , Erin remains hopeful that Andy will end things with Jessica and reunite with her ( and it becomes clear Andy still has feelings for her ) but she later decides that this is not going to happen . As a result , when she ends up assigned to the team joining Dwight on the Sabre Store project in Tallahassee , she tells the camera that she is never returning to Scranton . In `` Test the Store '' Erin meets an elderly woman , Irene ( Georgia Engel ) , and she becomes her live in maid . In `` Get the Girl '' , Andy goes to Florida , to try to win her back . Erin initially wants to stay , but the two get back together and travel back to Scranton to find Nelly Bertram in Andy 's office . Andy then gets fired and Erin supports him For the rest of the season , Erin is seen supporting Andy in his attempts to move on , and eventually reclaim , his job at Dunder Mifflin . Season 9 ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2012 ) Erin is excited to have Andy back from his Outward Bound program , but is surprised to see a more confident and cocky Andy . A new love interest for her is introduced in the new guy Pete . In the episode `` The Boat '' , Erin and Pete go out for drinks . There are multiple other instances in the beginning of season 9 in which Pete and Erin bond while Andy is on his boat trip . In the episode `` Customer Loyalty '' , Erin seems to miss Pete when they are split up by Nellie . Erin decides to break up with Andy prior to his return , but when he returns she can not find the confidence to break up . After telling Pete and giving him a kiss , she runs back up to Andy 's office and breaks up with him . By the time he decides to quit his job and seek fame and fortune , though , Erin feels kinder towards him and gives him sound advice before being greatly moved by his farewell rendition of `` I Will Remember '' . In `` Finale '' , she is reunited with her birth parents , who had seen the documentary and showed up at a Q&A forum with the office members . It is indicated that she is still dating Pete , as they are shown dancing at Dwight and Angela 's wedding . Behind the scenes ( edit ) `` Being on set with them is like being in a dream , except the dream is real and I can reach out and touch them . Except I am trying not to touch them too much , because I was raised right . '' -- Ellie Kemper , on The Office Starting in the fifth season of NBC 's The Office , Kemper was cast in a supporting role as the Dunder Mifflin office receptionist Erin Hannon . Kemper described herself as a `` huge fan '' of the show and was thrilled to be cast . In May 2009 , The Office screenwriter Jennifer Celotta described Kemper as a `` fun addition '' to the show . Reception ( edit ) Critics and fans have commented on Kemper 's addition to the show , mostly positive . Joshua Ostroff of Eye Weekly described Erin as one of the best new television characters of the 2008 -- 2009 season and said , `` Erin 's high - grade adorability , up - for - anything attitude and sheer niceness is unlike anyone else in the office , adding a welcome new wrinkle for next season . '' Andy Shaw of TV Fodder said she `` adds some freshness to the cast '' and Josh McAuliffe of The Times - Tribune in Scranton , Pennsylvania , said he liked Erin 's `` cheerful , appealingly goofy personality '' . Her performance was notably praised during the show 's eighth season , where she was the highlight of the season for many critics . Myles McNutt noted that `` regardless of how down I was on this or any other episode , Ellie Kemper really has been tremendous all season . '' In addition , Kemper 's performance in the episodes `` Spooked , '' `` Christmas Wishes , '' `` Pool Party , '' and `` Special Project , '' in particular , were praised by critics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ In `` Search Committee '' , Phyllis indicates Erin was born the year the film Porky 's came out . But Phyllis may be thinking of Porky 's Revenge . In `` Couple 's Discount '' Erin said she technically did n't break up with her boyfriend when she was in first grade & it 's now their 20th anniversary . That would make her age around 26 , which indicates approximately 1986 . Episode `` WUPHF.com '' also indicates her birthday to be approximately 1986 . Jump up ^ Mafia Jump up ^ NBC.com -- `` Mafia '' deleted scene Jump up ^ Like The Office . `` The Office - All Videos : Newest - Videos '' . NBC.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Tomlinson , Brett ( 2009 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Office Addition '' . Princeton Alumni Weekly . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` '' Company Picnic '' Q&A with Jen Celotta `` . OfficeTally. 2009 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ostroff , Joshua ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Leaders of the New School : Great performances in the margins brought a so - so season to life '' . Eye Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Andy ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` The Office : `` Cafe Disco '' `` . TV Fodder . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ McAuliffe , Josh ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) . `` '' Cafe Disco '' Recap `` . The Times - Tribune . Scranton , Pennsylvania . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Myles , McNutt ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Tallahassee '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hertz , Barry ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Office , Season 8 , Episode 5 : Recap '' . National Post . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` Spooked '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` Christmas Wishes '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mader , Jill . `` The Office -- Episode 8 - 12 Review -- `` A Party To Remember '' `` . InsidePulse . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tedder , Michael ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` The Office Recap : Florida Facts '' . New York . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Robert California Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erin_Hannon&oldid=854078302 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional receptionists The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional orphans Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles to be expanded from December 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the new receptionist on the office | [
"Erin is portrayed by Ellie Kemper. She is an original character, although her closest equivalent in the British version of the series would be Mel the receptionist, who appears briefly in The Office Christmas specials, as Dawn Tinsley's replacement.\n"
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"Ellie Kemper"
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-3895892263828978654 | Box Cutter (Breaking Bad) | Box Cutter ( Breaking Bad ) - wikipedia Box Cutter ( Breaking Bad ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Box Cutter '' Breaking Bad episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 1 Directed by Adam Bernstein Written by Vince Gilligan Original air date July 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 17 ) Running time 47 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) David Costabile as Gale Boetticher Jeremiah Bitsui as Victor Lavell Crawford as Huell Tina Parker as Francesca Episode chronology ← Previous `` Full Measure '' Next → `` Thirty - Eight Snub '' Breaking Bad ( season 4 ) List of Breaking Bad episodes `` Box Cutter '' is the fourth season premiere of the American television drama series Breaking Bad , and its 34th episode overall . Written by series creator Vince Gilligan and directed by Adam Bernstein , `` Box Cutter '' originally aired on AMC in the United States on July 17 , 2011 . The narrative follows protagonist Walter White ( Bryan Cranston ) and his partner Jesse Pinkman ( Aaron Paul ) as they face repercussions from drug kingpin Gustavo Fring ( Giancarlo Esposito ) for killing Gale during the previous season . Meanwhile , Skyler White ( Anna Gunn ) breaks into her husband Walter 's condominium to investigate his sudden disappearance , and Marie Schrader ( Betsy Brandt ) struggles to help Hank Schrader ( Dean Norris ) recover from his injuries . The episode marked the final regular performances of actors David Costabile and Jeremiah Bitsui as Gale and Victor . Gilligan considered changing the episode based on audience responses to the third - season finale , `` Full Measure '' , on whether Gale would be killed or not , but ultimately decided against it . During a twist scene in `` Box Cutter '' , Gus slices his loyal henchman Victor 's throat with a utility knife right before Walt and Jesse 's eyes . Esposito said he was concerned about filming the scene `` without really hurting my spirit and my soul '' , and he concentrated so hard that he remained silent and focused during filming , rarely speaking to others on set . The scene was so bloody it made Cranston 's daughter faint during a screening . A major theme of `` Box Cutter '' , and the entire fourth season , involved Walter 's gradual change into a darker character who becomes more proactively violent and dangerous . The episode also illustrates Jesse 's moral decline and feelings of guilt over his killing of Gale , and Skyler 's growing involvement in Walter 's illegal activities . The episode received positive reviews , and was watched by 2.58 million households , according to Nielsen Media Research . Until the fifth - season premiere , `` Box Cutter '' was the most watched Breaking Bad episode in the series ' history and the third - highest - rated season premiere for any AMC show , after the first two seasons ' premieres of The Walking Dead . In 2012 , Gilligan received the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama for his work on this episode . This marked his second win for individual work on Breaking Bad , along with his award from the pilot episode in 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 4.1 Initial screening and ratings 4.2 Reviews 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) During a pre-credits flashback sequence , methamphetamine manufacturer Gale Boetticher ( David Costabile ) excitedly sets up equipment in an underground meth superlab for drug kingpin Gus Fring ( Giancarlo Esposito ) . Gale asks Gus about the blue meth being produced by chemist Walter White ( Bryan Cranston ) , who at this point is not yet working for Gus . Gus explains he has reservations about hiring Walter , but Gale insists Gus hire him because of his superior product . In the present day , Walt 's partner Jesse Pinkman ( Aaron Paul ) has just shot Gale to death on orders from Walt to foil Gus ' plot to kill and replace them . Gus ' henchman Victor ( Jeremiah Bitsui ) arrives at Gale 's apartment and finds him dead , surrounded by neighbors who have just called the police . Victor finds a stunned Jesse sitting in his car outside and forces him at gunpoint to return to the meth lab , where Gus ' employee Mike ( Jonathan Banks ) is holding Walt hostage . Mike , who is concerned that Victor was seen by bystanders at the murder scene , calls to inform Gus of the events . Victor , who has often watched Walt work , starts cooking meth himself to prove they do not need him or Jesse . Walt grows concerned when Victor proves better at the process than he expected . Meanwhile , Walt 's wife Skyler ( Anna Gunn ) observes his car in her driveway and , not wishing her son Walter Jr . ( RJ Mitte ) to see it , drives it a few blocks away to conceal it . Concerned about Walt 's apparent disappearance , she calls their lawyer Saul Goodman ( Bob Odenkirk ) , but he has become paranoid from Walt 's falling out with Gus and is too busy checking his office for listening devices . Skyler hires a locksmith to break into Walt 's condo for her , claiming it belongs to her . When he hesitates to do so without identification , Skyler claims her purse was stolen and fakes a panic attack until he finally agrees . She finds little of interest inside the condo . Elsewhere , Skyler 's sister Marie ( Betsy Brandt ) struggles to maintain her composure while caring for her belligerent husband Hank ( Dean Norris ) , who is still bedridden after the attempt on his life . Gus arrives at the superlab but says nothing . Walt launches into a nervous , rambling monologue of excuses and justifications , trying to convince Gus he needs him and Jesse alive . He claims it is Gus who is ultimately responsible for Gale 's death , not they , and insists Victor can not produce the meth Gus needs . Gus maintains his silence , even while changing into hazmat gear and selecting a box cutter , while Victor grins in anticipation . Never changing his demeanor , Gus suddenly slices Victor 's throat , startling the others . Through the killing , Gus simultaneously punishes Victor while delivering a stern message to Walt and Jesse . Gus drops the body to the floor and coldly eyes the duo to ensure his message was received . Gus quietly returns to his street clothes , then walks out of the lab , pausing only to say , `` Well , get back to work . '' Later , Walt and Jesse dispose of Victor 's body , the gun that killed Gale , and the box cutter in a barrel of hydrofluoric acid . During breakfast later , Walt insists to Jesse that Gale 's death was necessary , but expresses concern that Gus will kill them at his next opportunity . Jesse doubts this , believing it will be too much trouble for Gus to find another drug manufacturer , and that both they and Gus understand the situation : neither can kill the other , so Gus might as well make them wish they were dead . The episode ends with police investigating Gale 's apartment with the camera focusing on his lab notes which have yet to be discovered . Production ( edit ) `` Box Cutter '' was written by Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan . `` Box Cutter '' , the fourth season premiere of Breaking Bad , was directed by Adam Bernstein and written by series creator Vince Gilligan . Filmed in January 2011 , the episode was edited by Skip MacDonald , one of a handful of editors who have regularly worked on the series . It was broadcast on July 17 , 2011 , and was the first original Breaking Bad episode in 13 months , since the third season finale episode `` Full Measure '' aired in June 2010 . AMC officials delayed the fourth - season premiere until July because they felt the Nielsen ratings would be better during the summer . While Breaking Bad scripts are generally 50 pages long , the screenplay to `` Box Cutter '' was 43 pages long , and Gilligan was originally concerned because he did not want to stretch out the episode simply to pad the running time . `` Full Measure '' ended with Jesse 's pulling a gun on Gale and firing directly into the screen , with Gale 's death not visibly revealed on - screen . This led to wide speculation among fans and reviewers that Jesse did not actually kill Gale , but rather aimed away from him and fired the gun . This speculation continued up until the original broadcast of `` Box Cutter '' , which confirmed Jesse indeed killed Gale . Gilligan said he never intended for that scene to be a cliffhanger and he thought it clearly conveyed that Gale had died . `` Box Cutter '' featured the final regular appearances of recurring Breaking Bad characters David Costabile and Jeremiah Bitsui who , respectively , played Gale Boetticher and Victor . Stand - up comedian Lavell Crawford also made his first of several guest appearances in `` Box Cutter '' as Huell , Saul 's new bodyguard . Gilligan stated that he named the episode `` Box Cutter '' mainly because `` it just sounded like a cool title '' , but also because he was concerned that the climax of the episode took so long to build to that , by calling it `` Box Cutter '' , `` Perhaps I was thinking on some level , ' We 'd better let the audience know that there 's something at the end of this . ' '' Although the Breaking Bad staff always intended for Gale to be killed , the audience reaction to `` Full Measure '' made Gilligan and the Breaking Bad writing staff reconsider whether their plans were the best ones . However , Gilligan said they instead decided to follow their original plan , saying `` At the end of the day , the choice we made for how to press forward was the choice we felt was the most honest , and the one that would best continue the story . '' I found how I could not scar myself was by understanding completely that Gus was doing something to protect the family . These chemists that he 's cultivated , the people that work for him , bodyguards , and everyone else , the people in the laundry , the people in the chicken place -- he cares about them . So in order to protect them , he has to do this thing , because this person has been exposed , and he 's got ta take care of business to protect the family . `` '' -- Giancarlo Esposito Giancarlo Esposito said that when he first read the script for `` Box Cutter '' , he was so shocked that he had to put it down and walk away from it . Esposito said he did not want to `` take any of ( the scene ) home with me '' and had `` some deep concern about being able to do it and coming out of it unscathed , without really hurting my spirit and my soul '' . He worked through these concerns by justifying Gus ' actions in that , by killing Victor , he was protecting everyone else who works for him . Nevertheless , he said it was `` a difficult moment for me '' to slit Victor 's throat , and that during one take he tried to hush the character to make him die more calmly . That scene took two days to film , and Esposito remained silent and focused during filming , rarely speaking to the others on set . The boots he was originally given were too large and he was concerned that he would slip , which would be out of character for Gus , who was otherwise completely calm and in control . A costume designer quickly procured the right - sized boots for him . In writing the script , the Breaking Bad staff decided early on that Gus would not speak much during the scene because they felt it was more dramatic that way and more appropriate for his character . Esposito felt the scene was a pivotal moment not only for his character , but for Gus ' relationship with Walter , and a warning that Walter should continue to operate Gus ' way or risk death . Regarding his character 's murder of Victor , Esposito said : `` This had to be done . Someone did something , they got seen ... It was about survival . This had to be done , but I could do it in a way that also sent a message to the people who were n't listening . '' Bryan Cranston said he was not expecting the episode to take the direction it did . He called the scene `` painful , but beautifully crafted , and reasonably so '' , and commented on the contrast between Gus ' calm demeanor and Walter 's `` tap - dancing to stay alive '' . Cranston said of Esposito 's performance , `` When he plays that bad character , his eyes go dead , and all it takes is to look into his eyes . '' Gilligan said although Gus ' actions in the scene were scripted , `` You 'd be surprised how little I talked to Giancarlo about how he played that part ... This is a man with amazing instincts . '' A major theme of `` Box Cutter '' involves Walter 's gradual change from an unwitting participant in a drug - dealing enterprise into a man more comfortable with a life of crime who embraces his darker side and becomes more proactively violent and dangerous . This development began during the latter episodes of the third season and would continue to be a major theme throughout the fourth season . The episode also introduced the ongoing theme of Jesse 's moral decline and self guilt over his killing of Gale . Aaron Paul said of this , `` Jesse 's much more raw this season . He 's very distant , and he 's turned to just utter chaos and destruction to keep his mind busy . When he 's left alone in his own thoughts , that 's when things can get kind of dangerous and scary for Jesse . '' The scene when Walter pleads with Gus demonstrates the paternal sense of protectiveness Walter has developed for Jesse . During that scene , Walter tells Gus , `` You kill me , you have nothing . You kill Jesse , you do n't have me . '' Jesse is visibly moved by the statement , which Aaron Paul described as `` the first moment that Jesse realizes that Walt 's loyalty is to Jesse . '' `` Box Cutter '' also illustrated Skyler 's growing involvement in Walter 's illegal activities through the subplot in which she lies to a locksmith to break into Walter 's house , going so far as to use her baby as a prop in her facade . After Skyler breaks into Walter 's apartment , she finds the plastic eyeball of a teddy bear that has been part of the series since the second season . The eye has long been used as a symbol to identify Walter 's gradual descent into a life of crime , and Skyler 's discovery of it symbolizes her own similar descent . Jeremiah Bitsui sprained his ankle during filming of the scene when Walter and Jesse shoved his corpse into a barrel to dispose of it with hydrofluoric acid . Following that scene , Jesse lifts the barrel with a forklift and it is lit in a way that the barrel can be seen through . This was accomplished by back - lighting the barrel and tying monofilament to the bottom of it , which staff members then moved and twisted outside of the view of the camera to create the lighting effect . Cultural references ( edit ) During a scene when Gale 's neighbor calls police to report his murder , a clock in Gale 's apartment reads 10 : 13 . This is a deliberate reference to the number 1013 , which frequently appeared in The X-Files , where Vince Gilligan worked as a writer and producer and Bryan Cranston as an actor . It refers to the name of X-Files creator Chris Carter 's production company Ten Thirteen Productions , which in turn is a reference to Chris Carter 's birthday , October 13 . A copy of Everything 's Eventual , a collection of short stories by Stephen King , can be seen in Gale 's apartment . After Walter and Jesse are released by Gus , they eat lunch at Denny 's , a coffee shop and family restaurant chain . During this scene , they are wearing matching T - shirts with country music singer Kenny Rogers on them . The T - shirts are deliberately not explained in the episode , but Vince Gilligan said he believed Mike simply bought the first articles of clean clothing he could find for Walter and Jesse after their clothes were soaked with Victor 's blood . During the final scene of `` Box Cutter '' , when Walter walks back to his condominium , the Alex Ebert song `` Truth '' plays in the background . Reception ( edit ) Initial screening and Ratings ( edit ) `` Box Cutter '' was first publicly shown on June 28 , 2011 , at the Grauman 's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood . During the scene when Gus killed Victor , Bryan Cranston 's daughter Taylor fainted in her seat inside the theater at the sight of all the blood . This prompted theater officials to briefly interrupt the screening and ask for a doctor in the audience , causing a brief panic among the crowd . The violent scenes in `` Box Cutter '' proved so bloody that AMC included a disclaimer warning about the violence at the start of the episode and after the commercial break halfway through the episode . In its original American broadcast , `` Box Cutter '' was seen by an estimated 2.58 million household viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research . It was the most watched Breaking Bad episode in the series and the second highest rated season premiere for any AMC show , falling behind only the series premiere of The Walking Dead , which drew 5.3 million household viewers . It was also a 32 percent increase in viewership compared to the third - season premiere , `` No Más '' . `` Box Cutter '' performed especially strong with men between ages 18 and 34 , among whom viewership was up 67 percent compared to the third - season premiere . The episode was seen by 1.4 million household viewers in both the 18 to 49 and the 25 to 54 age groups , a 21 percent increase in the former group and a 26 percent increase in the latter . Reviews ( edit ) `` Box Cutter '' is everything a Breaking Bad episode should be . While it might not have been as explosive as the finale or `` Half Measure '' , it played on all of the show 's strengths , building tension effortlessly , while bringing out the high caliber acting and cinematography we 've come to know . With the seasons official tagline being : `` Warning : Highly Volatile '' , it 's hard to keep patient as we have to wait each week for Walter White 's next move , and perhaps his full evolution into a ruthless crime lord . `` '' -- Brent Koepp , Paste magazine `` Box Cutter '' received critical acclaim . Alan Sepinwall of HitFix said the episode demonstrated how effective the creators of Breaking Bad are at manipulating the emotions of their viewers . Sepinwall described the story as `` remarkably simple '' but the execution as extremely effective , and he called the amount of screen time dedicated to Gus calmly changing his clothes before and after killing Victor `` a move so ballsy and so brilliant I actually started giggling the second time they did it '' . Time magazine writer James Poniewozik said the episode demonstrated how effective Breaking Bad can be even with a minimal amount of dialogue , such as Gus ' silence during his scene in the lab , and Jesse 's wordlessness throughout the episode as he processed what he had done to Gale . He also praised the color scheme of the blood - red meth lab as an illustrator of Walter and Jesse 's descent into hell . Entertainment Weekly writer Ken Tucker said of the episode , `` Its eloquent silences , its breath - taking pictorial compositions ... these are pleasures that transcend 98 % of television 's usual attempts at dirty realism or fashionable pessimism '' . Kim Potts of TV Squad called Gus ' killing of Victor `` one of the more jarring scenes in Breaking Bad history '' . The Faster Times writer Craig McQuinn called it `` one of the most intense episodes I 've ever seen '' , and said it solidified Gus ' standing as `` one of the greatest TV antagonists I 've ever seen '' . Matt Zoller Seitz of Salon.com compared the filmmaking in `` Box Cutter '' to that of works by Alfred Hitchcock and the Coen brothers , and called the best example of television 's ability to `` take an elastic approach to narrative and let certain incidents or moments expand to fill up most or all of an episode '' since `` The Suitcase '' , an episode of the television series Mad Men . Seth Amitin of IGN called it a minimalist , deliberately paced episode but said it was never boring due to the excellent acting , dialogue and suspense which illustrates `` just how quickly this show lost its innocence '' . He also said the subplots involving Skyler , Hank and Marie kept the episode 's pace well . Los Angeles Times writer Todd VanDerWerff praised the performance of Aaron Paul despite his almost complete lack of dialogue throughout the episode , and felt the script raised interesting contrasts between Walt , who acts impulsively and rash while captured , and Gus , who seems calm and in control . However , he said it felt like Victor was killed rather than Walter or Jesse simply because the writers could not kill the two main protagonists . Michael Arbeiter of Hollywood.com called it a `` great and intriguing way to start the season '' and particularly praised Aaron Paul , who he said was `` phenomenal '' despite barely speaking any dialogue in the episode . However , he had `` mixed feelings '' about the Gus character 's evolution from a behind - the - scenes criminal to a hands - on killer . Jessica Johnson of Time Out Chicago called it an `` exquisite exercise in tension '' that builds a `` slow crescendo of what looks to be an impressively strong season '' . Andy Vineberg of the Bucks County Courier Times called it `` a great start for a show that just keeps getting better '' . He praised the dark humor that kept the tension of the show balanced , and particularly complimented the pre-credits scene and the ramifications it had for the show and its characters . RedEye writer Curt Wagner found that the cinematography , pacing and tension were so effective in `` Box Cutter '' , that `` I think I broke a sweat just watching '' . Paste magazine writer Brent Koepp praised the transformation of Walter , and said few other shows would risk making their protagonist so unlikeable . Koepp called the climactic scene with Gus `` brilliant '' and complimented the script for taking its time in building the tension . Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic praised the episode for its effectiveness in scenes featuring little dialogue , particularly with Jesse and Gus , claiming , `` No show does silence like Breaking Bad . '' He also complimented Cranston 's desperate monologue while trying to convince Gus not to kill him , claiming it provided a deep insight into Walt 's character and his inability to accept responsibility for his actions . Zap2it writer Rick Porter called the scene with Gus killing Victor a `` master class in building tension '' due to the strong writing , direction and acting , particularly by Esposito . Scott Wampler of Collider.com called it `` a fantastic , bloody , shocking season premiere , one of the best in the show 's history '' . He particularly praised Esposito 's performance and suggested it could make the actor worthy of contention for an Emmy Award . BlackBook magazine writer Chris Mohney strongly praised Esposito 's performance , and described his silence and calm during the climactic scene as `` one of the great recent moments of TV menace '' . June Thomas of Slate magazine called it a `` fine opening episode '' that did not advance the plot significantly but `` served as an artful reminder of where the characters stand psychologically '' . Thomas said she believed the episode demonstrated that Walter is in fact a weak man , comparing his useless pleas to Gus to his ineffective attempts to mislead Skyler about his drug - manufacturing activities in earlier seasons . Not all reviews were positive . Jessica Grose , also of Slate magazine , said while she prefers episodes that mixed its darker aspects with black humor , `` Box Cutter '' was `` all claustrophobia and fear '' . 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Time Out Chicago . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Curt ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` Review : AMC 's ' Breaking Bad ' still addictive in Season 4 '' . RedEye . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( July 17 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking Bad Season 4 Premiere Review : Silent and Deadly '' . TV Fanatic . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( July 17 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking Bad Recap : Season Four Gets Off to an Incredibly Bloody Start '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mohney , Chris ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' 4.01 Recap : The Unkindest Cut '' . BlackBook . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hiltbrand , David . `` Dave on Demand : Gore on TV : Clot enough for you ? '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` Box Cutter '' at the official Breaking Bad site `` Box Cutter '' on IMDb `` Box Cutter '' at TV.com Breaking Bad episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Cat 's in the Bag ... '' `` ... And the Bag 's in the River '' `` Cancer Man '' `` Gray Matter '' `` Crazy Handful of Nothin ' '' `` A No - Rough - Stuff - Type Deal '' Season 2 `` Seven Thirty - Seven '' `` Grilled '' `` Bit by a Dead Bee '' `` Down '' `` Breakage '' `` Peekaboo '' `` Negro y Azul '' `` Better Call Saul '' `` 4 Days Out '' `` Over '' `` Mandala '' `` Phoenix '' `` ABQ '' Season 3 `` No Más '' `` Caballo Sin Nombre '' `` I.F.T. '' `` Green Light '' `` Más '' `` Sunset '' `` One Minute '' `` I See You '' `` Kafkaesque '' `` Fly '' `` Abiquiu '' `` Half Measures '' `` Full Measure '' Season 4 `` Box Cutter '' `` Thirty - Eight Snub '' `` Open House '' `` Bullet Points '' `` Shotgun '' `` Cornered '' `` Problem Dog '' `` Hermanos '' `` Bug '' `` Salud '' `` Crawl Space '' `` End Times '' `` Face Off '' Season 5 Part I `` Live Free or Die '' `` Madrigal '' `` Hazard Pay '' `` Fifty - One '' `` Dead Freight '' `` Buyout '' `` Say My Name '' `` Gliding Over All '' Part II `` Blood Money '' `` Buried '' `` Confessions '' `` Rabid Dog '' `` To'hajiilee '' `` Ozymandias '' `` Granite State '' `` Felina '' Writers Guild of America Award for Television : Episodic Drama ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Erin Levy for `` The Chrysanthemum and the Sword '' ( 2010 ) Vince Gilligan for `` Box Cutter '' / Henry Bromell for `` The Good Soldier '' ( 2011 ) Semi Chellas & Matthew Weiner for `` The Other Woman '' ( 2012 ) Gennifer Hutchison for `` Confessions '' ( 2013 ) Robert King & Michelle King for `` The Last Call '' ( 2014 ) Vince Gilligan & Peter Gould for `` Uno '' ( 2015 ) Vera Herbert for `` The Trip '' ( 2016 ) Complete list 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Box_Cutter_(Breaking_Bad)&oldid=804211606 '' Categories : 2011 American television episodes Breaking Bad ( season 4 ) episodes Screenplays by Vince Gilligan Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 14 : 24 . 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"The episode marked the final regular performances of actors David Costabile and Jeremiah Bitsui as Gale and Victor. Gilligan considered changing the episode based on audience responses to the third-season finale, \"Full Measure\", on whether Gale would be killed or not, but ultimately decided against it. During a twist scene in \"Box Cutter\", Gus slices his loyal henchman Victor's throat with a utility knife right before Walt and Jesse's eyes. Esposito said he was concerned about filming the scene \"without really hurting my spirit and my soul\", and he concentrated so hard that he remained silent and focused during filming, rarely speaking to others on set. The scene was so bloody it made Cranston's daughter faint during a screening."
] | [
"loyal henchman Victor"
] |
-4439928820713733838 | Torvill and Dean | Torvill and Dean - wikipedia Torvill and Dean Jump to : navigation , search Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean Torvill and Dean on the Dancing on Ice tour in Manchester , 2011 Country represented United Kingdom Nottingham Former coach Betty Callaway Janet Sawbridge Retired 1984 , 1994 ( amateur ) , 1998 ( professional ) Medal record ( hide ) Figure skating : ice dancing Representing Great Britain Olympic Games 1984 Sarajevo Ice dancing 1994 Lillehammer Ice dancing World Championships 1981 Hartford Ice dancing 1982 Copenhagen Ice dancing 1983 Helsinki Ice dancing 1984 Ottawa Ice dancing European Championships 1981 Innsbruck Ice dancing 1982 Lyon Ice dancing 1984 Budapest Ice dancing 1994 Copenhagen Ice dancing British Figure Skating Championships 1977 Nottingham Ice dancing 1978 Nottingham Ice dancing 1979 Nottingham Ice dancing 1980 Nottingham Ice dancing 1981 Nottingham Ice dancing 1982 Nottingham Ice dancing 1983 Nottingham Ice dancing 1994 Sheffield Ice dancing Torvill and Dean ( Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ) are British ice dancers and former British , European , Olympic and World champions . At the Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics the pair won gold and became the highest scoring figure skaters of all time ( for a single programme ) receiving twelve perfect 6.0 s and six 5.9 s which included artistic impression scores of 6.0 from every judge , after skating to Maurice Ravel 's Boléro . Their performance was watched by a British television audience of more than 24 million people . The pair turned professional following the 1984 World Championships , regaining amateur status briefly ten years later in 1994 to compete in the Olympics once again . The pair retired from competitive skating for good in 1998 when they toured one last time with their own show , Ice Adventures , before rejoining Stars on Ice for one more season . Their final routine was performed to Paul Simon 's `` Still Crazy After All These Years '' , a routine they had devised a few years earlier for competition . Although remaining close friends , the pair did not skate together again until they were enticed out of retirement to take part in ITV 's Dancing on Ice . Both are from Nottingham , England , where the local National Ice Centre is accessed through a public area known as Bolero Square , in honour of the pair 's Olympic achievements . There is also a housing estate in the Wollaton area of the city with a street named ' Torvill Drive ' and another named ' Dean Close ' which is located just off Torvill Drive , with many of the surrounding roads named after coaches and dances associated with the pair . In a UK poll conducted by Channel 4 in 2002 , the British public voted Torvill and Dean 's historic gold - medal - winning performance at the 1984 Winter Olympics as Number 8 in the list of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Careers 1.1 Partnership and the Olympics 1.2 Going professional 1.3 Return to the Olympics 1.4 Life after the Olympics 2 Style and approach 2.1 Use of narrative and thematic music 2.2 Complying with Olympic rules 3 Amateur competition results 4 Amateur competition dances 5 Professional competition results 6 Professional competition dances 7 The professional years 1984 -- 1998 7.1 Song of India 1984 7.2 Encounter 1984 7.3 Heaven and Hell 1985 ( Group Number ) 7.4 Venus 1985 7.5 Jupiter 1985 ( Group Number ) 7.6 Diablo Tango 1985 7.7 Shepherd 's Song 1986 7.8 Fire and Ice 1986 7.9 Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers Medley 1987 7.10 Eleanor 's Dream 1987 7.11 Paganini 1987 7.12 Missing 1987 7.13 Akhnaton 1987 7.14 Ragtime Poker 1987 7.15 Snow Maiden 1987 7.16 Echoes of Ireland 1989 7.17 Revolution / Imagine 1989 7.18 Arc of the Bell 1989 7.19 Oscar Tango 1990 7.20 Iceworks / Tilt 1991 7.21 Skater 's Waltz 1992 ( Group Number ) 7.22 Stormy Weather 1992 7.23 Low Commotion 1992 7.24 Drum Duet 1993 7.25 1994 to 1998 8 Dancing On Ice performances 9 Notes 10 External links Careers ( edit ) Partnership and the Olympics ( edit ) Around 1975 , Jayne Torvill was a former British Junior Pairs champion , and Christopher Dean and his partner had won a British Junior Ice Dance competition . Nottingham coach Janet Sawbridge put them together , and shortly afterwards , they started their ice dancing history . They took their first trophy in 1976 . They changed coaches to Betty Callaway in 1979 . After a 5th - place finish at their first Olympic Games , in Lake Placid in the 1980 Winter Olympics , and 4th place in the Worlds that year , they never took lower than first place in any competition they entered except the 1994 Winter Olympics . Singer - actor Michael Crawford was the fourth member of the team , along with their trainer . He became a mentor to them around 1981 , and went on to help them create their 1983 and 1984 Olympic routines , and `` taught them how to act '' . Crawford said of them , `` I found them to be delightful young people , the kind you want to help if you can . '' ( The Times November 1982 ) . He was present with their trainer at the ringside , when the team won their perfect Olympics score with their Boléro routine . ( Source : Torvill and Dean 's 1996 autobiography partially cited at ) ( For further information and biographies , see the individual articles on Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ) Going Professional ( edit ) Although Torvill and Dean had been able to leave their jobs as an insurance book clerk and policeman , respectively -- thanks to grants from the City of Nottingham -- they were not allowed to earn any money from skating as long as they wished to remain eligible for the Olympics . Turning professional in 1984 , they took advantage not only of the financial but of the artistic possibilities of their new status . They worked with Australian dance choreographer Graeme Murphy at first , and they were able to create not only routines for themselves but entire ice shows with a thematic coherence , which toured Australia , the U.S. , and Europe . Their projects included a filmed fairy tale `` Fire and Ice . '' In general , Dean would imagine the sequence he wanted to perform , and Torvill would work with him to refine it technically . They choreographed , as a team , for other ice dancers and skaters , particularly the Canadian brother -- sister team Isabelle and Paul Duchesnay , who skated for France at the Albertville 1992 Winter Olympics , taking the silver medal with their West Side Story routine . Return to the Olympics ( edit ) After ten years as professionals , Torvill and Dean decided to return to the amateur arena for the 1994 Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway ( along with other great skaters of the 1980s , such as Brian Boitano and Katarina Witt , following a change in eligibility rules ) . The couple moved to Hamar , Norway , in 1993 in order to practise at the Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre which hosted the figure skating events . Their free dance was designed to re-establish some of the ideas about ice dance which they themselves had been instrumental in dismantling ; `` Let 's Face The Music and Dance '' had no swooning lovers , theatrical accessories , or strong ideological message ; instead , the emphasis was upon pure , light - hearted dance in the Astaire and Rogers tradition . The routine did have one move , an assisted lift , which pushed the envelope of the rules , though they had danced the routine at the European Championships with no indication from the judges of any problems . According to their joint autobiography , Facing the Music , the lift was technically legal because the rule prohibited lifts `` above the shoulders , '' and the lift they used was not above the shoulders . The judges placed Torvill and Dean third , giving the second to perennial silver medalists Usova and Zhulin , and the gold medal to Grishuk and Platov , who continued to win gold through the next four years . Life after the Olympics ( edit ) After the disappointing finish at Lillehammer , Torvill and Dean `` retired from competitive skating '' on 2 March 1994 . Instead , they continued with their planned and very successful `` Face the Music '' tour , to be followed by numerous other projects : Dean choreographed a suite of dances to the songs of Paul Simon for the English National Ballet , professional competitions , touring with Stars on Ice , and collaborating with cellist Yo - Yo Ma and director Patricia Rozema on the video Inspired by Bach : Six Gestures . In late 1998 , they produced an ice show at Wembley Stadium in London , `` Ice Adventures , '' which included a `` flying '' ice ballet and other wonders . In the meantime , they were still choreographing , notably for the dynamic French Ice Dance team , Anissina and Peizerat , who won first place in the World Championships in 2000 . In 1998 , the pair officially retired , each continuing to coach and choreograph separately . Since 2006 , they have acted as coaches , choreographers and performers in ITV 's Dancing on Ice and its Australian version Torvill and Dean 's Dancing on Ice . The ITV show returned for a fifth series in January 2010 . After the 2007 and 2008 UK series of Dancing on Ice , Torvill and Dean took the show on the road for a British tour ; a similar tour , the `` 25th Anniversary '' ( of their Sarajevo Olympic success ) took place in 2009 . In 2014 , Torvill and Dean returned to Sarajevo to dance the Bolero one more time , celebrating the 30 year anniversary of their Olympics performance . Invited by the mayor of Sarajevo ahead of the Youth Olympic Games in 2017 , the event helped raise funds for a permanent ice rink and reminded the world of their efforts to bring back the Olympics to Sarajevo. 2015 saw Torvill and Dean make their pantomime début at the Manchester Opera House , performing in `` Cinderella '' . Style and approach ( edit ) Use of narrative and thematic music ( edit ) Paraguay postage stamp of Torvill and Dean performing at the 1984 Winter Olympics After winning the 1981 World Figure Skating Championships ( which brought the distinction of MBEs ) , and with three more years before the Olympics , they began to plan routines which used a single piece of music and had some narrative or thematic element . At that time , Ice Dance `` long '' routines typically used several pieces of music , often with different rhythms to show off the command of different steps ( thus their Free Dance in 1981 used `` Fame '' , `` Caravan '' , `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' , and `` Sing , Sing , Sing '' ) ; the Original Set Pattern dance used only one piece of music , but the entire routine had to be performed three times in sequence , exactly the same way . In 1982 , they presented a long programme to the overture from the musical Mack and Mabel , which evoked the emotions of a sweet but stormy romance ; at the World Championships in 1983 , they enacted a visit to the circus with music from Barnum , a performance which brought them the honour of receiving the world 's first perfect score , with help from the stage show 's star , Michael Crawford ; in 1984 , at the Olympics , they stunned the world with Boléro , and also with their dramatic Paso Doble ( Capriccio Espagnol ) short routine , in which Torvill was the bullfighter 's cape . They had learned to choose and edit music carefully and design routines that were appealing both technically and imaginatively , and their completeness of presentation included thematically appropriate costumes . In 1989 , during the duo 's visit to Australia , they recorded an album Here We Stand , produced by Kevin Stanton with arrangements by Warwick Bone and Derek Williams , and recorded while Christopher Dean was laid up in Sydney , recuperating from a torn ligament . Sales of the album were poor , and this may have been due to the fact that the album featured the dancers singing the material ghosted by backing vocalists , instead of the music they danced to , however it survives on iTunes . Complying with Olympic rules ( edit ) Torvill and Dean 's 1984 Olympic free dance was skated to Maurice Ravel 's Boléro . Ravel 's original Boléro composition is over 17 minutes long . Olympics rules state that the free dance must be four minutes long ( plus or minus ten seconds ) . Torvill and Dean went to a music arranger to condense Boléro down to a `` skateable '' version . However , they were told that the minimum time that Boléro could be condensed down to was 4 minutes 28 seconds , 18 seconds in excess of the Olympics rules . Torvill and Dean reviewed the Olympic rule book and found that it stated that actual timing of a skating routine began when the skaters started skating . Therefore , they could use Boléro if they did not place their skates ' blades to ice for the first 18 seconds . They timed the performance so that when Torvill first placed a blade on the ice , they would have the maximum skating time remaining . Amateur competition results ( edit ) Event 1975 -- 1976 1976 -- 1977 1977 -- 1978 1978 -- 1979 1979 -- 1980 1980 -- 1981 1981 -- 1982 1982 -- 1983 1983 -- 1984 1993 -- 1994 Winter Olympic Games 5th 1st 3rd World Championships 11th 8th 4th 1st 1st 1st 1st European Championships 9th 6th 4th 1st 1st Withdrew 1st 1st British Championships 4th 3rd 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st NHK Trophy 2nd St Ivel International 1st 1st Oberstdorf 2nd 1st St Gervais 1st Morzine Trophy 2nd John Davis Trophy 1st Sheffield Trophy 1st Rotary Watches Competition 2nd Northern Championships 1st Amateur competition dances ( edit ) OSP Free Dance Exhibitions 1979 Slaughter on Tenth Avenue Evergreen 1980 Sing Sing Sing etc . 1981 Fame etc . History of Love ( version 1 ) 1982 Summertime Mack and Mabel The Hop , Kiss Me Kate , Fast Tap Rock n Roll Barnum Putting on the Ritz 1984 Paso Doble Boléro I Wo n't Send Roses 1994 History of Love ( version 2 ) Let 's Face the Music Boléro Professional competition results ( edit ) Event 1984 1985 1990 1994 1995 World Professional Championships 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st Challenge of Champions 1st 1st 1st World Team Championship 3rd 1st 1st Professional competition dances ( edit ) 1984 1985 1990 1994 1995 World Professional Championships Song of India , Encounter Diablo Tango , Venus Oscar Tango , Revolution / Imagine Still Crazy After All These Years , Cecilia Take Five , Hat Trick Challenge of Champions Echoes of Ireland Still Crazy After All These Years , Cecilia Take Five , Hat Trick World Team Championships Let 's Face the Music , Encounter Bridge Over Troubled Water , Cecilia Sarabande , Hat Trick The Professional years 1984 -- 1998 ( edit ) Song of India 1984 ( edit ) Music : Rimsky - Korsakov Known performance period 1984 -- 1987 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes Competition : World Professional Championships Washington 1984 Result : 1st ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 . ) Technical piece Designed in Autumn 1984 for the World Professional Championships held in December 1984 ( source Facing the Music : 1995 : 148 ) . The piece was choreographed jointly between Jayne and Chris together with Graeme Murphy , Artistic Director with the Sydney Dance Company at the time . The costumes consisted of both Jayne and Chris wearing billowing orange / red trousers with brief top pieces adorned with India jewels . The piece consists of a tremendous amount of drawn - out lifts , twisting , intertwining , and even sitting and rolling on the ice to create a balletic piece which they describe at evoking Indian sculptures . The piece was first performed at the 1984 Royal Variety Show in London , before going on to win with straight 10s at the 1984 World Professional Championships . An extended Company version of the dance was devised for the 1985 / 1986 World Tour . It is also known to have been performed again for the one - off televised production with the Russian All Stars at the Luzhniki rink in Moscow in 1987 . The piece contains a unique move of immense technical balance , design , and strength , whereby Dean lifts Torvill feet - first , allowing her to take hold of his lower calf . He then lifts his one leg back with Torvill held horizontal across his body as he completes the lift gliding forward on one leg . The obvious difficulty and stunning symmetry of the lift made it quite a show stopper , and they can be seen to repeat the lift during the 1993 Skates of Gold Exhibition in Boston USA when they take to the ice with their peers from their amateur period : Marina Klimova & Sergei Ponomarenko , and Natalia Bestemianova and Andrei Bukin . Dean and Torvill showed that the years have done nothing to detract from their skill , strength and balance when they incorporated the same lift into a re-worked version of Bolero for the 2007 series of Dancing on Ice . Encounter 1984 ( edit ) Music : `` January Stars '' written and performed by George Otis Winston Known performance period 1984 -- 1995 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes Competition : World Professional Championships Washington 1984 Result : 1st ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 . ) Artistic piece World Team Championship 1994 Result : 1st Encounter runs at over six minutes and was for Torvill and Dean their most enduring professional performance , winning them the World Professional Championships in 1984 and known to be used as performance piece until 1987 . They resurrected the piece in 1994 to win at the World Team Championships . It is last known to have been performed at Wembley for the Face the Music World Tour filmed in June 1995 . The theme of the piece involves two people who walk past each other in the street , notice each other , do a double take , and instantly fall in love . What follows is a brief encounter of two people very much in love but destined to be apart . The costumes were minimalist and unobtrusive , in keeping with the understatedness of the piece , consisting in the 1980s of a small sleek light grey - blue dress for Torvill cut like a mini-skirt and a silver - grey outfit for Dean . When Encounter was performed in the 1990s , Torvill wore a dress designed to look identical to the original , while Dean now wore shirt and trousers to match the colour of Torvill 's outfit exactly . Heaven and hell 1985 ( group number ) ( edit ) Music : derived from the Seven Deadly Sins Ballet Known performance period : 1985 -- 1986 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : none known A ten - minute group number , with Torvill and Dean taking part in the Heaven section , dressing in cream - white outfits . Venus 1985 ( edit ) Music : Gustav Holst ( The Planet Suite ) Known performance period 1985 -- 1986 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes Competition : World Professional Championships Washington 1985 Result : 1st ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 . ) This dance was devised as part of their first World Tour , and formed their number in the Planet Suite , with various members of the Company performing the other planet pieces and the whole company performing Jupiter . The premise of Venus is that Jayne is the Goddess of Love looking after the world ( source Facing the Music : 1995 : 167 ) . The world is actually physically represented in the piece by large globe lit up inside and suspended by a wire ( controlled by a boom operator ) orbiting Torvill and Dean throughout the dance . The opening of the number was most unusual , consisting of an immensely tall Jayne skating on in a large voluminous cloak and sending the globe / sphere into orbit . Chris was in fact concealed within the cloak , lifting Jayne throughout the opening sequence , to then be revealed as the dance begins . The dance is extremely graceful , with many unusual lifts and intricate moves . The costumes were white , with Jayne wearing a white headscarf adorned with a gold coronet . The dance was used as the artistic piece for the 1985 World Championships which they won for the second year in a row . Jupiter 1985 ( group number ) ( edit ) Music : Holst ( The Planet Suite ) Known performance period : 1985 -- 1986 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : none known The spectacular finale piece for Torvill and Dean 's first World Tour involving Torvill and Dean spinning like heavenly bodies with half a dozen fliers around them in orbit on wires . At the end , all the lights would go off except for ultraviolet , leaving them apparently spinning in space ( source Facing the Music : 1995 : 167 ) . Diablo Tango 1985 ( edit ) Music : ' Valentino Tango ' Janko Nilovic Known performance period 1985 -- 1987 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes Competition : World Professional Championships Washington 1985 Result : 1st ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 9.9 , 9 , 9 , 10 . ) Technical piece Another dance devised as part of their first World Tour , and also used to win as the technical piece in the 1985 World Professional Championships . This dance was Torvill and Dean 's first real venture into humour . Later notable comic dances would be Hatrick , Low Commotion , and Trunk Tango , but this remains arguably the most slapstick . Dean 's costume is Spanish in appearance , reflecting the Spanish music , consisting of an open - neck white shirt with a loose black tie , black trousers , and a large purple sash around his waist . Jayne is in a black 1920s ' outfit , complete with arm - length gloves and basin hat . Shepherd 's song 1986 ( edit ) Music : Baylero -- A Shepherd 's Song from Songs of the Auvergne Composer : Joseph Canteloube ; Sung by Kiri Te Kanawa Known performance period : 1986 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes This dance was designed specifically for the 1986 Sports Aid Gala , the proceeds of which went to causes in need in Africa . It is not clear whether it was ever performed again thereafter , but the photo caption on page 76 of Fire on Ice ( Wilson : 1994 ) suggests that it was then incorporated into the World Tour , at least for its next visit to Wembley . The lyrics are in fact those of a very simple old folk song depicting a Shepherd and Shepherdess calling to each other across mountain pastures . The booklet with the CD `` A La Francaise '' gives the following translation of the song : `` Shepherd , across the water , you are scarcely having a good time , Sing bailero , lero , lero . Scarcely , and you ? Sing bailero , lero . Shepherd , how do I get over there , there 's a big stream , sing bailero , lero . Wait , I 'll came and get you , Bailero , lero , lero . '' The dance begins and ends most unusually with the dancers lying entwined together asleep on the ice . The opening depicting daybreak and the end nightfall . In the reverse of Bolero , it is Dean who steps onto the ice first and brings Jayne to her feet . The dance is highly balletic , with operatic movements incorporated . At one point in the dance Torvill and Dean encircle each other catching hold of each other 's ice skate in constant succession creating a very beautiful , intricate and highly technical fluid movement . The costumes are very simple , with Torvill in white and Dean in a loose fitting armless shirt piece and brown trousers with white leg ties . Fire and ice 1986 ( edit ) Music : Carl Davis Written by : Tom Gutteridge Directed by : Tom Gutteridge Produced by : Nick Elliot Produced and Filmed for LWT : 1986 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : Available on the Dancing on Ice 2006 DVD Torvill and Dean devised Fire and Ice in Australia with Graeme Murphy , sold it to LWT ( London Weekend Television -- part of ITV ) . It was written by Tom Gutteridge and Carl Davis and rehearsed and filmed in Germany ready for its UK television premier in Christmas 1986 . Fire and Ice is a full length company piece creating narrative ballet on ice . Set between the Planet of Fire and the Planet of Ice , it tells of a love story between a Prince of Fire and a Princess of Ice . It is a full set piece with visual designs and effects depicting different locations on the two planets and telling the story . The piece opens with Dean performing actually ballet within the catacombs of the Plant of Fire , while seeing Torvill in the blue flames of their altar . Upon diving in , he finds himself upon her planet . He meets her and , after taking some time to adapt to her planet , they fall in love . She gets called away to a Royal Ceremony but she rejoins him later . The following morning they are discovered and a violent attack is carried out on the Fire Prince by her own people . She pleads with her father to have mercy on him but he banishes her from his sight and the Fire Prince is left trapped in a prison of ice . Later the Ice Princess sneaks back to him and melts the ice with all her strength , leaving her close to death . The Fire Prince revives her and they are together once more . Meanwhile , the Prince 's own people have witnessed his fate in the flames and have arrived on the Planet of Ice . A war breaks out which ends in the death of both the Prince 's and Princess 's fathers . Devastated and alone , they find each other once more and grieve . As time heals their wounds and their love endures , a distant archway appears towering over the icy mountains . We watch them make their journey towards the arch and finally enter and make their break for freedom and a new life together . Released all over the world on video and DVD , the production is unique in Torvill and Dean 's repertoire -- their feature film . The piece contains many dances between the two of them , some of them comic ( including one where Dean is actually wearing ordinary shoes on the ice as he is learning to adapt ) , some of them romantic and passionate , and some of them highly dramatic , including dancing separately with the company dancers representing the people from their respective planets . For the most part , Dean wears a costume almost identical in design to his Song of India costume , only this time , rather than being red and orange , this one is red and burgundy , representing his fiery origins . Torvill wears an Ice Queen costume complete with crown , silver hair , and silver blue dress cut like icicles at the bottom . Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers medley 1987 ( edit ) Music : Irving Berlin : `` Steppin ' Out '' / `` Change Partners '' and `` Dance with Me '' / `` Cheek to Cheek '' / `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' / `` Top Hat '' Known performance period : 1987 -- 1990 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes This medley of Irving Berlin numbers danced in tribute to Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers was devised for the brief tour Torvill and Dean did with the Ice Capades in 1987 , but continued as the final number throughout their long Russian All Stars Tour into 1990 . For costumes Chris wore full white tie , waistcoat , and tails , while Jayne wore a flowing near full - length blue dress complete with blue feather boa . Although neatly choreographed with spectacular music and lighting effects , it was arguably not as evocative of Fred and Ginger or as technically accomplished as the amazing `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' routines that they performed at the Skate Canada Amateur exhibition in 1982 . One impressive component however was the incorporation of tap steps on ice during the middle of the routine . During the All Stars Tour ( and possibly the Ice Capades as well ) they kept to a similar theme for the final bow , skating on with the company to I Got Rhythm . Eleanor 's dream 1987 ( edit ) Music : Eleanor Rigby -- Paul McCartney Performance period 1987 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : None known Little is known about this piece and it has never been released commercially and possibly never recorded . It was created as one of their pieces for the 1987 Ice Capades Tour . In their autobiography , Dean states that he passed on the dance for Isabelle and Paul Duchesnay to perform in 1988 , and that the dance was about the relationship between a boy and a girl , with the boy breaking in upon the woman 's dreams Excerpt taken from : Torvill and Dean : Romancing the Ice -- Ice Cycles 1988 Both Dean and Torvill seem eager for responses to their new routines in the show and gratified with the verdict that everything is just great , with special accolades going to `` Eleanor Rigby '' . It was their newest routine and it 's a very interesting version of the song , undertaken with Paul McCartney , having little relation to the earlier Beatles recording . The version used was from the soundtrack of McCartney 's film Give My Regards to Broad Street . Dean and Torvill hated the movie but really liked that version of the song . `` It 's sort of our version of a dream sequence , '' says Dean , referring to their routine . `` And I 'm Eleanor , '' Torvill says simply . Torvill is the fragile title character , clad in muted white with pastel tones across the costume . He is a kind of dream lover to her , dressed in mostly black ; he is both exciting and dangerous . She fears him , but she wants him too , and eventually her desire overcomes her fear . That is ultimately her undoing , as he twirls her round and round his body and she can do nothing but be manoeuvred at this will . It ends with her in a crucifix form across his back as he carries her off into the fog . She was right to fear him after all ... Paganini 1987 ( edit ) Music : Nicolò Paganini Known performance period 1987 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes Paganini is a full Company Ballet choreographed by Tatiana Tarasova , with Torvill and Dean , together with lead dancer Yuri Ovchinikov as the leads . The performance consists of many highly balletic dances between Torvill and Dean and a few solo performances with the other company members present on the ice . The piece does evoke traditional Russian ballet and both Torvill and Dean perform extremely well throughout with many beautiful and unique moves . The costumes are simple -- Chris in a flamboyant white shirt piece and Jayne all in white , very similar to , if not the same as , as her costume in Shepherd 's Song . Originally filmed and performed for the one - off televised production with the Russian All Stars at the Luzhniki rink in Moscow in 1987 , it is not clear whether it became a permanent part of the Russian All Stars Tour , but it seems likely that it was performed in at least the first five months of the Tour . It is not clear whether another company performance they were working on under Chris 's choreography at the time , La Ronde , was ever completed or performed . It would appear that it was probably disbanded and replaced with Akhnaton . Excerpt taken from Torvill and Dean 's autobiography : Tatiana wanted to do a story of Paganini , portraying two sides to his character . Niccolo Paganini was many things : the greatest violin virtuoso of the last century , a composer , the megastar of his day , and romantic adventurer devoured by melancholy . He had seemed to Tatiana to be a perfect hero for Russian -- a soul in conflict with himself . Yuri Ovchinikov would be dancing Paganini 's crazy persona , Chris dancing the creative one , with Jayne as the great man 's muse . Neither of us took to the number , but restrained ourselves for the sake of a peaceful life . Missing 1987 ( edit ) Music : Dolencias -- Incantation Known performance period 1987 -- 1994 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes Performed to South American music , this routine was always very dimly lit for performance , giving the impression of two people on the run , traveling at night and contending with the elements . Chris wears grey - brown trousers and shirt , with Jayne in a simple one - colour burnt red dress . The symmetry in this dance is stunning , particularly the spinning moves created specifically to demonstrate the despair of the dancers / characters . They performed this throughout the Russian All Stars Tour and at various exhibitions including the 1990 Sports Aid Gala and recreated it in 1994 for the American Artistry on Ice documentary . Excerpt taken from Torvill and Dean 's autobiography ( Facing the Music : 1995 : 201 ) : One thing that required our attention was Chris 's response to some Andean music , which reminded him of the terrible things -- particularly the officially sanctioned kidnappings -- that had been happening in Chile and Argentina in recent years . The subject was very much in the air after the Falklands War , and more recently the Costa Gavras movie , Missing . Chris saw in his mind those who had vanished , the fathers , mothers , husbands , wives , lovers , friends and children , and devised a series of movements linking two people who could be seen as friends or brother and sister , confronting authority , cowering before it , searching for lost loved ones , and ending where they started , in limbo . Akhnaton 1987 ( edit ) Music : Akhnaten -- Philip Glass Known performance period 1987 -- 1989 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : Yes ( YouTube ) Akhnaton is another company performance devised for the Russian All Stars Tour that was never commercially released on film , and no known copies exist . The costumes were of traditional Egyptian royalty design . The piece received good reviews including repeated praise in the New York Times , and they refer to the piece regularly in their autobiography . Excerpt taken from Torvill and Dean 's autobiography : Chris had been interested for a while in ancient Middle Eastern history , and on a trip to London immersed himself in the Egyptian room of the British Museum . He liked the feel of the mythology , Isis and Osiris , Pharaoh as god , the idea of dying as rebirth into the real world , the richness of the funerary ornamentation , all that gold lapis lazuli , the stylised poses in the paintings , the hieroglyphics , and in particular the love story of Akhnaton and his queen Nefertiti . Then by chance we came across the CD of a new opera by Philip Glass , called , of all things Akhnaton . This is not exactly top ten material -- minimalist style , vastly long phrases of repeated notes , but in mood just what Chris was looking for . All we needed was to reduce a three - hour epic to 30 minutes . To do that demanded total immersion in the story and imagery . It was an odd thing to do , which involved some long negotiations on our behalf with Philip Glass himself . The dance opened with a strong image to seize and hold the audience . A huge pyramid of silk , 25 - foot square at its base , was being admired by modern tourists . Suddenly , a line attached to the top whipped the pyramid up and away , revealing the world of ordinary Egyptians in the 14th century BC , all in skirts and sandal - like skates . Chris as the Pharaoh made his entry carried on a throne , which led into a love sequence with Jayne as Nefertiti , then a rebellion by the people and a royal death , leaving Jayne / Nefertiti in mourning . Ragtime poker 1987 ( edit ) Music : Known performance period 1987 -- 1990 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes Widely available on the Russian All Stars video realised in 1990 , the group number involved the whole company dressed up as a pack of cards -- representing different suits , numbers , and court characters . It is a very lighthearted piece with little substance and was clearly provided as accessible comic relief from the other more demanding group pieces . Jayne and Chris come on at the end with the spades . Each dancer carries a large representing card , Jayne 's is the Queen of Spades and Chris 's is the King . Jayne skates mainly with the female skaters in a group with Chris joining them , defending them from the comic advances of the Joker in the pack . Chris wears black trousers , white shirt and waistcoat , with a sparkly red bowtie and jacket with gold lapels . Jayne has a very short flashy red dress with a spade in the middle . Snow Maiden 1987 ( edit ) Music : The Procession of the Tsar Berendy -- Rimski - Koraskov Known performance period 1987 -- 1990 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes Presumably designed at the beginning of the All Stars Tour , though possibly not until later in the run , this is something of a forgotten masterpiece , even though it has always been available on the Russian All Stars video . Both are dressed in shiny white outfits with blue and mauve embroidery . The ice is lit a wintry blue and the movements take full advantage of the images of Husky - drawn sleighs , winter pageants , and snow - covered landscapes that the music evokes so successfully . The dance is immensely fast and yet graceful at the same time . It actually begins in a static lift already posed as the lights go up , and it contains many large lifts from then on . Jayne leaps effortlessly onto Chris 's shoulders on a number of occasions and , in one move , even leaps all the way round him , going above his head , with seemingly very little assistance ( they later incorporated this move into Mack and Mabel for their Face the Music Tour in the mid ' 90s ) . It contains many symmetrical dance steps and large sweeping arm gestures , with a succession of impressive lifts and a series of symmetrical jumps and leaps carried out in perfect unison with each other , giving the impression of animals running through the forest . Unique to this dance is a series of two symmetrical steps where they literally leap high into the air together but leaning forward with their inside leg bent as they plunge back to the ground , putting their outside leg straight out behind them . The move actually makes them look like two stags leaping and bounding and thrusting their antlers forward . The piece ends with Jayne throwing herself onto Chris , who bends with Jayne balanced on his knees and allows himself to fall flat on to his back , ending with Jayne suspended in the air held up by Chris , forming a dramatic and very beautiful final tableau as Chris continues to glide across the ice on his back . Hi grace Echoes of Ireland 1989 ( edit ) Music : Known performance period 1989 -- 1992 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes Competition : Challenge of the Champions Innsbruck Austria 1990 Result : 1st ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 -- Artistic ) ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 9.9 , 10 , 10 , 9.9 -- Technical ) Devised initially as one of the new extra pieces for the second leg of the Russian All Stars Tour , this piece went on to be performed for competition to win the World Professional Championships in 1990 , and they were still performing a section of it by their 1992 Ukrainian Tour . In the 1992 `` Simply the Best '' documentary , Chris states `` in Echoes of Ireland we visited the country to get an idea of the people and their music before we choreographed this piece for the ice '' . The finished piece is actually an ensemble of three quite separate routines , which they later performed in different orders or simply on their own . The first is a tradition lighthearted Irish jig with some very clever footwork . The second is a more sombre dance done to older tradition Irish Folk music . The third piece is a more modern piece , a very beautiful new age number done to a song sung by an Irish female artist . This final dance includes an unusual lift where Jayne jumps up and sits high upon one of Chris 's shoulders facing the opposite way from him . The costumes consist of brown trousers , cream shirt , yellow neckerchief , and green - check waistcoat for Chris , and an off - orange dress with embroidered collar and sleeves and white apron for Jayne . Revolution / Imagine 1989 ( edit ) Music : Revolution -- The Beatles / Imagine -- John Lennon Known performance period 1989 -- 1990 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes Competition : World Professional Championships Result : 1st ( 10 , 9.9 , 10 , 9.9 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Performed during the latter half of the All Stars Tour and also used to win the 1990 World Professional Championships , this piece is very different from any other they performed . It was highly technical , physically demanding with a lot of high and drawn - out lifts , and visually very impressive . True to the style of the music , Revolution is extremely fast - paced and performed with an aggression that neither had displayed before . The movements express violence , dissent , anguish , and entrapment . The costumes were very sophisticated in style : Chris wore back trousers , white open - necked shirt , and a smart black and purple waistcoat , while Jayne wore black trousers and a voluminous white silk blouse . What was particularly unusual about Jayne 's costume was that she actually wore black skates to blend right in with her trousers . While Chris always wore skates the dominant colour of his costume , even when in trousers Jayne rarely did , consistently skating in white skates in nearly all routines . Excerpt taken from Torvill and Dean 's autobiography ( Facing the Music : 1995 : 227 -- 228 ) : Revolution was most ambitious . Its inspiration was a Montréal dance group we had seen in Sydney with the odd name of La La La Human Steps , whose rapid , machine - gun , staccato movements were unlike anything we had seen before . Chris thought the technique might be adapted for the ice , if we replaced the dancers ' lifts and throws with quick - fire upper - body movements . It was long , fast and very testing , not only of our abilities as dancers , but also as actors , in particular Jayne , who had to go completely against character , with vicious movements and displays of anger . That was new , not only for her : nobody to our knowledge had done anything like this on ice before . In the 1991 Blade Runners documentary Jayne says : `` I did n't like Revolution at first because I 'm not an aggressive person , so it was good that he pushed it because it brought out another side of me -- another character that I could portray '' . Chris then goes on to explain the theme of the piece , and explains how it leads into imagine and why the perform the two pieces together : `` the idea is of it 's a young couple that have been married for a few years and it 's not that fairytale life of happiness . Which happens to a lot of people -- that something goes wrong and tension builds and anger grows within that . And I wanted to put that onto the ice -- this raw aggression -- and overstate it -- so that , for people sitting right the way back , it becomes literal though body . But it follows on in a sort of resolve -- not necessarily a happy ending -- it then goes into Imagine . Maybe there is something else , maybe there is a compromise or at least an understanding of their situation . They may not get back together or it may not be resolved but they 've analysed that they have a problem and maybe there is something to work towards and achieve a happier solution '' . Arc of the bell 1989 ( edit ) Music : Arvo Part Known performance period 1989 -- 1990 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : none known Little is known of this piece other than it is a modern piece by composer Arvo Part ( source : Facing the Music : 1995 : 227 ) . It has never been commercially available and no footage has come to light on the internet . It was the third routine designed in 1989 for the second leg of the Russian All Stars Tour . Oscar Tango 1990 ( edit ) Music : Simon Jeffes & Piers Harry Known performance period : 1990 -- 1992 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes Competition : World Professional Championships Result : 1st When Torvill and Dean decided to compete professionally again in 1990 , they used three pieces already designed for both the Ice Capades and the Russian All Stars , but Oscar Tango was the one new piece specifically designed as the technical routine for the World Professional Championships , which they went on to win . The piece is entirely unique in that the first minute and a half is skated in total silence , with the music only beginning after this time . In that time Jayne and Chris stamp out a series of extremely precise , sharp , and fast tango steps entirely separately from each other , but in complete unison and perfect split - second timing . In the `` Story So Far ... '' video released in 1996 , Chris explains that `` the movements in the silence represent the typical tango , but as the music begins we wanted to express the inner feelings of these two dancers '' . However , it could also be interpreted that they are dancing with other partners during the silence ( both hold a stance as if miming holding an invisible partner ) for whom they feel no connection , only to lose all rigidity when they find each other , instead experiencing total connection , fluidity of movement , and emotion through dancing with each other . The costumes were a patterned blend of sky , royal , and navy blues starting light at the top and getting gradually darker . A lot of new moves were created for this piece , many of which they would call upon again throughout the routines they devised from 1994 -- 1998 . This included a whole series of moves that were lifted direct from Oscar Tango and placed within the Olympic version of ' Lets Face the Music ' , moves that were to be repeated in ' In My Life ' , and a highly strenuous move whereby Chris lifts Jayne upside down and she puts her legs vertically in the air high above his head before swinging them back down to lie vertically across Chris balancing on his bent knees . This move was used again in ' In Trutina ' during their 1995 -- 96 World Tour and again for ' Bridge Over Troubled Water ' also devised in 1995 . They created the move once more in 2006 , this time incorporating it into their shortened and redesigned version of Bolero . Iceworks / Tilt 1991 ( edit ) Music : Andy Sheppard Known performance period : 1991 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes In 1990 , the BBC programme Omnibus approached Torvill and Dean to do a programme on their choreography . The documentary focused on how their choreography had advanced during their professional years , away from the rigid rules of amateur competition , focusing on the comic performance of Hat Trick , the political expression of Missing , the technical accomplishment of Oscar Tango , and the stylistic performance of Revolution / Imagine . The documentary also scored a first by persuading Chris and Jayne to produce an entirely new dance especially for it . The piece was named Iceworks for the documentary but later named Tilt when performed at events . As a televisual piece Iceworks was able to have dry ice effects , an artistic backdrop , and highly evocative lighting effects . The up - and - coming Jazz composer Andy Sheppard was asked to compose an entirely new piece of music specifically for the routine , and Chris worked closely with him on the composition process . The music was derived initially by blending saxophone with the sound of Chris and Jayne 's blades gliding across the ice ; thereafter a beat kicks in together with a slightly ethereal simple tune . The costumes consisted of matching ( though not identical ) all - in - one tight - fitting pieces consisting of a mix of pastel colours : yellow , pink , mauve , and blue . Designing this dance was fraught with difficulty for both Chris and Jayne : `` I could n't relate to the stark , modern music that had been commissioned by the Omnibus people . To be frank , I could n't understand Chris 's ideas for the music , could n't understand what he was trying to get me to do '' ( source : Facing the Music : 1995 : 227 -- 228 ) . They were working to a tight deadline for the programme but in the end the pressure became too much and the programme was delayed with the BBC 's agreement . Jayne took a two - week break with her just - married husband Phil Christensen before returning to start work with Chris on Oscar Tango . Iceworks was later completed for transmission as part of Omnibus in 1991 , and achieved the highest viewing figures ever for the programme . Skater 's waltz 1992 ( group number ) ( edit ) Music : Waldteufel Known performance period : 1992 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : none known This was the opening number of the 1992 Best of Torvill and Dean Tour that they performed with a Ukrainian ice dancing company . Only a small clip of it is known to be available on the internet , so not an awful lot is known about the dance except that it is a group number with Torvill and Dean performing with the whole company . Their costumes in this piece are possibly their most unusual of any of their performances . Jayne wears a white fur hat and a blue velvet dress with white fur finish and ornate and decorative gold ties and buttons pattern in the middle . Chris similarly wears a blue velvet top piece with the same gold effect , white trousers with a single blue stripe on each leg , and a velvet blue jacket with fur finish slung over his shoulder throughout the routine . The final section of this show had a weather theme , and the final bow call was done to Over the Rainbow which has the whole company skate on , with Torvill and Dean arriving last to take their bow last with the whole company . Stormy weather 1992 ( edit ) Music : Harold Arien and Ted Koechier Known Performance Period : 1992 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes A love - on - the - rocks number , with similarities in theme to Revolution , but this piece is more suggestive of heartbreak and rejection , possibly that of a couple going through divorce or the discovery of an affair or some other deception . Chris wears the same pale grey - blue outfit that he wears for the later performances of Encounter , while Jayne wears a stunning silky grey - silver dress that swirls out at the bottom and genuinely does conjure an image of storm clouds . It is a very fluid piece with a lot of swinging motions . Low Commotion 1992 ( edit ) Music : Ry Cooder Known Performance Period : 1992 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes Another unique piece where Chris and Jayne really experiment with a new type of music and a very different type of footwork . The routine is very fast and demanding , including a section where they skate backwards away from each other and back in a series of three , each time bringing their inside blades within inches of each other , relying on absolutely perfect judgement . Many of Torvill and Dean 's routines involve the display of one particular move three times in a row and this routine plays a joke on this concept when Chris flips Jayne over 360 twice in a row , with Jayne flipping Chris the third time and then flexing her muscles at the audience . They perform the routine in Texas - style barn dance costumes , both in straw hat and blue denim dungarees , Jayne with a red and white check lumberjack shirt , pigtails , and freckles , and Chris wearing a neckerchief . In the 1992 Simply the Best documentary Jayne explains that the characters are based loosely on those in The Tales of Tom Sawyer . The dance is extremely fast , but then when the music peters out at the end , the dancers seem to lose interest or even remember what they were doing and they just stroll off the ice . There was a company piece called Hoedown which either preceded or followed this routine , but it is not clear whether or not Torvill and Dean were actually in the group number . Drum duet 1993 ( edit ) Music : Genesis Known Performance Period : 1993 Versions available on video / DVD or internet : yes This was the last new routine that they choreographed before they began work on their Olympic routines . The costumes are extremely colourful and deliberately clashing . Torvill wears pink leggings , red shirt , and orange waistcoat , and Dean wears blue trousers , purple , pink , and blue shirt , and garish blue waistcoat . The music is a series of drumbeats / percussion to which they skate in a long series of intricate steps at speed across the ice . This includes a lot of fast backwards sections , separate jumps , twists , and turns in complete unison . The piece was designed for their stint as guest artists on the Tom Collins Tour of World Figure Skating Champions . 1994 to 1998 ( edit ) In Trutina 1994 Paperback Writer 1994 In My Life 1994 Lucy in the Sky 1994 Cecilia 1995 Bridge Over Troubled Water 1995 Still Crazy 1995 ( performed again in 1998 as their final dance before retiring ) Six Gestures 1996 Take Five 1996 Mumbo Jumbo 1997 Red Hat 1997 Winter Express 1997 Exotic Fish 1997 Jazz Fish 1997 Flying Fish 1997 The Hockey Event 1997 Only He Will Do 1997 New Year 's Eve Final 1997 Still Crazy 1998 Dancing on ice performances ( edit ) Torvill and Dean have performed several times during each TV series . Series One ( 2006 ) `` Let 's Face the Music and Dance '' Mack and Mabel & Barnum tributes `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Let Me Entertain You '' `` Foot Loose '' `` Angels '' `` Sing , Sing , Sing ( With a Swing ) '' Boléro Series Two ( 2007 ) `` A Kind of Magic '' `` Imagine '' `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' `` I Like The Way ( You Move ) '' `` These Boots Are Made For Walkin ' '' `` Shine '' `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' `` Moondance '' `` Over the Rainbow '' Boléro Unplugged `` Gold '' Series Three ( 2008 ) `` Get the Party Started '' ( Shirley Bassey version ) `` Feelin ' Good '' ( Michael Bublé version ) `` World of our Own '' `` One '' ( Jayne with ensemble ) `` Fields of Gold '' Sixties - themed Group Number `` Valerie '' `` Sway '' ( The Pussycat Dolls version ) `` Footprints in the Sand '' Boléro revisited ( with Julian Lloyd Webber ) `` The Best Is Yet to Come '' Series Four ( 2009 ) `` Swing with Me '' `` From A Distance '' ( with Bette Midler ) `` Wake Me Up Before You Go - Go '' ( Group Number ) `` Let It Go '' ( with Will Young ) `` It 's Raining Men '' ( Group Number ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' ( Michael Bublé version ) `` Untouchable '' ( with Girls Aloud ) Boléro Series Five ( 2010 ) Love Never Dies ( with Katherine Jenkins ) `` Use Somebody '' ( with Pixie Lott ) `` Your Song '' ( with Ellie Goulding ) `` Have n't Met You Yet '' Boléro Series Six ( 2011 ) `` Let 's Get It Started '' `` Copacabana '' ( pros number ) `` Yellow '' ( with sand artist David Myriam ) Argentine tango to `` Dance With Me '' `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' ( The Overtones version ) `` What The World Needs Now Is Love '' ( sung by Rumer ) Boléro ( with David Garrett ) Series Seven ( 2012 ) `` The Edge of Glory '' `` Jar of Hearts '' ( with Christina Perri ) Boléro Series Eight ( 2013 ) `` Better Together '' `` Accentuate the Positive '' ( with Jools Holland 's Rhythm Blues and Blues Orchestra and Rumer ) `` Never Tear Us Apart '' ( INXS version ) Boléro Series Nine ( 2014 ) `` In My Life '' ( with Rebecca Ferguson ) `` The Power of Love '' `` Let 's Face the Music and Dance '' Boléro Series Ten ( 2018 ) `` The Impossible Dream ( The Quest ) '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1984 : Torvill and Dean 's perfection '' . BBC . 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1984 : British ice couple score Olympic gold '' . BBC On the Day , 14 February 1984 . 14 February 1984 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ 100 GREATEST SPORTING MOMENTS -- RESULTS Channel 4 Jump up ^ `` Anecdotes '' . Members.nuvox.net . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frustration forces Torvill and Dean to retire : Ice dancers will not compete in world championships '' . Bangor Daily News . Maine , United States . Associated Press . 3 March 1994 . p. 11 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah . `` Torvill and Dean return to Sarajevo ice for emotional Bolero performance '' . The Telegraph . The Telegraph . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaylen , McGee . `` Return the Olympics to Sarajevo '' . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella starring Torvill and Dean '' . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ YouTube -- Torvill and Dean Barnum Archived 26 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1989 ) . Here We Stand . Discogs Jump up ^ ( 1989 ) . Warwick Bone . Discogs Jump up ^ Warwick Bone . www.move.com.au Jump up ^ ( 1989 ) . Derek Williams . Discogs Jump up ^ Derek Williams Jump up ^ ( June 1989 ) . Torvill & Dean History ( 1989 ) . Official site . ( Sydney , Australia ) Jump up ^ Here We Stand . iTunes Jump up ^ Slater , Nicky ( 5 February 2009 ) . `` Torvill & Dean : What really went on when the skates came off '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean ( GBR ) -- 1979 World Figure Skating Championships , Ice Dancing , Free Dance '' . YouTube . 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean Evergreen '' . YouTube . 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean ( GBR ) -- 1980 Winter Games , Ice Dancing , Free Dance '' . YouTube . 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean ( GBR ) -- 1981 World Figure Skating Championships , Free Dance '' . YouTube . 24 April 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 History Of Love Torvill and Dean '' . YouTube . 21 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean -- 1982 '' . Torvillanddean.com . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean -- 1983 Part 1 '' . Torvillanddean.com . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean -- 1983 Part 2 '' . Torvillanddean.com . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Torvill & Dean -- 1984 Part 2 '' . Torvillanddean.com . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean ( GBR ) -- 1984 Sarajevo , Figure Skating , Exhibition ( Encore ) '' . YouTube . 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean -- 1994 Part 1 '' . Torvillanddean.com . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean -- 1994 Part 2 '' . Torvillanddean.com . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean -- Timeline '' . Torvillanddean.com . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean ( GBR ) -- 1984 World Pros , Ice Dancing , Technical Dance '' . YouTube . 9 January 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean Worlds Pro 1985 '' . YouTube . 16 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill and Dean Venus '' . YouTube . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean ( GBR ) -- 1990 World Professionals , Ice Dancing , Technical Dance '' . YouTube . 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean -- Revolution / Imagine ( 1990 WPC ) '' . YouTube . 6 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean -- Still Crazy ( 1995 WPC ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill&Dean `` Take Five '' 1996 `` . YouTube . 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill and Dean Hat Trick 1996 WTC '' . YouTube . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean ( GBR ) -- 1990 World Challenge of Champions , Ice Dancing Event '' . YouTube . 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean 1994 Team Championships Encounter '' . YouTube . 7 September 2007 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torvill & Dean -- Bridge Over Troubled Water '' . YouTube . 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean -- Cecilia '' . YouTube . 27 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.goldenskate.com/figure-skating-results/ Jump up ^ ( source Facing the Music : 1995 : 139 ) ^ Jump up to : ( source Facing the Music : 1995 : 149 ) Jump up ^ ( source Facing the Music : 1995 : 158 ) Jump up ^ ( source Facing the Music : 1995 : 179 ) Jump up ^ ( source Facing the Music : 1995 : 191 ) Jump up ^ ( source Facing the Music : 1995 : 235 ) . Jump up ^ ( Facing the Music : 1995 : 199 ) Jump up ^ ( Facing the Music : 1995 : 202 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Torvill and Dean . Torvill & Dean Official Site TandDTalk -- A Torvill and Dean Forum Unreality TV -- News of Torvill and Dean on ITVs Dancing On Ice Video Footage : Barnum -- Torvill and Dean -- 1983 World Championships Video Footage : Bolero -- Torvill and Dean -- 1984 Olympics TV performance of Bolero 2008 ( hide ) BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award 1954 Christopher Chataway 1955 Gordon Pirie 1956 Jim Laker 1957 Dai Rees 1958 Ian Black 1959 John Surtees 1960 David Broome 1961 Stirling Moss 1962 Anita Lonsbrough 1963 Dorothy Hyman 1964 Mary Rand 1965 Tom Simpson 1966 Bobby Moore 1967 Henry Cooper 1968 David Hemery 1969 Ann Jones 1970 Henry Cooper 1971 HRH The Princess Anne 1972 Mary Peters 1973 Jackie Stewart 1974 Brendan Foster 1975 David Steele 1976 John Curry 1977 Virginia Wade 1978 Steve Ovett 1979 Sebastian Coe 1980 Robin Cousins 1981 Ian Botham 1982 Daley Thompson 1983 Steve Cram 1984 Torvill and Dean ( Jayne Torvill & Christopher Dean ) 1985 Barry McGuigan 1986 Nigel Mansell 1987 Fatima Whitbread 1988 Steve Davis 1989 Nick Faldo 1990 Paul Gascoigne 1991 Liz McColgan 1992 Nigel Mansell 1993 Linford Christie 1994 Damon Hill 1995 Jonathan Edwards 1996 Damon Hill 1997 Greg Rusedski 1998 Michael Owen 1999 Lennox Lewis 2000 Steve Redgrave 2001 David Beckham 2002 Paula Radcliffe 2003 Jonny Wilkinson 2004 Kelly Holmes 2005 Andrew Flintoff 2006 Zara Phillips 2007 Joe Calzaghe 2008 Chris Hoy 2009 Ryan Giggs 2010 Tony McCoy 2011 Mark Cavendish 2012 Bradley Wiggins 2013 Andy Murray 2014 Lewis Hamilton 2015 Andy Murray 2016 Andy Murray 2017 Mo Farah Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torvill_and_Dean&oldid=841856178 '' Categories : Olympic figure skaters of Great Britain Sport in Nottingham Sports duos English ice dancers Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from October 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles containing French - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 14 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did torvill and dean win olympic gold | [
"Torvill and Dean (Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean) are British ice dancers and former British, European, Olympic and World champions. At the Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics the pair won gold and became the highest scoring figure skaters of all time (for a single programme) receiving twelve perfect 6.0s and six 5.9s which included artistic impression scores of 6.0 from every judge, after skating to Maurice Ravel's Boléro.[1][2] Their performance was watched by a British television audience of more than 24 million people.[2] The pair turned professional following the 1984 World Championships, regaining amateur status briefly ten years later in 1994 to compete in the Olympics once again. The pair retired from competitive skating for good in 1998 when they toured one last time with their own show, Ice Adventures, before rejoining Stars on Ice for one more season. Their final routine was performed to Paul Simon's \"Still Crazy After All These Years\", a routine they had devised a few years earlier for competition. Although remaining close friends, the pair did not skate together again until they were enticed out of retirement to take part in ITV's Dancing on Ice."
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5377632605424213947 | Flavor of Love (season 2) | Flavor of Love ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Flavor of Love ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search Flavor of Love ( season 2 ) The cast of Flavor of Love Starring Flavor Flav Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network VH1 Original release August 6 ( 2006 - 08 - 06 ) -- October 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 29 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 The second season of the VH1 reality television series Flavor of Love brings female contestants into the mansion of Flavor Flav to compete for his love . The second season first aired weekly from August 6 , 2006 to October 29 , 2006 , with a total of twelve episodes . During the first season reunion , Hoopz announced that her relationship with Flavor Flav was over , saying `` It 's like that , but it 's not like that . '' When discussing the upcoming season , Flav emphatically told the producers `` No more gold diggers ! '' ( referring mainly to Hottie from Season One ) Filming began in May 2006 and consisted of an 11 episode season , with another episode for a reunion show . VH1 uploaded videos of contestant auditions on IFilm and encouraged viewers to rank the contestants . The show premiered with 3.3 million viewers . The format of the show largely stayed the same as the first season , with the exception of Flav 's deliberations with Big Rick as to who he would keep or send home before the actual ceremony ; this angle was dropped during the second season . The second series ' season finale was the second highest non-sports basic cable program of the year drawing over 7.5 million viewers which is the highest rated show in VH1 history . On November 28 , 2006 , the complete second season was released onto DVD . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Elimination Order 3 Episodes 3.1 Somethin 's Stinkin ' in the House of Flav 3.2 Flav is Blind 3.3 She Works Hard for Her Honey 3.4 Jelly on the Telly 3.5 Famous Friends and Strangeness 3.6 Photo Shoot To The Death 3.7 Boxin ' Each Other Out 3.8 Steppin ' Out Flav Style 3.9 Family Flavors 3.10 Oh No She Did n't ! 3.11 Flav Belize In Love 3.12 Reunion : After the Lovin ' 4 See also 5 After the show 6 References Contestants ( edit ) Nickname Real name Eliminated Deelishis Chandra Davis 13 ! Winner New York Tiffany Pollard 11 ! Runner - Up Krazy Heather Crawford 09 ! Episode 9 Bootz Larissa Hodge 08 ! Episode 8 Buckeey Shay Johnson 07 ! Episode 7 Buckwild Becky Johnston 06 ! Episode 6 Nibblz Domenique Majors 06 ! Episode 6 Beatuful Kelly Jay Jenkins 06 ! Episode 6 Like Dat Darra Boyd 05 ! Episode 5 Toasteee Jennifer Toof 04 ! Episode 4 Payshintz Jasmine Dare 03 ! Episode 3 Somethin Tykeisha Thomas 03 ! Episode 3 Tiger Britney Morano 03 ! Episode 3 Spunkeey Maria Dunbar 02 ! Episode 2 Wire Jesselynn Desmond 02 ! Episode 2 Bamma Tarasha Lee 01 ! Episode 1 Choclate Ronnise Clark 01 ! Episode 1 Hood Yanay Yancy 01 ! Episode 1 H - Town Renee Austin 01 ! Episode 1 Saaphyri Saaphyri Windsor 01 ! Episode 1 Eye'z Bonnie Mercado 00 ! Episode 1 Never received a nickname Entered Episode 6 , Eliminated Episode 11 Elimination order ( edit ) Flav 's Call - Out Order # Naming Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 11 Toasteee Buckeey Like Dat Krazy Krazy Bootz Deelishis New York New York Buckeey Buckwild Krazy Beatuful Deelishis Krazy Bootz Deelishis Deelishis New York New York Wire Krazy Deelishis Like Dat Buckeey Buckeey Buckeey Bootz Krazy Krazy Nibblz Tiger Toasteee Toasteee Beatuful Buckwild Buckwild Krazy Bootz 5 Somethin Payshintz Payshintz Deelishis Bootz Deelishis Krazy Buckeey 6 Hood Nibblz Nibblz Buckwild Buckwild Nibblz Nibblz 7 Eye'z Deelishis Beatuful Nibblz Like Dat Beatuful Beatuful 8 Tiger Wire Buckwild Buckeey Nibblz Like Dat New York 9 Beautful Like Dat Buckeey Bootz Toasteee 10 Bootz Bootz Bootz Payshintz 11 Like Dat Toasteee Tiger Tiger 12 Choclate Beatuful Somethin Somethin 13 Spunkeey Somethin Spunkeey 14 Payshintz Spunkeey Wire 15 Krazy Bamma 16 Buckwild Choclate 17 H - Town H - Town 18 Bamma Hood 19 Deelishis Eye'z 20 Saaphyri Saaphyri The contestant won Flavor of Love . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant was returned from Flavor of Love 1 and entered the competition at the end of episode 6 . The contestant received a clock , but voluntarily quit the competition . The contestant was disqualified from the competition . The contestant was revealed to be a secret spy for Flav as well as not being an actual contestant in the competition . Episodes ( edit ) Somethin 's stinkin ' in the house of Flav ( edit ) First aired August 6 , 2006 Twenty new contestants arrive at the mansion and discover that there were only fourteen beds . When H - Town and Saaphyri fight over a bed , Flav asked them what happened . After finding out who started the fight , Saaphyri is disqualified for physically assaulting H - Town . Flav revealed that he had a spy in his house ; this turned out to be Eye'z . She told Flav that Bamma is too quiet , Somethin is crazy , Hood was sent to the show by her agent , Wire was on The Fifth Wheel , Tiger was n't into Flav , Choclate did n't say much , and Toasteee drinks too much . Later , Somethin shared an intimate moment with Flav , and Spunkeey called her out on lesbian statements she made before . Somethin erupted and begins to scream ; the producers added a demonic voice for humorous effect . After the five girls Hood , Bamma , H - Town , Choclate and Saaphyri were eliminated , the contestants discovered that Somethin had defecated on the floor during the elimination ceremony because she could n't hold it in or go to the bathroom . Eliminated : Hood , Bamma , H - town , Choclate , Saaphyri Reasons For Elimination Hood : Agent sent her to be on the show . Bamma : Flav said that he was n't feeling her . H - Town : Got into a fight with Saaphryi and told her to go to a doctor for her injuries . Choclate : Flav claims that he was n't feeling her . Saaphryi : Got disqualified for assaulting H - Town over a bed . Flav is blind ( edit ) First aired August 13 , 2006 Flav challenges the remaining fourteen Flavorettes to a blind speed dating competition so he could get to know them without appearance being a factor . Things fell apart when Flav realized he could n't eat something he could n't see . The girls were each given ten minutes to leave a lasting impression on Flav as he stumbled from table to table . In the end , Flav chose Tiger , Like Dat , and Buckwild as the winners while indulging in a bucket of KFC . In the morning , Buckeey commented on Like Dat 's slovenly table manners . Later in the day , the three girls who won the speed dating competition accompanied Flav on a group date to the `` gonzoleers '' ( gondolas ) in the LBC . Flavor Flav tried to stick to the tradition of kissing all the girls as they passed under the bridges , however Tiger had no interest in kissing him . She claimed that she did n't like kissing him after other girls . Later that evening , Flav had a mixer , and all went well until Wire watched Buckeey and Flavor Flav kiss . She stood there until Flav asked her to go inside . She then played the piano very loudly and ruined Buckeey 's date . Toasteee gave Flavor Flav advice on who he should eliminate , and he took this into consideration that night in the elimination ceremony . Wire and Spunkeey were both eliminated . Spunkeey cried hard when she was eliminated and was sad that he kept `` the beauty queen over her '' and the `` girls who want to have sex with other girls '' . She also said `` I would have shited on your floor if I had to '' as she hugged Flav goodbye . Challenge : Blind speed dating competition . Challenge Winners : Tiger , Like Dat , Buckwild Bottom Three : Somethin , Wire , Spunkeey Eliminated : Wire , Spunkeey Reasons For Elimination Spunkeey : Acted too fake around him . Wire : Flav claims he was n't feeling her . She works hard for her honey ( edit ) First aired August 20 , 2006 Flav divides the girls into two groups . Buckwild , Krazy , Toasteee , Somethin , Bootz , and Deelishis have to work at one of Flav 's favorite restaurants . Sumthin gets fired for not taking it seriously , and Bootz wins the challenge . The next day , the second group has to clean a disgusting house after a crazy party the night before . The group consists of Buckeey , Tiger , Payshintz , Nibblz , Beatuful and Like Dat . They find out they are cleaning hip - hop legend Warren G 's house . While half of the girls are cleaning , back at the mansion Buckwild , Krazy and Deelishis watch as Bootz and Somethin are arguing . The winner is Nibblz , and she and Flav have a king and queen dinner . Bootz and Payshintz then start fighting . Many of the other girls joined in and started making racial comments , furthermore accusing her of not knowing who she or Flav is . Bootz tells Flav that Tiger , Somethin , and Payshintz should all go home . Flav takes this into consideration , and eliminates Tiger and Sumthin . He has a clock for Payshintz as well , but she chooses not to accept it because she could n't take the drama with Bootz , and a few of the other girls anymore . Challenge : To work at one of Flav 's favorite restaurants ( six girls ) . Clean one of Flav 's boy 's house ( six other girls ) . Challenge Winner : Nibblz , Bootz Bottom Three : Payshintz , Tiger , Somethin Eliminated : Tiger , Somethin Quit : Payshintz Reasons For Elimination Somethin : Flav could n't get over her defecating on the floor . Tiger : Did n't make a connection with her . Payshintz : Quit the competition because she ca n't take the drama with Bootz anymore . Jelly on the telly ( edit ) First aired August 27 , 2006 The episode begins on the night of the previous elimination , when Toasteee and Nibblz share Flav 's bed that night . In the morning , Flav holds a hip - hop dance contest . The girls are divided into three teams of three each . Krazy , Nibblz , and Deelishis end up winning . Each girl gets a private date with Flav ; that night , Krazy goes with him on a romantic candlelit dinner to KFC , Nibblz spends the next morning in his bedroom and has breakfast with him , and Deelishis goes with him to a strawberry field . In the meantime , Toasteee tells the other girls that the night before , she heard noises and concluded that Nibblz was giving Flav a handjob . Nibblz retaliates by revealing to Flav that Toasteee apparently admitted that she has done pornography on the internet and in a magazine . Toasteee denies the allegations , so Flav does some internet research to see who 's lying . Toasteee goes to Flav , letting him know that she 's leaving because she ca n't handle the drama anymore . Flav tells Toasteee that if she leaves now , she 's basically implying that Nibblz was right . Toasteee agrees to stay . In that evening 's eliminations , Flav has both girls promise they 're telling the truth . But right after that , Flav holds up a pornographic picture of Toasteee . Everyone is shocked by the evidence . Toasteee claims that it 's not necessarily evidence against her as she leaves . Challenge : A hip - hop dance contest divided by three teams . Challenge Winners : Krazy , Nibblz , Deelishis Bottom two : Nibblz , Toasteee Eliminated : Toastee Reasons For Elimination Toasteee : Lied to Flav about doing porn . Famous friends and strangeness ( edit ) First aired September 3 , 2006 This episode starts with the girls finding out that they must throw a party for some of Flav 's famous friends . Like Dat confronts Buckwild about her speech patterns , claiming that she is talking like she 's black and that it is n't how she really talks , but Buckwild says that she 's not a fake . Bootz , Like Dat , and Buckwild get into a fight about Buckeey and Deelishis not working hard . After all the fights , the girls are excited to find out who will be coming to the party . The special guests are Three 6 Mafia , Warren G , Don Magic Juan , DJ Quik , the Ying Yang Twins , and G - Unit . When the guests first arrive Bootz entertain them with her booty dancing , and Nibblz gives them lap dances . The Ying Yang Twins ask Bootz to dance in one of their videos and she declines because she did n't want to risk her relationship with Flav . During the party , Nibblz drinks too much liquor and is in the bathroom vomiting , resulting in Like Dat having to lay her down on her bed . Also , Three 6 Mafia asks Krazy to sing any of Flav 's songs . She says she knows one of them , but she ca n't sing it . Bootz and Krazy have an argument about Krazy being real or not . Like Dat and Buckwild then get into the same argument again . Buckwild says that when she is around different races of people , her voice changes . She then wants to leave but Like Dat convinces her to stay . Flav spends time with Buckeey , Bootz , and Like Dat before elimination . However , Like Dat is sent home because Flav only sees her as a friend . The girls are then pissed to find out that another guest will be joining them tomorrow : Season 1 's Tiffany `` New York '' Pollard . Challenge : To throw a party and interact with some of Flav 's friends . Challenge winner : None Eliminated : Like Dat Reasons For Elimination Like Dat : Only saw her as a friend . Photo shoot to the death ( edit ) First aired September 10 , 2006 The episode begins the night , that Flav welcomes Season 1 's Tiffany Pollard aka New York back to the house as a guest to help him decide about tomorrow night 's eliminations for the seven remaining ladies . All the girls are pissed that New York returned to the house , because a lot of them do n't like or get along with New York . Flav leaves the girls alone and New York asks the girls about each other and Bootz lets New York know that she does n't like her and does n't want her there and that she 's just another bitch trying to steal her man . New York and Bootz get into an argument , where New York calls Bootz a `` dreamer '' meaning she 's just dreaming of Flav being her man . The next day , the girls wake up and are told to go to a photoshoot for URB Magazine . New York is in charge of how the women look . New York is yelling at everybody because they were late and screams to them to come down stairs . New York gets into an argument with Bootz when Bootz is late coming downstairs for the evaluation . New York has rude things to say to all of them except Deelishis and Beautful . The girls head to the photoshoot and New York is once again giving the girls nasty comments . After the photoshoot , Buckwild and New York get into a fight over Buckwild being `` darker than what she is '' . Flav steps in and takes Buckwild 's side . New York runs out crying and feels disrespected by Flav . Meanwhile , the girls are upset that New York is there and Krazy decides to call her out . The two fight because Krazy is saying that New York is not in control of elimination and New York went on top of the table and touched her on the head which lead Flav to come and stop it . Flav then takes New York and asks her about each of the girls . She wonders if Buckwild is actually there to be in a romantic relationship with Flav . She feels that Buckeey lacks energy . Nibblz is filthy and too sexual . New York believes that both Bootz and Deelishis are there to be with him , while she believes that Krazy is there for the wrong reasons . Back at the house , Krazy calls Deelishis out when Deelishis spreads the word that Krazy is fake to all of the girls back at the photoshoot . At eliminations , New York states that Krazy , Beatuful and Nibblz should go home . Flav eliminates Beatuful because she is too laid back and Nibblz because she would n't fit with his children . Krazy gets her clock . Flav has a surprise and invites New York back as a full - time competitor . The girls are pissed and Buckwild returns her clock because New York returned and she was afraid she would violate her probation with New York there . Her urban style of speech that had been a point of contention earlier in the season disappeared during the elimination ceremony , making Flav and the other contestants certain that she had been faking it all along . Brought back : New York Challenge : A photo shoot for Urb Magazine . Challenge winner : None Bottom Three : Krazy , Beatuful , Nibblz Eliminated : Beatuful , Nibblz Quit : Buckwild Reasons For Elimination Beatuful : Flav said she was too laid back . Nibblz : Flav said she was n't a good example for his kids and said that his kids wo n't be comfortable with their father being with a stripper . Buckwild : Quit the competition because she did n't want to deal with New York . Boxin ' each other out ( edit ) First aired September 17 , 2006 Five girls remaining : New York , Krazy , Bootz , Buckeey , and Deelishis . Flav instructs them to put pictures of the two girls they think most deserve elimination into a box . They choose Krazy and New York , and as a result , neither of them get dates that evening . They pick Krazy because they think she is fake . New York is picked because she came on the show later than the others , and they felt that she would n't be a good mom for Flav 's children . Flav takes Buckeey on a date to a bowling alley and teaches her how to bowl . For his second date , Flav has a romantic evening with Bootz in the backyard . But Bootz tells Flav that she is going to wait until she gets married to have sex . Flav is shocked and upset by this . The next day , Deelishis is getting ready for her date when New York comes in and argues with her for saying that New York is fake . Big Rick must come in to break up the fight . When New York leaves , she says that she just ruined Deelishis ' date . However , Deelishis and Flav have a great time on an exotic camel ride date . Buckeey and Krazy then get into a dangerous fight when she hears Krazy talking bad about her , Bootz , and Deelishis to New York . Krazy supposedly pushes Buckeey , to which Buckeey responds by almost pushing Krazy off of the second - floor outside balcony . New York laughs and tries to break them apart . At the elimination ceremony , Buckeey is eliminated for almost killing Krazy . New York then states her plan , which is that Deelishis and Bootz will be her next `` victims '' . She also says that Krazy thinks that they are friends , but New York is just using her to eliminate the other girls . Challenge : To put pictures of the two girls they think most deserve elimination into a box . Challenge winners : Buckeey , Bootz , Deelishis Bottom two : Buckeey , Krazy Eliminated : Buckeey Reasons For Elimination Buckeey : For assaulting Krazy by almost pushing her off the balcony . Steppin ' out Flav style ( edit ) First aired September 24 , 2006 With the four remaining women , the episode begins with Bootz and Deelishis still in their beds discussing their disdain for New York . Then all the girls go downstairs where Rick delivers the Flav - O - Gram which New York reads . Flav pairs Deelishis and Krazy for the first date to LBC . As usual New York becomes openly upset and goes upstairs . After she leaves Deelishis snidely says that New York is a `` loony '' and begins to read the Flav - O - Gram aloud again and discovers that New York said slicking where the Flav - O - Gram said slicing . Soon afterward Deelishis follows New York to the balcony where she is standing visibly upset that she has n't had a date with Flav in four days . The conversation is short but almost escalates into a confrontation after Deelishis tells New York to redirect her hostility . After the discussion Krazy and Deelishis set off for their date with Flav . When they get there Flav greets them and the two climb aboard the yacht . Flav eventually makes out with Deelishis , which upsets Krazy . But soon Deelishis leaves Flav 's side , seasick . Krazy and Flav speak intimately . After they get off the yacht Flav takes the girls to the RMS Queen Mary for accommodations where the girls prepare for dinner . During dinner Flav asks Krazy how she feels about him and what she feels they share in common . When she fails to answer appropriately , he asks her to sing . She says she would love a record deal , but does n't have the money . Afterward he asks Deelishis how she feels about him . Deelishis declares her feelings for him , through tears . Flav decides to spend the night with Deelishis . Flav turns and bids farewell to Krazy but mistakenly calls her Deelishis . Deelishis and Flav retire to their room where eventually they fall asleep together . The next day New York and Bootz meet Flav at a winery where a woman brings them three horses . Bootz gets on her horse up immediately but New York is hesitant and panics . Eventually all three of them go for a ride through the winery fields . They stop at a beautiful spread where they sip wine and Flav tells Bootz he is really feeling her . Naturally New York is angry . Tensions rise but soon all three wind up stomping grapes together . After they shower they leave the winery and go to the Pechanga Resort and Casino where Bootz and New York prepare for dinner . During the date all Flav 's attention goes to Bootz . New York feels ignored and demands attention , then storms off . Flav gives chase and asks her to spend the night with him , which New York later reveals was her plan . Bootz and New York then argue over dinner . After dinner they leave for their room and New York reveals that she again had sex with Flav . After the two dates they are all faced yet again with the elimination ceremony . The first clock goes to New York , the second goes to Deelishis and the third goes to Krazy , despite Flav 's worries about her intentions , he feels that they have a strong connection . Flav then eliminates Bootz because she said she would n't have sex with him until she is married . But before she leaves , she gives him her phone number for him to call her when `` he gets sick of those ho 's '' . Bottom two : Krazy , Bootz Eliminated : Bootz Reasons For Elimination Bootz : Flav felt that he could n't be with someone who was waiting until marriage to have sex with and that her connection was n't as strong as the connection that he had with Krazy Family flavors ( edit ) First aired October 1 , 2006 ( 3.99 M viewers ) Flav decides to have the three remaining girls ' parents come over so he can get to know them . Hours before the remaining girls ' parents arrive , everyone is cleaning and preparing rooms for the parents . Suddenly New York is bothering Deelishis because she believed that Deelishis intentionally took the room that New York chose her parents to stay in . Deelishis , unknowing of what New York is so upset about , has a brief confrontation with New York over who gets the room . Then Deelishis ' parents arrive . Flav immediately likes Deelishis 's parents . New York 's parents arrive and as was shown from Season 1 , New York 's mother does n't like Flav . This leads to a confrontation early on , and we discover that New York 's mother will do anything to keep her daughter from being together with Flav , even fake a terminal illness . Flav then invites his six children and two grandchildren to the house to get their input on who would make a better stepmother . Later , he takes the women and their mothers over on separate dates : Deelishis and her parents go to a magic show and dinner ; Krazy , her mother , and her grandmother go to the hair salon ; and Flav orders an assortment of soul food for New York and her parents . That night during elimination , Flav eliminates Krazy because he suspects she is only on the show to further her singing career . At the end , he announces that Deelishis and New York will be going to Placencia , Belize the next day . The show ends with New York 's mother yelling , insisting that New York is coming home right now . New York , however , does not leave the mansion . Eliminated : Krazy Reasons For Elimination Krazy : Flav felt that she was only on the show to promote her singing career . Oh no she did n't ! ( edit ) First aired October 8 , 2006 ( 2.7 M viewers ) This episode shows highlights of the second season with unseen footage . The pivotal quote of perhaps the entire series took place during the unseen footage aired on this episode . New York 's mother , Michelle , told Deelishis that her posterior was so large that she was capable of moving her bowels for an entire year . Deelishis had no comment . There was a scene where Flav was in a photo shoot with some girls from Flavor of Love Season 1 . He said , `` I 'd throw all of y'alls in my crib , except Hottie . '' Flav Belize in Love ( edit ) First aired October 15 , 2006 The episode begins where Episode 9 ended , when Flav announced the two remaining girls were going to Placencia , Belize . New York 's mother knocks on Flav 's door and informs him that she is going to get her daughter out of the mansion , but gets nothing more than a rise from Flav and New York . New York 's mother then ends up leaving , but not before she tells Flav that he ca n't marry her daughter ( to which Flav responds that if he asked New York , she would marry him ) . The next day it 's New York 's turn , and she and Flav go on a small cruise liner . There is a misunderstanding between the two when New York makes remarks that suggest that she wants to take control of his life and money ; Flav thinks New York is sounding like her mother . However , later New York apologizes for what she said , and decides to accept Flav 's decision - making power . That night , Flav invites her to his hotel room for a nightcap . At first she declines , but later decides that she ca n't put up with the hurt going on inside , and eventually accepts . The following night , amid a rainstorm , the two girls are invited to the dock where Flav makes his final decision . Flav talks about his feelings for the two girls , both what he likes and what he dislikes . In the end , Flav decides that Deelishis is the winner . New York , angry that she lost again , starts a vulgarity - laced outburst towards Flav , resulting in the two trading insults . After mooning Flav , she says that she no longer has feelings for him and will someday find `` another man who is right for me '' . While storming off and sobbing uncontrollably , she says to the camera , `` Do I look like I give a fuck cause I do n't '' . She also says she wishes that one day she will find the man of her dreams . Flav gives Deelishis a shiny gold grill to match his , and he says he ca n't wait to meet Deelishis ' daughter Jasmine ( as he has a daughter with the same name ) . Winner : Deelishis Runner up : New York Reasons For Elimination New York : Flav already had a strong connection with New York and said everything was going good until they were in Belize , spending time together on the boat and said that New York sounded `` like her mother '' and New York has jealous ways . Reunion : after the lovin ' ( edit ) First aired October 29 , 2006 The twenty - one women from the second season reunite on stage . La La hosts once again . She introduces all the girls ( with the exception of Deelishis and New York , who arrive later , and Eye'z and Payshintz , who did not show up ) . After this introduction , La La asks Saaphyri and H - Town to come up on stage and discuss the fight they had , after showing the tape of it . Saaphyri says H - Town threw flowers at her , meaning she could n't do anything about it . Saaphyri later admits to having gone to anger management classes , in consideration of Flav saying she was too violent . She later says she got a certificate , which amuses everyone . Later , Goldie from the first season makes an appearance . She asks Krazy why she thought New York was her friend and says that Somethin is strong for dealing with what happened with her on the show . She also asks Bootz , Buckwild , and Like Dat to do their booty dancing again from the fourth episode . After entertaining the crowd , La La , and the girls , Flavor Flav appears . La La asks Krazy to come up on stage , and she asks if Krazy thought being on the show helped or hurt her career . She says `` it helped us all in our own way . '' Next , Krazy sings for Flav and appears to have mostly negative receptions . Then Flav asks Deelishis to come out . They state that they have been apart for four months so that no one would know the outcome of the show . La La asks what Nibblz thought of his decision . She says Deelishis was a great choice for him and she has a `` fabulous ass '' . Deelishis ' daughter Jasmine meets Flav for the first time , but this moment does n't make it onto the final edit of the show . After a few minutes , New York is brought out . Buckwild throws a shoe at New York , which narrowly misses New York 's head . La La tells Buckwild to respect her , since she never disrespected anyone and that the shoe almost hit her . Then Saaphyri throws a red bull can at New York . New York , Buckwild , Buckeey , and Saaphyri can be heard confronting each other at a distance . After this warning , La La asks Bootz whether she still wanted to say anything to New York . Bootz and New York then exchange insults , and Bootz tells New York , ' Flav only brought you back to fuck you , ' cause he left your ass twice ! '' Bootz then runs backstage . But security grabs Bootz , then New York tries to punch Bootz in the face and is screaming `` come on bitch , come on bitch bring that shit '' veral of the contestants attempt to intervene , and in the end Buckwild , Saaphyri , Buckeey , Bootz , and Deelishis were asked to leave . Deelishis and Saaphyri were later brought back before the reunion concluded . It was later revealed that New York would be featured on her own show , I Love New York , which premiered in January 2007 . See also ( edit ) List of Flavor of Love contestants After the show ( edit ) Deelishis ( Chandra Davis ) revealed in a special `` Where Are They Now '' that she and Flav were no longer dating . They did not break up in the reunion. Also appeared in Lil Waynes music video Lollipop Buckwild ( Becky Johnston ) , Saaphyri Windsor , Bootz ( Larissa Aurora ) , Buckeey ( Shay Johnson ) , Toasteee ( Jennifer Toof ) , Krazy ( Heather Crawford ) , and Like Dat ( Darra Boyd ) appeared on VH1 's Flavor of Love Girls : Charm School . Nibblz ( Domenique ) and Toasteee ( Jennifer Toof ) appeared on the first season of I Love Money . Saaphyri Windsor and Buckwild ( Becky Johnston ) made a guest appearance on the third season of Flavor of Love and were selected to compete on the second season of I Love Money . Deelishis ( Chandra Davis ) and Buckeey ( Shay Johnson ) were contestants on the canceled third season of I Love Money . Both Buckeey ( Shay Johnson ) and Deelishis ( Chandra Davis ) appeared on reality show Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta . Buckeey appeared for the first two seasons as a supporting cast member and Deelishis appeared as a guest during the fifth season . In 2018 , Buckeey went on to be a main cast member on Love & Hip Hop : Miami . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 Brings the ' Flavor ' Again '' . zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Ratings '' . CableFax. 17 ( 153 ) . 9 August 2006 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( 19 October 2006 ) . `` TV RATINGS : VH1 's still loving ' Flavor ' '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . p . E3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ; section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Corrections '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . 20 October 2006 . p . A2 . A Living story about TV ratings Thursday incorrectly stated that the finale for `` Flavor of Love 2 '' had the highest ratings this year among non-sports , basic cable networks , using information from VH1 . An episode of TNT 's `` The Closer '' had higher ratings in June . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ; section = ignored ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 Big in ' 06 '' . Getty Images . 2 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 Big in ' 06 '' . Getty Images . 2 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Huguenin , Patrick ( 28 August 2007 ) . `` Secrets of the reality bad girls '' . New York Daily News . p. 31 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . section = ignored ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Blatter , Helene ( 24 August 2006 ) . `` Finding Time for Some Love '' . The Press - Enterprise . p . D03 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Bennett , Sasha Shantel ( 28 January 2009 ) . `` Shay ' Buckeey ' Johnson -- Model Focus '' . Flavour Magazine . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Missy ( 4 September 2009 ) . `` Reality TV : WHEN CASTING GOES WRONG '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1063 ) : 26 . ISSN 1049 - 0434 . Retrieved 9 Mar 2010 . section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Curtis , Lisa J. ( 26 August 2006 ) . `` Hungry 4 Love '' . The Brooklyn Paper . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Gross , Dan ( 7 August 2006 ) . `` Looking to curry Flava '' . The Philadelphia Daily News . p. 37 . Archived from the original on 30 August 2006 . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings for Cable Networks '' . Associated Press . 6 October 2006 . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( 11 October 2006 ) . `` Viewer numbers down the hatch '' . USA Today . p . D. 4 . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . section = ignored ( help ) ( hide ) The Surreal Life franchise The Surreal Life The Surreal Life ( 2004 -- 06 ) Strange Love ( 2005 ) My Fair Brady ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Surreal Life : Fame Games ( 2007 ) ... of Love Flavor of Love Flavor of Love ( 2006 ) Flavor of Love 2 ( 2006 ) Flavor of Love 3 ( 2008 ) I Love New York I Love New York ( 2007 ) I Love New York 2 ( 2007 -- 08 ) New York Goes to Hollywood ( 2008 ) New York Goes to Work ( 2009 ) Frank the Entertainer in a Basement Affair ( 2010 ) Rock of Love Rock of Love ( 2007 ) Rock of Love 2 ( 2008 ) Rock of Love Bus ( 2009 ) Daisy of Love ( 2009 ) Megan Wants a Millionaire ( 2009 ) Bret Michaels : Life as I Know It ( 2010 ) Real Chance of Love Real Chance of Love ( 2008 -- 09 ) Real Chance of Love 2 ( 2009 ) Real and Chance : The Legend Hunters ( 2010 ) For the Love of Ray J For the Love of Ray J ( 2009 ) For the Love of Ray J 2 ( 2009 -- 10 ) Brandy & Ray J : A Family Business ( 2010 -- 11 ) Related Flavor of Love Girls : Charm School ( 2007 ) I Love Money ( 2008 ) Rock of Love : Charm School ( 2008 -- 09 ) I Love Money 2 ( 2009 ) Charm School with Ricki Lake ( 2009 ) I Love Money 3 ( cancelled ) I Love Money 4 ( 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flavor_of_Love_(season_2)&oldid=839951028 '' Categories : 2006 American television seasons Flavor of Love Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 errors : missing author or editor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 19 : 46 . About Wikipedia | who pooped on the floor on flavor of love | [
"Twenty new contestants arrive at the mansion and discover that there were only fourteen beds. When H-Town and Saaphyri fight over a bed, Flav asked them what happened. After finding out who started the fight, Saaphyri is disqualified for physically assaulting H-Town. Flav revealed that he had a spy in his house; this turned out to be Eye'z. She told Flav that Bamma is too quiet, Somethin is crazy, Hood was sent to the show by her agent, Wire was on The Fifth Wheel, Tiger wasn't into Flav, Choclate didn't say much, and Toasteee drinks too much. Later, Somethin shared an intimate moment with Flav, and Spunkeey called her out on lesbian statements she made before. Somethin erupted and begins to scream; the producers added a demonic voice for humorous effect. After the five girls Hood, Bamma, H-Town, Choclate and Saaphyri were eliminated, the contestants discovered that Somethin had defecated on the floor during the elimination ceremony because she couldn't hold it in or go to the bathroom."
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5079172711338092485 | Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan | Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan - Wikipedia Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Country India Website http://www.ssa.nic.in/ Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan ( Hindi : सर्व शिक्षा अभियान , Sarva Shikshā Abhiyān , English : Education for All Movement ) , or SSA , is an Indian Government programme aimed at the universalisation of elementary education `` in a time bound manner '' , as mandated by the 86th Amendment to the Constitution of India making free and compulsory education to children between the ages of 6 to 14 ( estimated to be 205 million children in 2001 ) a fundamental right . The programme was pioneered by former Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Contents 1 History 2 Funds 3 Features 4 Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat 5 Other similar initiatives by NGOs 6 Integration 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) As an intervention programme , it started on 2002 and SSA has been operational since 2000 - 2001 . However , its roots go back to 1993 - 1994 , when the District Primary Education Programme ( DPEP ) was launched , with an aim of achieving the objective of universal primary education . DPEP , over several phases , covered 272 districts in 18 states of the country . The expenditure on the programme was shared by the Central Government ( 85 % ) and the State Governments . The Central share was funded by a number of external agencies , including the World Bank , Department for International Development ( DFID ) and UNICEF . By 2001 , more than $1500 million had been committed to the programme , and 50 million children covered in its ambit . In an impact assessment of Phase I of DPEP , the authors concluded that its net impact on minority children was impressive , while there was little evidence of any impact on the enrolment of girls . Nevertheless , they concluded that the investment in DPEP was not a waste , because it introduced a new approach to primary school interventions in India . The Right to Education Act ( RTE ) came into force on 1 April 2010 . Some educationists and policy makers believe that , with the passing of this act , SSA has acquired the necessary legal force for its implementation . Funds ( edit ) In 2011 - 12 , the Government of India allocated ₹ 21,000 crore for this project . Features ( edit ) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan ( SSA ) is a programme for Universal Elementary Education . This programme is also an attempt to provide an opportunity for improving human capabilities to all children through provision of community - owned quality education in a mission mode . It is a response to the demand for quality basic education all over the country . Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat ( edit ) Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat is a nationwide sub-programme of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan . Children who fail to read in early education lag behind in other subjects. The programme is designed to improve comprehensive early reading , writing and early mathematics programme for children in Classes I and II . Under this programme , ₹ 762 crore ( US $110 million ) was approved to States . The programme will not only provide print rich environment , timely distribution of books but will also include new teacher mentoring and appraisal system . SSA has been operational since 2000 - 2001 to provide for a variety of interventions for universal access and retention , bridging of gender and social category gaps in elementary education and improving the quality of learning . SSA interventions include inter alia , opening of new schools and alternate schooling facilities , construction of schools and additional classrooms , toilets and drinking water , provisioning for teachers , regular teacher in service training and academic resource support , free textbooks& uniforms and support for improving learning achievement levels / outcome . With the passage of the RTE Act , changes have been incorporated into the SSA approach , strategies and norms . The changes encompass the vision and approach to elementary education , guided by the following principles : Holistic view of education , as interpreted in the National Curriculum Framework 2005 , with implications for a systemic revamp of the entire content and process of education with significant implications for curriculum , teacher education , educational planning and management . Equity , to mean not only equal opportunity , but also creation of conditions in which the disadvantaged sections of the society -- children of SC , ST , Muslim minority , landless agricultural workers and children with special needs , etc. -- can avail of the opportunity . Access , not to be confined to ensuring that a school becomes accessible to all children within specified distance but implies an understanding of the educational needs and predicament of the traditionally excluded categories -- the SC , ST and others sections of the most disadvantaged groups , the Muslim minority , girls in general , and children with special needs . Gender concern , implying not only an effort to enable girls to keep pace with boys but to view education in the perspective spelt out in the National Policy on Education 1986 / 92 ; i.e. a decisive intervention to bring about a basic change in the status of women . Centrality of teacher , to motivate them to innovate and create a culture in the classroom , and beyond the classroom , that might produce an inclusive environment for children , especially for girls from oppressed and marginalised backgrounds . Moral compulsion is imposed through the RTE Act on parents , teachers , educational administrators and other stakeholders , rather than shifting emphasis on punitive processes . Convergent and integrated system of educational management is pre-requisite for implementation of the RTE law . All states must move in that direction as speedily as feasible Provide quality elementary education including life skills with a special focus on the education of girls and children with special needs as well as computer education . Other similar initiatives by NGOs ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are several Non-Government Organizations ( NGOs ) , which are also progressively working in the direction of the upliftment of children , especially in the field of health and education . To name a few of these organizations , Partnering Hope Into Action Foundation ( Phia Foundation ) , Center for Unfolding Learning Potentials - CULP , Smile Foundation , Pratham , Project Nanhi Kali , Relief India Trust , Aashray Society and Reforms India , Plan India , Childhood Enhancement Through Training and Action ( CHETNA ) and the Qualiterate Movement . Integration ( edit ) In 2018 , Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan along with Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyanwas launched to form Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan '' . Department of School Education and Literacy , MHRD , Government of india of India . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` District Primary Education Programme , DPEP '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` District Primary Education Programmes ( DPEP ) '' . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jalan , Jyotsna ; Glinskaya , Elena . `` Improving Primary School Education in India : An Impact Assessment of DPEP I '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Will RTE fulfil the SSA dream ? '' . The Times of India . 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Rasheeda Bhagat A poor country , rich in corruption Jump up ^ `` Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat '' ( PDF ) . ssa.nic.in . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Pandey , Navadha ( 26 August 2014 ) . `` Smriti Irani launches Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat programme '' . Business Line . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Government Schemes 2014 - As a follow up to the foundational programme , in 2015 - 16 a programme called the National Reading Initiative was launched to develop and promote the habit of reading among students in elementary schools , thereby extending the programme up to class 8 . States were provided token funds to plan and implement innovative activities to promote reading . States have designed specific interventions targeting children in classes 1 and 2 to improve learning outcomes . There are a variety of focussed programmes being currently implemented across the country. 15 '' . justwiki.net . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan '' . Ministry of Human Resource Development . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of HRD launches ' SamagraSiksha ' scheme for holistic development of school education '' . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan School education in India Ministry of Human Resource Development Boards of education ( list ) National Central Board of Secondary Education Central Tibetan School Administration Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations National Institute of Open Schooling State Andhra Pradesh ( Secondary Intermediate ) Assam ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Bihar ( School Intermediate ) Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka ( Secondary Pre-University ) Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Telangana ( Secondary Intermediate ) Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal ( Primary Secondary Higher Secondary Open Vocational Madrasah ) Schools ( list ) ( category ) By location Bangalore Chennai Gurgaon Hisar Hyderabad Jaipur Jamshedpur Kanpur Kolkata Kollam Lucknow Mumbai Patna Ranchi Rourkela Shillong Tiruchirappalli Thiruvananthapuram Udaipur Vatakara By type Railway Schools DAV Public School ( list ) Ramakrishna Mission ( list ) Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan ( list ) Bal Bharati Public School ( list ) Delhi Public School ( list ) Saraswati Shishu Mandir ( list ) Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan ( list ) Sainik School ( list ) Kendriya Vidyalaya ( list ) Chinmaya Vidyalayas ( list ) Atomic Energy Central School ( list ) Vivekananda Vidyalaya ( list ) Ryan International Schools ( list ) Indian Army Public Schools ( list ) Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya ( list ) Waldorf Schools ( India ) ( list ) List of boarding schools List of international schools By state Maharashtra Rajasthan Other topics All India Secondary School Examination Board examination Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation Higher Secondary Examination Literacy in India Midday Meal Scheme National Council of Educational Research and Training Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Government schemes in India Active Schemes Antyodaya Anna Yojana Atal Pension Yojana Beti Bachao , Beti Padhao Yojana CGHS DAY DBT DDUGJY DDU - GKY HRIDAY Housing for All ICDS Income declaration scheme , 2016 JAM Yojana KVPY MPLADS Midday Meal Scheme NPS NSAP NSS POPSK PMAGY PMGAY PMGSY PMJDY Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana PMKSY Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Yojana Kendra PMMVY Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana SAGY SGSY Soil Health Card Scheme UDAY UDAN UJALA Missions AMRUT Mission Indradhanush NICRA National Mission for Manuscripts NRHM ASHA National Translation Mission Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan National Solar Mission Smart Cities Mission TB - Mission 2020 Projects Bharatmala Indian Rivers Inter-link Sagar Mala project Setu Bharatam Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project Campaigns Accessible India Campaign Digital India Make in India Skill India Standup India Startup India Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Unnat Bharat Abhiyan IDs Aadhaar Business identification number Indian passport Permanent account number Ration card ( India ) Unorganised Workers ' Identification Number Voter ID ( India ) State Ahar Yojana Bhamashah Yojana Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana Invest Madhya Pradesh Invest Odisha Jyotigram Yojana Madhu Babu Pension Yojana Make in Odisha Swasth Jeevan Sewa Guarantee Yojana Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana Vibrant Gujarat Closed Schemes Bharat Nirman JSY JnNURM Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya NLM NRLM Pooled Finance Development Fund Scheme RNTCP RSBY Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme Saakshar Bharat Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana Swabhimaan ( campaign ) Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarva_Shiksha_Abhiyan&oldid=865498622 '' Categories : Executive branch of the Indian government Vajpayee administration initiatives Education policy in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from October 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 09 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the meaning of sarva shiksha abhiyan | [
"Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Hindi: सर्व शिक्षा अभियान, Sarva Shikshā Abhiyān, English: Education for All Movement), or SSA, is an Indian Government programme aimed at the universalisation of elementary education \"in a time bound manner\", as mandated by the 86th Amendment to the Constitution of India making free and compulsory education to children between the ages of 6 to 14 (estimated to be 205 million children in 2001) a fundamental right. The programme was pioneered by former Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.\n"
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"Education for All Movement"
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781769443905786907 | Mauna Loa | Mauna Loa - wikipedia Mauna Loa Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mauna Loa ( disambiguation ) . Mauna Loa Mauna Loa as seen from the air ; Hualālai is visible in the background Highest point Elevation 13,679 ft ( 4,169 m ) Prominence 7,079 ft ( 2,158 m ) Listing US highest major peaks 66th US most prominent peaks 38th Hawaii highest major peaks 2nd Coordinates 19 ° 28 ′ 46.3 '' N 155 ° 36 ′ 09.6 '' W / 19.479528 ° N 155.602667 ° W / 19.479528 ; - 155.602667 Coordinates : 19 ° 28 ′ 46.3 '' N 155 ° 36 ′ 09.6 '' W / 19.479528 ° N 155.602667 ° W / 19.479528 ; - 155.602667 Geography Mauna Loa Hawaii , U.S. Parent range Hawaiian Islands Topo map USGS Mauna Loa Geology Age of rock 700,000 -- 1 million Mountain type Shield volcano Volcanic arc / belt Hawaiian - Emperor seamount chain Last eruption March to April 1984 Climbing First ascent Ancient times Easiest route Ainapo Trail Lava fountains and a'a channel flow from Mauna Loa , 1984 Mauna Loa ( / ˌmɔːnə ˈloʊ. ə / or / ˌmaʊnə ˈloʊ. ə / ; Hawaiian : ( ˈmɐwnə ˈlowə ) ; English : Long Mountain ) is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaiʻi in the Pacific Ocean . The largest subaerial volcano in both mass and volume , Mauna Loa has historically been considered the largest volcano on Earth . It is an active shield volcano with relatively gentle slopes , with a volume estimated at approximately 18,000 cubic miles ( 75,000 km ) , although its peak is about 120 feet ( 37 m ) lower than that of its neighbor , Mauna Kea . Lava eruptions from Mauna Loa are silica - poor and very fluid , and they tend to be non-explosive . Mauna Loa has probably been erupting for at least 700,000 years , and may have emerged above sea level about 400,000 years ago . The oldest - known dated rocks are not older than 200,000 years . The volcano 's magma comes from the Hawaii hotspot , which has been responsible for the creation of the Hawaiian island chain over tens of millions of years . The slow drift of the Pacific Plate will eventually carry Mauna Loa away from the hotspot within 500,000 to one million years from now , at which point it will become extinct . Mauna Loa 's most recent eruption occurred from March 24 to April 15 , 1984 . No recent eruptions of the volcano have caused fatalities , but eruptions in 1926 and 1950 destroyed villages , and the city of Hilo is partly built on lava flows from the late 19th century . Because of the potential hazards it poses to population centers , Mauna Loa is part of the Decade Volcanoes program , which encourages studies of the world 's most dangerous volcanoes . Mauna Loa has been monitored intensively by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory since 1912 . Observations of the atmosphere are undertaken at the Mauna Loa Observatory , and of the Sun at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory , both located near the mountain 's summit . Hawaii Volcanoes National Park covers the summit and the southeastern flank of the volcano , and also incorporates Kīlauea , a separate volcano . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 1.1 Setting 1.2 Structure 2 Eruptive history 2.1 Prehistoric eruptions 2.2 Recent history 2.3 Hazards 2.4 Monitoring 3 Human history 3.1 Pre-contact 3.2 European summiting attempts 3.3 Wilkes expedition 3.4 Today 4 Climate 5 Observatories 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Geology Setting Position of Mauna Loa on Hawaiʻi island Landsat mosaic ; recent lava flows appear in black Like all Hawaiian volcanoes , Mauna Loa was created as the Pacific tectonic plate moved over the Hawaiian hotspot in the Earth 's underlying mantle . The Hawaii island volcanoes are the most recent evidence of this process that , over 70 million years , has created the 3,700 mi ( 6,000 km ) - long Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain . The prevailing view states that the hotspot has been largely stationary within the planet 's mantle for much , if not all of the Cenozoic Era . However , while the Hawaiian mantle plume is well understood and extensively studied , the nature of hotspots themselves remains fairly enigmatic . Mauna Loa is one of five subaerial volcanoes that make up the island of Hawaiʻi , created by the Hawaii hotspot . The oldest volcano on the island , Kohala , is more than a million years old , and Kīlauea , the youngest , is believed to be between 300,000 and 600,000 years of age . Lōʻihi Seamount on the island 's flank is even younger , but has yet to breach the surface . At 1 million to 700,000 years of age , Mauna Loa is the second youngest of the five volcanoes on the island , making it the third youngest volcano in the Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain , a chain of shield volcanoes and seamounts extending from Hawaii to the Kuril -- Kamchatka Trench in Russia . Following the pattern of Hawaiian volcano formation , Mauna Loa would have started as a submarine volcano , gradually building itself up through underwater eruptions of alkali basalt before emerging from the sea through a series of surtseyan eruptions about 400,000 years ago . Since then , the volcano has remained active , with a history of effusive and explosive eruptions , including 33 eruptions since the first well - documented eruption in 1843 . Although Mauna Loa 's activity has been overshadowed in recent years by that of its neighbor Kīlauea , it remains active . Structure Mauna Loa 's summit , overlaid with 100 m ( 328 ft ) contour lines ; its rift zones are visible from the air . Mokuʻāweoweo , Mauna Loa 's summit caldera , covered in snow . Mauna Loa is the largest subaerial and second largest overall volcano in the world ( behind Tamu Massif ) , covering a land area of 5,271 km ( 2,035 sq mi ) and spans a maximum width of 120 km ( 75 mi ) . Consisting of approximately 65,000 to 80,000 km ( 15,600 to 19,200 cu mi ) of solid rock , it makes up more than half of the surface area of the island of Hawaiʻi . Combining the volcano 's extensive submarine flanks ( 5,000 m ( 16,400 ft ) to the sea floor ) and 4,170 m ( 13,680 ft ) subaerial height , Mauna Loa rises 9,170 m ( 30,085 ft ) from base to summit , greater than the 8,848 m or 29,029 ft elevation of Mount Everest from sea level to its summit . In addition , much of the mountain is invisible even underwater : its mass depresses the crust beneath it by another 8 km ( 5 mi ) , in the shape of an inverse mountain , meaning the total height of Mauna Loa from the start of its eruptive history is about 17,170 m ( 56,000 ft ) . Mauna Loa is a typical shield volcano in form , taking the shape of a long , broad dome extending down to the ocean floor whose slopes are about 12 ° at their steepest , a consequence of its extremely fluid lava . The shield - stage lavas that built the enormous main mass of the mountain are tholeiitic basalts , like those of Mauna Kea , created through the mixing of primary magma and subducted oceanic crust . Mauna Loa 's summit hosts three overlapping pit craters arranged northeast - southwest , the first and last roughly 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) in diameter and the second an oblong 4.2 km × 2.5 km ( 2.6 mi × 1.6 mi ) feature ; together these three craters make up the 6.2 by 2.5 km ( 3.9 by 1.6 mi ) summit caldera Mokuʻāweoweo , so named for the Hawaiian ʻāweoweo fish ( Priacanthus meeki ) , purportedly due to the resemblance of its eruptive fires to the coloration of the fish . Mokuʻāweoweo 's caldera floor lies between 170 and 50 m ( 558 and 164 ft ) beneath its rim and it is only the latest of several calderas that have formed and reformed over the volcano 's life . It was created between 1,000 and 1,500 years ago by a large eruption from Mauna Loa 's northeast rift zone , which emptied out a shallow magma chamber beneath the summit and collapsed it into its present form . Additionally , two smaller pit craters lie southwest of the caldera , named Lua Hou ( New Pit ) and Lua Hohonu ( Deep Pit ) . Mauna Loa 's summit is also the focal point for its two prominent rift zones , marked on the surface by well - preserved , relatively recent lava flows ( easily seen in satellite imagery ) and linearly arranged fracture lines intersected by cinder and splatter cones . These rift zones are deeply set structures , driven by dike intrusions along a decollement fault that is believed to reach down all the way to the volcano 's base , 12 to 14 km ( 7 to 9 mi ) deep . The first is a 60 km ( 37 mi ) rift trending southwest from the caldera to the sea and a further 40 km ( 25 mi ) underwater , with a prominent 40 ° directional change along its length ; this rift zone is historically active across most of its length . The second , northeastern rift zone extends towards Hilo and is historically active across only the first 20 km ( 12 mi ) of its length , with a nearly straight and , in its latter sections , poorly defined trend . The northeastern rift zone takes the form of a succession of cinder cones , the most prominent of which the 60 m ( 197 ft ) high Puu Ulaula , or Red Hill . There is also a less definite northward rift zone that extends towards the Humuula Saddle marking the intersection of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea . Simplified geophysical models of Mauna Loa 's magma chamber have been constructed , using interferometric synthetic aperture radar measures of ground deformation due to the slow buildup of lava under the volcano 's surface . These models predict a 1.1 km ( 1 mi ) wide magma chamber located at a depth of about 4.7 km ( 3 mi ) , 0.5 km ( 0 mi ) below sea level , near the southeastern margin of Mokuʻāweoweo . This shallow magma chamber is significantly higher - placed than Mauna Loa 's rift zones , suggesting magma intrusion into the deeper and occasional dike injections into the shallower parts of the rift zone drive rift activity ; a similar mechanism has been proposed for neighboring Kīlauea . Earlier models based on Mauna Loa 's two most recent eruptions made a similar prediction , placing the chamber at 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) deep in roughly the same geographic position . Mauna Loa has complex interactions with its neighbors , Hualālai to the west , Mauna Kea to the north , and particularly Kīlauea to the east . Lavas from Mauna Kea intersect with Mauna Loa 's basal flows as a consequence of Kea 's older age , and Mauna Kea 's original rift zones were buried beneath post-shield volcanic rocks of Mauna Loa ; additionally , Mauna Kea shares Mauna Loa 's gravity well , depressing the ocean crust beneath it by 6 km ( 4 mi ) . There are also a series of normal faults on Mauna Loa 's northern and western slopes , between its two major rift zones , that are believed to be the result of combined circumferential tension from the two rift zones and from added pressure due to the westward growth of neighboring Kīlauea . Because Kīlauea lacks a topographical prominence and appears as a bulge on the southeastern flank of Mauna Loa , it was historically interpreted by both native Hawaiians and early geologists to be an active satellite of Mauna Loa . However , analysis of the chemical composition of lavas from the two volcanoes show that they have separate magma chambers , and are thus distinct . Nonetheless , their proximity has led to a historical trend in which high activity at one volcano roughly coincides with low activity at the other . When Kīlauea lay dormant between 1934 and 1952 , Mauna Loa became active , and when the latter remained quiet from 1952 to 1974 , the reverse was true . This is not always the case ; the 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa started during an eruption at Kīlauea , but had no discernible effect on the Kīlauea eruption , and the ongoing inflation of Mauna Loa 's summit , indicative of a future eruption , began the same day as new lava flows at Kīlauea 's Puʻu Ōʻō crater . Geologists have suggested that `` pulses '' of magma entering Mauna Loa 's deeper magma system may have increased pressure inside Kīlauea and triggered the concurrent eruptions . Mauna Loa is slumping eastward along its southwestern rift zone , leveraging its mass into Kīlauea and driving the latter eastward at a rate of about 10 cm ( 4 in ) per year ; the interaction between the two volcanoes in this manner has generated a number of large earthquakes in the past , and has resulted in a significant area of debris off of Kīlauea 's seaward flank known as the Hilina Slump . A system of older faults exists on the southeastern side of Mauna Loa that likely formed before Kilauea became large enough to impede Mauna Loa 's slump , the lowest and northernmost of which , the Kaoiki fault , remains an active earthquake center today . The west side of Mauna Loa , meanwhile , is unimpeded in movement , and indeed is believed to have undergone a massive slump collapse between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago , the residue from which , consisting of a scattering of debris up to several kilometers wide and up to 50 km ( 31 mi ) distant , is still visible today . The damage was so extensive that the headwall of the damage likely intersected its southwestern rift zone . There is very little movement there today , a consequence of the volcano 's geometry . A view of Mauna Loa taken from a Pu'u near The Onizuka Center for International Astronomy Visitor Information Station at the 9300 ft. level of Mauna Kea . Mauna Loa is tall enough to have experienced glaciation during the last ice age , 25,000 to 15,000 years ago . Unlike Mauna Kea , on which extensive evidence of glaciation remains even today , Mauna Loa was at the time and has remained active , having grown an additional 150 to 300 m ( 492 to 984 ft ) in height since then and covering any glacial deposits beneath new flows ; strata of that age does n't occur until at least 2,000 m ( 6,562 ft ) down from the volcano 's summit , too low for glacial growth . Mauna Loa also lacks its neighbor 's summit permafrost region , although sporadic ice persists in places . It is speculated that extensive phreatomagmatic activity occurred during this time , contributing extensively to ash deposits on the summit . Eruptive History Prehistoric eruptions A cinder cone and surrounding flows on Mauna Loa To have reached its enormous size within its relatively short ( geologically speaking ) 600,000 to 1,000,000 years of life , Mauna Loa would logically have had to have grown extremely rapidly through its developmental history , and extensive charcoal - based radiocarbon dating ( perhaps the most extensive such prehistorical eruptive dating on Earth ) has amassed a record of almost two hundred reliably dated extant flows confirming this hypothesis . The oldest exposed flows on Mauna Loa are thought to be the Ninole Hills on its southern flank , subaerial basalt rock dating back approximately 100 to 200 thousand years . They form a terrace against which younger flows have since banked , heavily eroded and incised against its slope in terms of direction ; this is believed to be the result of a period of erosion because of a change in the direction of lava flow caused by the volcano 's prehistoric slump . These are followed by two units of lava flows separated by an intervening ash layer known as the Pāhala ash layer : the older Kahuka basalt , sparsely exposed on the lower southwest rift , and the younger and far more widespread Kaʻu basalt , which appear more widely on the volcano . The Pāhala ashes themselves were produced over a long period of time circa 13 to 30 thousand years ago , although heavy vitrification and interactions with post and pre - creation flows has hindered exact dating . Their age roughly corresponding with the glaciation of Mauna Loa during the last ice age , raising the distinct possibility that it is the product of phreatomagmatic interaction between the long - gone glaciers and Mauna Loa 's eruptive activities . Studies have shown that a cycle occurs in which volcanic activity at the summit is dominant for several hundred years , after which activity shifts to the rift zones for several more centuries , and then back to the summit again . Two cycles have been clearly identified , each lasting 1,500 -- 2,000 years . This cyclical behavior is unique to Mauna Loa among the Hawaiian volcanoes . Between about 7,000 and 6,000 years ago Mauna Loa was largely inactive . The cause of this cessation in activity is not known , and no known similar hiatus has been found at other Hawaiian volcanoes except for those currently in the post-shield stage . Between 11,000 and 8,000 years ago , activity was more intense than it is today . However , Mauna Loa 's overall rate of growth has probably begun to slow over the last 100,000 years , and the volcano may in fact be nearing the end of its tholeiitic basalt shield - building phase . Recent History Snow - covered Moku'aweoweo caldera in 2016 Ancient Hawaiians have been present on Hawaiʻi island for about 1,500 years , but they preserved almost no records on volcanic activity on the island beyond a few fragmentary accounts dating to the late 18th and early 19th centuries . Possible eruptions occurred around 1730 and 1750 and sometime during 1780 and 1803 . A June 1832 eruption was witnessed by a missionary on Maui , but the 190 km ( 118 mi ) between the two islands and lack of apparent geological evidence have cast this testimony in doubt . Thus the first entirely confirmed historically witnessed eruption was a January 1843 event ; since that time Mauna Loa has erupted 32 times . Historical eruptions at Mauna Loa are typically Hawaiian in character and rarely violent , starting with the emergence of lava fountains over a several kilometer long rift colloquially known as the `` curtain of fire '' ( often , but not always , propagating from Mauna Loa 's summit ) and eventually concentrating at a single vent , its long - term eruptive center . Activity centered on its summit are usually followed by flank eruptions up to a few months distant , and although Mauna Loa is historically less active than that of its neighbor Kilauea , it tends to produce greater volumes of lava over shorter periods of time . Most eruptions are centered at either the summit or either of its two major rift zones ; within the last two hundred years , 38 percent of eruptions occurred at the summit , 31 percent at the northeast rift zone , 25 percent at the southwest rift zone , and the remaining 6 percent from northwest vents. 40 percent of the volcano 's surface consists of lavas less than a thousand years old , and 98 percent of lavas less than 10,000 years old . In addition to the summit and rift zones , Mauna Loa 's northwestern flank has also been the source of three historical eruptions . The 1843 event was followed by eruptions in 1849 , 1851 , 1852 , and 1855 , with the 1855 flows being particularly extensive . 1859 marked the largest of the three historical flows that have been centered on Mauna Loa 's northwestern flank , producing a long lava flow that reached the ocean on Hawaii island 's west coast , north of Kiholo Bay . An eruption in 1868 occurred alongside the enormous 1868 Hawaii earthquake , a magnitude eight event that claimed 77 lives and remains the largest earthquake ever to hit the island . Following further activity in 1871 , Mauna Loa experienced nearly continuous activity from August 1872 through 1877 , a long - lasting and voluminous eruption lasting approximately 1,200 days and never moving beyond its summit . A short single - day eruption in 1877 was unusual in that it took place underwater , in Kealakekua Bay and within a mile of the shoreline ; curious onlookers approaching the area in boats reported unusually turbulent water and occasional floating blocks of hardened lava . Further eruptions occurred in 1879 and then twice in 1880 , the latter of which extended into 1881 and came within the present boundaries of the island 's largest city , Hilo ; however at the time the settlement was a shore - side village located further down the volcano 's slope , and so was unaffected . Clickable imagemap of the United States Geological Survey hazard mapping for Hawaii island ; the lowest numbers correspond with the highest hazard levels . Mauna Loa continued its activity , and of the eruptions that occurred in 1887 , 1892 , 1896 , 1899 , 1903 ( twice ) , 1907 , 1914 , 1916 , 1919 , and 1926 , three ( in 1887 , 1919 , and 1926 ) were partially subaerial . The 1926 eruption in particular is noteworthy for having inundated of a village near Hoopuloa , destroying 12 houses , a church , and a small harbor . After an event in 1933 , Mauna Loa 's 1935 eruption caused a public crisis when its flows started to head towards Hilo . A bombing operation was decided upon to try and divert the flows , planned out by then - lieutenant colonel George S. Patton . The bombing , conducted on December 27 , was declared a success by Thomas A. Jaggar , director of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory , and lava stopped flowing by January 2 , 1936 . However , the role the bombing played in ending the eruption has since been heavily disputed by volcanologists . A longer but summit - bound event in 1940 was comparatively less interesting . Mauna Loa 's 1942 eruption occurred only four months after the attack on Pearl Harbor and United States entry into World War II , and created a unique problem for the wartime United States . Occurring during an enforced nighttime blackout on the island , the eruption 's luminosity forced the government to issue a gag order on the local press , hoping to prevent news of its occurrence spreading for fear that the Japanese would use it to launch a bombing run on the island . However , as flows from the eruption rapidly spread down the volcano 's flank and threatened the ʻOlaʻa flume , Mountain View 's primary water source , the United States Air Force decided to drop its own bombs on the island in the hopes of redirecting the flows away from the flume ; sixteen bombs weighing between 300 and 600 lb ( 136 and 272 kg ) each were dropped on the island , but produced little effect . Eventually the eruption ceased on its own . Following a 1949 event the next major eruption at Mauna Loa occurred in 1950 . Originating from the volcano 's southwestern rift zone , the eruption remains the largest rift event in the volcano 's modern history , lasting 23 days , emitting 376 million cubic meters of lava , and reaching 24 km ( 15 mi ) out to the ocean within 3 hours . The 1950 eruption was not the most voluminous eruption on the volcano ( the long - lived 1872 -- 1877 event produced more than twice as much material ) but it was easily one of the fastest - acting , producing the same amount of lava as the 1859 eruption in a tenth of the time . Flows overtook the village of Hoʻokena - mauka in South Kona , crossed Hawaii Route 11 , and reached the sea within four hours of eruption , and although there was no loss of life the village was permanently destroyed . After the 1950 event Mauna Loa entered an extended period of dormancy , interrupted only by a small single - day summit event in 1975 . However it rumbled to life again in 1984 , manifesting first at Mauna Loa 's summit and then producing a narrow , channelized ' a'a flow that advanced downslope to within 6 km ( 4 mi ) of Hilo , close enough to illuminate the city at nighttime . However the flow got no closer , as two natural levees further up its pathway consequently broke and diverted active flows . Mauna Loa has not erupted since , and as of January 2013 has remained quiet for nearly 29 years , its longest period of quiet in recorded history . Hazards Teide Nyiragongo Vesuvius Etna Santorini Unzen Sakurajima Taal Merapi Ulawun Mauna Loa Colima Santa María Avachinsky Koryaksky Galeras Rainier Mauna Loa is one of the 16 Decade Volcanoes . Mauna Loa has been designated a Decade Volcano , one of the sixteen volcanoes identified by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth 's Interior ( IAVCEI ) as being worthy of particular study in light of their history of large , destructive eruptions and proximity to populated areas . The United States Geological Survey maintains a hazard zone mapping of the island done on a one to nine scale , with the most dangerous areas corresponding the smallest numbers . Based on this classification Mauna Loa 's continuously active summit caldera and rift zones have been given a level one designation . Much of the area immediately surrounding the rift zones is considered level two , and about 20 percent of the area has been covered in lava in historical times . Much of the remainder of the volcano is hazard level three , about 15 to 20 percent of which has been covered by flows within the last 750 years . However , two sections of the volcano , the first in the Naalehu area and the second on the southeastern flank of Mauna Loa 's rift zone , are protected from eruptive activity by local topography , and have thus been designated hazard level 6 , comparable with a similarly isolated segment on Kīlauea . Although volcanic eruptions in Hawaiʻi rarely produce casualties ( the only direct historical fatality due to volcanic activity on the island occurred at Kīlauea in 1924 , when an unusually explosive eruption hurled rocks at an onlooker ) , property damage due to inundation by lava is a common and costly hazard . Hawaiian - type eruptions usually produce extremely slow - moving flows that advance at walking pace , presenting little danger to human life , but this is not strictly the case ; Mauna Loa 's 1950 eruption emitted as much lava in three weeks as Kīlauea 's current eruption produces in three years and reached sea level within four hours of its start , overrunning the village of Hoʻokena Mauka and a major highway on the way there . An earlier eruption in 1926 overran the village of Hoʻōpūloa Makai , and Hilo , partly built on lavas from the 1880 -- 81 eruption , is at risk from future eruptions . The 1984 eruption nearly reached the city , but stopped short after the flow was redirected upstream . A potentially greater hazard at Mauna Loa is a sudden , massive collapse of the volcano 's flanks , like the one that struck the volcano 's west flank between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago and formed the present - day Kealakekua Bay . Deep fault lines are a common feature on Hawaiian volcanoes , allowing large portions of their flanks to gradually slide downwards and forming structures like the Hilina Slump and the ancient Ninole Hills ; large earthquakes could trigger rapid flank collapses along these lines , creating massive landslides and possibly triggering equally large tsunamis . Undersea surveys have revealed numerous landslides along the Hawaiian chain and evidence of two such giant tsunami events : 200,000 years ago , Molokaʻi experienced a 75 m ( 246 ft ) tsunami , and 100,000 years ago a megatsunami 325 m ( 1,066 ft ) high struck Lānaʻi . A more recent example of the risks associated with slumps occurred in 1975 , when the Hilina Slump suddenly lurched forward several meters , triggering a 7.2 M earthquake and a 14 m ( 46 ft ) tsunami that killed two campers at Halape . Monitoring GPS stations , tiltmeters , and strainmeters on Mauna Loa 's summit . Not shown : a webcam and a gas detector positioned on the caldera rim . Summit inflation as measured via GPS between June 2004 and April 2005 ; arrows denote between 1 and 10 cm ( 0.4 and 3.9 in ) of growth . Established on Kīlauea in 1912 , the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory ( HVO ) , presently a branch of the United States Geological Survey , is the primary organization associated with the monitoring , observance , and study of Hawaiian volcanoes . Thomas A. Jaggar , the observatory 's founder , attempted a summit expedition to the volcano to observe its 1914 eruption , but was rebuffed by the arduous trek required ( see Ascents ) . After soliciting help from Lorrin A. Thurston , in 1915 he was able to persuade the US Army to construct a `` simple route to the summit '' for public and scientific use , a project completed in December of that year ; the Observatory has maintained a presence on the volcano ever since . Eruptions on Mauna Loa are almost always preceded and accompanied by prolonged episodes of seismic activity , the monitoring of which was the primary and often only warning mechanism in the past and which remains viable today . Seismic stations have been maintained on Hawaiʻi since the Observatory 's inception , but these were concentrated primarily on Kīlauea , with coverage on Mauna Loa improving only slowly through the 20th century . Following the invention of modern monitoring equipment , the backbone of the present - day monitoring system was installed on the volcano in the 1970s . Mauna Loa 's July 1975 eruption was forewarned by more than a year of seismic unrest , with the HVO issuing warnings to the general public from late 1974 ; the 1984 eruption was similarly preceded by as much as three years of unusually high seismic activity , with volcanologists predicting an eruption within two years in 1983 . The modern monitoring system on Mauna Loa is constituted not only by its locally seismic network but also of a large number of GPS stations , tiltmeters , and strainmeters that have been anchored on the volcano to monitor ground deformation due to swelling in Mauna Loa 's subterranean magma chamber , which presents a more complete picture of the events proceeding eruptive activity . The GPS network is the most durable and wide - ranging of the three systems , while the tiltmeters provide the most sensitive predictive data , but are prone to erroneous results unrelated to actual ground deformation ; nonetheless a survey line across the caldera measured a 76 mm ( 3 in ) increase in its width over the year preceding the 1975 eruption , and a similar increase in 1984 eruption . Strainmeters , by contrast , are relatively rare . The Observatory also maintains two gas detectors at Mokuʻāweoweo , Mauna Loa 's summit caldera , as well as a publicly accessible live webcam and occasional screenings by interferometric synthetic aperture radar imaging . Human History Pre-contact The first Ancient Hawaiians to arrive on Hawaii island lived along the shores where food and water were plentiful . Flightless birds that had previously known no predators became a staple food source . Early settlements had a major impact on the local ecosystem , and caused many extinctions , particularly amongst bird species , as well as introducing foreign plants and animals and increasing erosion rates . The prevailing lowland forest ecosystem was transformed from forest to grassland ; some of this change was caused by the use of fire , but the main reason appears to have been the introduction of the Polynesian Rat ( Rattus exulans ) . Ancient Hawaiian religious practice holds that the five volcanic peaks of the island are sacred , and regards Mauna Loa , the largest of them all , with great admiration ; but what mythology survives today consists mainly of oral accounts from the 18th century first compiled in the 19th . Most of these stories agree that the Hawaiian volcano deity , Pele , resides in Halemaʻumaʻu Crater on Kilauea ; however a few place her home at Mauna Loa 's summit caldera Mokuʻāweoweo , and the mythos in general associates her with all volcanic activity on the island . Regardless , Kīlauea 's lack of a geographic outline and strong volcanic link to Mauna Loa led to it being considered an offshoot of Mauna Loa by the Ancient Hawaiians , meaning much of the mythos now associated with Kīlauea was originally directed at Mauna Loa proper as well . Ancient Hawaiians constructed an extensive trail system on Hawaiʻi island , today known as the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail . The network consisted of short trailheads servicing local areas along the main roads and more extensive networks within and around agricultural centers . The positioning of the trails were practical , connecting living areas to farms and ports and regions to resources , with a few upland sections reserved for gathering and most lines marked well enough to remain identifiable long after regular use has ended . One of these trails , the Ainapo Trail , ascended from the village of Kapāpala over 3,400 m ( 11,155 ft ) in about 56 km ( 35 mi ) and ended at Mokuʻāweoweo at Mauna Loa 's summit . Although the journey was arduous and required several days and many porters , ancient Hawaiians likely made the journey during eruptions to leave offerings and prayers to honor Pele , much as they did at Halemaʻumaʻu , neighboring Kilauea 's more active and more easily accessible caldera . Several camps established along the way supplied water and food for travelers . European summiting attempts James Cook 's third voyage was the first to make landfall on Hawaiʻi island , in 1778 , and following adventures along the North American west coast Cook returned to the island in 1779 . On his second visit John Ledyard , a corporal of the Royal Marines aboard the HMS Resolution , proposed and receiving approval for an expedition to summit Mauna Loa to learn `` about that part of the island , particularly the peak , the tip of which is generally covered with snow , and had excited great curiosity . '' Using a compass , Ledyard and small group of ships ' mates and native attendants attempted to make a direct course for the summit . However , on the second day of traveling the route became steeper , rougher , and blocked by `` impenetrable thickets , '' and the group was forced to abandon their attempt and return to Kealakekua Bay , reckoning they had `` penetrated 24 miles and we suppose ( were ) within 11 miles of the peak '' ; in reality , Mokuʻāweoweo lies only 32 km ( 20 mi ) east of the bay , a severe overestimation on Ledyard 's part . Another of Cook 's men , Lieutenant James King , estimated the peak to be at least 5,600 m ( 18,373 ft ) high based on its snow line . The Scottish botanist and naturalist Archibald Menzies was the first European to reach the summit of Mauna Loa , on his third attempt . The next attempt to summit Mauna Loa was an expedition led by Archibald Menzies , a botanist and naturalist on the 1793 Vancouver Expedition . In February of that year Menzies , two ships ' mates , and a small group of native Hawaiian attendants attempted a direct course for the summit from Kealakekua Bay , making it 26 km ( 16 mi ) inland by their reckoning ( an overestimation ) before they were turned away by the thickness of the forest . On a second visit by the expedition to the island in January of the next year Menzies was placed in charge of exploring the island interior , and after traversing the flanks of Hualālai he and his party arrived at the high plateau separating the two volcanoes . Menzies decided to make a second attempt ( above the objections of the accompanying island chief ) , but again his progress was arrested by unassailable thickets . Menzies made a third attempt to summit Mauna Loa in February 1794 . This time the botanist consulted King Kamehameha I for advice and learned that he could take canoes to the south and follow the ʻAinapō Trail , not knowing of its existence beforehand . Significantly better prepared , Menzies , Lieutenant Joseph Baker and Midshipman George McKenzie of the Discovery , and a servant ( most likely Jonathan Ewins , listed on the ship 's muster as `` Botanist 's L 't '' ) reached the summit , which Menzies estimated to be 4,156 m ( 13,635 ft ) high with the aid of a barometer ( consistent with a modern value of 4,169 m ( 13,678 ft ) ) . He was surprised to find heavy snow and morning temperatures of − 3 ° C ( 27 ° F ) , and was unable to compare the heights of Mauna Loa and Kea but correctly supposed the latter to be taller based on its larger snow cap . The feat of summitting Mauna Loa was not to be repeated for forty years . The Hawaiian Islands were the site of fervent missionary work , with the first group of missionaries arrived at Honolulu in 1820 and the second in 1823 . Some of these missionaries left for Hawaiʻi island , and spent ten weeks traveling around it , preaching at local villages and climbing Kilauea , from which one of its members , William Ellis , observed Mauna Loa with the aid of a telescope and ascertained it and Kea to be `` perhaps 15,000 to 16,000 feet above the level of the sea '' ; they did not , however , attempt to climb the volcano itself . It is sometimes reported that the missionary Joseph Goodrich reached the summit around this time , but he never claimed this himself , though he did summit Mauna Kea and describe Mokuʻāweoweo with the aid of another telescope . The next successful ascent was made on January 29 , 1834 , 40 years later , by the Scottish botanist David Douglas , who also reached the summit caldera using the ʻAinapō Trail . By the time Douglas reached the summit the environment had put him under extreme duress , but he nonetheless stayed overnight to make measurements of the summit caldera 's proportions and record barometric data on its height , both now known to be widely inaccurate . Douglas collected biological samples on the way both up and down , and after a difficult and distressing descent began collating his samples ; he planned to return to England , but instead several months later his body was mysteriously discovered crushed in a pit besides a dead wild boar . Isidor Löwenstern successfully climbed Mauna Loa in February 1839 , only the third successful climb in 60 years . Wilkes expedition Wilkes Campsite U.S. National Register of Historic Places Sketch by ship 's artist Alfred Thomas Agate Nearest city Hilo , Hawaii Coordinates 19 ° 27 ′ 59 '' N 155 ° 34 ′ 54 '' W / 19.46639 ° N 155.58167 ° W / 19.46639 ; - 155.58167 Area 4 acres ( 16,000 m ) Built 1840 Architect Charles Wilkes Architectural style Stone shelter NRHP reference # 74000295 Added to NRHP July 24 , 1974 The United States Exploring Expedition led by Lieutenant Charles Wilkes was tasked with a vast survey of the Pacific Ocean starting in 1838 . In September 1840 they arrived in Honolulu , where repairs to the ships took longer than expected . Wilkes decided to spend the winter in Hawaii and take the opportunity to explore its volcanoes while waiting for better weather to continue the expedition . King Kamehameha III assigned American medical missionary Dr. Gerrit P. Judd to the expedition as a translator . Wilkes sailed to Hilo on the island of Hawaiʻi and decided to climb Mauna Loa first , since it looked easier than Mauna Kea . On December 14 he hired about 200 porters , but after he left he realized only about half the equipment had been taken , so he had to hire more Hawaiians at higher pay . When they reached Kīlauea after two days , their guide Puhano headed off to the established ʻAinapō Trail . Wilkes did not want to head back downhill so he blazed his own way through dense forest directed by a compass . The Hawaiians were offended by the waste of sacred trees which did not help morale . At about 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) elevation they established a camp called `` Sunday Station '' at the edge of the forest . Two guides joined them at Sunday Station : Keaweehu , `` the bird - catcher '' and another whose Hawaiian name is not recorded , called `` ragsdale '' . Although Wilkes thought he was almost to the summit , the guides knew they were less than halfway up . Since there was no water at Sunday Station , porters had to be sent back ten miles ( 16 km ) to a lava tube on ʻAinapō Trail which had a known supply . After an entire day replenishing stocks , they continued up to a second camp they called `` Recruiting Station '' at about 9,000 feet ( 2,700 m ) elevation . After another full day 's hike they established `` Flag Station '' on December 22 , and by this time were on the ʻAinapō Trail . Most of the porters were sent back down to get another load . At the Flag Station Wilkes and his eight remaining men built a circular wall of lava rocks and covered the shelter with a canvas tent . A snowstorm was in progress and several suffered from altitude sickness . That night ( December 23 ) , the snow on the canvas roof caused it to collapse . At daylight some of the group went down the trail to retrieve firewood and the gear abandoned on the trail the day before . After another day 's climb , nine men reached the rim of Mokuʻāweoweo . They could not find a way down its steep sides so chose a smooth place on the rim for the camp site , at coordinates 19 ° 27 ′ 59 '' N 155 ° 34 ′ 54 '' W / 19.46639 ° N 155.58167 ° W / 19.46639 ; - 155.58167 . Their tent was pitched within 60 feet ( 18 m ) of the crater 's edge , secured by lava blocks . The next morning they were unable to start a fire using friction due to the thin air at that altitude , and sent for matches . By this time , the naval officers and Hawaiians could not agree on terms to continue hiring porters , so sailors and marines were ordered from the ships . Dr. Judd traveled between the summit and the Recruiting Station to tend the many who suffered from altitude sickness or had worn out their shoes on the rough rock . Christmas Day was spent building rock walls around the camp to give some protection from the high winds and blowing snow . It took another week to bring all the equipment to the summit , including a pendulum designed for measuring slight variations in gravity . Sketch of Mokuʻāweoweo from Wilkes ' journal On December 31 , 1840 the pre-fabricated pendulum house was assembled . Axes and chisels cut away the rock surface for the pendulum 's base . It took another three days to adjust the clock to the point where the experiments could begin . However , the high winds made so much noise that the ticks could often not be heard , and varied the temperature to make measurements inaccurate . Grass had to be painstakingly brought from the lowest elevations for insulation to get accurate measurements . On Monday , January 11 , Wilkes hiked around the summit crater . Using an optical method , he estimated Mauna Kea was only 193 feet ( 59 m ) higher ( modern measurements are 104 feet ( 32 m ) ) . On January 13 , 1841 , he had `` Pendulum Peak , January 1841 U.S. Ex , Ex . '' cut into a rock at the site . The tents were dismantled and Hawaiians carried the gear down over the next three days , while Wilkes enjoyed a lomilomi Hawaiian massage . He continued his measurements at lower elevations and left the island on March 5 . For all the effort he did not obtain any significant results , attributing gravity discrepancies to `` the tides '' . The Wilkes expedition 's camp site 's ruins are the only known physical evidence in the Pacific of the U.S. Exploring Expedition . The camp site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 24 , 1974 as site 74000295 , and is state historic site 10 - 52 - 5507 . Today A summit shelter was built with some of the stones from Wilkes ' camp site and mortar in 1934 . In 1916 Mokuʻāweoweo was included in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park , and a new trail was built directly from park headquarters at Kīlauea , an even more direct route than the one taken by Wilkes . This trail , arriving at the summit from the east via Red Hill , became the preferred route due to its easier access and gentler slope . The historic ʻAinapō Trail fell into disuse , and was reopened in the 1990s . A third modern route to the summit is from the Saddle Road up to the Mauna Loa Observatory which is at 11,135 feet ( 3,394 m ) elevation a few miles north of Mokuʻāweoweo and the North Pit trail . Climate Trade winds blow from east to west across the Hawaiian islands , and the presence of Mauna Loa strongly affects the local climate . At low elevations , the eastern ( windward ) side of the volcano receives heavy rain ; the city of Hilo is the wettest in the United States . The rainfall supports extensive forestation . The western ( leeward ) side has a much drier climate . At higher elevations , the amount of precipitation decreases , and skies are very often clear . Very low temperatures mean that precipitation often occurs in the form of snow , and the summit of Mauna Loa is described as a periglacial region , where freezing and thawing play a significant role in shaping the landscape . Mauna Loa has a tropical climate with warm temperatures at lower elevations and cool to cold temperatures higher up year - round . Below is the table for the slope observatory , which is at 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) in the alpine zone . The highest recorded temperature was 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) and the lowest was 18 ° F ( − 8 ° C ) on February 18 , 2003 and February 20 , 1962 , respectively . ( hide ) Climate data for Mauna Loa slope observatory ( 1961 -- 1990 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 67 ( 19 ) 85 ( 29 ) 65 ( 18 ) 67 ( 19 ) 68 ( 20 ) 71 ( 22 ) 70 ( 21 ) 68 ( 20 ) 67 ( 19 ) 66 ( 19 ) 65 ( 18 ) 67 ( 19 ) 85 ( 29 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 49.8 ( 9.9 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) 50.2 ( 10.1 ) 51.8 ( 11 ) 53.9 ( 12.2 ) 57.2 ( 14 ) 56.4 ( 13.6 ) 56.3 ( 13.5 ) 55.8 ( 13.2 ) 54.7 ( 12.6 ) 52.6 ( 11.4 ) 50.6 ( 10.3 ) 53.24 ( 11.8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 33.3 ( 0.7 ) 32.9 ( 0.5 ) 33.2 ( 0.7 ) 34.6 ( 1.4 ) 36.6 ( 2.6 ) 39.4 ( 4.1 ) 38.8 ( 3.8 ) 38.9 ( 3.8 ) 38.5 ( 3.6 ) 37.8 ( 3.2 ) 36.2 ( 2.3 ) 34.3 ( 1.3 ) 36.21 ( 2.33 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 19 ( − 7 ) 18 ( − 8 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 18 ( − 8 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.3 ( 58 ) 1.5 ( 38 ) 1.7 ( 43 ) 1.3 ( 33 ) 1.0 ( 25 ) 0.5 ( 13 ) 1.1 ( 28 ) 1.5 ( 38 ) 1.3 ( 33 ) 1.1 ( 28 ) 1.7 ( 43 ) 2.0 ( 51 ) 17 ( 431 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 1.0 ( 2.5 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 1.0 ( 2.5 ) 3.6 ( 9.1 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 inch ) 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 55 Source : NOAA Observatories Atmospheric CO concentrations measured at the Mauna Loa Observatory . The location of Mauna Loa has made it an important location for atmospheric monitoring by the Global Atmosphere Watch and other scientific observations . The Mauna Loa Solar Observatory ( MLSO ) , located at 11,155 feet ( 3,400 m ) on the northern slope of the mountain , has long been prominent in observations of the Sun . The NOAA Mauna Loa Observatory ( MLO ) is located close by . From its location well above local human - generated influences , the MLO monitors the global atmosphere , including the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide . Measurements are adjusted to account for local outgassing of CO from the volcano . The Yuan - Tseh Lee Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy ( AMiBA ) sits at an elevation of 11,155 feet ( 3,400 m ) . It was established in October 2006 by the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics ( ASIAA ) to examine cosmic microwave background radiation . See also Oceania portal United States portal Hawaii portal Mountains portal Volcanoes portal List of mountain peaks of the United States List of volcanoes of the United States List of mountain peaks of Hawaii List of Ultras of Oceania List of Ultras of the United States Hawaii hotspot Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain HI - SEAS References ^ Jump up to : `` Mauna Loa , Hawaii '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mauna Loa : Earth 's Largest Volcano '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Service . 2 February 2006 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa : Earth 's Largest Volcano '' . USGS. 2 February 2006 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaye , G.D. ( 2002 ) . Using GIS to estimate the total volume of Mauna Loa Volcano , Hawaii . Geological Society of America . 98th Annual Meeting . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa : Earth 's Largest Volcano '' . United States Geological Survey . 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Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Claude Herzberg ( 30 November 2006 ) . `` Petrology and thermal structure of the Hawaiian plume from Mauna Kea volcano '' . Nature . Nature Publishing Group . 444 ( 7119 ) : 605 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 444 ... 605H . PMID 17136091 . doi : 10.1038 / nature05254 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` When did Moku'aweoweo ( the summit caldera of Mauna Loa ) form ? '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 28 March 2001 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Place Names of Hawaii -- Moku - ʻāweoweo '' . Ulukau -- Hawaiian Electronic Library . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Peter W. Lipman ( 1980 ) . `` The Southwestern Rift Zone of Mauna Kea : Implications for Structural Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes '' . American Journal of Science . American Journal of Science . 280 - A : 752 -- 776 . ^ Jump up to : F. Amelung , S.H. Yun , T.R. Walter , P. Segall , S.W. Kim ; Yun ; Walter ; Segall ; Kim ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` Stress Control of Deep Rift Intrusion at Mauna Loa Volcano , Hawaii '' . Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 316 ( 5827 ) : 1026 -- 1030 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 316.1026 A. PMID 17510364 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1140035 . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` What 's up with Mauna Loa ? '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 23 October 2001 . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : E.W. Wolfe ; W.S. Wise ; G.B. Dalrymple ( 1997 ) . The geology and petrology of Mauna Kea volcano , Hawaii : a study of postshield volcanism . Professional Paper 1557 . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ E.C. Cannon & R.R. Bürgmann ( 26 October 2009 ) . `` Complete Report for Mauna Kea Volcano ( Class B) No. 2601 '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 16 February 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rift Zones '' . Oregon State University . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Inflation of Mauna Loa Volcano slows '' . Volcano Watch . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 28 January 2003 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ken Hon . `` Giant Landslides : Kilauea and Mauna Loa : GEOL 205 : Lecture Notes '' . University of Hawaii at Hilo . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glaciers on Mauna Kea ? You crazy ? In the middle of the Pacific ? YES ! '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 22 October 2007 . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eruption History '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 2 February 2006 . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Ken ; Minicola , Rochelle ( 7 March 2007 ) . `` Mauna Loa Eruption History '' . Hawaii Center for Volcanology . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eruption History : A Cyclic Eruption Model is Proposed '' . HVO. 16 March 1998 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lockwood J.P. ( 1995 ) , `` Mauna Loa eruptive history -- the preliminary radiocarbon record '' , in Rhodes , J.M. and Lockwood , J.P. ( eds . ) , Mauna Loa revealed : structure , composition , history , and hazards , Washington D.C. , American Geophysical Union Monograph 92 , pp. 81 -- 94 . Jump up ^ `` Eruption History of Mauna Loa Volcano '' . United States Geological Survey , Hawaiian Volcano Observatory . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Eruption History : A Cyclic Eruption Model is Proposed '' . United States Geological Survey , Hawaiian Volcano Observatory . March 16 , 1998 . Retrieved 28 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Summary of Historical Eruptions , 1843 -- Present '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 17 September 2004 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa : Eruptive History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : John Seach . `` Mauno Loa Volcano -- John Seach '' . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Russell A. Apple . `` Mauna Loa '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : John Watson ( 18 July 1997 ) . `` Lava Flow Hazard Zone Maps : Mauna Loa '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Ka'u Earthquake of 1868 '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 26 March 1998 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eruptions of Hawaiian Volcanoes '' . United States Geological Survey . 5 January 1997 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 50th Anniversary of Mauna Loa 's Most Spectacular Eruption '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 17 September 2004 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mauna Loa Eruption of 1926 '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 26 March 1998 . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lava diversion in Hawai'i ? '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shhh ! Do n't tell there is an eruption -- Eruption of 1942 '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 27 April 1998 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 1950 eruption of Mauna Loa : a nightmare that could reoccur '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . May 14 , 2001 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Mauna Loa Eruption of 1984 '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 26 March 1998 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Eruption : March 25 -- April 15 '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 17 September 2004 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gordon A. MacDonald ; Douglass H. Hubbard ( 24 March 2006 ) . `` Volcanoes of the National Parks of Hawaii '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth 's Interior ( 1998 ) . `` Decade Volcanoes '' . Cascades Volcano Observatory . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Nick Varley . `` Decade Volcano Program IDNDR -- IAVCEI -- 1990 / 2000 '' . Société Volcanologique Européenne . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ John Watson ( 18 July 1997 ) . `` Volcanic and seismic hazards on the island of Hawaii '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Volcanoes Work : Hawaiian Eruptions '' . San Diego State University . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lava flow hazards on Mauna Loa volcano '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 2 February 2006 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert and Barbara Decker ( 1997 ) . Volcanoes ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman & Co , Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3174 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cannon , Eric C. ; Bürgmann , Roland ; Owen , Susan E. ( 2001 ) . `` Shallow Normal Faulting and Block Rotation Associated with the 1975 Kalapana Earthquake , Kilauea ' '' . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . Seismological Society of America . 91 ( 6 ) : 1553 . Bibcode : 2001BuSSA ... 91.1553 C . doi : 10.1785 / 0120000072 . Jump up ^ Russell A. Apple ( 4 January 2005 ) . `` Thomas A. Jaggar , Jr. , and the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HVO Seismic Network '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 18 June 2001 . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Long - term Monitoring Data '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa Volcano , Hawai'i : Current Monitoring '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final Environmental Statement for the Outrigger Telescopes Project : Volume II '' ( PDF ) . NASA . February 2005 . p. C -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 April 2009 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Culture : The First Arrivals : Native Hawaiian Uses '' ( PDF ) . Mauna Kea Mountain Reserve Master Plan . University of Hawaii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kirch , Patrick V. ( January 1982 ) . `` The Impact of the Prehistoric Polynesians on the Hawaiian Ecosystem '' . Pacific Science . University of Hawai'i Press . 36 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Athens , Stephen ; Tuggle , H. David ; Ward , Jerome V. ; Welch , David J. ( 2002 ) . `` Avifaunal Extinctions , Vegetation Change and Polynesian Impacts in Prehistoric Hawai'i '' . Archaeology in Oceania. 37 ( 2 ) : 57 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Kelly . `` Information on the Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii '' . USA Today . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ken Hon . `` Hawaiian Oral History related to Geology '' . University of Hawaii at Hilo . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Various authors ( 1987 ) . R.W. Decker ; et al. , eds . Volcanism in Hawaii : papers to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Hawaii Volcano Observatory ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey Professional Paper , 1350 . 1 . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Russell A. Apple ( 20 August 1974 ) . `` National Register Of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form for Federal Properties -- Ainapo Trail '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Rick Warshauer ( October 2005 ) . `` The Proposed Mauka Trails System : The Roles and History of Trails on the Big Island '' ( PDF ) . The Nature Conservancy . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Walther M. Barnard ( 1991 ) . `` Earliest Ascents of Mauna Loa Volcano , Hawai'i '' ( PDF ) . Hawaiian Journal of History . Hawaiian Historical Society , Honolulu . 25 . hdl : 10524 / 599 . ^ Jump up to : Roberta A. Sprague ( 1991 ) . `` Measuring the Mountain : the United States Exploring Expedition on Mauna Loa , 1840 -- 1841 '' ( PDF ) . Hawaiian Journal of History . Hawaiian Historical Society . 25 . hdl : 10524 / 359 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Charles Wilkes ( 1849 ) . Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition . Volume IV . G.P. Putnam . p . Pages 111 -- 162 . ^ Jump up to : Russell A. Apple ( 1973 ) . `` Wilkes Campsite Nomination form '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Historic Places in Hawaii County on official state web site Jump up ^ `` NOAA Mauna Loa Observatory '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration web site . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Ken ; Minicola , Rochelle ( 2004 ) . `` Mauna Loa Flora and Climate '' . Hawaii Center for Volcanology . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Period of Record General Climate Summary -- Temperature '' . MAUNA LOA SLOPE OBS , HAWAII . NOAA . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary '' . MAUNA LOA SLOPE OBS , HAWAII . NOAA . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , J.M. and Lockwood , J.P. ( editors ) , ( 1995 ) Mauna Loa Revealed : Structure , Composition , History , and Hazards , Washington D.C. , American Geophysical Union Monograph 92 , page 95 Jump up ^ `` The Yuan Tseh Lee Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy ( AMiBA ) '' . ASIAA . May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mauna Loa . United States Geological Survey Hawaii Center for Volcanology Global Volcanism Program entry Mauna Loa Observatory ( MLO ) -- NOAA Mauna Loa Solar Observatory ( MLSO ) 1934 USGS silent color video of Mauna Loa erupting Hawaiian volcanism topics ( list ) Windward Isles Lō ʻihi Māhukona Hawai ʻi Kīlauea ( Kīlauea Iki , Puʻu ʻŌʻō ) Mauna Loa Hualālai Mauna Kea Kohala Kaho ʻolawe Kaua ʻi Ka ʻula Lāna ʻi Maui Haleakalā West Maui Moloka ʻi Penguin Bank West Molokai Volcano East Molokai Volcano Ni ʻihau Oʻahu Ka ʻena Ko ʻolau Wai ʻanae Leeward Isles French Frigate Shoals Gardner Pinnacles Kure Atoll Laysan Lisianski Island Maro Reef Midway Atoll Necker Island Nihoa Pearl and Hermes Atoll Emperor Seamounts Abbott Colahan Daikakuji Detroit Hancock Jingu Kammu Kimmei Koko Meiji Nintoku Ojin Suiko Yomei Yuryaku Topics 1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption ʻAʻā ( lava ) Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes Haleakalā National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain Hawaiian eruption Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Lava fountain Limu o Pele Pāhoehoe ( lava ) Pele 's hair Pele 's tears Decade Volcanoes Avachinsky Colima Etna Galeras Koryaksky Mauna Loa Merapi Nyiragongo Rainier Sakurajima Santa María Santorini Taal Teide Ulawun Unzen Vesuvius VIAF : 235054920 GND : 4100675 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mauna_Loa&oldid=798934598 '' Categories : Volcanoes of the Island of Hawaii Active volcanoes Decade Volcanoes Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Mountains of Hawaii Shield volcanoes of the United States Volcanic calderas of Hawaii Hawaiian words and phrases National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii Extreme points of Earth United States National Park high points Polygenetic shield volcanoes Pleistocene volcanoes Holocene volcanoes Pleistocene Oceania Holocene Oceania Cenozoic Hawaii Four - thousanders of Hawaii Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata M w Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Bikol Central Български Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 17 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time the mauna loa volcano erupted | [
"Mauna Loa's most recent eruption occurred from March 24 to April 15, 1984. No recent eruptions of the volcano have caused fatalities, but eruptions in 1926 and 1950 destroyed villages, and the city of Hilo is partly built on lava flows from the late 19th century. Because of the potential hazards it poses to population centers, Mauna Loa is part of the Decade Volcanoes program, which encourages studies of the world's most dangerous volcanoes. Mauna Loa has been monitored intensively by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory since 1912. Observations of the atmosphere are undertaken at the Mauna Loa Observatory, and of the Sun at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, both located near the mountain's summit. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park covers the summit and the southeastern flank of the volcano, and also incorporates Kīlauea, a separate volcano."
] | [
"from March 24 to April 15, 1984"
] |
-5285820050428484650 | Black Death | Black Death - wikipedia Black Death pandemic in Eurasia in the 1300s For other uses , see Black Death ( disambiguation ) . Spread of the Black Death in Europe and the Near East ( 1346 -- 1353 ) The Black Death , also known as the Great Plague , the Black Plague , or the Plague , was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history , resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351 . The bacterium Yersinia pestis , which results in several forms of plague , is believed to have been the cause . The plague created a series of religious , social and economic upheavals , which had profound effects on the course of European history . The Black Death is thought to have originated in the dry plains of Central Asia , where it travelled along the Silk Road , reaching Crimea by 1343 . From there , it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships , spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe . The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30 -- 60 % of Europe 's total population . In total , the plague may have reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350 -- 375 million in the 14th century . It took 200 years for the world population to recover to its previous level . The plague recurred as outbreaks in Europe until the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 1.1 Origins of the disease 1.2 European outbreak 1.3 Middle Eastern outbreak 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Causes 3.1 DNA evidence 3.2 Alternative explanations 4 Consequences 4.1 Death toll 4.2 Persecutions 4.3 Recurrence 4.4 Third plague pandemic 5 Names 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Chronology Origins of the disease Main article : Black Death migration The plague disease , caused by Yersinia pestis , is enzootic ( commonly present ) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents , including marmots , in various areas including Central Asia , Kurdistan , Western Asia , Northern India and Uganda . Due to climate change in Asia , rodents began to flee the dried out grasslands to more populated areas , spreading the disease . Nestorian graves dating to 1338 -- 1339 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic , from which it could easily have spread to China and India . In October 2010 , medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China . In China , the 13th - century Mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading . However , economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century . In the 1330s , a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine , starting in 1331 , with a deadly plague arriving soon after . Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347 . The disease may have travelled along the Silk Road with Mongol armies and traders or it could have come via ship . By the end of 1346 , reports of plague had reached the seaports of Europe : `` India was depopulated , Tartary , Mesopotamia , Syria , Armenia were covered with dead bodies '' . Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347 . After a protracted siege , during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease , the army catapulted infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants . The Genoese traders fled , taking the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe , whence it spread north . Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate , it is clear that several existing conditions such as war , famine , and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death . European outbreak The seventh year after it began , it came to England and first began in the towns and ports joining on the seacoasts , in Dorsetshire , where , as in other counties , it made the country quite void of inhabitants so that there were almost none left alive . ... But at length it came to Gloucester , yea even to Oxford and to London , and finally it spread over all England and so wasted the people that scarce the tenth person of any sort was left alive . Geoffrey the Baker , Chronicon Angliae There appear to have been several introductions into Europe . The plague reached Sicily in October 1347 , carried by twelve Genoese galleys , and rapidly spread all over the island . Galleys from Kaffa reached Genoa and Venice in January 1348 , but it was the outbreak in Pisa a few weeks later that was the entry point to northern Italy . Towards the end of January , one of the galleys expelled from Italy arrived in Marseille . From Italy , the disease spread northwest across Europe , striking France , Spain , Portugal and England by June 1348 , then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350 . It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy , then spread to Bjørgvin ( modern Bergen ) and Iceland . Finally it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351 . The plague was somewhat less common in parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours , including the majority of the Basque Country , isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands , and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent . Modern researchers do not think that the plague ever became endemic in Europe or its rat population . The disease repeatedly wiped out the rodent carriers so that the fleas died out until a new outbreak from Central Asia repeated the process . The outbreaks have been shown to occur roughly 15 years after a warmer and wetter period in areas where plague is endemic in other species such as gerbils . Middle Eastern outbreak The plague struck various regions in the Middle East during the pandemic , leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures . As it spread from China with the Mongols to a trading post in Crimea , called Kaffa , controlled by the Republic of Genoa . From there the disease , infected rodents infecting new rodents , entered the region from southern Russia also . By autumn 1347 , the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt , through the port 's trade with Constantinople , and ports on the Black Sea . During 1347 , the disease travelled eastward to Gaza , and north along the eastern coast to cities in Lebanon , Syria and Palestine , including Ashkelon , Acre , Jerusalem , Sidon , Damascus , Homs , and Aleppo . In 1348 -- 1349 , the disease reached Antioch . The city 's residents fled to the north , However most of them ended up dying during the journey . Mecca became infected in 1349 . During the same year , records show the city of Mawsil ( Mosul ) suffered a massive epidemic , and the city of Baghdad experienced a second round of the disease . Signs and symptoms A hand showing how acral gangrene of the fingers due to bubonic plague causes the skin and flesh to die and turn black An inguinal bubo on the upper thigh of a person infected with bubonic plague . Swollen lymph glands ( buboes ) often occur in the neck , armpit and groin ( inguinal ) regions of plague victims . Contemporary accounts of the plague are often varied or imprecise . The most commonly noted symptom was the appearance of buboes ( or gavocciolos ) in the groin , the neck and armpits , which oozed pus and bled when opened . Boccaccio 's description : In men and women alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the groin or armpits , some of which grew as large as a common apple , others as an egg ... From the two said parts of the body this deadly gavocciolo soon began to propagate and spread itself in all directions indifferently ; after which the form of the malady began to change , black spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the thigh or elsewhere , now few and large , now minute and numerous . As the gavocciolo had been and still was an infallible token of approaching death , such also were these spots on whomsoever they showed themselves . The only medical detail that is questionable in Boccaccio 's description is that the gavocciolo was an ' infallible token of approaching death ' , as , if the bubo discharges , recovery is possible . This was followed by acute fever and vomiting of blood . Most victims died two to seven days after initial infection . Freckle - like spots and rashes , which could have been caused by flea - bites , were identified as another potential sign of the plague . Some accounts , like that of Lodewijk Heyligen , whose master the Cardinal Colonna died of the plague in 1348 , noted a distinct form of the disease that infected the lungs and led to respiratory problems and is identified with pneumonic plague . It is said that the plague takes three forms . In the first people suffer an infection of the lungs , which leads to breathing difficulties . Whoever has this corruption or contamination to any extent can not escape but will die within two days . Another form ... in which boils erupt under the armpits , ... a third form in which people of both sexes are attacked in the groin . Causes The Oriental rat flea ( Xenopsylla cheopis ) engorged with blood . This species of flea is the primary vector for the transmission of Yersinia pestis , the organism responsible for bubonic plague in most plague epidemics . Both male and female fleas feed on blood and can transmit the infection . Oriental rat flea ( Xenopsylla cheopis ) infected with the Yersinia pestis bacterium which appears as a dark mass in the gut . The foregut ( proventriculus ) of this flea is blocked by a Y. pestis biofilm ; when the flea attempts to feed on an uninfected host Y. pestis is regurgitated into the wound , causing infection . Yersinia pestis ( 200x magnification ) , the bacterium which causes bubonic plague Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages . The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens , in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a `` great pestilence in the air '' . This report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers . That the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory . Today , this is known as the miasma theory . The word plague had no special significance at this time , and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the Middle Ages gave it the name that has become the medical term . The importance of hygiene was recognised only in the nineteenth century ; until then it was common that the streets were filthy , with live animals of all sorts around and human parasites abounding . A transmissible disease will spread easily in such conditions . One development as a result of the Black Death was the establishment of the idea of quarantine in Dubrovnik in 1377 after continuing outbreaks . The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory , which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis , also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865 , eventually spreading to India . The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th - century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894 , among whom was the French - Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin , after whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis . The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul - Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host . This blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas , which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation , resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site , infecting the host . The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents : one resistant to the disease , which act as hosts , keeping the disease endemic , and a second that lack resistance . When the second population dies , the fleas move on to other hosts , including people , thus creating a human epidemic . The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the Great Pestilence in 1893 and suggested that `` it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague '' . He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death for the second edition in 1908 , implicating rats and fleas in the process , and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics , such as the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE . An estimate of the mortality rate for the modern bubonic plague , following the introduction of antibiotics , is 11 % , although it may be higher in underdeveloped regions . Symptoms of the disease include fever of 38 -- 41 ° C ( 100 -- 106 ° F ) , headaches , painful aching joints , nausea and vomiting , and a general feeling of malaise . Left untreated , of those that contract the bubonic plague , 80 per cent die within eight days . Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 per cent . Symptoms include fever , cough , and blood - tinged sputum . As the disease progresses , sputum becomes free - flowing and bright red . Septicemic plague is the least common of the three forms , with a mortality rate near 100 % . Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches ( purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation ) . In cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague , the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes . A number of alternative theories -- implicating other diseases in the Black Death pandemic -- have also been proposed by some modern scientists ( see below -- `` Alternative Explanations '' ) . DNA evidence Skeletons in a mass grave from 1720 -- 1721 in Martigues , France , yielded molecular evidence of the orientalis strain of Yersinia pestis , the organism responsible for bubonic plague . The second pandemic of bubonic plague was active in Europe from AD 1347 , the beginning of the Black Death , until 1750 . In October 2010 , the open - access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998 . They assessed the presence of DNA / RNA with polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern , central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences . The authors concluded that this new research , together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany , `` ends the debate about the cause of the Black Death , and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages '' . The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades ( genetic branches ) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves . These clades ( which are thought to be extinct ) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis , suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves . Surveys of plague pit remains in France and England indicate the first variant entered Europe through the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years , eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349 , where it spread through the country in three epidemics . Surveys of plague pit remains from the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350 differed from that found in Britain and France , implying Bergen op Zoom ( and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands ) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague , different from those in Britain and France , may have been carried to the Low Countries from Norway , the Hanseatic cities or another site . The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended . Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England , Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 `` that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist . '' A study published in Nature in October 2011 sequenced the genome of Y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease . DNA taken from 25 skeletons from the 14th century found in London have shown the plague is a strain of Y. pestis that is almost identical to that which hit Madagascar in 2013 . Alternative Explanations Main article : Theories of the Black Death The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British bacteriologist J.F.D. Shrewsbury in 1970 , who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th - century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague , leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations . In 1984 zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly , and his doubts about the identity of the Black Death have been taken up by a number of authors , including Samuel K. Cohn , Jr. ( 2002 and 2013 ) , David Herlihy ( 1997 ) , and Susan Scott and Christopher Duncan ( 2001 ) . It is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms , but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period . Most work has been done on the spread of the plague in England , and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100 % as no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377 . Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from the clergy . In addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic , sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique ( and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague ) ; that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance ; and that the DNA results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere , despite extensive samples from other mass graves . Other arguments include the lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries ; temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas ; that , despite primitive transport systems , the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague ; that mortality rates of the Black Death appear to be very high ; that , while modern bubonic plague is largely endemic as a rural disease , the Black Death indiscriminately struck urban and rural areas ; and that the pattern of the Black Death , with major outbreaks in the same areas separated by 5 to 15 years , differs from modern bubonic plague -- which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare - ups . McCormick has suggested that earlier archaeologists were simply not interested in the `` laborious '' processes needed to discover rat remains . Walløe complains that all of these authors `` take it for granted that Simond 's infection model , black rat → rat flea → human , which was developed to explain the spread of plague in India , is the only way an epidemic of Yersinia pestis infection could spread '' , whilst pointing to several other possibilities . Similarly , Green has argued that greater attention is needed to the range of ( especially non-commensal ) animals that might be involved in the transmission of plague . Anthrax skin lesion A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward . Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax , and Norman Cantor thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics . Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that they characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to Ebola . Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the Y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats ; he argues that transmission must have been person to person . This theory is supported by research in 2018 which suggested transmission was more likely by body lice and human fleas during the Second Pandemic . However , no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance . Many scholars arguing for the Y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases , including typhus , smallpox and respiratory infections . In addition to the bubonic infection , others point to additional septicemic ( a type of `` blood poisoning '' ) and pneumonic ( an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body ) forms of the plague , which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms . In 2014 , scientists with Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London , as well as of wills registered in London during the period , which supported the pneumonic hypothesis . Consequences Main article : Consequences of the Black Death Death toll Citizens of Tournai bury plague victims There are no exact figures for the death toll ; the rate varied widely by locality . In urban centres , the greater the population before the outbreak , the longer the duration of the period of abnormal mortality . It killed some 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia . According to medieval historian Philip Daileader in 2007 : The trend of recent research is pointing to a figure more like 45 -- 50 % of the European population dying during a four - year period . There is a fair amount of geographic variation . In Mediterranean Europe , areas such as Italy , the south of France and Spain , where plague ran for about four years consecutively , it was probably closer to 75 -- 80 % of the population . In Germany and England ... it was probably closer to 20 % . A death rate as high as 60 % in Europe has been suggested by Norwegian historian Ole Benedictow : Detailed study of the mortality data available points to two conspicuous features in relation to the mortality caused by the Black Death : namely the extreme level of mortality caused by the Black Death , and the remarkable similarity or consistency of the level of mortality , from Spain in southern Europe to England in north - western Europe . The data is sufficiently widespread and numerous to make it likely that the Black Death swept away around 60 per cent of Europe 's population . It is generally assumed that the size of Europe 's population at the time was around 80 million . This implies that around 50 million people died in the Black Death . The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East , including Iraq , Iran and Syria , during this time , is for a death rate of about a third . The Black Death killed about 40 % of Egypt 's population . Half of Paris 's population of 100,000 people died . In Italy , the population of Florence was reduced from 110,000 -- 120,000 inhabitants in 1338 down to 50,000 in 1351 . At least 60 % of the population of Hamburg and Bremen perished , and a similar percentage of Londoners may have died from the disease as well . In London approximately 62,000 people died between the years between 1346 and 1353 . While contemporary reports account of mass burial pits being created in response to the large numbers of dead , recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in Central London found well - preserved individuals to be buried in isolated , evenly spaced graves , suggesting at least some pre-planning and Christian burials at this time . Before 1350 , there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany , and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450 . In 1348 , the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins , about a third of the European population had already perished . In crowded cities , it was not uncommon for as much as 50 % of the population to die . The disease bypassed some areas , and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion . Monks and priests were especially hard - hit since they cared for victims of the Black Death . Persecutions See also : Black Death Jewish persecutions Inspired by the Black Death , The Dance of Death , or Danse Macabre , an allegory on the universality of death , was a common painting motif in the late medieval period . Renewed religious fervour and fanaticism bloomed in the wake of the Black Death . Some Europeans targeted `` various groups such as Jews , friars , foreigners , beggars , pilgrims '' , lepers , and Romani , thinking that they were to blame for the crisis . Lepers , and other individuals with skin diseases such as acne or psoriasis , were singled out and exterminated throughout Europe . Because 14th - century healers were at a loss to explain the cause , Europeans turned to astrological forces , earthquakes , and the poisoning of wells by Jews as possible reasons for the plague 's emergence . The governments of Europe had no apparent response to the crisis because no one knew its cause or how it spread . The mechanism of infection and transmission of diseases was little understood in the 14th century ; many people believed the epidemic was a punishment by God for their sins . This belief led to the idea that the cure to the disease was to win God 's forgiveness . There were many attacks against Jewish communities . In February 1349 , the citizens of Strasbourg murdered 2,000 Jews . In August 1349 , the Jewish communities in Mainz and Cologne were annihilated . By 1351 , 60 major and 150 smaller Jewish communities had been destroyed . These massacres eventually died out in Western Europe , only to continue on in Eastern Europe . During this period many Jews relocated to Poland and Russia , receiving a warm welcome from King Casimir . Recurrence Main article : Second plague pandemic The Great Plague of London , in 1665 , killed up to 100,000 people . The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries . According to Biraben , the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671 . The Second Pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years : 1360 -- 1363 ; 1374 ; 1400 ; 1438 -- 1439 ; 1456 -- 1457 ; 1464 -- 1466 ; 1481 -- 1485 ; 1500 -- 1503 ; 1518 -- 1531 ; 1544 -- 1548 ; 1563 -- 1566 ; 1573 -- 1588 ; 1596 -- 1599 ; 1602 -- 1611 ; 1623 -- 1640 ; 1644 -- 1654 ; and 1664 -- 1667 . Subsequent outbreaks , though severe , marked the retreat from most of Europe ( 18th century ) and northern Africa ( 19th century ) . According to Geoffrey Parker , `` France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628 -- 31 . '' In England , in the absence of census figures , historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300 , and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million . By the end of 1350 , the Black Death subsided , but it never really died out in England . Over the next few hundred years , further outbreaks occurred in 1361 -- 1362 , 1369 , 1379 -- 1383 , 1389 -- 1393 , and throughout the first half of the 15th century . An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10 -- 15 % of the population , while the death rate of the plague of 1479 -- 1480 could have been as high as 20 % . The most general outbreaks in Tudor and Stuart England seem to have begun in 1498 , 1535 , 1543 , 1563 , 1589 , 1603 , 1625 , and 1636 , and ended with the Great Plague of London in 1665 . Plague Riot in Moscow in 1771 : during the course of the city 's plague , between 50,000 and 100,000 people died , ⁄ to ⁄ of its population . In 1466 , perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris . During the 16th and 17th centuries , the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time . The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia , where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 and 1490 . Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563 , 1593 , 1603 , 1625 , 1636 , and 1665 , reducing its population by 10 to 30 % during those years . Over 10 % of Amsterdam 's population died in 1623 -- 1625 , and again in 1635 -- 1636 , 1655 , and 1664 . Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528 . The plague of 1576 -- 1577 killed 50,000 in Venice , almost a third of the population . Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629 -- 1631 , which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years ' War , and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679 . Over 60 % of Norway 's population died in 1348 -- 1350 . The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654 . In the first half of the 17th century , a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy , or about 14 % of the population . In 1656 , the plague killed about half of Naples ' 300,000 inhabitants . More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th - century Spain . The plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of Seville by half . In 1709 -- 1713 , a plague epidemic that followed the Great Northern War ( 1700 -- 1721 , Sweden v. Russia and allies ) killed about 100,000 in Sweden , and 300,000 in Prussia . The plague killed two - thirds of the inhabitants of Helsinki , and claimed a third of Stockholm 's population . Europe 's last major epidemic occurred in 1720 in Marseille . Worldwide distribution of plague - infected animals , 1998 The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world . Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850 . Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa . Algiers lost 30,000 -- 50,000 inhabitants to it in 1620 -- 1621 , and again in 1654 -- 1657 , 1665 , 1691 , and 1740 -- 1742 . Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century . Between 1701 and 1750 , thirty - seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople , and an additional thirty - one between 1751 and 1800 . Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague , and sometimes two - thirds of its population has been wiped out . Third plague pandemic Main article : Third plague pandemic The third plague pandemic ( 1855 -- 1859 ) started in China in the mid-19th century , spreading to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone . Twelve plague outbreaks in Australia between 1900 and 1925 resulted in well over 1,000 deaths , chiefly in Sydney . This led to the establishment of a Public Health Department there which undertook some leading - edge research on plague transmission from rat fleas to humans via the bacillus Yersinia pestis . The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900 -- 1904 , followed by another outbreak in 1907 -- 1908 . Modern treatment methods include insecticides , the use of antibiotics , and a plague vaccine . The plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat . One case of a drug - resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995 . A further outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014 . In October 2017 the deadliest outbreak of the plague in modern times hit Madagascar , killing 170 people and infecting thousands . Names The phrase `` black death '' ( mors nigra ) was used in 1350 by Simon de Covino or Couvin , a Belgian astronomer , who wrote the poem `` On the Judgment of the Sun at a Feast of Saturn '' ( De judicio Solis in convivio Saturni ) , which attributes the plague to a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn . In 1908 , Gasquet claimed that use of the name atra mors for the 14th - century epidemic first appeared in a 1631 book on Danish history by J. I. Pontanus : `` Commonly and from its effects , they called it the black death '' ( Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant ) . The name spread through Scandinavia and then Germany , gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th - century epidemic as a proper name . However , atra mors is used to refer to a pestilential fever ( febris pestilentialis ) already in the 12th - century On the Signs and Symptoms of Diseases ( Latin : De signis et sinthomatibus egritudinum ) by French physician Gilles de Corbeil . In England , the phrase `` Black Death '' is first used to refer to the 14th - century epidemic in 1823 . Writers contemporary with the plague described the event as `` great plague '' or `` great pestilence '' . See also Black Death ( film ) Black Death in England CCR5 , a human gene hypothesised to be associated with the plague Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Cronaca fiorentina ( Chronicle of Florence ) ; a literary history of the plague , and of Florence up to 1386 , by Baldassarre Bonaiuti Danse Macabre Death Doomsday Book ( novel ) , a science fiction novel written by Connie Willis Four thieves vinegar ; a popular French legend saying this recipe provided immunity to the plague Geisslerlieder Globalization and disease Last outbreak of bubonic plague in England ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Plague doctor Plague doctor costume Ring a Ring o ' Roses The Seventh Seal , a film directed by Ingmar Bergman Timeline of plague References ^ Jump up to : ABC / Reuters ( 29 January 2008 ) . `` Black death ' discriminated ' between victims ( ABC News in Science ) '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Health . De-coding the Black Death '' . BBC . 3 October 2001 . 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( 4 June 2010 ) . `` Revisiting the Medieval Black Death of 1347 -- 1351 : Spatiotemporal Dynamics Suggestive of an Alternate Causation '' . Geography Compass. 4 ( 6 ) : 561 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 8198.2010. 00335. x . ISSN 1749 - 8198 . Jump up ^ Baggaley , Kate ( 24 February 2015 ) . `` Bubonic plague was a serial visitor in European Middle Ages '' . Science News . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Schmid , Boris V. ( 2015 ) . `` Climate - driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 112 ( 10 ) : 3020 -- 25 . Bibcode : 2015PNAS ... 112.3020 S . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1412887112 . PMC 4364181 . PMID 25713390 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An Economic History of the World since 1400 '' . English . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne 2004 , pp. 21 -- 29 Jump up ^ Giovanni Boccaccio ( 1351 ) . `` Decameron '' . Jump up ^ Ziegler 1998 , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ D. 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PLoS Pathogens. 6 ( 10 ) : e1001134 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 1001134 . PMC 2951374 . PMID 20949072 . Jump up ^ Schuenemann VJ , Bos K , DeWitte S , Schmedes S , Jamieson J , Mittnik A , Forrest S , Coombes BK , Wood JW , Earn DJD , White W , Krause J , Poinar H ( 2011 ) : Targeted enrichment of ancient pathogens yielding the pPCP1 plasmid of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death . PNAS 2011 ; published ahead of print 29 August 2011 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1105107108 Jump up ^ Bos KI , Schuenemann VJ , Golding GB , Burbano HA , Waglechner N , Coombes BK , McPhee JB , DeWitte SN , Meyer M , Schmedes S , Wood J , Earn DJ , Herring DA , Bauer P , Poinar HN , Krause J ( 12 October 2011 ) . `` A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death '' . Nature . 478 ( 7370 ) : 506 -- 10 . Bibcode : 2011Natur. 478 ... 506B . doi : 10.1038 / nature10549 . PMC 3690193 . PMID 21993626 . ^ Jump up to : Thorpe , Vanessa ( 29 March 2014 ) . `` Black death was not spread by rat fleas , say researchers '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Morgan , James ( 30 March 2014 ) . `` Black Death skeletons unearthed by Crossrail project '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ziegler 1998 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Michael ( 1 July 2003 ) . `` Rats , Communications , and Plague : Toward an Ecological History '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 34 ( 1 ) : 6 . doi : 10.1162 / 002219503322645439 . ISSN 0022 - 1953 . Jump up ^ Walloe , Lars ( 2008 ) . Vivian Nutton , ed . Medieval and Modern Bubonic Plague : some clinical continuities . Pestilential Complexities : Understanding Medieval Plague . Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Green , Monica ( 2014 ) . `` Taking `` Pandemic '' Seriously : Making the Black Death Global `` . The Medieval Globe : 31ff . Jump up ^ M. Kennedy . `` Black Death study lets rats off the hook '' . The Guardian . London : The History Press Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 2829 - 2 ... Jump up ^ B. Slone ( 2011 ) . The Black Death in London . London : The History Press Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 2829 - 2 ... Jump up ^ Dean , Katharine R. ; Krauer , Fabienne ; Walløe , Lars ; Lingjærde , Ole Christian ; Bramanti , Barbara ; Stenseth , Nils Chr ; Schmid , Boris V. ( 10 January 2018 ) . `` Human ectoparasites and the spread of plague in Europe during the Second Pandemic '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 115 ( 6 ) : 201715640 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1715640115 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . Jump up ^ Olea Ricardo A. ; Christakos G. ( 2005 ) . `` Duration assessment of urban mortality for the 14th century Black Death epidemic '' . Human Biology . 77 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 303 . doi : 10.1353 / hub. 2005.0051 . PMID 16392633 . Jump up ^ Philip Daileader , The Late Middle Ages , audio / video course produced by The Teaching Company , ( 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 59803 - 345 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ole J. Benedictow , `` The Black Death : The Greatest Catastrophe Ever '' , History TodayVolume 55 Issue 3 March 2005 ( http://www.historytoday.com/ole-j-benedictow/black-death-greatest-catastrophe-ever ) . Cf . Benedictow , The Black Death 1346 -- 1353 : The Complete History , Boydell Press ( 7 Dec. 2012 ) , pp. 380ff . Jump up ^ Kathryn Jean Lopez ( 14 September 2005 ) . `` Q&A with John Kelly on The Great Mortality on National Review Online '' . Nationalreview.com . Archived from the original on 16 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Egypt -- Major Cities , U.S. Library of Congress Jump up ^ Snell , Melissa ( 2006 ) . `` The Great Mortality '' . Historymedren.about.com . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Dick , HC ; Pringle , JK ; Sloane , B ; Carver , J ; Wisneiwski , KD ; Haffenden , A ; Porter , S ; Roberts , D ; Cassidy , NJ ( 2015 ) . `` Detection and characterisation of Black Death burials by multi-proxy geophysical methods '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 59 : 132 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2015.04. 010 . Jump up ^ Richard Wunderli ( 1992 ) . Peasant Fires : The Drummer of Niklashausen . Indiana University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36725 - 5 . Jump up ^ J.M. Bennett and C.W. Hollister , Medieval Europe : A Short History ( New York : McGraw - Hill , 2006 ) , p. 329 . ^ Jump up to : David Nirenberg , Communities of Violence , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 05889 - X . Jump up ^ R.I. Moore The Formation of a Persecuting Society , Oxford , 1987 ISBN 0 - 631 - 17145 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Bennett and C.W. Hollister , Medieval Europe : A Short History ( New York : McGraw - Hill , 2006 ) , p. 326 . Jump up ^ `` Black Death '' . history.com. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Black Death , Jewishencyclopedia.com Jump up ^ `` Jewish History 1340 -- 1349 '' . Jump up ^ Robert S. Gottfried ( 11 May 2010 ) . Black Death . Simon and Schuster . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 1846 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Plague '' . Stephen Porter ( 2009 ) . Amberley Publishing . p. 25 . ISBN 1 - 84868 - 087 - 2 . Jump up ^ J.N. Hays ( 1998 ) . `` The burdens of disease : epidemics and human response in western history . '' . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2528 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Epidemics and pandemics : their impacts on human history '' . J.N. Hays ( 2005 ) . p. 46 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 658 - 2 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parker ( 2001 ) . `` Europe in crisis , 1598 -- 1648 '' . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22028 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Black Death in Egypt and England : A Comparative Study , Stuart J. Borsch , Austin : University of Texas Jump up ^ Secondary sources such as the Cambridge History of Medieval England often contain discussions of methodology in reaching these figures that are necessary reading for anyone wishing to understand this controversial episode in more detail . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- History -- Black Death '' . BBC . p. 131 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Gottfried , Robert S. ( 1983 ) . The Black Death : Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe . London : Hale . ISBN 0 - 7090 - 1299 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Radio 4 Voices of the Powerless -- 29 August 2002 Plague in Tudor and Stuart Britain '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Plague '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 694 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Harding ( 2002 ) . `` The dead and the living in Paris and London , 1500 -- 1670 . '' . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81126 - 0 . Jump up ^ Byrne 2004 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Harding ( 2002 ) . `` The dead and the living in Paris and London , 1500 -- 1670 . '' . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81126 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Plague in London : spatial and temporal aspects of mortality '' , J.A.I. Champion , Epidemic Disease in London , Centre for Metropolitan History Working Papers Series , No. 1 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Geography , climate , population , economy , society Archived 3 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... J.P. Sommerville . Jump up ^ `` Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries '' . Brian Pullan. ( 2006 ) . p. 151 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 37700 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine and society in early modern Europe '' . Mary Lindemann ( 1999 ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42354 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Harald Aastorp ( 1 August 2004 ) . `` Svartedauden enda verre enn antatt '' . Forskning.no . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Øivind Larsen . `` DNMS.NO : Michael : 2005 : 03 / 2005 : Book review : Black Death and hard facts '' . Dnms.no . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Karl Julius Beloch , Bevölkerungsgeschichte Italiens , volume 3 , pp. 359 -- 60 . Jump up ^ `` Naples in the 1600s '' . Faculty.ed.umuc.edu . Archived from the original on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ The Seventeenth - Century Decline , S.G. Payne , A History of Spain and Portugal ^ Jump up to : `` Armies of pestilence : the effects of pandemics on history '' . James Clarke & Co. ( 2004 ) . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 227 - 17240 - X Jump up ^ `` Kathy McDonough , Empire of Poland '' . Depts.washington.edu . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bubonic plague in early modern Russia : public health and urban disaster '' . John T. Alexander ( 2002 ) . Oxford University Press US . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515818 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Ruttopuisto -- Plague Park '' . Tabblo.com . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm : A Cultural History '' . Tony Griffiths ( 2009 ) . Oxford University Press US . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 538638 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Islamic World to 1600 : The Mongol Invasions ( The Black Death ) '' . Ucalgary.ca . Archived from the original on 21 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Joseph Patrick ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Pestilence , Pandemics , and Plagues : A -- M. ABC - CLIO . p. 519 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 34102 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Slaves , Muslim Masters : White Slavery in the Mediterranean , the Barbary Coast and Italy , 1500 -- 1800 '' . Robert Davis ( 2004 ) . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 4551 - 9 . Jump up ^ Université de Strasbourg . Institut de turcologie , Université de Strasbourg . Institut d'études turques , Association pour le développement des études turques. ( 1998 ) . Turcica . Éditions Klincksieck . p. 198 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Fertile Crescent , 1800 -- 1914 : a documentary economic history '' . Charles Philip Issawi ( 1988 ) . Oxford University Press US . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504951 - 9 . Jump up ^ Infectious Diseases : Plague Through History , sciencemag.org Jump up ^ Bubonic Plague comes to Sydney in 1900 , University of Sydney , Sydney Medical School Jump up ^ Chase , Marilyn ( 2004 ) . The Barbary Plague : The Black Death in Victorian San Francisco . Random House Digital . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75708 - 2 . Jump up ^ Echenberg , Myron ( 2007 ) . Plague Ports : The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague : 1894 -- 1901 . Sacramento : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 2232 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kraut , Alan M. ( 1995 ) . Silent travelers : germs , genes , and the `` immigrant menace '' . JHU Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5096 - 7 . Jump up ^ Drug - resistant plague a ' major threat ' , say scientists , SciDev.Net . Jump up ^ `` Plague -- Madagascar '' . World Health Organisation. 21 November 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wexler , Alexandra ; Antoy , Amir ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` Madagascar Wrestles With Worst Outbreak of Plague in Half a Century '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ On page 22 of the manuscript in Gallica , Simon mentions the phrase `` mors nigra '' ( Black Death ) : `` Cum rex finisset oracula judiciorum / Mors nigra surrexit , et gentes reddidit illi ; '' ( When the king ended the oracles of judgment / Black Death arose , and the nations surrendered to him ;) . A more legible copy of the poem appears in : Emile Littré ( 1841 ) `` Opuscule relatif à la peste de 1348 , composé par un contemporain '' ( Work concerning the plague of 1348 , composed by a contemporary ) , Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes , 2 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 243 ; see especially p. 228 . See also : Joseph Patrick Byrne , The Black Death ( Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 2004 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Francis Aidan Gasquet , The Black Death of 1348 and 1349 , 2nd ed . ( London , England : George Bell and Sons , 1908 ) , p. 7 . Johan Isaksson Pontanus , Rerum Danicarum Historia ... ( Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) : Johann Jansson , 1631 ) , p. 476 . Jump up ^ The German physician Justus Hecker ( 1795 -- 1850 ) cited the phrase in Icelandic ( Svarti Dauði ) , Danish ( den sorte Dod ) , etc . See : J.F.C. Hecker , Der schwarze Tod im vierzehnten Jahrhundert ( The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century ) ( Berlin , ( Germany ) : Friedr . Aug . Herbig , 1832 ) , page 3 . Jump up ^ See : Stephen d'Irsay ( May 1926 ) `` Notes to the origin of the expression : atra mors , '' Isis , 8 ( 2 ) : 328 -- 332 . Jump up ^ The name `` Black Death '' first appeared in English in : `` Mrs. Markham '' ( pen name of Elizabeth Penrose ( née Cartwright ) ) , A History of England ... ( Edinburgh , Scotland : Archibald Constable , 1823 ) . In the 1829 edition , the relevant text appeared on pages 249 -- 250 , where , about the English king Edward III , she wrote : `` Edward 's successes in France were interrupted during the next six years by a most terrible pestilence -- so terrible as to be called the black death -- which raged throughout Europe , and proved a greater scourge to the people than even the calamities of war . '' ( For further information about this book and Mrs. Penrose , see : Wikisource and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ) . See also : J.L. Bolton , `` Looking for Yersinia pestis : Scientists , Historians and the Black Death '' in : Linda Clark and Carole Rawcliffe , ed. s , The Fifteenth Century XII : Society in an Age of Plague ( Woodbridge , England : Boydell Press , 2013 ) , p. 15 . The name `` Black Death '' was spread more widely when in 1833 , Benjamin Guy Babington published an English translation of J.F.C. Hecker 's book Der schwarze Tod im vierzehnten Jahrhundert as : J.F.C. Hecker with Benjamin Guy Babington , trans. , The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century ( London , England : A. Schloss , 1833 ) . Jump up ^ John of Fordun 's Scotichronicon ( `` there was a great pestilence and mortality of men '' ) Horrox , Rosemary ( 1994 ) . Black Death . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 3498 - 5 . Further reading Armstrong , Dorsey ( 2016 ) . `` The Black Death : The World 's Most Devastating Plague '' . The Great Courses . ASIN B01FWOO2G6 . Benedictow , Ole Jørgen ( 2004 ) . Black Death 1346 -- 1353 : The Complete History . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 214 - 0 . Byrne , J.P. ( 2004 ) . The Black Death . London : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32492 - 1 . Cantor , Norman F. ( 2001 ) , In the Wake of the Plague : The Black Death and the World It Made , New York , Free Press . Cohn , Samuel K. Jr. , ( 2002 ) , The Black Death Transformed : Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe , London : Arnold . Gasquet , Francis Aidan ( 1893 ) . The Great Pestilence AD 1348 to 1349 : Now Commonly Known As the Black Death . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4179 - 7113 - 8 . Hecker , J.F.C. ( 1859 ) . B.G. Babington ( trans ) , ed . Epidemics of the Middle Ages . London , Trübner . Herlihy , D. , ( 1997 ) , The Black Death and the Transformation of the West , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . McNeill , William H. ( 1976 ) . Plagues and Peoples . Anchor / Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 11256 - 4 . Scott , S. , and Duncan , C.J. , ( 2001 ) , Biology of Plagues : Evidence from Historical Populations , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Shrewsbury , J.F.D. , ( 1970 ) , A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles , London : Cambridge University Press . Twigg , G. , ( 1984 ) , The Black Death : A Biological Reappraisal , London : Batsford . Ziegler , Philip ( 1998 ) . The Black Death . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 027524 - 7 . 1st editions 1969 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Death . Black Death on In Our Time at the BBC Black Death at BBC hide Black Death Migration Causes Consequences Persecutions Notable deaths In medieval culture In England Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&oldid=850384353 '' Categories : Black Death Plague pandemics 14th - century health disasters 1340s in Asia 1340s in Europe Eurasian history History of medieval medicine History of the Middle East Medieval health disasters Second plague pandemic 1350s in Europe Causes of death 1350s in Asia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles containing Icelandic - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Articles with short description Use dmy dates from February 2018 Use British English from August 2016 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles containing Latin - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ 91 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 14 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the cause of the black death in europe | [
"The Black Death, also known as the Great Plague, the Black Plague, or the Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351.[1][2][3] The bacterium Yersinia pestis, which results in several forms of plague, is believed to have been the cause.[4] The plague created a series of religious, social and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history.\n"
] | [
"The bacterium Yersinia pestis"
] |
5960393114951331714 | Still Star-Crossed | Still Star - Crossed - wikipedia Still Star - Crossed Jump to : navigation , search Still Star - Crossed Genre Period drama Based on Still Star - Crossed by Melinda Taub Developed by Heather Mitchell Starring Grant Bowler Wade Briggs Torrance Coombs Dan Hildebrand Lashana Lynch Ebonée Noel Medalion Rahimi Zuleikha Robinson Sterling Sulieman Susan Wooldridge Anthony Stewart Head Composer ( s ) Photek Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 7 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Shonda Rhimes Betsy Beers Heather Mitchell Michael R. Goldstein Michael Offer Mark Wilding Producer ( s ) José Luis Escolar Location ( s ) Extremadura , Spain Cinematography George Steel Editor ( s ) Gregory T. Evans Scott Ashby Matt Ramsey Running time 42 - 43 minutes Production company ( s ) ShondaLand ABC Studios Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release May 29 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) -- July 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 29 ) Website abc.go.com/shows/still-star-crossed Still Star - Crossed is an American period drama television series created by Heather Mitchell and based on the book with the same name by Melinda Taub . The series is produced by Shonda Rhimes 's ShondaLand and ABC Studios , and aired on ABC during the 2016 -- 17 television season . The series premiered on May 29 , 2017 . ABC cancelled the show after one season in June 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Following the deaths of Romeo and Juliet , Rosaline Capulet is betrothed against her will to Benvolio Montague . As the two try to prevent the marriage and the destruction of their warring families , a secret society known as `` The Fiends '' attempts to depose the beleaguered Prince Escalus by inciting war between the two families . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Lashana Lynch as Rosaline Capulet , Juliet 's cousin and Lord Capulet 's niece who become House Capulet 's heiress following Juliet 's death . Wade Briggs as Benvolio Montague , Romeo 's wastrel cousin and Lord Montague 's nephew who becomes House Montague 's heir following Romeo 's death . Ebonée Noel as Livia Capulet , Rosaline 's sister and Lord Capulet 's niece who seeks to marry into a wealthy family , unaware that her aunt plans on using her to legitimize Paris ' rule over Verona . Torrance Coombs as Count Paris , the heir to Mantua and the leader of `` The Fiends '' . After being wounded by Romeo and taken in by Lady Capulet , he plans to annex Verona to Mantua by taking a Capulet bride . Medalion Rahimi as Princess Isabella , Escalus ' sister and confidant and the Princess of Verona whose primary concern is solving Verona 's domestic problems . Sterling Sulieman as Prince Escalus , the Prince of Verona who struggles to maintain control over his beleaguered city and project an image of strength and unity to the world . Zuleikha Robinson as Lady Giuliana Capulet , Silvestro 's wife and Juliet 's mother who aligns House Capulet to the Fiends in exchange for their help in orchestrating House Montague 's destruction . Anthony Stewart Head as Lord Silvestro Capulet , House Capulet 's patriarch and Juliet 's father who desires Lord Montague 's wedding dowry in order to keep his family from going into bankruptcy Grant Bowler as Lord Damiano Montague , House Montague 's patriarch and Romeo 's father who seeks to increase his family 's prestige by any means necessary , even if it means undermining House Capulet . Dan Hildebrand as Friar Lawrence , a Franciscan friar who married Romeo and Juliet on orders from Lord Montague . Susan Wooldridge as The Nurse , Juliet 's former nurse and a loyal servant to House Capulet . Recurring ( edit ) Lucien Laviscount as Romeo Montague , Lord Montague 's only son . He secretly married Juliet , but committed suicide after Juliet faked her death . His body is desecrated by the Fiend in an attempt to incite the Montagues to war , which Prince Escalus covers up . Clara Rugaard as Juliet Capulet , Lord and Lady Capulet 's only daughter . She marries Romeo in secret and eventually commits suicide when Romeo kills himself . Her ghost continues to haunt her parents . Gregg Chillin as Mercutio , Romeo and Benvolio 's friend and a kinsman of the Prince , slain by Tybalt . Shazad Latif as Tybalt Capulet , killed Mercutio and was slain by Romeo , who was in turn sentenced to death , which caused Juliet to fake her own death . Llew Davies as Truccio , a peasant ostensibly in service to House Montague , who turns out to be an agent of the conspiracy . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` In Fair Verona , Where We Lay Our Scene '' Michael Offer Heather Mitchell May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 2.29 / 0.5 demo Romeo and Juliet secretly marry , witnessed by Benvolio and Rosaline . That night however , Romeo kills Tybalt and is sentenced to death , while Juliet is promised by her father to Count Paris . Romeo and Juliet each commit suicide , and Paris is left wounded by Romeo . Prince Escalus , who had a previous relationship with Rosaline , returns to the city after years in Venice . He hopes to make peace between the Capulets and Montagues to prevent the city being conquered by its powerful neighbors . His calls for unity at Romeo and Juliet 's funeral fail when a statue of Juliet commissioned by the Montagues as a gift to the Capulets is vandalized with the word `` Harlot '' by an unknown agitator . The two sides come to blows , which spirals into a city - wide riot . Title Reference : Romeo and Juliet ( Act I , Prologue ) `` The Course of True Love Never Did Run Smooth '' Jonathan Jones Raamla Mohamed June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) 1.97 / 0.5 demo Despite Escalus and Rosaline 's feelings for each other , he orders that she marry Benvolio to ensure peace in Verona . Lord Capulet is secretly deeply in debt , which Lord Montague learns and plots to turn to his advantage . Guiliana becomes convinced that Rosaline masterminded Juliet 's death . Livia takes desperate measures to heal Paris ' wounds . Title Reference : A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( Act I , Scene I ) `` All the World 's a Stage '' Jonathan Jones Rebecca Kirsch June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 1.61 / 0.3 demo With the eyes of Verona 's neighbours on them , Rosaline and Benvolio play the part of a lovestruck couple . However , a mysterious faction threaten the public betrothal ceremony . Meanwhile , a rift begins to develop between Escalus and Isabella . Lord Montague plots to undermine the Capulets by taking over the financing of a grand cathedral . Guiliana descends deeper into madness , and Lord Capulet begins to lose his own grip on reality . Livia and a recovering Paris grow closer . Title Reference : As You Like It ( Act II , Scene VII ) `` Pluck Out the Heart of My Mystery '' Ericson Core Linda Gase July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) 0.92 / 0.2 demo After their betrothal ceremony is attacked by a masked Truccio , Benvolio and Rosaline realise a conspiracy is attempting to foment war . However , in the course of their investigation Benvolio is framed for murder . Lady Capulet discovers the potion Juliet used to fake her death among Rosaline 's belongings . Friar Lawrence flees the city after hearing the Nurse 's confession . Title Reference : Hamlet ( Act III , Scene II ) 5 `` Nature Hath Framed Strange Fellows in Her Time '' Ericson Core Brian Stampnitsky & Christina M. Walker July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) 0.93 / 0.2 demo A desperate Benvolio chases Friar Lawrence to a monastery two days from Verona , believing the friar has evidence that will prove his innocence . Rosaline accompanies him , and their feelings towards each other soften during their time together . Meanwhile , in Venice , Isabella attempts to get the hedonistic Doge to formalise his alliance with Verona without trading her virginity . Title Reference : The Merchant of Venice ( Act I , Scene I ) 6 `` Hell is Empty and All the Devils Are Here '' Tom Verica Curtis Kheel July 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 22 ) 0.88 / 0.2 demo Back in Verona during the events of the previous episode , Paris re-emerges and sets his plans to become Prince of Verona into motion , while the Fiends step up their campaign of terror . Benvolio is assumed to have kidnapped Rosaline , and Escalus leaves the city to personally rescue her . Meanwhile , Lords Capulet and Montague struggle for control of the cathedral . Title Reference : The Tempest ( Act I , Scene II ) 7 `` Something Wicked This Way Comes '' Clark Johnson Heather Mitchell July 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 29 ) 0.88 / 0.2 demo Benvolio is captured and accused of Paris ' crimes . Rosaline is forced to bear witness against Benvolio when Paris threatens Livia 's life . Title Reference : Macbeth ( Act IV , Scene I ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that Grey 's Anatomy and Scandal writer Heather Mitchell was developing a new drama for ABC billed as a sequel to William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet . Still Star - Crossed is based on the book by Melinda Taub . Shonda Rhimes and Betsy Beers executive produce the series with ShondaLand , ABC Studios and Michael R. Goldstein 's The MrG Production Company . On January 21 , 2016 , ABC ordered the pilot for the 2016 - 17 television season . Michael Offer , who directed the pilot episode for ShondaLand 's How to Get Away with Murder , has been tapped to direct Still Star - Crossed . The pilot was filmed in Salamanca , located in the province of Castile and León , north - western Spain , from April 18 , 2016 to May 2 , 2016 , and Plasencia and Cáceres , located in the autonomous community of Extremadura , western Spain . On May 12 , 2016 , ABC ordered the pilot to series . Casting ( edit ) Casting advertisement began in March 2016 . On March 2 , 2016 , it was announced that Zuleikha Robinson , Lashana Lynch , Torrance Coombs , Wade Briggs and Ebonée Noel were cast in series regular roles . British actress Lashana Lynch was cast as the series ' lead character , Rosaline Capulet , Juliet 's cousin . Robinson plays Lady Capulet , Briggs plays Rosaline ' male lead , newcomer Noel plays her sister , and Coombs plays antagonist . On March 15 , 2016 , it was announced that Medalion Rahimi , who debuted on ShondaLand 's The Catch , was cast as Princess Isabella . On March 18 , 2016 , Sterling Sulieman joined the pilot as Prince Escalus . On March 22 , 2016 , Dan Hildebrand was signed to play Friar Lawrence . On April 7 , 2016 , it was announced that Grant Bowler will play Lord Montague , and a day later Anthony Head was cast as Lord Capulet . Danish actress Clara Rugaard and British actor Lucien Laviscount were cast in guest - starring roles as Romeo and Juliet . Reception ( edit ) The first season has received mixed reviews . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the series has an approval rating of 39 % based on 18 reviews . Its critical consensus states : `` Still Star - Crossed stumbles out of the gate , dishonoring its Shakespearean roots with lavishly staged but ultimately empty melodrama . '' On Metacritic , the series has a score of 45 out of 100 , based on 13 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taub , Melinda ( 2013 ) . Still Star - Crossed . New York City : Delacorte Press . ISBN 978 - 0385743501 . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Shondaland 's ' The Catch ' Renewed , ' Still Star - Crossed ' Ordered to Series at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Still Star - Crossed ' , ' Battle Of the Network Stars ' & ' Gong Show ' Reboots Get ABC Summer Premiere Dates '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coombs , Torrance ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` Yes , it 's true that # StillStarCrossed wo n't be going for a second season . However , the remainder of season 1 will be broadcast . '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelorette , ' NHL and ' Gotham ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Still Star - Crossed ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 7.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 7.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Romeo & Juliet Drama From Shondaland & ' Scandal 's Heather Mitchell Set At ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Romeo & Juliet Sequel ' Still Star - Crossed ' From Shondaland Gets ABC Pilot Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Shondaland 's ' Still Star - Crossed ' Romeo & Juliet Sequel : Michael Offer To Direct '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marca España '' . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister . `` ' The Catch ' Renewed for Season 2 ; Shondaland 's ' Still Star - Crossed ' Greenlit - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Shondaland 's ' The Catch ' Renewed , ' Still Star - Crossed ' Ordered to Series at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Still Star - Crossed ' ABC Pilot Casts Zuleikha Robinson , Finds Female Lead '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Reign 's Torrance Coombs Departs To Join ABC ' Star - Crossed ' Pilot , 2 Others Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Zegers Joins ABC Pilot ' Notorious ' ; Medalion Rahimi In ' Still Star - Crossed ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Murray Joins ' What Goes Around ' & ' Eyewitness ' ; ' Hail Mary ' & ' Still Star - Crossed ' Add Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Stourton Joins ABC Pilot ' Hail Mary ' ; Dan Hildebrand In ' Still Star - Crossed ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Still Star - Crossed ' : Grant Bowler Joins Romeo & Juliet Sequel ABC Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Still Star - Crossed ' : Anthony Head Joins Romeo & Juliet Sequel ABC Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` ' Still Star - Crossed ' : Romeo & Juliet Sequel ABC Pilot Finds Its Romeo - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Still Star - Crossed ' : Romeo & Juliet Sequel ABC Pilot Finds Its Juliet '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Still Star - Crossed : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Still Star - Crossed : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Still Star - Crossed on IMDb Shonda Rhimes Films written Introducing Dorothy Dandridge ( 1999 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) TV series created Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005 -- present ) Private Practice ( 2007 -- 2013 ) A Corazón Abierto ( 2010 ) Scandal ( 2012 -- present ) Related ShondaLand ShondaLand Shonda Rhimes Television series Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005 -- present ) Private Practice ( 2007 -- 13 ) Off the Map ( 2011 ) Scandal ( 2012 -- present ) How to Get Away with Murder ( 2014 -- present ) The Catch ( 2016 -- 17 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) For the People ( TBA ) William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet ( 1969 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Gnomeo & Juliet : Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Foreign Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Romeo and Juliet ( Spanish 1940 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) Los Tarantos ( Spanish 1963 ) Fury of Johnny Kid ( Italian 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( Italian 1971 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 1978 ) Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 1979 ) Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( Hindi 1981 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( Hindi 1988 ) Saudagar ( Hindi 1991 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( Telugu 1996 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Kalisundam Raa ( Telugu 2000 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( Hindi 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( English / Hindi 2002 ) Amar te duele ( Spanish 2002 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 2005 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( Hindi 2013 ) Issaq ( Hindi 2013 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Book : Romeo and Juliet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Still_Star-Crossed&oldid=800248155 '' Categories : United States media company templates 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows American drama television series American romance television series English - language television programs Television series set in the 16th century Television series by ABC Studios Television shows set in Italy Works based on Romeo and Juliet Television series by ShondaLand Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 09 : 54 . 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749919328156521673 | History of Australia | History of Australia - Wikipedia History of Australia Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of Australia Chronological Prehistory European exploration ( sea ) European exploration ( land ) 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 1945 -- present Timeline By topic Constitution Diplomacy Economy Federation Immigration Indigenous people Military Monarchy Rail transport By region State / Territory Capital ACT Canberra New South Wales Sydney Northern Territory Darwin Queensland Brisbane South Australia Adelaide Tasmania Hobart Victoria Melbourne Western Australia Perth Australia portal Part of a series on the Culture of Australia History People ( show ) Australian people African Australian Albanian Australian American Australian Anglo - Celtic Australian Asian Australian Assyrian Australian Bosnian Australian Chinese Australian Cornish Australian English Australian European Australian Filipino Australian Greek Australian Indian Australian Indigenous Australian Irish Australian Italian Australian Japanese Australian Jewish Australian Korean Australian Latin American Australian Lebanese Australian Macedonian Australian Pakistani Australian Scottish Australian Serbian Australian South African Australian Sudanese Australian Taiwanese Australian Welsh Australian Languages Traditions ( show ) Humour Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion ( show ) Aboriginal Christianity ( Roman Catholic Anglican Uniting Church Presbyterian Baptist Lutheran Coptic Orthodox more ) Buddhism Islam Sikhism Judaism Hinduism Bahá'í Faith Irreligion Art ( show ) Architecture Literature ( show ) Comic books Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Dance Theatre Media ( show ) Radio Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Australia portal The history of Australia refers to the history of the area and people of the Commonwealth of Australia and its preceding Indigenous and colonial societies . Aboriginal Australians arrived on the Australian mainland by sea from Maritime Southeast Asia between 40,000 and 70,000 years ago . The artistic , musical and spiritual traditions they established are among the longest surviving such traditions in human history . The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606 . Twenty - nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century , and dubbed the continent New Holland . Macassan trepangers visited Australia 's northern coasts after 1720 , possibly earlier . Other European explorers followed until , in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain and returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay ( now in Sydney ) , New South Wales . A First Fleet of British ships arrived at Botany Bay in January 1788 to establish a penal colony , the first colony on the Australian mainland . In the century that followed , the British established other colonies on the continent , and European explorers ventured into its interior . Indigenous Australians were greatly weakened and their numbers diminished by introduced diseases and conflict with the colonists during this period . Gold rushes and agricultural industries brought prosperity . Autonomous parliamentary democracies began to be established throughout the six British colonies from the mid-19th century . The colonies voted by referendum to unite in a federation in 1901 , and modern Australia came into being . Australia fought on the side of Britain in the two world wars and became a long - standing ally of the United States when threatened by Imperial Japan during World War II . Trade with Asia increased and a post-war immigration program received more than 6.5 million migrants from every continent . Supported by immigration of people from more than 200 countries since the end of World War II , the population increased to more than 23 million by 2014 , and sustains the world 's 12th largest national economy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aboriginal Australia 1.1 Early Indigenous prehistory 1.2 Impact of European settlement 1.3 Conflict and disease 1.4 Co-operation 1.5 Removal of children 2 Early European exploration 2.1 Dutch exploration and discovery 2.2 Others 3 Colonisation 3.1 Plans for colonisation 3.2 Establishment of British colonies 3.3 1788 : New South Wales 3.4 Establishment of further colonies 3.5 Convicts and colonial society 3.6 Free colony at South Australia 3.7 Exploration of the continent 4 From autonomy to federation 4.1 Colonial self - government and the gold rushes 4.2 Bushrangers 4.3 Development of Australian democracy 4.4 Growth of nationalism 4.5 Federation movement 5 Federation 6 First World War 7 Inter-war years 7.1 1920s : men , money and markets 7.2 Dominion status 7.3 Great Depression 8 Second World War 8.1 Defence policy in the 1930s 8.2 War 8.3 Australian home front 9 Post-war boom 9.1 Menzies and Liberal dominance : 1949 -- 72 9.2 Post-war immigration 9.3 Economic growth and suburban living 9.4 Alliances 1950 -- 1972 10 Vietnam War 11 Modern Australia emerging 1960s 11.1 Arts and the `` new nationalism '' 11.2 Civil rights developments 11.2. 1 Indigenous people 11.2. 2 Women 11.3 Whitlam and Fraser 11.4 Hawke and Keating : 1983 -- 1996 11.5 Howard government : 1996 -- 2007 12 21st century 12.1 Labor Government : 2007 -- 2013 12.2 Liberal - National Coalition Government : 2013 -- present 13 Historiography 14 See also 15 References 15.1 Reference books 15.2 Historical surveys 15.2. 1 Early maritime history 15.3 Primary sources 16 Further reading 17 External links Aboriginal Australia ( edit ) Main article : History of Indigenous Australians See also : Prehistory of Australia and Aboriginal history of Western Australia Early Indigenous prehistory ( edit ) Rock painting at Ubirr in Kakadu National Park . Evidence of Aboriginal art in Australia can be traced back some 30,000 years . The ancestors of Indigenous Australians are believed to have arrived in Australia 40,000 to 60,000 years ago , and possibly as early as 70,000 years ago . They developed a hunter - gatherer lifestyle , established enduring spiritual and artistic traditions and used stone technologies . At the time of first European contact , it has been estimated the existing population was at least 350,000 , while recent archaeological finds suggest that a population of 750,000 could have been sustained . There is considerable archaeological discussion as to the route taken by the first colonisers . People appear to have arrived by sea during a period of glaciation , when New Guinea and Tasmania were joined to the continent . The journey still required sea travel however , making them amongst the world 's earlier mariners . Scott Cane wrote in 2013 that the first wave may have been prompted by the eruption of Mount Toba . If they arrived around 70,000 years ago , they could have crossed the water from Timor , when the sea level was low ; but if they came later , around 50,000 years ago , a more likely route would be through the Moluccas to New Guinea . Given that the likely landfall regions have been under around 50 metres of water for the last 15,000 years , it is unlikely that the timing will ever be established with certainty . Kolaia man wearing a headdress worn in a fire ceremony , Forrest River , Western Australia . Aboriginal Australian religious practices associated with the Dreamtime have been practised for tens of thousands of years . The earliest known human remains were found at Lake Mungo , a dry lake in the southwest of New South Wales . Remains found at Mungo suggest one of the world 's oldest known cremations , thus indicating early evidence for religious ritual among humans . According to Australian Aboriginal mythology and the animist framework developed in Aboriginal Australia , the Dreaming is a sacred era in which ancestral totemic spirit beings formed The Creation . The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land . It remains a prominent feature of Australian Aboriginal art . Aboriginal art is believed to be the oldest continuing tradition of art in the world . Evidence of Aboriginal art can be traced back at least 30,000 years and is found throughout Australia ( notably at Uluru and Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory , and also at Ku - ring - gai Chase National Park in Sydney ) . In terms of age and abundance , cave art in Australia is comparable to that of Lascaux and Altamira in Europe . Manning Clark wrote that the ancestors of the Aborigines were slow to reach Tasmania , probably owing to an ice barrier existing across the South East of the continent . The Aborigines , he noted , did not develop agriculture , probably owing to a lack of seed bearing plants and animals suitable for domestication . Thus , the population remained low . Clark considered that the three potential pre-European colonising powers and traders of East Asia -- the Hindu - Buddhists of southern India , the Muslims of Northern India and the Chinese -- each petered out in their southward advance and did not attempt a settlement across the straits separating Indonesia from Australia . But trepang fisherman did reach the north coast , which they called `` Marege '' or `` land of the trepang '' . For centuries , Makassan trade flourished with Aborigines on Australia 's north coast , particularly with the Yolngu people of northeast Arnhem Land . A Luritja man demonstrating method of attack with boomerang under cover of shield ( 1920 ) The greatest population density for Aborigines developed in the southern and eastern regions , the River Murray valley in particular . Aborigines lived and used resources on the continent sustainably , agreeing to cease hunting and gathering at particular times to give populations and resources the chance to replenish . The arrival of Australia 's first people nevertheless affected the continent significantly , and , along with climate change , may have contributed to the extinction of Australia 's megafauna . The practice of firestick farming amongst northern Aborigines to increase the abundance of plants that attracted animals , transformed dry rainforest into savanna . The introduction of the dingo by Aboriginal people around 3,000 -- 4,000 years ago may , along with human hunting , have contributed to the extinction of the thylacine , Tasmanian devil , and Tasmanian native - hen from mainland Australia . One genetic study in 2012 by Irina Pugach and colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology has suggested that about 4,000 years before the First Fleet landed , some Indian explorers settled in Australia and assimilated into the local population in roughly 2217 BC . Despite considerable cultural continuity , life was not without significant changes . Some 10 -- 12,000 years ago , Tasmania became isolated from the mainland , and some stone technologies failed to reach the Tasmanian people ( such as the hafting of stone tools and the use of the Boomerang ) . The land was not always kind ; Aboriginal people of southeastern Australia endured `` more than a dozen volcanic eruptions ... ( including ) Mount Gambier , a mere 1,400 years ago '' . In southeastern Australia , near present - day Lake Condah , semi-permanent villages of beehive shaped shelters of stone developed , near bountiful food supplies . The continent of Australia ( then known as New Holland ) was incorporated within Asia in this 1796 map . The early wave of European observers like William Dampier described the hunter - gatherer lifestyle of the Aborigines of the West Coast as arduous and `` miserable '' . Lieutenant James Cook on the other hand , speculated in his journal that the `` Natives of New Holland '' ( the East Coast Aborigines whom he encountered ) might in fact be far happier than Europeans . Watkin Tench , of the First Fleet , wrote of an admiration for the Aborigines of Botany Bay ( Sydney ) as good - natured and good - humoured people , though he also reported violent hostility between the Eora and Cammeraygal peoples , and noted violent domestic altercations between his friend Bennelong and his wife Barangaroo . Settlers of the 19th century like Edward Curr observed that Aborigines `` suffered less and enjoyed life more than the majority of civilized men '' . Historian Geoffrey Blainey wrote that the material standard of living for Aborigines was generally high , higher than that of many Europeans living at the time of the Dutch discovery of Australia . By 1788 , the population existed as 250 individual nations , many of which were in alliance with one another , and within each nation there existed several clans , from as few as five or six to as many as 30 or 40 . Each nation had its own language and a few had multiple , thus over 250 languages existed , around 200 of which are now extinct . `` Intricate kinship rules ordered the social relations of the people and diplomatic messengers and meeting rituals smoothed relations between groups '' , keeping group fighting , sorcery and domestic disputes to a minimum . Permanent European settlers arrived at Sydney in 1788 and came to control most of the continent by end of the 19th century . Bastions of largely unaltered Aboriginal societies survived , particularly in Northern and Western Australia into the 20th century , until finally , a group of Pintupi people of the Gibson Desert became the last people to be contacted by outsider ways in 1984 . While much knowledge was lost , Aboriginal art , music and culture , often scorned by Europeans during the initial phases of contact , survived and in time came to be celebrated by the wider Australian community . Impact of European settlement ( edit ) Main article : Australian frontier wars Portrait of the Aboriginal explorer and diplomat Bungaree in British dress at Sydney in 1826 The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606 . Twenty - nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century , and dubbed the continent New Holland . Macassan trepangers visited Australia 's northern coasts after 1720 , possibly earlier . Other European explorers followed until navigator Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain in 1770 , without conducting negotiations with the existing inhabitants , though before his departure , the President of the Royal Society , one of the voyage 's sponsors , wrote that the people of any lands he might discover were ' the natural , and in the strictest sense of the word , the legal possessors of the several Regions they inhabit . No European Nation has a right to occupy any part of their country , or settle among them without their voluntary consent . Conquest over such people can give no just title : because they could never be the aggressors . ' Cook returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay ( now in Sydney ) , New South Wales . The first governor , Arthur Phillip , was instructed explicitly to establish friendship and good relations with the Aborigines , and interactions between the early newcomers and the ancient landowners varied considerably throughout the colonial period -- from the curiosity displayed by the early interlocutors Bennelong and Bungaree of Sydney to the outright hostility of Pemulwuy and Windradyne of the Sydney region and Yagan around Perth . Bennelong and a companion became the first Australians to sail to Europe , where they met King George III . Bungaree accompanied the explorer Matthew Flinders on the first circumnavigation of Australia . Pemulwuy was accused of the first killing of a white settler in 1790 , and Windradyne resisted early British expansion beyond the Blue Mountains . Conflict and disease ( edit ) The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars ( 1790 -- 1816 ) were largely fought in the Greater Western Sydney region and was considered to be the first conflict between settlers and the indigenous . According to the historian Geoffrey Blainey , in Australia during the colonial period : `` In a thousand isolated places there were occasional shootings and spearings . Even worse , smallpox , measles , influenza and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another ... The main conqueror of Aborigines was to be disease and its ally , demoralisation '' . Conflict in the Hawkesbury Nepean river district near the settlement at Sydney continued from 1795 -- 1816 , including Pemulwuy 's War ( 1795 -- 1802 ) , Tedbury 's War ( 1808 -- 1809 ) and the Nepean War ( 1814 -- 1816 ) , as well as the interwar violence of the 1804 -- 1805 Conflict . It was fought using mostly guerrilla - warfare tactics ; however , several conventional battles also took place . The wars resulted in the defeat of the Hawkesbury and Nepean Indigenous clans who were subsequently dispossessed of their lands . Even before the arrival of European settlers in local districts beyond coastal New South Wales , Eurasian disease often preceded them . A smallpox epidemic was recorded near Sydney in 1789 , which wiped out about half the Aborigines around Sydney . Opinion is divided as to the source of the smallpox . Some researchers argue that the smallpox was acquired through contact with Indonesian fishermen in the far north and then spread across the continent , reaching the Sydney area in 1789 . Other research by Craig Mear , Michael Bennett , and Christopher Warren argues that , despite controversy , it is highly likely that the 1789 outbreak of smallpox was a deliberate act by British marines when they ran out of ammunition and needed to expand the settlement out to Parramatta . Smallpox then spread well beyond the then limits of European settlement , including much of southeastern Australia , reappearing in 1829 -- 30 , killing 40 -- 60 percent of the Aboriginal population . Proclamation issued in Van Diemen 's Land in 1816 by Lieutenant - Governor Arthur , which explains the precepts of British Justice in pictorial form for the Tasmanian Aboriginals . Tasmania suffered a higher level of conflict than the other British colonies . The impact of Europeans was profoundly disruptive to Aboriginal life and , though the extent of violence is debated , there was considerable conflict on the frontier . At the same time , some settlers were quite aware they were usurping the Aborigines place in Australia . In 1845 , settler Charles Griffiths sought to justify this , writing ; `` The question comes to this ; which has the better right -- the savage , born in a country , which he runs over but can scarcely be said to occupy ... or the civilized man , who comes to introduce into this ... unproductive country , the industry which supports life . '' From the 1960s , Australian writers began to re-assess European assumptions about Aboriginal Australia -- with works including Alan Moorehead 's The Fatal Impact ( 1966 ) and Geoffrey Blainey 's landmark history Triumph of the Nomads ( 1975 ) . In 1968 , anthropologist W.E.H. Stanner described the lack of historical accounts of relations between Europeans and Aborigines as `` the great Australian silence '' . Historian Henry Reynolds argues that there was a `` historical neglect '' of the Aborigines by historians until the late 1960s . Early commentaries often tended to describe Aborigines as doomed to extinction following the arrival of Europeans . William Westgarth 's 1864 book on the colony of Victoria observed : `` the case of the Aborigines of Victoria confirms ... it would seem almost an immutable law of nature that such inferior dark races should disappear . '' However , by the early 1970s historians like Lyndall Ryan , Henry Reynolds and Raymond Evans were trying to document and estimate the conflict and human toll on the frontier . Truganini , a Tasmanian Aboriginal who survived the outbreak of disease and conflicts which followed the British colonisation of Van Diemen 's Land Many events illustrate violence and resistance as Aborigines sought to protect their lands from invasion and as settlers and pastoralists attempted to establish their presence . In May 1804 , at Risdon Cove , Van Diemen 's Land , perhaps 60 Aborigines were killed when they approached the town . The British established a new outpost in Van Diemen 's Land ( Tasmania ) in 1803 . Although Tasmanian history is amongst the most contested by modern historians , conflict between colonists and Aborigines was referred to in some contemporary accounts as the Black War . The combined effects of disease , dispossession , intermarriage and conflict saw a collapse of the Aboriginal population of Tasmania from a few thousand people when the British arrived , to a few hundred by the 1830s . Estimates of how many people were killed during the period begin at around 300 , though verification of the true figure is now impossible . In 1830 Governor Sir George Arthur sent an armed party ( the Black Line ) to push the Big River and Oyster Bay tribes out of the British settled districts . The effort failed and George Augustus Robinson proposed to set out unarmed to mediate with the remaining tribespeople in 1833 . With the assistance of Truganini as guide and translator , Robinson convinced remaining tribesmen to surrender to an isolated new settlement at Flinders Island , where most later died of disease . In 1838 , at least twenty - eight Aborigines were murdered at the Myall Creek in New South Wales , resulting in the unprecedented conviction and hanging of six white and one African convict settlers by the colonial courts . Aborigines also attacked white settlers -- in 1838 fourteen Europeans were killed at Broken River in Port Phillip District , by Aborigines of the Ovens River , almost certainly in revenge for the illicit use of Aboriginal women . Captain Hutton of Port Phillip District once told Chief Protector of Aborigines George Augustus Robinson that `` if a member of a tribe offend , destroy the whole '' . Queensland 's Colonial Secretary A.H. Palmer wrote in 1884 `` the nature of the blacks was so treacherous that they were only guided by fear -- in fact it was only possible to rule ... the Australian Aboriginal ... by brute force '' . The most recent massacre of Aborigines was at Coniston in the Northern Territory in 1928 . There are numerous other massacre sites in Australia , although supporting documentation varies . Aboriginal farmers at Loddon Aboriginal Protectorate Station at Franklinford , Victoria in 1858 From the 1830s , colonial governments established the now controversial offices of the Protector of Aborigines in an effort to avoid mistreatment of Indigenous peoples and conduct government policy towards them . Christian churches in Australia sought to convert Aborigines , and were often used by government to carry out welfare and assimilation policies . Colonial churchmen such as Sydney 's first Catholic archbishop , John Polding strongly advocated for Aboriginal rights and dignity and prominent Aboriginal activist Noel Pearson ( born 1965 ) , who was raised at a Lutheran mission in Cape York , has written that Christian missions throughout Australia 's colonial history `` provided a haven from the hell of life on the Australian frontier while at the same time facilitating colonisation '' . Hermannsburg Mission in the Northern Territory The Caledon Bay crisis of 1932 -- 34 was one of the last incidents of violent interaction on the ' frontier ' of indigenous and non-indigenous Australia , which began when the spearing of Japanese poachers who had been molesting Yolngu women was followed by the killing of a policeman . As the crisis unfolded , national opinion swung behind the Aboriginal people involved , and the first appeal on behalf of an Indigenous Australian to the High Court of Australia was launched . Following the crisis , the anthropologist Donald Thomson was dispatched by the government to live among the Yolngu . Elsewhere around this time , activists like Sir Douglas Nicholls were commencing their campaigns for Aboriginal rights within the established Australian political system and the age of frontier conflict closed . Co-operation ( edit ) Frontier encounters in Australia were not universally negative . Positive accounts of Aboriginal customs and encounters are also recorded in the journals of early European explorers , who often relied on Aboriginal guides and assistance : Charles Sturt employed Aboriginal envoys to explore the Murray - Darling ; the lone survivor of the Burke and Wills expedition was nursed by local Aborigines , and the famous Aboriginal explorer Jackey Jackey loyally accompanied his ill - fated friend Edmund Kennedy to Cape York . Respectful studies were conducted by such as Walter Baldwin Spencer and Frank Gillen in their renowned anthropological study The Native Tribes of Central Australia ( 1899 ) ; and by Donald Thomson of Arnhem Land ( c. 1935 -- 1943 ) . In inland Australia , the skills of Aboriginal stockmen became highly regarded and in the 20th century , Aboriginal stockmen like Vincent Lingiari became national figures in their campaigns for better pay and improved working conditions . Removal of children ( edit ) The removal of indigenous children , by which mixed - race children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent were removed from their families by Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions , was a policy actively conducted in the period between approximately 1905 and 1969 . The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission argued that these removals constituted attempted genocide and had a major impact on the Indigenous population . Such interpretations of Aboriginal history are disputed by a few historians such as Keith Windschuttle as being exaggerated or fabricated for political or ideological reasons . This debate is part of what is known within Australia as the History Wars . Early European exploration ( edit ) Main article : European exploration of Australia See also : Terra incognita and Terra Australis Dutch exploration and discovery ( edit ) Exploration by Europeans until 1812 1606 Willem Janszoon 1606 Luis Vaez de Torres 1616 Dirk Hartog 1619 Frederick de Houtman 1644 Abel Tasman 1696 Willem de Vlamingh 1699 William Dampier 1770 James Cook 1797 -- 99 George Bass 1801 -- 03 Matthew Flinders Although a theory of Portuguese discovery in the 1520s exists , it lacks definitive evidence . The Dutch East India Company ship , Duyfken , led by Willem Janszoon , made the first documented European landing in Australia in 1606 . That same year , a Spanish expedition sailing in nearby waters and led by Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós had landed in the New Hebrides and , believing them to be the fabled southern continent , named the land `` Austrialia del Espiritu Santo '' ( Southern Land of the Holy Spirit ) , in honour of his queen Margaret of Austria , the wife of Philip III of Spain . Later that year , Queirós ' deputy Luís Vaz de Torres sailed to the north of Australia through Torres Strait , along New Guinea 's southern coast . Dutch explorer Frederick de Houtman discovered extensive coral reefs off the coast of Western Australia in 1619 , naming them Houtman Abrolhos , abrolhos being a Portuguese word meaning ' look out ' . This warning however did not prevent the loss of several ships , most notably the Batavia in 1629 . The Wiebbe Hayes Stone Fort on West Wallabi Island is the first known European structure to be built on the Australian continent . The Dutch , following shipping routes to the Dutch East Indies , or in search of gold , spices or Christian converts , proceeded to contribute a great deal to Europe 's knowledge of Australia 's coast . In 1616 , Dirk Hartog , sailing off course , en route from the Cape of Good Hope to Batavia , landed on an island off Shark Bay , West Australia . In 1622 -- 23 the Leeuwin made the first recorded rounding of the south west corner of the continent , and gave her name to Cape Leeuwin . In 1627 the south coast of Australia was accidentally discovered by François Thijssen and named ' t Land van Pieter Nuyts , in honour of the highest ranking passenger , Pieter Nuyts , extraordinary Councillor of India . In 1628 a squadron of Dutch ships was sent by the Governor - General of the Dutch East Indies Pieter de Carpentier to explore the northern coast . These ships made extensive examinations , particularly in the Gulf of Carpentaria , named in honour of de Carpentier . Abel Tasman 's voyage of 1642 was the first known European expedition to reach Van Diemen 's Land ( later Tasmania ) and New Zealand , and to sight Fiji . On his second voyage of 1644 , he also contributed significantly to the mapping of Australia proper , making observations on the land and people of the north coast below New Guinea . Dutch explorer Abel Tasman with his wife and daughter , the first Europeans to reach Van Diemen 's Land ( now Tasmania ) A map of the world inlaid into the floor of the Burgerzaal ( `` Burger 's Hall '' ) of the new Amsterdam Stadhuis ( `` Town Hall '' ) in 1655 revealed the extent of Dutch charts of much of Australia 's coast . Based on the 1648 map by Joan Blaeu , Nova et Accuratissima Terrarum Orbis Tabula , it incorporated Tasman 's discoveries , subsequently reproduced in the map , Archipelagus Orientalis sive Asiaticus published in the Kurfürsten Atlas ( Atlas of the Great Elector ) . Melchisedech Thevenot ( 1620 ? -- 1692 ) : map of New Holland 1644 , based on a map by the Dutch cartographer Joan Blaeu In 1664 the French geographer , Melchisédech Thévenot , published a map of New Holland in Relations de Divers Voyages Curieux . Thévenot divided the continent in two , between Nova Hollandia to the west and Terre Australe to the east . Emanuel Bowen reproduced Thevenot 's map in his Complete System of Geography ( London , 1747 ) , re-titling it A Complete Map of the Southern Continent and adding three inscriptions promoting the benefits of exploring and colonising the country . One inscription said : It is impossible to conceive a Country that promises fairer from its Situation than this of TERRA AUSTRALIS , no longer incognita , as this Map demonstrates , but the Southern Continent Discovered . It lies precisely in the richest climates of the World ... and therefore whoever perfectly discovers and settles it will become infalliably possessed of Territories as Rich , as fruitful , and as capable of Improvement , as any that have hitherto been found out , either in the East Indies or the West . Bowen 's map was re-published in John Campbell 's editions of John Harris ' Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca , or Voyages and Travels ( 1744 -- 1748 , 1764 ) . This book recommended exploration of the east coast of New Holland , with a view to a British colonisation , by way of Abel Tasman 's route to Van Diemen 's Land . Although various proposals for colonisation were made , notably by Pierre Purry from 1717 to 1744 , none was officially attempted . Indigenous Australians were less able to trade with Europeans than were the peoples of India , the East Indies , China , and Japan . The Dutch East India Company concluded that there was `` no good to be done there '' . They turned down Purry 's scheme with the comment that , `` There is no prospect of use or benefit to the Company in it , but rather very certain and heavy costs '' . Others ( edit ) Stern and archway of the Batavia , housed in the Western Australian Maritime Museum . In 1629 , the ship struck a reef near Beacon Island off the Western Australian coast . A subsequent mutiny and massacre took place among the survivors . With the exception of further Dutch visits to the west , however , Australia remained largely unvisited by Europeans until the first British explorations . John Callander put forward a proposal in 1766 for Britain to found a colony of banished convicts in the South Sea or in Terra Australis to enable the mother country to exploit the riches of those regions . He said : `` this world must present us with many things entirely new , as hitherto we have had little more knowledge of it , than if it had lain in another planet '' . In 1769 , Lieutenant James Cook in command of the HMS Endeavour , travelled to Tahiti to observe and record the transit of Venus . Cook also carried secret Admiralty instructions to locate the supposed Southern Continent : `` There is reason to imagine that a continent , or land of great extent , may be found to the southward of the track of former navigators . '' This continent was not found , a disappointment to Alexander Dalrymple and his fellow members of the Royal Society who had urged the Admiralty to undertake this mission . Cook decided to survey the east coast of New Holland , the only major part of that continent that had not been charted by Dutch navigators . On 19 April 1770 , the Endeavour sighted the east coast of Australia and ten days later landed at Botany Bay . Cook charted the coast to its northern extent and , along with the ship 's naturalist , Joseph Banks , who subsequently reported favourably on the possibilities of establishing a colony at Botany Bay . Cook formally took possession of the east coast of New Holland on 21 / 22 August 1770 , and noted in his journal that he could `` land no more upon this Eastern coast of New Holland , and on the Western side I can make no new discovery the honour of which belongs to the Dutch Navigators and as such they may lay Claim to it as their property ( italicised words crossed out in the original ) but the Eastern Coast from the Latitude of 38 South down to this place I am confident was never seen or viseted by any European before us and therefore by the same Rule belongs to great Brittan ( italicised words crossed out in the original ) . In 1772 , a French expedition led by Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn , became the first Europeans to formally claim sovereignty over the west coast of Australia , but no attempt was made to follow this with colonisation . The ambition of Sweden 's King Gustav III to establish a colony for his country at the Swan River in 1786 remained stillborn . It was not until 1788 that economic , technological and political conditions in Great Britain made it possible and worthwhile for that country to make the large effort of sending the First Fleet to New South Wales . Colonisation ( edit ) Plans for colonisation ( edit ) Main article : History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) Two of the Natives of New Holland , Advancing To Combat ( 1770 ) , sketched by Cook 's illustrator Sydney Parkinson Seventeen years after Cook 's landfall on the east coast of Australia , the British government decided to establish a colony at Botany Bay . The American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) saw Britain lose most of its North American colonies and consider establishing replacement territories . In 1779 Sir Joseph Banks , the eminent scientist who had accompanied James Cook on his 1770 voyage , recommended Botany Bay as a suitable site for settlement , saying that `` it was not to be doubted that a Tract of Land such as New Holland , which was larger than the whole of Europe , would furnish Matter of advantageous Return '' . Under Banks ' guidance , the American Loyalist James Matra , who had also travelled with Cook , produced `` A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales '' ( 23 August 1783 ) , proposing the establishment of a colony composed of American Loyalists , Chinese and South Sea Islanders ( but not convicts ) . Matra reasoned that the country was suitable for plantations of sugar , cotton and tobacco ; New Zealand timber and hemp or flax could prove valuable commodities ; it could form a base for Pacific trade ; and it could be a suitable compensation for displaced American Loyalists . Following an interview with Secretary of State Lord Sydney in 1784 , Matra amended his proposal to include convicts as settlers , considering that this would benefit both `` Economy to the Publick , & Humanity to the Individual '' . Lieutenant James Cook was the first European to achieve contact with the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770 . Matra 's plan provided the original blueprint for settlement . Records show the government was considering it in 1784 . The London newspapers announced in November 1784 that : `` A plan has been presented to the ( Prime ) Minister , and is now before the Cabinet , for instituting a new colony in New Holland . In this vast tract of land ... every sort of produce and improvement of which the various soils of the earth are capable , may be expected '' . The Government also incorporated the settlement of Norfolk Island into their plan , with its attractions of timber and flax , proposed by Banks ' Royal Society colleagues , Sir John Call and Sir George Young . At the same time , humanitarians and reformers were campaigning in Britain against the appalling conditions in British prisons and hulks . In 1777 prison reformer John Howard wrote The State of Prisons in England and Wales , exposing the harsh conditions of the prison system to `` genteel society '' . Penal transportation was already well - established as a central plank of English criminal law and until the American Revolution about a thousand criminals per year were sent to Maryland and Virginia . It served as a powerful deterrent to law - breaking . According to historian David Hill , `` Europeans knew little about the geography of the globe '' and to `` convicts in England , transportation to Botany Bay was a frightening prospect '' . Echoing John Callander , he said Australia `` might as well have been another planet '' . An engraving from `` Australia : the first hundred years '' , by Andrew Garran , 1886 showing natives of the Gweagal tribe opposing the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770 In 1933 , Sir Ernest Scott , stated the traditional view of the reasons for colonisation : `` It is clear that the only consideration which weighed seriously with the Pitt Government was the immediately pressing and practical one of finding a suitable place for a convict settlement '' . In the early 1960s , historian Geoffrey Blainey questioned the traditional view of foundation purely as a convict dumping ground . His book The Tyranny of Distance suggested ensuring supplies of flax and timber after the loss of the American colonies may have also been motivations , and Norfolk Island was the key to the British decision . A number of historians responded and debate brought to light a large amount of additional source material on the reasons for settlement . This has most recently been set out and discussed by Professor Alan Frost . The decision to settle was taken when it seemed the outbreak of civil war in the Netherlands might precipitate a war in which Britain would be again confronted with the alliance of the three naval Powers , France , Holland and Spain , which had brought her to defeat in 1783 . Under these circumstances , the strategic advantages of a colony in New South Wales described in James Matra 's proposal were attractive . Matra wrote that such a settlement could facilitate attacks upon the Spanish in South America and the Philippines , and against the Dutch East Indies . In 1790 , during the Nootka Crisis , plans were made for naval expeditions against Spain 's possessions in the Americas and the Philippines , in which New South Wales was assigned the role of a base for `` refreshment , communication and retreat '' . On subsequent occasions into the early 19th century when war threatened or broke out between Britain and Spain , these plans were revived and only the short length of the period of hostilities in each case prevented them from being put into effect . Georg Forster , who had sailed under Lieutenant James Cook in the voyage of the Resolution ( 1772 -- 1775 ) , wrote in 1786 on the future prospects of the British colony : `` New Holland , an island of enormous extent or it might be said , a third continent , is the future homeland of a new civilized society which , however mean its beginning may seem to be , nevertheless promises within a short time to become very important . '' And the merchant adventurer and would - be coloniser of southwestern Australia under the Swedish flag , William Bolts , said to the Swedish Ambassador in Paris , Erik von Staël in December 1789 , that the British had founded at Botany Bay , `` a settlement which in time will become of the greatest importance to the Commerce of the Globe '' . Establishment of British colonies ( edit ) The territory claimed by Britain included all of Australia eastward of the meridian of 135 ° East and all the islands in the Pacific Ocean between the latitudes of Cape York and the southern tip of Van Diemen 's Land ( Tasmania ) . The western limit of 135 ° East was set at the meridian dividing New Holland from Terra Australis shown on Emanuel Bowen 's Complete Map of the Southern Continent , published in John Campbell 's editions of John Harris ' Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca , or Voyages and Travels ( 1744 -- 1748 , and 1764 ) . It was a vast claim which elicited excitement at the time : the Dutch translator of First Fleet officer and author Watkin Tench 's A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay wrote : `` a single province which , beyond all doubt , is the largest on the whole surface of the earth . From their definition it covers , in its greatest extent from East to West , virtually a fourth of the whole circumference of the Globe . '' Spanish naval commander Alessandro Malaspina , who visited Sydney in March -- April 1793 reported to his government that : `` The transportation of the convicts constituted the means and not the object of the enterprise . The extension of dominion , mercantile speculations and the discovery of mines were the real object . '' Frenchman François Péron , of the Baudin expedition visited Sydney in 1802 and reported to the French Government : `` How can it be conceived that such a monstrous invasion was accomplished , with no complaint in Europe to protest against it ? How can it be conceived that Spain , who had previously raised so many objections opposing the occupation of the Malouines ( Falkland Islands ) , meekly allowed a formidable empire to arise to facing her richest possessions , an empire which must either invade or liberate them ? '' The colony included the current islands of New Zealand . In 1817 , the British government withdrew the extensive territorial claim over the South Pacific . In practice , the governors ' writ had been shown not to run in the islands of the South Pacific . The Church Missionary Society had concerns over atrocities committed against the natives of the South Sea Islands , and the ineffectiveness of the New South Wales government to deal with the lawlessness . As a result , on 27 June 1817 , Parliament passed an Act for the more effectual Punishment of Murders and Manslaughters committed in Places not within His Majesty 's Dominions , which described Tahiti , New Zealand and other islands of the South Pacific as being not within His Majesty 's dominions . 1788 : New South Wales ( edit ) A General Chart of New Holland including New South Wales & Botany Bay with The Adjacent Countries and New Discovered Lands , published in An Historical Narrative of the Discovery of New Holland and New South Wales , London , Fielding and Stockdale , November 1786 The British colony of New South Wales was established with the arrival of the First Fleet of 11 vessels under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip in January 1788 . It consisted of over a thousand settlers , including 778 convicts ( 192 women and 586 men ) . A few days after arrival at Botany Bay the fleet moved to the more suitable Port Jackson where a settlement was established at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788 . This date later became Australia 's national day , Australia Day . The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney . Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour , which Philip described as being , ' with out exception the finest Harbour in the World ( ... ) Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security ' . Arthur Phillip , first Governor of New South Wales Governor Phillip was vested with complete authority over the inhabitants of the colony . Enlightened for his Age , Phillip 's personal intent was to establish harmonious relations with local Aboriginal people and try to reform as well as discipline the convicts of the colony . Phillip and several of his officers -- most notably Watkin Tench -- left behind journals and accounts of which tell of immense hardships during the first years of settlement . Often Phillip 's officers despaired for the future of New South Wales . Early efforts at agriculture were fraught and supplies from overseas were scarce . Between 1788 and 1792 about 3546 male and 766 female convicts were landed at Sydney -- many `` professional criminals '' with few of the skills required for the establishment of a colony . Many new arrivals were also sick or unfit for work and the conditions of healthy convicts only deteriorated with hard labour and poor sustenance in the settlement . The food situation reached crisis point in 1790 and the Second Fleet which finally arrived in June 1790 had lost a quarter of its ' passengers ' through sickness , while the condition of the convicts of the Third Fleet appalled Phillip . From 1791 however , the more regular arrival of ships and the beginnings of trade lessened the feeling of isolation and improved supplies . Phillip sent exploratory missions in search of better soils , fixed on the Parramatta region as a promising area for expansion , and moved many of the convicts from late 1788 to establish a small township , which became the main centre of the colony 's economic life . This left Sydney Cove only as an important port and focus of social life . Poor equipment and unfamiliar soils and climate continued to hamper the expansion of farming from Farm Cove to Parramatta and Toongabbie , but a building program , assisted by convict labour , advanced steadily . Between 1788 and 1792 , convicts and their gaolers made up the majority of the population -- but after this , a population of emancipated convicts began to grow who could be granted land and these people pioneered a non-government private sector economy and were later joined by soldiers whose military service had expired -- and finally , free settlers who began arriving from Britain . Governor Phillip departed the colony for England on 11 December 1792 , with the new settlement having survived near starvation and immense isolation for four years . On 16 February 1793 the first free settlers arrived . The settlers : Thomas Rose , with his wife and four children , Edward Powell , Thomas Webb , Joseph Webb , and Frederick Meredith . Establishment of further colonies ( edit ) Convict remains at Norfolk Island Port Arthur , Tasmania , a notorious prison outpost The Foundation of Perth 1829 by George Pitt Morison Melbourne Landing , 1840 ; watercolor by W. Liardet ( 1840 ) Brisbane ( Moreton Bay Settlement ) , 1835 ; watercolor by H. Bowerman After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788 , Australia was divided into an eastern half , named New South Wales , under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney , and a western half named New Holland . The western boundary of 135 ° East of Greenwich was based on the Complete Map of the Southern Continent , published in Emanuel Bowen 's Complete System of Geography ( London 1747 ) , and reproduced in John Campbell 's editions of John Harris ' Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca , or Voyages and Travels ( 1744 -- 48 , and 1764 ) . Bowen 's map was based on one by Melchisédech Thévenot and published in Relations des Divers Voyages ( 1663 ) , which apparently divided New Holland in the west from Terra Australis in the east by a latitude staff situated at 135 ° East . This division , reproduced in Bowen 's map , provided a convenient western boundary for the British claim because , as Watkin Tench subsequently commented in A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay , `` By this partition , it may be fairly presumed , that every source of future litigation between the Dutch and us , will be for ever cut off , as the discoveries of English navigators only are comprized in this territory '' . Thévenot said he copied his map from the one engraved in the floor of the Amsterdam Town Hall , but in that map there was no dividing line between New Holland and Terra Australis . Thévenot 's map was actually copied from Joan Blaeu 's map , Archipelagus Orientalis sive Asiaticus , published in 1659 in the Kurfürsten Atlas ( Atlas of the Great Elector ) ; this map was a part of Blaeu 's world map of 1648 , Nova et Accuratissima Terrarum Orbis Tabula , which first showed the land revealed by Abel Tasman 's 1642 voyage as Hollandia Nova and which served as the basis for the Amsterdam Town Hall pavement map . Longitude 135 ° East reflected the line of division between the claims of Spain and Portugal established in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 , which had formed the basis of many subsequent claims to colonial territory . An Historical Narrative of the Discovery of New Holland and New South Wales , published in November 1786 , contained `` A General Chart of New Holland , including New South Wales & Botany Bay , with The Adjacent Countries , and New Discovered Islands '' , which showed all the territory claimed under the jurisdiction of the Governor of New South Wales . Street scene of Klemzig which was the first settlement of German emigrants to Australia in 1837 Romantic descriptions of the beauty , mild climate , and fertile soil of Norfolk Island in the South Pacific led the British government to establish a subsidiary settlement of the New South Wales colony there in 1788 . It was hoped that the giant Norfolk Island pine trees and flax plants growing wild on the island might provide the basis for a local industry which , particularly in the case of flax , would provide an alternative source of supply to Russia for an article which was essential for making cordage and sails for the ships of the British navy . However , the island had no safe harbour , which led the colony to be abandoned and the settlers evacuated to Tasmania in 1807 . The island was subsequently re-settled as a penal settlement in 1824 . In 1798 , George Bass and Matthew Flinders circumnavigated Van Diemen 's Land , proving that it was an island . In 1802 , Flinders successfully circumnavigated Australia for the first time . Van Diemen 's Land , now known as Tasmania , was settled in 1803 , following a failed attempt to settle at Sullivan Bay in what is now Victoria . Other British settlements followed , at various points around the continent , many of them unsuccessful . The East India Trade Committee recommended in 1823 that a settlement be established on the coast of northern Australia to forestall the Dutch , and Captain J.J.G. Bremer , RN , was commissioned to form a settlement between Bathurst Island and the Cobourg Peninsula . Bremer fixed the site of his settlement at Fort Dundas on Melville Island in 1824 and , because this was well to the west of the boundary proclaimed in 1788 , proclaimed British sovereignty over all the territory as far west as longitude 129 ° East . The new boundary included Melville and Bathurst Islands , and the adjacent mainland . In 1826 , the British claim was extended to the whole Australian continent when Major Edmund Lockyer established a settlement on King George Sound ( the basis of the later town of Albany ) , but the eastern border of Western Australia remained unchanged at longitude 129 ° East . In 1824 , a penal colony was established near the mouth of the Brisbane River ( the basis of the later colony of Queensland ) . In 1829 , the Swan River Colony and its capital of Perth were founded on the west coast proper and also assumed control of King George Sound . Initially a free colony , Western Australia later accepted British convicts , because of an acute labour shortage . The colony of South Australia was settled in 1836 , with its western and eastern boundaries set at 132 ° and 141 ° East of Greenwich , and to the north at latitude 26 ° South . The western and eastern boundary points were chosen as they marked the extent of coastline first surveyed by Matthew Flinders in 1802 ( Nicolas Baudin 's priority being ignored ) . The northern boundary was set at the parallel of latitude 26 ° South by the British Parliament because that was considered to be the limit of effective control of territory that could be exercised by a settlement founded on the shores of Gulf St Vincent ; the South Australian Company had proposed the parallel of 20 ° South , later reduced to the Tropic of Capricorn ( the parallel of latitude 23 ° 37 ′ South ) . Convicts and colonial Society ( edit ) Main article : Convicts in Australia Between 1788 and 1868 , approximately 161,700 convicts ( of whom 25,000 were women ) were transported to the Australian colonies of New South Wales , Van Diemen 's land and Western Australia . Historian Lloyd Robson has estimated that perhaps two - thirds were thieves from working class towns , particularly from the Midlands and north of England . The majority were repeat offenders . Whether transportation managed to achieve its goal of reforming or not , some convicts were able to leave the prison system in Australia ; after 1801 they could gain `` tickets of leave '' for good behaviour and be assigned to work for free men for wages . A few went on to have successful lives as emancipists , having been pardoned at the end of their sentence . Female convicts had fewer opportunities . Black - eyed Sue and Sweet Poll of Plymouth , England mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to Botany Bay ( published in London in 1792 ) Some convicts , particularly Irish convicts , had been transported to Australia for political crimes or social rebellion , so authorities were consequently suspicious of the Irish and restricted the practice of Catholicism in Australia . The Irish led Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 served to increase suspicions and repression . Church of England clergy meanwhile worked closely with the governors and Richard Johnson , chaplain to the First Fleet was charged by Governor Arthur Phillip , with improving `` public morality '' in the colony and was also heavily involved in health and education . The Reverend Samuel Marsden ( 1765 -- 1838 ) had magisterial duties , and so was equated with the authorities by the convicts , becoming known as the ' flogging parson ' for the severity of his punishments . The New South Wales Corps was formed in England in 1789 as a permanent regiment to relieve the marines who had accompanied the First Fleet . Officers of the Corps soon became involved in the corrupt and lucrative rum trade in the colony . In the Rum Rebellion of 1808 , the Corps , working closely with the newly established wool trader John Macarthur , staged the only successful armed takeover of government in Australian history , deposing Governor William Bligh and instigating a brief period of military rule in the colony prior to the arrival from Britain of Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1810 . A painting depicting the Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 A propaganda cartoon of the arrest of Governor William Bligh during the Rum Rebellion of 1808 Macquarie served as the last autocratic Governor of New South Wales , from 1810 to 1821 and had a leading role in the social and economic development of New South Wales which saw it transition from a penal colony to a budding free society . He established public works , a bank , churches , and charitable institutions and sought good relations with the Aborigines . In 1813 he sent Blaxland , Wentworth and Lawson across the Blue Mountains , where they found the great plains of the interior . Central , however to Macquarie 's policy was his treatment of the emancipists , whom he decreed should be treated as social equals to free - settlers in the colony . Against opposition , he appointed emancipists to key government positions including Francis Greenway as colonial architect and William Redfern as a magistrate . London judged his public works to be too expensive and society was scandalised by his treatment of emancipists . Egalitarianism would come to be considered a central virtue among Australians . The first five Governors of New South Wales realised the urgent need to encourage free settlers , but the British government remained largely indifferent . As early as 1790 , Governor Arthur Phillip wrote : `` Your lordship will see by my ... letters the little progress we have been able to make in cultivating the lands ... At present this settlement only affords one person that I can employ in cultivating the lands ... '' It was not until the 1820s that numbers of free settlers began to arrive and government schemes began to be introduced to encourage free settlers . Philanthropists Caroline Chisholm and John Dunmore Lang developed their own migration schemes . Land grants of crown land were made by Governors , and settlement schemes such as those of Edward Gibbon Wakefield carried some weight in encouraging migrants to make the long voyage to Australia , as opposed to the United States or Canada . Businesswoman Elizabeth Macarthur helped establish the merino wool industry . Early colonial administrations were anxious to address the gender imbalance in the population brought about by the importation of large numbers of convict men . Between 1788 and 1792 , around 3546 male to 766 female convicts were landed at Sydney . Women came to play an important role in education and welfare during colonial times . Governor Macquarie 's wife , Elizabeth Macquarie took an interest in convict women 's welfare . Her contemporary Elizabeth Macarthur was noted for her ' feminine strength ' in assisting the establishment of the Australian merino wool industry during her husband John Macarthur 's enforced absence from the colony following the Rum Rebellion . The Catholic Sisters of Charity arrived in 1838 and set about pastoral care in a women 's prison , visiting hospitals and schools and establishing employment for convict women . The sisters went on to establish hospitals in four of the eastern states , beginning with St Vincent 's Hospital , Sydney in 1857 as a free hospital for all people , but especially for the poor . Caroline Chisholm ( 1808 -- 1877 ) established a migrant women 's shelter and worked for women 's welfare in the colonies in the 1840s . Her humanitarian efforts later won her fame in England and great influence in achieving support for families in the colony . Sydney 's first Catholic Bishop , John Bede Polding founded an Australian order of nuns -- the Sisters of the Good Samaritan -- in 1857 to work in education and social work . The Sisters of St Joseph , were founded in South Australia by Saint Mary MacKillop and Fr Julian Tenison Woods in 1867 . MacKillop travelled throughout Australasia and established schools , convents and charitable institutions . She was canonised by Benedict XVI in 2010 , becoming the first Australian to be so honoured by the Catholic Church . The humanitarian Caroline Chisholm was a leading advocate for women 's issues and family friendly colonial policy . From the 1820s , increasing numbers of squatters occupied land beyond the fringes of European settlement . Often running sheep on large stations with relatively few overheads , squatters could make considerable profits . By 1834 , nearly 2 million kilograms of wool were being exported to Britain from Australia . By 1850 , barely 2,000 squatters had gained 30 million hectares of land , and they formed a powerful and `` respectable '' interest group in several colonies . In 1835 , the British Colonial Office issued the Proclamation of Governor Bourke reinforcing the notion that the land belonged to no one prior to the British Crown taking possession of it and quashing any likelihood of treaties with Aboriginal peoples , including that signed by John Batman . Its publication meant that from then , all people found occupying land without the authority of the government would be considered illegal trespassers . Separate settlements and later , colonies , were created from parts of New South Wales : South Australia in 1836 , New Zealand in 1840 , Port Phillip District in 1834 , later becoming the colony of Victoria in 1851 , and Queensland in 1859 . The Northern Territory was founded in 1863 as part of South Australia . The transportation of convicts to Australia was phased out between 1840 and 1868 . Massive areas of land were cleared for agriculture and various other purposes in the first 100 years of European settlement . In addition to the obvious impacts this early clearing of land and importation of hard - hoofed animals had on the ecology of particular regions , it severely affected indigenous Australians , by reducing the resources they relied on for food , shelter and other essentials . This progressively forced them into smaller areas and reduced their numbers as the majority died of newly introduced diseases and lack of resources . Indigenous resistance against the settlers was widespread , and prolonged fighting between 1788 and the 1920s led to the deaths of at least 20,000 indigenous people and between 2,000 and 2,500 Europeans . During the mid-late 19th century , many indigenous Australians in south eastern Australia were relocated , often forcibly , to reserves and missions . The nature of many of these institutions enabled disease to spread quickly and many were closed as their populations fell . Free colony at South Australia ( edit ) Main article : History of South Australia 1835 advertisement A group in Britain led by Edward Gibbon Wakefield sought to start a colony based on free settlement rather than convict labour . In 1831 the South Australian Land Company was formed amid a campaign for a royal charter which would provide for the establishment of a privately financed `` free '' colony in Australia . While New South Wales , Tasmania and ( although not initially ) Western Australia were established as convict settlements , the founders of South Australia had a vision of a colony with political and religious freedoms , together with opportunities for wealth through business and pastoral investments . The South Australia Act 1834 , passed by the British Government to establish the colony , reflected these desires and included a promise of representative government when the population reached 50,000 people . South Australia thus became the only colony authorised by an Act of Parliament , and which was intended to be developed at no cost to the British government . Transportation of convicts was forbidden , and ' poor Emigrants ' , assisted by an Emigration Fund , were required to bring their families with them . Significantly , the Letters Patent enabling the South Australia Act 1834 included a guarantee of the rights of ' any Aboriginal Natives ' and their descendants to lands they ' now actually occupied or enjoyed ' . Adelaide in 1839 . South Australia was founded as a free - colony , without convicts . In 1836 , two ships of the South Australia Land Company left to establish the first settlement on Kangaroo Island . The foundation of South Australia is now generally commemorated as Governor John Hindmarsh 's Proclamation of the new Province at Glenelg , on the mainland , on 28 December 1836 . From 1843 to 1851 , the Governor ruled with the assistance of an appointed Executive Council of paid officials . Land development and settlement was the basis of the Wakefield vision , so land law and regulations governing it were fundamental to the foundation of the Province and allowed for land to be bought at a uniform price per acre ( regardless of quality ) , with auctions for land desired by more than one buyer , and leases made available on unused land . Proceeds from land were to fund the Emigration Fund to assist poor settlers to come as tradesmen and labourers . Agitation for representative government quickly emerged . Most other colonies had been founded by Governors with near total authority , but in South Australia , power was initially divided between the Governor and the Resident Commissioner , so that government could not interfere with the business affairs or freedom of religion of the settlers . By 1851 the colony was experimenting with a partially elected council . Exploration of the continent ( edit ) Main article : European exploration of Australia In 1798 -- 99 George Bass and Matthew Flinders set out from Sydney in a sloop and circumnavigated Tasmania , thus proving it to be an island . In 1801 -- 02 Matthew Flinders in HMS Investigator led the first circumnavigation of Australia . Aboard ship was the Aboriginal explorer Bungaree , of the Sydney district , who became the first person born on the Australian continent to circumnavigate the Australian continent . Previously , the famous Bennelong and a companion had become the first people born in the area of New South Wales to sail for Europe , when , in 1792 they accompanied Governor Phillip to England and were presented to King George III . Matthew Flinders led the first successful circumnavigation of Australia in 1801 -- 02 . In 1813 , Gregory Blaxland , William Lawson and William Wentworth succeeded in crossing the formidable barrier of forested gulleys and sheer cliffs presented by the Blue Mountains , west of Sydney . At Mount Blaxland they looked out over `` enough grass to support the stock of the colony for thirty years '' , and expansion of the British settlement into the interior could begin . In 1824 the Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane , commissioned Hamilton Hume and former Royal Navy Captain William Hovell to lead an expedition to find new grazing land in the south of the colony , and also to find an answer to the mystery of where New South Wales ' western rivers flowed . Over 16 weeks in 1824 -- 25 , Hume and Hovell journeyed to Port Phillip and back . They made many important discoveries including the Murray River ( which they named the Hume ) , many of its tributaries , and good agricultural and grazing lands between Gunning , New South Wales and Corio Bay , Port Phillip . Charles Sturt led an expedition along the Macquarie River in 1828 and discovered the Darling River . A theory had developed that the inland rivers of New South Wales were draining into an inland sea . Leading a second expedition in 1829 , Sturt followed the Murrumbidgee River into a ' broad and noble river ' , the Murray River , which he named after Sir George Murray , secretary of state for the colonies . His party then followed this river to its junction with the Darling River , facing two threatening encounters with local Aboriginal people along the way . Sturt continued down river on to Lake Alexandrina , where the Murray meets the sea in South Australia . Suffering greatly , the party had to row hundreds of kilometres back upstream for the return journey . Surveyor General Sir Thomas Mitchell conducted a series of expeditions from the 1830s to ' fill in the gaps ' left by these previous expeditions . He was meticulous in seeking to record the original Aboriginal place names around the colony , for which reason the majority of place names to this day retain their Aboriginal titles . The Polish scientist / explorer Count Paul Edmund Strzelecki conducted surveying work in the Australian Alps in 1839 and became the first European to ascend Australia 's highest peak , which he named Mount Kosciuszko in honour of the Polish patriot Tadeusz Kościuszko . John Longstaff , Arrival of Burke , Wills and King at the deserted camp at Cooper 's Creek , Sunday evening , 21 April 1861 , oil on canvas , 1907 , National Gallery of Victoria . European explorers made their last great , often arduous and sometimes tragic expeditions into the interior of Australia during the second half of the 19th century -- some with the official sponsorship of the colonial authorities and others commissioned by private investors . By 1850 , large areas of the inland were still unknown to Europeans . Trailblazers like Edmund Kennedy and the Prussian naturalist Ludwig Leichhardt , had met tragic ends attempting to fill in the gaps during the 1840s , but explorers remained ambitious to discover new lands for agriculture or answer scientific enquiries . Surveyors also acted as explorers and the colonies sent out expeditions to discover the best routes for lines of communication . The size of expeditions varied considerably from small parties of just two or three to large , well - equipped teams led by gentlemen explorers assisted by smiths , carpenters , labourers and Aboriginal guides accompanied by horses , camels or bullocks . In 1860 , the ill - fated Burke and Wills led the first north - south crossing of the continent from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria . Lacking bushcraft and unwilling to learn from the local Aboriginal people , Burke and Wills died in 1861 , having returned from the Gulf to their rendezvous point at Coopers Creek only to discover the rest of their party had departed the location only a matter of hours previously . Though an impressive feat of navigation , the expedition was an organisational disaster which continues to fascinate the Australian public . In 1862 , John McDouall Stuart succeeded in traversing Central Australia from south to north . His expedition mapped out the route which was later followed by the Australian Overland Telegraph Line . Uluru and Kata Tjuta were first mapped by Europeans in 1872 during the expeditionary period made possible by the construction of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line . In separate expeditions , Ernest Giles and William Gosse were the first European explorers to this area . While exploring the area in 1872 , Giles sighted Kata Tjuta from a location near Kings Canyon and called it Mount Olga , while the following year Gosse observed Uluru and named it Ayers Rock , in honour of the Chief Secretary of South Australia , Sir Henry Ayers . These barren desert lands of Central Australia disappointed the Europeans as unpromising for pastoral expansion , but would later come to be appreciated as emblematic of Australia . From autonomy to Federation ( edit ) Colonial self - government and the gold rushes ( edit ) Main article : History of Australia ( 1851 -- 1900 ) See also : Australian gold rushes A gold nugget from Hill End , unearthed in 1872 The discovery of gold in Australia is traditionally attributed to Edward Hammond Hargraves , near Bathurst , New South Wales , in February 1851 . Traces of gold had nevertheless been found in Australia as early as 1823 by surveyor James McBrien . As by English law all minerals belonged to the Crown , there was at first , `` little to stimulate a search for really rich goldfields in a colony prospering under a pastoral economy '' . Richard Broome also argues that the California Gold Rush at first overawed the Australian finds , until `` the news of Mount Alexander reached England in May 1852 , followed shortly by six ships carrying eight tons of gold '' . The gold rushes brought many immigrants to Australia from the British Isles , continental Europe , North America and China . The Colony of Victoria 's population grew rapidly , from 76,000 in 1850 to 530,000 by 1859 . Discontent arose amongst diggers almost immediately , particularly on the crowded Victorian fields . The causes of this were the colonial government 's administration of the diggings and the gold licence system . Following a number of protests and petitions for reform , violence erupted at Ballarat in late 1854 . Eureka Stockade Riot . J.B. Henderson ( 1854 ) watercolour Early on the morning of Sunday 3 December 1854 , British soldiers and Police attacked a stockade built on the Eureka lead holding some of the aggrieved diggers . In a short fight , at least 30 miners were killed and an unknown number wounded . O'Brien lists 5 soldiers of the 12th and 40th Regiments killed and 12 wounded . Blinded by his fear of agitation with democratic overtones , local Commissioner Robert Rede had felt `` it was absolutely necessary that a blow should be struck '' against the miners . But a few months later , a Royal commission made sweeping changes to the administration of Victoria 's goldfields . Its recommendations included the abolition of the licence , reforms to the police force and voting rights for miners holding a Miner 's Right . The Eureka Flag that was used to represent the Ballarat miners has been seriously considered by some as an alternative to the Australian flag , because of its controversial association with democratic developments . In the 1890s , visiting author Mark Twain characterised the battle at Eureka as `` The finest thing in Australasian history . It was a revolution - small in size , but great politically ; it was a strike for liberty , a struggle for principle , a stand against injustice and oppression ... it is another instance of a victory won by a lost battle . '' A view of the goldfields near Castlemaine in 1852 , painted by Samuel Thomas Gill Alternatively , in 1999 , the Premier of New South Wales , Bob Carr , dismissed the Eureka Stockade as a `` protest without consequence '' . During the 2004 Australian federal election , Deputy Prime Minister John Anderson stated his view that `` I think people have tried to make too much of the Eureka Stockade ... trying to give it a credibility and standing that it probably does n't enjoy . '' Melbourne Trades Hall was opened in 1859 with Trades and Labour Councils and Trades Halls opening in all cities and most regional towns in the following forty years . During the 1880s Trade unions developed among shearers , miners , and stevedores ( wharf workers ) , but soon spread to cover almost all blue - collar jobs . Shortages of labour led to high wages for a prosperous skilled working class , whose unions demanded and got an eight - hour day and other benefits unheard of in Europe . Eight - hour day march circa 1900 , outside Parliament House in Spring Street , Melbourne Australia gained a reputation as `` the working man 's paradise '' . Some employers tried to undercut the unions by importing Chinese labour . This produced a reaction which led to all the colonies restricting Chinese and other Asian immigration . This led to the enactment of the White Australia Policy . The `` Australian compact '' , based around centralised industrial arbitration , a degree of government assistance particularly for primary industries , and White Australia , was to continue for many years before gradually dissolving in the second half of the 20th century . New South Wales in 1855 was the first colony to gain responsible government , managing most of its own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire . Victoria , Tasmania , and South Australia followed in 1856 ; Queensland , from its foundation in 1859 ; and Western Australia , in 1890 . The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters , notably foreign affairs , defence and international shipping . The gold era led to a long period of prosperity , sometimes called `` the long boom '' . This was fed by British investment and the continued growth of the pastoral and mining industries , in addition to the growth of efficient transport by rail , river and sea . By 1891 , the sheep population of Australia was estimated at 100 million . Gold production had declined since the 1850s , but in the same year was still worth £ 5.2 million . Eventually the economic expansion ended ; the 1890s were a period of economic depression , felt most strongly in Victoria , and its capital Melbourne . During the boom , Melbourne had reputedly become the richest city in the world , The late 19th century had however , seen a great growth in the cities of south eastern Australia . Australia 's population ( not including Aborigines , who were excluded from census calculations ) in 1900 was 3.7 million , almost 1 million of whom lived in Melbourne and Sydney . More than two - thirds of the population overall lived in cities and towns by the close of the century , making `` Australia one of the most urbanised societies in the western world '' . Bushrangers ( edit ) William Strutt 's Bushrangers on the St Kilda Road ( 1887 ) , scene of frequent hold - ups during the Victorian gold rush by bushrangers known as the St Kilda Road robberies . Bushrangers , originally referred to runaway convicts in the early years of the British settlement of Australia who had the survival skills necessary to use the Australian bush as a refuge to hide from the authorities . The term `` bushranger '' then evolved to refer to those who abandoned social rights and privileges to take up `` robbery under arms '' as a way of life , using the bush as their base . These bushrangers were roughly analogous to British `` highwaymen '' and American `` Old West outlaws '' , and their crimes often included robbing small - town banks or coach services . More than 2,000 bushrangers are believed to have roamed the Australian countryside , beginning with the convict bolters and ending after Ned Kelly 's last stand at Glenrowan . Bold Jack Donahue is recorded as the last convict bushranger . He was reported in newspapers around 1827 as being responsible for an outbreak of bushranging on the road between Sydney and Windsor . Throughout the 1820s he was regarded as the most notorious bushranger in the colony . Leading a band of escaped convicts , Donahue became central to Australian folklore as the Wild Colonial Boy . Ned Kelly 's armour on display in the State Library of Victoria Bushranging was common on the mainland , but Van Diemen 's Land ( Tasmania ) produced the most violent and serious outbreaks of convict bushrangers . Hundreds of convicts were at large in the bush , farms were abandoned and martial law was proclaimed . Indigenous outlaw Musquito defied colonial law and led attacks on settlers . The bushrangers ' heyday was the Gold Rush years of the 1850s and 1860s . There was much bushranging activity in the Lachlan Valley , around Forbes , Yass and Cowra in New South Wales . Frank Gardiner , John Gilbert and Ben Hall led the most notorious gangs of the period . Other active bushrangers included Dan Morgan , based in the Murray River , and Captain Thunderbolt , killed outside Uralla . The increasing push of settlement , increased police efficiency , improvements in rail transport and communications technology , such as telegraphy , made it increasingly difficult for bushrangers to evade capture . Among the last bushrangers were the Kelly Gang , led by Ned Kelly , who were captured at Glenrowan in 1880 , two years after they were outlawed . Kelly was born in Victoria to an Irish convict father , and as a young man he clashed with the Victoria Police . Following an incident at his home in 1878 , police parties searched for him in the bush . After he killed three policemen , the colony proclaimed Kelly and his gang wanted outlaws . A final violent confrontation with police took place at Glenrowan on 28 June 1880 . Kelly , dressed in home - made plate metal armour and helmet , was captured and sent to jail . He was hanged for murder at Old Melbourne Gaol in November 1880 . His daring and notoriety made him an iconic figure in Australian history , folklore , literature , art and film . Some bushrangers , most notably Ned Kelly in his Jerilderie Letter , and in his final raid on Glenrowan , explicitly represented themselves as political rebels . Attitudes to Kelly , by far the most well - known bushranger , exemplify the ambivalent views of Australians regarding bushranging . Development of Australian democracy ( edit ) Main article : Suffrage in Australia Traditional Aboriginal society had been governed by councils of elders and a corporate decision making process , but the first European - style governments established after 1788 were autocratic and run by appointed governors -- although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the doctrine of reception , thus notions of the rights and processes established by the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists . Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies . South Australian suffragette Catherine Helen Spence ( 1825 -- 1910 ) . In 1895 women in South Australia were among the first in the world to attain the vote and were the first to be able to stand for parliament . The oldest legislative body in Australia , the New South Wales Legislative Council , was created in 1825 as an appointed body to advise the Governor of New South Wales . William Wentworth established the Australian Patriotic Association ( Australia 's first political party ) in 1835 to demand democratic government for New South Wales . The reformist attorney general , John Plunkett , sought to apply Enlightenment principles to governance in the colony , pursuing the establishment of equality before the law , first by extending jury rights to emancipists , then by extending legal protections to convicts , assigned servants and Aborigines . Plunkett twice charged the colonist perpetrators of the Myall Creek massacre of Aborigines with murder , resulting in a conviction and his landmark Church Act of 1836 disestablished the Church of England and established legal equality between Anglicans , Catholics , Presbyterians and later Methodists . In 1840 , the Adelaide City Council and the Sydney City Council were established . Men who possessed 1,000 pounds worth of property were able to stand for election and wealthy landowners were permitted up to four votes each in elections . Australia 's first parliamentary elections were conducted for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1843 , again with voting rights ( for males only ) tied to property ownership or financial capacity . Voter rights were extended further in New South Wales in 1850 and elections for legislative councils were held in the colonies of Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania . By the mid-19th century , there was a strong desire for representative and responsible government in the colonies of Australia , fed by the democratic spirit of the goldfields evident at the Eureka Stockade and the ideas of the great reform movements sweeping Europe , the United States and the British Empire . The end of convict transportation accelerated reform in the 1840s and 1850s . The Australian Colonies Government Act ( 1850 ) was a landmark development which granted representative constitutions to New South Wales , Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments -- though the constitutions generally maintained the role of the colonial upper houses as representative of social and economic `` interests '' and all established constitutional monarchies with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state . In 1855 , limited self - government was granted by London to New South Wales , Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania . An innovative secret ballot was introduced in Victoria , Tasmania and South Australia in 1856 , in which the government supplied voting paper containing the names of candidates and voters could select in private . This system was adopted around the world , becoming known as the `` Australian Ballot '' . 1855 also saw the granting of the right to vote to all male British subjects 21 years or over in South Australia . This right was extended to Victoria in 1857 and New South Wales the following year . The other colonies followed until , in 1896 , Tasmania became the last colony to grant universal male suffrage . Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in local elections ( but not parliamentary elections ) in 1861 . Henrietta Dugdale formed the first Australian women 's suffrage society in Melbourne in 1884 . Women became eligible to vote for the Parliament of South Australia in 1895 . This was the first legislation in the world permitting women also to stand for election to political office and , in 1897 , Catherine Helen Spence became the first female political candidate for political office , unsuccessfully standing for election as a delegate to the Federal Convention on Australian Federation . Western Australia granted voting rights to women in 1899 . Legally , indigenous Australian males generally gained the right to vote during this period when Victoria , New South Wales , Tasmania and South Australia gave voting rights to all male British subjects over 21 . Only Queensland and Western Australia barred Aboriginal people from voting . Thus , Aboriginal men and women voted in some jurisdictions for the first Commonwealth Parliament in 1901 . Early federal parliamentary reform and judicial interpretation however sought to limit Aboriginal voting in practice -- a situation which endured until rights activists began campaigning in the 1940s . Though the various parliaments of Australia have been constantly evolving , the key foundations for elected parliamentary government have maintained an historical continuity in Australia from the 1850s into the 21st century . Growth of nationalism ( edit ) Main article : Federation of Australia Golden Summer , Eaglemont ( 1889 ) by Arthur Streeton of the Heidelberg School of art . The origins of a distinctly Australian style of painting are often associated with this art movement of the 1880s and 90s . By the late 1880s , a majority of people living in the Australian colonies were native born , although over 90 per cent were of British and Irish heritage . Historian Don Gibb suggests that bushranger Ned Kelly represented one dimension of the emerging attitudes of the native born population . Identifying strongly with family and mates , Kelly was opposed to what he regarded as oppression by Police and powerful Squatters . Almost mirroring the Australian stereotype later defined by historian Russel Ward , Kelly became `` a skilled bushman , adept with guns , horses and fists and winning admiration from his peers in the district '' . Journalist Vance Palmer suggested although Kelly came to typify `` the rebellious persona of the country for later generations , ( he really ) belonged ... to another period '' . The bush balladeer Banjo Paterson contributed a number of classic poems to Australian literature . The Australian Native ( 1888 ) by Tom Roberts of the Heidelberg School of art The origins of distinctly Australian painting is often associated with this period and the Heidelberg School of the 1880s -- 1890s . Artists such as Arthur Streeton , Frederick McCubbin and Tom Roberts applied themselves to recreating in their art a truer sense of light and colour as seen in Australian landscape . Like the European Impressionists , they painted in the open air . These artists found inspiration in the unique light and colour which characterises the Australian bush . Their most recognised work involves scenes of pastoral and wild Australia , featuring the vibrant , even harsh colours of Australian summers . Australian literature was equally developing a distinct voice . The classic Australian writers Henry Lawson , Banjo Paterson , Miles Franklin , Norman Lindsay , Steele Rudd , Mary Gilmore , CJ Dennis and Dorothea Mackellar were all forged by -- and indeed helped to forge -- this period of growing national identity . Views of Australia at times conflicted -- Lawson and Paterson contributed a series of verses to The Bulletin magazine in which they engaged in a literary debate about the nature of life in Australia : Lawson ( a republican socialist ) derided Paterson as a romantic , while Paterson ( a country born city lawyer ) thought Lawson full of doom and gloom . Paterson wrote the lyrics of the much - loved folksong Waltzing Matilda in 1895 . The song has often been suggested as Australia 's national anthem and Advance Australia Fair , the Australian national anthem since the late 1970s , itself was written in 1887 . Dennis wrote of laconic heroes in the Australian vernacular , while McKellar rejected a love of England 's pleasant pastures in favour of what she termed a `` Sunburnt Country '' in her iconic poem : My Country ( 1903 ) . A common theme throughout the nationalist art , music and writing of the late 19th century was the romantic rural or bush myth , ironically produced by one of the most urbanised societies in the world . Paterson 's well known poem Clancy of the Overflow , written in 1889 , evokes the romantic myth . While bush ballads evidenced distinctively Australian popular medium of music and of literature , Australian artists of a more classical mould -- such as the opera singer Dame Nellie Melba , and painters John Peter Russell and Rupert Bunny -- prefigured the 20th - century expatriate Australians who knew little of ' stockyard and rails ' but would travel abroad to influence Western art and culture . Federation movement ( edit ) Despite suspicion from some sections of the colonial community ( especially in smaller colonies ) about the value of nationhood , improvements in inter-colonial transport and communication , including the linking of Perth to the south eastern cities by telegraph in 1877 , helped break down inter-colonial rivalries . Amid calls from London for the establishment of an intercolonial Australian army , and with the various colonies independently constructing railway lines , New South Wales Premier Henry Parkes addressed a rural audience in his 1889 Tenterfield Oration , stating that the time had come to form a national executive government : `` Australia ( now has ) a population of three and a half millions , and the American people numbered only between three and four millions when they formed the great commonwealth of the United States . The numbers were about the same , and surely what the Americans had done by war , the Australians could bring about in peace , without breaking the ties that held them to the mother country . '' Though Parkes would not live to see it , his vision would be achieved within a little over a decade , and he is remembered as the `` father of federation '' . Increasing nationalism , a growing sense of national identity , improvements in transport and communications , as well as fears about immigration and defence all combined to encourage the movement , spurred on by organisations like the Australian Natives ' Association . Despite the growing calls for unification , loyalties to the British Empire remained strong . At a Federation Conference banquet in 1890 , Henry Parkes spoke of blood - kinship linking the colonies to Britain and a `` race '' for whom `` the purpose of settling new countries has never had its equal on the face of the earth '' Sir Henry Parkes delivering the first resolution at the federation conference in Melbourne , 1 March 1890 In 1890 , representatives of the six colonies and New Zealand had met in Melbourne and called for the union of the colonies and for the colonial legislatures to nominate representatives to attend a constitutional convention . The following year , the 1891 National Australasian Convention was held in Sydney , with all the future states and New Zealand represented . A draft Constitutional Bill was produced by the Constitution Committee , chiefly drafted by Samuel Griffith , with Inglis Clark and Charles Kingston , as well as the assistance of Edmund Barton . The delegates returned to their parliaments with the Bill , but progress was slow , as Australia faced its 1890s economic Depression . Nevertheless , by 1895 five of the colonies elected representatives for a second Convention , which was conducted in Adelaide , Sydney and Melbourne over the space of a year , allowing time for consultation . The Constitution Committee this time appointed Barton , Richard O'Connor and John Downer to draft a Bill and after much debate , New South Wales , South Australia and Tasmania adopted the Bill to be put to their voters . Queensland and Western Australia later moved to do the same , though New Zealand did not participate in the Convention . In July 1898 , the Bill was put to a series of referenda in four colonies , but New South Wales rejected the proposal . In 1899 , a second referendum put an amended Bill to the voters of the four colonies and Queensland , and the Bill was endorsed . In March 1900 , delegates were dispatched to London , where approval for the Bill was sought from the Imperial Parliament . The Bill was put to the House of Commons and passed on 5 July 1900 and , soon after , was signed into law by Queen Victoria . Lord Hopetoun was dispatched from London , tasked with appointing an interim Cabinet to oversee the foundation of the Commonwealth and conduct of the first elections . There was a more radical vision for a separate Australia by some colonists , including writer Henry Lawson , trade unionist William Lane and as found in the pages of the Sydney Bulletin . But by the end of 1899 , and after much colonial debate , the citizens of five of the six Australian colonies had voted in referendums in favour of a constitution to form a Federation . Western Australia voted to join in July 1900 . The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act was passed by the British parliament on 5 July 1900 and given Royal Assent by Queen Victoria on 9 July 1900 . Federation ( edit ) Main article : History of Australia ( 1901 -- 1945 ) Opening of the first Parliament of Australia in 1901 The Commonwealth of Australia came into being when the Federal Constitution was proclaimed by the Governor - General , Lord Hopetoun , on 1 January 1901 . From that point a system of federalism in Australia came into operation , entailing the establishment of an entirely new national government ( the Commonwealth government ) and an ongoing division of powers between that government and the States . The first Federal elections were held in March 1901 and resulted in a narrow plurality for the Protectionist Party over the Free Trade Party with the Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) polling third . Labor declared it would offer support to the party which offered concessions and Edmund Barton 's Protectionists formed a government , with Alfred Deakin as Attorney - General . Edmund Barton ( left ) , the first Prime Minister of Australia , with Alfred Deakin , the second Prime Minister Procession in support of an eight - hour work day , 4 October 1909 Barton promised to `` create a high court , ... and an efficient federal public service ... He proposed to extend conciliation and arbitration , create a uniform railway gauge between the eastern capitals , to introduce female federal franchise , to establish a ... system of old age pensions . '' He also promised to introduce legislation to safeguard `` White Australia '' from any influx of Asian or Pacific Island labour . The Labor Party ( the spelling `` Labour '' was dropped in 1912 ) had been established in the 1890s , after the failure of the Maritime and Shearer 's strikes . Its strength was in the Australian Trade Union movement `` which grew from a membership of just under 100,000 in 1901 to more than half a million in 1914 '' . The platform of the ALP was democratic socialist . As noted by the historian Ross McMullin , `` In the national sphere Labor had taken the Protectionists as far in the direction of progressive legislation as possible . '' In New South Wales , Frank McDonnell dominated the agitation for the early closing of shops , which was achieved with the passage of the Factories and Shops Act of 1900 , while also securing the extension of the grammar school scholarship system . In Western Australia , Forrest introduced a conciliation and arbitration bill in 1900 which brought trade unions into the state 's social fabric for the first time . In addition , WA Labor scored another victory with the passage of legislation which extended workers ' compensation . Under the premierships of Storey and Dooley in New South Wales , various reforms were carried out such as the establishment of the Rural Bank and the elimination of high school fees . The Labor Party 's rising support at elections , together with its formation of federal government in 1904 under Chris Watson , and again in 1908 , helped to unify competing conservative , free market and liberal anti-socialists into the Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1909 . Although this party dissolved in 1916 , a successor to its version of `` liberalism '' in Australia which in some respects comprises an alliance of Millsian liberals and Burkian conservatives united in support for individualism and opposition to socialism can be found in the modern Liberal Party . To represent rural interests , the Country Party ( today 's National Party ) was founded in 1913 in Western Australia , and nationally in 1920 , from a number of state - based farmer 's parties . Crowds gather to hear the Governor read the Queen 's proclamation on Federation in Brisbane , 1901 . The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 was one of the first laws passed by the new Australian parliament . This centrepiece of the ' White Australia Policy ' aimed to restrict immigration from Asia ( especially China ) , where the population was vastly greater and the standard of living vastly lower and was similar to measures taken in other settler societies such as the United States , Canada and New Zealand . It found strong support in the national parliament , arguments ranging from economic protection to simple racism . The law permitted a dictation test in any European language to be used to in effect exclude non - `` white '' immigrants . While the law allowed for the use of any European language , the English version was standardised and became known as the `` Stewart '' test after the Federal MP Stewart Parnaby who originally penned the exam . The Labor Party wanted to protect `` white '' jobs and pushed for clearer restrictions . A few politicians spoke of the need to avoid hysterical treatment of the question . MP Bruce Smith said he had `` no desire to see low - class Indians , Chinamen or Japanese ... swarming into this country ... But there is obligation ... not ( to ) unnecessarily offend the educated classes of those nations '' . Donald Cameron , a member from Tasmania , expressed a rare note of dissension in the parliament , saying that no race on earth had been `` treated in a more shameful manner than have the Chinese ... '' . Outside parliament , Australia 's first Catholic cardinal , Patrick Francis Moran was politically active and denounced anti-Chinese legislation as `` unchristian '' . The popular press mocked the cardinal 's position and the small European population of Australia generally supported the legislation and remained fearful of being overwhelmed by an influx of non-British migrants from the vastly different cultures of the highly populated empires to Australia 's north . The law passed both houses of Parliament and remained a central feature of Australia 's immigration laws until abandoned in the 1950s . In the 1930s , the Lyons government unsuccessfully attempted to exclude Egon Erwin Kisch , a German Czechoslovakian communist author from entering Australia , by means of a ' dictation test ' in Scottish Gaelic . The High Court of Australia ruled that Scottish Gaelic was not a European language within the meaning of the Immigration Act ( 1901 -- 25 ) . Concerns emerged that the law could be used for such political purposes . Before 1901 , units of soldiers from all six Australian colonies had been active as part of British forces in the Boer War . When the British government asked for more troops from Australia in early 1902 , the Australian government obliged with a national contingent . Some 16,500 men had volunteered for service by the war 's end in June 1902 . But Australians soon felt vulnerable closer to home . The Anglo - Japanese Alliance of 1902 `` allowed the Royal Navy to withdraw its capital ships from the Pacific by 1907 . Australians saw themselves in time of war a lonely , sparsely populated outpost . '' The impressive visit of the US Navy 's Great White Fleet in 1908 emphasised to the government the value of an Australian navy . The Defence Act of 1909 reinforced the importance of Australian defence , and in February 1910 , Lord Kitchener provided further advice on a defence scheme based on conscription . By 1913 , the battlecruiser Australia led the fledgling Royal Australian Navy . Historian Bill Gammage estimates that on the eve of war , Australia had 200,000 men `` under arms of some sort '' . Historian Humphrey McQueen has it that working and living conditions for Australia 's working classes in the early 20th century were of `` frugal comfort '' . While the establishment of the Court of Conciliation and Arbitration for industrial disputes was divisive , it was an acknowledgement of the need to set Industrial awards , where all wage earners in one industry enjoyed the same conditions of employment and wages . The Harvester Judgment of 1907 recognised the concept of a basic wage and in 1908 the Federal government also began an old age pension scheme . Together with the White Australia Policy and pioneering social policy , these developments have since been dubbed the Australian settlement . As a result of them , the new Commonwealth gained recognition as a laboratory for social experimentation and positive liberalism . Catastrophic droughts plagued some regions in the late 1890s and early 20th century and together with a growing rabbit plague , created great hardship in the rural area of Australia . Despite this , a number of writers `` imagined a time when Australia would outstrip Britain in wealth and importance , when its open spaces would support rolling acres of farms and factories to match those of the United States . Some estimated the future population at 100 million , 200 million or more '' . Amongst these was E.J. Brady , whose 1918 book Australia Unlimited described Australia 's inland as ripe for development and settlement , `` destined one day to pulsate with life '' . With the encouragement of Queensland , in 1884 , a British protectorate had been proclaimed over the southern coast of New Guinea and its adjacent islands . British New Guinea , was annexed outright in 1888 . The possession was placed under the authority of the newly federated Commonwealth of Australia in 1902 and with passage of the Papua Act of 1905 , British New Guinea became the Australian Territory of Papua , with formal Australian administration beginning in 1906 . First world war ( edit ) Main articles : Military history of Australia during World War I , Home front during World War I § Australia , and Economic history of World War I § Australia Further information : World War I conscription in Australia Australian soldiers in Egypt with a kangaroo as regimental mascot , 1914 Naval parade through Brisbane on Heroes ' Day , 1917 The world war marked a decisive moment in the history of Australia , remember to this day for the ANZAC story of the Army 's sacrifices at Gallipoli , and the coming - of - age of a young nation . The declaration of war by King George V in August 1914 automatically involved all of Britain 's colonies and dominions . Prime Minister Andrew Fisher probably expressed the views of most Australians when during the election campaign of late July he said `` Turn your eyes to the European situation , and give the kindest feelings towards the mother country ... I sincerely hope that international arbitration will avail before Europe is convulsed in the greatest war of all time ... But should the worst happen ... Australians will stand beside our own to help and defend her to the last man and the last shilling . '' More than 416,000 Australian men volunteered to fight during the First World War between 1914 and 1918 from a total national population of 4.9 million . Historian Lloyd Robson estimates this as between one third and one half of the eligible male population . The Sydney Morning Herald referred to the outbreak of war as Australia 's `` Baptism of Fire '' . 8,141 men were killed in 8 months of fighting at Gallipoli , on the Turkish coast . After the Australian Imperial Forces ( AIF ) was withdrawn in late 1915 , and enlarged to five divisions , most were moved to France to serve under British command . Some forces remained in the Mid-East , including members of the Light Horse Regiment . Light horsemen of the 4th and 12th Regiments captured heavily fortified Beersheba from Turk forces by means of a cavalry charge at full gallop on 31 October 1917 . One of the last great cavalry charges in history , the attack opened a way for the allies to outflank the Gaza - Beersheba Line and drive the Ottomans back into Palestine . The AIF 's first experience of warfare on the Western Front was also the most costly single encounter in Australian military history . In July 1916 , at Fromelles , in a diversionary attack during the Battle of the Somme , the AIF suffered 5,533 killed or wounded in 24 hours . Sixteen months later , the five Australian divisions became the Australian Corps , first under the command of General Birdwood , and later the Australian General Sir John Monash . Two bitterly fought and divisive conscription referendums were held in Australia in 1916 and 1917 . Both failed , and Australia 's army remained a volunteer force . General Sir John Monash in 1918 John Monash was appointed corps commander of the Australian forces in May 1918 and led some significant attacks in the final stages of the war . British Field Marshal Montgomery later called him `` the best general on the western front in Europe '' . Monash made the protection of infantry a priority and sought to fully integrate all the new technologies of warfare in both the planning and execution of battles , thus he wrote that infantry should not be sacrificed needlessly to enemy bayonets and machine guns -- but rather should `` advance under the maximum possible protection of the maximum possible array of mechanical resources , in the form of guns , machine - guns , tanks , mortars and aeroplanes '' . His first operation at the relatively small Battle of Hamel demonstrated the validity of his approach and later actions before the Hindenburg Line in 1918 confirmed it . Monash was knighted in the field of battle by King George V following the 8 August advance during the Battle of Amiens . General Erich Ludendorff , the German commander , later wrote of 8 August 1918 as `` the black day of the German Army ... The 8th of August put the decline of ( German ) fighting power beyond all doubt '' . Amiens , fought between 8 and 11 August 1918 , marked the beginning of the allied advance that culminated in the 11 November Armistice ended the war . 8 August 1918 , by Will Longstaff . A depiction of the Battle of Amiens in which Australian commanders and forces played a major role in inflicting the `` Black day of the German Army '' . Over 60,000 Australians had died during the conflict and 160,000 were wounded , a high proportion of the 330,000 who had fought overseas . While the Gallipoli campaign was a total failure militarily and 8100 Australians died , its memory was all - important . Gallipoli transformed the Australian mind and became an iconic element of the Australian identity and the founding moment of nationhood . Australia 's annual holiday to remember its war dead is held on ANZAC Day , 25 April , each year , the date of the first landings at Gallipoli in 1915 . The choice of date is often mystifying to non-Australians ; it was after all , an allied invasion that ended in military defeat . Bill Gammage has suggested that the choice of 25 April has always meant much to Australians because at Gallipoli , `` the great machines of modern war were few enough to allow ordinary citizens to show what they could do '' . In France , between 1916 and 1918 , `` where almost seven times as many ( Australians ) died ... the guns showed cruelly , how little individuals mattered '' . In 1919 , Prime Minister Billy Hughes and former Prime Minister Joseph Cook took Australia 's seat at the Versailles peace conference . Hughes ' signing of the Treaty of Versailles was the first time Australia had signed an international treaty . Hughes demanded heavy reparations from Germany and frequently clashed with US President Woodrow Wilson . At one point Hughes declared : `` I speak for 60,000 ( Australian ) dead '' . He went on to ask of Wilson ; `` How many do you speak for ? '' Hughes demanded that Australia have independent representation within the newly formed League of Nations and was the most prominent opponent of the inclusion of the Japanese racial equality proposal , which as a result of lobbying by him and others was not included in the final Treaty , deeply offending Japan . Hughes was concerned by the rise of Japan . Within months of the declaration of the European War in 1914 ; Japan , Australia and New Zealand seized all German possessions in the South West Pacific . Though Japan occupied German possessions with the blessings of the British , Hughes was alarmed by this policy . In 1919 at the Peace Conference the Dominion leaders argued their case to keep their occupied German possessions and these territories were given as `` Class C Mandates '' to the respective Dominions . Japan obtained control over the South Pacific Mandate , north of the equator . German New Guinea , the Bismarck Archipelago and Nauru were assigned to Australia as League of Nations Mandates : in the category of territories `` formerly governed ( by the Central Powers ) and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world '' . Thus , the Territory of New Guinea came under Australian administration . Interwar years ( edit ) 1920s : men , money and markets ( edit ) Australian soldiers carrying Prime Minister Billy Hughes , the ' little digger ' , down George Street , Sydney after his return from the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 After the war , Prime Minister Billy Hughes led a new conservative force , the Nationalist Party , formed from the old Liberal party and breakaway elements of Labor ( of which he was the most prominent ) , after the deep and bitter split over Conscription . An estimated 12,000 Australians died as a result of the Spanish flu pandemic of 1919 , almost certainly brought home by returning soldiers . The Revd John Flynn , founder of the Royal Flying Doctor Service Pioneer aviator Sir Charles Kingsford Smith Edith Cowan ( 1861 -- 1932 ) was elected to the West Australian Legislative Assembly in 1921 and was the first woman elected to any Australian Parliament . The success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia posed a threat in the eyes of many Australians , although to a small group of socialists , it was an inspiration . The Communist Party of Australia was formed in 1920 and , though remaining electorally insignificant , it obtained some influence in the trade union movement and was banned during World War II for its support for the Hitler - Stalin Pact and the Menzies Government unsuccessfully tried to ban it again during the Korean War . Despite splits , the party remained active until its dissolution at the end of the Cold War . The Country Party ( today 's National Party ) formed in 1920 to promulgate its version of agrarianism , which it called `` Countrymindedness '' . The goal was to enhance the status of the graziers ( operators of big sheep ranches ) and small farmers , and secure subsidies for them . Enduring longer than any other major party save the Labor party , it has generally operated in Coalition with the Liberal Party ( since the 1940s ) , becoming a major party of government in Australia -- particularly in Queensland . Other significant after - effects of the war included ongoing industrial unrest , which included the 1923 Victorian Police strike . Industrial disputes characterised the 1920s in Australia . Other major strikes occurred on the waterfront , in the coalmining and timber industries in the late 1920s . The union movement had established the Australian Council of Trade Unions ( ACTU ) in 1927 in response to the Nationalist government 's efforts to change working conditions and reduce the power of the unions . The consumerism , entertainment culture , and new technologies that characterised the 1920s in the United States were also found in Australia . Prohibition was not implemented in Australia , though anti-alcohol forces were successful in having hotels closed after 6 pm , and closed altogether in a few city suburbs . The fledgling film industry declined through the decade , over 2 million Australians attending cinemas weekly at 1250 venues . A Royal Commission in 1927 failed to assist and the industry that had begun so brightly with the release of the world 's first feature film , The Story of the Kelly Gang ( 1906 ) , atrophied until its revival in the 1970s . Stanley Bruce became Prime Minister in 1923 , when members of the Nationalist Party Government voted to remove W.M. Hughes . Speaking in early 1925 , Bruce summed up the priorities and optimism of many Australians , saying that `` men , money and markets accurately defined the essential requirements of Australia '' and that he was seeking such from Britain . The migration campaign of the 1920s , operated by the Development and Migration Commission , brought almost 300,000 Britons to Australia , although schemes to settle migrants and returned soldiers `` on the land '' were generally not a success . `` The new irrigation areas in Western Australia and the Dawson Valley of Queensland proved disastrous '' In Australia , the costs of major investment had traditionally been met by state and Federal governments and heavy borrowing from overseas was made by the governments in the 1920s . A Loan Council was set up in 1928 to co-ordinate loans , three - quarters of which came from overseas . Despite Imperial Preference , a balance of trade was not successfully achieved with Britain . `` In the five years from 1924 ... to ... 1928 , Australia bought 43.4 % of its imports from Britain and sold 38.7 % of its exports . Wheat and wool made up more than two - thirds of all Australian exports '' , a dangerous reliance on just two export commodities . Australia embraced the new technologies of transport and communication . Coastal sailing ships were finally abandoned in favour of steam , and improvements in rail and motor transport heralded dramatic changes in work and leisure . In 1918 there were 50,000 cars and lorries in the whole of Australia . By 1929 there were 500,000 . The stage coach company Cobb and Co , established in 1853 , finally closed in 1924 . In 1920 , the Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Service ( to become the Australian airline Qantas ) was established . The Reverend John Flynn , founded the Royal Flying Doctor Service , the world 's first air ambulance in 1928 . Daredevil pilot , Sir Charles Kingsford Smith pushed the new flying machines to the limit , completing a round Australia circuit in 1927 and in 1928 traversed the Pacific Ocean , via Hawaii and Fiji from the US to Australia in the aircraft Southern Cross . He went on to global fame and a series of aviation records before vanishing on a night flight to Singapore in 1935 . Dominion status ( edit ) George V with his prime ministers . Standing ( left to right ) : Monroe ( Newfoundland ) , Coates ( New Zealand ) , Bruce ( Australia ) , Hertzog ( Union of South Africa ) , Cosgrave ( Irish Free State ) . Seated : Baldwin ( UK ) , King George V , King ( Canada ) . Australia achieved independent Sovereign Nation status after World War I , under the Statute of Westminster . This formalised the Balfour Declaration of 1926 , a report resulting from the 1926 Imperial Conference of British Empire leaders in London , which defined Dominions of the British empire in the following way : `` They are autonomous Communities within the British Empire , equal in status , in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs , though united by a common allegiance to the Crown , and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations . '' However , Australia did not ratify the Statute of Westminster until 1942 . According to historian Frank Crowley , this was because Australians had little interest in redefining their relationship with Britain until the crisis of World War II . The Australia Act 1986 removed any remaining links between the British Parliament and the Australian states . From 1 February 1927 until 12 June 1931 , the Northern Territory was divided up as North Australia and Central Australia at latitude 20 ° S. New South Wales has had one further territory surrendered , namely Jervis Bay Territory comprising 6,677 hectares , in 1915 . The external territories were added : Norfolk Island ( 1914 ) ; Ashmore Island , Cartier Islands ( 1931 ) ; the Australian Antarctic Territory transferred from Britain ( 1933 ) ; Heard Island , McDonald Islands , and Macquarie Island transferred to Australia from Britain ( 1947 ) . The Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) was formed from New South Wales in 1911 to provide a location for the proposed new federal capital of Canberra ( Melbourne was the seat of government from 1901 to 1927 ) . The FCT was renamed the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) in 1938 . The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the Commonwealth in 1911 . Great Depression ( edit ) Main article : Great Depression in Australia Ribbon ceremony to open the Sydney Harbour Bridge on 20 March 1932 . Breaking protocol , the soon to be dismissed Premier Jack Lang cuts the ribbon while Governor Philip Game looks on . Australia was deeply affected by the Great Depression of the 1930s , particularly due to its heavy dependence on exports , especially primary products such as wool and wheat . Exposed by continuous borrowing to fund capital works in the 1920s , the Australian and state governments were `` already far from secure in 1927 , when most economic indicators took a turn for the worse . Australia 's dependence of exports left her extraordinarily vulnerable to world market fluctuations '' , according to economic historian Geoff Spenceley . Debt by the state of New South Wales accounted for almost half of Australia 's accumulated debt by December 1927 . The situation caused alarm amongst a few politicians and economists , notably Edward Shann of the University of Western Australia , but most political , union and business leaders were reluctant to admit to serious problems . In 1926 , Australian Finance magazine described loans as occurring with a `` disconcerting frequency '' unrivalled in the British Empire : `` It may be a loan to pay off maturing loans or a loan to pay the interest on existing loans , or a loan to repay temporary loans from the bankers ... '' Thus , well before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , the Australian economy was already facing significant difficulties . As the economy slowed in 1927 , so did manufacturing and the country slipped into recession as profits slumped and unemployment rose . In 1931 , over 1,000 unemployed men marched from the Esplanade to the Treasury Building in Perth , Western Australia to see Premier Sir James Mitchell . At elections held in October 1929 , the Labor Party was swept into power in a landslide victory ; Stanley Bruce , the former Prime Minister , lost his own seat . The new Prime Minister , James Scullin , and his largely inexperienced government were almost immediately faced with a series of crises . Hamstrung by their lack of control of the Senate , a lack of control over the banking system and divisions within their party over how best to deal with the situation , the government was forced to accept solutions that eventually split the party , as it had in 1917 . Some gravitated to New South Wales Premier Lang , others to Prime Minister Scullin . Various `` plans '' to resolve the crisis were suggested ; Sir Otto Niemeyer , a representative of the English banks who visited in mid-1930 , proposed a deflationary plan , involving cuts to government spending and wages . Treasurer Ted Theodore proposed a mildly inflationary plan , while the Labor Premier of New South Wales , Jack Lang , proposed a radical plan which repudiated overseas debt . The `` Premier 's Plan '' finally accepted by federal and state governments in June 1931 , followed the deflationary model advocated by Niemeyer and included a reduction of 20 per cent in government spending , a reduction in bank interest rates and an increase in taxation . In March 1931 , Lang announced that interest due in London would not be paid and the Federal government stepped in to meet the debt . In May , the Government Savings Bank of New South Wales was forced to close . The Melbourne Premiers ' Conference agreed to cut wages and pensions as part of a severe deflationary policy but Lang renounced the plan . The grand opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932 provided little respite to the growing crisis straining the young federation . With multimillion - pound debts mounting , public demonstrations and move and counter-move by Lang and then Scullin , then Lyons federal governments , the Governor of New South Wales , Philip Game , had been examining Lang 's instruction not to pay money into the Federal Treasury . Game judged it was illegal . Lang refused to withdraw his order and , on 13 May , he was dismissed by Governor Game . At June elections , Lang Labor 's seats collapsed . May 1931 had seen the creation of a new conservative political force , the United Australia Party formed by breakaway members of the Labor Party combining with the Nationalist Party . At Federal elections in December 1931 , the United Australia Party , led by former Labor member Joseph Lyons , easily won office . They remained in power until September 1940 . The Lyons government has often been credited with steering recovery from the depression , although just how much of this was owed to their policies remains contentious . Stuart Macintyre also points out that although Australian GDP grew from £ 386.9 million to £ 485.9 million between 1931 -- 32 and 1938 -- 39 , real domestic product per head of population was still `` but a few shillings greater in 1938 -- 39 ( £ 70.12 ) , than it had been in 1920 -- 21 ( £ 70.04 ) . 21 - year - old Don Bradman is chaired off the cricket pitch after scoring a world record 452 runs not out in 1930 . Sporting success lifted Australian spirits through the Depression years . Australia recovered relatively quickly from the financial downturn of 1929 -- 1930 , with recovery beginning around 1932 . The Prime Minister , Joseph Lyons , favoured the tough economic measures of the Premiers ' Plan , pursued an orthodox fiscal policy and refused to accept the proposals of the Premier of New South Wales , Jack Lang , to default on overseas debt repayments . According to author Anne Henderson of the Sydney Institute , Lyons held a steadfast belief in `` the need to balance budgets , lower costs to business and restore confidence '' and the Lyons period gave Australia `` stability and eventual growth '' between the drama of the Depression and the outbreak of the Second World War . A lowering of wages was enforced and industry tariff protections maintained , which together with cheaper raw materials during the 1930s saw a shift from agriculture to manufacturing as the chief employer of the Australian economy -- a shift which was consolidated by increased investment by the commonwealth government into defence and armaments manufacture . Lyons saw restoration of Australia 's exports as the key to economic recovery . Phar Lap , c. 1930 There is debate over the extent reached by unemployment in Australia , often cited as peaking at 29 per cent in 1932 . `` Trade Union figures are the most often quoted , but the people who were there ... regard the figures as wildly understating the extent of unemployment '' wrote historian Wendy Lowenstein in her collection of oral histories of the Depression . However , David Potts argues that `` over the last thirty years ... historians of the period have either uncritically accepted that figure ( 29 % in the peak year 1932 ) including rounding it up to ' a third ' , or they have passionately argued that a third is far too low . '' Potts himself though suggested a peak national figure of 25 per cent unemployed . measurement is difficult in part because there was great variation , geographically , by age and by gender , in the level of unemployment . Statistics collected by historian Peter Spearritt show 17.8 per cent of men and 7.9 per cent of women unemployed in 1933 in the comfortable Sydney suburb of Woollahra . ( This is not to say that 81.9 per cent of women were working but that 7.9 per cent of the women interested / looking for work were unable to find it , a much lower figure than maybe first thought , as many women stayed home and were not in the job force in those years , especially if they were unable to find work . ) In the working class suburb of Paddington , 41.3 per cent of men and 20.7 per cent of women were listed as unemployed . Geoffrey Spenceley stated that apart from variation between men and women , unemployment was also much higher in some industries , such as the building and construction industry , and comparatively low in the public administrative and professional sectors . In country areas , worst hit were small farmers in the wheat belts as far afield as north - east Victoria and Western Australia , who saw more and more of their income absorbed by interest payments . Extraordinary sporting successes did something to alleviate the spirits of Australians during the economic downturn . In a Sheffield Shield cricket match at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 1930 , Don Bradman , a young New South Welshman of just 21 years of age wrote his name into the record books by smashing the previous highest batting score in first - class cricket with 452 runs not out in just 415 minutes . The rising star 's world beating cricketing exploits were to provide Australians with much needed joy through the emerging Great Depression in Australia and post-World War II recovery . Between 1929 and 1931 the racehorse Phar Lap dominated Australia 's racing industry , at one stage winning fourteen races in a row . Famous victories included the 1930 Melbourne Cup , following an assassination attempt and carrying 9 stone 12 pounds weight . Phar Lap sailed for the United States in 1931 , going on to win North America 's richest race , the Agua Caliente Handicap in 1932 . Soon after , on the cusp of US success , Phar Lap developed suspicious symptoms and died . Theories swirled that the champion race horse had been poisoned and a devoted Australian public went into shock . The 1938 British Empire Games were held in Sydney from 5 -- 12 February , timed to coincide with Sydney 's sesqui - centenary ( 150 years since the foundation of British settlement in Australia ) . Second world war ( edit ) Main articles : Military history of Australia during World War II , Axis naval activity in Australian waters , and Proposed Japanese invasion of Australia during World War II Defence policy in the 1930s ( edit ) Prime Minister Robert Menzies and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1941 Until the late 1930s , defence was not a significant issue for Australians . At the 1937 elections , both political parties advocated increased defence spending , in the context of increased Japanese aggression in China and Germany 's aggression in Europe . There was a difference in opinion over how the defence spending should be allocated however . The United Australia Party government emphasised co-operation with Britain in `` a policy of imperial defence '' . The lynchpin of this was the British naval base at Singapore and the Royal Navy battle fleet `` which , it was hoped , would use it in time of need '' . Defence spending in the inter-war years reflected this priority . In the period 1921 -- 1936 totalled £ 40 million on the Royal Australian Navy , £ 20 million on the Australian Army and £ 6 million on the Royal Australian Air Force ( established in 1921 , the `` youngest '' of the three services ) . In 1939 , the Navy , which included two heavy cruisers and four light cruisers , was the service best equipped for war . The light cruiser HMAS Sydney , lost in a battle in the Indian Ocean , November 1941 Fearing Japanese intentions in the Pacific , Menzies established independent embassies in Tokyo and Washington to receive independent advice about developments . Gavin Long argues that the Labor opposition urged greater national self - reliance through a buildup of manufacturing and more emphasis on the Army and RAAF , as Chief of the General Staff , John Lavarack also advocated . In November 1936 , Labor leader John Curtin said `` The dependence of Australia upon the competence , let alone the readiness , of British statesmen to send forces to our aid is too dangerous a hazard upon which to found Australia 's defence policy . '' According to John Robertson , `` some British leaders had also realised that their country could not fight Japan and Germany at the same time . '' But `` this was never discussed candidly at ... meeting ( s ) of Australian and British defence planners '' , such as the 1937 Imperial Conference . By September 1939 the Australian Army numbered 3,000 regulars . A recruiting campaign in late 1938 , led by Major - General Thomas Blamey increased the reserve militia to almost 80,000 . The first division raised for war was designated the 6th Division , of the 2nd AIF , there being 5 Militia Divisions on paper and a 1st AIF in the First World War . War ( edit ) Australian troops at Milne Bay , Papua . The Australian army was the first to inflict defeat on the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II at the Battle of Milne Bay of August -- September 1942 . An Australian light machine gun team in action near Wewak , Papua New Guinea , in June 1945 On 3 September 1939 , the Prime Minister , Robert Menzies , made a national radio broadcast : `` My fellow Australians . It is my melancholy duty to inform you , officially , that , in consequence of the persistence by Germany in her invasion of Poland , Great Britain has declared war upon her , and that , as a result , Australia is also at war . '' Thus began Australia 's involvement in the six - year global conflict . Australians were to fight in an extraordinary variety of locations , from withstanding the advance of Hitler 's Panzers in the Siege of Tobruk ; to turning back the advance of the Imperial Japanese Army in the New Guinea Campaign . From bomber missions over Europe and Mediterranean naval engagements , to facing Japanese mini-sub raids on Sydney Harbour and devastating air raids on the city of Darwin . The recruitment of a volunteer military force for service at home and abroad was announced , the 2nd Australian Imperial Force and a citizen militia organised for local defence . Troubled by Britain 's failure to increase defences at Singapore , Menzies was cautious in committing troops to Europe . By the end of June 1940 , France , Norway , Denmark and the Low Countries had fallen to Nazi Germany . Britain stood alone with its dominions . Menzies called for `` all - out war '' , increasing federal powers and introducing conscription . Menzies ' minority government came to rely on just two independents after the 1940 election In January 1941 , Menzies flew to Britain to discuss the weakness of Singapore 's defences . Arriving in London during The Blitz , Menzies was invited into Winston Churchill 's British War Cabinet for the duration of his visit . Returning to Australia , with the threat of Japan imminent and with the Australian army suffering badly in the Greek and Crete campaigns , Menzies re-approached the Labor Party to form a War Cabinet . Unable to secure their support , and with an unworkable parliamentary majority , Menzies resigned as Prime Minister . The Coalition held office for another month , before the independents switched allegiance and John Curtin was sworn in as Prime Minister . Eight weeks later , Japan attacked Pearl Harbor . A patrol from the 2 / 13th Infantry Battalion at Tobruk in North Africa , ( AWM 020779 ) . The 1941 Siege of Tobruk saw an Australian garrison halt the advance of Hitler 's Panzer divisions for the first time since the commencement of the war . From 1940 to 1941 , Australian forces played prominent roles in the fighting in the Mediterranean theatre , including Operation Compass , the Siege of Tobruk , the Greek campaign , the Battle of Crete , the Syria -- Lebanon Campaign and the Second Battle of El Alamein . A garrison of around 14,000 Australian soldiers , commanded by Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead was besieged in Tobruk , Libya by the German - Italian army of General Erwin Rommel between April and August 1941 . The Nazi propagandist Lord Haw Haw derided the defenders as ' rats ' , a term the soldiers adopted as an ironic compliment : `` The Rats of Tobruk '' . Vital in the defence of Egypt and the Suez Canal , the Siege saw the advance of the German army halted for the first time and provided a morale boost for the British Commonwealth , which was then standing alone against Hitler . The war came closer to home when HMAS Sydney was lost with all hands in battle with the German raider Kormoran in November 1941 . With most of Australia 's best forces committed to fight against Hitler in the Middle East , Japan attacked Pearl Harbor , the US naval base in Hawaii , on 8 December 1941 ( eastern Australia time ) . The British battleship HMS Prince of Wales and battlecruiser HMS Repulse sent to defend Singapore were sunk soon afterwards . Australia was ill - prepared for an attack , lacking armaments , modern fighter aircraft , heavy bombers , and aircraft carriers . While demanding reinforcements from Churchill , on 27 December 1941 Curtin published an historic announcement : `` The Australian Government ... regards the Pacific struggle as primarily one in which the United States and Australia must have the fullest say in the direction of the democracies ' fighting plan . Without inhibitions of any kind , I make it clear that Australia looks to America , free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom . '' US General Douglas MacArthur , Commander of Allied forces in the Pacific , with Prime Minister John Curtin British Malaya quickly collapsed , shocking the Australian nation . British , Indian and Australian troops made a disorganised last stand at Singapore , before surrendering on 15 February 1942 . Around 15,000 Australian soldiers became prisoners of war . Curtin predicted that the `` battle for Australia '' would now follow . On 19 February , Darwin suffered a devastating air raid , the first time the Australian mainland had ever been attacked by enemy forces . Over the following 19 months , Australia was attacked from the air almost 100 times . Dutch and Australian PoWs at Tarsau , in Thailand in 1943 . 22,000 Australians were captured by the Japanese ; 8,000 died as POWs . Two battle - hardened Australian divisions were already steaming from the Middle East for Singapore . Churchill wanted them diverted to Burma , but Curtin refused , and anxiously awaited their return to Australia . US President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered his commander in the Philippines , General Douglas MacArthur , to formulate a Pacific defence plan with Australia in March 1942 . Curtin agreed to place Australian forces under the command of General MacArthur , who became `` Supreme Commander of the South West Pacific '' . Curtin had thus presided over a fundamental shift in Australia 's foreign policy . MacArthur moved his headquarters to Melbourne in March 1942 and American troops began massing in Australia . In late May 1942 , Japanese midget submarines sank an accommodation vessel in a daring raid on Sydney Harbour . On 8 June 1942 , two Japanese submarines briefly shelled Sydney 's eastern suburbs and the city of Newcastle . In an effort to isolate Australia , the Japanese planned a seaborne invasion of Port Moresby , in the Australian Territory of New Guinea . In May 1942 , the US Navy engaged the Japanese in the Battle of the Coral Sea and halted the attack . The Battle of Midway in June effectively defeated the Japanese navy and the Japanese army launched a land assault on Moresby from the north . Between July and November 1942 , Australian forces repulsed Japanese attempts on the city by way of the Kokoda Track , in the highlands of New Guinea . The Battle of Milne Bay in August 1942 was the first Allied defeat of Japanese land forces . Australian soldiers display Japanese flags they captured at Kaiapit , New Guinea in 1943 . Meanwhile , in North Africa , the Axis Powers had driven Allies back into Egypt . A turning point came between July and November 1942 , when Australia 's 9th Division played a crucial role in some of the heaviest fighting of the First and Second Battle of El Alamein , which turned the North Africa Campaign in favour of the Allies . The Battle of Buna -- Gona , between November 1942 and January 1943 , set the tone for the bitter final stages of the New Guinea campaign , which persisted into 1945 . The offensives in Papua and New Guinea of 1943 -- 44 were the single largest series of connected operations ever mounted by the Australian armed forces . On 14 May 1943 , the Australian Hospital Ship Centaur , though clearly marked as a medical vessel , was sunk by Japanese raiders off the Queensland coast , killing 268 , including all but one of the nursing staff , further enraging popular opinion against Japan . Australian prisoners of war were at this time suffering severe ill - treatment in the Pacific Theatre . In 1943 , 2,815 Australian Pows died constructing Japan 's Burma - Thailand Railway In 1944 , the Japanese inflicted the Sandakan Death March on 2,000 Australian and British prisoners of war -- only 6 survived . This was the single worst war crime perpetrated against Australians in war . MacArthur largely excluded Australian forces from the main push north into the Philippines and Japan . It was left to Australia to lead amphibious assaults against Japanese bases in Borneo . Curtin suffered from ill health from the strains of office and died weeks before the war ended , replaced by Ben Chifley . Of Australia 's wartime population of seven million , almost one million men and women served in a branch of the services during the six years of warfare . By war 's end , gross enlistments totalled 727,200 men and women in the Australian Army ( of whom 557,800 served overseas ) , 216,900 in the RAAF and 48,900 in the RAN . Over 39,700 were killed or died as prisoners - of - war , about 8,000 of whom died as prisoners of the Japanese . Australian home front ( edit ) Main article : Australian home front during World War II Australian women were encouraged to contribute to the war effort by joining one of the female branches of the armed forces or participating in the labour force . The Bombing of Darwin , 19 February 1942 . Japanese air raids on Australia during 1942 -- 43 killed hundreds of servicemen and civilians , while Axis naval activity in Australian waters threatened shipping between 1940 and 1945 . While the Australian civilian population suffered less at the hands of the Axis powers than did other Allied nations in Asia and Europe , Australia nevertheless came under direct attack by Japanese naval forces and aerial bombardments , particularly through 1942 and 1943 , resulting in hundreds of fatalities and fuelling fear of Japanese invasion . Axis naval activity in Australian waters also brought the war close to home for Australians . Austerity measures , rationing and labour controls measures were all implemented to assist the war effort . Australian civilians dug air raid shelters , trained in civil defence and first aid , and Australian ports and cities were equipped with anti aircraft and sea defences . The Australian economy was markedly affected by World War II . Expenditure on war reached 37 per cent of GDP by 1943 -- 44 , compared to 4 per cent expenditure in 1939 -- 1940 . Total war expenditure was £ 2,949 million between 1939 and 1945 . 1942 Australian propaganda poster . Australia feared invasion by Imperial Japan following the invasion of the Australian Territory of New Guinea and Fall of Singapore in early 1942 . Although the peak of army enlistments occurred in June -- July 1940 , when over 70,000 enlisted , it was the Curtin Labor Government , formed in October 1941 , that was largely responsible for `` a complete revision of the whole Australian economic , domestic and industrial life '' . Rationing of fuel , clothing and some food was introduced , ( although less severely than in Britain ) Christmas holidays curtailed , `` brown outs '' introduced and some public transport reduced . From December 1941 , the Government evacuated all women and children from Darwin and northern Australia , and over 10,000 refugees arrived from South East Asia as Japan advanced . In January 1942 , the Manpower Directorate was set up `` to ensure the organisation of Australians in the best possible way to meet all defence requirements . '' Minister for War Organisation of Industry , John Dedman introduced a degree of austerity and government control previously unknown , to such an extent that he was nicknamed `` the man who killed Father Christmas '' . In May 1942 uniform tax laws were introduced in Australia , as state governments relinquished their control over income taxation , `` The significance of this decision was greater than any other ... made throughout the war , as it added extensive powers to the Federal Government and greatly reduced the financial autonomy of the states . '' Manufacturing grew significantly because of the war . `` In 1939 there were only three Australian firms producing machine tools , but by 1943 there were more than one hundred doing so . '' From having few front line aircraft in 1939 , the RAAF had become the fourth largest allied Air force by 1945 . A number of aircraft were built under licence in Australia before the war 's end , notably the Beaufort and Beaufighter , although the majority of aircraft were from Britain and later , the US . The Boomerang fighter , designed and built in four months of 1942 , emphasised the desperate state Australia found itself in as the Japanese advanced . Australia also created , virtually from nothing , a significant female workforce engaged in direct war production . Between 1939 and 1944 the number of women working in factories rose from 171,000 to 286,000 . Dame Enid Lyons , widow of former Prime Minister Joseph Lyons , became the first woman elected to the House of Representatives in 1943 , joining the Robert Menzies ' new centre - right Liberal Party of Australia , formed in 1945 . At the same election , Dorothy Tangney became the first woman elected to the Senate . Post-war boom ( edit ) Main article : History of Australia since 1945 Menzies and Liberal dominance : 1949 -- 72 ( edit ) Sir Robert Menzies , founder of the Liberal Party of Australia and Prime Minister of Australia 1939 -- 41 ( UAP ) and 1949 -- 66 Politically , Robert Menzies and the Liberal Party of Australia dominated much of the immediate post war era , defeating the Labor government of Ben Chifley in 1949 , in part over a Labor proposal to nationalise banks and following a crippling coal strike led by the Australian Communist Party . Menzies became the country 's longest - serving Prime Minister and the Liberal party , in coalition with the rural based Country Party , won every federal election until 1972 . As in the United States in the early 1950s , allegations of communist influence in society saw tensions emerge in politics . Refugees from Soviet dominated Eastern Europe immigrated to Australia , while to Australia 's north , Mao Zedong 's Communist Party of China won the Chinese Civil War in 1949 and in June 1950 , Communist North Korea invaded South Korea . The Menzies government responded to a United States led United Nations Security Council request for military aid for South Korea and diverted forces from occupied Japan to begin Australia 's involvement in the Korean War . After fighting to a bitter standstill , the UN and North Korea signed a ceasefire agreement in July 1953 . Australian forces had participated in such major battles as Kapyong and Maryang San . 17,000 Australians had served and casualties amounted to more than 1,500 , of whom 339 were killed . Elizabeth II inspecting sheep at Wagga Wagga on her 1954 Royal Tour . Huge crowds met the Royal party across Australia . During the course of the Korean War , the Liberal Government attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia , first by legislation in 1950 and later by referendum , in 1951 . While both attempts were unsuccessful , further international events such as the defection of minor Soviet Embassy official Vladimir Petrov , added to a sense of impending threat that politically favoured Menzies ' Liberal - CP government , as the Labor Party split over concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the trade union movement . The tensions led to another bitter split and the emergence of the breakaway Democratic Labor Party ( DLP ) . The DLP remained an influential political force , often holding the balance of power in the Senate , until 1974 . Its preferences supported the Liberal and Country Party . The Labor party was led by H.V. Evatt after Chifley 's death in 1951 . Evatt had served as President of the United Nations General Assembly during 1948 -- 49 and helped draft the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( 1948 ) . Evatt retired in 1960 amid signs of mental ill - health , and Arthur Calwell succeeded him as leader , with a young Gough Whitlam as his deputy . Menzies presided over a period of sustained economic boom and the beginnings of sweeping social change -- with the arrivals of rock and roll music and television in the 1950s . In 1958 , Australian country music singer Slim Dusty , who would become the musical embodiment of rural Australia , had Australia 's first international music chart hit with his bush ballad `` Pub With No Beer '' , while rock and roller Johnny O'Keefe 's `` Wild One '' became the first local recording to reach the national charts , peaking at No. 20 . Before sleeping through the 1960s Australian cinema produced little of its own content in the 1950s , but British and Hollywood studios produced a string of successful epics from Australian literature , featuring home grown stars Chips Rafferty and Peter Finch . Menzies remained a staunch supporter of links to the monarchy and Commonwealth of Nations and formalised an alliance with the United States , but also launched post-war trade with Japan , beginning a growth of Australian exports of coal , iron ore and mineral resources that would steadily climb until Japan became Australia 's largest trading partner . When Menzies retired in 1965 , he was replaced as Liberal leader and Prime Minister by Harold Holt . Holt drowned while swimming at a surf beach in December 1967 and was replaced by John Gorton ( 1968 -- 1971 ) and then by William McMahon ( 1971 -- 1972 ) . Post-war immigration ( edit ) Main articles : Post-war immigration to Australia and History of immigration to Australia Postwar migrants arriving in Australia in 1954 Following World War II , the Chifley Labor government instigated a massive program of European immigration . In 1945 , Minister for Immigration , Arthur Calwell wrote `` If the experience of the Pacific War has taught us one thing , it surely is that seven million Australians can not hold three million square miles of this earth 's surface indefinitely . '' All political parties shared the view that the country must `` populate or perish '' . Calwell stated a preference for ten British immigrants for each one from other countries ; however , the numbers of British migrants fell short of what was expected , despite government assistance . Migration brought large numbers of southern and central Europeans to Australia for the first time . A 1958 government leaflet assured readers that unskilled non-British migrants were needed for `` labour on rugged projects ... work which is not generally acceptable to Australians or British workers '' . The Australian economy stood in sharp contrast to war - ravaged Europe , and newly arrived migrants found employment in a booming manufacturing industry and government assisted programs such as the Snowy Mountains Scheme . This hydroelectricity and irrigation complex in south - east Australia consisted of sixteen major dams and seven power stations constructed between 1949 and 1974 . It remains the largest engineering project undertaken in Australia . Necessitating the employment of 100,000 people from over 30 countries , to many it denotes the birth of multicultural Australia . Some 4.2 million immigrants arrived between 1945 and 1985 , about 40 per cent of whom came from Britain and Ireland . The 1957 novel They 're a Weird Mob was a popular account of an Italian migrating to Australia , although written by Australian - born author John O'Grady . The Australian population reached 10 million in 1959 . In May 1958 , the Menzies Government passed the Migration Act 1958 which replaced the Immigration Restriction Act 's arbitrarily applied dictation test with an entry permit system , that reflected economic and skills criteria . Further changes in the 1960s effectively ended the White Australia Policy . It legally ended in 1973 . Economic growth and suburban living ( edit ) Tumut 3 power station was constructed as part of the vast Snowy Mountains Hydro Electric Scheme ( 1949 -- 1974 ) . Construction necessitated the expansion of Australia 's immigration program . Bruce Gyngell re-enacts his 1956 introduction to the first regular television broadcast service to the residents of Sydney on TCN - 9 . Australia enjoyed significant growth in prosperity in the 1950s and 1960s , with increases in both living standards and in leisure time . The manufacturing industry , previously playing a minor part in an economy dominated by primary production , greatly expanded . The first Holden motor car came out of General Motors - Holden 's Fisherman 's Bend factory in November 1948 . Car ownership rapidly increased -- from 130 owners in every 1,000 in 1949 to 271 owners in every 1,000 by 1961 . By the early 1960s , four competitors to Holden had set up Australian factories , employing between 80,000 and 100,000 workers , `` at least four - fifths of them migrants '' . In the 1960s , about 60 per cent of Australian manufacturing was protected by tariffs . Pressure from business interests and the union movement ensured these remained high . Historian Geoffrey Bolton suggests that this high tariff protection of the 1960s caused some industries to `` lapse into lethargy '' , neglecting research and development and the search for new markets . The CSIRO was expected to fulfil research and development . Prices for wool and wheat remained high , with wool the mainstay of Australia 's exports . Sheep numbers grew from 113 million in 1950 to 171 million in 1965 . Wool production increased from 518,000 to 819,000 tonnes in the same period . Wheat , wool and minerals ensured a healthy balance of trade between 1950 and 1966 . The great housing boom of the post war period saw rapid growth in the suburbs of the major Australian cities . By the 1966 census , only 14 per cent lived in rural Australia , down from 31 per cent in 1933 , and only 8 per cent lived on farms . Virtual full employment meant high standards of living and dramatic increases in home ownership , and by the sixties , Australia had the most equitable spread of income in the world . By the beginning of the sixties , an Australia - wide McNair survey estimated that 94 % of homes had a fridge , 50 % a telephone , 55 % a television , 60 % a washing machine , and 73 % a vacuum cleaner . In addition , most households had now acquired a car . According to one study , `` In 1946 , there was one car for every 14 Australians ; by 1960 , it was one to 3.5 . The vast majority of families had access to a car . '' Car ownership flourished during the postwar period , with 1970 / 1971 census data estimating that 96.4 per cent of Australian households in the early Seventies owned at least one car . However , not all felt the rapid suburban growth was desirable . Distinguished Architect and designer Robin Boyd , a critic of Australia 's built surroundings , described Australia as `` ' the constant sponge lying in the Pacific ' , following the fashions of overseas and lacking confidence in home - produced , original ideas '' . In 1956 , dadaist comedian Barry Humphries performed the character of Edna Everage as a parody of a house - proud housewife of staid 1950s Melbourne suburbia ( the character only later morphed into a critique of self - obsessed celebrity culture ) . It was the first of many of his satirical stage and screen creations based around quirky Australian characters : Sandy Stone , a morose elderly suburbanite , Barry McKenzie a naive Australian expat in London and Sir Les Patterson , a vulgar parody of a Whitlam - era politician . Some writers defended suburban life , however . Journalist Craig Macgregor saw suburban life as a `` ... solution to the needs of migrants ... '' Hugh Stretton argued that `` plenty of dreary lives are indeed lived in the suburbs ... but most of them might well be worse in other surroundings '' . Historian Peter Cuffley has recalled life for a child in a new outer suburb of Melbourne as having a kind of joyous excitement . `` Our imaginations saved us from finding life too humdrum , as did the wild freedom of being able to roam far and wide in different kinds of ( neighbouring ) bushland ... Children in the suburbs found space in backyards , streets and lanes , playgrounds and reserves ... '' In 1954 , the Menzies Government formally announced the introduction of the new two - tiered TV system -- a government - funded service run by the ABC , and two commercial services in Sydney and Melbourne , with the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne being a major driving force behind the introduction of television to Australia . Colour TV began broadcasting in 1975 . Alliances 1950 -- 1972 ( edit ) Harold Holt and US President John F. Kennedy in the Oval Office in Washington D.C. , 1963 . By the 1960s , Australian defence policy had shifted from Britain to the US as key ally . In the early 1950s , the Menzies government saw Australia as part of a `` triple alliance '' in concert with both the US and traditional ally Britain . At first , `` the Australian leadership opted for a consistently pro-British line in diplomacy '' , while at the same time looking for opportunities to involve the US in South East Asia . Thus , the government committed military forces to the Korean War and the Malayan Emergency and hosted British nuclear tests after 1952 . Australia was also the only Commonwealth country to offer support to the British during the Suez Crisis . Menzies oversaw an effusive welcome to Queen Elizabeth II on the first visit to Australia by a reigning monarch , in 1954 . He made the following remarks during a light - hearted speech to an American audience in New York , while on his way to attend her coronation in 1953 : `` We in Australia , of course , are British , if I may say so , to the boot heels ... but we stand together -- our people stand together -- till the crack of doom . '' However , as British influence declined in South East Asia , the US alliance came to have greater significance for Australian leaders and the Australian economy . British investment in Australia remained significant until the late 1970s , but trade with Britain declined through the 1950s and 1960s . In the late 1950s the Australian Army began to re-equip using US military equipment . In 1962 , the US established a naval communications station at North West Cape , the first of several built over the next decade . Most significantly , in 1962 , Australian Army advisors were sent to help train South Vietnamese forces , in a developing conflict in which the British had no part . According to diplomat Alan Renouf , the dominant theme in Australia 's foreign policy under Australia 's Liberal -- Country Party governments of the 1950s and 1960s was anti-communism . Another former diplomat , Gregory Clark , suggested that it was specifically a fear of China that drove Australian foreign policy decisions for twenty years . The ANZUS security treaty , which had been signed in 1951 , had its origins in Australia 's and New Zealand 's fears of a rearmed Japan . Its obligations on the US , Australia and New Zealand are vague , but its influence on Australian foreign policy thinking , at times has been significant . The SEATO treaty , signed only three years later , clearly demonstrated Australia 's position as a US ally in the emerging Cold War . As Britain struggled to enter the Common Market in the 1960s , Australia saw that its historic ties with the mother country were rapidly fraying . Canberra was alarmed but kept a low profile not wanting to alienate London . Queen Elizabeth II was one of the few remaining links ; she tried to reassure all the members that the Commonwealth family was joining forces with the Europeans , and that the new links would not replace the old ties based on historical attachments , which were too sacred to break . Historian Ben Pimlott argues that she was mistaken , for joining Europe , `` constituted the most decisive step yet in the progress of severance of familial ties between Britain and its former Empire ... It reduced the remaining links to sentimental and cultural ones , and legal niceties . '' Inside Australia , the implications of British entry into Europe in 1973 : seemed shattering to most Australians , particularly to older people and conservatives . In fact the United Kingdom , as Australia 's chief trading partner , was being very rapidly replaced just at this time by the United States and an economically resurgent Japan , but most people were scarcely aware of this ... It was feared that British entry into the Common Market was bound to mean abolition , or at least scaling down , of preferential tariff arrangements for Australians goods . Vietnam war ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War Personnel and aircraft of RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam arrive in South Vietnam in August 1964 . By 1965 , Australia had increased the size of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam ( AATTV ) , and in April the Government made a sudden announcement that `` after close consultation with the United States '' , a battalion of troops was to be sent to South Vietnam . In parliament , Menzies emphasised the argument that `` our alliances made demands on us '' . The alliance involved was presumably , the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ( SEATO ) , and Australia was providing military assistance because South Vietnam , a signatory to SEATO , had apparently requested it . Documents released in 1971 indicated that the decision to commit troops was made by Australia and the US , not at the request of South Vietnam . By 1968 , there were three Australian Army battalions at any one time at the 1st Australian Task Force ( 1ATF ) base at Nui Dat in addition to the advisors of the AATTV placed throughout Vietnam , and personnel reached a peak total of almost 8,000 , comprising about one third of the Army 's combat capacity . Between 1962 and 1972 almost 60,000 personnel served in Vietnam , including ground troops , naval forces and air assets . The opposition Labor Party opposed military commitment to Vietnam and the national service required to support this level of commitment . In July 1966 , new Prime Minister Harold Holt expressed his government 's support for the US and its role in Vietnam in particular . `` I do n't know where people would choose to look for the security of this country were it not for the friendship and strength of the United States . '' While on a visit in the same year to the US , Holt assured President Lyndon B. Johnson `` ... I hope there is corner of your mind and heart which takes cheer from the fact that you have an admiring friend , a staunch friend , ( Australia ) that will be all the way with LBJ . '' The Liberal - CP Government was returned with a massive majority in elections held in December 1966 , fought over national security issues including Vietnam . Arthur Calwell , who had been leader of the Labor Party since 1960 , retired in favour of his deputy Gough Whitlam a few months later . Despite Holt 's sentiments and his government 's electoral success in 1966 , the war became unpopular in Australia , as it did in the United States . The movements to end Australia 's involvement gathered strength after the Tet Offensive of early 1968 and compulsory national service ( selected by ballot ) became increasingly unpopular . In the 1969 elections , the government hung on despite a significant decline in popularity . Moratorium marches held across Australia in mid-1970 attracted large crowds - the Melbourne march of 100,000 being led by Labor MP Jim Cairns . As the Nixon administration proceeded with Vietnamization of the war and began the withdrawal of troops , so did the Australian Government . In November 1970 1st Australian Task Force was reduced to two battalions and in November 1971 , 1ATF was withdrawn from Vietnam . The last military advisors of the AATTV were withdrawn by the Whitlam Labor Government in mid December 1972 . The Australian military presence in Vietnam had lasted 10 years , and in purely human cost , over 500 had been killed and more than 2,000 wounded . The war cost Australia $218 million between 1962 and 1972 . Modern Australia emerging 1960s ( edit ) Arts and the `` New nationalism '' ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Australia `` Australian to the bootheels '' : Prime Minister John Gorton established government support for Australian cinema . By the mid-1960s , a new nationalism was emerging . The National Trust of Australia began to be active in preserving Australia 's natural , cultural and historic heritage . Australian TV saw locally - made dramas and comedies appear , and programs such as Homicide developed strong local loyalty while Skippy the Bush Kangaroo became a global phenomenon . Liberal Prime Minister John Gorton , a battle scarred former fighter pilot who described himself as `` Australian to the bootheels '' , established the Australian Council for the Arts , the Australian Film Development Corporation and the National Film and Television Training School . The Sydney Opera House was officially opened in 1973 . The iconic Sydney Opera House opened in 1973 . In the same year , Patrick White became the first Australian to win a Nobel Prize for Literature . Australian History had begun to appear on school curricula by the 1970s . From the early 1970s , the Australian cinema began to produce the Australian New Wave of films based on uniquely Australian themes . The South Australian Film Corporation took the lead in supporting filmmaking , with successes including quintessential Australian films Sunday Too Far Away ( 1974 ) , Picnic at Hanging Rock ( 1975 ) , Breaker Morant ( 1980 ) and Gallipoli ( 1981 ) . The national funding body , the Australian Film Commission , was established in 1975 . Significant changes also occurred to Australia 's censorship laws after the new Liberal Minister for Customs and Excise , Don Chipp , was appointed in 1969 . In 1968 , Barry Humphries and Nicholas Garland 's cartoon book featuring the larrikin character Barry McKenzie was banned . Only a few years later , the book had been made as a film , partly with the support of government funding . Barry McKenzie both celebrated and parodied Australian nationalism . Historian Richard White also argues that `` while many of the plays , novels and films produced in the 1970s were intensely critical of aspects of Australian life , they were absorbed by the ' new nationalism ' and applauded for their Australianness . '' In 1973 , businessman Ken Myer commented ; `` we like to think we have a distinct style of our own . We have outgrown a lot of our inadequacies ... There was a time when an interest in the arts threw doubts on one 's masculinity . '' In 1973 , historian Geoffrey Serle , in his 1973 From Deserts the Prophets Come , argued that while Australia had finally arrived at `` mature nationhood , '' until that time that the `` most important study of Australia had been found in creative treatments '' , rather than academic study at universities and schools . Civil rights developments ( edit ) Indigenous people ( edit ) Statue of Sir Douglas Nicholls , former Governor of South Australia The 1960s was a key decade for indigenous rights . In 1962 , the Menzies Government 's Commonwealth Electoral Act provided that all Indigenous people should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections ( prior to this , indigenous people in Queensland , Western Australia and `` wards of the state '' in the Northern Territory had been excluded from voting unless they were ex-servicemen ) . In 1965 , Queensland became the last state to confer state voting rights on Aboriginal people . A 1967 Referendum called by the Holt Government saw Australians vote by a 90 per cent majority to change the Australian constitution to include all Aborigines in the national census and allow the Federal parliament to legislate on their behalf . A Council for Aboriginal Affairs was established . Indigenous Australians began to take up representation in Australian parliaments . In 1971 , the Liberal Neville Bonner was appointed to the Senate , becoming the first Aborigine in Federal Parliament . Bonner remained in the Senate until 1983 . Hyacinth Tungutalum of the Country Liberal Party in the Northern Territory and Eric Deeral of the National Party of Queensland , became the first Indigenous people elected to territory and state legislatures in 1974 . In 1976 , Sir Douglas Nicholls was appointed Governor of South Australia , becoming the first Aborigine to hold vice-regal office in Australia . No indigenous person was elected to the House of Representatives , until West Australian Liberal Ken Wyatt , in August 2010 . Various groups and individuals were active in the pursuit of indigenous rights from the 1960s . One of the earliest Aboriginal graduates from the University of Sydney , Charles Perkins , helped organise freedom rides into parts of Australia to expose discrimination and inequality . In 1966 , the Gurindji people of Wave Hill station commenced the Gurindji strike in a quest for equal pay and recognition of land rights . One of the first acts of the Whitlam Government was to establish a Royal Commission into land rights in the Northern Territory under Justice Woodward . Legislation based on its findings was passed into law by the Fraser Government in 1976 , as the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 . In 1992 , the High Court of Australia handed down its decision in the Mabo Case , holding that the legal doctrine of terra nullius did not apply when Australia was settled , and therefore Indigenous native title survived reception of English law . That same year , Prime Minister Paul Keating said in his Redfern Park Speech that European settlers were responsible for the difficulties Australian Aboriginal communities continued to face : ' We committed the murders . We took the children from their mothers . We practised discrimination and exclusion . It was our ignorance and our prejudice ' . In 1999 Parliament passed a Motion of Reconciliation drafted by Prime Minister John Howard and Aboriginal Senator Aden Ridgeway naming mistreatment of Indigenous Australians as the most `` blemished chapter in our national history '' . In 2008 , Prime Minister Kevin Rudd issued a public apology to members of the Stolen Generations on behalf of the Australian Government . Australia administered Papua New Guinea and Nauru for much of the 20th century . Papua and New Guinea adopted self - government in 1972 and on 15 September 1975 , the Territory became the independent nation of Papua New Guinea . Australia had captured the island of Nauru from the German Empire in 1914 . After Japanese occupation during World War II , it became a UN Trust Territory under Australia and remained so until achieving independence in 1968 . Women ( edit ) In 1974 , the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration granted women the full adult wage . However , resistance to women being employed in certain industries remained until well into the 1970s . Because of obstruction from elements of the Unions movement , it would take until 1975 for women to be admitted as drivers on Melbourne 's trams , and Sir Reginald Ansett refused to allow women to train as pilots as late as 1979 . Australia had led the world in bringing women 's suffrage rights during the late 19th century , and Edith Cowan was elected to the West Australian Legislative Assembly in 1921 . Dame Enid Lyons , was the first woman to hold a Cabinet post in the 1949 ministry of Robert Menzies and finally , Rosemary Follett was elected Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory in 1989 , becoming the first woman elected to lead a state or territory . By 2010 , the people of Australia 's oldest city , Sydney had female leaders occupying every major political office above them , with Clover Moore as Lord Mayor , Kristina Keneally as Premier of New South Wales , Marie Bashir as Governor of New South Wales , Julia Gillard as Prime Minister , Quentin Bryce as Governor - General of Australia and Elizabeth II as Queen of Australia . Whitlam and Fraser ( edit ) Malcolm Fraser and US President Jimmy Carter ( 1977 ) Elected in December 1972 after 23 years in opposition , Labor won office under Gough Whitlam , introducing a significant program of social change and reform and dramatically expanding the Federal budget . Within a few weeks the last military advisors in Vietnam were recalled , and national service ended . The People 's Republic of China was recognised ( Whitlam had visited China while Opposition Leader in 1971 ) and the embassy in Taiwan closed . Over the next few years , university fees were abolished and a national health care scheme established . Significant changes were made to school funding . The Whitlam government 's agenda endeared it to some Australians , but not all . Some of the state governments were openly hostile to it , and as it did not control the senate , much of its legislation was rejected or amended . The Queensland Country Party government of Joh Bjelke - Petersen had particularly bad relations with the Federal government . Even after it was re-elected at elections in May 1974 , the Senate remained an obstacle to its political agenda . At the only joint sitting of parliament , in August 1974 , six key pieces of legislation were passed . In 1974 , Whitlam selected John Kerr , a former member of the Labor Party and presiding Chief Justice of New South Wales to serve as Governor - General . The Whitlam Government was re-elected with a decreased majority in the lower house in the 1974 Election . In 1974 -- 75 the government thought about borrowing US $4 billion in foreign loans . Minister Rex Connor conducted secret discussions with a loan broker from Pakistan , and the Treasurer , Jim Cairns , misled parliament over the issue . Arguing the government was incompetent following the Loans Affair , the opposition Liberal - Country Party Coalition delayed passage of the government 's money bills in the Senate , until the government would promise a new election . Whitlam refused , Malcolm Fraser , leader of the Opposition insisted . The deadlock ended when the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor - General , John Kerr on 11 November 1975 and Fraser was installed as caretaker Prime Minister , pending an election . The `` reserve powers '' granted to the Governor - General by the Australian Constitution , had allowed an elected government to be dismissed without warning by a representative of the Monarch . At elections held in late 1975 , Malcolm Fraser and the Coalition were elected in a landslide victory . The Fraser Government won two subsequent elections . Fraser maintained some of the social reforms of the Whitlam era , while seeking increased fiscal restraint . His government included the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian , Neville Bonner , and in 1976 , Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 , which , while limited to the Northern Territory , affirmed `` inalienable '' freehold title to some traditional lands . Fraser established the multicultural broadcaster SBS , welcomed Vietnamese boat people refugees , opposed minority white rule in Apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia and opposed Soviet expansionism . A significant program of economic reform however was not pursued and , by 1983 , the Australian economy was in recession , amidst the effects of a severe drought . Fraser had promoted `` states ' rights '' and his government refused to use Commonwealth powers to stop the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania in 1982 . A Liberal minister , Don Chipp had split off from the party to form a new social liberal party , the Australian Democrats in 1977 and the Franklin Dam proposal contributed to the emergence of an influential Environmental movement in Australia , with branches including the Australian Greens , a political party which later emerged from Tasmania to pursue environmentalism as well as left - wing social and economic policies . Hawke and Keating : 1983 -- 1996 ( edit ) The new Parliament House in Canberra was opened in 1988 . Bob Hawke , a less polarising Labor leader than Whitlam , defeated Fraser at the 1983 Election . Hawke retained office until a 1991 Labor Party spill saw him replaced by Paul Keating . The new government stopped the Franklin Dam project via the High Court of Australia . Hawke , together with treasurer Paul Keating broke with the Keynesian economics that had traditionally been favoured by the Labor party . Instead they sought a more efficient economy and undertook micro-economic and industrial relations reform designed to increase efficiency and competitiveness . Kelly concludes that , `` In the 1980s both Labor and non-Labor underwent internal philosophical revolutions to support a new set of ideas -- faith in markets , deregulation , a reduced role for government , low protection and the creation of a new cooperative enterprise culture . '' The Australian Bicentenary was celebrated in 1988 along with the opening of a new Parliament House in Canberra . Hawke and Keating stressed the positive role Australia could play as an activist and independent `` middle power '' . A supporter of the US alliance , Hawke committed Australian naval forces to the Gulf War , following the 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq . After four successful elections , but amid a deteriorating Australian economy and rising unemployment , the intense rivalry between Hawke and Keating led the Labor Party to replace Hawke as leader and Paul Keating became Prime Minister in 1991 . During his time in office , Keating emphasised links to the Asia Pacific region , co-operating closely with the Indonesian President , Suharto , and campaigned to increase the role of APEC as a major forum for economic co-operation . Keating was active in indigenous affairs and the High Court of Australia 's historic Mabo decision in 1992 required a legislative response to recognition of Indigenous title to land , culminating in the Native Title Act 1993 and the Land Fund Act 1994 . In 1993 , Keating established a Republic Advisory Committee , to examine options for Australia becoming a republic . The Monarchy in Australia survived the republic debate which was brought to a head at the close of the 20th century , with the successor Howard Government holding a 1998 Constitutional Convention to discuss the change . A subsequent referendum to establish a republic failed to achieve the required dual majorities , with the No case triumphant winning with 54.87 per cent of the popular vote and 6 -- 0 in the state count . Hawke and Keating abandoned traditional Labor support for tariffs to protect industry and jobs . They moved to deregulate Australia 's financial system and ' floated ' the Australian dollar . After the initial failure of the Whitlam model and partial dismantling under Fraser , Hawke re-established a new , universal system of health insurance called Medicare . Unemployment reached 11.4 per cent in 1992 -- the highest since the Great Depression in Australia . The Liberal - National Opposition had proposed an ambitious plan of economic reform to take to the 1993 Election , including the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax . Keating shuffled treasurers , campaigned strongly against the tax , and won the 1993 Election . With foreign debt , interest rates and unemployment still high , and after a series of ministerial resignations , Keating lost the 1996 Election to the Liberals ' John Howard . Howard government : 1996 -- 2007 ( edit ) John Howard with a Liberal -- National Party coalition served as Prime Minister from 1996 until 2007 , the second - longest prime ministerial term after Menzies . One of the first programs instigated by the Howard government was a nationwide gun control scheme following a mass shooting at Port Arthur . The government also introduced industrial relations reforms in 1996 , and later in 2006 controversially introduced the WorkChoices legislation , which made it easier for small businesses to terminate employment . After the 1996 election , Howard and treasurer Peter Costello proposed a Goods and Services Tax ( GST ) which they successfully took to the electorate in 1998 . In response to the High Court 's decision in Wik Peoples v Queensland , the Howard Government introduced legislation which , among other things , introduced a registration test for claimants , gave the government management rights over recognised native title , and imposed stricter time limits on claims . In 1999 , Australia led a United Nations force into East Timor to help establish democracy and independence for that nation , following political violence . During this period Australia committed to a number of other peacekeeping and stabilisation operations : notably in Bougainville , including Operation Bel Isi ( 1998 -- 2003 ) ; as well as Operation Helpem Fren and the Australian - led Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands ( RAMSI ) in the early 2000s ; and the 2006 East Timorese crisis . Australia hosted the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney to great international acclaim . The Opening Ceremony featured a host of iconic Australian imagery and history and the flame ceremony honoured women athletes , including swimmer Dawn Fraser , with Aboriginal runner Cathy Freeman lighting the Olympic flame . In 2004 , Howard led the response to the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami , with Australia raising the most money in the least amount of time to help Australia 's neighbour , Indonesia , and other countries in the Indo - Pacific Ocean . In 2005 , following the September 11 attacks , the 2002 Bali Bombings and the Benbrika Plot , the Government introduced new counter-terrorism laws which , among other things , allowed for preventative detention and control orders , prohibited incitement of terrorist acts , and prohibited reckless provision of funding to terrorists . Australia also committed troops to the Afghanistan War ( with bi-partisan support ) and the Iraq War ( meeting with the disapproval of other political parties ) . Aboriginal dancers perform at the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in Sydney . In 2007 following the release of the `` Little Children are Sacred '' report detailing widespread abuse in Aboriginal communities , the Howard Government launched the Northern Territory Intervention to combat drugs and sexual abuse . The Howard Government expanded immigration overall , but instituted often controversial tough immigration policies and laws to discourage people arriving by boat without authorisation . These policies included the Pacific Solution , which involved detaining asylum seekers in detention centres in Naru and Papua New Guinea while their refugee status was determined , as well as a policy of turning back vessels intercepted at sea . Two significant controversies involving asylum seekers were the Children Overboard affair and the Tampa Affair . While Australia maintained traditional links to the Commonwealth and strong support for the United States alliance , trade with Asia during this period continued to increase dramatically , particularly with China . Australia enjoyed an extended period of economic growth and prosperity . The Howard Government passed several tax cuts and embarked on a program of privatisation . The money gained from the sale of various government assets and corporations , such as Telstra , were put into a Sovereign Wealth Fund and used to reduce the national debt . 21st century ( edit ) Labor government : 2007 -- 2013 ( edit ) Julia Gillard , Australia 's first female Prime Minister However , Howard was defeated in 2007 and the Labor Party 's Kevin Rudd defeated him and Rudd held the office until June 2010 , when he was replaced as the leader of the party . Rudd used his term in office to symbolically ratify the Kyoto Protocol and led an historic parliamentary apology to the Stolen Generation ( those Indigenous Australians who had been removed from their parents by the state during the early 20th century to the 1960s ) . The mandarin Chinese speaking former diplomat also pursued energetic foreign policy and initially sought to instigate a price on carbon , in the Australian economy to combat global warming but which he later reneged on . His prime ministership coincided with the initial phases of the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 , to which his government responded quickly through a large package of economic stimulus -- the management of which later proved to be controversial but effective in somewhat shielding Australia from the Great Recession but this was owed to a number of factors including the Mining Boom and Asia . The Rudd Government also finalised withdrawing troops from Iraq and focused much more on its relationship with Asia , the Government also tried to formalise an agreement to be made at the Copenhagen Climate Conference , but failed . The Government also embarked on a huge infrastructure project , which was to be fraught with trouble , the National Broadband Network ( NBN ) , this project aims to lift average Australian internet speeds to be on par with the rest of the world , however the most major policy decision was the cancellation of the Howard Government 's Pacific Solution , but as Kevin Rudd cancelled the arrangement , the number of boat arrivals swelled and the death toll rose , so in response to this , the Gillard Government created multiple different solutions , including proposing Malaysian resettlement , but eventually settling on Nauru , Manus Island and East Timor as refugee resettlement options . The Labor Party replaced Rudd with Julia Gillard in 2010 owing to Rudd 's unpopularity both among his frontbench and the public , so then Julia Gillard became the first woman prime minister in Australian history . Following the 2010 Election , Labor secured office in the first hung parliament since the 1940 election . The Gillard Government struggled on multiple policy fronts , trying to wrestle with a hung parliament . A scandal rocked the parliament : Speaker of the House Peter Slipper , who was a former Liberal Party member turned Labor ally , had sent sexually suggestive messages to a colleague . This resulted in his removal . Opposition to Gillard 's government following her misogyny speech intensified . Leadership rivalry continued and Kevin Rudd was reinstated as prime minister in a Labor leadership spill on 27 June 2013 . At the 2013 Election , the Second Rudd Government lost office and the Liberal - National Abbott Government formed . Liberal - national Coalition government : 2013 -- present ( edit ) The Abbott Government came to office on a platform of `` stopping the boats '' via Operation Sovereign Borders , increasing army presence in the Indian Ocean and resettling refugees in Cambodia or turning them back to Indonesia or even to their home countries . The government also concluded the Australia Korea Free Trade Agreement and the Japan -- Australia Economic Partnership Agreement . Abbott responded to multiple foreign policy issues , like the Downing of MH - 17 , the hosting of the G20 in Brisbane , the trial of an Australian journalist in Egypt and fighting the execution of Australian nationals convicted of drug smuggling , however leadership tensions emerged again and he was ousted by Malcolm Turnbull , who formed the Turnbull Government . Historiography ( edit ) According to Stuart McIntyre in his survey of the historiography of Australia , until the late 20th century historians of Australia used an Imperial framework , arguing that Australia emerged from a transfer of people , institutions , and culture from Britain . These historians painted a Whiggish narrative of successful growth into a modern nation , tracing the arrival of limited self - government , with regional parliaments and responsible ministers , followed by Federation in 1901 and eventually full national autonomy . According to McIntyre , that interpretation has been largely abandoned by recent scholars : The process of settlement is now regarded as a violent invasion of a rich and subtle indigenous culture , the colonists ' material practices as destructive of a fragile environment , their aesthetic response to it blinkered and prejudiced , the cultivation of some British forms timid and unresponsive . The first major history of Australia was William Charles Wentworth 's Statistical , Historical , and Political Description of the Colony of New South Wales , and Its Dependent Settlements in Van Diemen 's Land : With a Particular Enumeration of the Advantages Which These Colonies Offer for Emigration , and Their Superiority in Many Respects Over Those Possessed by the United States of America ( 1819 ) . Wentworth details the disastrous effects the penal regime . Many other historians followed his path , with the six volume History of Australia by Manning Clark ( published 1962 -- 87 ) telling the story of `` epic tragedy '' in which `` in which the explorers , Governors , improvers , and perturbators vainly endeavored to impose their received schemes of redemption on an alien , intractable setting '' . With a handful of exceptions , there was little serious history of women in Australia before the 1970s . Women 's history as an academic discipline emerged in the mid-1970s , typified by Miriam Dixson 's The Real Matilda : Woman and Identity in Australia , 1788 to the Present ( 1976 ) . The first studies were compensatory , filling in the vacuum where women had been left out . In common with developments in the United States and Britain , there was a movement toward gender studies , with a field dominated by feminists . Of recent importance are studies of the role of women on the homefront , and in military service , during world wars . See Australian women during World War I and Australian women in World War II . Other important topics include the histories of families , demography , education , and childhood . Since the 1980s a `` history war '' has been fought in Australia by scholars and politicians . They angrily debate the concept of genocide in the treatment of Aboriginal populations . They debate how `` British '' or `` multicultural '' Australia has been historically , and how it should be today . The rhetoric has escalated into national politics , often tied to the question of whether the royalty should be discarded and Australia become a republic . There have been angry statements by those adhering to the older pro-British position . Interest in the study of Australian history has plunged , and some schools and universities have sharply cut it back . See also ( edit ) Australia portal British Empire portal Timeline of Australian history Economic history of Australia Immigration history of Australia Military history of Australia Australian telegraphic history History of broadcasting # Australia Territorial evolution of Australia Australian archaeology List of towns and cities in Australia by year of foundation Women in Australia History of monarchy in Australia History of Oceania Whaling in Australia List of conflicts in Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lewis , Balderstone and Bowan ( 2006 ) p. 25 Jump up ^ `` DFAT.gov.au '' . DFAT.gov.au. 19 April 1984 . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Richard G. ; Jones , Rhys ; Spooner , Nigel A. ; Head , M.J. ; Murray , Andrew S. ; Smith , M.A. ( 1994 ) . `` The human colonisation of Australia : optical dates of 53,000 and 60,000 years bracket human arrival at Deaf Adder Gorge , Northern Territory '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 13 ( 5 -- 7 ) : 575 -- 583 . doi : 10.1016 / 0277 - 3791 ( 94 ) 90080 - 9 . Jump up ^ Peter Hiscock ( 2008 ) . Archaeology of Ancient Australia . Routledge : London . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33811 - 5 Jump up ^ John Mulvaney and Johan Kamminga ( 1999 ) . Prehistory of Australia . Allen and Unwin , Sydney . ISBN 1 - 86448 - 950 - 2 Jump up ^ L. Smith ( 1980 ) , The Aboriginal Population of Australia , Australian National University Press , Canberra . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey ( 1975 ) Triumph of the Nomads : A history of Ancient Australia . p. 92 Sun Books . ISBN 0 - 7251 - 0240 - 3 . Blainey cites 1930s research by anthropologist A.R. Radcliffe - Brown . In a footnote he calculates that more than 300 million Aborigines would have lived and died in Australia since 28,000 BC and gives a population of 300,000 in 1788 . Jump up ^ 1301.0 -- Year Book Australia , 2002 Australian Bureau of Statistics 25 January 2002 Jump up ^ also see other historians including Noel Butlin ( 1983 ) Our Original Aggression George Allen and Unwin , Sydney . ISBN 0 - 86861 - 223 - 5 Jump up ^ Ron Laidlaw `` Aboriginal Society before European settlement '' in Tim Gurry ( ed ) ( 1984 ) The European Occupation . Heinemann Educational Australia , Richmond . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 85859 - 250 - 9 Jump up ^ Scott Cane ; First Footprints -- the epic story of the first Australians ; Allen & Unwin ; 2013 ; ISBN 978 1 74331 493 7 ; pp - 25 - 26 Jump up ^ Bowler J.M. ; Johnston H. ; Olley J.M. ; Prescott J.R. ; Roberts R.G. ; Shawcross W. ; Spooner N.A. ( 2003 ) . `` New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo , Australia '' . Nature . 421 ( 6925 ) : 837 -- 40 . doi : 10.1038 / nature01383 . PMID 12594511 . Jump up ^ Bowler , J.M. 1971 . Pleistocene salinities and climatic change : Evidence from lakes and lunettes in southeastern Australia . In : Mulvaney , D.J. and Golson , J. ( eds ) , Aboriginal Man and Environment in Australia . Canberra : Australian National University Press , pp. 47 -- 65 . Jump up ^ `` The Indigenous Collection '' . The Ian Potter Centre : NGV Australia . National Gallery of Victoria . Archived from the original on 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Environment.gov.au '' . Environment.gov.au. 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Environment.gov.au '' . Environment.gov.au. 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Aboriginal heritage '' . Office of Environment and Heritage . Government of New South Wales . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indigenous art '' . Australian Culture and Recreation Portal . Australia Government . Archived from the original on 16 April 2010 . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Australia ( 1 July 2011 ) . `` Australianmuseum.net.au '' . Australianmuseum.net.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Manning Clark ; A Short History of Australia ; Penguin Books ; 2006 ; pp. 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ `` ABC.net.au '' . ABC.net.au. 10 April 2003 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Jon Altman and Diane Smith ( 1991 ) `` Aboriginal People of Northern Territory '' , p. 6 in Aboriginal Australia , produced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission ( ATSIC ) ISBN 0642158703 Jump up ^ US . `` Animals.nationalgeographic.com '' . Animals.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeff Short ; J.E. Kinnear ; Alan Robley ( 12 December 2001 ) . `` Surplus killing by introduced predators in Australia -- evidence for ineffective anti-predator adaptations in native prey species ? '' . ScienceDirect . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3207 ( 01 ) 00139 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` An Antipodean Raj '' . the Economist . January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Clark ( c. 1992 ) `` Aboriginal People of Tasmania '' , p. 3 in Aboriginal Australia , produced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission ( ATSIC ) ISBN 0 - 644 - 24277 - 9 Jump up ^ Richard Broome ( 1984 ) Arriving . p. 6 Jump up ^ Richard Broome ( 1984 ) . Arriving . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Manning Clark ; A Short History of Australia ; Penguin Books ; 2006 ; p. 9 Jump up ^ Flannery , T. ( ed . ) , 1788 Watkin Tench , The Text Publishing Co. , 1996 , ISBN 1 - 875847 - 27 - 8 Jump up ^ Edward Curr cited in Richard Broome ( 1984 ) Arriving . p. 16 , Fairfax , Syme and Weldon , Sydney . ISBN 0 - 949288 - 01 - 2 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey ( 1975 ) Triumph of the Nomads , Preface . Blainey writes , `` If an Aboriginal in the seventeenth century had been captured as a curiosity and taken in a Dutch ship to Europe , and if he had travelled all the way from Scotland to the Caucasus and had seen how the average European struggled to make a living , he might have said to himself he had now seen the third world and all its poverty and hardship . '' Jump up ^ Richard Broome ( 1991 ) `` Aboriginal People of Victoria '' , p. 7 in Aboriginal Australia , produced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission ( ATSIC ) ISBN 1 - 920750 - 00 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Central Art Store : The Lost Nomads '' . aboriginalartstore.com.au . Jump up ^ Hughes , Robert , `` The Fatal Shore '' ( 1987 ) , pp. 47 -- 48 . Alfred A. Knopf , New York . ISBN 0394506685 . Jump up ^ MacKnight , C.C. ( 1976 ). The Voyage to Marege ' : Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia . Melbourne University Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84088 - 4 Jump up ^ Regina Ganter suggests a start to the industry of 1640 . See Ganter , R. ( 2008 ) Journal of Australian Studies , Volume 32 , 4 , 2008 : `` Muslim Australians : the deep histories of contact . '' `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Retrieved on 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Wendy Lewis , Simon Balderstone and John Bowan ( 2006 ) . Events That Shaped Australia . New Holland . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74110 - 492 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Liberman , ' The Decline of the Kuwarra people of Australia 's Western Desert : A Case Study of legally secured domination , ' Ethnohistory , Vol. 27 , No. 2 ( Spring , 1980 ) , pp. 119 -- 133 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Balderstone and Bowan ( 2006 ) p. 37 Jump up ^ `` SBS.com.au '' . SBS.com.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Connor ( 2008 ) , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey ; A Very Short History of the World ; Penguin Books ; 2004 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 300559 - 9 Jump up ^ Invisible Invaders : Smallpox and Other Diseases in Aboriginal Australia 1780 -- 1880 , by Judy Campbell , Melbourne University Press , 2002 , Foreword & pp 55 , 61 , 73 -- 74 , 181 Jump up ^ Macknight , C.C. `` Macassans and the Aboriginal past '' in Archaeologia Oceania publication - date = 1986 volume = 21 pages = 69 -- 75 Jump up ^ Mear C. `` The origin of the smallpox in Sydney in 1789 '' . Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society . 94 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Bennett , MJ , `` Smallpox and Cowpox under the Southern Cross : The Smallpox Epidemic of 1789 ... '' , Bulletin of the History of Medicine , 83 ( 1 ) , Spring 2009 , pg 48 . Jump up ^ Warren C. , `` Could First Fleet smallpox infect Aborigines ? -- A note '' , Aboriginal History 31 , pp 152 -- 164 . Online : https://www.scribd.com/doc/49665744/Warren-AbHist31-2007 Jump up ^ Warren Christopher ( 2013 ) . `` Smallpox at Sydney Cove -- Who , When , Why '' . Journal of Australian Studies . 38 : 68 . doi : 10.1080 / 14443058.2013. 849750 . Jump up ^ Richard Broome ( 1984 ) Arriving . pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ `` Governor Daveys Proclamation to the Aborigines '' . Manuscripts , Oral History & Pictures . State Library of New South Wales . 2008 . Retrieved 19 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Charles Griffiths cited in Richard Broome ( 1999 ) p. 35 Jump up ^ Stanner , cited by Bain Attwood and S.G. Foster ( eds . ) ( 2003 ) Frontier Conflict ; The Australian Experience . p. 1 . National Museum of Australia , Canberra . ISBN 1 - 876944 - 11 - 0 Jump up ^ Raymond Evans and Bill Thorpe `` Indigenocide and the massacre of Aboriginal History '' , in Overland magazine , No 163 , Winter 2001 . ISBN 0 - 9577352 - 3 - 5 Jump up ^ Henry Reynolds ( 1989 ) Dispossession : Black Australians and White Invaders . p. xiii . Allen and Unwin , NSW . ISBN 1 - 86448 - 141 - 2 Jump up ^ Westgarth cited in Richard Broome and Alan Frost ( 1999 ) The Colonial Experience : The Port Phillip District 1834 -- 1850 . p. 122 . HTAV , Melbourne . ISBN 1 - 86446 - 412 - 7 Jump up ^ Chris Coulthard - Clark ( 1998 ) The Encyclopaedia of Australia 's Battles . pp. 3 -- 4 Allen and Unwin , Sydney . ISBN 1 - 86508 - 634 - 7 Jump up ^ Bruce Elder ( 1998 ) Blood on the Wattle ; Massacres and Matreatment of Aboriginal Australians since 1788 . pp. 31 -- 32 . New Holland Publishing , Sydney . ISBN 1 - 86436 - 410 - 6 Jump up ^ `` SBS.com '' . SBS.com . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UTAS.edu.au '' . UTAS.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UTAS.edu.au '' . UTAS.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gutenbert.net.au '' . Gutenberg.net.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Lyndall . `` ADB.online.anu.edu.au '' . ADB.online.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ADB.online.anu.edu.au '' . ADB.online.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Bruce Elder ( 1998 ) pp. 83 -- 94 Jump up ^ Richard Broome and Alan Frost ( 1999 ) p. 43 Jump up ^ cited in Richard Broome ( 1984 ) Arriving . p. 31 Jump up ^ Henry Reynolds ( 1989 ) Dispossession . p. 141 Jump up ^ `` Apsa2000.anu.edu.au '' . Archived from the original on 19 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Noel Pearson ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` Theaustralian.com.au '' . Theaustralian.com.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Dewar , Mickey . `` ADB.online.anu.edu.au '' . ADB.online.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tim Flannery ; The Explorers ; Text Publishing 1998 Jump up ^ `` NAA.gov.au '' . NAA.gov.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission , Bringing Them Home : Community Guide ( 1997 ) , Conclusion , at austilii.edu.au . Retrieved 11 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission , Bringing Them Home : Community Guide ( 1997 ) , Conclusion , at austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Windschuttle , K. ( 2001 ) . `` The Fabrication of Aboriginal History '' , The New Criterion Vol. 20 , No. 1 , 20 September . Jump up ^ `` A voyage of rediscovery about a voyage of rediscovery '' . The Guardian . London . 26 March 2007 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , K.G. ( 1977 ) The Secret Discovery of Australia , Portuguese ventures 200 years before Cook , Souvenir Press , Menindie ISBN 0 - 285 - 62303 - 6 Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` The Jagiellonian Globe , a Key to the Puzzle of Jave la Grande '' , The Globe : Journal of the Australian Map Circle , No. 62 , 2009 , pp. 1 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` Regio Patalis : Australia on the map in 1531 ? '' , The Portolan , Issue 82 , Winter 2011 , pp. 8 -- 17 . Jump up ^ J.P. Sigmond and L.H. Zuiderbaan ( 1979 ) Dutch Discoveries of Australia. Rigby Ltd , Australia . pp. 19 -- 30 ISBN 0 - 7270 - 0800 - 5 Jump up ^ King , Robert J. ( 2013 ) . `` Austrialia del Ispiritu Santo '' . Mapping Our World : Terra Incognita To Australia . Canberra : National Library of Australia . p. 106 . ISBN 9780642278098 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Early Knowledge of Australia '' . Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia 1901 - 1909 , No. 3 . Melbourne : Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics . 1910 . p. 13 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Australia Felix. `` '' . The Register . Adelaide : National Library of Australia . 26 January 1925 . p. 8 . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ADBonline.anu.edu.au '' . ADBonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Manning Clark ; A Short History of Australia ; Penguin Books ; 2006 ; p. 6 ^ Jump up to : `` INTERESTING HISTORICAL NOTES '' . The Mercury . Hobart , Tas. : National Library of Australia . 9 October 1923 . p. 5 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NUYTS TERCENTENARY '' . The Register . Adelaide : National Library of Australia . 24 May 1927 . p. 11 . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ * Serle , Percival ( 1949 ) . `` Tasman , Abel '' . Dictionary of Australian Biography . Sydney : Angus and Robertson . Edward Duyker ( ed . ) The Discovery of Tasmania : Journal Extracts from the Expeditions of Abel Janszoon Tasman and Marc - Joseph Marion Dufresne 1642 & 1772 , St David 's Park Publishing / Tasmanian Government Printing Office , Hobart , 1992 , p. 106 , ISBN 0 - 7246 - 2241 - 1 . Jump up ^ A floor plan of the Groote Burger - Zaal ( Great Salon of Burgesses ) in the Amsterdam Town Hall , including the engraved map of the world , was published in Jacob van Campen , Jacob Vennekool and Danckert Danckerts , Afbeelding va n't Stadt Huys van Amsterdam in dartigh coopere Plaaten ( Depiction of Amsterdam town hall on thirty copper plates ) , Amsterdam , 1661 ; Jacob van Campen , Jacob Vennekool and Danckert Danckerts , De gront en vloer vande Groote Burger - Zaal ( View of the floor of the Civic Hall ) geordineert door Jacob van Campen en geteeckent door Jacob Vennekool met Speciael Octroy van de Heeren Staten voor 15 Jaren , 1661 , reproduced in Margaret Cameron Ash , `` French Mischief : A Foxy Map of New Holland '' , The Globe , No. 68 , 2011 , pp. 1 -- 14 . Jump up ^ National Library of Australia , Maura O'Connor , Terry Birtles , Martin Woods and John Clark , Australia in Maps : Great Maps in Australia 's History from the National Library 's Collection , Canberra , National Library of Australia , 2007 , p. 32 ; this map is reproduced in Gunter Schilder , Australia Unveiled , Amsterdam , Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , 1976 , p. 402 ; and in William Eisler and Bernard Smith , Terra Australis : The Furthest Shore , Sydney , International Cultural Corporation of Australis , 1988 , pp. 67 -- 84 . Image at : home Jump up ^ Melchisedech Thévenot , Relations de divers Voyages curieux qui n ' ont point esté publiées , Paris , Thomas Moette , IV , 1664 . Jump up ^ Sir Joseph Banks , ' Draft of proposed Introduction to Captn Flinders Voyages ' , November 1811 ; State Library of New South Wales , The Papers of Sir Joseph Banks , Series 70.16 ; quoted in Robert J. King , `` Terra Australis , New Holland and New South Wales : the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia '' , The Globe ' , ' No. 47 , 1998 , pp. 35 -- 55 Jump up ^ A Complete Map of the Southern Continent survey 'd by Capt . Abel Tasman & depicted by order of the East India Company in Holland in the Stadt House at Amsterdam ; E. Bowen , Sculp. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ John Harris , Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibilotheca or A Complete Collection of Voyages and Travels , revised by John Campbell , London , 1764 , p. 332 ; cited in J.C. Beaglehole and R.A. Skelton ( eds . ) , The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery , Vol. 1 , The Voyage of the Endeavor , 1768 -- 1771 , Cambridge University Press and the Hakluyt Society , 1955 , p. lxxvi . Jump up ^ John Peter Purry , A Method for Determining the Best Climate of the Earth , London , 1744 ; and Lands of True and Certain Bounty : the Geographical Theories and Colonization Strategies of Jean Pierre Purry , edited and annotated with introductions to the texts by Arlin C. Migliazzo ; translations from the French by Pierrette C. Christianne - Lovrien and ' BioDun J. Ogundayo , Susquehanna University Press , Selinsgrove PA , 2002 . Jump up ^ Terra Australis Cognita , Edinburgh , 1766 , Vol . I , pp. 10 , 20 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Admiralty instructions cited in A.G.L. Shaw ( 1972 ) The Story of Australia . p. 32 Faber and Faber , London . ISBN 0 - 571 - 04775 - 0 Jump up ^ Andrew Cook , Introduction to An account of the discoveries made in the South Pacifick Ocean / by Alexander Dalrymple ; first printed in 1767 , reissued with a foreword by Kevin Fewster and an essay by Andrew Cook , Potts Point ( NSW ) , Hordern House Rare Books for the Australian National Maritime Museum , 1996 , pp. 38 -- 39 ; O.H.K. Spate , Paradise Found and Lost , Sydney , Australian National University Press , 1988 , pp. 100 -- 01 . Jump up ^ J.C. Beaglehole and R.A. Skelton ( eds . ) , The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery , Vol. 1 , The Voyage of the Endeavour , 1768 -- 1771 , Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society , 1955 , pp. 288 -- 91 ; J.C. Beaglehole , The Life of Captain James Cook , London , The Hakluyt Society , 1955 , pp. 273 -- 74 . Jump up ^ J.C. Beaglehole and R.A. Skelton ( eds . ) , The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery , Vol. 1 , The Voyage of the Endeavor , 1768 -- 1771 , Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society , 1955 , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Bill Gammage , `` Early Boundaries of New South Wales '' , Historical Studies , Vol. 19 , No. 77 , 1981 , pp. 524 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Ducksey C.C. Cowan and John C. Camm , Objects & History of the Voyage of Mm . Yves de Kerguelen and François Alesne de Saint Allouarn in the Australian Seas , Paris , 1934 . Walter R. Bloom , `` The role of a French ecu in the colonization of Western Australia '' , Journal of the Numismatic Association of Australia , Vol. 9 , July 1998 , pp. 34 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` Gustaf III 's Australian Colony '' , The Great Circle , Vol. 27 , No. 2 , 2005 , pp. 3 -- 20 . Also through APAFT at : search.informit.com.au/fullText ; dn = 200600250 ; res = APAFT Jump up ^ Campbell Macknight , `` A Useless Discovery ? Australia and its People in the Eyes of Others from Tasman to Cook '' , The Globe , No. 61 , 2008 , pp. 1 -- 10. ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Journals of the House of Commons , 19 Geo . III , 1779 , p. 311 ( 3 ) ; John Gascoigne , Science in the Service of Empire : Joseph Banks , the British State and the Uses of Science in the Age of Revolution , Melbourne , Cambridge University Press , 1998 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Harold B. Carter , `` Banks , Cook and the Eighteenth Century Natural History Tradition '' , in Tony Delamotte and Carl Bridge ( eds . ) , Interpreting Australia : British Perceptions of Australia since 1788 , London , Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies , 1988 , pp. 4 -- 23 . Jump up ^ James Matra , 23 August 1783 , National Archives , Kew , Colonial Office , Original Correspondence , CO 201 / 1 : 57 61 ; reproduced in Jonathan King , `` In the Beginning ... '' The Story of the Creation of Australia , From the Original Writings , Melbourne , Macmillan , 1985 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Matra to Fox , 2 April 1784 . British Library , Add . Ms 47568 ; an abridgement of this second version of Matra 's proposal was published in issues of The General Advertiser of 12 , 13 , 17 and 14 October 1786 , accessible at : www.nla.gov.au/app/eresources/item/3304 Jump up ^ Alan Atkinson , `` The first plans for governing New South Wales , 1786 -- 87 '' , Australian Historical Studies , Vol. 24 , No. 94 , April 1990 , pp. 22 -- 40 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ ' Memo. of matters to be brought before Cabinet ' , State Library of New South Wales , Dixon Library Add . MS Q522 ; Alan Atkinson , `` The first plans for governing New South Wales , 1786 -- 87 '' , Australian Historical Studies , Vol. 24 , No. 94 , April 1990 , pp. 22 -- 40 , p. 31. , dated and photoduplicated in Alan Frost , `` Historians , Handling Documents , Transgressions and Transportable Offences '' , Australian Historical Studies , Vol. 25 , No. 98 , October 1992 , pp. 192 -- 213 , pp. 208 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Whitehall Evening Post , 4 November 1784 . The news was reported in the overseas press , such as the Gazzetta Universale ( Florence ) , 30 Novembre 1784 , p. 765 ; The Pennsylvania Gazette , 26 January 1785 ; The Weekly Monitor ( Litchfield , Massachusetts ) , 1 February 1785 ; The United States Chronicle ( RI ) , 24 February 1785 ; and The Massachusetts Centinel , 2 March 1785 . Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` Norfolk Island : Phantasy and Reality , 1770 -- 1814 '' , The Great Circle , Vol. 25 , No. 2 , 2003 , pp. 20 -- 41 . Jump up ^ David Hill . ( 2008 ) 1788 ; The Brutal Truth of the First Fleet . p. 9 . William Heinemann , Australia ISBN 978 - 1 - 74166 - 797 - 4 Jump up ^ A.G.L. Shaw ( 1972 ) p. 35 Jump up ^ David Hill ( 2008 ) p. 11 Jump up ^ Sir Ernest Scott , Australia , J. Holland Rose et al , The Cambridge History of the British Empire , Volume 7 , Part 1 , Cambridge University Press , 1933 , ( reissued 2010 ) , p. 58 . This view is re-affirmed in Alison Bashford and Stewart Macintyre , The Cambridge History of Australia , Cambridge University Press , 2013 , Volume 1 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey ( 1966 ) The Tyranny of Distance ; How Distance shaped Australia 's History . Sun Books , Melbourne . Reprinted 1982 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 33836 - 7 Jump up ^ See a range of historians ' views in Ged Martin ( 1981 ) The Founding of Australia : Argument about Australia 's Origins Hale & Iremonger , Sydney . ISBN 0 - 908094 - 00 - 0 . See also David Mackay , A Place of Exile : The European Settlement of New South Wales , Melbourne , Oxford UP , 1985 ; Alan Atkinson , `` The first plans for governing New South Wales , 1786 -- 87 '' , Australian Historical Studies , Vol. 24 , No. 94 , April 1990 , pp. 22 -- 40 ; Alan Frost , `` Historians , Handling Documents , Transgressions and Transportable Offences '' , Australian Historical Studies , Vol. 25 , No. 98 , October 1992 , pp. 192 -- 213 ; David Mackay , ' `` Banished to Botany Bay '' : the fate of the relentless historian ' , Australian Historical Studies , Vol. 25 , No. 98 , October 1992 , pp. 214 -- 216 ; and Alan Frost , `` A Fit of Absence of Mind ? The decision to colonise Botany Bay , 1779 -- 1786 '' , Botany Bay Mirages : Illusions of Australia 's Convict Beginnings , Melbourne University Press , 1994 , pp. 98 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Alan Frost , Botany Bay : The Real Story , Collingwood , Black Inc , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 86395 - 512 - 6 ; Alan Frost , The First Fleet : The Real Story , Collingwood , Black Inc , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 86395 - 529 - 4 . Jump up ^ Alan Frost , Convicts & Empire : A Naval Question , 1776 -- 1811 , Melbourne , Oxford U.P. , 1980 , pp. 115 -- 116 , 129 ; Robert J. King , `` ' Ports of Shelter and refreshment ... ' Botany Bay and Norfolk Island in British Naval Strategy , 1786 -- 1808 '' , ( Australian ) Historical Studies , Vol. 72 , No. 87 , 1986 , pp. 199 -- 213 . Jump up ^ James Matra , 23 August 1783 , National Archives , Kew , Colonial Office , Original Correspondence , CO 201 / 1 , ff. 57 , 61 ; reproduced in Jonathan King , `` In the Beginning ... '' The Story of the Creation of Australia , From the Original Writings , Melbourne , Macmillan , 1985 , p. 18 . After the intention to found a colony in New South Wales was announced , almost all the English newspapers published this passage from Matra 's proposal , and from these it was widely copied in the press of other European countries and in the United States ; see The Whitehall Evening Post and The General Advertiser of 12 October 1786 ; The London Chronicle , The Daily Universal Register , The Morning Chronicle and The Morning Post , of 13 October 1786 ; The Independent Gazetteer ( PA ) , 2 January 1787 ; The Massachusetts Spy , 18 January 1787 ; The New Hampshire Spy , 16 January 1787 ; The Charleston Morning Post , 22 January 1787 . Jump up ^ These plans are discussed in Robert J. King , `` Spanish America in 18th Century British Naval Strategy and the visit of Malaspina to New South Wales in 1793 '' , in Actas del II Simposio de Historia Marítima y Naval Iberoamericano , noviembre 1993 , Viña del Mar , Universidad Marítima de Chile , 1996 , pp. 1 -- 13 ; Robert J. King , `` An Australian Perspective on the English Invasions of the Rio de la Plata in 1806 and 1807 '' , International Journal of Naval History , Vol. 8 , No. 1 , April 2009 ( 4 ) ; and in Alan Frost , `` Shaking off the Spanish Yoke : British Schemes to Revolutionise Spanish America , 1739 -- 1807 '' , Margarette Lincoln , Science and Exploration in the Pacific : European Voyages to the Southern Oceans in the Eighteenth Century , Woodbridge , Boydell & Brewer , 2001 , pp. 19 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Georg Forster , `` Neuholland und die brittische Colonie in Botany - Bay '' , Allgemeines historisches Taschenbuch , ( Berlin , December 1786 ) , English translations at web.mala.bc.ca Archived 5 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . and at australiaonthemap.org.au Archived 19 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ William Bolts to the Swedish Ambassador in Paris , Erik von Staël in December 1789 , Holden Furber , `` In the Footsteps of a German ' Nabob ' : William Bolts in the Swedish Archives '' , The Indian Archives , Vol. 12 , Nos. 1 -- 2 , January -- December 1958 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ A Complete map of the Southern Continent survey 'd by Capt . Abel Tasman & depicted by order of the East India Company in Holland in the Stadt House at Amsterdam ; E. Bowen , Sculp. ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` Terra Australis , New Holland and New South Wales : the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia '' , The Globe , No. 47 , 1998 , pp. 35 -- 55 , 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Beschrijving van den Togt Naar Botany - Baaij ... door den Kapitein Watkin Tench , Amsterdam , Martinus de Bruijn , 1789 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Alexandro Malaspina , `` Examen Politico de las Colonias Ynglesas en el Mar Pacifico '' , Museo Naval ( Madrid ) , MS 329 , ff. 57 -- 88v ; MS 318 ff. 11 -- 37v ; translated in Robert J. King , The Secret History of the Convict Colony : Alexandro Malaspina 's report on the British settlement of New South Wales , Sydney , Allen & Unwin Australia , 1990 , pp. 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ François Péron , `` Mémoire sur les Établissements Anglais à la Nouvelle Hollande , à la Terre de Diémen et sur les Archipels du Grand Océan Pacifique '' ( 1803 ) , published by Roger Martin in Revue de l'Institut Napoléon , No. 176 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Historical Records of Australia , Series I , Vol . VIII , 1916 , pp. 96 -- 118 , 623 ; and Series IV , Vol . I , 1922 , pp. 103 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Statutes at Large , 57 Geo . III , c. 53 , p. 27 ; Church Missionary Society to Bathurst ( early 1817 ) , Historical Records of New Zealand , Vol . I , pp. 417 -- 29 ; London Missionary Society to Marsden , 5 June 1817 , Mitchell Library , Marsden Papers , A1995 , Vol. 4 , p. 64 , cited in A.T. Yarwood , Samuel Marsden : The Great Survivor , Melbourne , MUP , 1977 , p. 192 ; Robert McNab , From Tasman to Marsden , Dunedin , 1914 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Alan Frost , The First Fleet : The Real Story , Melbourne , Black Inc. , 2011 . Rosalind Miles ( 2001 ) Who Cooked the Last Supper : The Women 's History of the World Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80695 - 5 google books Jump up ^ Peter Hill ( 2008 ) pp. 141 -- 50 Jump up ^ `` SL / nsw.gov.au '' . SL / nsw.gov.au. 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : B.H. Fletcher . `` ADBonline.anu.edu.au '' . ADBonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AUSTRALIAN ALMANAC '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . National Library of Australia . 15 February 1967 . p. 35 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Watkin Tench , A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay , London , Debrett , April 1789 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Kees Zandvliet , `` Golden Opportunities in Geopolitics : Cartography and the Dutch East India Company during the Lifetime of Abel Tasman '' , in William Eisler and Bernard Smith , Terra Australis : The Furthest Shore , Sydney , International Cultural Corporation of Australis , 1988 , pp. 67 -- 84 ; National Library of Australia , Maura O'Connor , Terry Birtles , Martin Woods and John Clark , Australia in Maps : Great Maps in Australia 's History from the National Library 's Collection , Canberra , National Library of Australia , 2007 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` Terra Australis , New Holland and New South Wales : the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia '' , The Globe , No. 47 , 1998 , pp. 35 -- 55 . Jump up ^ King , Robert J. `` Norfolk Island : Phantasy and Reality , 1770 -- 1814 . '' The Great Circle , Vol. 25 , No. 2 , 2003 , pp. 20 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Historical Records of Australia , Series III , Vol . V , 1922 , pp. 743 -- 47 , 770 . Jump up ^ Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia , in Brian Dickey and Peter Howell , South Australia 's Foundation : Select Documents , Adelaide , Wakefield Press Netley , 1986 , p. 75 Jump up ^ South Australian Association , South Australia : Outline of the Plan of a Proposed Colony to be Founded on the South Coast of Australia , London , Ridgway , 1834 , p. 6 ; Henry Capper and William Light , South Australia : Extracts from the Official Dispatches of Colonel Light , ... letters of settlers ... ( and ) the proceedings of the South Australian Company , London , H. Capper , 1837 , p. 21 ; Peter Howell , `` The Passing of South Australia 's Foundation Bill , 1834 '' , Flinders Journal of History and Politics , Vol. 11 , 1985 , pp. 25 -- 41 , p. 35 ; Peter Howell , `` The South Australia Act , 1834 '' , in Dean Jaensch ( ed . ) , The Flinders history of South Australia : Political history , Netley , Wakefield Press , 1986 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) p. 258 Jump up ^ See Lloyd Robson ( 1976 ) The Convict Settlers of Australia . Melbourne University Press , Melbourne ISBN 0 - 522 - 83994 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Catholicaustralia.com.au '' . Catholicaustralia.com.au . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ K.J. Cable . `` ADBonline.anu.edu.au '' . ADBonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ A.T. Yarwood . `` ADBonline.anu.edu.au '' . ADBonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ A.G.L. Shaw . `` ADB.online.anu.edu.au '' . ADB.online.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Balderstone and Bowan ( 2006 ) p. 42 Jump up ^ N.D. McLachlan . `` ADB.online.anu.edu.au '' . ADB.online.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillip cited in Trina Jeremiah ; `` Immigrants and Society '' in T. Gurry ( 1984 ) pp. 121 -- 22 Jump up ^ In 1850 the cost of steerage passage to the United States or Canada was about £ 5 , compared to £ 40 for the voyage to Australia . See Trina Jeremiah in T. Gurry ( 1984 ) p. 126 Jump up ^ B.H. Fletcher . `` Biography -- Arthur Phillip -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Marjorie . `` Biography -- Elizabeth Henrietta Macquarie -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Conway , Jill . `` Biography -- Elizabeth Macarthur -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Archived 1 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` St Vincent 's Hospital , history and tradition , sesquicentenary -- sth.stvincents.com.au '' . Stvincents.com.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Iltis , Judith . `` Biography -- Caroline Chisholm -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sisters of The Good Samaritans '' . Goodsams.org.au . Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brothers in Australia '' . Cfc.edu.au . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Institute of the Sisters of Mercy of Australia -- Who We Are '' . Mercy.org.au . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ Thorpe , Osmund . `` Biography -- Mary Helen MacKillop -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ In Australian history , the term means a person who had `` squatted '' on `` unoccupied land '' for pastoral or other purposes Jump up ^ W.P. Driscoll and E.S. Elphick ( 1982 ) Birth of A Nation p. 147 . Rigby , Australia . ISBN 0 - 85179 - 697 - 4 Jump up ^ W.P. Driscoll and E.S. Elphick ( 1982 ) . p. 148 Jump up ^ `` Governor Bourke 's Proclamation of Terra Nullius c. 1835 , NSW Migration Heritage Centre website '' . migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Grey , Jeffrey ( 2008 ) . A Military History of Australia ( Third ed . ) . Port Melbourne : Cambridge University Press . pp. 28 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69791 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foundingdocs.gov.au '' . Foundingdocs.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Foundingdocs.gov.au '' . Foundingdocs.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Foundingdocs.gov.au '' . Foundingdocs.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Foundingdocs.gov.au '' . Foundingdocs.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament.sa.gov.au '' . Parliament.sa.gov.au. 21 September 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament.sa.gov.au '' . Parliament.sa.gov.au. 21 August 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Macrae , Keith . `` Biography -- George Bass -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Conway , Jill . `` Biography -- Gregory Blaxland -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Hume , Stuart H. ( 17 August 1960 ) . `` Biography -- Hamilton Hume -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ H.J. Gibbney . `` Biography -- Charles Sturt -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ D.W.A. Baker . `` Biography -- Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Heney , Helen . `` Biography -- Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Balderstone and Bowan ( 2006 ) p. 47 Jump up ^ Frances Hale ( 1983 ) Wealth beneath the Soil . pp. 3 -- 5 . Thomas Nelson . Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 17 - 006049 - 7 Jump up ^ Richard Broome ( 1984 ) Arriving . p. 69 Jump up ^ C.M.H. Clark ( 1971 ) Select Documents in Australian History 1851 -- 1900 ( Vol. 2 ) pp. 664 -- 65 . Angus and Robertson , Sydney . ISBN 0 - 207 - 13426 - X Jump up ^ Bob O'Brien ( 1992 ) Massacre at Eureka , the Untold Story . pp. 94 -- 98 . Australian Scholarly Publishing , Melbourne . ISBN 1 - 875606 - 04 - 1 Jump up ^ Lewis , Balderstone and Bowan ( 2006 ) p. 52 Jump up ^ Frances Hale ( 1983 ) Wealth beneath the soil . p. 77 Jump up ^ Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) , The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Australian History . p. 87 . Oxford University Press , Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554422 - 6 Jump up ^ Mark Twain ( 1897 ) Following the Equator . Reprinted as Mark Twain in Australia and New Zealand ( 1973 ) by Penguin books , Australia . p. 233 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 070034 - X Jump up ^ `` 7.30 Report -- 14 December 1999 : The Eureka rebellion '' . Australia : ABC . 14 December 1999 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/australia/vic/ballarat/200409/s1196347.htm Jump up ^ `` White Australia policy National Museum of Australia '' . www.nma.gov.au . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ W.P. Driscoll and E.S. Elphick ( 1982 ) p. 189 Jump up ^ W.P. Driscoll and E.S. Elphick ( 1982 ) pp. 189 -- 96 . Gold production in unadjusted figures . Jump up ^ Cervero , Robert B. ( 1998 ) . The Transit Metropolis : A Global Inquiry . Chicago : Island Press . p. 320 . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 591 - 6 . Jump up ^ C.M.H. Clark ( 1971 ) p. 666 Jump up ^ Leigh Astbury ( 1985 ) City Bushmen ; the Heidelberg School and the Rural Mythology . p. 2 Oxford University Press , Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554501 - X Jump up ^ `` AUSTRALIAN BUSH RANGERS '' . Stand and Deliver , Highwaymen & Highway Robbery . Archived from the original on 18 August 2007 . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` BUSHRANGERS OF AUSTRALIA '' ( PDF ) . National Museum of Australia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Old Windsor Road and Windsor Road Heritage Precincts '' . Heritage and conservation register . New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Moadoph.gov.au '' . Moadoph.gov.au . Archived from the original on 29 September 2009 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Suttor , T.L. `` Plunkett , John Hubert ( 1802 -- 1869 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` AEC.gov.au '' . AEC.gov.au. 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AEC.gov.au '' . AEC.gov.au. 26 November 2007 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Davey , Melissa ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Henrietta Augusta Dugdale : Australian suffragist honoured by Google '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` AEC.gov.au '' . AEC.gov.au. 25 October 2007 . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Foundingdocs.gov.au '' . Foundingdocs.gov.au . Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AEC.gov.au '' . AEC.gov.au. 22 December 2010 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ D.M. Gibb ( 1982 ) National Identity and Consciousness . p. 33 . Thomas Nelson , Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 17 - 006053 - 5 Jump up ^ D.M. Gibb ( 1982 ) p. 3 Jump up ^ Vance Palmer ( 1954 ) The Legend of the Nineties . p. 54 . Reprinted by Currey O'Neil Ross , Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 85902 - 145 - 9 Jump up ^ Bernard Smith ( 1971 ) Australian Painting 1788 -- 1970 . p. 82 . Oxford University Press , Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 19 - 550372 - 4 Jump up ^ Alan McCulloch , Golden Age of Australian Painting : Impressionism and the Heidelberg School Jump up ^ Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) p. 267 Jump up ^ `` Cultureandrecreation.gov.au '' . Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. 1 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Leigh Astbury ( 1985 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ Davidson , Jim . `` ADB.online.anu.edu.au '' . ADB.online.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ D.M. Gibb ( 1982 ) p. 79 Jump up ^ Cluff , Caleb ( 5 February 2007 ) . `` Great Rural Speeches -- Sir Henry Parkes. 5 February 2007 . Rural Online . ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) '' . Abc.net.au . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Henry Parkes cited in D.M. Gibb ( 1982 ) pp. 32 -- 33 ^ Jump up to : Michael Meek ; LBC Nutshell : The Australian Legal System ; 3rd Edition ; 1999 . Jump up ^ R. Willis , et al ( 1982 ) Issues in Australian History . p. 160 . Longman Cheshire . ISBN 0 - 582 - 66327 - X ^ Jump up to : R. Norris . `` ADBonline.anu.edu.au '' . ADBonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ however it was not until the 1960s that this occurred Jump up ^ Frank Crowley ( 1973 ) Modern Australia in Documents ; 1901 -- 1939 . Volume 1 . p. 1 . Wren Publishing , Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 85885 - 032 - X Jump up ^ Stuart MacIntyre ( 1986 ) p. 86 . Jump up ^ Ross McMullin , The Light on the Hill : The Australian Labor Party 1891 -- 1991 Jump up ^ Senator George Brandis ( 26 October 2009 ) . `` Theaustralian.com.au '' . Theaustralian.com.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Aitkin , ( 1972 ) ; Graham , ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Alan Fenna , `` Putting the ' Australian Settlement ' in Perspective '' , Labour History 102 ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Frank Crowley ( 1973 ) p. 13 Jump up ^ Stuart MacIntyre ( 1986 ) The Oxford History of Australia , Volume 4 1901 -- 1942 Oxford University Press , Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554612 - 1 Jump up ^ Bruce Smith ( Free Trade Party ) Parliamentary Debates cited in D.M. Gibb ( 1973 ) The Making of White Australia . p. 113 . Victorian Historical Association . ISBN Jump up ^ Donald Cameron ( Free Trade Party ) Parliamentary Debates , cited in D.M. Gibb ( 1973 ) p. 112 Jump up ^ A.E. Cahill ( 16 August 1911 ) . `` ADB.online.anu.edu '' . Adb.online.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Stuart MacIntyre ( 1986 ) The Oxford History of Australia , Vol. 4 1901 -- 1942 p. 310 . Oxford University Press , Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554612 - 1 Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Carolyn ( 2000 ) . `` Kisch , Egon Erwin ( 1885 -- 1948 ) '' . ADB.online.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Frank Crowley ( 1973 ) p. 22 Jump up ^ Bill Gammage `` The Crucible : The establishment of the Anzac tradition 1899 -- 1918 '' in M. McKernan and M. Browne ( eds . ) ( 1988 ) Australia : Two Centuries of War and Peace . p. 157 Australian War Memorial and Allen and Unwin Australia . ISBN 0 - 642 - 99502 - 8 Jump up ^ Bill Gammage ( 1988 ) p. 157 Jump up ^ Humphrey McQueen ( 1986 ) Social Sketches of Australia 1888 -- 1975 p. 42 . Penguin Books , Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 14 - 004435 - 3 Jump up ^ Stuart Macintyre ( 1986 ) p. 198 Jump up ^ Stuart Macintyre ( 1986 ) p. 199 Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea '' . State.gov. 8 October 2010 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Bart Ziino , `` The First World War in Australian History . '' Australian Historical Studies 47 # 1 ( 2016 ) : 118 -- 134 . ^ Jump up to : Frank Crowley ( 1973 ) p. 214 ^ Jump up to : Australian War Memorial http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/ww1.asp Jump up ^ `` Australian Bureau of Statistics '' . Abs.gov.au . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Lloyd Robson ( 1980 ) Australia in the Nineteen Twenties . p. 6 . Thomas Nelson Australia . ISBN 0 - 17 - 005902 - 2 Jump up ^ Bill Gammage `` The Crucible : `` The establishment of the Anzac tradition 1899 -- 1918 '' in M. McKernan and M. Browne ( eds . ) ( 1988 ) p. 159 Jump up ^ Australian War Memorial http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/gallipoli/ Jump up ^ `` AWM.gov.au '' . AWM.gov.au. 31 October 1917 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Bill Gammage ( 1974 ) The Broken Years . pp. 158 -- 162 Penguin Australia ISBN 0 - 14 - 003383 - 1 Jump up ^ Serle , Geoffrey . `` ADBonline.anu.edu.au '' . ADBonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` WW1westernfront.gov.au '' . WW1westernfront.gov.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Francis G. Clarke , The history of Australia ( 2002 ) p. 106 Jump up ^ Liz Reed , Bigger Than Gallipoli : War , History and Memory in Australia ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Bill Gammage `` The Crucible : `` The establishment of the Anzac tradition 1899 -- 1918 '' in M. McKernan and M. Browne ( eds . ) ( 1988 ) p. 166 Jump up ^ L.F. Fitzhardinge . `` ADBonline.anu.edu.au '' . ADBonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ David Lowe , `` Australia in the World '' , in Joan Beaumont ( ed . ) , Australia 's War , 1914 -- 18 , Allen & Unwin , 1995 , p. 132 ^ Jump up to : Lowe , `` Australia in the World '' , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Saturday , 22 August 2009 Michael Duffy ( 22 August 2009 ) . `` Primary Documents -- Treaty of Versailles : Articles 1 -- 30 and Annex '' . First World War.com . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) p. 236 Jump up ^ Murray , Robert . `` ADBonline.anu.edu.au '' . ADBonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Britannica.com '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Rae Wear , `` Countrymindedness Revisited '' , ( Australian Political Science Association , 1990 ) online edition Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lloyd Robson ( 1980 ) p. 18 Jump up ^ Lloyd Robson ( 1980 ) p. 45 Jump up ^ Lloyd Robson ( 1980 ) p. 48 Jump up ^ Also see for example -- Eric Reade ( 1979 ) History and Heartburn ; The Saga of Australian Film 1896 -- 1978 . Harper and Row , Sydney . ISBN 0 - 06 - 312033 - X Jump up ^ The Argus , 9 April 1925 , cited in Lloyd Robson ( 1980 ) p. 76 Jump up ^ Stuart MacIntyre ( 1986 ) pp. 200 -- 201 Jump up ^ Josie Castle `` The 1920s '' in R. Willis , et al ( eds . ) ( 1982 ) , p. 285 Jump up ^ Josie Castle `` The 1920s '' in R. Willis , et al ( eds . ) ( 1982 ) , p. 253 Jump up ^ Stuart MacIntyre ( 1986 ) p. 204 Jump up ^ Josie Castle `` The 1920s '' in R. Willis , et al ( eds . ) ( 1982 ) , p. 273 Jump up ^ Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) p. 213 Jump up ^ Bucknall , Graeme . `` ADBonline.anu.edu.au '' . ADBonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Howard , Frederick . `` ADBonline.anu.edu.au '' . ADBonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Cited in Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) p. 271 . It has also been argued that the signing of the Treaty of Versailles by Australia shows defacto recognition of sovereign nation status . See Sir Geoffrey Butler KBE , MA and Fellow , Librarian and Lecturer in International Law and Diplomacy of Corpus Christi College , Cambridge author of `` A Handbook to the League of Nations . Jump up ^ Frank Crowley ( 1973 ) p. 417 Jump up ^ L.F. Giblin ( 28 April 1930 ) . `` Australia , 1930 : An inaugural lecture '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Geoff Spenceley ( 1981 ) The Depression Decade . p. 14 , Thomas Nelson , Australia . ISBN 0 - 17 - 006048 - 9 Jump up ^ Geoff Spenceley ( 1981 ) pp. 15 -- 17 Jump up ^ Australian Finance , London , 1926 , cited in Geoff Spenceley ( 1981 ) p. 14 Jump up ^ Henry Pook ( 1993 ) Windows on our Past ; Constructing Australian History . p. 195 Oxford University Press , Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 19 - 553544 - 8 Jump up ^ Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) pp. 118 -- 19 Jump up ^ John Close `` The Depression Decade '' in R. Willis , et al ( eds . ) ( 1982 ) , p. 318 Jump up ^ Nairn , Bede . `` ADBonline.anu.edu.au '' . ADBonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ See for example John Close `` The Depression Decade '' in R. Willis , et al ( eds . ) ( 1982 ) , p. 318 Jump up ^ Stuart MacIntyre ( 1986 ) p. 287 Jump up ^ Anne Henderson ; Joseph Lyons : The People 's Prime Minister ; NewSouth ; 2011 . Jump up ^ Wendy Lowenstein ( 1978 ) Weevils in the Flour : an oral record of the 1930s depression in Australia . p. 14 , Scribe Publications , Fitzroy . ISBN 0 - 908011 - 06 - 7 Jump up ^ David Potts . `` A Reassessment of the extent of Unemployment in Australia during the Great Depression '' in Australian Historical Studies . Vol. 24 , No. 7 , p. 378 . Also see David Potts ( 2006 ) `` The Myth of the Great Depression . '' Scribe Press , Carlton North . ISBN 1 - 920769 - 84 - 6 Jump up ^ David Potts p. 395 Jump up ^ Spearritt cited in Henry Pook ( 1993 ) pp. 211 -- 12 . See Also Drew Cottle ( 1979 ) `` The Sydney Rich and the Great Depression '' in Bowyang magazine , September 1979 Jump up ^ Geoff Spenceley ( 1981 ) p. 46 Jump up ^ Geoff Spenceley ( 1981 ) p. 52 Jump up ^ `` Cultureandrecreation.gov.au '' . Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. 7 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Museum Victoria . `` Museumvictoria.com.au '' . Museumvictoria.com.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Museum Victoria . `` Museumvictoria.com.au '' . Museumvictoria.com.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Museum Victoria ( 6 April 1932 ) . `` Museumvictoria.com.au '' . Museumvictoria.com.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ John Robertson ( 1984 ) Australia goes to War , 1939 -- 1945 . p. 12 . Doubleday , Sydney . ISBN 0 - 86824 - 155 - 5 Jump up ^ Department of Defence ( Navy ) ( 1976 ) An Outline of Australian Naval History . p. 33 Australian Government Publishing Service , Canberra . ISBN 0 - 642 - 02255 - 0 ^ Jump up to : `` Primeministers.naa.gov.au '' . Primeministers.naa.gov.au . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Gavin Long ( 1952 ) To Benghazi . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Vol. 1 . Series One ; Army . pp. 22 -- 23 . Australian War Memorial , Canberra . Jump up ^ John Robertson ( 1984 ) p. 12 Jump up ^ John Robertson `` The Distant War : Australia and Imperial defence 1919 -- 1914 . '' In M. McKernan and M. Browne ( 1988 ) p. 225 Jump up ^ John Robertson ( 1984 ) p. 17 Jump up ^ Gavin Long ( 1952 ) p. 26 Jump up ^ John Robertson ( 1984 ) p. 20 . Thus Australian battalions of World War II carried the prefix 2 / to distinguish them from battalions of World War I Jump up ^ Frank Crowley ( 1973 ) Modern Australia in Documents 1939 -- 1970 . p. 1 . Wren Publishing , Melbourne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 005300 - 6 Jump up ^ John Robertson ( 1984 ) pp. 9 -- 11 Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia Australian War Memorial '' . Awm.gov.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Primeministers.naa.gov.au '' . Primeministers.naa.gov.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Cited in Frank Crowley ( 1973 ) Vol 2 , p. 51 Jump up ^ `` Midget Submarines history at '' . Home.st.net.au . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia Australian War Memorial '' . Awm.gov.au. 23 October 1942 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wartime Issue 23 -- New Guinea Offensive Australian War Memorial '' . Awm.gov.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ The sinking of the Centaur Australian War Memorial Jump up ^ Centaur ( Hospital ship ) Australian War Memorial Jump up ^ `` Stolen Years : Australian prisoners of war Australian War Memorial '' . Awm.gov.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stolen Years : Australian prisoners of war Australian War Memorial '' . Awm.gov.au. 20 May 1945 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) pp. 228 -- 29 . Also see Gavin Long ( 1963 ) The Final Campaigns , Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 , Series 1 , Volume 7 , pp. 622 -- 37 . Australian War Memorial , Canberra . Jump up ^ Home front : Second World War Australian War Memorial Jump up ^ Australia under attack Australian War Memorial Jump up ^ Bolton cited in John Close `` Australians in Wartime '' in Ray Willis et al ( eds . ) ( 1982 ) p. 209 Jump up ^ John Robertson ( 1984 ) p. 198 . Jump up ^ Gavin Long ( 1973 ) The Six Years War p. 474 . Australian War Memorial , Canberra . ISBN 0 - 642 - 99375 - 0 ^ Jump up to : John Robertson ( 1984 ) p. 195 Jump up ^ John Robertson ( 1984 ) pp. 202 -- 03 Jump up ^ Frank Crowley ( 1973 ) Vol 2 , p. 55 Jump up ^ John Close `` Australians in Wartime '' in Ray Willis et al ( eds . ) ( 1982 ) p. 210 Jump up ^ John Robertson ( 1984 ) pp. 189 -- 90 Jump up ^ John Close `` Australians in Wartime '' in Ray Willis et al ( eds . ) ( 1982 ) p. 211 Jump up ^ Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) p. 18 Jump up ^ `` AWM.gov.au '' . AWM.gov.au . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ See Menzies in Frank Crowley ( 1973 ) Modern Australia in Documents , 1939 -- 1970 . pp. 222 -- 26 . Wren Publishing , Melbourne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 005300 - 6 Jump up ^ Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) pp. 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ Biography -- Herbert Vere ( Bert ) Evatt Australian Dictionary of Biography Jump up ^ Laing , Dave ( 20 September 2003 ) . `` Slim Dusty '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 2005 ) . Australian Chart Book 1940 -- 1970 . Turramurra , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 44439 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Long Way to the Top '' . ABC . Retrieved 28 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` + updated + '' ( 30 April 2010 ) . `` ABC.net.au '' . ABC.net.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ House of Representatives Hansard , 2 August 1945 , pp. 4911 -- 15 . Arthur Calwell -- White Paper on Immigration . john.curtin.edu.au Jump up ^ Michal Dugan and Josef Swarc ( 1984 ) There Goes the Neighbourhood ! Australia 's Migrant Experience . p. 138 Macmillan , South Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 333 - 35712 - 4 Jump up ^ cited in Michael Dugan and Josef Swarc ( 1984 ) p. 139 Jump up ^ `` The Snowy Mountains Scheme '' . Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. 20 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 30 August 2007 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) pp. 138 -- 39 Jump up ^ Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) p. 273 Jump up ^ Frank Crowley ( 1973 ) p. 358 ^ Jump up to : Susan Hosking ; et al. , eds. ( 2009 ) . Something Rich and Strange : Sea Changes , Beaches and the Littoral in the Antipodes . Wakefield Press . pp. 6 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86254 - 870 - 1 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Brian Hodge ; Allen Whitehurst ( 1967 ) . Nation and People : An Introduction to Australia in a Changing World . Hicks , Smith . pp. 184 -- . Jump up ^ Lynn Kerr and Ken Webb ( 1989 ) Australia and the World in the Twentieth Century . pp. 123 -- 24 McGraw Hill Australia . ISBN 0 - 07 - 452615 - 4 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bolton ( 1990 ) The Oxford History of Australia , Volume 5 , 1942 -- 1988 , p. 99 Oxford University Press , Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554613 - X Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bolton ( 1990 ) p. 99 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bolton ( 1990 ) p. 92 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bolton ( 1990 ) p. 97 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bolton ( 1990 ) p. 122 Jump up ^ The New Rulers of the World by John Pilger Jump up ^ Robert Crawford ; Kim Humphery ( 9 June 2010 ) . Consumer Australia : Historical Perspectives . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . pp. 174 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 2305 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jim Kemeny ( 1 January 1981 ) . The Myth of Home - ownership : Private Versus Public Choices in Housing Tenure . Routledge & Kegan Paul . pp. 50 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7100 - 0634 - 9 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bolton ( 1990 ) p. 123 Jump up ^ `` Cultureandrecreation.gov.au '' . Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. 7 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Cited in Geoffrey Bolton ( 1990 ) p. 124 Jump up ^ Peter Cuffley ( 1993 ) Australian Houses of the Forties and Fifties . p. 26 . The Five Mile Press , Victoria . ISBN 0 - 86788 - 578 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Australian Television : the first 24 years '' . Melbourne : Nelsen / Cinema Papers. 1980 : 3 . Jump up ^ Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa ( 1976 ) Australian American Relations Since 1945 , pp. 35 -- 49 . Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Sydney . ISBN 0 - 03 - 900122 - 9 Jump up ^ Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa ( 1976 ) p. 35 Jump up ^ See Adrian Tame and F.P.J. Robotham ( 1982 ) Maralinga ; British A-Bomb , Australian legacy , p. 179 , Fontana Books , Melbourne , ISBN 0 - 00 - 636391 - 1 Jump up ^ E.M. Andrews ( 1979 ) A History of Australian Foreign Policy , p. 144 , Longman Cheshire , Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 582 - 68253 - 3 Jump up ^ cited in Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa ( 1976 ) pp. 36 -- 38 Jump up ^ Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa ( 1976 ) p. 63 Jump up ^ Also see Desmond Ball ( 1980 ) A suitable piece of real estate ; American Installations in Australia . Hale and Iremonger . Sydney . ISBN 0 - 908094 - 47 - 7 Jump up ^ Alan Renouf ( 1979 ) The Frightened Country . pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ See Gregory Clark ( 1967 ) In fear of China . Lansdowne Press . Jump up ^ See discussion on the role of ANZUS in Australia 's commitment to the Vietnam War in Paul Ham ( 2007 ) Vietnam ; The Australian War . pp. 86 -- 87 Harper Collins Publishers , Sydney . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 8237 - 0 Jump up ^ Andrea Benvenuti , `` ' Layin ' Low and Sayin ' Nuffin ' : Australia 's Policy towards Britain 's Second Bid to Join the European Economic Community ( 1966 -- 67 ) '' Australian Economic History Review 46 # 2 ( 2006 ) : 155 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Ben Pimlott ( 1998 ) . The Queen : A Biography of Elizabeth II . p. 416 . ISBN 9780471283300 . Jump up ^ Russell Ward , A Nation for a Continent : the history of Australia , 1901 -- 1975 ( 1977 ) p 343 Jump up ^ E.M. Andrews ( 1979 ) p. 160 Jump up ^ Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa ( 1976 ) p. 74 Jump up ^ See discussion in E.M. Andrews ( 1979 ) pp. 172 -- 73 ^ Jump up to : Ashley Elkins , Australian War Memorial : Overview of Australian military involvement in the Vietnam War , 1962 -- 1975 . AWM.gov.au Jump up ^ Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa ( 1976 ) p. 79 Jump up ^ Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) p. 265 Jump up ^ `` Primeministers.naa.gov.au '' . Primeministers.naa.gov.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bolton ( 1990 ) pp. 229 -- 30 Jump up ^ Richard White ( 1981 ) Inventing Australia ; Images and Identity , 1688 -- 1980 . p. 169 George Allen and Unwin , Sydney . ISBN 0 - 86861 - 035 - 6 Jump up ^ Anne Pender ( March 2005 ) The Australian Journal of Politics and History . The Mythical Australian : Barry Humphries , Gough Whitlam and new nationalism '' findarticles.com Jump up ^ Richard White ( 1981 ) p. 170 Jump up ^ Robert Drewe . `` Larrikins in the Ascendant . '' The Australian . 12 April 1973 cited in Stephen Almoes and Catherine Jones ( 1991 ) Australian Nationalism p. 355 . Angus and Robertson Sydney . ISBN 0 - 207 - 16364 - 2 Jump up ^ Richard White ( 1981 ) pp. 170 -- 71 Jump up ^ Serle cited in Stephen Almoes and Catherine Jones ( 1991 ) p . 401 Jump up ^ `` AEC.gov.au '' . AEC.gov.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bolton ( 1990 ) p. 190 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bolton ( 1990 ) pp. 190 -- 94 . The vote represented a record in terms of support for constitutional change . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bolton ( 1990 ) pp. 190 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bolton ( 1990 ) pp. 193 , 195 Jump up ^ Gough Whitlam ( 1985 ) The Whitlam Government . pp. 467 -- 68 . Viking Books , Melbourne . ISBN 0 - 670 - 80287 - 5 Jump up ^ `` The History of Apologies Down Under ( Thinking Faith -- the online journal of the British Jesuits ) '' . Thinkingfaith.org . Archived from the original on 2 December 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Peacock made ' bird of paradise ' chief '' . News.ninemsn.com.au . Archived from the original on 4 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In office -- Gough Whitlam -- Australia 's PMs -- Australia 's Prime Ministers '' . Primeministers.naa.gov.au . Archived from the original on 19 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nauru '' . State.gov. 26 January 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bolton ( 1990 ) p. 229 Jump up ^ `` AEC.gov.au '' . AEC.gov.au. 4 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bolton ( 1990 ) pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Jan Bassett ( 1986 ) pp. 273 -- 74 Jump up ^ Gough Whitlam ( 1985 ) p. 315 Jump up ^ `` Primeministers.naa.gov.au '' . Primeministers.naa.gov.au . Archived from the original on 19 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ There are numerous books on the Whitlam dismissal . For example , see Paul Kelly 's November 1975 : The Inside Story of Australia 's Greatest Political Crisis . St Leonards , NSW : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86373 - 987 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Primeministers.naa.gov.au '' . Primeministers.naa.gov.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ABC.net.au '' . ABC.net.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Tim Battin , `` A Break from the Past : The Labor Party and the Political Economy of Keynesian Social Democracy '' , Australian Journal of Political Science , July 1993 , Vol. 28 Issue 2 , pp. 221 -- 41 Jump up ^ Paul Kelly , The end of certainty : The story of the 1980s ( 1992 ) p. 660 Jump up ^ Carl Ungerer , `` The ' Middle Power ' Concept in Australian Foreign Policy '' , Australian Journal of Politics & History , December 2007 , Vol. 53 Issue 4 , pp. 538 -- 551 ^ Jump up to : `` Primeministers.naa.gov.au '' . Primeministers.naa.gov.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primeministers.naa.gov.au '' . Primeministers.naa.gov.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ George Megalogenis , The Longest Decade ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Primeministers.naa.gov.au '' . Primeministers.naa.gov.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official History of Peacekeeping , Humanitarian and Post -- Cold War Operations Australian War Memorial '' . Awm.gov.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ParlInfo -- John Howard 's multicultural paradox '' . parlinfo.aph.gov.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Treasury , c = AU ; o = Commonwealth of Australia ; ou = The . `` Australia - China : Not just 40 years '' . www.treasury.gov.au . Archived from the original on 25 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Garnett and Lewis ( 2008 ) , p. 135 Jump up ^ `` Primeministers.naa.gov.au '' . Primeministers.naa.gov.au . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Voters leave Australia hanging '' ABC News , 21 August 2010 Jump up ^ `` Stephen Smith resigns and Kevin Rudd has no change to election date yet -- News.com.au '' . Jump up ^ About the Korea - Australia FTA ; DFAT . Jump up ^ About the Japan - Australia Economic Partnership Agreement ; DFAT Jump up ^ Stuart McIntyre , `` Australia and the Empire , '' in Robin Winks , ed. , The Oxford History of the British Empire : Historiography ( 1999 ) 5 : 163 -- 81 Jump up ^ McIntyre , online p 164 Jump up ^ online Jump up ^ McIntyre in Robin Winks , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume V : Historiography . Oxford UP . p. 175 . ISBN 9780191542411 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Joanne Scott , `` Women 's History : Australia and New Zealand '' in Kelly Boyd , ed. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing , vol 2 . Taylor & Francis . pp. 1315 -- 16 . ISBN 9781884964336 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Karen Offen , Ruth Roach Pierson , and Jane Rendall , eds . Writing Women 's History : international Perspectives ( 1991 ) . covers 17 countries Including Australia . Jump up ^ Marilyn Lake , `` Women 's and Gender History in Australia : A Transformative Practice . '' Journal of Women 's History 25 # 4 ( 2013 ) : 190 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Patsy Adam - Smith , Australian Women At War ( Penguin , Melbourne , 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Kerreen M. Reiger , The disenchantment of the home : modernizing the Australian family , 1880 -- 1940 ( Oxford UP , 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Margaret Anderson and Alison Mackinnon . `` Women 's agency in Australia 's first fertility transition : a debate revisited . '' History of the Family 20 # 1 ( 2015 ) : 9 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Kate Darian - Smith , and Nikki Henningham , `` Site , school , community : Educating modern girls at the JH Boyd Domestic College , South Melbourne , 1930s -- 1980s . '' History of Education Review 43 # 2 ( 2014 ) : 152 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Jan Kociumbas , Australian childhood : A history ( Allen & Unwin , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Carla Pascoe , `` Mum 's the word : advice to Australian mothers since 1945 . '' Journal of Family Studies ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Kate Darian - Smith , `` Australian children 's play in historical perspective : Continuity and change on the school playground . '' International Journal of Play 1 # 3 ( 2012 ) : 264 -- 278 . Jump up ^ Stuart Macintyre and Anna Clark , The History Wars ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Robert Manne , ed . Whitewash . On Keith Windschuttle 's Fabrication of Aboriginal History ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Neville Meaney , `` Britishness and Australian identity : The problem of nationalism in Australian history and historiography , '' Australian Historical Studies 32.116 ( 2001 ) : 76 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Deborah Gare , `` Britishness in recent Australian historiography . '' Historical Journal 43 # 4 ( 2000 ) : 1145 -- 1155 . Jump up ^ Andrew G , Bonnell , and Martin Crotty , `` An Australian ' Historikerstreit ' ? Review Article , '' Australian Journal of Politics & History ( 2004 ) 50 # 3 pp 425 -- 433 , compares the debate to a similar one in Germany about the guilt for the Holocaust . Jump up ^ Jo Case , `` Who Killed Australian History ? In History ( 6th March 2012 ) online Reference books ( edit ) Bach , John ( 1976 ) . A Maritime History of Australia . Melbourne : Nelson . ISBN 0 - 17005087 - 4 . Barker , Anthony . What Happened When : A Chronology of Australia from 1788 . Allen & Unwin. 2000 . online edition Bambrick , Susan ed . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Australia ( 1994 ) Basset , Jan The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary of Australian History ( 1998 ) Broeze , Frank ( 1998 ) . Island Nation : A History of Australians and the Sea . Sydney : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 9781864484243 . Davison , Graeme , John Hirst , and Stuart Macintyre , eds . The Oxford Companion to Australian History ( 2001 ) online at many academic libraries ; also excerpt and text search Galligan , Brian , and Winsome Roberts , eds . Oxford Companion to Australian Politics ( 2007 ) ; online at many academic libraries Lewis , Wendy , Simon Balderstone and John Bowan ( 2006 ) . Events That Shaped Australia . New Holland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74110 - 492 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) O'Shane , Pat et al. Australia : The Complete Encyclopedia ( 2001 ) Serle . Percival , ed . Dictionary of Australian Biography ( 1949 ) online edition Shaw , John , ed . Collins Australian Encyclopedia ( 1984 ) Taylor , Peter . The Atlas of Australian History ( 1991 ) Connor , John ( 2002 ) . The Australian frontier wars , 1788 -- 1838 . Sydney : UNSW Press . ISBN 0 - 86840 - 756 - 9 . Historical surveys ( edit ) Atkinson , Alan . The Europeans in Australia : A History . Volume 2 : Democracy . ( 2005 ) . 440 pp . Bolton , Geoffrey . The Oxford History of Australia : Volume 5 : 1942 -- 1995 . The Middle Way ( 2005 ) Clarke , Frank G . The History of Australia ( 2002 ) . online edition Day , David . Claiming a Continent : A New History of Australia ( 2001 ) ; Edwards , John . Curtin 's Gift : Reinterpreting Australia 's Greatest Prime Minister , ( 2005 ) online edition Hughes , Robert . The Fatal Shore : The Epic of Australia 's Founding ( 1988 ) . excerpt and text search Irving , Terry and Connell , Raewyn . Class Structure in Australian History ( 1992 ) , Longman Cheshire : Melbourne . Kelly , Paul . The End of Certainty : Power , Politics & Business in Australia ( 2008 ) ; originally published as The End of Certainty : The Story of the 1980s ( 1994 ) Kingston , Beverley . The Oxford History of Australia : Volume 3 : 1860 -- 1900 Glad , Confident Morning ( 1993 ) Kociumbas , Jan The Oxford History of Australia : Volume 2 : 1770 -- 1860 Possessions ( 1995 ) Macintyre , Stuart . The Oxford History of Australia : Volume 4 : 1901 -- 42 , the Succeeding Age ( 1993 ) Macintyre , Stuart . A Concise History of Australia ( 2nd . ed. 2009 ) excerpt and text search ISBN 0 - 521 - 60101 - 0 Martin , A.W. Robert Menzies : A Life ( 2 vol 1993 -- 99 ) , online at ACLS e-books McQueen , Humphrey . A New Britannia ( 1970 ) University of Queensland Press , Brisbane . Megalogenis , George . The Longest Decade ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) , politics 1990 -- 2008 Schreuder , Deryck , and Stuart Ward , eds . Australia 's Empire ( Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series ) ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199563739.001. 0001 online Welsh , Frank . Australia : A New History of the Great Southern Land ( 2008 ) Early Maritime history ( edit ) Anderson , Grahame : The Merchant of the Zeehaen : Isaac Gilsemans and the Voyages of Abel Tasman . ( Wellington : Te Papa Press , 2001 ) Bennett , S. : The history of Australian discovery and colonisation . ( Sydney : Hanson and Bennett , 1867 ) Broomhall , Susan ( 2014 ) . `` Emotional Encounters : Indigenous Peoples in the Dutch East India Company 's Interactions with the South Lands '' . ( Australian Historical Studies , Volume 45 Issue 3 , pp. 350 -- 367 ) Dash , Mike : Batavia 's Graveyard : The True Story of the Mad Heretic Who Led History 's Bloodiest Mutiny . ( New York : Crown , 2002 , ISBN 9780609607664 ) Day , Alan : The A to Z of the Discovery and Exploration of Australia . ( Scarecrow Press , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6810 - 6 ) De Vlamingh , Willem : De ontdekkingsreis van Willem Hesselsz . de Vlamingh in de jaren 1696 -- 1697 . Edited by Günter Schilder. 2 vols . `` WLV , '' Vols . LXXVIII , LXXIX . ( The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff , 1976 ) ( in Dutch ) Donaldson , Bruce , ' The Dutch Contribution to the European Discovery of Australia , ' . In Nonja Peters ( ed . ) , The Dutch Down Under , 1606 -- 2006 . ( Crawley : University of Western Australia Press , 2006 ) Drake - Brockman , Henrietta : Voyage to disaster : the life of Francisco Pelsaert covering his Indian report to the Dutch East India Company and the wreck of the ship ' Batavia ' in 1629 off the coast of Western Australia together with the full text of his journals , concerning the rescue voyages , the mutiny on the Abrolhos Islands and the subsequent trials of the mutineers . ( Translated from the Dutch by E.D. Drok ) . ( Sydney : Angus & Robertson , 1963 ) Duyker , Edward : The Dutch in Australia ( Australian Ethnic Heritage series ) . ( Melbourne : AE Press , 1987 ) Duyker , Edward ( ed . ) : The Discovery of Tasmania : Journal Extracts from the Expeditions of Abel Janszoon Tasman and Marc - Joseph Marion Dufresne 1642 & 1772 . ( Hobart : St David 's Park Publishing / Tasmanian Government Printing Office , 1992 , pp. 106 ) Duyker , Edward : Mirror of the Australian Navigation by Jacob Le Maire : A Facsimile of the ' Spieghel der Australische Navigatie . ' Being an Account of the Voyage of Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten 1615 -- 1616 published in Amsterdam in 1622 . Hordern House for the Australian National Maritime Museum , Sydney , 1999 , 202 pp Edwards , Hugh : Islands of Angry Ghosts : Murder , Mayhem and Mutiny : The Story of the Batavia . Originally published in 1966 . ( New York : William Morrow & Co. , 1966 ; HarperCollins , 2000 ) Edwards , Hugh : The Wreck on the Half - Moon Reef . ( Adelaide : Rigby Limited , 1970 ) Fitzsimons , Peter : Batavia : Betrayal , Shipwreck , Murder , Sexual Slavery , Courage : A Spine - Chilling Chapter in Australian History . ( Sydney : Random House Australia , 2011 ) Gerritsen , Rupert ( 2006 ) , ' The evidence for cohabitation between Indigenous Australians , marooned Dutch mariners and VOC passengers ' , pp. 38 -- 55 ; in Nonja Peters ( ed . ) , The Dutch down under : 1606 -- 2006 , University of WA Press , Sydney Gerritsen , Rupert ( 2008 ) , ' The landing site debate : Where were Australia 's first European residents marooned in 1629 ? ' , pp. 105 -- 129 ; in P. Hornsby & J. Maschke ( eds . ) Hydro 2007 Conference Proceedings : Focus on Asia , International Federation of Hydrographic Societies , Belrose . Gerritsen , Rupert ( 2009 ) , ' The Batavia Mutiny : Australia 's first military conflict in 1629 ' , Sabretache : Journal and Proceedings of the Military Historical Society of Australia , L ( 4 ) : 5 -- 10 Gerritsen , Rupert ( 2011 ) , `` Australia 's First Criminal Prosecutions in 1629 '' . ( Canberra : Batavia Online Publishing ) Gerritsen , Rupert ; Cramer , Max ; Slee , Colin : The Batavia Legacy : The Location of the First European Settlement in Australia , Hutt River , 1629 . ( Geraldton : Sun City Print , 2007 ) Godard , Philippe : The First and Last Voyage of the Batavia . ( Perth : Abrolhos , 1994 ) Green , Jeremy N. : Treasures from the ' Vergulde Draeck ' ( Gilt Dragon ) . ( Perth : Western Australian Museum , 1974 ) Green , Jeremy N. : The Loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Jacht ' Vergulde Draeck ' , Western Australia 1656 . An historical background and excavation report with an appendix on similar loss of the fluit ' Lastdrager ' ( 2 volumes ) . ( Oxford : British Archaeological Reports , 1977 ) Green , Jeremy N. : The Loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie retourschip ' Batavia ' , Western Australia , 1629 . An excavation report and catalogue of artefacts . ( Oxford : British Archaeological Reports , 1989 ) Green , Jeremy N. ( 2006 ) , ' The Dutch down under : Sailing blunders , ' . In Nonja Peters ( ed . ) , The Dutch Down Under , 1606 -- 2006 . ( Crawley : University of Western Australia Press , 2006 ) Heeres , J.E. : Het aandeel der Nederlanders in de ontdekking van Australië , 1606 -- 1765 . ( Leiden : Brill , 1899 ) ( in Dutch ) Heeres , J.E. : The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia , 1606 -- 1765 . ( Published by the Royal Dutch Geographical Society in Commemoration of the XXVth Anniversary of Its Foundation , 1899 ) Heeres J.E. ( ed . ) : Abel Janszoon Tasman 's Journal of His Discovery of Van Diemens Land and New Zealand in 1642 : With Documents Relating to His Exploration of Australia in 1644 . ( Amsterdam : Frederick Muller , 1898 ) Henderson , Graeme : Unfinished Voyages : Western Australian Shipwrecks , 1622 -- 1850 . ( Nedlands : University of Western Australia Press , 1980 ) Henderson , J. : Sent Forth a Dove : The Discovery of Duyfken . ( Nedlands : University of Western Australia Press , 1999 , 232pp ) Hiatt , Alfred ; Wortham , Christopher ; et al. ( eds . ) : European Perceptions of Terra Australis . ( Farnham : Ashgate , 2011 ) Hoving , Ab ; Emke , Cor : De schepen van Abel Tasman ( The Ships of Abel Tasman ) . ( Hilversum : Uitgeverij Verloren , 2000 ) Kenny , John : Before the First Fleet : European Discovery of Australia , 1606 -- 1777 . Kangaroo Press , 1995 , 192 pp Ketelaar , Eric , ' Exploration of the Archived World : From De Vlamingh 's Plate to Digital Realities ' , Archives and Manuscripts 36 ( 2 ) ( 2008 ) : 13 -- 33 Leys , Simon : The Wreck of the Batavia . A True Story . ( New York : Thunder 's Mouth Press , 2005 ) McCarthy , M. ( 2006 ) , ' Dutch place names in Australia , ' . In Nonja Peters ( ed . ) , The Dutch Down Under , 1606 -- 2006 . ( Crawley : University of Western Australia Press , 2006 ) McCarthy , M. ( 2006 ) , ' The Dutch on Australian shores : The Zuytdorp tragedy -- unfinished business , ' . In L. Shaw & W. Wilkins ( eds . ) , Dutch Connections : 400 Years of Australian -- Dutch Maritime Links , 1606 -- 2006 ( Sydney : Australian National Maritime Museum , 2006 ) , pp. 94 -- 109 McHugh , Evan : 1606 : An Epic Adventure . ( Sydney : University of New South Wales Press , 2006 ) Mundle , Rob : Great South Land : How Dutch Sailors found Australia and an English Pirate almost beat Captain Cook . ( ABC Books , 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0733332371 ) Murdoch , Priscilla : Duyfken and the First Discoveries of Australia . Artarmon , N.S.W. : Antipodean Publishers , 1974 Mutch , T.D. : The First Discovery of Australia -- With an Account of the Voyage of the `` Duyfken '' and the Career of Captain Willem Jansz . ( Sydney , 1942 ) Reprinted from the Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society , Vol . XXVIII. , Part V ) Nichols , Robert ; Woods , Martin ( eds . ) : Mapping Our World : Terra Incognita to Australia . ( Canberra : National Library of Australia , 2013 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 642 - 27809 - 8 ) Pelsaert , Francisco : The Batavia Journal of Francisco Pelsaert ( 1629 ) . Edited and translated by Marit van Huystee . ( Fremantle , W.A. : Western Australian Maritime Museum , 1998 ) Peters , Nonja : The Dutch Down Under , 1606 -- 2006 . ( Nedlands : University of Western Australia Press , 2006 ) Playford , Phillip : The wreck of the Zuytdorp on the Western Australian coast in 1712 . ( Nedlands : Royal Western Australian Historical Society , 1960 ) Playford , Phillip : Carpet of Silver : The Wreck of The Zuytdorp . ( Nedlands : University of Western Australia Press , 1996 ) Playford , Phillip : Voyage of Discovery to Terra Australis by Willem de Vlamingh in 1696 -- 97 . ( Includes Journal of Willem Vlamingh translated from an early 18th - century manuscript held in the Archives Nationales de France ) . ( Perth : Western Australian Museum , 1998 ) Pearson , Michael : Great Southern Land : The Maritime Exploration of Terra Australis . ( Canberra : Department of Environment and Heritage , 2005 ) Quanchi , Max ; Robson , John : Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands . ( Lanham , MD and Oxford : Scarecrow Press , 2005 ) Robert , Willem C.H. : The Explorations , 1696 -- 1697 , of Australia by Willem de Vlamingh . Extracts from Two Log - Books Concerning the Voyage to and Explorations on the Coast of Western Australia and from Other Documents Relating to this Voyage . ( Original Dutch texts ) . ( Amsterdam : Philo Press , 1972 ) Robert , Willem C.H. : The Dutch Explorations , 1605 -- 1756 , of the North and Northwest Coast of Australia . Extracts from Journals , Log - books and Other Documents Relating to These Voyages . ( Original Dutch texts ) . ( Amsterdam : Philo Press , 1973 ) Ryan , Simon : The Cartographic Eye : How Explorers Saw Australia . ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1996 ) Schilder , Günter : Australia Unveiled : The Share of the Dutch Navigators in the Discovery of Australia . Translated from the German by Olaf Richter . ( Amsterdam : Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , 1976 ) Schilder , Günter : Voyage to the Great South Land , Willem de Vlamingh , 1696 -- 1697 . Translated by C. de Heer . ( Sydney : Royal Australian Historical Society , 1985 ) Schilder , Günter : In the Steps of Tasman and De Vlamingh . An Important Cartographic Document for the Discovery of Australia . ( Amsterdam : Nico Israel , 1988 ) Schilder , Günter ; Kok , Hans : Sailing for the East : History and Catalogue of Manuscript Charts on Vellum of the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) , 1602 -- 1799 . ( BRILL , 2010 , ISBN 9789061942603 ) Schilder , Günter , `` Organisation and Evolution of the Dutch East India Company 's Hydrographic Office in the Seventeenth Century '' , Imago Mundi 28 ( 1976 ) : pp. 61 -- 78 Schilder , Günter , `` New Holland : The Dutch Discoveries '' , in Glyndwr Williams and Alan Frost ( eds . ) , Terra Australis to Australia . ( Oxford University Press , Melbourne , 1988 ) , pp. 83 -- 115 Schilder , Günter , `` The Dutch Conception of New Holland in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries '' , The Globe : Journal of the Australian Map Circle , 22 ( 1984 ) , pp. 38 -- 46 Schilder , Günter , `` From Secret to Common Knowledge -- The Dutch Discoveries '' , in John Hardy and Alan Frost , eds , Studies from Terra Australis to Australia ( Canberra , 1989 ) Schilder , Günter ( 1993 ) . A Continent Takes Shape : The Dutch Mapping of Australia , in Changing Coastlines , Michael Richards & Maura O'Connor ( eds . ) , pp. 10 -- 16 . ( Canberra : National Library of Australia , 1993 ) Sharp , Andrew : The Discovery of Australia . ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1963 ) Sharp , Andrew : The Voyages of Abel Janszoon Tasman . ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1968 ) Shaw , Lindsey ; Wilkins , Wendy ( eds . ) : Dutch Connections : 400 Years of Australian - Dutch Maritime Links , 1606 -- 2006 . ( Sydney : Australian National Maritime Museum , 2006 ) Sheehan , Colin ( 2008 ) . `` Strangers and Servants of the Company : The United East India Company and the Dutch Voyages to Australia , '' . In Peter Veth , Margo Neale , et al. ( eds . ) ' Strangers on the Shore : Early Coastal Contacts in Australia . ( Canberra : National Museum of Australia Press , ISBN 9781876944636 ) Sigmond , J.P. ; Zuiderbaan , L.H. : Dutch Discoveries of Australia : Shipwrecks , Treasures and Early Voyages off the West Coast . ( Adelaide : Rigby , 1979 ) Sigmond , J.P. ; Zuiderbaan , L.H. : Nederlanders ontdekken Australië : Scheepsarcheologische vondsten op het Zuidland . ( Amsterdam : De Bataafsche Leeuw , 1988 ) ( in Dutch ) Sigmond , Peter , ' Cultural Heritage and a Piece of Pewter ' , in L. Shaw & W. Wilkins ( eds . ) , Dutch Connections : 400 Years of Australian -- Dutch Maritime Links , 1606 -- 2006 ( Sydney : Australian National Maritime Museum , 2006 ) Stapel , F.W. : De Oostindische Compagnie en Australië . ( Amsterdam : Van Kampen , 1937 ) ( in Dutch ) Tasman , Abel : The Journal of Abel Jansz Tasman , 1642 ; with Documents Relating to His Exploration of Australia in 1644 . Edited by G.H. Kenihan . ( Adelaide : Australian Heritage Press , 1960 ) Tasman , Abel : Het Journaal van Abel Tasman , 1642 -- 1643 . ( The Hague : Nationaal Archief , 2006 ) ( in Dutch ) Van Duivenvoorde , Wendy : Dutch East India Company Shipbuilding : The Archaeological Study of Batavia and other Seventeenth - Century VOC Ships . ( College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press , 2015 , ISBN 978 - 1623491796 ) Van Zanden , Henry : 1606 : Discovery of Australia . ( Perth : Rio Bay Enterprises , 1997 ) Veth , Peter ; Sutton , Peter ; Neale , Margo : Strangers on the Shore : Early Coastal Contacts in Australia . ( Canberra : National Museum of Australia Press , 2008 , ISBN 9781876944636 ) Walker , James Backhouse : Abel Janszoon Tasman : His Life and Voyages , and The Discovery of Van Diemen 's Land in 1642 . ( Hobart : Government Printer , 1896 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Clark , C.M.H. ed . Select documents in Australian history ( 2 vol. 1950 ) Kemp , Rod , and Marion Stanton , eds . Speaking for Australia : Parliamentary Speeches That Shaped Our Nation Allen & Unwin , 2004 online edition Crowley , Frank , ed . A documentary history of Australia ( 5 vol . Melbourne : Wren , 1973 ) ; v. 1 . Colonial Australia , 1788 -- 1840 -- v. 2 . Colonial Australia , 1841 -- 1874 - v. 3 . Colonial Australia , 1875 -- 1900 - v. 4 . Modern Australia , 1901 -- 1939 - v. 5 . Modern Australia , 1939 -- 1970 Daniels , Kay , ed . Australia 's women , a documentary history : from a selection of personal letters , diary entries , pamphlets , official records , government and police reports , speeches , and radio talks ( 2nd ed . U of Queensland Press , 1989 ) 335pp . The first edition was entitled Uphill all the way : a documentary history of women in Australia ( 1980 ) . Teale , Ruth , ed . Colonial Eve : sources on women in Australia , 1788 -- 1914 ( Melbourne : Oxford University Press , 1978 ) Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Australian history External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Australian History Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Australia . 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"A First Fleet of British ships arrived at Botany Bay in January 1788[1] to establish a penal colony, the first colony on the Australian mainland. In the century that followed, the British established other colonies on the continent, and European explorers ventured into its interior. Indigenous Australians were greatly weakened and their numbers diminished by introduced diseases and conflict with the colonists during this period."
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"January 1788"
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-2360546024401562621 | Gandhi–Irwin Pact | Gandhi -- Irwin Pact - wikipedia Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Gandhi -- Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and the then Viceroy of India , Lord Irwin on 5 March 1931 before the second Round Table Conference in London . Before this , the viceroy Lord Irwin announced in October 1929 , a vague offer of ' dominion status ' for India in an unspecified future and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution. The second round table conference which was held in 1931 `` The Two Mahatmas '' -- as Sarojini Naidu described Gandhi and Irwin -- had eight meetings that totaled 24 hours . Gandhi was impressed by Irwin 's sincerity . The terms of the `` Gandhi - Irwin Pact '' fell manifestly short of those Gandhi prescribed as the minimum for a truce . Below are the proposed conditions . Discontinuation of the civil disobedience movement by the Indian National Congress Participation by the Indian National Congress in the Round Table Conference Withdrawal of all ordinances issued by the British Government imposing curbs on the activities of the Indian National Congress Withdrawal of all prosecutions relating to several types of offenses except those involving violence Release of prisoners arrested for participating in the civil disobedience movement Removal of the tax on salt , which allowed the Indians to produce , trade , and sell salt legally and for their own private use Many British officials in India , and in England , were outraged by the idea of a pact with a party whose avowed purpose was the destruction of the British Raj . Winston Churchill publicly expressed his disgust `` ... at the nauseating and humiliating spectacle of this one - time Inner Temple lawyer , now seditious fakir , striding half - naked up the steps of the Viceroy 's palace , there to negotiate and parley on equal terms with the representative of the King Emperor . '' In reply , the British Government agreed to Withdraw all ordinances and end prosecutions Release all political prisoners , except those guilty of violence Permit peaceful picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops Restore confiscated properties of the satyagrahis Permit free collection or manufacture of salt by persons near the sea - coast Lift the ban over the congress . The Viceroy , Lord Irwin , was at this time directing the sternest repression Indian nationalism had known , but did not relish the role . The British civil service and the commercial community favoured even harsher measures . But Premier Ramsay MacDonald and Secretary of State for India William Benn were eager for peace , if they could secure it without weakening the position of the Labour Government . They wanted to make a success of the Round Table Conference and knew that this body , without the presence of Gandhi and the Congress , could not carry much weight . In January 1931 , at the closing session of the Round Table Conference , Ramsay MacDonald went so far as to express the hope that the Congress would be represented at the next session . The Viceroy took the hint and promptly ordered the unconditional release of Gandhi and all members of the Congress Working Committee . To this gesture Gandhi responded by agreeing to meet the Viceroy . Gandhi 's motives in concluding a pact with the Viceroy can be best understood in terms of his technique . The Satyagraha movements were commonly described as `` struggles '' , `` rebellions '' and `` wars without violence '' . Owing , however , to the common connotation of these words , they seemed to lay a disproportionate emphasis on the negative aspect of the movements , namely , opposition and conflict . The object of Satyagraha was , however , not to achieve the physical elimination or moral breakdown of an adversary -- but , through suffering at his hands , to initiate a psychological processes that could make it possible for minds and hearts to meet . In such a struggle , a compromise with an opponent was neither heresy nor treason , but a natural and necessary step . If it turned out that the compromise was premature and the adversary was unrepentant , nothing prevented the Satyagrahi from returning to non-violent battle . This was the second high - level meeting between Gandhi and Viceroy in 13 years and should be read in the context of Montagu -- Chelmsford Reforms . See also ( edit ) Poona Pact References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gandhi Irwin Pact Event List '' . Gandhi Heritage Portal . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ruhe , Peter . Gandhi . London : Phaidon Press Limited , 2001 . 75 . Jump up ^ `` Gandhi - Irwin Pact '' . GANDHI - A Pictorial Biography . Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal / Gandhi Book Centre . 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Sundaram Abbas Tyabji Ravishankar Vyas Mithuben Petit Legacy Artistic depictions Gandhigiri Gandhi Peace Award Gandhi Peace Prize Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith Indian currency Family Karamchand Gandhi ( father ) Kasturba ( wife ) Harilal ( son ) Manilal ( son ) Ramdas ( son ) Devdas ( son ) Maganlal ( cousin ) Samaldas ( nephew ) Arun ( grandson ) Ela ( granddaughter ) Rajmohan ( grandson ) Gopalkrishna ( grandson ) Ramchandra ( grandson ) Kanu ( grandson ) Kanu ( grandnephew ) Tushar ( great - grandson ) Leela ( great - granddaughter ) Influenced James Bevel Steve Biko 14th Dalai Lama Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Morarji Desai Eknath Easwaran Maria Lacerda de Moura James Lawson Martin Luther King Jr . Nelson Mandela Brajkishore Prasad Rajendra Prasad Ramjee Singh Aung San Suu Kyi Lanza del Vasto Abhay Bang Sane Guruji Memorials Statues Houston Johannesburg London ( Parliament Square ) New York Patna Pietermaritzburg Washington Observances Gandhi Jayanti International Day of Non-Violence Martyrs ' Day Season for Nonviolence Other Aga Khan Palace Gandhi Bhawan Gandhi Mandapam Gandhi Market Gandhi Promenade Gandhi Smriti Gandhi Memorial Gandhi Memorial Museum , Madurai Kaba Gandhi No Delo Kirti Mandir Mahatma Gandhi College Mohandas Gandhi High School National Gandhi Museum Raj Ghat Sabarmati Ashram Satyagraha House Roads named after Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre , Matale Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandhi -- Irwin_Pact&oldid = 799741080 '' Categories : Indian independence movement 1931 in British India Indian historical documents 1931 in India 1931 documents Mahatma Gandhi March 1931 events 1931 in politics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français हिन्दी Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 15 : 39 . About Wikipedia | who announced a vague offer of dominion status for india in 1929 | [
"The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and the then Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin on 5 March 1931 before the second Round Table Conference in London.[1] Before this, the viceroy Lord Irwin announced in October 1929, a vague offer of 'dominion status' for India in an unspecified future and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution.[2]The second round table conference which was held in 1931"
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"Lord Irwin"
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7194048437024838034 | Divergent boundary | Divergent boundary - wikipedia Divergent boundary This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Continental - continental divergent / constructive boundary In plate tectonics , a divergent boundary or divergent plate boundary ( also known as a constructive boundary or an extensional boundary ) is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other . Divergent boundaries within continents initially produce rifts which eventually become rift valleys . Most active divergent plate boundaries occur between oceanic plates and exist as mid-oceanic ridges . Divergent boundaries also form volcanic islands which occur when the plates move apart to produce gaps which molten lava rises to fill . Current research indicates that complex convection within the Earth 's mantle allows material to rise to the base of the lithosphere beneath each divergent plate boundary . This supplies the area with vast amounts of heat and a reduction in pressure that melts rock from the asthenosphere ( or upper mantle ) beneath the rift area forming large flood basalt or lava flows . Each eruption occurs in only a part of the plate boundary at any one time , but when it does occur , it fills in the opening gap as the two opposing plates move away from each other . Over millions of years , tectonic plates may move many hundreds of kilometers away from both sides of a divergent plate boundary . Because of this , rocks closest to a boundary are younger than rocks further away on the same plate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Examples 3 Other plate boundary types 4 See also 5 References Description ( edit ) Bridge across the Álfagjá rift valley in southwest Iceland , that is part of the boundary between the Eurasian and North American continental tectonic plates . At divergent boundaries , two plates move away from each other and the space that this creates is filled with new crustal material sourced from molten magma that forms below . The origin of new divergent boundaries at triple junctions is sometimes thought to be associated with the phenomenon known as hotspots . Here , exceedingly large convective cells bring very large quantities of hot asthenospheric material near the surface and the kinetic energy is thought to be sufficient to break apart the lithosphere . The hot spot which may have initiated the Mid-Atlantic Ridge system currently underlies Iceland which is widening at a rate of a few centimeters per year . Divergent boundaries are typified in the oceanic lithosphere by the rifts of the oceanic ridge system , including the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise , and in the continental lithosphere by rift valleys such as the famous East African Great Rift Valley . Divergent boundaries can create massive fault zones in the oceanic ridge system . Spreading is generally not uniform , so where spreading rates of adjacent ridge blocks are different , massive transform faults occur . These are the fracture zones , many bearing names , that are a major source of submarine earthquakes . A sea floor map will show a rather strange pattern of blocky structures that are separated by linear features perpendicular to the ridge axis . If one views the sea floor between the fracture zones as conveyor belts carrying the ridge on each side of the rift away from the spreading center the action becomes clear . Crest depths of the old ridges , parallel to the current spreading center , will be older and deeper ... ( from thermal contraction and subsidence ) . It is at mid-ocean ridges that one of the key pieces of evidence forcing acceptance of the seafloor spreading hypothesis was found . Airborne geomagnetic surveys showed a strange pattern of symmetrical magnetic reversals on opposite sides of ridge centers . The pattern was far too regular to be coincidental as the widths of the opposing bands were too closely matched . Scientists had been studying polar reversals and the link was made by Lawrence W. Morley , Frederick John Vine and Drummond Hoyle Matthews in the Morley -- Vine -- Matthews hypothesis . The magnetic banding directly corresponds with the Earth 's polar reversals . This was confirmed by measuring the ages of the rocks within each band . The banding furnishes a map in time and space of both spreading rate and polar reversals . Examples ( edit ) Mid-Atlantic Ridge Red Sea Rift Baikal Rift Zone East African Rift East Pacific Rise Gakkel Ridge Galapagos Rise Explorer Ridge Juan de Fuca Ridge Pacific - Antarctic Ridge West Antarctic Rift Great Rift Valley Other plate boundary types ( edit ) Convergent boundary Transform boundary See also ( edit ) Seafloor spreading Continental drift Subduction zone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Toshiro Tanimoto , Thorne Lay ( November 7 , 2000 ) . `` Mantle dynamics and seismic tomography '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 ( 23 ) : 12409 -- 10 . Bibcode : 2000PNAS ... 9712409T . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 210382197 . PMC 34063 . PMID 11035784 . ( hide ) Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geochemical Ocean Sections Study Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton ocean model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divergent_boundary&oldid=839926825 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Español Euskara فارسی Furlan Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Português Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 16 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are most of the divergent boundaries found | [
"In plate tectonics, a divergent boundary or divergent plate boundary (also known as a constructive boundary or an extensional boundary) is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. Divergent boundaries within continents initially produce rifts which eventually become rift valleys. Most active divergent plate boundaries occur between oceanic plates and exist as mid-oceanic ridges. Divergent boundaries also form volcanic islands which occur when the plates move apart to produce gaps which molten lava rises to fill."
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"between oceanic plates"
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7191079952293608252 | Battle of Fort Sumter | Battle of Fort Sumter - wikipedia Battle of Fort Sumter Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Fort Sumter Part of the American Civil War Bombardment of Fort Sumter by Currier & Ives Date April 12 -- 13 , 1861 Location Charleston , South Carolina 32 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 29 '' W / 32.75222 ° N 79.87472 ° W / 32.75222 ; - 79.87472 Coordinates : 32 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 29 '' W / 32.75222 ° N 79.87472 ° W / 32.75222 ; - 79.87472 Result Confederate victory Confederacy captures Fort Sumter Beginning of the American Civil War Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders Robert Anderson P.G.T. Beauregard Units involved 1st United States Artillery Provisional Forces of the Confederate States Strength 85 500 -- 6,000 ( estimated ) Casualties and losses 0 ( although one horse was killed ) 0 Operations in Charleston Harbor ( April 1861 ) Fort Sumter Lower Seaboard Theater Fort Sumter USS St. Lawrence Head of Passes Santa Rosa Island Port Royal Fort Pulaski Forts Jackson and St. Philip New Orleans 1st Pocotaligo Secessionville Simmon 's Bluff Tampa Baton Rouge 1st Donaldsonville St. Johns Bluff 2nd Pocotaligo Georgia Landing 1st Fort McAllister Fort Bisland Irish Bend Vermillion Bayou 1st Charleston Harbor Wassaw Sound 1st Fort Wagner Grimball 's Landing 2nd Fort Wagner 2nd Charleston Harbor 2nd Fort Sumter Plains Store Port Hudson LaFourche Crossing 2nd Donaldsonville Kock 's Plantation Stirling 's Plantation USS New Ironsides Fort Brooke Gainesville Olustee USS Housatonic Vernon Grimball 's Causeway Natural Bridge Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter The Battle of Fort Sumter ( April 12 -- 13 , 1861 ) was the bombardment of Fort Sumter near Charleston , South Carolina by the Confederate States Army , and the return gunfire and subsequent surrender by the United States Army , that started the American Civil War . Following the declaration of secession by South Carolina on December 20 , 1860 , its authorities demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor . On December 26 , Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army surreptitiously moved his small command from the vulnerable Fort Moultrie on Sullivan 's Island to Fort Sumter , a substantial fortress built on an island controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor . An attempt by U.S. President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9 , 1861 . South Carolina authorities then seized all Federal property in the Charleston area except for Fort Sumter . During the early months of 1861 , the situation around Fort Sumter increasingly began to resemble a siege . In March , Brigadier General P.G.T. Beauregard , the first general officer of the newly formed Confederate States Army , was placed in command of Confederate forces in Charleston . Beauregard energetically directed the strengthening of batteries around Charleston harbor aimed at Fort Sumter . Conditions in the fort , growing increasingly dire due to shortages of men , food , and supplies , deteriorated as the Union soldiers rushed to complete the installation of additional guns . The resupply of Fort Sumter became the first crisis of the administration of the newly inaugurated U.S. President Abraham Lincoln following his victory in the election of November 6 , 1860 . He notified the Governor of South Carolina , Francis W. Pickens that he was sending supply ships , which resulted in an ultimatum from the Confederate government for the immediate evacuation of Fort Sumter , which Major Anderson refused . Beginning at 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , the Confederates bombarded the fort from artillery batteries surrounding the harbor . Although the Union garrison returned fire , they were significantly outgunned and , after 34 hours , Major Anderson agreed to evacuate . There were no deaths on either side as a direct result of this engagement , although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused two Union deaths . Following the battle , there was widespread support from both North and South for further military action . Lincoln 's immediate call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion resulted in an additional four southern states also declaring their secession and joining the Confederacy . The battle is usually recognized as the first battle that opened the American Civil War . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Secession 1.2 Forts of Charleston 1.3 President Buchanan and the Star of the West 1.4 Preparations for war 1.5 Decisions for war 2 Bombardment 3 Surrender 4 Aftermath 4.1 Tributes 5 Footnotes 5.1 Citations 5.2 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background Secession On December 20 , 1860 , shortly after Abraham Lincoln 's victory in the presidential election of 1860 , South Carolina adopted an ordinance declaring its secession from the United States of America and , by February 1861 , six more Southern states had adopted similar ordinances of secession . On February 7 , the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery , Alabama . A February peace conference met in Washington , D.C. , but failed to resolve the crisis . The remaining eight states declined pleas to join the Confederacy . The seceding states seized numerous Federal properties within their boundaries , including buildings , arsenals , and fortifications . President James Buchanan protested but took no military action in response . Buchanan was concerned that an overt action could cause the remaining slave states to leave the Union , and while he acknowledged there was no constitutional authority for a state to secede , he could find no constitutional authority for him to act to prevent it . Forts of Charleston Several forts had been constructed in Charleston 's harbor , including Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie , which were not among the sites seized initially . Fort Moultrie on Sullivan Island was the oldest -- it was the site of fortifications since 1776 -- and was the headquarters of the U.S. Army garrison . However , it had been designed as a gun platform for defending the harbor , and its defenses against land - based attacks were feeble ; during the crisis , the Charleston newspapers commented that sand dunes had piled up against the walls in such a way that the wall could easily be scaled . When the garrison began clearing away the dunes , the papers objected . Major Robert Anderson of the 1st U.S. Artillery regiment had been appointed to command the Charleston garrison that fall because of rising tensions . A native of Kentucky , he was a protégé of Winfield Scott , the general in chief of the Army , and was thought more capable of handling a crisis than the garrison 's previous commander , Col. John L. Gardner , who was nearing retirement . Anderson had served an earlier tour of duty at Fort Moultrie and his father had been a defender of the fort ( then called Fort Sullivan ) during the American Revolutionary War . Throughout the fall , South Carolina authorities considered both secession and the expropriation of federal property in the harbor to be inevitable . As tensions mounted , the environment around the fort increasingly resembled a siege , to the point that the South Carolina authorities placed picket ships to observe the movements of the troops and threatened to attack when forty rifles were transferred to one of the harbor forts from the U.S. arsenal in the city . In contrast to Moultrie , Fort Sumter dominated the entrance to Charleston Harbor and , though unfinished , was designed to be one of the strongest fortresses in the world . In the fall of 1860 work on the fort was nearly completed , but the fortress was thus far garrisoned by a single soldier , who functioned as a lighthouse keeper , and a small party of civilian construction workers . Under the cover of darkness on December 26 , six days after South Carolina declared its secession , Anderson abandoned the indefensible Fort Moultrie , ordering its guns spiked and its gun carriages burned , and surreptitiously relocated his command by small boats to Sumter . President Buchanan and the Star of the West Maj . Robert Anderson South Carolina authorities considered Anderson 's move to be a breach of faith . Governor Francis W. Pickens believed that President Buchanan had made implicit promises to him to keep Sumter unoccupied and suffered political embarrassment as a result of his trust in those promises . Buchanan , a former U.S. Secretary of State and diplomat , had used carefully crafted ambiguous language to Pickens , promising that he would not `` immediately '' occupy it . From Major Anderson 's standpoint , he was merely moving his existing garrison troops from one of the locations under his command to another . He had received instructions from the War Department on December 11 , written by Major General Don Carlos Buell , Assistant Adjutant General of the Army , approved by Secretary of War John B. Floyd : ... you are to hold possession of the forts in this harbor , and if attacked you are to defend yourself to the last extremity . The smallness of your force will not permit you , perhaps , to occupy more than one of the three forts , but an attack on or attempt to take possession of any one of them will be regarded as an act of hostility , and you may then put your command into either of them which you may deem most proper to increase its power of resistance . You are also authorized to take similar steps whenever you have tangible evidence of a design to proceed to a hostile act . Governor Pickens therefore ordered that all remaining Federal positions except Fort Sumter were to be seized . State troops quickly occupied Fort Moultrie ( capturing 56 guns ) , Fort Johnson on James Island , and the battery on Morris Island . On December 27 , an assault force of 150 men seized the Union - occupied Castle Pinckney fortification , in the harbor close to downtown Charleston , capturing 24 guns and mortars without bloodshed . On December 30 , the Federal arsenal in Charleston was captured , resulting in the acquisition of more than 22,000 weapons by the militia . The Confederates promptly made repairs at Fort Moultrie and dozens of new batteries and defense positions were constructed throughout the Charleston harbor area , including an unusual floating battery , and armed with weapons captured from the arsenal . President Buchanan was surprised and dismayed at Anderson 's move to Sumter , unaware of the authorization Anderson had received . Nevertheless , he refused Pickens 's demand to evacuate Charleston harbor . Since the garrison 's supplies were limited , Buchanan authorized a relief expedition of supplies , small arms , and 200 soldiers . The original intent was to send the Navy sloop - of - war USS Brooklyn , but it was discovered that Confederates had sunk some derelict ships to block the shipping channel into Charleston and there was concern that Brooklyn had too deep a draft to negotiate the obstacles . Instead , it seemed prudent to send an unarmed civilian merchant ship , Star of the West , which might be perceived as less provocative to the Confederates . As Star of the West approached the harbor entrance on January 9 , 1861 , it was fired upon by a battery on Morris Island , which was staffed by cadets from The Citadel , among them William Stewart Simkins , who were the only trained artillerymen in the service of South Carolina at the time . Batteries from Fort Moultrie joined in and Star of the West was forced to withdraw . Major Anderson prepared his guns at Sumter when he heard the Confederate fire , but the secrecy of the operation had kept him unaware that a relief expedition was in progress and he chose not to start a general engagement . In a letter delivered January 31 , 1861 , Governor Pickens demanded of President Buchanan that he surrender Fort Sumter because , `` I regard that possession is not consistent with the dignity or safety of the State of South Carolina . '' Preparations for War Fort Sumter before the battle Conditions at the fort were difficult during the winter of 1860 -- 61 . Rations were short and fuel for heat was limited . The garrison scrambled to complete the defenses as best they could . Fort Sumter was designed to mount 135 guns , operated by 650 officers and men , but construction had met with numerous delays for decades and budget cuts had left it only about 90 percent finished in early 1861 . Anderson 's garrison consisted of just 85 men , primarily made up of two small artillery companies : Company E , 1st U.S. Artillery , commanded by Capt . Abner Doubleday , and Company H , commanded by Capt . Truman Seymour . There were six other officers present : Surgeon Samuel W. Crawford , First Lt. Theodore Talbot of Company H , First Lt. Jefferson C. Davis of the 1st U.S. Artillery , and Second Lt. Norman J. Hall of Company H. Capt . John G. Foster and First Lt. George W. Snyder of the Corps of Engineers were responsible for construction of the Charleston forts , but they reported to their headquarters in Washington , not directly to Anderson . The remaining personnel were 68 noncommissioned officers and privates , eight musicians , and 43 noncombatant workmen . By April the Union troops had positioned 60 guns , but they had insufficient men to operate them all . The fort consisted of three levels of enclosed gun positions , or casemates . The second level of casemates was unoccupied . The majority of the guns were on the first level of casemates , on the upper level ( the parapet or barbette positions ) , and on the center parade field . Unfortunately for the defenders , the original mission of the fort -- harbor defense -- meant that it was designed so that the guns were primarily aimed at the Atlantic , with little capability of protecting from artillery fire from the surrounding land or from infantry conducting an amphibious assault . Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard In March , Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard took command of South Carolina forces in Charleston ; on March 1 , President Jefferson Davis had appointed him the first general officer in the armed forces of the new Confederacy , specifically to take command of the siege . Beauregard made repeated demands that the Union force either surrender or withdraw and took steps to ensure that no supplies from the city were available to the defenders , whose food was running low . He also increased drills amongst the South Carolina militia , training them to operate the guns they manned . Major Anderson had been Beauregard 's artillery instructor at West Point ; the two had been especially close , and Beauregard had become Anderson 's assistant after graduation . Both sides spent March drilling and improving their fortifications to the best of their abilities . Beauregard , a trained military engineer , built - up overwhelming strength to challenge Fort Sumter . Fort Moultrie had three 8 - inch Columbiads , two 8 - inch howitzers , five 32 - pound smoothbores , and four 24 - pounders . Outside of Moultrie were five 10 - inch mortars , two 32 - pounders , two 24 - pounders , and a 9 - inch Dahlgren smoothbore . The floating battery next to Fort Moultrie had two 42 - pounders and two 32 - pounders on a raft protected by iron shielding . Fort Johnson on James Island had one 24 - pounder and four 10 - inch mortars . At Cummings Point on Morris Island , the Confederates had emplaced seven 10 - inch mortars , two 42 - pounders , an English Blakely rifled cannon , and three 8 - inch Columbiads , the latter in the so - called Iron Battery , protected by a wooden shield faced with iron bars . About 6,000 men were available to man the artillery and to assault the fort , if necessary , including the local militia , young boys and older men . Decisions for War On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president . He was almost immediately confronted with the surprise information that Major Anderson was reporting that only six weeks of rations remained at Fort Sumter . A crisis similar to the one at Fort Sumter had emerged at Pensacola , Florida , where Confederates threatened another U.S. fortification -- Fort Pickens . Lincoln and his new cabinet struggled with the decisions of whether to reinforce the forts , and how . They were also concerned about whether to take actions that might start open hostilities and which side would be perceived as the aggressor as a result . Similar discussions and concerns were occurring in the Confederacy . After the formation of the Confederate States of America in early February , there was some debate among the secessionists whether the capture of the fort was rightly a matter for South Carolina or for the newly declared national government in Montgomery , Alabama . South Carolina governor Pickens was among the states ' rights advocates who thought that all property in Charleston harbor had reverted to South Carolina upon that state 's secession as an independent commonwealth . This debate ran alongside another discussion about how aggressively the installations -- including Forts Sumter and Pickens -- should be obtained . President Davis , like his counterpart in Washington , preferred that his side not be seen as the aggressor . Both sides believed that the first side to use force would lose precious political support in the border states , whose allegiance was undetermined ; before Lincoln 's inauguration on March 4 , five states had voted against secession , including Virginia , and Lincoln openly offered to evacuate Fort Sumter if it would guarantee Virginia 's loyalty . The South sent delegations to Washington , D.C. , and offered to pay for the Federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States . Lincoln rejected any negotiations with the Confederate agents because he did not consider the Confederacy a legitimate nation and making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government . However , Secretary of State William H. Seward , who wished to give up Sumter for political reasons -- as a gesture of good will -- engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed . On April 4 , as the supply situation on Sumter became critical , President Lincoln ordered a relief expedition , to be commanded by former naval captain ( and future Assistant Secretary of the Navy ) Gustavus V. Fox , who had proposed a plan for nighttime landings of smaller vessels than the Star of the West . Fox 's orders were to land at Sumter with supplies only , and if he was opposed by the Confederates , to respond with the U.S. Navy vessels following and to then land both supplies and men . This time , Maj . Anderson was informed of the impending expedition , although the arrival date was not revealed to him . On April 6 , Lincoln notified Governor Pickens that `` an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions only , and that if such attempt be not resisted , no effort to throw in men , arms , or ammunition will be made without further notice , ( except ) in case of an attack on the fort . '' Lincoln 's notification had been made to the governor of South Carolina , not the new Confederate government , which Lincoln did not recognize . Pickens consulted with Beauregard , the local Confederate commander . Soon President Davis ordered Beauregard to repeat the demand for Sumter 's surrender , and if it did not , to reduce the fort before the relief expedition arrived . The Confederate cabinet , meeting in Montgomery , endorsed Davis 's order on April 9 . Only Secretary of State Robert Toombs opposed this decision : he reportedly told Jefferson Davis the attack `` will lose us every friend at the North . You will only strike a hornet 's nest ... Legions now quiet will swarm out and sting us to death . It is unnecessary . It puts us in the wrong . It is fatal . '' Beauregard dispatched aides -- Col. James Chesnut , Col. James A. Chisholm , and Capt . Stephen D. Lee -- to Fort Sumter on April 11 to issue the ultimatum . Anderson refused , although he reportedly commented , `` I shall await the first shot , and if you do not batter us to pieces , we shall be starved out in a few days . '' The aides returned to Charleston and reported this comment to Beauregard . At 1 a.m. on April 12 , the aides brought Anderson a message from Beauregard : `` If you will state the time which you will evacuate Fort Sumter , and agree in the meantime that you will not use your guns against us unless ours shall be employed against Fort Sumter , we will abstain from opening fire upon you . '' After consulting with his senior officers , Maj . Anderson replied that he would evacuate Sumter by noon , April 15 , unless he received new orders from his government or additional supplies . Col. Chesnut considered this reply to be too conditional and wrote a reply , which he handed to Anderson at 3 : 20 a.m. : `` Sir : by authority of Brigadier General Beauregard , commanding the Provisional Forces of the Confederate States , we have the honor to notify you that he will open fire of his batteries on Fort Sumter in one hour from this time . '' Anderson escorted the officers back to their boat , shook hands with each one , and said `` If we never meet in this world again , God grant that we may meet in the next . '' Bombardment Bombardment of the Fort by the Confederates At 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , 1861 , Lt. Henry S. Farley , acting upon the command of Capt . George S. James , fired a single 10 - inch mortar round from Fort Johnson . ( James had offered the first shot to Roger Pryor , a noted Virginia secessionist , who declined , saying , `` I could not fire the first gun of the war . '' ) The shell exploded over Fort Sumter as a signal to open the general bombardment from 43 guns and mortars at Fort Moultrie , Fort Johnson , the floating battery , and Cummings Point . Under orders from Beauregard , the guns fired in a counterclockwise sequence around the harbor , with 2 minutes between each shot ; Beauregard wanted to conserve ammunition , which he calculated would last for only 48 hours . Edmund Ruffin , another noted Virginia secessionist , had traveled to Charleston to be present for the beginning of the war , and fired one of the first shots at Sumter after the signal round , a 64 - pound shell from the Iron Battery at Cummings Point . The shelling of Fort Sumter from the batteries ringing the harbor awakened Charleston 's residents ( including diarist Mary Chesnut ) , who rushed out into the predawn darkness to watch the shells arc over the water and burst inside the fort . Major Anderson held his fire , awaiting daylight . His troops reported for a call at 6 a.m. and then had breakfast . At 7 a.m. , Capt . Abner Doubleday fired a shot at the Ironclad Battery at Cummings Point . He missed . Given the available manpower , Anderson could not take advantage of all of his 60 guns . He deliberately avoided using guns that were situated in the fort where casualties were most likely . The fort 's best cannons were mounted on the uppermost of its three tiers -- the barbette tier -- where his troops were most exposed to incoming fire from overhead . The fort had been designed to withstand a naval assault , and naval warships of the time did not mount guns capable of elevating to shoot over the walls of the fort . However , the land - based cannons manned by the Confederates were capable of high - arcing ballistic trajectories and could therefore fire at parts of the fort that would have been out of naval guns ' reach . Fort Sumter 's garrison could only safely fire the 21 working guns on the lowest level , which themselves , because of the limited elevation allowed by their embrasures , were largely incapable of delivering fire with trajectories high enough to seriously threaten Fort Moultrie . Moreover , although the Federals had moved as many of their supplies to Fort Sumter as they could manage , the fort was quite low on ammunition , and was nearly out at the end of the 34 - hour bombardment . A more immediate problem was the scarcity of cloth gunpowder cartridges or bags ; only 700 were available at the beginning of the battle and workmen sewed frantically to create more , in some cases using socks from Anderson 's personal wardrobe . Because of the shortages , Anderson reduced his firing to only six guns : two aimed at Cummings Point , two at Fort Moultrie , and two at the Sullivan 's Island batteries . Ships from Fox 's relief expedition began to arrive on April 12 . Although Fox himself arrived at 3 a.m. on his steamer Baltic , most of the rest of his fleet was delayed until 6 p.m. , and one of the two warships , USS Powhatan , never did arrive . Unbeknownst to Fox , it had been ordered to the relief of Fort Pickens in Florida . As landing craft were sent toward the fort with supplies , the artillery fire deterred them and they pulled back . Fox decided to wait until after dark and for the arrival of his warships . The next day , heavy seas made it difficult to load the small boats with men and supplies and Fox was left with the hope that Anderson and his men could hold out until dark on April 13 . Although Sumter was a masonry fort , there were wooden buildings inside for barracks and officer quarters . The Confederates targeted these with Heated shot ( cannonballs heated red hot in a furnace ) , starting fires that could prove more dangerous to the men than explosive artillery shells . At 7 p.m. on April 12 , a rain shower extinguished the flames and at the same time the Union gunners stopped firing for the night . They slept fitfully , concerned about a potential infantry assault against the fort . During the darkness , the Confederates reduced their fire to four shots each hour . The following morning , the full bombardment resumed and the Confederates continued firing hot shot against the wooden buildings . By noon most of the wooden buildings in the fort and the main gate were on fire . The flames moved toward the main ammunition magazine , where 300 barrels of gunpowder were stored . The Union soldiers frantically tried to move the barrels to safety , but two - thirds were left when Anderson judged it was too dangerous and ordered the magazine doors closed . He ordered the remaining barrels thrown into the sea , but the tide kept floating them back together into groups , some of which were ignited by incoming artillery rounds . He also ordered his crews to redouble their efforts at firing , but the Confederates did the same , firing the hot shots almost exclusively . Many of the Confederate soldiers admired the courage and determination of the Yankees . When the fort had to pause its firing , the Confederates often cheered and applauded after the firing resumed and they shouted epithets at some of the nearby Union ships for failing to come to the fort 's aid . Surrender Fort Sumter Flag Wikisource has original text related to this article : Major Anderson 's telegram announcing the surrender The fort 's central flagpole was knocked down at 1 p.m. on April 13 , raising doubts among the Confederates about whether the fort was ready to surrender . Col. Louis Wigfall , a former U.S. senator , had been observing the battle and decided that this indicated the fort had had enough punishment . He commandeered a small boat and proceeded from Morris Island , waving a white handkerchief from his sword , dodging incoming rounds from Sullivan 's Island . Meeting with Major Anderson , he said , `` You have defended your flag nobly , Sir . You have done all that it is possible to do , and General Beauregard wants to stop this fight . On what terms , Major Anderson , will you evacuate this fort ? '' Anderson was encouraged that Wigfall had said `` evacuate , '' not `` surrender . '' He was low on ammunition , fires were burning out of control , and his men were hungry and exhausted . Satisfied that they had defended their post with honor , enduring over 3,000 Confederate rounds without losing a man , Anderson agreed to a truce at 2 : 00 p.m. Fort Sumter raised Wigfall 's white handkerchief on its flagpole as Wigfall departed in his small boat back to Morris Island , where he was hailed as a hero . The handkerchief was spotted in Charleston and a delegation of officers representing Beauregard -- Stephen D. Lee , Porcher Miles , a former mayor of Charleston , and Roger Pryor -- sailed to Sumter , unaware of Wigfall 's visit . Anderson was outraged when these officers disavowed Wigfall 's authority , telling him that the former senator had not spoken with Beauregard for two days , and he threatened to resume firing . Meanwhile , General Beauregard himself had finally seen the handkerchief and sent a second set of officers , offering essentially the same terms that Wigfall had presented , so the agreement was reinstated . The Union garrison formally surrendered the fort to Confederate personnel at 2 : 30 p.m. , April 13 . No one from either side was killed during the bombardment . During the 100 - gun salute to the U.S. flag -- Anderson 's one condition for withdrawal -- a pile of cartridges blew up from a spark , mortally wounding privates Daniel Hough and Edward Galloway , and seriously wounding the other four members of the gun crew ; these were the first military fatalities of the war . The salute was stopped at fifty shots . Hough was buried in the Fort Sumter parade ground within two hours after the explosion . Galloway and Private George Fielding were sent to the hospital in Charleston , where Galloway died a few days later ; Fielding was released after six weeks . The other wounded men and the remaining Union troops were placed aboard a Confederate steamer , the Isabel , where they spent the night and were transported the next morning to Fox 's relief ship Baltic , resting outside the harbor bar . Our Banner in the Sky ( 1861 ) by Frederic Edwin Church Anderson carried the Fort Sumter Flag with him North , where it became a widely known symbol of the battle , and rallying point for supporters of the Union . This inspired Frederic Edwin Church to paint Our Banner in the Sky , described as a `` symbolic landscape embodying the stars and stripes . '' A chromolithograph was then created and sold to benefit the families of Union soldiers . Confederate Flag flying in Fort Sumter after the 1861 surrender Aftermath The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the first military action of the American Civil War . Following the surrender , Northerners rallied behind Lincoln 's call for all states to send troops to recapture the forts and preserve the Union . With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days . Some Northern states filled their quotas quickly . There were so many volunteers in Ohio that within 16 days they could have met the full call for 75,000 men by themselves . Other governors from border states were undiplomatic in their responses . For example , Gov. Claiborne Jackson wrote , `` Not one man will the state of Missouri furnish to carry on any such unholy crusade '' , and Gov. Beriah Magoffin wrote , `` Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern states . '' The governors of other states still in the Union were equally unsupportive . The call for 75,000 troops triggered four additional slave states to declare their secession from the Union and join the Confederacy . The ensuing war lasted four years , effectively ending in April 1865 with the surrender of General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomatox Courthouse . Charleston Harbor was completely in Confederate hands for almost the entire four - year duration of the war , leaving a hole in the Union naval blockade . Union forces conducted major operations in 1862 and 1863 to capture Charleston , first overland on James Island ( the Battle of Secessionville , June 1862 ) , then by naval assault against Fort Sumter ( the First Battle of Charleston Harbor , April 1863 ) , then by seizing the Confederate artillery positions on Morris Island ( beginning with the Second Battle of Fort Wagner , July 1863 , and followed by a siege until September ) . After pounding Sumter to rubble with artillery fire , a final amphibious operation attempted to occupy it ( the Second Battle of Fort Sumter , September 1863 ) , but was repulsed and no further attempts were made . The Confederates evacuated Fort Sumter and Charleston in February 1865 as Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman outflanked the city in the Carolinas Campaign . On April 14 , 1865 , four years to the day after lowering the Fort Sumter Flag in surrender , Robert Anderson ( by then a major general , although ill and in retired status ) returned to the ruined fort to raise the flag he had lowered in 1861 . Two of the cannons used at Fort Sumter were later presented to Louisiana State University by General William Tecumseh Sherman , who was president of the university before the war began . Tributes Civil War Centennial Issue of 1961 The U.S. Post Office Department released the Fort Sumter Centennial issue as the first in the series of five stamps marking the Civil War Centennial on April 12 , 1961 , at the Charleston post office . The stamp was designed by Charles R. Chickering . It illustrates a seacoast gun from Fort Sumter aimed by an officer in a typical uniform of the time . The background features palmetto leaves akin to bursting shells . The state tree of South Carolina , the palmettos suggest the geopolitical area opening Civil War hostilities . This stamp was produced by an engraving and printed by the rotary process in panes of fifty stamps each . The Postal Department authorized an initial printing of 120 million stamps . Footnotes Citations ^ Jump up to : Welcher , p. 699 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter Battle Summary '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FORT SUMPTER FALLEN '' . nytimes.com. April 15 , 1861 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 235 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 25 , 127 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 246 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 29 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 6 , 8 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 1 -- 2 , 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 110 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 121 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Detzer , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Burton , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter National Monument '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 131 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 12 -- 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 264 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 17 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 155 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 124 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter National Monument '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eicher & Eicher , p. 810 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 261 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 212 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 212 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 268 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 225 -- 31 , 249 . Jump up ^ Burton , p. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 133 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Ward , Burns & Burns 1990 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 139 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 39 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 256 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Daily Globe October 20 , 1884 p. 4 Jump up ^ The Princeton Union 9 September 1897 p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 268 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 147 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 46 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 152 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 152 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 49 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Detzer , pp. 292 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 51 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 157 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 308 -- 309 . Jump up ^ Ripley , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 311 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Our Banner in the Sky '' . Olana State Historic Site . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 274 . Jump up ^ `` Fight for the Colors , the Ohio Battle Flags Collection , Civil War Room '' . Ohio Historical Society . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Todd . `` Lincoln Declares War '' . opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com . Opinionator . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 52 -- 53 , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 820 , 841 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 834 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana State University Army ROTC Unit History '' . Louisiana State University . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Centennial Issue '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved Oct 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil War Centennial Issue '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , National Postal Museum online , viewed March 16 , 2014 . Notes Jump up ^ The weapons in the arsenal consisted of about 18,000 muskets , 3,400 rifles , over 1,000 pistols , and a few artillery pieces including five 24 - pound field howitzers . Jump up ^ When asked about that offer , Abraham Lincoln commented , `` A state for a fort is no bad business . '' Jump up ^ Detzer comments that Ruffin claimed he fired the first shot , when Ruffin did not actually do so . References Buchanan , James ( 1911 ) . The Works of James Buchanan : Comprising His Speeches , State Papers , and Private Correspondence . Burton , E. Milby ( 1970 ) . The Siege of Charleston 1861 -- 1865 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 87249 - 345 - 8 . Cooper , William J. ( September 11 , 2012 ) . We Have the War Upon Us : The Onset of the Civil War , November 1860 - April 1861 . New York City , NY : Vintage . ISBN 9780307960887 . Davis , William C. ( 1983 ) . Brother against Brother : The War Begins . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4700 - 2 . Detzer , David ( 2001 ) . Allegiance : Fort Sumter , Charleston , and the Beginning of the Civil War . New York City , NY : Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 100641 - 5 . Eicher , David J. ( 2001 ) . The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York City , NY : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Eicher , John H. ; Eicher , David J ( 2001 ) . Civil War High Commands . Stanford , CA , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 . Kennedy , Frances H. ( 1998 ) . The Civil War Battlefield Guide ( 2 ed . ) . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Co . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York City , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Ripley , Warren ( 1992 ) . Wilcox , Arthur M. , ed . War 's First Death Accidental . The Civil War at Charleston ( 16th ed . ) . Charleston , SC : Evening - Post Publishing Co . OCLC 636046368 . Ward , Geoffrey ; Burns , Ken ; Burns , Ric ( 1990 ) . The Civil War , an Illustrated History . New York City , NY : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56285 - 8 . Welcher , Frank J. ( 1989 ) . The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . 1 , The Eastern Theater . Bloomington , ID : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36453 - 1 . Online resources National Park Service battle description Further reading Further information : Bibliography of the American Civil War Chesnut , Mary , Diary of Mary Chesnut . Fairfax , VA : D. Appleton and Company , 1905 . OCLC 287696932 . Doubleday , Abner . Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860 -- 61 . New York : Harper and Brothers , 1876 . OCLC 1320168 , E'book Harris , W.A. ( 1862 ) . The record of Fort Sumter , from its occupation by Major Anderson , to its reduction by South Carolina troops during the administration of Governor Pickens . South Carolinian Steam Job Printing Office . , E'book Hatcher , Richard W . `` The Problem in Charleston Harbor : Fort Sumter and the Opening Shots of the Civil War . '' Hallowed Ground Magazine ( Civil War Trust ) , Winter 2010 . Hendrickson , Robert . Sumter : The First Day of the Civil War . New York : Promontory Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 88394 - 095 - 7 . Klein , Maury . Days of Defiance : Sumter , Secession , and the Coming of the Civil War : New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 44747 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Sumter . Fort Sumter National Monument National Park Service Historical Handbook Battle of Fort Sumter : Maps , histories , photos , and preservation news ( CWPT ) Crisis at Fort Sumter Details of requests for surrender prior to the battle Discussion of transfer of federal property within state boundaries Newspaper coverage of the Battle of Fort Sumter The Battle of Fort Sumter and First Victory of the Southern troops 1861 summary from Charleston Press Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Battle of Fort Sumter '' dated 2017 - 11 - 21 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who shot the first shot at fort sumter | [
"The Battle of Fort Sumter (April 12–13, 1861) was the bombardment of Fort Sumter near Charleston, South Carolina by the Confederate States Army, and the return gunfire and subsequent surrender by the United States Army, that started the American Civil War. Following the declaration of secession by South Carolina on December 20, 1860, its authorities demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor. On December 26, Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army surreptitiously moved his small command from the vulnerable Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Island to Fort Sumter, a substantial fortress built on an island controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor. An attempt by U.S. President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9, 1861. South Carolina authorities then seized all Federal property in the Charleston area except for Fort Sumter."
] | [
"Confederate States Army"
] |
-5942801646216226372 | List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1996 | List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1996 - wikipedia List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1996 Los del Río ( pictured ) earned their first Hot 100 number - one single with `` Macarena '' , which stayed at the top position for fourteen straight weeks . The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best - performing singles of the United States . Published by Billboard magazine , the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single 's weekly physical sales and airplays . The year started out with `` One Sweet Day '' by Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men and ended with `` Un-Break My Heart '' by Toni Braxton . There were nine singles that peaked atop the charts , but if `` One Sweet Day '' is excluded from the count ( as the song had its peak in the previous year ) , the total would be eight , the second lowest for a single year , along with 1997 and recently , 2005 . The longest running number - one single of 1996 is `` Macarena '' ( Bayside Boys Mix ) , which stayed at the top for 14 weeks . Contents 1 Chart history 2 See also 3 References 4 Additional sources Chart history Key The yellow background indicates the # 1 song on Billboard 's 1996 Year - End Chart of Pop Singles . Issue Date Song Artist ( s ) Reference January 6 `` One Sweet Day '' Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men January 13 January 20 January 27 February 3 February 10 February 17 February 24 March 2 March 9 March 16 March 23 `` Because You Loved Me '' Céline Dion March 30 April 6 April 13 April 20 April 27 May 4 `` Always Be My Baby '' Mariah Carey May 11 May 18 `` Tha Crossroads '' Bone Thugs - n - Harmony May 25 June 1 June 8 June 15 June 22 June 29 July 6 July 13 `` How Do U Want It '' / `` California Love '' 2Pac featuring K - Ci & JoJo / featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman July 20 July 27 `` You 're Makin ' Me High '' / `` Let It Flow '' Toni Braxton August 3 `` Macarena '' ( Bayside Boys Mix ) Los Del Rio August 10 August 17 August 24 August 31 September 7 September 14 September 21 September 28 October 5 October 12 October 19 October 26 November 2 November 9 `` No Diggity '' Blackstreet featuring Dr. Dre November 16 November 23 November 30 December 7 `` Un-Break My Heart '' Toni Braxton December 14 December 21 December 28 See also 1996 in music List of number - one hits ( United States ) References Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 6 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 13 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 20 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 27 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 3 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 10 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 17 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 24 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 2 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 9 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 16 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 23 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 30 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 6 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 13 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 20 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 27 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 4 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 11 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 18 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 25 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 1 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 8 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 15 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 22 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 29 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 6 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 13 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 20 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 27 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 3 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 10 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 17 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 24 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 31 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 7 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 14 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 21 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 28 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 5 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 12 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 19 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 26 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 2 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 9 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 16 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 23 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 30 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 7 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 14 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 21 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 28 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Additional sources Fred Bronson 's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 ) Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2008 , 12 Edition ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Nineties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 137 - 3 ) Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard 's online archive services and print editions of the magazine . Lists of Billboard number - one singles 1940 -- 1959 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 -- 1979 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 -- 1999 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1997 1998 1999 2000 -- present 2017 2018 By decade 1930s 1940s 1950 -- 1958 1958 -- 1969 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s See also Top - ten singles Hot 100 Year - end List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_1996&oldid=844479647 '' Categories : 1996 record charts Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number - one songs Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 05 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the number one song in june of 1996 | [
"\n\nIssue Date\n\nSong\n\nArtist(s)\n\nReference\n\n\nJanuary 6\n\n\"One Sweet Day\"\n\nMariah Carey and Boyz II Men\n\n[1]\n\n\nJanuary 13\n\n[2]\n\n\nJanuary 20\n\n[3]\n\n\nJanuary 27\n\n[4]\n\n\nFebruary 3\n\n[5]\n\n\nFebruary 10\n\n[6]\n\n\nFebruary 17\n\n[7]\n\n\nFebruary 24\n\n[8]\n\n\nMarch 2\n\n[9]\n\n\nMarch 9\n\n[10]\n\n\nMarch 16\n\n[11]\n\n\nMarch 23\n\n\"Because You Loved Me\"\n\nCéline Dion\n\n[12]\n\n\nMarch 30\n\n[13]\n\n\nApril 6\n\n[14]\n\n\nApril 13\n\n[15]\n\n\nApril 20\n\n[16]\n\n\nApril 27\n\n[17]\n\n\nMay 4\n\n\"Always Be My Baby\"\n\nMariah Carey\n\n[18]\n\n\nMay 11\n\n[19]\n\n\nMay 18\n\n\"Tha Crossroads\"\n\nBone Thugs-n-Harmony\n\n[20]\n\n\nMay 25\n\n[21]\n\n\nJune 1\n\n[22]\n\n\nJune 8\n\n[23]\n\n\nJune 15\n\n[24]\n\n\nJune 22\n\n[25]\n\n\nJune 29\n\n[26]\n\n\nJuly 6\n\n[27]\n\n\nJuly 13\n\n\"How Do U Want It\" / \"California Love\"\n\n2Pac featuring K-Ci & JoJo / featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman\n\n[28]\n\n\nJuly 20\n\n[29]\n\n\nJuly 27\n\n\"You're Makin' Me High\" / \"Let It Flow\"\n\nToni Braxton\n\n[30]\n\n\nAugust 3\n\n\"Macarena\" (Bayside Boys Mix)\n\nLos Del Rio\n\n[31]\n\n\nAugust 10\n\n[32]\n\n\nAugust 17\n\n[33]\n\n\nAugust 24\n\n[34]\n\n\nAugust 31\n\n[35]\n\n\nSeptember 7\n\n[36]\n\n\nSeptember 14\n\n[37]\n\n\nSeptember 21\n\n[38]\n\n\nSeptember 28\n\n[39]\n\n\nOctober 5\n\n[40]\n\n\nOctober 12\n\n[41]\n\n\nOctober 19\n\n[42]\n\n\nOctober 26\n\n[43]\n\n\nNovember 2\n\n[44]\n\n\nNovember 9\n\n\"No Diggity\"\n\nBlackstreet featuring Dr. Dre\n\n[45]\n\n\nNovember 16\n\n[46]\n\n\nNovember 23\n\n[47]\n\n\nNovember 30\n\n[48]\n\n\nDecember 7\n\n\"Un-Break My Heart\"\n\nToni Braxton\n\n[49]\n\n\nDecember 14\n\n[50]\n\n\nDecember 21\n\n[51]\n\n\nDecember 28\n\n[52]\n\n"
] | [
"\"Tha Crossroads\""
] |
8568799489587943106 | Salman of Saudi Arabia | Salman of Saudi Arabia - Wikipedia Salman of Saudi Arabia Jump to : navigation , search `` King Salman '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with King Solomon or King Salmon . Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud King of Saudi Arabia Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King of Saudi Arabia Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia Reign 23 January 2015 -- present Bay'ah 23 January 2015 Predecessor Abdullah Heir ( s ) apparent Muqrin bin Abdulaziz ( 2015 ) Muhammad bin Nayef ( 2015 -- 17 ) Mohammad bin Salman ( 2017 -- present ) ( 1935 - 12 - 31 ) 31 December 1935 ( age 82 ) Riyadh , Saudi Arabia Spouse Sultana bint Turki Al Sudairi ( deceased in 2011 ) Sarah bint Faisal Al Subai'ai ( divorced ) Fahda bint Falah Al Hathleen Issue Detail Fahd Sultan Ahmed Abdulaziz Faisal Mohammad Saud Turki Khalid Full name Salman bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Saud House House of Saud Father Ibn Saud Mother Hassa bint Ahmad Al Sudairi Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( Arabic : سلمان بن عبد العزیز آل سعود Salmān ibn ' Abd al - ' Azīz Āl Sa'ūd Arabic pronunciation : ( sæɫmæːn ibˈn ʕabˈduɫ ʕaziːz æːɫ saʕuːd ) ; born 31 December 1935 ) is a Saudi Arabian politician and royal statesman who has been King of Saudi Arabia , Prime Minister , Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques and head of the House of Saud since 2015 . He was the Deputy Governor and later the Governor of Riyadh for 48 years from 1963 to 2011 . He was then appointed Minister of Defense . He was also named the Crown Prince in 2012 following the death of his brother Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud . Salman was crowned as the new King of Saudi Arabia on 23 January 2015 following the death of his half - brother , King Abdullah . His major initiatives as King include the Saudi intervention in the Yemeni Civil War , Saudi Vision 2030 , and a 2017 decree allowing Saudi women to drive . His son , Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman , is seen as the power behind the throne , and has led many reforms in Saudi Arabia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Governor of Riyadh 3 Second in line 4 Crown Prince 5 King of Saudi Arabia 5.1 Early reforms 5.2 Yemen military intervention 5.3 Crown Prince change 5.4 Al - Qaeda 5.5 Human rights 5.6 Iran and Syria 5.7 Panama Papers revelations 6 Influence 7 Views 8 Personal life 9 Ancestry 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Early Life ( edit ) Salman was born on 31 December 1935 , and is reported to be the 25th son of Ibn Saud , the first monarch and founder of Saudi Arabia . Salman and his six brothers make up the Sudairi Seven . He was raised in the Murabba Palace . Salman received his early education at the Princes ' School in the capital city of Riyadh , a school established by Ibn Saud specifically to provide education for his children . He studied religion and modern science . Governor of Riyadh ( edit ) Governor Salman bin Abdulaziz with Vladimir Putin in 2007 Salman was appointed deputy governor of Riyadh Province in 1954 , aged 19 , and held the post until 1955 . He was appointed the provincial governor in 1963 , and remained in that office until 2011 . As governor , he contributed to the development of Riyadh from a mid-sized town into a major urban metropolis . He served as an important liaison to attract tourism , capital projects and foreign investment to his country . He favored political and economic relationships with the West . During his governorship , Salman recruited advisors from King Saud University . During Salman 's five decades as Riyadh governor , he became adept at managing the delicate balance of clerical , tribal , and princely interests that determine Saudi policy . He was also the chairman of the King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives ( KAFRA ) , King Abdulaziz Museum , the Prince Salman Center for Disability Research and the Prince Fahd bin Salman Charitable Society for the Care of Kidney Patients . Salman also undertook several foreign tours during his reign . In 1974 , he visited Kuwait , Bahrain and Qatar to strengthen Saudi Arabia 's relationship with those nations . During his visit to Montreal , Canada in 1991 , he inaugurated a gallery . In 1996 , he was received in the Élysée Palace in Paris by the then - French president Jacques Chirac . The same year he toured Bosnia and Herzegovina to give donations to the Muslim citizens of the country . Being a part of an Asian tour in 1998 , Salman visited Pakistan , Japan , Brunei and China . Under Salman , Riyadh became one of the richest cities in the Middle East and an important place for trade and commerce . There were also infrastructural advances including schools , universities and sports stadiums . About the province , he said : `` Every village or town in the Riyadh Region is dear to me , and holds a special place in my heart ... I witnessed every step taken by the city of Riyadh , and for this reason it is difficult for me to think about being far away from Riyadh . '' Second in line ( edit ) US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta with Salman at the Pentagon in April 2012 On 5 November 2011 , Salman was appointed Second Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense , replacing his full brother , the late Crown Prince Sultan ( at Defense ) , Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz was named as the governor of the Riyadh Province . Prince Salman was also named as a member of the National Security Council ( NSC ) on the same day . It is speculated that his placement in the immediate line of succession occurred due to his qualities . First , he has a conciliatory and diplomatic nature . He headed the family council , called The Descendants ' Council ( Majlis al Uthra in Arabic ) , that was established by King Fahd in 2000 to solve family matters , reach consensus and try to avoid any publicly embarrassing behaviour of some family members . Second , Salman belongs to the `` middle generation '' in the royal family ; therefore , he could develop close ties with both generations socially and culturally . Last , as a result of his long - term governorship , he had developed a network of relationships within Arab and international circles . Salman continued the policy of military intervention in Bahrain , to try to crush the Bahrain uprising . In April 2012 , Salman visited both the United States and the United Kingdom where he met with US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron. 2013 saw Saudi military spending climb to $67 bn , overtaking that of the UK , France and Japan to place fourth globally . As defense minister , Salman was head of the military as Saudi Arabia joined the United States and other Arab countries in carrying out airstrikes against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria in 2014 . Crown Prince ( edit ) Crown Prince Salman meeting US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel , 23 April 2013 On 18 June 2012 , Salman was appointed as Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia shortly after the death of his brother , Crown Prince Nayef bin Abdul - Aziz Al Saud . Prince Salman was also made First Deputy Prime minister . His nomination as crown prince and deputy prime minister was considered by Reuters to be a signal that King Abdullah 's cautious reforms were likely to continue . On the other hand , Saudi reformists stated that while Prince Salman , in contrast to other Saudi royals , took a more diplomatic approach towards them , he could not be considered a political reformer . They also argued that , like King Abdullah , Salman focused mainly on economic improvement rather than political change . On 27 August 2012 , the Royal Court announced that Salman was in charge of state affairs whilst King Abdullah was out of the country . Prince Salman launched a Twitter account on 23 February 2013 . In September 2012 , Salman was named as the deputy chairman of the military service council . He is a strong advocate for philanthropy in poor Muslim nations such as Somalia , Sudan , Bangladesh and Afghanistan . King of Saudi Arabia ( edit ) US President Barack Obama shakes hands with King Salman , Riyadh , 27 January 2015 US Secretary of State John Kerry with Salman at Andrews Air Force Base in Camp Springs , Maryland , 3 September 2015 King Salman and Indonesian President Joko Widodo in Jakarta , 1 March 2017 On 23 January 2015 , Salman , aged 79 , succeeded as king after his half - brother Abdullah died of pneumonia at the age of 90 . The newly appointed king issued a statement which read `` His Highness Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and all members of the family and the nation mourn Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz , who passed away at exactly 1 am this morning . '' He appointed Prince Muqrin as the Crown Prince . Salman is conservative and holds traditional views with regards to political reforms and social change . After coming to power , Salman reshuffled the cabinet on 30 January 2015 . Khalid bin Ali bin Abdullah al - Humaidan was made the intelligence chief . Prince Bandar bin Sultan was removed from his post in the security council and the adviser to the monarch was also removed as were the former monarch 's sons Turki as governor of Riyadh and Mishaal as governor of Mecca . Ali al - Naimi remained the minister of petroleum and mineral resources , as did Saud al - Faisal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ibrahim Al - Assaf as finance minister . Salman also `` gave a bonus of two months ' salary to all Saudi state employees and military personnel '' , including pensioners and students , while also asking citizens to `` not forget me in your prayers '' . In February 2015 , he received Prince Charles during his six - day tour in the Middle East . They `` exchanged cordial talks and reviewed bilateral relations '' between the countries . Early reforms ( edit ) One of the first things the King and his son , Mohammad bin Salman , did was to streamline the government bureaucracy . On the death of King Abdullah , there were as many as eleven government secretariats , and all of these were abolished and reconstituted as only two , the Council of Political and Security Affairs ( CPSA ) , headed by Deputy Crown prince Mohammed bin Nayef , and the Council for Economic and Development Affairs ( CEDA ) , headed by the Secretary General of the royal Court Prince Mohammad bin Salman , who were given free rein to completely reorganize the government and cementing the power of the Sudairi faction , to which both princes belong . Yemen military intervention ( edit ) Main article : Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen In March 2015 , the king ordered the bombing of Yemen and military intervention against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh , who was deposed in the 2011 uprising . He first put together a coalition of ten Sunni Muslim countries . Code - named Operation Decisive Storm , this was the first time the Saudi Air Force had launched airstrikes against another country since the 1990 -- 91 Gulf War . According to Farea Al - Muslim , direct war crimes have been committed during the conflict ; for example , an IDP camp was hit by a Saudi airstrike . Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) wrote that the Saudi - led air campaign had conducted airstrikes in apparent violation of the laws of war . Human rights groups have also criticized Saudi Arabia for the alleged use of cluster bombs against Yemeni civilians . Crown Prince change ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . In particular : Mohammad bin Salman has replaced Muhammad bin Nayef as Crown Prince . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2018 ) Mohammad bin Salman aboard the aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt , 7 July 2015 Salman in April 2015 after becoming king appointed a full nephew , Muhammad bin Nayef , as the new Crown Prince . Furthermore , he made his young son , Mohammad bin Salman the Deputy Crown Prince . Almost all powers under the king are now concentrated in the hands of the crown prince and deputy crown prince , both of whom have the portfolio determining all security and economic development issues in Saudi Arabia . Al - Qaeda ( edit ) Saudi Arabia has emerged as the main group to finance and arm the rebels fighting against the Syrian government . As of 2015 , Saudi Arabia is openly backing the Army of Conquest , an umbrella rebel group that reportedly includes an al - Qaeda linked al - Nusra Front and another Salafi coalition known as Ahrar al - Sham . Human Rights ( edit ) In February 2012 , Ali Mohammed Baqir al - Nimr was arrested for participating in , and encouraging , pro-democracy protests , when he was 16 or 17 years old . In May 2014 , Ali Al - Nimr was sentenced to be crucified , despite the minimum age for execution being 18 when a crime is committed . Ali Al - Nimr has reported that he was tortured during his detention . As of 23 September 2015 , the sentence awaited ratification by King Salman . In February 2015 , a man from Hafar Al - Batin was sentenced to death for rejecting Islam . In June 2015 , Saudi Arabia 's Supreme Court upheld the sentence of 1,000 lashes and 10 years in prison for Raif Badawi , a Saudi Arabian blogger who was imprisoned in 2012 after being charged for ' insulting Islam ' . Iran and Syria ( edit ) US President Donald Trump with King Salman , Riyadh , 20 May 2017 US Defense Secretary Ashton Carter met with the King and his Arabian military counterpart , Deputy Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman , at Jeddah to answer regional security concerns in the Kingdom and the Gulf states over lifting Iranian economic and conventional military sanctions as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action outlines . The King has misgivings over the deal since it would increase the regional power of Iran especially in the proxy conflicts in Syria , Yemen , and elsewhere . In January 2016 , Saudi Arabia executed the prominent Saudi Shia cleric Sheikh Nimr . Iran warned that the House of Saud would pay a high price for the execution of Sheikh Nimr by God 's will . Panama Papers revelations ( edit ) King Salman has been implicated in the Panama Papers leaks , with two companies originating in the British Virgin Islands taking mortgages in excess of US $34 million to purchase property in central London . His role has not been specified . According to the TeleSUR , `` King Salman 's net worth is estimated at US $17.0 billion . '' The then - Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef has also been named in association with the Papers . Influence ( edit ) Salman , US President Donald Trump , and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el - Sisi touching The Orb at the 2017 Riyadh summit . King Salman with Russian President Vladimir Putin , Moscow , 5 October 2017 Salman was often a mediator in settling royal conflicts among the extended Al Saud family -- estimated at 4,000 princes . He was a prominent figure of the royal council , which allowed him to select which princes will be delegated which responsibilities of the Kingdom . Salman and his family own a media group , including pan-Arab daily Asharq Al - Awsat and Al Eqtisadiah . Though he owns only ten percent of the Saudi Research and Marketing Group ( SRMG ) , he is often referred by auditors as its owner . He reportedly controls the organization through his son Prince Faisal , who is a former chairman of the concern . The SRMG publishes such daily papers as Arab News , Asharq Al - Awsat and Al Eqtisadiah through its subsidiary Saudi Research and Publishing Company ( SRPC ) . In a similar vein , Salman is reported to have some strong alliances with significant journalists . He is said to be close to Al Arabiya TV director and Asharq Al - Awsat journalist Abdelrahman Al Rashid and to Othman Al Omeir , who launched and is the owner of the liberal e-newspaper Elaph . King Salman is thought to have connections with the Elaph website . Views ( edit ) In November 2002 , in reference to charitable organizations accused of terrorism ( e.g. al - Haramain Foundation , Saudi High Commission for Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina ) , Salman stated that he had personally taken part in the activities of such organizations , but added `` I know the assistance goes to doing good . But if there are those who change some work of charity into evil activities , then it is not the Kingdom 's responsibility , nor its people , which helps its Arab and Muslim brothers around the world . '' Al Jazeera referred to Salman 's views reported in a 2007 US diplomatic cable . Salman said that `` the pace and extent of reforms depend on social and cultural factors , ... that for social reasons -- not ( religious ) reasons -- reforms can not be imposed by the ( Saudi government ) or there will be negative reactions , ... ( and ) that changes have to be introduced in a sensitive and timely manner . '' According to the cable , he said that `` democracy should not be imposed '' in Saudi Arabia , since the country `` is composed of tribes and regions and if democracy were imposed , each tribe and region would have its political party . '' Personal Life ( edit ) Salman in his youth Salman bin Abdulaziz has married three times . As of 2017 , he had 13 children . His first wife was Sultana bint Turki Al Sudairi , who died at the age of 71 in late July 2011 . She was a first cousin of Salman , being a daughter of Salman 's maternal uncle Turki bin Ahmad Al Sudairi , who was a former governor of the Asir Province . Sultana Al Sudairi supported the Prince Fahd bin Salman Charitable Society for the Care of Kidney Patients and other charitable organizations in the country . His children from this marriage are Prince Fahd , Prince Sultan , Prince Ahmed , Prince Abdulaziz , Prince Faisal and Princess Hassa ( born 1974 ) . His eldest son , Fahd bin Salman , died of heart failure at the age of 47 in July 2001 . His third son , Ahmad bin Salman , died after a heart attack in July 2002 at the age of 43 . His son , Sultan bin Salman , became the first person of royal blood , first Arab , and first Muslim to fly in outer space when he flew aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery ( STS - 51 - G ) in June 1985 , and Sultan bin Salman is currently the chairman of the Saudi Commission for Tourism & Antiquities ( SCTA ) . Abdulaziz bin Salman , another son , has been the deputy minister of oil since 1995 . Faisal bin Salman is the governor of Madinah province . His child from his second marriage with Sarah bint Faisal Al Subai'ai ( divorced ) is Prince Saud . His children from his third marriage with Fahda bint Falah bin Sultan Al Hathleen are Prince Mohammed , Prince Turki , Prince Khalid , Prince Nayif , Prince Bandar and Prince Rakan . Prince Mohammad was his private advisor at the ministry of defense and at the Crown Prince Court . Mohammad was appointed the minister of defense and head of the royal court on his father 's accession to the throne in January 2015 . Turki bin Salman became the chairman of the Saudi Research and Marketing Group in February 2013 , replacing his elder brother Faisal bin Salman . Portraits of Salman , Prince Mohammed and Ibn Saud in Jenadriyah Salman was the closest brother to Crown Prince Sultan , having remained at his side during his constant illness and recovery in New York and Morocco , from 2008 to 2011 . Prince Sultan described him as `` the prince of loyalty '' in a letter sent to him . Salman was also King Fahd 's most trusted advisor during his reign . His legal counsel was William Jeffress , Jr. , of US - based firm , Baker Botts LLP , in a lawsuit filed by families of victims of the 11 September terrorist attacks from 2002 to 2010 . In August 2010 , Salman underwent spinal surgery in the United States and remained out of the kingdom for recovery . He has had one stroke and despite physiotherapy , his left arm does not work as well as his right . Salman suffers from mild dementia , specifically Alzheimer 's . US intelligence officials believe that King Salman has been kept apart from his wife Princess Fahda bint Falah Al Hathleen for several years , on the orders of their son Prince Mohammad bin Salman . He was reportedly concerned that she opposed his plans for a power grab that could divide the royal family , and might have tried to prevent it . The officials interviewed set the prince placed his mother under house arrest without the king 's knowledge . Salman received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Al - Turath Charity Foundation in the field of urban heritage in 2013 . In 2017 , Salman pledged US $15 million for Rohingya Muslim refugees in Bangladesh . Ancestry ( edit ) ( show ) Ancestors of Salman of Saudi Arabia 16 . Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad 8 . Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud 17 . Hia bint Hamad bin Ali Al Faqih Angari Tamimi 4 . Abdul Rahman bin Faisal 18 . Mishari bin Abdulrahman bin Hassan Al Saud 9 . Sarah bint Mishari bin Abdulrahman bin Hassan Al Saud 2 . Abdulaziz ibn Saud 20 . Mohammed bin Turki bin Suleiman Al Sudairi 10 . Ahmed Al Kabir bin Mohammed bin Turki Al Sudairi 5 . Sarah bint Ahmed Al Kabir bin Mohammed Al Sudairi 1 . Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 24 . Ahmed Al Kabir bin Mohammed bin Turki Al Sudairi ( = 10 ) 12 . Muhammed bin Ahmed Al Kabir Al Sudairi 6 . Ahmed bin Muhammed Al Sudairi 3 . Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi 28 . Mohammed Al Suwaidi 14 . Ali bin Mohammed Al Suwaidi 7 . Sharifa bint Ali bin Mohammed Al Suwaidi See also ( edit ) List of things named after Saudi Kings References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` King Salman bin Abdulaziz '' . 18 September 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia 's King Salman unveils cabinet reshuffle '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` King Salman receives Prince Charles in Riyadh '' . Al Arabiya . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Mohammad bin Nayef takes leading role in Saudi Arabia Gulf News . 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led coalition strikes rebels in Yemen , inflaming tensions in region '' . CNN . 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Kasinof , Laura . `` How Yemen 's Civil Conflict Turned Into a Regional Proxy War '' . The Nation . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Saudi - Led Airstrikes Used Cluster Munitions '' . Human Rights Watch . 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Fanack . `` A New Wind in Saudi Arabia '' . Fanack.com . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ McDowall , Angus ; Aboudi , Sami ; Hashem , Mostafa ; El Dahan , Maha ; Shamseddine , Reem ; Gloystein , Henning ; Mohammed , Arshad ( 29 April 2015 ) . Maclean , William ; Fletcher , Philippa ; Graff , Peter , eds . `` Saudi king resets succession to cope with turbulent times '' . Riyadh . Reuters . Archived from the original on 14 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi edges Qatar to control Syrian rebel support '' . Reuters. 31 May 2013 Jump up ^ Kim Sengupta ( 12 May 2015 ) . `` Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Gulf allies and ' Army of Conquest ' '' . Al - Ahram Weekly . 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Army of Conquest ' rebel alliance pressures Syria regime '' . Yahoo News . 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Father of Ali , Saudi teen slated for public execution , speaks out '' . Jump up ^ Zafar Gondal , `` Analysis of court Judgment and conviction of Ali bin Mohammad bin Baqir Al - Nimr -- Saudi Arabia '' , London , 15 December 2015 . 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Wikileaks. 11 May 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Challenges Facing The New Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia '' . Alifarabia. 30 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Al - Faiz new editor in chief of Arab News '' . SRPC . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi succession issues '' ( PDF ) . GSN ( Gulf States Newsletter ) . 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brisard , Jean Charles ( 19 December 2002 ) . `` Terrorism financing . Roots and trends of Saudi terrorism financing '' ( PDF ) . the Security Council , United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Carlstrom , Gregg ( 16 June 2012 ) . `` Nayef 's conservative policies to outlive him '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gfoeller , Michael ( 1 April 2007 ) . `` Ambassador 's farewell call on Riyadh Provincial Governor Prince Sulayman '' . WikiLeaks . WikiLeaks cable : 07RIYADH651 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Sulayman Named Saudi ' Crown Prince ' '' . Arab Times . Riyadh. 18 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Raf ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Who is Mohammed bin Salman , the 31 - year - old future king of Saudi Arabia ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Sultana '' . Eugene Register Guard . 19 June 1983 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sultana , wife of Riyadh Emir , passes away '' . Saudi Gazette. 3 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ David D. Kirkpatrick ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Surprising Saudi Rises as a Prince Among Princes '' . The New York Times . Riyadh . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sultana bint Ahmad bin Muhammad al Sudairi '' . Datarabia . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kingdom mourns loss of princess '' . The Siasat Daily . 3 August 2011 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Death of a Generous man '' . The Telegraph . 25 July 2001 . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Bradley , John R. ( 23 July 2002 ) . `` Prince Ahmed 's cousin killed on way to funeral '' . USA Today . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First Arab astronaut makes a royal tour of space '' . The Windsor Star . New York . 20 June 1985 . pp. B12 . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi oil assistance to Pakistan proceeding slowly '' . Wikileaks. 30 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Hugh Miles ( 23 October 2015 ) . `` Saudi Arabia : Eight of King Salman 's 11 surviving brothers want to oust him '' . Independent . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Family Tree of Salman bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud '' . Datarabia . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Sultan arrives to Bahrain to attend Bahrain Grand Prix '' . Bahrain News Agency . 22 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Prince Mohammad bin Salman named defense minister '' . Al Arabiya. 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Turki succeeds Prince Faisal as SRMG chairman '' . Arab News . 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Late crown prince 's letter shows his deep love toward Sulayman '' . Arab News . 26 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wihbey , Paul Michael ( 1997 ) . `` Succession in Saudi Arabia : The not so silent struggle '' . IASPS Research Papers in Strategy ( 4 ) . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Viorst , Milton ( January -- February 1996 ) . `` The storm and the citadel '' . Foreign Affairs . 75 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 107 . doi : 10.2307 / 20047470 . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Representative Engagements '' . Baker Botts L.L.P . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` King Sulayman bin Abdulaziz undergone successful surgery , Royal Court statement says '' . Gulf in the Media . 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Simon ( 10 April 2012 ) . `` The Man Who Would Be King '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Simon ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` To Stop Iran , Get a New Saudi King '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Next after next ... The Economist ( Cairo ) . 5 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ David Ignatius ( 28 June 2016 ) . `` A 30 - year - old Saudi prince could jump - start the kingdom -- or drive it off a cliff '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Miles , Hugh ( 23 October 2015 ) . `` A family revolt could bring down the Saudi monarchy '' . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/u-s-officials-saudi-crown-prince-has-hidden-his-mother-n847391 Jump up ^ News , EIN ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` Saudi Arabia Pledges $15 Million to Aid Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar '' . einnews.com . Jump up ^ `` Family Tree of Salman bin Abd al - Aziz bin Abd al - Rahman Al Saud '' . Datarabia . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salman of Saudi Arabia . `` Shifting Sands and the Gulf '' on Sulayman 's transition as King `` King Salman Royal Profile '' by Royal Families of the World Salman House of Saud Born : 31 December 1935 Regnal titles Preceded by Abdullah King of Saudi Arabia 2015 -- present Incumbent Heir apparent : Mohammad bin Salman Saudi Arabian royalty Preceded by Nayef Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia 2012 -- 2015 Succeeded by Muqrin Political offices Preceded by Abdullah Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia 2015 -- present Incumbent Preceded by Badr bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Governor of Riyadh Region 1963 -- 2011 Succeeded by Sattam bin Abdulaziz Preceded by Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Minister of Defense 2011 -- 2015 Succeeded by Mohammad bin Salman Kings of Saudi Arabia Ibn Saud Saud Faisal Khalid Fahd Abdullah Salman Current monarchs of sovereign states Africa Letsie III Mohammed VI Mswati III Asia Hamad Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Hassanal Bolkiah Norodom Sihamoni Akihito Abdullah II Sabah IV Muhammad V Qaboos Tamim Salman Rama X Khalifa * Europe Macron ^ and Vives Sicília ^ Philippe Margrethe II Hans - Adam II ( Regent : Alois ) Henri Albert II Willem - Alexander Harald V Felipe VI Carl XVI Gustaf Elizabeth II Francis Americas Elizabeth II Oceania Elizabeth II Tupou VI * Officially President ^ Ex officio as President of France and Bishop of Urgell Crown Princes of Saudi Arabia Saud Faisal Muhammad Khalid Fahd Abdullah Sultan Nayef Salman Muqrin Muhammad bin Nayef Mohammad bin Salman Sons of Ibn Saud Turki I ( 1900 -- 1919 ) Saud ( 1902 -- 1969 ) Faisal ( 1906 -- 1975 ) Muhammad ( 1910 -- 1988 ) Khalid ( 1913 -- 1982 ) Nasser ( 1913 -- 1984 ) Sa'ad ( 1915 -- 1993 ) Mansour ( 1918 -- 1951 ) Fahd ( 1923 -- 2005 ) Bandar ( b . 1923 ) Musa'id ( 1923 -- 2013 ) Abdullah ( 1924 -- 2015 ) Abdul Muhsin ( 1925 -- 1985 ) Mishaal ( 1926 -- 2017 ) Sultan ( 1928 -- 2011 ) Abdul - Rahman ( 1931 -- 2017 ) Mutaib ( b . 1931 ) Talal ( b . 1931 ) Mishari ( 1932 -- 2000 ) Badr ( 1932 -- 2013 ) Nawwaf ( 1932 -- 2015 ) Turki II ( 1934 -- 2016 ) Nayef ( 1934 -- 2012 ) Fawwaz ( 1934 -- 2008 ) Salman ( b . 1935 ) Majid ( 1938 -- 2003 ) Thamir ( 1937 -- 1958 ) Abdul Elah ( b . 1939 ) Mamdouh ( b . 1940 ) Sattam ( 1941 -- 2013 ) Hathloul ( 1942 -- 2012 ) Abdul Majeed ( 1942 -- 2007 ) Mashhur ( b . 1942 ) Ahmed ( b . 1942 ) Muqrin ( b . 1945 ) Hamoud ( 1947 -- 1994 ) Bold indicates Kings of Saudi Arabia ; Italics indicates Crown Princes of Saudi Arabia . Arab leaders Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika Ahmed Ouyahia Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa Comoros Azali Assoumani Djibouti Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed Egypt Abdel Fattah el - Sisi Sherif Ismail Iraq Fuad Masum Haider al - Abadi Jordan Abdullah II of Jordan Hani Al - Mulki Kuwait Sabah Al - Ahmad Al - Jaber Al - Sabah Jaber Al - Mubarak Al - Hamad Al - Sabah Lebanon Michel Aoun Saad Hariri Libya Fayez al - Sarraj Mauritania Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Yahya Ould Hademine Morocco Mohammed VI of Morocco Saadeddine Othmani Oman Qaboos bin Said al Said Palestine Mahmoud Abbas Rami Hamdallah Qatar Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani Saudi Arabia Salman of Saudi Arabia Somalia Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed Hassan Ali Khayre Sudan Omar al - Bashir Bakri Hassan Saleh Syria Bashar al - Assad Imad Khamis Tunisia Beji Caid Essebsi Youssef Chahed United Arab Emirates Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Yemen Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Ahmed Obeid bin Daghr Current leaders of the Group of 20 Macri Turnbull Temer Trudeau Xi Tusk / Juncker Macron Merkel Modi Jokowi Gentiloni Abe Peña Nieto Putin Salman Ramaphosa Moon Erdoğan May Trump Heads of state of OPEC member states Bouteflika Lourenço Moreno Obiang Bongo Khamenei Masum Sabah Sarraj Buhari Tamim Salman Khalifa Maduro Acting heads of state shown in italics . VIAF : 250653000 LCCN : no2012079178 GND : 1135799296 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia&oldid=835646099 '' Categories : 1935 births Governors of Riyadh Province Kings of Saudi Arabia Living people Prime Ministers of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian anti-communists Sons of Ibn Saud Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit People named in the Panama Papers Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Crown Princes of Saudi Arabia Honorary Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm Collars of the Order of Mubarak the Great Collars of the Order of the Aztec Eagle Recipients of the Order of Zayed Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm Grand Cordons of the Order of the Nile Recipients of the Order of al - Hussein bin Ali Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise , 1st class Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with obsolete information from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Pages using ahnentafel with border Pages using ahnentafel with boxstyle Pages using ahnentafel with style Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 22 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the current leader of saudi arabia | [
"Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: سلمان بن عبد العزیز آل سعود Salmān ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Āl Sa‘ūd Arabic pronunciation: [sæɫmæːn ibˈn ʕabˈduɫ ʕaziːz æːɫ saʕuːd]; born 31 December 1935) is a Saudi Arabian politician and royal statesman who has been King of Saudi Arabia, Prime Minister, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques and head of the House of Saud since 2015.[1]"
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"Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud"
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-8037740686280936512 | Deinstitutionalisation | Deinstitutionalisation - Wikipedia Deinstitutionalisation Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the replacement of psychiatric hospitals . For the replacement of orphanages , see Deinstitutionalisation ( orphanages and children 's institutions ) . Vienna 's Narrenturm -- German for `` fools ' tower '' -- was one of the earliest buildings specifically designed for mentally ill people . It was built in 1784 . Deinstitutionalisation ( or deinstitutionalization ) is the process of replacing long - stay psychiatric hospitals with less isolated community mental health services for those diagnosed with a mental disorder or developmental disability . Deinstitutionalisation works in two ways : the first focuses on reducing the population size of mental institutions by releasing patients , shortening stays , and reducing both admissions and readmission rates ; the second focuses on reforming mental hospitals ' institutional processes so as to reduce or eliminate reinforcement of dependency , hopelessness , learned helplessness , and other maladaptive behaviours . According to psychiatrist Leon Eisenberg , deinstitutionalisation has been an overall benefit for most psychiatric patients , though many have been left homeless and without care . The deinstitutionalisation movement was initiated by three factors : A socio - political movement for community mental health services and open hospitals ; The advent of psychotropic drugs able to manage psychotic episodes ; Financial imperatives ( in the US specifically , to shift costs from state to federal budgets ) According to American psychiatrist Loren Mosher , most deinstitutionalisation in the USA took place after 1972 , as a result of the availability of SSI and Social Security Disability , long after the antipsychotic drugs were used universally in state hospitals . This period marked the growth in community support funds and community development , including early group homes , the first community mental health apartment programs , drop - in and transitional employment , and sheltered workshops in the community which predated community forms of supportive housing and supported living . According to psychiatrist and author Thomas Szasz , deinstitutionalisation is the policy and practice of transferring homeless , involuntarily hospitalised mental patients from state mental hospitals into many different kinds of de facto psychiatric institutions funded largely by the federal government . These federally subsidised institutions began in the United States and were quickly adopted by most Western governments . The plan was set in motion by the Community Mental Health Act as a part of John F. Kennedy 's legislation and passed by the U.S. Congress in 1963 , mandating the appointment of a commission to make recommendations for `` combating mental illness in the United States '' . In many cases the deinstitutionalisation of the mentally ill in the Western world from the 1960s onward has translated into policies of `` community release '' . Individuals who previously would have been in mental institutions are no longer continuously supervised by health care workers . Some experts , such as E. Fuller Torrey , have considered deinstitutionalisation to be a failure , while some consider many aspects of institutionalization to have been worse . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 19th century 1.2 20th century 2 Consequences 2.1 Violence 2.1. 1 Victimisation 2.1. 2 Misconceptions 3 Worldwide 3.1 Asia 3.1. 1 Hong Kong 3.1. 2 Japan 3.2 Africa 3.3 Australia and Oceania 3.3. 1 New Zealand 3.4 Europe 3.4. 1 Italy 3.4. 2 United Kingdom 3.5 North America 3.5. 1 United States 3.5. 1.1 Criticisms of public mental hospitals 3.5. 1.2 Pharmacotherapy 3.5. 1.3 President Kennedy 3.5. 1.4 Shift to community - based care 3.5. 1.5 Changing public opinion 3.5. 1.6 Reducing costs 3.6 South America 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading Origins ( edit ) 19th century ( edit ) The 19th century saw a large expansion in the number and size of asylums in Western industrialised countries . Although initially based on principles of moral treatment , they became overstretched , non-therapeutic , isolated in location , and neglectful of patients . 20th century ( edit ) By the beginning of the 20th century , increasing admissions had resulted in serious overcrowding , causing many problems for psychiatric institutions . Funding was often cut , especially during periods of economic decline and wartime . Asylums became notorious for poor living conditions , lack of hygiene , overcrowding , ill - treatment , and abuse of patients ; many patients starved to death . The first community - based alternatives were suggested and tentatively implemented in the 1920s and 1930s , although asylum numbers continued to increase up to the 1950s . The movement for deinstitutionalisation moved to the forefront in various countries during the 1950s and 1960s with the advent of chlorpromazine and other antipsychotic drugs . The prevailing public arguments , time of onset , and pace of reforms varied by country . In the United States , class action lawsuits and the scrutiny of institutions through disability activism and antipsychiatry helped expose poor conditions and treatment . Sociologists and others argued that such institutions maintained or created dependency , passivity , exclusion , and disability , which caused people to remain institutionalised . Rosenhan 's experiment in 1973 `` accelerated the movement to reform mental institutions and to deinstitutionalize as many mental patients as possible . '' A prevailing argument claimed that community services would be cheaper and that new psychiatric medications made it more feasible to release people into the community . Mental health professionals , public officials , families , advocacy groups , public citizens , and unions held differing views on deinstitutionalisation . A key text in the development of deinstitutionalisation was Asylums : Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates , a 1961 book by sociologist Erving Goffman . The book is one of the first sociological examinations of the social situation of mental patients , the hospital . Based on his participant observation field work , the book details Goffman 's theory of the `` total institution '' ( principally in the example he gives , as the title of the book indicates , mental institutions ) and the process by which it takes efforts to maintain predictable and regular behavior on the part of both `` guard '' and `` captor , '' suggesting that many of the features of such institutions serve the ritual function of ensuring that both classes of people know their function and social role , in other words of `` institutionalizing '' them . Franco Basaglia , a leading Italian psychiatrist who inspired and was the architect of the psychiatric reform in Italy , also defined mental hospital as an oppressive , locked and total institution in which prison - like , punitive rules are applied , in order to gradually eliminate its own contents , and patients , doctors and nurses are all subjected ( at different levels ) to the same process of institutionalism . The American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization ( AAAIMH ) was an organization founded in 1970 by Thomas Szasz , George Alexander , and Erving Goffman for the purpose of abolishing involuntary psychiatric intervention , particularly involuntary commitment , against individuals . The founding of the AAAIMH was announced by Szasz in 1971 in the American Journal of Public Health and American Journal of Psychiatry . The association provided legal help to psychiatric patients and published a journal , The Abolitionist . The organization was dissolved in 1980 . American psychiatrist Loren Mosher noticed that the psychiatric institution itself gave him master classes in the art of the `` total institution '' : labeling , unnecessary dependency , the induction and perpetuation of powerlessness , the degradation ceremony , authoritarianism , and the primacy of institutional needs over those of the persons it was ostensibly there to serve - the patients . In New York ARC v. Rockefeller , parents of 5,000 residents at the Willowbrook State School in Staten Island , New York , filed suit over the inhumane living conditions at that institution , where residents were abused and neglected . A 1972 television broadcast from the Willowbrook State School , titled `` Willowbrook : The Last Great Disgrace , '' outraged the general public . However , it took 3 years from the time the lawsuit documents were filed before the consent judgement was signed . In 1975 , the consent judgement was signed , and it committed New York state to improve community placement for the now designated `` Willowbrook Class . '' The Willowbrook State School was closed in 1987 , and all but about 150 of the former Willowbrook residents were moved to group homes by 1992 . In 1973 , a federal district court ruled in Souder v. Brennan that patients in mental health institutions must be considered employees and paid the minimum wage required by the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 whenever they performed any activity that conferred an economic benefit on an institution . Following this ruling , institutional peonage was outlawed , as evidenced in Pennsylvania 's Institutional Peonage Abolishment Act of 1973 . Many assume that the advent of modern psychotropic medications was the catalyst for deinstitutionalization in the U.S. However , large numbers of patients began leaving state institutions only after new laws made unpaid patient labor illegal . In other words , when patients no longer worked for free , the economic viability of many state institutions ceased and this led to the closing of many state hospitals . Consequences ( edit ) With the closing of these state mental institutions it has become increasingly difficult for people who suffer from severe mental illness to receive treatment in a facility . Many mentally ill individuals were left homeless after deinstitutionalization , making up one - third of the homeless population ( D.E. Torrey ) . Today the most prominent treatment for the severely mentally ill is incarceration in a correctional facility , where mentally ill individuals are not receiving adequate care for their disorder . Community services that developed include supportive housing with full or partial supervision and specialised teams ( such as assertive community treatment and early intervention teams ) . Costs have been reported as generally equivalent to inpatient hospitalisation , even lower in some cases ( depending on how well or poorly funded the community alternatives are ) . Although deinstitutionalisation has been positive for the majority of patients , it also has severe shortcomings . Expectations that community care would lead to fuller social integration have not been achieved ; many remain without work , have limited social contacts , and often live in sheltered environments . New community services are often uncoordinated and unable to meet complex needs . Services in the community sometimes isolate the mentally ill within a new ghetto , where service users meet each other but have little contact with the rest of the public community . It has been said that instead of `` community psychiatry '' , reforms established a `` psychiatric community '' . Existing patients are often discharged without sufficient preparation or support . A greater proportion of people with mental disorders become homeless or go to prison . Families can often play a crucial role in the care of those who would typically be placed in long - term treatment centres . However , many mentally ill people are resistant to such help due to the nature of their conditions . The majority of those who would be under continuous care in long - stay psychiatric hospitals are paranoid and delusional to the point that they refuse help , believing they do not need it , which makes it difficult to treat them . Violence ( edit ) Victimisation ( edit ) Moves to community living and services have led to various concerns and fears , from both the individuals themselves and other members of the community . Over a quarter of individuals accessing community mental health services in a US inner - city area are victims of at least one violent crime per year , a proportion eleven times higher than the inner - city average . The elevated victim rate holds for every category of crime , including rape / sexual assault , other violent assaults , and personal and property theft . Victimisation rates are similar to those with developmental disabilities . Misconceptions ( edit ) Despite perceptions by the public and media that people with mental disorders released into the community are more likely to be dangerous and violent , a large study indicated that those without substance abuse symptoms are no more likely to commit violence than others without substance abuse symptoms in their neighborhoods , which were usually economically deprived and high in substance abuse and crime . The study also reported that a higher proportion of the patients than of the others in the neighborhoods reported symptoms of substance abuse . Findings on violence committed by those with mental disorders in the community have been inconsistent and related to numerous factors ; a higher rate of more serious offences such as homicide have sometimes been found but , despite high - profile homicide cases , the evidence suggests this has not been increased by deinstitutionalisation . The aggression and violence that does occur , in either direction , is usually within family settings rather than between strangers . Worldwide ( edit ) Asia ( edit ) Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , a number of residential care services such as halfway houses , long - stay care homes , supported hostels are provided for the discharged patients . In addition , community support services such as rehabilitation day services and mental health care have been launched to facilitate the patients ' re-integration into the community . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , the number of hospital beds has risen steadily over the last few decades . Africa ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2012 ) Uganda has one psychiatric hospital . Australia and oceania ( edit ) New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand established a reconciliation initiative in 2005 to address the ongoing compensation payouts to ex-patients of state - run mental institutions in the 1970s to 1990s . A number of grievances were heard , including : poor reasons for admissions ; unsanitary and overcrowded conditions ; lack of communication to patients and family members ; physical violence and sexual misconduct and abuse ; inadequate mechanisms for dealing with complaints ; pressures and difficulties for staff , within an authoritarian hierarchy based on containment ; fear and humiliation in the misuse of seclusion ; over-use and abuse of ECT , psychiatric medications , and other treatments as punishments , including group therapy , with continued adverse effects ; lack of support on discharge ; interrupted lives and lost potential ; and continued stigma , prejudice , and emotional distress and trauma . There were some references to instances of helpful aspects or kindnesses despite the system . Participants were offered counselling to help them deal with their experiences , along with advice on their rights , including access to records and legal redress . Europe ( edit ) In some countries where deinstitutionalisation has occurred , `` re-institutionalisation '' , or relocation to different institutions , has begun , as evidenced by increases in the number of supported housing facilities , forensic psychiatric beds , and the growing prison population . Some developing European countries still rely on asylums . Italy ( edit ) See also : Psychiatric reform in Italy Italy was the first country to begin the deinstitutionalisation of mental health care and to develop a community - based psychiatric system . The Italian system served as a model of effective service and paved the way for deinstitutionalisation of mental patients . Since the late 1960s , the Italian physician Giorgio Antonucci questioned the basis itself of psychiatry ; from 1973 to 1996 Antonucci worked on the dismantling of the psychiatric hospitals Osservanza and Luigi Lolli of Imola and the liberation -- and restitution to life -- of the people there secluded . In 1978 , the Basaglia Law had started Italian psychiatric reform that resulted in the end of the Italian state mental hospital system in 1998 . The reform was focused on the gradual dismantlement of psychiatric hospitals , which required an effective community mental health service . The object of community care was to reverse the long - accepted practice of isolating the mentally ill in large institutions and to promote their integration in a socially stimulating environment , while avoiding subjecting them to excessive social pressures . The work of Giorgio Antonucci , instead of changing the form of commitment from the mental hospital to other forms of coercion , questions the basis of psychiatry , affirming that mental hospitals are the essence of psychiatry and rejecting any possible reform of psychiatry , that must be completely eliminated . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : Care in the community In the United Kingdom , the trend towards deinstitutionalisation began in the 1950s . Enoch Powell , the Minister of Health in the early 1960s , criticized psychiatric institutions and called for most of the care to be transferred to general hospitals and the community . In 1983 , the government of Margaret Thatcher began the Care in the Community initiative to reduce the number of mental hospitals . North America ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Main article : Deinstitutionalization in the United States This section should include only a brief summary of Deinstitutionalization in the United States . See Wikipedia : Summary style for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article 's main text . The United States has experienced two waves of deinstitutionalization . The first wave began in the 1950s and targeted people with mental illness . The second wave began roughly 15 years later and focused on individuals who had been diagnosed with a developmental disability . Deinstitutionalization continues today , though the movements are growing smaller as fewer people are sent to institutions . Numerous social forces led to a move for deinstitutionalization ; researchers generally give credit to six main factors : criticisms of public mental hospitals , incorporation of mind - altering drugs in treatment , support from President Kennedy for federal policy changes , shifts to community - based care , changes in public perception , and individual states ' desires to reduce costs from mental hospitals . Criticisms of public mental hospitals ( edit ) The public 's awareness of conditions in mental institutions began to increase during World War II . Conscientious objectors ( COs ) of the war were assigned to alternative positions which suffered from manpower shortages . Around 2,000 COs were assigned to work in understaffed mental institutions . In 1946 , an exposé in Life magazine detailed the shortfalls of many mental health facilities . This exposé was one of the first featured articles about the quality of mental institutions . Following WWII , articles and exposés about the mental hospital conditions bombarded popular and scholarly magazines and periodicals . The COs from the 1946 Life exposé formed the National Mental Health Foundation , which raised public support and successfully convinced states to increase funding for mental institutions . Five years later , the National Mental Health Foundation merged with the Hygiene and Psychiatric Foundation to form the National Association of Mental Health . During WWII , it was found that 1 out of 8 men considered for military service was rejected based on a neurological or psychiatric problem . This increased awareness of the prevalence of mental illnesses , and people began to realize the costs associated with admission to mental institutions ( i.e. cost of lost productivity and of mental health services ) . Since numerous individuals suffering from mental illness had served in the military , many began to believe that more knowledge about mental illness and better services would not only benefit those who served but also national security as a whole . Congress passed the National Mental Health Act of 1946 , which created the National Institute of Mental Health ( NIMH ) . NIMH was pivotal in funding research for the developing mental health field . In New York ARC v. Rockefeller , parents of 5,000 residents at the Willowbrook State School in Staten Island , New York , filed suit over the inhumane living conditions at that institution , where residents were abused and neglected . A 1972 television broadcast from the Willowbrook State School , titled `` Willowbrook : The Last Great Disgrace , '' outraged the general public . However , it took 3 years from the time the lawsuit documents were filed before the consent judgement was signed . In 1975 , the consent judgement was signed , and it committed New York state to improve community placement for the now designated `` Willowbrook Class . '' The Willowbrook State School was closed in 1987 , and all but about 150 of the former Willowbrook residents were moved to group homes by 1992 . In 1973 , a federal district court ruled in Souder v. Brennan that patients in mental health institutions must be considered employees and paid the minimum wage required by the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 whenever they performed any activity that conferred an economic benefit on an institution . Following this ruling , institutional peonage was outlawed , as evidenced in Pennsylvania 's Institutional Peonage Abolishment Act of 1973 . Rosenhan 's experiment in 1973 `` accelerated the movement to reform mental institutions and to deinstitutionalize as many mental patients as possible . '' Pharmacotherapy ( edit ) During the 1950s , new drugs became available and were incorporated into treatment for the mentally ill . The new drugs effectively reduced severe symptoms , allowing the mentally ill to live in environments less stringent than institutions , such as halfway houses , nursing homes , or their own homes . Drug therapy also allowed many mentally ill to obtain employment . President Kennedy ( edit ) In 1955 , the Joint Commission on Mental Health and Health was authorized to investigate problems related to the mentally ill . President John F. Kennedy had a special interest in the issue of mental health because his sister , Rosemary , had been lobotomized at the age of 23 at the request of her father . Shortly after his inauguration , Kennedy appointed a special President 's Panel of Mental Retardation . The panel included professionals and leaders of the organization . In 1962 , the panel published a report with 112 recommendations to better serve the mentally ill . In conjunction with the Joint Commission on Mental Health and Health , the Presidential Panel of Mental Retardation , and Kennedy 's influence , two important pieces of legislation were passed in 1963 : the Maternal and Child Health and Mental Retardation Planning Amendments , which increased funding for research on the prevention of retardation , and the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act , which provided funding for community facilities that served people with mental disabilities . Both acts furthered the process of deinstitutionalization . Shift to community - based care ( edit ) In general , professionals , civil rights leaders , and humanitarians saw the shift from institutional confinement to local care as the appropriate approach . The deinstitutionalization movement started off slowly but gained momentum as it adopted philosophies from the Civil Rights Movement . During the 1960s , deinstitutionalization increased dramatically , and the average length of stay within mental institutions decreased by more than half . Many patients began to be placed in community care facilities instead of long - term care institutions . Changing public opinion ( edit ) While public opinion of the mentally ill has improved somewhat , it is still often stigmatized . Advocacy movements in support of mental health have emerged . These movements focus on reducing stigma and discrimination and increasing support groups and awareness . The consumer or ex-patient movement , began as protests in the 1970s , forming groups such as Liberation of Mental Patients , Project Release , Insane Liberation Front , and the National Alliance on Mental Illness ( NAMI ) . Many of the participants consisted of ex-patients of mental institutions who felt the need to challenge the system 's treatment of the mentally ill . Initially , this movement targeted issues surrounding involuntary commitment , use of electroconvulsive therapy , anti-psychotic medication , and coercive psychiatry . Many of these advocacy groups were successful in the judiciary system . In 1975 , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ruled in favour of the Mental Patient 's Liberation Front of Rogers v. Okin , establishing the right of a patient to refuse treatment . A 1975 award - winning film , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , sent a message regarding the rights of those committed involuntarily . That same year , the U.S. Supreme Court restricted the rights of states to incarcerate someone who was not violent . This was followed up with a 1978 ruling further restricting states from confining anyone involuntarily for mental illness . NAMI successfully lobbied to improve mental health services and gain equality of insurance coverage for mental illnesses . In 1996 , the Mental Health Parity Act was enacted into law , realizing the mental health movement 's goal of equal insurance coverage . In 1955 for every 100,000 US citizens there was 340 psychiatric hospital beds . In 2005 that number had diminished to 17 per 100,000 . Reducing costs ( edit ) As hospitalization costs increased , both the federal and state governments were motivated to find less expensive alternatives to hospitalization . The 1965 amendments to Social Security shifted about 50 % of the mental health care costs from states to the federal government , motivating the government to promote deinstitutionalization . The increase in homelessness was seen as related to deinstitutionalization . Studies from the late 1980s indicated that one - third to one - half of homeless people had severe psychiatric disorders , often co-occurring with substance abuse . A process of indirect cost - shifting may have led to a form of `` re-institutionalization '' through the increased use of jail detention for those with mental disorders deemed unmanageable and noncompliant . When laws were enacted requiring communities to take more responsibility for mental health care , necessary funding was often absent , and jail became the default option , being cheaper than psychiatric care . In summer 2009 , author and columnist Heather Mac Donald stated in City Journal , `` jails have become society 's primary mental institutions , though few have the funding or expertise to carry out that role properly ... at Rikers , 28 percent of the inmates require mental health services , a number that rises each year . '' South America ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2012 ) In several South American countries , , such as in Argentina , the total number of beds in asylum - type institutions has decreased , replaced by psychiatric inpatient units in general hospitals and other local settings . See also ( edit ) Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion Outpatient commitment Homeless dumping General Ablism Institutional syndrome Involuntary commitment Inclusion ( disability rights ) Mental health Public housing Psychiatric survivors movement Right to housing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stroman , Duane ( 2003 ) . The Disability Rights Movement : From Deinstitutionalization to Self - determination . University Press of America . ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , Leon ; Guttmacher , Laurence ( August 2010 ) . `` Were we all asleep at the switch ? A personal reminiscence of psychiatry from 1940 to 2010 '' . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 122 ( 2 ) : 89 -- 102 . 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( June 1983 ) . `` Out of the hospital , onto the streets : the overselling of benevolence '' . Hastings Center Report . 13 ( 3 ) : 5 -- 7 . JSTOR 3561609 . PMID 6885404 . doi : 10.2307 / 3561609 . ^ Jump up to : Torrey , E. Fuller ; Stieber , Joan ; Ezekiel , Jonathan ; Wolfe , Sidney M. ; Sharfstein , Joshua ; Noble , John H. ; Flynn , Laurie M. ( 1992 ) . Criminalizing the Seriously Mentally Ill : The Abuse of Jails as Mental Hospitals . A joint report of the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill and Public Citizen 's Health Research Group . ISBN 0 - 7881 - 4279 - 8 . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Domino , Marisa Elena ; Norton , Edward C. ; Morrissey , Joseph P. ; Thakur , Neil ( October 2004 ) . `` Cost Shifting to Jails after a Change to Managed Mental Health Care '' . Health Serv Res. 39 ( 5 ) : 1379 -- 401 . PMC 1361075 . PMID 15333114 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 6773.2004. 00295. x . Jump up ^ Roche , Timothy ( 10 July 2000 ) . `` The Chief and His Ward '' . 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Institute of Medicine ( US ) Committee on Health Care for Homeless People ( 1988 ) . Homelessness , Health , and Human Needs . Washington , D.C : National Academy Press . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 03832 - 4 . Kramer , M. ( 1969 ) . `` Statistics of Mental Disorders in the United States : Current Status , Some Urgent Needs and Suggested Solutions '' . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society . Series A ( General ) . 132 ( 3 ) : 353 -- 407 . JSTOR 2344118 . doi : 10.2307 / 2344118 . Lamb , H. Richard ; Weinberger , Linda E ( April 1998 ) . `` Persons With Severe Mental Illness in Jails and Prisons : A Review '' . Psychiatric Services . 49 ( 4 ) : 483 -- 492 . PMID 9550238 . doi : 10.1176 / ps. 49.4. 483 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Rochefort , David A. ( 1993 ) . From Poorhouses to Homelessness : Policy Analysis and Mental Health Care . Westport , Connecticut : Auburn House . ISBN 0 - 86569 - 237 - 8 . Rudin , E. ; McInnes , R.S. ( July 1963 ) . `` Community Mental Health Services -- Five Years of Operation Under the California Law '' . California Medicine . 99 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 11 . PMC 1515154 . PMID 13982995 . Sharfstein , Steven S. ( May 2000 ) . `` Whatever happened to community mental health ? '' . Psychiatric Services . American Psychiatric Association . 51 ( 5 ) : 616 -- 20 . PMID 10783179 . doi : 10.1176 / appi. ps. 51.5. 616 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 15 . Stavis , Paul F. ( April -- May 1991 ) . `` Homeward Bound : The Developing Legal Right to a Home in the Community '' . Quality of Care Newsletter ( 48 ) . New York State Commission on Quality of Care and Advocacy for Persons with Disabilities . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2009 . Apollonio , D.E. ; Malone , R.E. ( December 2005 ) . `` Marketing to the marginalised : tobacco industry targeting of the homeless and mentally ill '' ( PDF ) . Tobacco Control . 14 ( 6 ) : 409 -- 15 . PMC 1748120 . PMID 16319365 . doi : 10.1136 / tc. 2005.011890 . 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2109945116680937002 | Dodge Durango | Dodge Durango - wikipedia Dodge Durango See also : Chrysler Aspen Dodge Durango Overview Manufacturer Chrysler Corporation ( 1998 ) DaimlerChrysler ( 1998 - 2007 ) Chrysler LLC ( 2007 - 2009 ) Chrysler Group LLC ( 2009 and 2011 - 2014 ) FCA US LLC ( 2014 - present ) Production 1997 -- 2009 2010 -- present Body and chassis Class Mid-size SUV Body style 4 - door SUV Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / Four - wheel drive Related Jeep Grand Cherokee Chronology Predecessor Dodge Ramcharger The Dodge Durango is a sport utility vehicle ( SUV ) produced by Dodge . The first two generations were very similar in that both were based on the Dodge Dakota , both featured a body - on - frame construction and both were produced at the Newark Assembly Plant in Newark , Delaware . The third - generation Durango is built on the same platform as the Jeep Grand Cherokee , features unibody construction , and has been assembled at the Jefferson North Assembly Plant in Detroit , Michigan , since mid-2010 . It continues as a mid-sized SUV . Contents 1 First generation ( 1998 -- 2003 ) 1.1 Model year changes 1.2 Trim levels 1.3 Engines 1.4 Transmissions 2 Second generation ( 2004 -- 2009 ) 2.1 Trim levels 2.2 Facelift 2.3 Engines 2.4 Chrysler Aspen 2.5 Discontinuation 3 Third generation ( 2011 -- present ) 3.1 Overview 3.2 Trim levels 3.3 Powertrain 3.4 Updates 4 Total sales 4.1 Dodge Durango sales 4.2 Chrysler Aspen sales 5 Recalls 6 References 7 External links First generation ( 1998 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) First generation 2003 Dodge Durango SLT Overview Production 1997 -- 2003 Model years 1998 -- 2003 Assembly Newark , Delaware , United States Designer Dennis Myles ( 1995 ) Body and chassis Class Mid-size SUV Platform Chrysler DN platform Related Dodge Dakota Powertrain Engine 3.9 L ( 238 cu in ) Magnum V6 4.7 L ( 287 cu in ) Power Tech V8 5.2 L ( 318 cu in ) Magnum V8 5.9 L ( 360 cu in ) Magnum V8 Transmission 4 - speed TorqueFlite automatic 4 - speed RFE automatic 5 - speed RFE automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 116.2 in ( 2,950 mm ) Length 193.5 in ( 4,910 mm ) ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 193.3 in ( 4,910 mm ) ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Width 71.5 in ( 1,820 mm ) ( 1997 -- 2000 ) 71.3 in ( 1,810 mm ) ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Height 70.0 in ( 1,780 mm ) ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 72.9 in ( 1,850 mm ) ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Curb weight 4,689 lb ( 2,127 kg ) The Durango was marketed as a sturdy truck - based SUV designed to hold up to seven passengers and tow up to 7,500 lb ( 3,400 kg ) when properly equipped . The Durango shared a front end , instrument panel , and front seats with the Dakota pickup on which it was based . Original designs of the eight - passenger Durango featured a rear - facing third row similar to many older station wagons . To make room for a more practical forward - facing third row , Dodge shortened the length of the front doors and raised the roof two inches ( 5 cm ) beyond the front seats , allowing for stadium seating . The Durango 's roof rack was designed to mask the appearance of the raised roof . The 4.7 L Magnum V8 replaced the 5.2 L Magnum V8 engine for 2000 ; however , the 5.2 was still available in the early 2000 models . In that same year , a special AWD performance version called the R / T was released with a 5.9 L Magnum V8 . In 1999 and 2000 , a limited - edition Shelby S.P. 360 version was offered that featured a supercharged version of the 5.9 L Magnum V8 engine . Output is 360 hp ( 270 kW ; 360 PS ) and 412 lb ⋅ ft ( 559 N ⋅ m ) of torque . Exterior modifications include unique wheels , tires , suspension , and bumpers . It came standard with Viper blue paint with two racing stripes down the center of the truck . It boasted a 0 to 60 mph time of 7.1 seconds . The top speed was 142 mph ( 229 km / h ) . Model year changes ( edit ) Dodge Durango Sport For 1999 , the Durango was made available with two - wheel drive . A 3.9 L Magnum V6 engine was available , but few were sold . Minor changes were made for the second year , two new paint colors and notable options available including 6 - by - 9 - inch ( 150 mm × 230 mm ) heated rear view mirrors and steering wheel - mounted radio controls . Leather seats became standard on SLT Plus models , and body - color wheel flares became standard on SLT Plus and four - wheel drive models . The 2000 model year included a new 4.7 L Magnum V8 engine , which replaced the reliable 5.2 L Magnum V8 , as the standard engine for four - wheel drive models . The 3.9 L Magnum V6 engine was no longer available , leaving only V8s for the rest of the production run . The high - performance Durango R / T came equipped with a performance - tuned 5.9 L Magnum V8 and all - wheel drive . For 2001 , Dodge focused on interior upgrades as Durango 's interior trim panels , dash - mounted controls , instrument panel , overhead console , and steering wheel were all redesigned . The transfer case selector on 4X4 models changed from a manual lever on the console to a switch on the dash . The instrument cluster was updated , and an electronic vehicle information center was incorporated into the overhead console . For improved rear passenger comfort , a dual - zone climate - control system was added as standard equipment . Sound systems were improved on all models and now came standard with SX speakers . Other minor changes include : door panels , revised seats , aluminium wheels , and minor changes to trim options . In 2002 , the new SXT version of the Durango was offered as the entry - level trim package . Optional side curtain airbags were added for safety . The 2003 Durango featured minor mechanical changes , most notable was the addition of four - wheel disc brakes . In 1999 , the following models : 4WD 5.2 L V8 , 4WD 5.9 L V8 hold the best crash test results in this Durango year and manufacturing , with it holding a 6.8 out of 10 total rating . Trim levels ( edit ) 1997 -- 2003 - SLT : Most basic trim level of the Durango from 1998 - 2000 . Included basic features . Midrange trim level of the Durango from 2001 - 2003 . SLT emblem . 1997 -- 2003 - SLT PLUS : Most luxurious trim level of the Durango from 1998 - 2003 . Included luxury features . Based on the SLT trim level . Never featured an SLT Plus emblem , but only an SLT emblem . 2000 -- 2003 - Sport : More basic trim level of the Durango from 2000 - 2003 . Included basic features . Based on the SXT trim level . Sport decals . 2000 -- 2003 - SXT : Most basic trim level of the Durango from 2000 - 2003 . Included basic features . SXT decals . 2000 -- 2003 - R / T : `` high - performance '' trim level of the Durango from 2000 - 2003 . Included luxury and performance - oriented features . Based on the SLT Plus trim level . R / T emblems . The SLT , SLT Plus , and Sport trim levels offered the 3.9 L Magnum V6 engine as standard equipment ( late availability starting in 1999 ) , with the 5.2 L and 5.9 L Magnum V8 engines being available options , later switching to the 4.7 L Power - Tech V8 engine , with the 5.9 L Magnum V8 engine optional . The R / T and S.P. 360 trim levels included the 5.9 L Magnum V8 engine as standard equipment . Engines ( edit ) 1997 -- 2000 -- 5.2 L ( 318 cu in ) Magnum V8 , 230 hp ( 170 kW ) & 300 lb - ft ( 410 N-M ) of torque 1997 -- 2000 -- 3.9 L ( 238 cu in ) Magnum V6 , 175 hp ( 130 kW ) & 225 lb ft ( 305 N m ) of torque 1997 -- 2003 -- 5.9 L ( 360 cu in ) Magnum V8 , 245 hp ( 183 kW ) & 330 lb ft ( 449 N m ) of torque 1999 -- 2000 -- 5.9 L ( 360 cu in ) Supercharged Magnum V8 , 360 hp ( 270 kW ) & 412 lb ft ( 559 N m ) of torque 2000 -- 2003 -- 5.9 L ( 360 cu in ) Magnum V8 , 250 hp ( 190 kW ) & 345 lb ft ( 469 N m ) of torque 2000 -- 2003 -- 4.7 L ( 287 cu in ) Magnum V8 , 235 hp ( 175 kW ) & 295 lb ft ( 400 N m ) of torque Transmissions ( edit ) 42RE 4 - speed TorqueFlite automatic - 3.9 L V6 45RFE 4 - speed RFE automatic ( 2000 -- 2002 ) - 4.7 L V8 545RFE 5 - speed RFE automatic ( 2003 ) - 4.7 L V8 44RE 4 - speed TorqueFlite automatic - 5.2 L V8 46RE 4 - speed TorqueFlite automatic - 5.9 L V8 Second generation ( 2004 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Second generation Overview Also called Chrysler Aspen Production 2003 -- 2009 Model years 2004 -- 2009 Assembly United States : Newark , Delaware ( Newark Assembly ) Body and chassis Class Mid-size Related Dodge Dakota Powertrain Engine 3.7 L Magnum V6 ( gasoline ) 4.7 L Magnum V8 ( E85 / gasoline ) 5.7 L Hemi V8 ( gasoline ) 5.7 L Hemi V8 ( Hybrid ) Transmission 4 - speed 42RLE automatic 5 - speed 545RFE automatic CVT Two - Mode automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 119.2 in ( 3,030 mm ) Length 200.8 in ( 5,100 mm ) Hybrid : 202.1 in ( 5,130 mm ) Width 76.0 in ( 1,930 mm ) Height 74.3 in ( 1,890 mm ) Hybrid : 73.6 in ( 1,870 mm ) Pre -- facelift Dodge Durango SLT The second - generation Durango was first shown as a concept dubbed Dodge Durango R / T concept at the 2003 Detroit Auto Show . It debuted shortly before the companion Dakota . Like the Dakota , it has much in common with the large Dodge Ram pickup , including a fully boxed frame . It is 7 in ( 180 mm ) longer , 2 in ( 51 mm ) wider , and 3 in ( 76 mm ) taller than the previous model . It also offered a third - row bench with three seats , giving it an eight - seat capacity . The design took its styling primarily from the Dodge Powerbox concept , which was itself based on the 1999 Dodge Power Wagon concept , and the 2003 - 2004 Durango R / T concept . Debuting for 2004 was a new coil - spring rear suspension for the solid rear axle . A Watt 's linkage system is fitted to the rear axle , centering the axle and reducing rear - end skate over rough surfaces , and allowing a lower and wider cargo floor . Trim levels ( edit ) SXT : 2003 - 2009 : Most basic trim level , basic features . SLT : 2003 - 2009 : Value - oriented trim level , value - added features , optional luxury features . Adventurer : 2005 - 2007 : Value - oriented and `` off - road - look '' trim level , value - added features , optional luxury features . Limited : 2003 - 2009 : Most luxurious trim level , luxury features . All trim levels offered the 4.7 L Power - Tech V8 engine as standard equipment , though the 5.7 L HEMI V8 engine was available on all trim levels , except for the base SXT trim level . The base SXT trim level also offered the 3.7 L Power - Tech V6 engine as standard equipment in place of the 5.7 L HEMI V8 engine option , though the V6 engine option was only available on the base SXT trim level , and only between 2004 and 2007 . The 2004 Dodge Durango was the first SUV in DaimlerChrysler 's lineup to introduce the 5.7 L HEMI V8 engine , as well as a new radio design and modernized interior features . Facelift ( edit ) 2006 -- 2009 Dodge Durango The 2007 model year featured a facelift that debuted at the Dallas Auto Show in April 2006 . It featured a redesigned grille , hood , headlamps , fenders , and wheels . New features included electronic stability control , a tire pressure - monitoring system , rear park assist , and a one - touch turn signal . In 2006 , DaimlerChrysler introduced a mid-size luxury SUV based on the Durango , called the Chrysler Aspen , for the 2007 model year . Engines ( edit ) 2004 -- 2009 - 3.7 L ( 226 cu in ) Magnum V6 , 210 hp ( 160 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 235 lb ⋅ ft ( 319 N ⋅ m ) at 4000 rpm . 2004 -- 2007 - 4.7 L ( 287 cu in ) Magnum V8 , 235 hp ( 175 kW ) at 4500 rpm and 300 lb ⋅ ft ( 407 N ⋅ m ) at 3600 rpm 2008 -- 2009 - 4.7 L ( 287 cu in ) Corsair V8 , 303 hp ( 226 kW ) at 5,650 rpm and 330 lb ⋅ ft ( 447 N ⋅ m ) at 3,950 rpm 2004 -- 2008 - 5.7 L ( 345 cu in ) Hemi V8 , 335 hp ( 250 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 370 lb ⋅ ft ( 502 N ⋅ m ) at 4200 rpm ( MDS equipped for 2006 + 5.7 L engines for improved fuel mileage ) 2009 - 5.7 L ( 345 cu in ) Hemi V8 , 376 hp ( 280 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 401 lb ⋅ ft ( 544 N ⋅ m ) 2009 Hybrid - 5.7 L ( 345 cu in ) Hemi V8 , 399 hp ( 298 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 390 lb ⋅ ft ( 529 N ⋅ m ) Chrysler Aspen ( edit ) `` Chrysler Aspen '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Dodge Aspen . 2007 -- 2009 Chrysler Aspen The Chrysler Aspen is a luxury SUV from Chrysler . Launched for the 2007 model - year , the Aspen was based on the Dodge Durango SUV . The Aspen was the first truck - based SUV commercialized under the Chrysler brand , although the PT Cruiser was the first truck - based Chrysler brand vehicle as classified under Corporate Average Fuel Economy 's ( CAFE ) regulation . With this introduction , as of 2007 , all American automobile brands had an SUV in their range . The truck was unveiled at the 2005 North American International Auto Show . The Aspen came equipped with three rows of seating for eight passengers and available all - wheel drive . It was available in only one trim , Limited . The 2007 Chrysler Aspen appears in the 2006 movie Deck the Halls . Due to slow sales , it was discontinued after the 2009 model year . Discontinuation ( edit ) In October 2009 , Chrysler announced that the shutdown of the Newark Assembly facility , which produced the Durango and the Chrysler Aspen , would be moved up to the end of 2009 , thereby ending production of the Aspen and Durango after the 2009 model - year . Production ceased on December 19 , 2008 . Third generation ( 2011 -- present ) ( edit ) Third generation Overview Production 2010 -- present Model years 2011 -- Present Assembly Detroit , Michigan , U.S. ( Jefferson North Assembly ) Designer Aaron Pizzuti ( 2008 ) Body and chassis Class Mid-size SUV Related Mercedes - Benz M - Class Mercedes - Benz R - Class Mercedes - Benz GL - Class Jeep Grand Cherokee ( WK2 ) Powertrain Engine 3.6 L Pentastar V6 5.7 L Hemi V8 6.4 L Hemi V8 Transmission 5 - speed W5A580 automatic 5 - speed 545RFE automatic 6 - speed 65RFE automatic 8 - speed 845RE automatic ( 2014 - Pentastar ) 8 - speed 8HP70 automatic ( 2014 - HEMI ) Dimensions Wheelbase 119.9 in ( 3,045 mm ) Length 199.8 in ( 5,075 mm ) Width 75.8 in ( 1,925 mm ) Height 70.9 in ( 1,801 mm ) Overview ( edit ) After announcing the discontinuation of the Durango after the 2009 model year , Dodge released an Internet site and teaser photos of the third - generation Dodge Durango on August 16 , 2010 . The 2011 Dodge Durango entered production on December 14 , 2010 , alongside the second - generation Charger in the 2011 vehicle lineup . It went on sale for general dealership availability in mid-January 2011 . The third - generation Durango is built alongside the Jeep Grand Cherokee at the Jefferson North Assembly Plant in Detroit , Michigan , sharing the assembly line , running gear , powertrains , and chassis parts with the Grand Cherokee . The wheelbase of the Durango is longer than that of the Grand Cherokee . It features three rows of seating compared to the Grand Cherokee 's two rows . Trim levels ( edit ) The Dodge Durango is available in several distinct trim levels : Express - 2011 only : Base trim level , base features , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 engine only . Crew - 2011 - 2013 : Value - added trim level , added features , optional luxury features , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 and 5.7 L HEMI V8 engines . SXT - 2012 -- present : Base trim level , base features , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 engine only . SXT Plus - 2014 -- present : Basic trim level , basic features , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 engine only . Crew Plus - 2010 - 2013 : Luxury trim level , luxury features , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 or 5.7 L HEMI V8 engines . Limited - 2014 -- 2016 : Luxury trim level , luxury features , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 or 5.7 L HEMI V8 engines . GT - 2017 -- present : Sporty trim level that replaces the Limited trim , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 engine only . R / T - 2011 -- present : Sporty trim level , sporty details , 5.7 L HEMI V8 engine only . First return to the Dodge Durango lineup since 2001 . Citadel - 2011 -- present : Highest trim level , luxurious features , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 or 5.7 L HEMI V8 engines . SRT - December 2017 for the 2018 model year : will include a 6.4 L V8 . A Special Service Package has also been available since 2012 , and is sold exclusively to government fleets . It is based on the base Durango SXT trim level , but does offer the 5.7 L HEMI V8 engine that the public - market SXT trim level does not offer . Powertrain ( edit ) The third - generation Durango features three engines . The base engine is a new 3.6 L V6 engine producing 290 hp ( 220 kW ; 290 PS ) and 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 350 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 4,800 rpm ; 90 % of peak torque is available from 1,600 to 6,400 rpm . The Pentastar V6 engine is backed by a Mercedes W5A580 five - speed automatic , with Chrysler 's controls and the driver - interactive control . The 5.7 L Hemi VVT V8 returned with 360 hp ( 268 kW ; 365 PS ) and 390 lb ⋅ ft ( 529 N ⋅ m ) of torque , which features the 545RFE five - speed automatic . The Hemi V8 also comes with a `` fuel - saver '' ( cylinder deactivation ) mode . This feature is primarily used when the vehicle is cruising at constant speeds on level ground . Model Engine Displacement Power @ rpm Torque @ rpm Years Note Express 3.6 V6 Pentastar 3,604 cc ( 219.9 cu in ) 290 hp ( 220 kW ; 290 PS ) @ 6400 rpm 350 N ⋅ m ( 260 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4800 rpm 2011 -- Crew 2010 -- option 5.7 V8 HEMI CrewLux 2010 -- option 5.7 V8 HEMI Citadel 2010 -- option 5.7 V8 HEMI GT 2017 -- Heat 2010 -- R / T 5.7 V8 HEMI 5,654 cc ( 345.0 cu in ) 360 hp ( 270 kW ; 360 PS ) @ 5150 rpm 530 N ⋅ m ( 390 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4250 rpm 2011 -- MDS SRT 6.4 V8 HEMI 6,417 cc ( 391.6 cu in ) 475 hp ( 354 kW ; 482 PS ) @ 6000 rpm 637 N ⋅ m ( 470 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4300 rpm 2018 Updates ( edit ) Refreshed headlights and grille for 2014 The back of a Dodge Durango . Dodge unveiled its revised 2014 model Durango at the 2013 New York International Auto Show . The 2014 Durango was redesigned with sportier - looking lines , an eight - speed automatic transmission , and a new design trim similar to the Rallye , with blackened plastic bumper and outline . The tail lights were reworked to feature a single LED ' Racetrack ' tail lamp similar to the Charger and Dart . On the inside , Dodge added a revised steering wheel , instrument cluster , rotary shift knob , and a reconfigurable 7 - in ( 780mm ) thin film transistor display first seen on the Dart . The 2015 Durango received a new package available for the R / T trim , consisting of a Premium Nappa Leather Group option featuring radar red leather seats , 0.8 - inch - lower ride height ( 20 mm ) , black headlamp bezels , HID low beams and LED DRLS , optional R / T embroidery on the seats , a nine - speaker sound system with a subwoofer , a 360 - horsepower 5.7 L Hemi paired with ZF 's eight - speed transmission , and a 20 - inch ( 510 mm ) Granite Crystal wheel finished in black . For 2016 the Durango received the new Pentastar Upgrade V6 which adds Stop / Start , Variable Valve Lift and better drivability through a 15 % enhanced torque curve and increasing the Variable Valve Timing from 50 degrees to 70 degrees . Other technologies include Cooled EGR and friction reduction . Despite the added tech , the engine weighs 4 lbs less . Power output remains the same at 293HP / 260 ft / lbs torque ( single exhaust ) and 295HP / 260 ft / lbs torque ( dual exhaust ) . The Durango also added new packages to their two trims , with the Anodized Platinum package for the Citadel trim and the Brass Monkey package for the Limited trim . For 2017 , the Dodge Durango Limited trim is discontinued and replaced by the new GT trim and the Base SXT trim level will now be available with three row seating fitting 7 passengers . Total sales ( edit ) Dodge Durango sales ( edit ) Calendar Year USA Canada 20,263 1998 156,923 1999 189,840 2000 173,567 130,799 2002 106,925 2003 108,010 137,148 6,394 2005 115,439 4,310 2006 70,606 3,836 2007 45,503 1,634 2008 21,420 1,115 2009 3,521 97 572 6 2011 51,697 2,549 2012 42,589 2,398 2013 60,727 2,045 2014 64,398 2,977 2015 64,186 3,659 2016 68,474 6.266 2017 68,761 6,505 Total Sales 1,527,801 43,791 Total 1,571,592 Chrysler Aspen sales ( edit ) Calendar Year Sales 2006 7,656 2007 28,788 2008 22,254 2009 5,996 30 Total Sales 64,724 Recalls ( edit ) On August 16 , 2012 , Chrysler recalled 1,661 2013 - model Dodge Durango sport utility vehicles in the United States and Canada because some airbags may not deploy in an accident . The recall affects 1,449 of the seven - passenger versions of the SUVs in the United States and 212 in Canada and other markets . On July 24 , 2015 , Chrysler recalled all 2014 - 2015 Dodge Durangos with the 8.4 - inch ( 210 mm ) touch - screens due to security concerns with the software that controls the vehicle because it could be hacked . The vulnerability was discovered by software engineers Charlie Miller and Chris Valasek and initially posted on Wired . This vulnerability would allow hackers to remotely access and take over a variety of features , including those key parts of driving via a vulnerability in the Uconnect infotainment system . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chrysler Group LLC Celebrates Start of Production of 2011 Dodge Durango at its Jefferson North Assembly Plant '' . media.chrysler.com ( Press release ) . 14 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrysler Aspen and Dodge Durango offer utility in a half - size smaller than their full - size competitors '' . caranddriver.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Dodge Durango - Mid Sized Seven Passenger SUV '' . dodge.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Vehicles for Towing '' Edmunds.com , retrieved on 2010 - 02 - 08 . Archived August 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Developing the 1997 - 2003 Dodge Durango interior '' . Allpar.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ McLane , Jenny ( 2005 ) . `` Chrysler Aspen Boasting the Chrysler Design '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . As per the Chrysler Aspen 's introduction , all American automobile brands have a SUV under their wings . Jump up ^ 2008 Chrysler Aspen - Driving Dynamics - Drivetrain Archived February 23 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Edmunds Insideline : Chrysler Kills Durango and Aspen Hybrids '' . Edmunds.com. 23 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramsey , Mike ( 2009 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Chrysler to Cut 1,825 Jobs on Early Plant Closure , Output Trim '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pizzuti , Aaron . `` About '' . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Burnout - Durango SRT - Dodge '' . Dodge . 7 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Davey G. ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` Sammy Hagar is Stoked : Dodge Now Offering Radar Red Leather on 2015 Durango R / T '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dodge Durango Now Available With Brass Monkey , Andonized Platinum Appearance Packages '' from FCA Authority ( February 17 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` Dodge Durango - Seven Seat Charger '' Jump up ^ `` Record Sales Year for DaimlerChrysler 's Dodge , Jeep , Chrysler And Plymouth Brands '' . theautochannel.com . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Sales of SUVs '' . wagoneers.com . Archived from the original on 2001 - 06 - 01 . This information from the September 1999 issue of Four Wheeler magazine , page 18 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group Announces Year - End and December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group Reports U.S. December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group Reports December 2003 Sales Increase of 2 Percent '' . Theautochannel.com . November 17 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dodge Durango Sales Figures '' . goodcarbadcar.net . January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group 2005 U.S. Sales Rise 5 Percent , Highest Since 2000 ; December Sales Decline In Line with Overall Industry '' . Prnewswire.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Total Chrysler LLC December 2007 Sales Up 1 Percent on the Strength of Retail ; Demand ... '' Reuters . January 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2009 U.S. Sales '' . www.CheersandGears.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2010 U.S. Sales '' . www.CheersandGears.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler sales shoot up 37 % ( 26 % for 2011 ) '' . allpar.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2012 U.S. Sales Increased 10 Percent '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler Group LLC. 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2013 U.S. Sales Increased 6 Percent -- Best December Sales in Six Years ; Full - Year Sales Up 9 Percent -- Strongest Annual Sales Since 2007 '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler Group . 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ FCA US ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` FCA US LLC Reports December 2014 U.S. Sales Increased 20 Percent ... '' prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dodge Durango Sales Figures '' . www.goodcarbadcar.net . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dodge Durango Sales Numbers , Figures , Results '' . Fiat Chrysler Authority . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Good Car Bad Car ( dodge - durango - sales - figures ) Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Aspen Sales Figures '' . goodcarbadcar.net. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Total Chrysler LLC December 2007 Sales Up 1 Percent on the Strength of Retail '' . CheersandGears.com . January 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` December 2008 Sales : Chrysler LLC '' . CheersandGears.com . January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC December 2009 Sales '' . CheersandGears.com . January 5 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Sales End The Year Up 17 % - December Sales Rose 16 % '' . Autospies.com . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler recalls 1,661 Dodge SUVs for airbag issue '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler recalls 1.4 million hackable cars '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep , Dodge , Chrysler maker recalls 1.4 million vehicles amid car hacking fears '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dodge Durango . Official website Dodge truck timeline , North American market , 1970s -- present Type 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Mid-size CUV Journey Compact SUV Raider Nitro Mid-size SUV Durango Full - size SUV Ramcharger Ramcharger Ramcharger Durango Durango Coupé utility Rampage Minivan Caravan CV / GCV CV / GCV CV / GCV CV / GCV Grand Caravan Van A100 Tradesman Ram Van / Ram Wagon Ram Van / Ram Wagon Ram Sprinter Sprinter Compact pickup D - 50 Ram 50 Ram 50 Mid-size pickup Dakota Dakota Dakota Full - size pickup D Series D Series Ram ( D Series ) Ram Ram Ram Ram SRT - 10 Heavy - duty truck LCF / C Series Notes : The Ramcharger was not sold in the United States after the 1994 model year . After Fiat S.p.A. acquired Chrysler LLC in 2009 , models of trucks and cargo vans were no longer designated as Dodge , but exclusively as Ram . A timeline of these models can be found here . Dodge Current production Cars Attitude Challenger Charger LX Neon Vision Vans / SUVs Durango Grand Caravan Journey Trucks ( Ram ) Ram 700 Ram 1200 Ram 1500 / 2500 / 3500 Ram Chassis Cab / Ram Heavy Duty Chassis Cab Discontinued Cars 024 330 400 440 600 880 1500 1800 Alpine Aries Arrow Aspen Attitude Atos Avenger Brisa Caliber Challenger Charger ( B - body ) Charger ( L - body ) Charger Daytona Colt Colt Vista Conquest Coronet Crusader Custom Custom 880 Custom Royal Custom Royal Lancer D - 500 Dart PF Daytona Deluxe Demon Diplomat Dynasty Fast Four Forza i10 Intrepid Kingsway La Femme Lancer Lancer Celeste Magnum Matador Mayfair Meadowbrook Mirada Model DU Monaco Neon Neon SRT - 4 Omni Phoenix Polara Regal Lancer Regent Royal Royal Lancer Savoy SE Shadow Sierra Silver Challenger Spirit St. Regis Stealth Stratus Suburban Super Bee SX 2.0 Trazo Verna Viper Viscount Wayfarer Vans / SUVs 1000 Caravan JC Mini Ram Van Nitro Raider Ramcharger Ram Van / Ram Wagon / Sportsman / Tradesman / B - series van Sprinter Town Panel Town Wagon Wrangler TJ Trucks 50 series 100 series 300 series 500 series 1000 A100 B Series C Series D Series D - 50 Dakota H - 100 Husky L Series LCF Series M Series P Series PD Series Power Wagon Rampage Ram 50 Route Van Dodge T - , V - , W - Series VC series VF series WC series Corporate John Francis Dodge Horace Elgin Dodge Ram Truck Division List of Chrysler factories A division of FCA US LLC Category : Dodge vehicles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dodge_Durango&oldid=865493934 '' Categories : All - wheel - drive vehicles Dodge vehicles Hybrid sport utility vehicles Mid-size sport utility vehicles Rear - wheel - drive vehicles Sport utility vehicles 1990s cars 2000s cars 2010s cars Cars introduced in 1997 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 08 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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"The Dodge Durango is a sport utility vehicle (SUV) produced by Dodge. The first two generations were very similar in that both were based on the Dodge Dakota, both featured a body-on-frame construction and both were produced at the Newark Assembly Plant in Newark, Delaware.\n"
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-9200005461953613305 | The pen is mightier than the sword | The pen is mightier than the sword - wikipedia The pen is mightier than the sword An illustration of Cardinal Richelieu holding a sword , by H.A. Ogden , 1892 , from The Works of Edward Bulwer Lytton `` The pen is mightier than the sword '' is a metonymic adage , coined by English author Edward Bulwer - Lytton in 1839 , indicating that communication ( particularly written language ) , or in some interpretations , administrative power or advocacy of an independent press , is a more effective tool than direct violence . Contents 1 Origin 2 Predecessors 3 As motto and slogan 4 See also 5 References Origin ( edit ) The sentence ( if not the idea , which had been expressed in various earlier forms ) was coined by English author Edward Bulwer - Lytton in 1839 for his play Richelieu ; Or the Conspiracy . The play was about Cardinal Richelieu , though in the author 's words `` license with dates and details ... has been , though not unsparingly , indulged '' . The Cardinal 's line in Act II , scene II , was more fully : True , This ! -- Beneath the rule of men entirely great The pen is mightier than the sword . Behold The arch - enchanters wand ! -- itself is nothing ! -- But taking sorcery from the master - hand To paralyse the Cæsars , and to strike The loud earth breathless ! -- Take away the sword -- States can be saved without it ! The play opened at London 's Covent Garden Theatre on 7 March 1839 with William Charles Macready in the lead role . Macready believed its opening night success was `` unequivocal '' ; Queen Victoria attended a performance on 14 March . In 1870 , literary critic Edward Sherman Gould wrote that Bulwer `` had the good fortune to do , what few men can hope to do : he wrote a line that is likely to live for ages '' . By 1888 another author , Charles Sharp , feared that repeating the phrase `` might sound trite and commonplace '' . The Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress , which opened in 1897 , has the adage decorating an interior wall . Though Bulwer 's phrasing was novel , the idea of communication surpassing violence in efficacy had numerous predecessors . The saying quickly gained currency , says Susan Ratcliffe , associate editor of the Oxford Quotations Dictionaries . `` By the 1840s it was a commonplace . '' Predecessors ( edit ) Assyrian sage Ahiqar , who reputedly lived during the early 7th century BC , coined the first known version of this phrase . One copy of the Teachings of Ahiqar , dating to about 500 BC , states , `` The word is mightier than the sword . '' According to the website Trivia-Library.com , the book The People 's Almanac by Irving Wallace and David Wallechinsky lists several supposed predecessors to Bulwer 's phrasing . Their first example comes from the Greek playwright Euripides , who died c. 406 BC . He is supposed to have written : `` The tongue is mightier than the blade . '' If the People 's Almanac is correct , it should be possible to source this to an extant work by Euripides ; however , the quote does appear in the 1935 fictional work Claudius the God and his Wife Messalina by Robert Graves , and is thus possibly an anachronism . Several possible precursors do appear in the Old and New Testaments , for example , in the Epistle to the Hebrews , whose authorship is uncertain , verse 4 : 12 has been translated as : `` Indeed , the word of God is living and effective , sharper than any two - edged sword , penetrating even between soul and spirit , joints and marrow , and able to discern reflections and thoughts of the heart . '' An incident in the Babylonian Talmud refers to the Roman troops entering the synagogue classrooms . `` And when the enemy entered there , these schoolchildren stabbed them with their pens ( behotreihen - a type of sharp stick used with waxed tablets ) . And when the enemy prevailed and caught them , they wrapped the children in their scrolls and lit them on fire . The Islamic prophet Muhammad is quoted , in a saying narrated by ' Abdullah ibn Amr : `` There will be a tribulation that will wipe out the Arabs in which those killed on both sides are in the Hellfire . In that time the spoken word will be stronger than the sword '' . The source of the saying `` The ink of the scholar is holier than the blood of the martyr '' attributed to him has been proven to be either fabricated , unsound or weak . In 1529 , Antonio de Guevara , in Reloj de príncipes , compared a pen to a lance , books to arms , and a life of studying to a life of war . Thomas North , in 1557 , translated Reloj de príncipes into English as Diall of Princes . The analogy would appear in again in 1582 , in George Whetstone 's An Heptameron of Civil Discourses : `` The dashe of a Pen , is more greeuous than the counterbuse of a Launce . '' Abu'l - Fazl ibn Mubarak , who died in 1602 and was personal scribe and vizier to Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Akbar the Great ) , wrote of a gentleman put in charge of a fiefdom having `` been promoted from the pen to the sword and taken his place among those who join the sword to the pen , and are masters both of peace and war . '' Syad Muhammad Latif , in his 1896 history of Agra , quoted King Abdullah of Bokhara ( Abdullah - Khan II ) , who died in 1598 , as saying that `` He was more afraid of Abu'l - Fazl 's pen than of Akbar 's sword . '' William Shakespeare in 1600 , in his play Hamlet Act 2 , scene II , wrote : `` ... many wearing rapiers are afraid of goosequills . '' Robert Burton , in 1621 , in The Anatomy of Melancholy , stated : `` It is an old saying , A blow with a word strikes deeper than a blow with a sword : and many men are as much galled with a calumny , a scurrilous and bitter jest , a libel , a pasquil , satire , apologue , epigram , stage - play or the like , as with any misfortune whatsoever . '' After listing several historical examples he concludes : `` Hinc quam sit calamus saevior ense patet '' , which translates as `` From this it is clear how much more cruel the pen may be than the sword . '' Thomas Jefferson , on June 19 , 1792 , ended a letter to Thomas Paine with : `` Go on then in doing with your pen what in other times was done with the sword : shew that reformation is more practicable by operating on the mind than on the body of man , and be assured that it has not a more sincere votary nor you a more ardent well - wisher than Y ( ou ) rs . &c . Thomas Jefferson '' The French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte ( 1769 -- 1821 ) , known to history for his military conquests , also left this oft - quoted remark : `` Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets . '' He also said : `` There are only two powers in the world , saber and mind ; at the end , saber is always defeated by mind '' ( `` Il n'y a que deux puissances au monde , le sabre et l'esprit : à la longue , le sabre est toujours vaincu par l'esprit . '' ) Published in 1830 , by Joseph Smith , an account in the Book of Mormon related , `` the word had a greater tendency to lead the people to do that which was just ; yea , it had more powerful effect upon the minds of the people than the sword '' . Netizens have suggested that a 1571 edition of Erasmus ' Institution of a Christian Prince contains the words `` There is no sworde to bee feared more than the Learned pen '' but this is not evident from modern translations and this could be merely a spurious quotation . As motto and slogan ( edit ) The phrase appeared as the motto of gold pen manufacturer Levi Willcutt during a Railroad Jubilee in Boston , Massachusetts , which ran during the week beginning 17 September 1852 . The motto appears in the school room illustration on page 168 of the first edition of Mark Twain 's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1876 ) . The words `` pen '' and `` is '' are suspiciously close together leading some scholars to speculate that the illustrator , True Williams , deliberately chose the narrow spacing as a subtle obscene prank . Woodrow Wilson 's 1916 U.S. presidential re-election campaign used the slogan `` He proved the pen mightier than the sword '' . It is the motto of the Alpha Xi Delta sorority . It is also the motto of Kaisei Academy in Tokyo . A line in The Beach Boys ' song `` Student Demonstration Time '' says `` The pen is mightier than the sword / But no match for the gun '' . In its Latinized form , Calamus Gladio Fortior , it is the motto of Keio University in Tokyo , Japan . In another Latinized form , `` Cedit Ensis Calamo '' , it is the motto of the Authors ' Club of London , founded by Walter Besant in 1891 . In another Latinized form Doctrina Fortior Armis , it is the motto of Hipperholme Grammar School , England . In the 1989 film Batman , the insane criminal known as The Joker uses the phrase in a darkly literal sense , after wielding a fountain pen like a dart to wound a rival crime lord . British music photographer Kevin Cummins once shot The Smiths vocalist Morrissey in front of a handwritten `` pen is mightier than the sword '' poster in the background . The writing was styled so that the first two words appeared to be `` pen is '' . A recurring GEICO commercial uses the phrase as a question , `` Is the pen mightier than the sword ? '' It shows a ninja wielding and brandishing a sword with elite skills ; an amateur defeats him by signing ( with a pen ) a package for a taser , with which he then shoots the sword - wielder . In the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , Marcus Brody , the companion of Henry Jones , remarks that they had just borne witness to the fact that the `` Pen is mightier than the sword '' . Plan B quotes the motto at the end of his song `` Sick 2 def '' . The name of the whole album Who Needs Actions When You Got Words seems to be related to the same theme . The logo of the Waikato Times newspaper in New Zealand features the image of a sword with a quill pen crossed on top of it . In Eminem 's song ' Baby ' off his album ' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 ' , he uses the phrase . In the Flobots Song `` Stand Up , '' a similar phrase is used which is , `` Hope that the pen strokes stronger than the cannon . '' A `` Celebrity Jeopardy ! '' sketch on Saturday Night Live includes the first part of the phrase as one of the categories , about quotes from famous authors , but Sean Connery ( played by Darrell Hammond ) ultimately misreads it as `` The Penis Mightier '' . See also ( edit ) Almighty dollar Nonviolent resistance References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Richelieu ; Or the Conspiracy : A Play in Five Acts ( second ed . ) . London . 1839 . ^ Jump up to : Gould , Edward Sherman ( 1870 ) . Good English . New York : W.J. Widdleton . p. 63 . Jump up ^ Lord Lytton ( 1892 ) . The Dramatic Works of Auston . IX . New York : Peter Fenelon Collier . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Richelieu : or , The conspiracy : A Play , in Five Acts . To Which are added , Historical Odes on The last days of Elizabeth ; Cromwell 's dream ; The death of Nelson by the Author of the `` Lady of Lyon '' , `` Eugene Aram '' & c. ( 1 ed . ) . London : Saunders and Otley , Conduit Street . 1839 . p. 39 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Macready , William Charles ( 1875 ) . Sir Frederick Pollock , ed . Macready 's Reminiscences , and Selections from His Diaries and Letters . New York : MacMillan and Co. p. 471 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Charles ( 1888 ) . The Sovereignty of Art . London : T. Fisher Unwin . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Charles B ( 1897 ) . Library of Congress and the Interior Decorations : A Practical Guide for Visitors . New York , Washington , St. Augustine : Foster & Reynolds . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Specifically , the west wall of the entrance pavilion 's second floor south corridor Jump up ^ The Idioms . TheIdioms.com - Online Idioms Dictionary Jump up ^ Matthews , Victor and Benjamin , Don ( 2006 ) . Old Testament Parallels ( 3rd ed . ) . Paulist Press . p. 304 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the history and origins behind the famous saying the pen is mightier than the sword '' . Trivia-Library.com . citing Wallechinsky , David , Irving Wallace ( 1981 ) . The People 's Almanac . Jump up ^ Graves , Robert ( 1935 ) . Claudius , the God and His Wife Messalina . H. Smith and R. Haas . p. 122 . Jump up ^ see also `` New American Bible , Revelation Chapter 1 : 16 ( footnote ) '' . Washington , DC : Confraternity of Christian Doctrine , Inc. 2002 . Retrieved 13 November 2006 . Notes similar imagery also used in Revelation verses 1 : 16 , 2 : 16 , and 19 : 15 ; Ephesians 6 : 17 ; as well as in the Old Testament : Wisdom 18 : 15 ; and Isaiah 11 : 4 ; 49 : 2 . Jump up ^ `` New American Bible , Hebrews 4 : 12 '' . Washington , DC : Confraternity of Christian Doctrine , Inc. 2002 . Retrieved 13 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Gitten , Daf 58A . title = Koren Talmud Bavli , The Noe Edition publisher = Shefa Foundation , Koren Publishers location = Jerusalem year = 2015 Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://abuaminaelias.com/dailyhadithonline/2014/01/30/hadith-on-fitnah-a-tribulation-will-come-in-which-the-tongue-is-mightier-than-the-sword/ Source : Musnad Aḥmad 6941 , which has been graded Sahih ( authentic ) according to Ahmad Shakir . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://islamqa.info/en/11920 Jump up ^ In Spanish : `` ¡ Cuánta diferencia vaya de mojar la péñola de la tinta a teñir la lanza en la sangre , y estar rodeados de libros o estar cargados de armas , de estudiar cómo cada uno ha de vivir o andar a saltear en la guerra para a su prójimo matar ! '' ^ Jump up to : Di Salvo , Angelo J. ( 1989 ) . `` Spanish Guides to Princes and the Political Theories in Don Quijote '' . The Cervantes Society of America . Retrieved 12 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Whetstone , George ( 1582 - 02 - 03 ) . `` thyrd Daies Exercise '' . An heptameron of ciuill discourses ( 2nd ed . ) . Richard Iones , at the signe of the Rose and the Crowne , neare Holburne Bridge . STC ( 2nd ed . ) / 25337 . Jump up ^ It appears as a marginal note to the passage : `` The Doctor , that had giuen as many déepe woundes with his Pen , as euer he had doone with his Launce , shronke no more at these threates , then an Oke at the Helue of an Are , but coldely wylled him , to vse his pleasure , he was ready to defend ( or to die , in ) his oppinion . '' Jump up ^ Beveridge , H. ( 1902 ) . `` The Akbarnama Of Abu - l - Fazl '' . Retrieved 15 November 2006 . Jump up ^ A source has Abu'l - Fazl ibn Mubarak in Āīn - e Akbari ( the third volume of the Akbarnama ) , quoting his master as saying to his calligraphers `` Go on doing with your pen what in other times was done with the sword '' but this is spurious . Source is : Ahmed , Firoz Bakht ( 2002 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Writing their own epitaph ... '' The Hindu . Retrieved 13 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Latif , Syad Muhammad ( 2003 ) . Agra Historical & Descriptive with an Account of Akbar and His Court and of the Modern City of Agra , 1896 . Asian Educational Services . p. 264 . ISBN 81 - 206 - 1709 - 6 . Jump up ^ Shakespeare , William . `` The Tragedy of Hamlet , Prince of Denmark '' . opensourceshakespeare.org . Retrieved 15 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Robert ( as Democritus Junior ) . Karl Hagen , ed . `` The Anatomy of Melancholy : What it is , with all the kinds , causes , symptoms , prognostics , and several cures of it '' . Part i , Sect. 2 , Memb. 4 , Subsect. 4 . Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( 1792 - 06 - 19 ) . `` To Thomas Paine Philadelphia , June 19 , 1792 '' . From Revolution to Reconstruction . Retrieved 13 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jr. , Joseph ( 1830 - 03 - 26 ) . `` The Book of Mormon : An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon , Upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi '' . Palmyra , New York : E.B. Grandin . p. 310 . Jump up ^ Re : Pen vs. sword which cites Titelman , Gregory Y. ( 1996 ) . Random House Dictionary of Popular Proverbs and Sayings . New York : Random House . Jump up ^ `` the pen is mightier ... '' Quoteland.com . March 2003 . Retrieved 15 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Born , Lester K. ( 1963 ) . `` Erasmus 's Education of a Christian Prince ( 1516 ) '' . New York : Octagon Books . Retrieved 15 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Boston ( Mass . ) . City Council ( 1852 ) . The Railroad Jubilee . An Account of the Celebration Commemorative of the Opening of Railroad Communication Between Boston and Canada . J.E. Eastburn , city printer . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Ensor , Allison R. ( 1989 ) . `` Mightier Than the Sword '' An Undetected Obscenity in the First Edition of TOM SAWYER `` . 27 ( 1 , Spring ) . Mark Twain Journal . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Link to commercial Edward Bulwer - Lytton Plays The Lady of Lyons ( 1838 ) Richelieu ( 1839 ) Money ( 1840 ) Not So Bad as We Seem , or , Many Sides to a Character ( 1851 ) Novels Paul Clifford ( 1830 ) Eugene Aram ( 1832 ) Godolphin ( 1833 ) The Last Days of Pompeii ( 1834 ) Leila ; or , The Siege of Granada ( 1838 ) Zanoni ( 1842 ) The Last of the Barons ( 1843 ) The Caxtons ( 1849 ) Vril ( 1871 ) Places Heydon Hall Knebworth House People John Auldjo Henry Bulwer ( brother ) Elizabeth Barbara Lytton ( mother ) Rosina Bulwer Lytton ( wife ) Robert Bulwer - Lytton ( son ) Isaac D'Israeli Related topics A Blighted Life Bulwer - Lytton Fiction Contest `` Dweller on the threshold '' `` It was a dark and stormy night '' `` The pen is mightier than the sword '' `` The almighty dollar '' Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Source texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_pen_is_mightier_than_the_sword&oldid=861184570 '' Categories : Adages Mottos Proverbs Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 17 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said the pen is mighter than the sword | [
"\"The pen is mightier than the sword\" is a metonymic adage, coined by English author Edward Bulwer-Lytton in 1839, indicating that communication (particularly written language), or in some interpretations, administrative power or advocacy of an independent press, is a more effective tool than direct violence.\n"
] | [
"English author Edward Bulwer-Lytton"
] |
7074506827989437298 | Port Adelaide Football Club | Port Adelaide Football club - Wikipedia Port Adelaide Football club Jump to : navigation , search Port Adelaide Football Club Names Full name Port Adelaide Football Club Ltd Motto We Are Port Adelaide 2017 season Home - and - away season 5th Leading goalkicker Charlie Dixon Club details Founded May 12 , 1870 ; 147 years ago ( 1870 - 05 - 12 ) Colours AFL : Black , white , teal SANFL : Black , white Competition Australian Football League Power -- senior men South Australian National Football League Magpies -- reserves men South Australian Women 's Football League Magpies -- senior women SANFL reserves Academy -- development Chairman David Koch Coach Ken Hinkley ( AFL ) Chad Cornes ( SANFL ) Emma Sampson ( SAWFL ) Captain ( s ) Travis Boak ( AFL ) Steven Summerton ( SANFL ) Kathryn Reynolds ( SAWFL ) Premierships AFL ( 1 ) : 2004 Championship of Australia ( 4 ) : 1890 , 1910 , 1913 , 1914 SANFL pre AFL entry ( 34 ) : 1884 , 1890 , 1897 , 1903 , 1906 , 1910 , 1913 , 1914 , 1921 , 1928 , 1936 , 1937 , 1939 , 1951 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1977 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 SANFL post AFL entry ( 2 ) : 1998 , 1999 WWI Patriotic League ( 2 ) : 1916 , 1917 WWII Patriotic League ( 1 ) : 1942 ( as Port - Torrens ) Ground ( s ) Adelaide Oval ( capacity : 53,583 ) Alberton Oval ( capacity : 17,000 ) Former ground ( s ) Football Park ( 1974 -- 2013 ) Training ground ( s ) Alberton Oval Uniforms Home Away Alternate Other information Official website portadelaidefc.com.au The Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) under the nickname Power , whilst its reserves and development teams compete in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) under the nickname Magpies. Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth - oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's first game on 24 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . In 1997 , the club joined the Australian Football League as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club -- and subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements . Contents ( hide ) 1 Club history 1.1 1870 -- 1876 : Formation years 1.2 1877 -- 1889 : SAFA founder , Alberton Oval and first premiership 1.3 1890 -- 1901 : First national success and last wooden spoon 1.4 1902 -- 1915 : Black and white and the pre-war invincibles 1.5 1919 -- 1949 : Two World Wars , the Great Depression and post war struggles 1.6 1950 -- 1973 : Fos Williams era and Jack Oatey rivalry 1.7 1974 -- 1998 : John Cahill , SANFL domination and AFL entry 1.8 1999 -- 2012 : Mark Williams , first AFL premiership and Primus period 1.9 2013 -- present : Ken Hinkley , Adelaide Oval return and independence 2 SANFL presence post AFL entry 3 Women 's teams 4 Club symbols and identity 4.1 Guernsey 4.1. 1 Current guernseys 4.1. 2 Old guernseys 4.2 Club songs 4.2. 1 `` Never Tear Us Apart '' 4.3 Home grounds 5 Current playing list 6 Corporate 6.1 Administrative positions 6.2 Sponsors 6.2. 1 Current major sponsors 6.2. 2 Key China game sponsors 6.2. 3 Current clothing sponsor 6.2. 4 Former clothing sponsors 6.3 China partnership 7 Supporters 7.1 Supporter groups 7.2 Number one ticket holders 7.2. 1 Current 7.2. 2 Former 7.2. 3 Notable followers 7.3 Membership and attendance 8 Club honour boards 8.1 Honour roll 8.2 Hall of Fame 8.3 Greatest Team 8.4 Military service 9 Club achievements 10 Player achievements 10.1 Competition awards 10.2 Grand final best on ground awards 10.3 All - Australian 10.4 Club awards 11 Club records 12 Player records 13 References 14 External links Club history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Port Adelaide Football Club Inaugural club president John Hart , Jr ... 1870 -- 1876 : formation years ( edit ) By the late 1860s Port Adelaide 's river traffic was growing significantly causing John Rann , Mr. Leicester and Mr. Ireland to form a sporting club to benefit local wharf workers . The Port Adelaide Football Club was established on 12 May 1870 as part of a joint Australian football and cricket club with the first training session taking place two days later . It played its first match against a team called the `` Young Australians '' on 24 May 1870 at inaugural club president John Hart 's family property in Glanville . Football in South Australia at this stage was yet to be organised by a single body and as a result there were several sets of rules in use across the state . 1877 -- 1889 : SAFA founder , Alberton Oval and first premiership ( edit ) In 1877 Port Adelaide joined seven other clubs to form the South Australian Football Association ( SAFA ) , the first league of its type in Australia . It competed its first few seasons wearing magenta guernseys and white shorts . In 1878 the club hosted its first game against the recently established Norwood Football Club with the visitors winning 1 - 0 . A rivalry between these clubs would soon develop into one of the fiercest in Australian sport ( See Port Adelaide - Norwood SANFL rivalry ) . Left : Junior Port Adelaide players at Alberton Oval in 1880 , the first year the ground was used by the club for football . Right : Port Adelaide 's first premiership team from the 1884 season . In 1880 the club moved to Alberton Oval . In 1881 the club played an interstate team for the first time against Carlton at Adelaide Oval . Later that year the club travelled to Victoria and played its first game outside South Australia against Sale . During the 1882 season Port Adelaide overcame Norwood for the first time after nine previous attempts winning by 1 goal at Adelaide Oval . On 2 July 1883 Port Adelaide played its first game at the MCG against Melbourne . In 1884 Port Adelaide won its first SAFA premiership , ending Norwood 's run of six premierships . On 25 May 1885 , Port Adelaide played at the MCG against South Melbourne , drawing with the eventual VFA premiers in front of 10,000 spectators . In 1887 immense interest led into the round 8 meeting against Norwood as the previous two matches between the clubs resulted in draws . Norwood won in front of a then - record 11,000 spectators at Adelaide Oval . During 1889 the club played against the Richmond at Punt Road , with Port prevailing by a goal . The 1889 SAFA season ended with Port Adelaide and Norwood equal top , leading to the staging of Australia 's first grand final . Norwood went on to defeat Port Adelaide by two goals . 1890 -- 1901 : first National success and last wooden spoon ( edit ) 1890 Championship of Australia Score Port Adelaide 7 10 7 South Melbourne 6 13 6 Venue : Adelaide Oval Left : Harry Phillips won the clubs best and fairest in 1888 , 1891 , 1892 and 1893 . Right : Port fan Willy Whicker wearing a striped magenta guernsey used by the club until dye became too costly ( 1883 - 1901 ) . In 1890 Port Adelaide won its second SAFA premiership and would go on to be crowned `` Champions of Australia '' for the first time after defeating VFA premiers South Melbourne . In 1891 the club defeated Fitzroy at Adelaide Oval with Indigenous Australian Harry Hewitt playing for Port Adelaide . During the 1890s Australia was affected by a severe depression and many players were forced to move interstate to find work translating into poor on field results . By 1896 , the club was in crisis and finished last causing the clubs committee to meet with the aim of revitalising the club . Historian John Devaney suggested that there was a `` conscious and deliberate cultivation by both the committee and the team 's on field leaders of a revitalised club spirit , whereby playing for Port Adelaide became a genuine source of pride '' . It had immediate results and in 1897 Port Adelaide won a third premiership finishing the season with a record of 14 - 2 - 1 with a scoring record two and a half times its conceded total . This is one of only four occurrences since 1877 that the team that finished last won a premiership the following year . Stan Malin won Port Adelaide 's first Magarey Medal in 1899 . During the 19th century the club had nicknames including the Cockledivers , the Seaside Men , the Seasiders and the Magentas . In 1900 , Port finished bottom in the six - team competition , which it has not done in any senior league since . 1902 -- 1915 : black and white and the pre-war Invincibles ( edit ) Left : Port Adelaide adopted the black and white `` Wharf Pylon '' guernsey and the Magpie emblem in 1902 . Right : Port Adelaide 's 1903 premiership team were the first to win a Grand Final in the `` Wharf Pylon '' guernsey . In 1902 , Port Adelaide took the field in black and white guernseys for the first time after it was having trouble finding dyes that would last for its blue and magenta guernseys . The first year in the new guernsey would be a controversial year for the club . After finishing the 1902 season on top of the ladder was disqualified from a game with South Adelaide after disputing the use of an unaccredited umpire . The 1902 SAFA premiership would subsequently be awarded to North Adelaide after they defeated South Adelaide in the Grand Final a week later . Port Adelaide offered to play North Adelaide in a premiership deciding match , but the association refused . The first premiership after the dispute came the following year when Port Adelaide defeated South Adelaide 6.6 ( 42 ) to 5.5 ( 35 ) in the 1903 SAFA Challenge Final . A further premiership came in 1906 when Port defeated North Adelaide 8.12 ( 60 ) to 5.9 ( 39 ) in the year 's Grand Final . During the early stages of the 1907 season , Port Adelaide travelled to Sydney to play a combination of the cities best players . The game was marketed as ' Port Adelaide vs. Sydney ' with the harbour city side taking the honours 8.9 ( 57 ) to 5.14 ( 44 ) . 1910 Port Adelaide vs. WAFL Total WAFL 6 12 48 Port Adelaide 6 17 53 Venue : Fremantle Oval 1910 Championship of Australia Total Port Adelaide 15 20 110 Collingwood 7 9 51 Venue : Adelaide Oval Port Adelaide won the SAFL premiership in 1910 defeating Sturt 8.12 ( 60 ) to 5.11 ( 41 ) in the Grand Final . The club would go on to defeat Collingwood for the 1910 Championship of Australia title . During the 1910 post season , seeking revenge for their loss the year before , Port Adelaide travelled to Western Australia and beat East Fremantle by 12 points . To conclude the trip Port Adelaide played a combination of some of the WAFL 's best players and achieved a remarkable victory scoring 6.17 ( 53 ) to 6.12 ( 48 ) , with Sampson Hosking named best on ground . Along with beating the premiers from South Australia , Victoria and Western Australia in 1910 , Port Adelaide also invited North Broken Hill , the premier team of New South Wales , to a game at Adelaide Oval. Port Would win this game 14.20 ( 104 ) to 5.5 ( 35 ) . Left : Club legend Harold Oliver taking a mark in the 1914 SAFL Semi Final against Sturt at Adelaide Oval . Right : Port Adelaide 's undefeated 1914 SAFL premiers and Champions of Australia team . The following two seasons for Port Adelaide would be frustrating dropping only one game during the 1911 minor round and going undefeated the following year in 1912 only to be knocked out of contention by West Adelaide both times , the second of these encounters in front of a pre war South Australian record crowd of 28,500 . During the 1912 preseason , Port Adelaide travelled to Tasmania and took on a combination of players from various Tasmanian Football League ( TFL ) sides . The game would prove to be very competitive with Port Adelaide defeating the TFL combination 7.13 ( 55 ) to 6.6 ( 42 ) . 1913 Championship of Australia Total Port Adelaide 13 16 94 Fitzroy 7 31 Venue : Adelaide Oval During the 1913 preseason , Port Adelaide travelled back to Western Australia to play East Fremantle again with the local side winning for a second time 6.6 ( 42 ) to 4.12 ( 36 ) . Despite this inauspicious preseason the club would break through in 1913 , dropping only two games during the minor round and eventually defeating North Adelaide 7.12 ( 54 ) to 5.10 ( 40 ) for the SAFL premiership and Fitzroy 13.16 ( 94 ) to 4.7 ( 31 ) for the 1913 Championship of Australia . 1914 Port Adelaide vs. SAFL Total SAFL 5 10 40 Port Adelaide 14 14 98 Venue : Jubilee Oval 1914 Championship of Australia Total Port Adelaide 9 16 70 Carlton 5 6 36 Venue : Adelaide Oval The 1914 Port Adelaide Football Club season is widely regarded as one of the best in Australian rules football history . It won all its pre season matches , won all fourteen SAFL games by an average margin of 49 points and the 1914 SAFL Grand Final where it held North Adelaide to a single goal for the match 13.15 ( 93 ) to 1.8 ( 14 ) . The club would then meet VFL premiers Carlton on Adelaide Oval , defeating the Victorian club by 34 points to claim a record fourth Championship of Australia . At the end of 1914 season a combined team from the six other SAFL clubs played Port Adelaide and lost to the subsequently dubbed `` Invincibles '' by 58 points . Key players from this team are Harold Oliver , Angelo Congear and Sampson Hosking who all share the unique distinction of playing in three Championships of Australia together as well all taking part in South Australia 's first victorious Australian National Football Carnival in 1911 . 1919 -- 1949 : two World wars , the great depression and post war struggles ( edit ) Port Adelaide players hold up their 1921 SAFL premiership flag During World War I the club lost three players -- William Boon , Joseph Watson and Albert Chaplin -- to the war . A scaled - back competition referred to as the ' Patriotic League ' was organised during wartime in which Port Adelaide won the 1916 and 1917 instalments . 1921 SAFL Grand Final Total Port Adelaide 8 32 Norwood 6 24 Venue : Adelaide Oval crowd : 34,000 After World War I , Harold Oliver , arguably the state 's best player , was close to retiring from league football playing only 1 game in 1919 and 8 in 1920 . However keen supporters of the club hoping to replicate its pre-war success raised funds and bought him a motorbike so he could commute from his farm in Berri for the 1921 season . Oliver would captain the club to the 1921 premiership , winning his fourth in the process . In 1922 after playing only 5 league matches for the season his football career came to an end due to commitments regarding his farm and disputes regarding game compensation . His contract termination meant he was paid ₤ 76 of ₤ 100 pounds for the season making him one of the highest - paid footballers of the era . At the end of the 1922 SAFA season , Port Adelaide travelled to Sydney and played a combined New South Wales side on the Sydney Cricket Ground winning the match . In following seasons most of Port Adelaide 's champion players from before the war started to retire and the club 's performances declined . As was the case in the 1890s , the depression of the early 1930s hit the club hard with players moving interstate to secure employment . Bob Quinn chaired off after the 1939 Grand Final win . In 1947 he would be selected as the first captain of an All - Australian team by Sporting Life magazine . 1939 SANFL Grand Final Total Port Adelaide 16 28 124 West Torrens 11 11 77 Venue : Adelaide Oval crowd : 44,885 By the late 1930s , the economy and Port Adelaide 's form both recovered and after two narrow grand final losses in 1934 and 1935 the club won premierships in 1936 , 1937 and 1939 . During 1939 , Bob Quinn , in his third year as a player for the club , coached the team to a Grand Final win over West Torrens . Many Port Adelaide players also enlisted for military service during this time . In 1941 Port Adelaide suffered its first player casualties from war since World War I with Lloyd Rudd and Jack Wade both killed on the Allies ' front in France . Four more players would be killed through the war : Maxwell Carmichael , George Quinn , Christopher Johnston and Halcombe Brock . 1942 Wartime fundraiser Total Port Adelaide / West Torrens 20 23 113 `` The Rest '' 20 21 111 Venue : Adelaide Oval Just as had happened in 1914 , the league was being hit hard by player losses in World War II . Due to a lack of able men the league 's eight teams were reduced to four with Port Adelaide merging with nearby West Torrens from 1942 to 1944 . The joint club would play in all three Grand Finals during this period , winning the 1942 instalment but losing the 1943 and 1944 editions to the Norwood - North Adelaide combination . Normal competition resumed in 1945 . After finishing his military service Haydn Bunton Sr. , now a triple Brownlow and Sandover medallist , joined the club for his final season . However , despite this addition Port Adelaide was unable to regain its pre-war success and played in only one grand final for the rest of the 1940s . 1950 -- 1973 : Fos Williams era and Jack Oatey rivalry ( edit ) At the end of the 1949 , having missed two finals series in a row , the Port Adelaide Football Club had become desperate to improve its on - field performances . The club 's committee subsequently sought out a coach that could win the club its next premiership . Eventually a decision was made which would influence the next 50 years of the Port Adelaide Football Club with Foster Neil Williams , a brilliant rover from West Adelaide , being appointed captain - coach of the club . Williams brought to the club a new coaching style based on success at any cost which was succinctly encapsulated in the legendary club creed he eventually wrote in 1962 . During his second season as coach in 1951 , Williams led Port to their first official premiership ( excluding World War II competition ) for 9 seasons , defeating North Adelaide by 11 points . At the end of the 1951 season the VFL premiers Geelong visited South Australia to play the local premiers Port Adelaide on Adelaide Oval . Geelong won the match 8.14 ( 62 ) to 6.18 ( 54 ) in front of 25,000 people . Port Adelaide would make the Grand Final again in 1953 against local rivals West Torrens in what would be the Eagles last appearance before merging with Woodville . West Torrens would disappoint Port Adelaide , winning the 1953 premiership by 7 points . 1957 SANFL Grand Final Total Port Adelaide 15 15 105 Norwood 13 16 94 Venue : Football Park Crowd : 58,924 Port Adelaide 's run of disappointment from the 1952 and 1953 seasons would prove to be short lived with the club subsequently going on to win a national record six Grand Finals in a row from 1954 to 1959 . The club had a win - loss - draw record of 105 - 16 - 1 ( 86 % ) over the six - year period . During the 1950s Port Adelaide and Melbourne , often the premiers of South Australian and Victorian leagues , played exhibition matches at Norwood Oval . The most notable game was the 1955 match with an estimated crowd of 23,000 . The game being a thriller going down to the last 15 seconds with Frank Adams kicking a behind and sealing the game 9.11 ( 65 ) to 9.10 ( 64 ) in favour of Norm Smith 's demons . The following year Melbourne was full of praise for their cross border challenger with those in the Demons camp agreeing that `` Port Adelaide could take their place in the V.F.L. competition and do themselves credit '' . Geof Motley took over the captain - coaching role at the club in 1959 when Williams left to take a break from the game . That year the club won the premiership setting a national record of sixth consecutive Grand Final victories . Port Adelaide 's hope of winning 7 consecutive premierships was brought to an end in the 1960 preliminary final when Norwood won by 27 points . For the following two seasons Port Adelaide would finish third . 1965 SANFL Grand Final Fos Williams ninth premiership . Total Port Adelaide 12 8 80 Sturt 12 5 77 Venue : Adelaide Oval Crowd : 62,543 Fos Williams returned in 1962 and Port Adelaide won three of the next four premierships taking his personal tally to nine and the clubs record to 10 of the last 15 premierships . The 1965 premiership , the last that Williams coached , was played in front of 62,543 people , the largest ever crowd at Adelaide Oval . In that game Port Adelaide defeat Sturt by 3 points . After the 1965 Grand Final , Port Adelaide would be frustrated by the dominance of Sturt , which won seven premierships over this period under the leadership of Jack Oatey . In all , despite playing in 6 of the next 10 grand finals , Port Adelaide would fail to win a premiership until 1977 . 1974 -- 1998 : John Cahill , SANFL domination and AFL entry ( edit ) One of Port Adelaide 's finest players during the Fos Williams era was John Cahill . He eventually became William 's protégé and ultimately took over as coach in 1974 . In 1975 a dispute between the Port Adelaide City Council and the SANFL over the use of Alberton Oval forced Port Adelaide to move its home matches to Adelaide Oval for two seasons . In 1976 Cahill would subsequently take Port Adelaide to its first Grand Final under his leadership against Sturt with an official attendance of 66,897 , the record for football in South Australia . The actual crowd was estimated at 80,000 , much bigger than the official figure as Football Park ran out of tickets early and were forced to shut the gates 90 minutes before the bounce as people were being crushed on entry . Sturt won in an upset by 41 points . In 1977 the dispute regarding Alberton Oval was resolved and the club moved back to its home ground and won that years premiership breaking an 11 - year drought which at the time was Port Adelaide longest since competing in an organised football competition . 1977 SANFL Grand Final Total Port Adelaide 17 11 113 Glenelg 16 9 105 Venue : Football Park Crowd : 56,717 It has taken us a bloody long time but by gee it was worth it ! -- Russell Ebert during the post game award presentations of the 1977 SANFL Grand Final . The 1980 season was Port Adelaide 's most dominant since 1914 . All SANFL divisions of the club made finals with both the league and reserve sides winning their respective premierships . Russell Ebert won his record 4th Magarey Medal . Tim Evans set the then - league goal kicking record of 146 goals in a season . The club provided seven players to the state league team ( Ebert , Evans , Cunningham , Phillips , Williams , Giles and Faletic ) . The club set a new record for most points scored during the whole season at 3,421 whilst also having the best defence conceding only 1,851 points . Overall Port Adelaide lost 2 games from 24 for the year . Russell Ebert became coach in 1983 when Cahill left to coach Collingwood for two seasons . This period saw the club fail to reach the grand final . The period also marked the rise of the VFL as Australia 's premier football competition . Many SANFL players were moving to the VFL larger salaries . In 1982 the SANFL , Norwood and East Perth all approached the VFL in regards to entering the league . All were ignored at the time . Port Adelaide 's report from 1982 showed that the failure of these attempts impacted the understanding of its future . From this point onwards the club restructured in regards to economics , public relations and on - field performance for an attempt to enter the league . There was genuine feeling that failure to do this would result in the club ceasing to exist in the future . Talk of a side from South Australia entering the VFL was fast tracked in 1987 when a team from Western Australia , the West Coast Eagles , and a team from Brisbane , the Brisbane Bears joined the VFL . South Australia was left out as the only mainland state without a team . John Cahill returned as coach for the 1988 season . During that year , one of Fos Williams sons , Anthony , was tragically killed in a building accident . The following day the club played against Norwood and managed to overcome an early deficit to win the emotional charged game . The club would go on to win the 1988 premiership . In 1989 seven out of ten SANFL clubs were recording losses and the combined income of the SANFL and WAFL had dropped to 40 % of that of the VFL . During early 1990 the SANFL decided to wait three years before making any further decision in regards to fielding a South Australian side in the VFL until it could be done without negatively affecting football within the state . Frustrated with lack of progress , Port Adelaide were having secret negotiations in the town of Quorn for entry in 1991 . From these discussions Port Adelaide Football Club accepted an invitation from the VFL to join what had now become the AFL . The AFL signed a Heads of Agreement with the club in expectation that Port would enter the competition in 1991 , meaning the Port Adelaide Football Club would field two teams , one in the AFL and one in the SANFL . During the 1990 preseason Port Adelaide played a practice match against the Geelong at Football Park in front of 35,000 spectators with Gary Ablett Snr and Gavin Wanganeen prominent . When knowledge of Port Adelaide 's negotiations to gain an AFL licence were made public , many in the SANFL saw it as an act of treachery . SANFL clubs urged Justice Olssen to make an injunction against the bid , which he agreed to . The AFL suggested to the SANFL that if they did n't want Port Adelaide to join the AFL , they could put forward a counter bid to enter a composite South Australian side into the AFL . After legal action from all parties , the AFL finally agreed to accept the SANFL 's bid and the Adelaide Football Club was born . `` These twenty blokes are sensational people and to our friends in the press the one thing that really matters is that there will always be a Port Adelaide Football Club . '' -- George Fiacchi upon accepting the 1990 Jack Oatey Medal for best on ground at the 1990 SANFL Grand Final . 1990 SANFL Grand Final Last season without AFL in SA . Total Glenelg 13 15 93 Port Adelaide 16 12 108 Venue : Football Park Crowd : 50,589 During December 1994 Max Basher announced that Port Adelaide had won the tender for the second South Australian AFL licence . However a licence did not guarantee entry and although a target year of 1996 was set , this was reliant upon an existing AFL club folding or merging with another . In 1996 , the cash - strapped Fitzroy announced it would merge with the Brisbane Bears to form the Brisbane Lions . A spot had finally opened and it was announced that in 1997 , one year later than expected , Port Adelaide would enter the AFL . Once an entry date had been confirmed , the Port Adelaide Football Club set about forming a side fit for competition in the AFL . It was announced that existing Port Adelaide coach , John Cahill would make the transition to the AFL and Stephen Williams would take over the SANFL coaching role . Cahill then set about forming a group which would form the inaugural squad . Brownlow Medallist and 1990 Port Adelaide premiership player , Gavin Wanganeen was poached from Essendon and made captain of a team made up of six existing Port Adelaide players , two from the Adelaide Crows , seven players from other SANFL clubs and 14 recruits from interstate . Of the 35 players on Port Adelaide 's inaugural AFL list 13 had played for the club before . The AFL 's father son rule for the club was set at 200 games for players before 1997 . This compared to only 100 for Victorian clubs . 1997 West End Showdown I Total Adelaide Crows 11 6 72 Port Adelaide 11 17 83 Venue : Football Park Crowd : 47,265 On 29 March 1997 , Port Adelaide played its first AFL premiership match against Collingwood at the MCG , suffering a 79 - point defeat . Port won its first AFL game in round 3 against Geelong , and defeated cross town rivals and eventual premiers Adelaide by 11 points in the first Showdown in round 4 . At the conclusion of round 17 , the side sat fifth -- only one win and percentage off the top spot in what was an unusually close season -- but it fell out of the finals after recording only a draw from its final five games . Port Adelaide finished its first season 9th , missing the finals on percentage behind Brisbane . The 1998 season was looking very similar to the previous year as they hovered around ninth position for most of the year and looked like a threat for finals after round 14 ; but they lost six of their last eight games to finish in 10th place , with a record of 9 wins , 12 losses and 1 draw . 1999 -- 2012 : Mark Williams , first AFL premiership and Primus period ( edit ) Left : 2004 club leading goalkicker , Warren Tredrea . Right : The 2004 AFL premiership was Port Adelaide 's first since joining the league . In 1999 Mark Williams took over as coach of Port Adelaide . The earned a spot in the AFL finals for the first time . They were eliminated by eventual premier , North Melbourne , by 44 points in the Qualifying Final . After finishing 14th in 2000 , Port Adelaide had a very successful 2001 season , starting with a maiden pre-season competition victory , defeating the Brisbane Lions . Port Adelaide finished their 2001 home and away season in third place with 16 wins and six losses . The club travelled to Brisbane for the Qualifying Final , losing by 32 points , then lost its home Semi Final against sixth - placed Hawthorn to be eliminated . Port Adelaide started 2002 strongly , winning the pre-season competition for the second time in a row , defeating Richmond by 9 points . The side built on its success and won its first AFL minor premiership with an 18 -- 4 record . However , they lost to the eventual premiers , the Brisbane Lions , by 56 points in the preliminary final . Port Adelaide continued its minor round dominance in 2003 and again finished top to claim the minor premiership ; however like the previous year , Port Adelaide was eliminated in the preliminary final , losing to Collingwood by 44 points . Port Adelaide opened the 2004 season well with four straight wins , but then won only four of its next eight games . From rounds 12 -- 17 , Port Adelaide turned their fortunes around and had six consecutive wins , and with five rounds remaining were equal top of the ladder with Brisbane , St Kilda and Melbourne . After losing in round 18 to Essendon , Port Adelaide won its remaining four games -- including wins against minor premiership contender Melbourne and cross town rivals Adelaide to claim the minor premiership for the third consecutive year . Port Adelaide easily won its qualifying final against Geelong , earning a home preliminary final . Port Adelaide made it through to its first AFL grand final after defeating St Kilda in a thrilling preliminary final by just six points with Gavin Wanganeen kicking the winning goal with a minute to go . The following week Port Adelaide faced a highly fancied Brisbane side attempting to win a record - equalling fourth straight AFL premiership . Only one point separated the sides at half time , however late in the third quarter Port Adelaide took the ascendency to lead by 17 points at three - quarter time , and dominated the final term to win by 40 points : 17.11 ( 113 ) to 10.13 ( 73 ) . Byron Pickett was awarded with the Norm Smith Medal after being judged the best player in the match , tallying 20 disposals and kicking three goals . 2004 AFL Grand Final Total Port Adelaide 17 11 113 Brisbane Lions 10 13 73 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : 77,671 `` Port Adelaide are the winningest team in Australia . The old Port Adelaide have won 36 premierships , today , at the MCG , may just be their finest hour . '' -- Tim Lane 's statement at the conclusion of the 2004 AFL Grand Final . After a slow start to the 2005 season , Port finished eighth on the ladder , and defeated the Kangaroos by 87 points in the elimination final . In the semi-final , Port faced minor premiers Adelaide and lost by 83 points . Justin Westhoff ( pick No. 71 ) made his debut in the 2007 season , along with Robert Gray ( pick No. 55 ) and Travis Boak ( pick No. 5 ) . After missing the finals in 2006 Port Adelaide made a strong recovery in 2007 , and with strong performances from midfielders Shaun Burgoyne and Chad Cornes and strong debut seasons from Justin Westhoff , Robert Gray and Travis Boak , Port Adelaide finished the minor round second on the ladder with 15 - 7 record . Port Adelaide started their finals campaign against the West Coast Eagles at Football Park and won by three points . That win gave Port the bye , and they easily defeated the Kangaroos in the preliminary final to win by 87 points . This win delivered Port its second Grand Final berth in four years . However , in the grand final they were defeated by Geelong by an AFL record margin of 119 points , 24.19 ( 163 ) to Port Adelaide 's 6.8 ( 44 ) in a crowd of 97,302 . The 2008 season was disappointing one for a Port Adelaide side keen to build on its 2007 grand final appearance , dropping to 13th on the ladder and out of the finals . By 2009 Port Adelaide had accumulated a consolidated debt totaling $5.1 million and was unable to pay its players ; they had lost $1.4 million the season before . Financial assistance was denied by the league , with AFL Chief Executive Andrew Demetriou saying that they would have to undergo an intensive application process and work with the SANFL , who owned Port Adelaide 's AFL licence . On 20 May , Port were handed $2.5 million in debt relief by the SANFL , and on 15 June were handed a $1 million grant by the AFL commission . The SANFL had announced it would not support Port Adelaide in both the AFL and SANFL . Plans for a re-merging the two teams was rejected by the SANFL . Amidst these off - field struggles , the club finished 10th in 2009 . The 2010 season would see Mark Williams step down as senior coach marking the end of the Williams era for the club . `` He ( Demetriou ) said he could not imagine an AFL competition without Port Adelaide in it . I thought that was a really strong statement of leadership . '' -- Keith Thomas at a press conference upon the retirement of Andrew Demetriou . Matthew Primus took over as caretaker coach for Port Adelaide after Mark Williams stood down . The club finished the 2010 season with five wins from its last seven games to finish tenth . On 9 September , Matthew Primus was appointed as the senior coach of the club for the next three years . The SANFL sought to take control of Port Adelaide in 2011 . Despite underwriting $5 million of Port 's debt in 2010 , the takeover failed when the SANFL was unable to get a line of credit to cover Port Adelaide 's future debts . The AFL announced it would underwrite $1.25 million in debt to protect its $1.25 billion television rights . AFL Chief executive Andrew Demetriou , offered $9 million over the next three years to help the club , ahead of the move to the Adelaide Oval . The AFL gave the money to the SANFL with strict conditions that they give Port Adelaide three million dollars a year , for three years . Statistically , 2011 was Port Adelaide 's worst season in 141 years , finishing 16th with only three wins from 22 games . Rounds 20 and 21 saw the club lose to Collingwood and Hawthorn by record margins of 138 and 165 respectively . The 2012 season was marginally better but a loss against Greater Western Sydney resulted in senior coach Matthew Primus stepping down . Assistant coach , Garry Hocking , took over for the remaining four games , with a draw in the final round against Richmond the best result . 2013 -- Present : Ken Hinkley , Adelaide Oval return and independence ( edit ) In 2014 , Port Adelaide returned to Adelaide Oval as its home ground for the first time since 1976 . On 8 October 2012 , Ken Hinkley was announced as the new senior coach of the club . This marked the first time that the club had appointed someone not associated with the club before since Fos Williams in 1950 . Television personality David Koch was named chairman of the club and numerous board members were replaced . The 2013 preseason also saw Travis Boak succeed Domenic Cassisi as captain of the club . The club finished the home and away season 7th on the ladder , making it the first time that they had qualified for the finals since 2007 . Port travelled to Melbourne to play Collingwood at the MCG in an Elimination Final where they won by 24 points ; they then lost to Geelong by 16 points the following week in a Semi Final . The 2014 season saw both Port Adelaide and Adelaide move their home ground from Football Park to the redeveloped Adelaide Oval. Port Adelaide signed up a record 55,715 members for the 2014 season and averaged 44,429 at home games , a 65 % increase from the previous year . Port Adelaide had its best first half of an AFL season , sitting first with ten wins from eleven matches . They then won only four of their remaining eleven matches to finish fifth on the ladder . They hosted Richmond in the elimination finals , kicking the first seven goals of the game and leading by as much as 87 points before recording a 57 - point victory . After defeating Fremantle in the semi-finals the club 's 2014 season ended with a three - point loss to Hawthorn in the preliminary finals . With great expectation Port Adelaide started the 2015 season playing all of the year 's finalists in the opening 10 rounds and entered the mid-season break with a 5 - 7 record . The club had a better second half of the year , recording 7 - 3 , but would miss out on finals by one win . On 11 February 2016 , the men 's Port Adelaide Football Club merged with the Port Adelaide Women 's Football Club . In 2017 , Port Adelaide had made a massive improvement from the previous 2 seasons , winning 14 of 22 games to finish 5th on the ladder . Port Adelaide 's season came to an end in an elimination final loss to West Coast by 2 points in extra time . After the match , Koch expressed skepticism over whether the club should have put more experienced players in the team rather than a younger side , and said that if players were n't committed to helping the club win a premiership then they were n't wanted at Port Adelaide . SANFL presence post AFL entry ( edit ) When the Port Adelaide Football Club entered the AFL , a new state league team was created at the request of the SANFL and its clubs to fill the void left by the club . The new club was called the Port Adelaide Magpies Football Club as opposed to the original counterpart , the Port Adelaide Football Club , now playing in the national competition . Australian football historian John Devaney described the forced separation of Port Adelaide 's SANFL and AFL operations as being `` akin to the enforced splitting up of families associated with military conquest or warfare '' . On 20 August 2010 , the `` One Port Adelaide Football Club '' movement was launched by former player Tim Ginever to merge the Port Adelaide Football Club and the Port Adelaide Magpies Football Club as one club . A website was created that claimed 50,000 signatures were needed for the two entities to merge . On 15 November 2010 , all nine SANFL clubs and agreed that the off - field merger between the two clubs would proceed . On 10 September 2013 , Port Adelaide and the SANFL agreed to a model to allow all its AFL - listed players ( not selected to play for Port Adelaide in the AFL ) to play for the club in the SANFL League competition . From 2015 onward , the club lost its recruiting zones and could no longer field sides in the junior SANFL competition . Port Adelaide subsequently started an Academy team composed of 18 to 22 - year - olds . External video The journey of the Port Adelaide Magpies since 1999 - Port Adelaide FC official YouTube channel ( September 2017 ) On the field in the SANFL , Port Adelaide struggled to replicate their historic dominance of the competition . The club won back - to - back premierships in 1998 and 1999 but have failed to win a premiership since then . The Magpies went through a barren spell through most of the 2000s , often missing out on finals and struggling for success . In 2014 , in the first season of being permitted to select AFL - listed players , Port Adelaide won the minor premiership but lost to arch - rivals Norwood in the Grand Final . The club next returned to the SANFL Grand Final in 2017 , though once more fell at the final hurdle , being defeated by Sturt by just one point . The current captain of Port Adelaide 's SANFL team is Steven Summerton and the coach is Chad Cornes . Women 's teams ( edit ) An early example of a Port Adelaide Women 's team was in 1918 when a game took place at Alberton Oval against a club representing Thebarton. Port Adelaide was captained by Eileen Rend . The Port Adelaide Women 's Football Club was founded in 2003 and competes in the South Australian Women 's Football League . In 2016 the club merged with the men 's club with the intention of further developing the game among women in the Port Adelaide area and South Australia more generally . Club symbols and identity ( edit ) Guernsey ( edit ) Harold Oliver wearing Port Adelaide 's famous `` Wharf Pylon '' guernsey . The guernsey has long been a point of contention with the Collingwood Football Club who also wear a black and white guernsey . The Port Adelaide Football Club won 32 grand finals after adopting the black and white `` Wharf Pylon '' guernsey in addition to the Champions of Australia three times . When Port Adelaide entered the AFL , it was forced to find a new nickname to replace its longtime nickname of `` Magpies . '' Existing AFL club Collingwood were already using the magpie emblem and `` Magpies '' nickname , so when Port Adelaide initially sought to join the AFL in 1990 , the league simply asked Port Adelaide to simply find a new nickname and logo to avoid a clash . However , after the unsuccessful 1990 bid , Collingwood successfully lobbied the AFL to force Port Adelaide to change not only its logo and nickname but also its guernsey and colours . In 1995 , a new guernsey was created incorporating teal . In May 2007 chief executive John James stated that Port Adelaide received more correspondence from its supporters about the heritage guernsey than all other issues and that the club would `` fight for its heritage and what is right '' . Port Adelaide decided not to participate in the 2006 heritage round when the AFL declined the club 's 1980s guernsey for its 80s - themed heritage round . In 2007 the club was waiting for confirmation from the AFL that it could wear its 1970s ' `` Wharf Pylon '' guernsey for a match against the Western Bulldogs and wanted confirmation it would be able to continue to honour its heritage in any future heritage rounds . On 14 May 2007 the AFL and Port Adelaide reached an agreement whereby the club could wear its traditional guernsey in the heritage round , with the proviso that in future seasons its players can only wear it in home heritage round games and provided that such a game is not against Collingwood . No heritage rounds have been held since this agreement was reached . `` This team from South Australia -- this Port Power -- why would they pick black and white ? Did the competition really need another club in navy or dark colours ? '' . -- Collingwood Football Club president Eddie McGuire 's 2003 statement regarding Port Adelaide wearing its traditional guernsey . Collingwood club president Eddie McGuire has been a vocal opponent of Port Adelaide wearing the `` Wharf Pylon '' guernsey , claiming that Collingwood has an exclusive right to wear black and white in the AFL , even in the heritage round . `` It should have nothing to do with Eddie McGuire and Collingwood ... I 'll say that for a start . '' -- Leigh Matthews during a discussion regarding Port Adelaide 's traditional guernsey during the 2014 Elimination Final . Support for the guernsey remains extremely high with a limited batch of jumpers raising over $400,000 for the club for the one off game against Carlton in 2013 . The most recent instance of the club trying to wear its traditional guernsey was in celebration of 100 years since its 1914 Championship of Australia . The AFL denied the club the right . There was controversy in 2014 during the lead - up to the final against Richmond when the AFL told Port Adelaide they had to wear their clash guernsey . On 2 September 2014 the AFL cleared them to use the traditional guernsey for the match . `` I 've always regarded that strip that Port are wearing today as the best uniform in Australian Football '' . -- Dennis Cometti describing Port Adelaide 's traditional guernsey during the 2014 Elimination Final . Current guernseys ( edit ) Home 2010 -- present Clash 2010 -- present Heritage / SANFL 1902 -- present Notes Jump up ^ Worn in 2009 as the winning design from a competition , it became permanent in 2010 . Jump up ^ Clash guernsey . Jump up ^ the Wharf Pylon ( `` Prison Bar '' ) guernsey was adopted in 1902 and has been worn on four occasions in the AFL . It is the home guernsey in the SANFL . Old guernseys ( edit ) Inaugural Home 1870 -- 1876 Magenta Home 1883 -- 1901 Wharf pylons Home 1902 -- 1996 First AFL home Home 1997 -- 2009 Notes Jump up ^ The first uniform worn by the club . Jump up ^ The `` Magenta '' uniform , worn until 1901 . Jump up ^ With this guernsey the club had won 32 Grand Finals since 1902 . Nevertheless , Collingwood FC successfully lobbied the AFL to force Port Adelaide to change not only its logo and nickname but also its guernsey and colours . As a result , a new guernsey was created incorporating teal in 1995 . Jump up ^ `` First AFL Home '' guernsey adopted upon entry into AFL to avoid clash with Collingwood . Club songs ( edit ) The AFL side 's victory song is `` Power to Win '' , written for the club by Quentin Eyers and Les Kaczmarek . Since 2016 , an alternative Pitjantjatjara language version of the song ( ' Nganana wanangara kanyini ' - literally , ' We have the lightning bolt ' ) has been used by the club on occasions such as Indigenous Round . The SANFL side 's victory song is `` Cheer , Cheer the Black and the White '' , to the tune of `` Notre Dame Victory March '' . `` Never Tear Us Apart '' ( edit ) Since March 2014 , Port Adelaide has used `` Never Tear Us Apart '' by the Australian band INXS as the club 's unofficial anthem leading up to the opening bounce at its new home of Adelaide Oval . The song is used as a reference to the various and unique difficulties the club faced when trying to enter the AFL . Port Adelaide 's use of the song stemmed from a trip the club took to Anfield in November 2012 while they were in England to play an exhibition match against the Western Bulldogs . In light of the very positive reviews given by the club 's players towards the Anfield crowd 's rendition of `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' , Matthew Richardson , Port 's general manager of marketing and consumer business , along with the club 's management , sought to replicate the pre-match experience they experienced at Anfield . At a meeting in mid-2013 , the idea of an anthem was raised ; a number of various songs were suggested , including `` Power and the Passion '' by Midnight Oil and `` Power to the People '' by John Schumann . Eventually , `` Never Tear Us Apart '' by INXS was suggested by Port Adelaide 's events manager , Tara MacLeod . It was eventually accepted , due to the fact that the song resonated with the club 's history . Initially the song was introduced to coincide with the 60 - second countdown before the start of a match , with the music playing over the top of a video montage . The song proved to be a success among the fans , with them adopting the song as well as raising scarves above their heads as the song was being sung . So successful was the song that by June 2014 , the club were forced to print club coloured scarves with the words `` Never Tear Us Apart '' on them that fans would hold aloft and sing in unison prior to the start of matches . Home grounds ( edit ) On 15 May 1880 , Port Adelaide played its first match at Alberton Oval . In 1881 the decision was made by the club to start leasing the oval from the Port Adelaide Council for the sum of 10 shillings a year . Situated at the eastern end of the suburb of Alberton in Adelaide , the playing surface is surrounded by the Allan Scott club headquarters , the Robert B. Quinn MM Stand , the Fos Williams Family Stand , the Port Adelaide Bowling Club and the N.L. Williams Scoreboard . As well as the facilities facing the oval , along Queen Street there is The Port Club and The Port Store . Glanville Hall Estate SAFA : 1870 -- 1879 Alberton Oval SANFL : 1880 -- present AFL ( training ) : 1997 -- present Football Park AFL : 1997 -- 2013 Adelaide Oval SANFL : 1975 - 1976 AFL : 2011 , 2014 -- present Current playing list ( edit ) Port Adelaide Football Club view talk Senior List Rookie list Coaching Staff 1 Travis Boak ( c ) 2 Sam Powell - Pepper 3 Jake Neade 4 Paddy Ryder 5 Matthew Broadbent 6 Angus Monfries 7 Brad Ebert 8 Hamish Hartlett 9 Robbie Gray 11 Aaron Young 12 Jackson Trengove 13 Todd Marshall 14 Billy Frampton 15 Karl Amon 16 Ollie Wines ( vc ) 17 Tom Clurey 18 Jimmy Toumpas 19 Matthew White 20 Chad Wingard 21 Jared Polec 22 Charlie Dixon 23 Matthew Lobbe 24 Jarman Impey 25 Logan Austin 26 Riley Bonner 28 Joe Atley 29 Jasper Pittard 30 Willem Drew 31 Aidyn Johnson 32 Dougal Howard 33 Darcy Byrne - Jones 36 Jack Hombsch 37 Jesse Palmer 39 Justin Westhoff 41 Brendon Ah Chee 42 Tom Jonas 46 Sam Gray 48 Nathan Krakouer 27 Brett Eddy 34 Will Snelling 38 Peter Ladhams 40 Jarrod Lienert 43 Dan Houston 44 Cameron Hewett 45 Emmanuel Irra ( B ) Head coach Ken Hinkley Assistant coaches Matthew Nicks ( senior assistant ) Michael Voss ( midfield manager ) Brendon Lade ( forward / ruck ) Nathan Bassett ( defence ) Aaron Greaves ( head of development ) Stuart Cochrane ( midfield development ) Trent Hentschel ( forward development ) Jacob Surjan ( defence development ) Chad Cornes ( SANFL coach ) Mark Clayton ( academy coach ) Legend : ( c ) Captain ( vc ) Vice captain ( B ) Category B rookie Updated : 15 September 2017 Source ( s ) : Playing list , Coaching staff Port Adelaide SANFL squad ( Magpies ) view talk SANFL list Coaching Staff 1 Steven Summerton ( c ) 5 Tom Gray 6 Sidney Masters 7 Louis Sharrad 10 Luke Reynolds 12 Thomas Corcoran 21 Jonathon Ross 23 Keiran Agius 29 Anthony Biemans 50 Robbie Young Head coach Chad Cornes Assistant coaches Darren Beer Stuart Cochrane Trent Hentschel Jacob Surjan Mark Clayton ( Academy coach ) Legend : ( c ) Captain ( vc ) Vice captain Updated : 1 December 2014 Source ( s ) : Note : Port Adelaide AFL - listed players ( not selected to play AFL ) are allowed to play for the SANFL squad . Corporate ( edit ) Guernsey sponsors Period Front sponsor Back sponsor 1978 Lensworth Finance 1979 1980 Jetspress 1981 1982 Standard Chartered 1984 1985 1986 1988 Standard Chartered 1989 1990 1991 1992 Alpine Retreat 1993 Bee - Jays Roadlink 1994 Seaton Hotel Cash Converters 1995 Scott 's Transport 1997 Vodafone 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 Bianco Construction & Industrial Supplies 2009 MyATM AussieATM 2011 Soaring Securites 2012 VIP Home Services Foodbank 2013 Renault ^ VIP Home Services 2014 EnergyAustralia Renault ^ 2015 2016 2017 OAK ^ Administrative positions ( edit ) Chairman : David Koch Chief executive : Keith Thomas Football operations : Chris Davies Board members : Kevin Osborn ( deputy chairman ) Cos Cardone George Fiacchi Ross Haslam Holly Ransom Jamie Restas Richard Ryan Trevor Thiele Amanda Vanstone Sponsors ( edit ) Current major sponsors ( edit ) Renault OAK ( Parmalat ) Key China game sponsors ( edit ) Ausgold Cathay Pacific Shanghai Cred Haneco Lighting Current clothing sponsor ( edit ) ISC ( 2013 -- present ) Former clothing sponsors ( edit ) Nike ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Reebok ( 2007 -- 2012 ) China partnership ( edit ) On 14 April 2016 , Port Adelaide announced a three - year multimillion - dollar partnership with leading Chinese property developer Shanghai Cred . Within this partnership , Port Adelaide will take primary responsibility for developing Australian rules football in China . The partnership will see Port Adelaide hold annual training camps and provide sponsorship in China , as well as producing AFL programs and broadcasting games in the country via China Central Television and other networks . The first AFL game played for premiership points was played in May 2017 between the Gold Coast Suns and Port Adelaide . Supporters ( edit ) The Port Adelaide Football Club has historically drawn its supporter base in and around historical working class Port Adelaide . However , this support has spread to many coastal locations in Adelaide ( from Outer Harbour down to West Beach ) , in much of the inner - Western suburbs , throughout the North - Eastern suburbs in Campbelltown and Tea Tree Gully , in many of the Southern suburbs ( such as Aberfoyle Park and Flagstaff Hill ) , as well as throughout the Adelaide Hills and country South Australia . After historically being the largest football club in South Australia , Port Adelaide has reemerged as one of the largest sporting organisations in Australia , with over 60,000 members and an average attendance nearing 45,000 in 2015 . Supporter groups ( edit ) Port Adelaide has many supporter groups , with every state or territory containing at least one supporter group . In addition , many country towns within South Australia have their own supporter group , many of which travel to both home and away games , including the Port Adelaide Cheer Squad , the Outer Army , The Alberton Crowd and The Portress Podcast . Number one ticket holders ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Hugh Sheridan -- Australian actor and singer . Former ( edit ) David Koch -- Seven Network 's Sunrise co-host , current club chairman Stuart O'Grady -- Australian professional road bicycle racer Teresa Palmer -- Australian model and actress Bob Quinn -- former Port Adelaide player Tony Santic -- owner of racehorse Makybe Diva Notable followers ( edit ) Jimmy Barnes -- Australian rock singer and member of Cold Chisel . Sir Donald Bradman -- Australian cricketer . Darren Cahill -- Australian professional tennis player / coach and son of John Cahill . Dean Canto -- Australian professional touring car driver . Kyle Chalmers -- Australian gold medal swimmer . Peter Goers -- Adelaide art and radio personality . Travis Head -- Australian cricketer . Thanasi Kokkinakis -- Australian professional tennis player . Anna Meares -- Australian gold medal track cyclist . Alison Mitchell -- British cricket commentator . Jason Momoa -- American / Hawaiian actor and writer . Stuart O'Grady - Australian professional cyclist . Roger Rasheed -- Australian professional tennis player / coach . Daniel Smith -- Australian hip - hop artist and member of the Hilltop Hoods . Michael Turtur -- Australian gold medal track cyclist . Ben Baker -- Australian photographer . Membership and attendance ( edit ) Year Membership AFL audited Membership change Minor round Finals Home crowd average Home crowd average change 1997 35,809 N / A 9th - 35,703 N / A 1998 38,305 2,496 10th - 31,657 4,046 1999 37,166 1,139 7th 7th 31,270 387 2000 34,935 2,871 14th - 26,376 4,894 2001 33,296 999 3rd 5th 30,789 4,413 2002 36,299 3,003 1st 3rd 30,414 375 2003 35,425 126 1st 4th 31,845 1,431 36,340 915 1st 1st 29,877 1,968 2005 36,834 494 8th 6th 32,911 3,034 2006 33,648 1,186 12th - 28,546 4,365 2007 34,073 1,575 2nd 2nd 27,870 676 2008 34,185 112 13th - 22,126 5,744 2009 30,605 3580 10th - 24,349 2,223 29,029 783 10th - 24,256 93 2011 32,581 5,236 16th - 23,066 1,190 2012 35,543 1,003 14th - 19,911 3,155 2013 39,838 3,383 7th 5th 26,915 7,004 2014 48,968 9,130 5th 3rd 44,429 17,514 2015 54,057 5,089 9th - 43,749 680 2016 53,743 314 10th - 39,665 4,048 2017 52,129 1,614 5th 7th 38,136 1,529 * Club honour boards ( edit ) See Also List of Port Adelaide Football Club players ( Pre AFL entry ) List of Port Adelaide Football Club players ( Post AFL entry ) Honour roll ( edit ) Port Adelaide Football Club honour roll Interclub matches Year Position W-L-D % Chairman CEO Coach Captain Best and fairest Leading goalkicker 1870 0 - 1 - 2 50 John Hart Jr . Richard Leicester John Wald John Wald George Dale John Wald John Wald ( 2 ) 1871 1 - 2 - 1 0 John Hart Jr . George Ireland Fred Stone Fred Stone Fred Stone N / A 1872 2 ( Runner Up ) 0 - 1 - 2 0 John Hart Jr . George Ireland George Middleton George Middleton N / A N / A 1873 2 ( Runner Up ) 1 - 2 - 0 25 John Hart Jr . F. Ireland H. Sparnon H. Sparnon George Middleton Samuel Tyzack Samuel Tyzack ( 1 ) 1874 2 ( Runner Up ) 2 - 3 - 1 100 John Hart Jr . F. Ireland John Rann John Rann Charles Wells N / A N / A 1875 2 ( Runner Up ) 3 - 3 - 1 140 John Hart Jr . F. Ireland Robert Sandilands Robert Sandilands Henry Ford Henry Ford ( 2 ) Warren ( 2 ) 1876 5 2 - 6 - 0 38 John Hart Jr . Charles Wells William Fletcher William Fletcher Ernest LeMessurier Samuel Tyzack ( 1 ) John Rann ( 1 ) E. LeMessurier ( 1 ) South Australian Football Association era 1877 9 - 4 - 2 177 John Hart Jr . Charles Wells William Fletcher William Fletcher Thomas Smith Alfred LeMessurier ( 5 ) 1878 2 ( Runner Up ) 5 - 2 - 4 400 John Hart Jr . Charles Wells William Fletcher William Fletcher Thomas Smith E. LeMessurier ( 3 ) Joseph Carter ( 3 ) 1879 2 ( Runner Up ) 5 - 2 - 2 183 John Hart Jr . Charles Wells William Fletcher William Fletcher Thomas Smith E. LeMessurier ( 4 ) 1880 6 3 - 3 - 5 89 John Formby J.W. Channon J.A. Atkins J.A. Atkins Joseph Carter Jack Sidoli E. LeMessurier ( 3 ) 1881 5 2 - 6 - 5 43 John Formby E. LeMessurrier Joseph Carter J.H. Sandilands William Fletcher J.H. Sandilands Jack Sidoli Henry Watt ( 6 ) 1882 7 - 7 - 0 157 John Formby E.C. LeMessurier Charles Kellett Charles Kellett James Munro George Slatter ( 6 ) 1883 2 ( Runner Up ) 7 - 5 - 2 114 John Formby E.C. LeMessurier Nowell Turpenny Ernest Le Messurier Nowell Turpenny Robert Kirkpatrick James Litchfield ( 13 ) * 1884 1 ( Premiers ) 11 - 2 - 2 252 John Formby E.C. LeMessurier Nowell Turpenny Nowell Turpenny Charles Kellett George Cairns Robert Roy ( 25 ) * 1885 6 - 8 - 1 120 John Formby E.C. LeMessurier Nowell Turpenny Nowell Turpenny Charles Kellett Michael Coffee Robert Roy ( 13 ) 1886 4 ( Wooden Spoon ) 3 - 11 - 1 64 John Formby James Litchfield Jack McGargill William Bushby Charlie Fry Michael Coffee ( 6 ) 1887 2 ( Runner Up ) 12 - 3 - 2 239 John Formby E.C. LeMessurier Jack McGargill William Bushby William Bushby Richard Walsh Alfred Bushby ( 22 ) 1888 2 ( Runner Up ) 14 - 2 - 1 280 John Formby John Sweeney Jack McGargill William Bushby Harold Phillips Harold Phillips ( 24 ) 1889 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 14 - 3 - 1 385 John Formby Robert Cruickshank Jack McGargill William Bushby Goody Hamilton Charlie Fry ( 32 ) * 1890 1 ( Premiers ) Champions of Australia 16 - 2 - 0 388 John Formby Robert Cruickshank Jack McGargill Ken McKenzie Charlie Fry John Mckenzie ( 54 ) * 1891 2 ( Runner Up ) 12 - 4 - 0 288 John Formby Robert Cruickshank Alfred Bushby Jack McGargill Ken McKenzie Harold Phillips John Mckenzie ( 37 ) 1892 2 ( Runner Up ) 11 - 4 - 1 193 John Formby John Sweeney Jack McGargill Ken McKenzie Harold Phillips Alexander McKenzie ( 43 ) 1893 10 - 6 - 2 202 John Cleave John Sweeney Jack McGargill Ken McKenzie Walter Murray Harold Phillips Alexander McKenzie ( 59 ) 1894 9 - 9 - 0 114 John Cleave John Sweeney Jack McGargill Ken McKenzie Alfred Miers Alexander McKenzie ( 36 ) 1895 8 - 7 - 1 141 W. Fisher John Sweeney Jack McGargill Alfred Miers Oscar L'estage Alexander McKenzie ( 25 ) 1896 5 ( Wooden Spoon ) 4 - 13 - 1 69 W. Fisher Charles Tucker Henry Hills Jack McGargill Ken McKenzie George Linklater Adam Lees ( 19 ) Modern scoring system adopted 1897 1 ( Premiers ) 14 - 2 - 1 266 W. Fisher Charles Tucker Henry Hills Jack McGargill Ken McKenzie Ken McKenzie Adam Lees ( 26 ) * First regular SAFA Grand Finals held 1898 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 12 - 6 - 0 199 W. Fisher Henry Hills John Sweeney Jack McGargill Ken McKenzie Archibald Hosie William Stark ( 31 ) 1899 9 - 5 - 0 155 W. Fisher John Sweeney Jack McGargill Harold Phillips Stan Malin William Stark ( 13 ) 1900 6 ( Wooden Spoon ) 2 - 12 - 0 66 W. Fisher John Sweeney Jack McGargill Harold Phillips Jack Quinn Hedley Tompkins ( 16 ) Federation of Australia 1901 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 12 - 7 - 0 131 Robert Cruickshank John Sweeney Jack McGargill Archibald Hosie Ted Strawns Jack Quinn ( 27 ) 1902 3 ( Disqualified by SAFA ) 10 - 2 - 0 198 William Mattinson John Sweeney Jack McGargill Archibald Hosie Lewis Corston Matthew Healy ( 25 ) 1903 1 ( Premiers ) 12 - 2 - 1 248 William Mattinson John Sweeney Jack McGargill Archibald Hosie Jimmy Tompkins Jimmy Tompkins ( 40 ) 1904 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 10 - 3 - 1 173 William Mattinson John Sweeney Jack McGargill Archibald Hosie Jack Quinn Lewis Corston Jimmy Tompkins ( 28 ) 1905 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 11 - 2 - 1 170 William Mattinson John Sweeney Jack McGargill Jack Quinn Jack Quinn James Mathison ( 30 ) * 1906 1 ( Premiers ) 12 - 2 - 0 213 William Mattinson James Hodge Jack McGargill Jack Fletcher Lewis Corston Ted Strawns James Mathison ( 42 ) * South Australian Football League era 1907 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 11 - 4 - 0 192 William Mattinson James Hodge Jack McGargill Lewis Corston Jack Mack Jack Quinn ( 32 ) * 1908 8 - 5 - 0 137 William Mattinson James Hodge Jack McGargill Ted Strawns Mick Donaghy James Dickson James Mathison ( 33 ) * 1909 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 9 - 5 - 0 134 William Mattinson James Hodge Archibald Hosie Mick Donaghy James Dickson Angelo Congear ( 12 ) 1910 1 ( Premiers ) Championship of Australia 14 - 2 - 0 150 William Mattinson James Hodge Archibald Hosie John Woollard Sampson Hosking Frank Hansen ( 46 ) 1911 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 12 - 3 - 0 171 Robert Cruickshank James Hodge Mick Donaghy John Woollard George Dempster Harold Oliver Frank Hansen ( 41 ) * 1912 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 12 - 2 - 0 205 Robert Cruickshank James Hodge Sampson Hosking Cliff Cocks Sampson Hosking Harold Oliver Frank Hansen ( 37 ) * 1913 1 ( Premiers ) Championship of Australia 12 - 2 - 0 160 Alexander Benson James Hodge Jack Londrigan Jack Londrigan Henry Eaton Frank Hansen ( 39 ) * 1914 1 ( Premiers ) Championship of Australia 14 - 0 - 0 209 Alexander Benson James Hodge Jack Londrigan Jack Londrigan Jack Ashley Jack Dunn ( 33 ) * 1915 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 9 - 4 - 1 175 Alexander Benson James Hodge Alex McFarlane Alex McFarlane Henry Eaton Angelo Congear ( 21 ) South Australian Patriotic League ( World War I ) 1916 1 ( Premiers ) 11 - 0 - 1 246 Charles Tyler John Hayman ( 40 ) 1917 1 ( Premiers ) 11 - 0 - 1 164 Charles Tyler John Hayman ( 37 ) 1918 Charles Tyler Return to South Australian Football League administration 1919 6 - 6 - 1 127 Alexander Benson Charles Tyler Frank Hansen Horrie Pope Alexander McFarlane Jack Ashley Len Lackman ( 26 ) * 1920 8 - 5 - 0 119 Alexander Benson Charles Tyler Frank Hansen John Robertson Albert Olds Charlie Adams Eric Dewar ( 24 ) 1921 1 ( Premiers ) 13 - 4 - 0 182 Alexander Benson Charles Tyler Sampson Hosking Harold Oliver Charlie Adams Maurice Allingham ( 43 ) 1922 5 7 - 7 - 0 101 Herbert Skipper Charles Tyler Samuel Howie Samuel Howie Clement Dayman Maurice Allingham ( 47 ) 1923 7 5 - 9 - 0 99 Herbert Skipper Alexander McKelvie Clement Dayman Clement Dayman Les Dayman Maurice Allingham ( 42 ) 1924 9 - 6 - 0 121 Herbert Skipper Alexander McKelvie Archibald Hosie Clifford Keal Les Dayman Maurice Allingham ( 28 ) 1925 10 - 5 - 0 127 Herbert Skipper Alexander McKelvie Archibald Hosie Clifford Keal Peter Bampton Harold Logan ( 56 ) 1926 10 - 5 - 0 123 Percival Cherry Alexander McKelvie Maurice Allingham Maurice Allingham Laurie Hodge Harold Logan ( 36 ) South Australian National Football League era 1927 10 - 8 - 0 118 Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Sampson Hosking Peter Bampton Clifford Keal Harold Logan ( 66 ) 1928 1 ( Premiers ) 15 - 4 - 0 119 Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Sampson Hosking Victor Johnson Les Dayman Les Dayman ( 41 ) 1929 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 15 - 5 - 0 156 Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Sampson Hosking Victor Johnson Ernest Mucklow Les Dayman ( 86 ) * 1930 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 12 - 7 - 1 116 Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Sampson Hosking Victor Johnson Victor Johnson Les Dayman ( 89 ) 1931 14 - 5 - 0 127 Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Sampson Hosking Victor Johnson Maurice Allingham Les Dayman ( 70 ) 1932 10 - 8 - 0 99 Clement Gun Charles Hayter Sydney Ween Sydney Ween Ernest Mucklow Ned Hender ( 55 ) 1933 5 9 - 7 - 1 104 Clement Gun Charles Hayter Henry Dewar Sydney Ween Jack Dermody Ned Hender ( 48 ) 1934 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 11 - 7 - 1 121 Clement Gun Charles Hayter Len Ashby Victor Johnson Albert Hollingworth Jim Prideaux ( 73 ) 1935 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 13 - 6 - 0 125 Clement Gun Charles Hayter Len Ashby Robert Johnson Jack Dermody Jim Prideaux ( 95 ) 1936 1 ( Premiers ) 16 - 4 - 0 127 Clement Gun Charles Hayter Sampson Hosking Jack Dermody Albert Hollingworth Jim Prideaux ( 86 ) 1937 1 ( Premiers ) 15 - 4 - 0 131 Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Sampson Hosking Jack Dermody Robert Quinn Robert Quinn ( 51 ) 1938 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 12 - 8 - 0 118 Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Sampson Hosking Ned Hender Robert Quinn Albert Hollingworth ( 45 ) 1939 1 ( Premiers ) 15 - 4 - 0 126 Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Robert Quinn Robert Quinn Allan Reval Howard Abbott ( 49 ) 1940 14 - 5 - 0 118 Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Robert Quinn Allan Reval Robert Quinn Allan Reval Reginald Schumann Allan McLean ( 47 ) 1941 11 - 6 - 1 106 Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Allan Reval Allan Reval Jack Skelley Allan McLean ( 62 ) Temporary geographical merger with West Torrens during World War II 1942 1 ( Premiers ) Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Sampson Hosking Llewellyn Roberts N / A Merv Shaw ( 42 ) ( West Torrens ) 1943 2 ( Grand Finalist ) Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Sampson Hosking Llewellyn Roberts N / A Merv Shaw ( West Torrens ) 1944 2 ( Grand Finalist ) Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Sampson Hosking Llewellyn Roberts N / A Merv Shaw ( 69 ) ( West Torrens ) Competition returns to unaligned teams 1945 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 16 - 3 - 0 133 Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Robert Quinn Robert Quinn Robert Quinn Robert Quinn ( 51 ) 1946 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 13 - 7 - 0 121 Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Robert Quinn Robert Quinn Llewellyn Roberts Ken Jolly ( 46 ) 1947 14 - 5 - 0 131 Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Robert Quinn Robert Quinn Robert Quinn Allan McLean ( 80 ) * 1948 7 4 - 13 - 0 86 Percival Cherry Charles Hayter Les Dayman Llewellyn Roberts Llewellyn Roberts Richard Russell Allan McLean ( 48 ) 1949 6 7 - 10 - 0 94 Percival Cherry Allan McLean Jack McCarthy Reginald Schumann Richard Russell Lloyd Zucker ( 51 ) 1950 13 - 6 - 0 113 Walter Baudinet Allan McLean Fos Williams Fos Williams Fos Williams Fos Williams ( 40 ) 1951 1 ( Premiers ) 19 - 1 - 0 156 Walter Baudinet Allan McLean Fos Williams Fos Williams Richard Russell Noel Clark ( 37 ) 1952 13 - 6 - 0 149 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams Fos Williams Ray Whitaker Roger Clift ( 26 ) 1953 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 16 - 5 - 0 144 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams Fos Williams Harold McDonald Ray Whitaker ( 35 ) 1954 1 ( Premiers ) 17 - 3 - 0 147 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams Fos Williams Roger Clift Tom Garland ( 44 ) 1955 1 ( Premiers ) 15 - 5 - 0 132 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams Fos Williams Fos Williams Fos Williams ( 35 ) 1956 1 ( Premiers ) 19 - 1 - 0 187 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams Fos Williams Edward Whelan Rex Johns ( 70 ) * 1957 1 ( Premiers ) 17 - 2 - 1 170 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams Fos Williams Neville Hayes Rex Johns ( 77 ) 1958 1 ( Premiers ) 18 - 3 - 0 146 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams Fos Williams Geof Motley Rex Johns ( 55 ) * 1959 1 ( Premiers ) 19 - 2 - 0 160 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Geof Motley Geof Motley Geof Motley Wally Dittmar ( 74 ) * 1960 14 - 6 - 0 148 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Geof Motley Geof Motley Neville Hayes Wally Dittmar ( 69 ) * 1961 15 - 6 - 0 141 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Geof Motley Geof Motley Jeffrey Potter Rex Johns ( 54 ) 1962 1 ( Premiers ) 19 - 2 - 0 156 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams Geof Motley Peter Obst Rex Johns ( 76 ) 1963 1 ( Premiers ) 15 - 7 - 0 152 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams Geof Motley Geof Motley Rex Johns ( 54 ) * 1964 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 18 - 4 - 0 183 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams Geof Motley Jeffrey Potter Jeffrey Potter ( 30 ) 1965 1 ( Premiers ) 19 - 3 - 0 129 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams Geof Motley Geof Motley Eric Freeman ( 74 ) 1966 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 15 - 7 - 0 143 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams Geof Motley John Cahill Eric Freeman ( 81 ) * 1967 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 16 - 7 - 0 134 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams John Cahill Jeffrey Potter Eric Freeman ( 74 ) 1968 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 16 - 7 - 0 139 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams John Cahill John Cahill Russell Ebert ( 44 ) 1969 6 9 - 11 - 0 92 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams John Cahill Jeffrey Potter Mark Dittmar ( 28 ) 1970 17 - 4 - 1 150 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams John Cahill John Cahill Eric Freeman ( 75 ) 1971 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 17 - 7 - 0 138 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams John Cahill Russell Ebert Eric Freeman ( 50 ) 1972 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 16 - 8 - 0 122 Bert Harvey Allan McLean Fos Williams John Cahill Russell Ebert Max James ( 62 ) 1973 5 11 - 11 - 0 105 Ken Duthie Allan McLean Fos Williams John Cahill John Cahill John Cahill ( 59 ) 19 - 5 - 1 123 Ken Duthie Allan McLean John Cahill Russell Ebert Russell Ebert Darrell Cahill ( 54 ) 14 - 7 - 0 123 Ken Duthie Allan McLean John Cahill Russell Ebert Peter Woite Tim Evans ( 64 ) 1976 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 18 - 5 - 0 135 Ken Duthie Allan McLean John Cahill Russell Ebert Russell Ebert Randall Gerlach ( 90 ) 1977 1 ( Premiers ) 19 - 4 - 1 146 Ken Duthie Allan McLean John Cahill Russell Ebert Russell Ebert Tim Evans ( 88 ) * 1978 16 - 9 - 0 111 Ken Duthie Allan McLean John Cahill Russell Ebert Stephen Clifford Tim Evans ( 90 ) * 1979 1 ( Premiers ) 17 - 8 - 0 112 Ken Duthie Allan McLean John Cahill Brian Cunningham Milan Faletic Tim Evans ( 82 ) 1980 1 ( Premiers ) 21 - 2 - 1 188 Ken Duthie Allan McLean John Cahill Brian Cunningham Stephen Clifford Tim Evans ( 146 ) * 1981 1 ( Premiers ) 18 - 7 - 0 122 Ken Duthie Ron Taylor John Cahill Brian Cunningham Russell Ebert Tim Evans ( 98 ) * 1982 16 - 7 - 1 127 Ken Duthie Ron Taylor John Cahill Brian Cunningham Craig Bradley Tim Evans ( 125 ) * 6 10 - 12 - 0 91 Ken Duthie Ron Taylor Russell Ebert Russell Ebert Stephen Clifford Tim Evans ( 63 ) 1984 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 18 - 6 - 0 127 Ken Duthie Ian McKenzie Russell Ebert Russell Ebert Craig Bradley Tim Evans ( 137 ) 1985 7 8 - 14 - 0 88 Ken Duthie Ian McKenzie Russell Ebert Russell Ebert Craig Bradley Tim Evans ( 96 ) 1986 13 - 11 - 0 103 Bruce Weber Ian McKenzie Russell Ebert Russell Johnston Martin Leslie Darren Smith ( 49 ) 15 - 9 - 0 112 Bruce Weber Ian McKenzie Russell Ebert Russell Johnston Bruce Abernethy Darren Smith ( 71 ) 1988 1 ( Premiers ) 18 - 6 - 0 127 Bruce Weber Ian McKenzie John Cahill Russell Johnston Greg Phillips Scott Hodges ( 74 ) 1989 1 ( Premiers ) 21 - 4 - 0 139 Bruce Weber Robert Clayton John Cahill Russell Johnston Russell Johnston Scott Hodges ( 79 ) 1990 1 ( Premiers ) 19 - 4 - 0 150 Bruce Weber Robert Clayton John Cahill Russell Johnston Scott Hodges Scott Hodges ( 153 ) * 1991 5 14 - 9 - 0 109 Bruce Weber Robert Clayton John Cahill Greg Phillips Paul Northeast Darryl Borlase ( 25 ) 1992 1 ( Premiers ) 20 - 4 - 0 137 Bruce Weber Brian Cunningham John Cahill Greg Phillips Nathan Buckley Mark Tylor ( 97 ) * 1993 16 - 7 - 0 118 Greg Boulton Brian Cunningham John Cahill Greg Phillips Troy Bond Mark Tylor ( 90 ) * 1994 1 ( Premiers ) 18 - 8 - 0 131 Greg Boulton Brian Cunningham John Cahill Tim Ginever Tim Ginever Scott Hodges ( 130 ) * 1995 1 ( Premiers ) 19 - 6 - 0 131 Greg Boulton Brian Cunningham John Cahill Tim Ginever Robbie West Mark Tylor ( 53 ) 1 ( Premiers ) 16 - 8 - 0 129 Greg Boulton Brian Cunningham Robert Clayton David Hutton John Cahill Stephen Williams Tim Ginever Scott Hodges Scott Hodges ( 117 ) Australian Football League era 1997 9 10 - 11 - 1 92 Greg Boulton Brian Cunningham John Cahill Gavin Wanganeen Darren Mead Scott Cummings ( 70 ) 1998 10 9 - 12 - 1 96 Greg Boulton Brian Cunningham John Cahill Gavin Wanganeen Adam Kingsley Warren Tredrea ( 33 ) 1999 7 12 - 11 - 0 90 Greg Boulton Brian Cunningham Mark Williams Gavin Wanganeen Stephen Paxman Warren Tredrea ( 40 ) 2000 14 7 - 14 - 1 84 Greg Boulton Brian Cunningham Mark Williams Gavin Wanganeen Brett Montgomery Warren Tredrea ( 32 ) 2001 5 16 - 8 - 0 129 Greg Boulton Brian Cunningham Mark Williams Matthew Primus Warren Tredrea Warren Tredrea ( 51 ) 2002 19 - 6 - 0 132 Greg Boulton Brian Cunningham Mark Williams Matthew Primus Matthew Primus Stuart Dew ( 51 ) 2003 19 - 6 - 0 127 Greg Boulton Brian Cunningham Mark Williams Matthew Primus Gavin Wanganeen Warren Tredrea ( 58 ) 1 ( Premiers ) 20 - 5 - 0 132 Greg Boulton Brian Cunningham Mark Williams Matthew Primus Warren Tredrea Warren Tredrea Warren Tredrea ( 81 ) 2005 6 12 - 11 - 1 98 Greg Boulton John James Mark Williams Matthew Primus Warren Tredrea Warren Tredrea ( 65 ) 2006 12 8 - 14 - 0 89 Greg Boulton John James Mark Williams Warren Tredrea Brendon Lade Josh Mahoney ( 29 ) 2007 2 ( Grand Finalist ) 17 - 8 - 0 113 Greg Boulton John James Mark Williams Warren Tredrea Kane Cornes Brett Ebert ( 56 ) 2008 13 7 - 15 - 0 96 Greg Boulton John James Mark Haysman Mark Williams Warren Tredrea Kane Cornes Daniel Motlop ( 57 ) 2009 10 9 - 13 - 0 89 Brett Duncanson Mark Haysman Mark Williams Domenic Cassisi Warren Tredrea Warren Tredrea ( 51 ) 10 10 - 12 - 0 82 Brett Duncanson Mark Haysman Mark Williams Matthew Primus Domenic Cassisi Kane Cornes Jay Schulz ( 33 ) 2011 16 3 - 19 - 0 65 Brett Duncanson Mark Haysman Keith Thomas Matthew Primus Domenic Cassisi Travis Boak Jackson Trengove Robbie Gray ( 32 ) 2012 14 5 - 16 - 1 79 Brett Duncanson David Koch Keith Thomas Matthew Primus Garry Hocking Domenic Cassisi Kane Cornes Jay Schulz ( 42 ) 2013 5 13 - 11 - 0 102 David Koch Keith Thomas Ken Hinkley Travis Boak Chad Wingard Jay Schulz ( 49 ) Administrative independence from the SANFL 2014 16 - 8 - 0 130 David Koch Keith Thomas Ken Hinkley Travis Boak Robbie Gray Jay Schulz ( 66 ) 2015 9 12 - 10 - 0 106 David Koch Keith Thomas Ken Hinkley Travis Boak Robbie Gray Chad Wingard ( 53 ) 2016 10 10 - 12 - 0 106 David Koch Keith Thomas Ken Hinkley Travis Boak Robbie Gray Chad Wingard ( 38 ) 2017 7 14 - 9 - 0 130 David Koch Keith Thomas Ken Hinkley Travis Boak Charlie Dixon ( 49 ) Hall of Fame ( edit ) Port Adelaide Football Club Hall of Fame South Australian Football Association ( 1877 - 1906 ) Harold Phillips South Australian Football League ( 1907 - 1927 ) Angelo Congear Leslie Dayman Sampson Hosking Harold Oliver South Australian National Football League ( 1928 - 1996 ) Bruce Abernethy Brian Cunningham Neville Hayes Lloyd Zucker Bob Quinn John Abley Russell Ebert Scott Hodges Edward McMahon Allan Reval Fos Williams Dave Boyd Tim Evans Ron Hoffman Geof Motley Richard Russell Stephen Williams Craig Bradley Brian Fairclough Henry Kneebone Greg Phillips Llewellyn Roberts Edward Whelan John Cahill Tim Ginever Allan McLean Jeffrey Potter Darren Smith Australian Football League ( since 1997 ) Gavin Wanganeen Players listed in bold are inductees in the Australian Football Hall of Fame . Players listed in bold and italics are legends in the Australian Football Hall of Fame . Greatest Team ( edit ) Port Adelaide 's Greatest Team 1870 -- 2000 B : Richard Russell John Abley Edward Whelan HB : Neville Hayes Greg Phillips Geof Motley C : Craig Bradley Russell Ebert ( vc ) John Cahill HF : Dave Boyd Les Dayman Harold Oliver F : Scott Hodges Tim Evans Bob Quinn Foll : Russell Johnston Allan Reval Fos Williams ( c ) Int : Harry Phillips Jeffrey Potter Peter Woite Lloyd Zucker Coach : Fos Williams Military service ( edit ) War Roll of Honour World War I Maurice Allingham Frederick Badcock Arthur Biscombe William Boon † David Bower Howard Bungey Hugh Challinder Arnold Channon Albert Chaplin † Robert Coffen Henry Davis Clement Dayman William Dempster Henry Dewar William ' Roy ' Drummond M.M. Edward Foggo Archibald Gosling † Matthew Healy Horace Hoare Samuel Howie Gordon Inkster Clarence Latimer Lawrence Levy William Marshall Tom McDonald D.C.M Frederick Meadows Edward Oatey John W. Robertson Edwin Rose Thomas Sard Stedman Stidson William Theodore Harry Tobin Arthur Tubel Arthur Turner Douglas Walsh M.C. † Joseph Watson † Edward Weeden World War I -- officials Dr Alexander Benson Charles Hayter Dr Edward Morris World War II Howard Abbott James Allingham Charles A. Andersen Charles H. Andersen Basil Bampton Harold Beer Halcombe Brock † Maxwell Carmichael † George W.F. Chapman Clarence Christensen Noel Clark John Coppin Ivor Dangerfield Lindsay Darling Ralph Dawe Clarance L. Dayman John Dermody Edward Dorian James Doyle Drozena Eden Bert Edwards James Farr Dennis Fitzgerald Frederick Galliford Laurence Gates Geoffrey Germein Francis Gibaut Arthur Gower Colin Grant Claude Greening Donald Gregg Colin Grimm John Heaton Colin Herbert John Johnson Kenneth Johnson Clyde Kellaway Peter Keough Lyall Kretschmer Robert Lander Peter Marrett Richard Mayne Harold McDonald Norman McInnes Malcolm McKiggan † Allan R.C. ' Bob ' McLean Harold Mills Brian Moore George Neaylon John Oehme William Owens Alexander Pender Harry Perry Frederick Peters James Prideaux George U. Quinn † John M. Quinn Robert B. Quinn M.M. Lew Roberts Herbert Robertson Bertram Robinson Lloyd Rudd † Leonard Salvemini Reginald Schumann John Skelley Kenneth Slade Gordon Temby William Trigg Arthur Tunbridge Arthur Utting John Wade † Hercules Waldron John White Geoffrey Wiese Foster Williams John Woollard World War II -- officials / staff Kenneth Aubert Archibald Dowsett Henry Naismith William Adair Vietnam War Peter Chant † Lindsay McGie John A. Quinn † denotes killed in action or died while serving Club achievements ( edit ) Club achievements Competition Level Wins Year won AFL Premiers Runners up 2007 McClelland Trophy 2002 , 2003 , 2004 Championship of Australia Champions 1890 , 1910 , 1913 , 1914 SAFA / SAFL / SANFL Premiers 36 1884 , 1890 , 1897 , 1903 , 1906 , 1910 , 1913 , 1914 , 1921 , 1928 , 1936 , 1937 , 1939 , 1951 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1977 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 Runners up 37 1878 , 1879 , 1883 , 1887 , 1888 , 1889 , 1891 , 1892 , 1898 , 1901 1904 , 1905 , 1907 , 1909 , 1911 , 1912 , 1915 , 1925 , 1926 , 1929 1930 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1945 , 1946 , 1953 , 1964 , 1966 , 1967 1968 , 1971 , 1972 , 1976 , 1984 , 1997 , 2014 Minor premiers 44 1889 , 1902 , 1903 , 1904 , 1906 , 1907 , 1909 , 1911 , 1912 , 1913 1914 , 1915 , 1921 , 1928 , 1931 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1939 , 1940 1945 , 1951 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 1962 , 1964 , 1965 , 1970 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 1984 , 1988 1990 , 1992 , 1999 , 2014 South Australian Patriotic League Premiers 1916 , 1917 , 1942 Runner up 1943 , 1944 Player achievements ( edit ) Competition awards ( edit ) Magarey Medal ( SANFL best and fairest ) 1899 -- Stan Malin 1907 -- Jack Mack 1910 -- Sampson Hosking 1914 -- Jack Ashley 1915 -- Sampson Hosking 1921 -- Charlie Adams 1925 -- Peter Bampton 1938 -- Bob Quinn 1945 -- Bob Quinn 1956 -- Dave Boyd 1964 -- Geof Motley 1967 -- Trevor Obst 1971 -- Russell Ebert 1974 -- Russell Ebert 1975 -- Peter Woite 1976 -- Russell Ebert 1980 -- Russell Ebert 1986 -- Greg Anderson 1990 -- Scott Hodges 1992 -- Nathan Buckley 2001 -- Tony Brown & Ryan O'Connor 2003 -- Brett Ebert 2005 -- Jeremy Clayton Dutschke Medal ( SAWFL best and fairest ) 2011 - Emma Sampson AFLCA Champion Player of the Year 2004 -- Warren Tredrea 2014 -- Robbie Gray AFL Rising Star ( Best player under 21 ) 1997 -- Michael Wilson 2006 -- Danyle Pearce Grand final best on ground awards ( edit ) Norm Smith Medal ( AFL Grand Final best on ground ) 2004 -- Byron Pickett Jack Oatey Medal ( SANFL Grand Final best on ground ) 1981 -- Russell Ebert 1988 -- Bruce Abernethy 1989 -- Russell Johnston 1990 -- George Fiacchi 1992 -- Nathan Buckley 1994 -- Darryl Wakelin 1995 -- Anthony Darcy 1996 -- David Brown 1998 -- Brett Chalmers 1999 -- Darryl Poole All - Australian ( edit ) Sporting Life Magazine Bob Quinn - 1947 ( captain ) Dick Russell - 1950 Fos Williams - 1950 , 1951 Harold McDonald - 1951 , 1955 Interstate carnivals John Abley - 1956 , 1958 , 1961 John Cahill - 1969 Greg Phillips - 1980 Mark Williams - 1980 Craig Bradley - 1983 , 1985 Tony Giles - 1983 Stephen Curtis - 1983 Greg Anderson - 1987 Martin Leslie - 1988 Australian Football League Adam Heuskes - 1997 Gavin Wanganeen - 2001 , 2003 Matthew Primus - 2001 , 2002 Warren Tredrea - 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 Brett Montgomery - 2002 Josh Francou - 2002 Chad Cornes - 2004 , 2007 Mark Williams - 2004 ( coach ) Kane Cornes - 2005 , 2007 Brendon Lade - 2006 , 2007 Shaun Burgoyne - 2006 Chad Wingard - 2013 , 2015 Travis Boak - 2013 , 2014 Robbie Gray - 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Paddy Ryder - 2017 Club awards ( edit ) John Cahill Medal ( best and fairest ) Main article : John Cahill Medal Gavin Wanganeen Medal ( Best player under 21 ) 2006 -- Danyle Pearce 2007 -- Justin Westhoff 2008 -- Alipate Carlile 2009 -- Travis Boak 2010 -- Jackson Trengove 2011 -- Hamish Hartlett 2012 -- Chad Wingard 2013 -- Ollie Wines 2014 -- Ollie Wines 2015 -- Ollie Wines 2016 - Jarman Impey John McCarthy Medal ( Community Award ) 2013 -- Jack Hombsch 2014 -- Brad Ebert 2015 -- Nathan Krakouer 2016 -- Jack Hombsch Club Records ( edit ) Overall Win / Loss record AFL -- 440 games / 224 wins / 211 losses / 5 draws ( 51.48 % ) SANFL -- 2636 games / 1727 wins / 860 losses / 65 draws ( 66.75 % ) At end of 2015 season . Best league record against another club Over 10 league matches against a current club . AFL -- West Coast -- 17 wins / 10 losses / 0 draws ( 62.96 % ) SANFL -- Glenelg -- 177 wins / 67 losses / 3 draws ( 72.27 % ) At end of 2015 season . Worst league record against another club Over 10 league matches against a current club . AFL -- Sydney -- 7 wins / 19 losses / 0 draws ( 26.92 % ) SANFL -- Norwood -- 195 wins / 190 losses / 17 draws ( 48.51 % ) * as of 21 / 4 / 2015 Highest score AFL -- 29.14 ( 188 ) vs Hawthorn , round 13 , 2005 , Football Park SANFL -- 37.21 ( 243 ) vs Woodville , 19 April 1980 , Football Park Lowest score AFL -- 3.3 ( 21 ) vs Collingwood , round 20 , 2011 , Football Park SANFL -- 1.1 ( 7 ) vs North Adelaide , 5 May 1900 , Alberton Oval Greatest Winning Margin AFL -- 117 points vs Hawthorn , round 13 , 2005 , Football Park SANFL -- 179 points vs Woodville , 8 August 1970 , Woodville Oval Greatest losing margin AFL -- 165 points vs Hawthorn , round 21 , 2011 , MCG SANFL -- 114 points vs Sturt , 1965 , Unley Oval Most Wins in a season AFL -- 20 wins ( 2004 ) SANFL -- 21 wins ( 1980 , 1989 ) Fewest losses in a season AFL -- 5 losses ( 2004 ) SANFL -- 0 losses ( 1914 ) Largest home attendances ( minor round ) AFL -- 54,468 at Adelaide Oval ( round 16 , 2015 vs Adelaide ) AFL ( Non-showdown ) -- 52,505 at Adelaide Oval ( round 22 , 2014 vs Carlton ) SANFL -- 36,397 at Football Park ( round 2 , 1990 vs Norwood ) SANFL -- 22,738 at Alberton Oval ( round 11 , 1977 vs Norwood ) Largest away attendances ( minor round ) AFL -- 51,883 at MCG ( round 1 , 1997 vs Collingwood ) SANFL -- 30,618 at Adelaide Oval ( round 11 , 1977 vs South Adelaide ) SANFL -- 22,015 at Unley Oval ( round 9 , 1968 vs Sturt ) Largest finals attendances AFL -- 97,302 at MCG ( 2007 AFL Grand Final vs Geelong ) SANFL -- 66,897 ( 80,000 police estimate ) at Football Park ( 1976 SANFL Grand Final vs Sturt ) Longest undefeated run AFL -- 8 wins ( round 8 → 15 , 2002 , round 15 → 22 , 2003 , round 4 → 12 , 2014 ) SANFL -- 33 games ( 21 June 1913 → 1914 → 3 July 1915 ) Longest losing run AFL -- 11 games ( round 11 → 23 , 2011 ) SANFL -- 7 games ( 14 May 2002 → 1 June 2002 ) Player records ( edit ) Most games played AFL -- 300 -- Kane Cornes ( 2001 -- 2015 ) SANFL -- 391 -- Russell Ebert ( 1968 -- 1978 , 1980 -- 1985 ) Most games coached AFL -- 274 -- Mark Williams ( 1999 -- 2010 ) SANFL -- 444 -- Fos Williams ( 1950 -- 1958 , 1962 -- 1973 ) Combined -- 465 -- John Cahill ( SANFL : 1974 -- 1982 , 1988 -- 1996 ; AFL : 1997 -- 1998 ) Most premierships as player SANFL -- 9 -- Geof Motley ( 1954 -- 1959 , 1962 -- 1963 , 1965 ) AFL -- 1 -- 2004 premiership team Most premierships as coach SANFL -- 10 -- John Cahill ( 1977 , 1979 -- 81 , 1988 -- 90 , 1994 -- 96 ) AFL -- 1 -- Mark Williams ( 2004 ) Most goals at Port Adelaide AFL -- 549 -- Warren Tredrea ( 1997 -- 2010 ) SANFL -- 1044 -- Tim Evans ( 1975 -- 1986 ) Most goals in a match AFL -- 8 -- Warren Tredrea ( 1998 , round 7 , vs Carlton , Princes Park ) and Jay Schulz ( 2014 , round 14 , vs Western Bulldogs , Adelaide Oval ) SANFL -- 16 -- Tim Evans ( 1980 , round 5 , vs West Adelaide ) Most goals in a season AFL -- 81 -- Warren Tredrea ( 2004 ) SANFL -- 153 -- Scott Hodges ( 1990 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Port Adelaide Football Club Limited '' . Australian Securities and Investments Commission ( ASIC ) . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PTV : Jack Hombsch - Jim Stynes Community Leadership Award nomination '' . 15 September 2015 . Port Adelaide 's motto is ' We Exist to Win Premierships and Make Our Community Proud ' . Jump up ^ Update : Power & Magpies Unite -- Official AFL Website of the Port Adelaide Football Club Jump up ^ Port Adelaide -- Part One : 1870 to 1918 , FullPointsFooty.net Jump up ^ Club Championship of Australia , FullPointsFooty.net . Jump up ^ `` Australian Football - Port Adelaide Football Club - Bio '' . australianfootball.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The wheat statistics . '' . South Australian Register . Adelaide , SA : National Library of Australia . 13 May 1870 . p. 5 . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Whimpress , Bernard ( 1983 ) . `` The South Australian Football Story '' . SA 175 . professional historians association ( south australia ) . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Gyss , Trevor ( 2010 ) . 1877 South Australian Football Season Records and Statistics . p. 31 . ISBN 1445782928 . Jump up ^ `` Football '' . The South Australian Advertiser . Adelaide : National Library of Australia . 18 June 1878 . p. 7 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 things you probably do n't know about the Port Adelaide Football Club ... -- portadelaidefc.com.au '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Intercolonial Football Match '' . Evening Journal ( Adelaide ) . XV , ( 4410 ) . South Australia . 3 July 1883 . p. 3 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Sporting Intelligence '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 25 May 1885 . p. 9 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Football '' . The South Australian Advertiser . Adelaide : National Library of Australia . 21 June 1887 . p. 7 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First of firsts : Port Adelaide v Richmond 1889 - portadelaidefc.com.au '' . portadelaidefc.com.au . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` FOOTBALL . '' . The Express And Telegraph . XXVIII , ( 8,303 ) . South Australia . 3 August 1891 . p. 4 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Devaney , John . `` Port Adelaide '' . Australian Football . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Football '' . Adelaide Observer . National Library of Australia . 26 April 1902 . p. 20 . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Football Dispute '' . The Advertiser . Adelaide : National Library of Australia . 4 September 1902 . p. 4 . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Football '' . The Register . Adelaide : National Library of Australia . 9 September 1902 . p. 6 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Football '' . The Register . Adelaide : National Library of Australia . 9 September 1902 . p. 6 . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Port Adelaide v. Sydney '' . The Evening News . Sydney : National Library of Australia . 7 June 1907 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://australianfootball.com/articles/view/Port+in+Perth+-+Port+Adelaide%27s+1910+WA+tour/12 Jump up ^ `` Australian Football '' . australianfootball.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Football '' . The Barrier Miner . Broken Hill , NSW : National Library of Australia . 16 August 1910 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Devaney , John ( 2008 ) . SA Football Companion . Full Points Footy 's . p. 431 . Jump up ^ `` Football '' . The Mail . Adelaide : National Library of Australia . 15 October 1914 . p. 4 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Championship football port adelaide invincible soundly defeat combined league team . '' . Daily Herald . 15 October 1914 . p. 5 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Football - Angelo Congear - Player Bio '' . australianfootball.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Family tree . Details of William Harold Oliver ( 1891 - 1958 ) '' . www.users.on.net . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Play and Players '' . Daily Herald . Adelaide : National Library of Australia . 4 August 1922 . p. 7 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FOOTBALL '' . Daily Herald . XIII , ( 3879 ) . South Australia . 24 August 1922 . p. 3 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Football -- Port Adelaide Football Club -- Stats '' . australianfootball.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wood , John ( 1991 ) . Bound for Glory . Adelaide : Largs Bay Printers . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wood , John ( 1991 ) . Bound for Glory . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Agius , Matthew ( 24 April 2014 ) . `` Port Adelaide servicemen in war '' . Jump up ^ `` Port - Torrens Wins Again '' . The Advertiser . Adelaide : National Library of Australia . 28 September 1942 . p. 7 . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Devaney , John . `` Haydn Bunton Snr '' . Jump up ^ Wood , John ( 1991 ) . Bound for Glory . Port Adelaide : Largs Bay Printers . p. 46 . ISBN 0959316213 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Exhibition Match vs Port Adelaide '' . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Exhibition Match vs Port Adelaide '' . demonwiki.org. 30 May 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Port Adelaide Football Club Annual Report . Port Adelaide Football Club . 1956 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ http://www.subiacofc.com/seasons/season/SANFL/1965/ ^ Jump up to : Norton , Daniel ( 2013 ) . Port Adelaide Football Club -- 2013 Season Guide . Adelaide : Bowden Group . p. 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.subiacofc.com/seasons/season/SANFL/1977/ Jump up ^ Russell Ebert , 1977 SANFL Grand Final -- Port Adelaide vs. Glenelg . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Football - Port + Adelaide Football Club - Bio '' . australianfootball.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ ' Port Adelaide Football Club Inc . Annual Report and Balance Sheet Season 1982 ' , page 11 Jump up ^ `` Revisiting the South Australian license saga of 1991 '' . The Roar . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Stateline South Australia '' . www.abc.net.au . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Revisiting the South Australian license saga of 1991 '' . The Roar . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ John P. Devaney Full points footy : encyclopedia of Australian football clubs Lulu , 2009 pp 400 ISBN 0 - 9556897 - 0 - 8 Jump up ^ George Fiacchi , 1990 SANFL Grand Final -- Port Adelaide vs. Glenelg , Channel 9 . Jump up ^ http://www.subiacofc.com/seasons/season/SANFL/1959/ Jump up ^ Rucci , Michelangelo ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` It 's bye bye Port Adelaide '' . Adelaide Advertiser . News Limited . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Tim Lane , 2004 AFL Grand Final -- Port Adelaide vs. Brisbane , Channel 10 . Jump up ^ It 's not a snub -- AFL still in the wings TPFP 19 March 2009 Jump up ^ Port Adelaide gets $2.5 million SANFL funding AFL 20 May 2009 Jump up ^ Power AFL grant AFL , 15 June 2009 Jump up ^ Will Swanton , Courtney Walsh ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` And the big man flies '' . Jump up ^ `` Primu appointed -- Official AFL website of the Port Adelaide Football Club '' . Portadelaidefc.com.au. 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The official website of the Australian Football League - AFL.com.au '' . afl.com.au . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Boak to lead new era at Port Adelaide '' . portadelaidefc.com.au . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gaskin , Lee ( 10 September 2017 ) . `` Koch questions Port Adelaide 's youth strategy '' . AFL.com.au . Australian Football League . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Football - Port + Adelaide + Magpies Football Club - Bio '' . australianfootball.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Soda , Programmable . `` Australian Football - Port Adelaide Football Club - Bio '' . australianfootball.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Stop Press ! One Club has been approved ! See you at Alberton Oval at 11am Tuesday 16 November ! # pafc Jump up ^ One PAFC -- Official AFL Website of the Port Adelaide Football Club Jump up ^ `` Statement : Port Adelaide accepts SANFL invitation '' . portadelaidefc.com.au . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Summerton to captain Magpies in 2014 '' . Port Adelaide Football Club . 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chad Cornes , SANFL coach '' . Port Adelaide Football Club . 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LADIES ' FOOTBALL MATCH . '' . Port Adelaide News . 6 , ( 12 ) . South Australia . 1 November 1918 . p. 1 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Port Adelaide to Field Women 's Team in 2016 With Big Grassroots Committment '' . portadelaidefc.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ h `` Premier SA club plans AFL move . '' . The Canberra Times . National Library of Australia . 1 August 1990 . p. 38 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Club statement re : heritage guernsey '' . 1 May 2007 . Jump up ^ . `` Port Adelaide to wear Black and White '' from the Official AFL Website of the Port Adelaide Football Club . Retrieved 14 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Karen Lyon , Alan Shiell and Bill McDonald , Port , Pies in black - and - white blue , The Age . Jump up ^ Leigh Matthews , 2014 AFL Elimination Final -- Port Adelaide vs Richmond , Channel 7 . Jump up ^ `` Port to farewell AAMI in prison bars '' . portadelaidefc.com.au . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Rucci , Michelangelo ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Port Adelaide Denied Opportunity to Wear Heritage Jumper at First Friday Night Match at Adelaide Oval '' . Jump up ^ Dennis Cometti , 2014 AFL Elimination Final -- Port Adelaide vs Richmond , Channel 7 . ^ Jump up to : McGuire , Michael . `` Liverpool brings its football and its famous song to Adelaide Oval '' . The Advertiser . News Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alberton Oval -- Official AFL website of the Port Adelaide Football Club '' . Portadelaidefc.com.au . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/sanfl/season-2014/players Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to The Australian '' . www.theaustralian.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ McClure , Sam ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) . `` AFL 2016 finals : Port Adelaide heading to China in late May as AFL ticks off on international game '' . The Age . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Port Adelaide Supporter Groups - portadelaidefc.com.au '' . portadelaidefc.com.au . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Joint No. 1 Ticket Holders thepowerfromport.com.au 30 January 2008 Jump up ^ Riding the roller - coaster The Age 2 January 2008 Jump up ^ Teresa Palmer Power 's No. 1 AFL News 30 January 2008 Jump up ^ Bob Quinn 1915 -- 2008 Official website of the Port Adelaide Football Club , 12 September 2008 Jump up ^ AFL : Diva trainer Port 's No. 1 fan 24 March 2006 Jump up ^ Cornes , Graham . `` Tall order for Crows to match Power 's pre-game hype '' . Jump up ^ McLean , Allan Robert ( 1971 ) . 100 Years with the Magpies : The Story of the Port Adelaide Football Club 1870 - 1970 . Port Adelaide Football Club . pp. Foreword . Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/rio-2016-kyle-chalmers-has-a-love-of-footy-and-port-adelaide-says-his-father-brett-chalmers/news-story/dd2c9b9713f41e1b480bc99ed0fb74bc Jump up ^ `` Mighty Power ' owns ' Adelaide Oval '' . 2014 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/pain-and-plenty-of-gain-for-port-adelaide-in-extreme-heat-says-jackson-trengove/story-fni5f9de-1226802681544 Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/cycling-champion-anna-meares-flies-the-flag-for-power/story-fni5f9de-1226716425235 Jump up ^ http://satedanbadass.tumblr.com/post/97447157305/george-mountzouris-georgemount-4-min-jason Jump up ^ Beveridge , Riley . `` Your AFL club 's most famous supporters , from Barack Obama to Cam Newton '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/tennis/roger-rasheed8217s-power-and-passion/story-fnii0pkt-1226660627324 Jump up ^ http://www.littleheroesfoundation.com.au/lib/pdf/MC.pdf Jump up ^ `` SA Olympians Past and Present - Mike Turtur '' . www.abc.net.au. 2008 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Ben Baker : Adelaide photographer who 's shooting for the stars '' . ABC News . 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The man behind the lens of Port Adelaide 's 2017 member campaign - portadelaidefc.com.au '' . portadelaidefc.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/club/history/our-servicemen Jump up ^ http://australianfootball.com/players/player/Russell%2BEbert/11335 Jump up ^ Soda , Programmable . `` Australian Football - Tim Evans - Player Bio '' . australianfootball.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Port Adelaide Football Club . Official AFL website of the Port Adelaide Football Club Port Adelaide Football Club History Club achievements Players Current squad Captains Coaches Awards John Cahill Medal Leading goalkickers Drafting and trading history Captain : Travis Boak Coach : Ken Hinkley AFL nickname : Power SANFL nickname : Magpies Juniors nickname : Academy AFL home grounds Football Park ( 1997 -- 2013 ) Adelaide Oval ( 2011 , 2014 -- ) SANFL home grounds Glanville Estate ( 1870 -- 1879 ) Alberton Oval ( 1880 -- 1974 , 1977 -- ) Adelaide Oval ( 1975 -- 1976 ) AFL premierships ( 1 ) Championships of Australia ( 4 ) 1890 1910 1913 1914 SANFL premierships ( 36 ) 1884 1890 1897 1903 1906 1910 1913 1914 1916 1917 1921 1928 1936 1937 1939 1942 1951 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1962 1963 1965 1977 1979 1980 1981 1988 1989 1990 1992 1994 1995 1998 1999 Seasons ( 140 ) 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Related articles Showdown ( AFL ) Norwood -- Port Adelaide rivalry List of Port Adelaide Football Club players ( before 1997 ) Port Adelaide Football Club Greatest Team 1870 -- 2000 Full - back Richard Russell John Abley Edward Whelan Half - back Neville Hayes Greg Phillips Geof Motley Centre Craig Bradley Russell Ebert John Cahill Half - forward Dave Boyd Les Dayman Harold Oliver Full - forward Scott Hodges Tim Evans Bob Quinn Ruck Russell Johnston Allan Reval Fos Williams ( c ) Interchange Harry Phillips Jeff Potter Peter Woite Lloyd Zucker Coach Fos Williams Port Adelaide Football Club premiership teams Port Adelaide Football Club 1884 SAFA premiers Port Adelaide finished the season in first place with 11 wins , 2 losses and 2 draws . W. Buchan W. Bushby G. Cairns M. Coffey C. Fry J. Fry T. Goode R. Hosie C. Kellett R. Kerr R. Kirkpatrick J. Litchfield J. Noel T. Nosworthy E. Raven W. Reid R.C. Roy M. Smith T. Turnbull R. Turpenney ( c ) Coach : R. Turpenney Port Adelaide Football Club 1890 SAFA premiers Port Adelaide won the 1890 SAFA premiership with 16 wins , 2 losses . A.H. Bell W.J. Bishop A. Bushby W. Bushby J. Cox C. Fry F. Frederick P. Gardiner H.G. Hamilton R. Hanley H. Hills H. Hodge A. Hosie H. Kempster W. Kempster A. Leleu M. Lowe P. McPherson K. McKenzie ( c ) A. Miers A. Miller A. Mitchell J. Parks H. Phillips W. Renfrey H. Stephens L. Stephens A. Tomlin G. Webb Coach : McGargill Port Adelaide Football Club 1897 SAFA premiers Port Adelaide won the 1897 SAFA premiership with 14 wins , 2 losses and 1 draw . D. Adams C. Carr A. Challinder H. Challinder N. Corston A. Davidson J. Davies G. Earle P. Gardiner H. Graves A. Hosie O. L'estage A. Lees G. Linklater S. Malin K. McKenzie ( c ) A. Miers T. Munyard J. Nicholson H. Phillips C. Sainsbury J. Samuels A. Shearer W. Stark T. Thomas J. Tompkins G. Webb Coach : McGargill Port Adelaide Football Club 1903 SAFA premiers Port Adelaide won the 1903 SAFA premiership . H. Ashby W. Butler N. Corston J. Davies W. Davis J. Earle R. Fraser A. Gosling M. Healy A. Hosie ( c ) R. James J. Mack J. Mathison J. Quinn E. Strawns J. Tomkins P. Whicker W. Wisdom Coach : McGargill Port Adelaide Football Club 1906 SAFA premiers Port Adelaide 8.12 ( 60 ) defeated North Adelaide 5.9 ( 39 ) , at Adelaide Oval E. Beare J. Cock S. Cocks N. Corston ( c ) J. Davies P. Dempster Dickson Donaghy J. Earle J. Fletcher R. Fraser R. James J. Mathison H. Pope J. Quinn H. Selby H. Soar Strawns Coach : McGargill Port Adelaide Football Club 1910 SAFL premiers Port Adelaide 8.12 ( 60 ) defeated Sturt 5.11 ( 41 ) , at Adelaide Oval Cocks Congear Curnow Dempster Dewar Dickson Hansen Hosking Magor McEwen McFarlane Middleton O'Grady Oliver Rose Sangster Woodman Woollard ( c ) Coach : Hosie Port Adelaide Football Club 1913 SAFL premiers Port Adelaide 7.12 ( 54 ) defeated North Adelaide 5.10 ( 40 ) , at Adelaide Oval Ashley Boon Chaplin Congear Dickson Drummond Eaton Hansen Hosking Londrigan ( c ) Maynard McEwen McFarlane Oliver Pope Robertson Tapping Watson Coach : Londrigan Port Adelaide Football Club 1914 SAFL premiers Port Adelaide 13.15 ( 93 ) defeated North Adelaide 1.8 ( 14 ) , at Adelaide Oval Anderson Ashley Boon Chaplin Congear Dunn Drummond Eaton Hosking Londrigan ( c ) Magor Maynard McFarlane Middleton Oliver Pope Robertson Watson Coach : Londrigan Port Adelaide Football Club 1921 SAFL premiers Port Adelaide 4.8 ( 32 ) defeated Norwood 3.6 ( 24 ) , at Adelaide Oval Adams Bampton Beck Congear C. Dayman L. Dayman Dewar Ford Hosking Howie Keal Maywald Mucklow Olds Oliver ( c ) Slade Taylor Coach : Hansen Port Adelaide Football Club 1928 SAFL premiers Port Adelaide 15.14 ( 104 ) defeated Norwood 7.14 ( 56 ) , at Adelaide Oval Allingham Bampton Conole Dayman Galliford Hender Hodge K. Johnson R. Johnson V. Johnson ( c ) Keal Logan Maywald Mucklow Quinn Terrell Wade Ween Coach : Hosking Port Adelaide Football Club 1936 SAFL premiers Port Adelaide 13.19 ( 97 ) defeated Sturt 14.10 ( 94 ) , at Adelaide Oval Dermody ( c ) Hender Hollingworth Johnson Meers Prideaux Quinn Reval Rudd West Coach : Hosking Port Adelaide Football Club 1937 SAFL premiers Port Adelaide 13.16 ( 94 ) defeated South Adelaide 9.16 ( 70 ) , at Adelaide Oval Dermody ( c ) Doyle Hender Hollingworth Johnson Quinn Reval Roberts West Whicker Wightman Coach : Hosking Port Adelaide Football Club 1939 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 16.28 ( 124 ) defeated West Torrens 11.11 ( 77 ) , at Adelaide Oval 1 . Quinn ( c ) 2 . Rudd ( vc ) 4 . Johnson 5 . McLean 6 . Reval 7 . Roberts 8 . Brock 9 . Abbott 10 . Bampton 11 . Kellaway 12 . R. Dangerfield 13 . Hender 15 . Skelley 16 . Schumann 18 . Obst 19 . Hollingworth 20 . Greening 21 . Martyn 24 . I. Dangerfield 25 . Carmichael Coach : Quinn Port Adelaide Football Club 1942 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide / West Torrens 18.12 ( 120 ) defeated West Adelaide / Glenelg 16.13 ( 109 ) , at Adelaide Oval Dangerfield C. Dayman C. Dayman Kellaway McLean Nicholls Roberts ( c ) G. Scott G. Scott Shaw J. Skelly John Skelley Coach : Hosking Port Adelaide Football Club 1951 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 10.12 ( 72 ) defeated North Adelaide 8.13 ( 61 ) , at Adelaide Oval Abley Boyd Clarke Davis Fletcher Greer Growden Hewitson Kretschmer Leaver Luke Marrett McDonald Parham Russell Salvemini Trowse Whelan Whittaker Williams ( c ) Coach : Williams Port Adelaide Football Club 1954 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 11.13 ( 79 ) defeated West Adelaide 10.16 ( 76 ) , at Adelaide Oval Abley Boyd Clift Coldwell Garland Greer Hall Hayes Jaggard Kretschmer McDonald Motley Parham Robinson Stevens Tierney Trowse Whelan Williams ( c ) Zucker Coach : Williams Port Adelaide Football Club 1955 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 15.11 ( 101 ) defeated Norwood 5.8 ( 38 ) , at Adelaide Oval Abley Boyd Clift Coldwell Garland Greer Hayes Kretschmer Marrett McDonald Motley Robinson Sawford Stevens Thompson Whelan Whittaker F. Williams ( c ) T. Williams Zucker Coach : F. Williams Port Adelaide Football Club 1956 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 12.9 ( 81 ) defeated West Adelaide 9.11 ( 65 ) , at Adelaide Oval Abley Blagrove Boyd Clift Garland Hayes Johns Kretschmer McDonald Motley Obst Sawford Stevens Thompson Tierney Trowse Whelan F. Williams ( c ) T. Williams Zucker Coach : F. Williams Port Adelaide Football Club 1957 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 15.15 ( 105 ) defeated Norwood 13.16 ( 94 ) , at Adelaide Oval Abley Boyd Clift Coldwell Dewhirst Fabian Garland Hayes Johns Kretschmer McDonald Motley Obst Sawford Thompson Trowse Whelan F. Williams ( c ) T. Williams Zucker Coach : F. Williams Port Adelaide Football Club 1958 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 14.10 ( 94 ) defeated West Adelaide 14.8 ( 92 ) , at Adelaide Oval Abley Blagrove Boyd Garland Gill Hannaford Hayes Jaggard Johns Keys Kretschmer Marrett Motley Obst Thompson Tierney Whelan F. Williams ( c ) T. Williams Zucker Coach : F. Williams Port Adelaide Football Club 1959 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 13.9 ( 87 ) defeated West Adelaide 11.11 ( 77 ) , at Adelaide Oval Abley Boyd Cahill Dittmar Gill Hayes Kelly Luke Mahney Marrett Motley ( c ) T. Obst P. Obst Potter Tierney Thompson Tull Whelan Williams Zucker Coach : Motley Port Adelaide Football Club 1962 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 8.10 ( 58 ) defeated West Adelaide 7.13 ( 55 ) , at Adelaide Oval Bray Cahill Cooper Elleway Fabian Gill Hannaford Hayes Johns Luke Marrett Matters McBain Motley ( c ) P. Obst T. Obst Philp Potter Traynor Virgo Coach : Williams Port Adelaide Football Club 1963 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 11.14 ( 80 ) defeated North Adelaide 6.11 ( 47 ) , at Adelaide Oval Bray Cahill Cooper Elleway Errey Fabian Gill Hannaford Hayes Luke Marrett Mead Motley P. Obst T. Obst Philp Potter Salmon Traynor Virgo Coach : Williams Port Adelaide Football Club 1965 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 12.8 ( 80 ) defeated Sturt 12.5 ( 77 ) , at Adelaide Oval Beaufoy Bray Cahill Cooper Elix Elleway Errey Fabian Freeman Gill Matters Mead Motley Nyland Obst Philp Potter Salmon Spiers Traynor Coach : Williams Port Adelaide Football Club 1977 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 17.11 ( 113 ) defeated Glenelg 16.9 ( 105 ) , at Football Park 1 . Ebert ( c ) 2 . D. Cahill 3 . Gerlach 4 . Eckerman 5 . Evans 6 . Porplycia 8 . Cunningham 10 . Spry 11 . Kinnear 13 . Blethyn 16 . Belton 17 . Woite 18 . Granger 21 . Warren 22 . Phillips 23 . Giles 24 . Hannan 26 . Light 27 . James 31 . Sorrell Coach : J. Cahill Port Adelaide Football Club 1979 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 12.8 ( 80 ) defeated South Adelaide 12.5 ( 77 ) , at Football Park 1 . Cunningham ( c ) 2 . D. Cahill 3 . Clifford 4 . Eckermann 5 . Evans 6 . Porplycia 7 . Dawson 9 . Faletic 12 . Abernethy 14 . Boyd 16 . Belton 17 . Curtis 21 . M. Williams 22 . Phillips 23 . Giles 24 . Hannan 26 . Hofner 29 . Dolan 30 . Bradmore 31 . Sorrell Coach : Cahill Port Adelaide Football Club 1980 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 11.15 ( 81 ) defeated Norwood 9.9 ( 63 ) , at Football Park 1 . Cunningham ( c ) 2 . D. Cahill 3 . Clifford 4 . Eckermann 5 . Evans 6 . Porplycia 7 . Ebert 8 . Natt 9 . Faletic 11 . Kinnear 12 . Abernethy 14 . Boyd 15 . Agius 21 . M. Williams 22 . Phillips 24 . Hannan 26 . Hofner 29 . Dolan 30 . Bradmore 31 . Sorrell Coach : Cahill Port Adelaide Football Club 1981 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 14.11 ( 95 ) defeated Glenelg 6.8 ( 44 ) , at Football Park 1 . Cunningham ( c ) 2 . D. Cahill 3 . Clifford 4 . Eckermann 5 . Evans 6 . Porplycia 7 . Ebert 8 . Natt 11 . Kinnear 12 . Abernethy 13 . Warren 16 . Belton 18 . Granger 21 . Bradley 22 . Phillips 23 . Giles 24 . Martyn 25 . Johnston 26 . Hofner 28 . Hughes Coach : Cahill Port Adelaide Football Club 1988 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 12.12 ( 84 ) defeated Glenelg 8.7 ( 55 ) , at Football Park 17 . Leslie ( c ) 2 . Ginever 3 . Obst 4 . Fiacchi 5 . Abernethy 6 . Harrison 10 . S. Williams 11 . Hodges 13 . R. Smith 14 . Mahney 15 . Hynes 20 . Phillips 21 . Brown 22 . Boyd 25 . Phelps 26 . Foster 27 . Hutton 28 . Smith 30 . Kerr 32 . Delaney Coach : Cahill Port Adelaide Football Club 1989 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 15.18 ( 108 ) defeated North Adelaide 1.8 ( 14 ) , at Football Park 1 . Johnston ( c ) 2 . Ginever 3 . Obst 4 . Fiacchi 5 . Abernethy 6 . Harrison 7 . Delaney 10 . S. Williams 11 . Hodges 12 . Tregenza 13 . Smith 14 . Mahney 15 . Hynes 20 . Phillips 21 . Brown 22 . G. Boyd 27 . Hutton 28 . D. Smith 32 . Northeast 37 . R. Boyd Coach : Cahill Port Adelaide Football Club 1990 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 16.12 ( 108 ) defeated Glenelg 13.15 ( 93 ) , at Football Park 1 . Johnston ( c ) 2 . Ginever 3 . Wanganeen 4 . Fiacchi 5 . Abernethy 9 . M. Williams 10 . S. Williams 11 . Hodges 12 . Tregenza 14 . Mahney 15 . Hynes 17 . P. Rizonico 19 . Settre 20 . Phillips 25 . Phelps 26 . Foster 27 . Hutton 28 . Smith 29 . Harris 32 . Northeast Coach : Cahill Port Adelaide Football Club 1992 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 17.3 ( 105 ) defeated Glenelg 7.7 ( 49 ) , at Football Park 1 . Phillips ( c ) 2 Ginever 4 Fiacchi 5 Abernethy 7 Delaney 8 Chalmers 9 M. Williams 10 S. Williams 11 Hodges 13 R. Smith 16 Borlase 17 Rizonico 19 Settre 21 Brown 25 Hughes 26 Foster 27 Hutton 28 D. Smith 32 Northeast 34 Buckley Coach : Cahill Port Adelaide Football Club 1994 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 15.16 ( 106 ) defeated Woodville - West Torrens 10.9 ( 69 ) , at Football Park 1 . Ginever ( c ) 2 . Pedler 4 . Fiacchi 7 . Delaney 8 . Chalmers 9 . Spalding 10 . S. Williams 11 . Hodges 13 . R. Smith 14 . McLeod 15 . Wakelin 16 . Borlase 22 . Malakellis 24 . Tylor 25 . Olsen 27 . Hutton 28 . D. Smith 32 . Northeast 33 . Mead 36 . Carter Coach : Cahill Port Adelaide Football Club 1995 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 13.16 ( 94 ) defeated Central Districts 6.10 ( 46 ) , at Football Park 1 . Ginever ( c ) 4 . Fiacchi 5 . Leys 7 . Delaney 8 . Anderson 9 . Darcy 10 . Williams 11 . Hodges 13 . R. Smith 15 . Wilson 22 . Malakellis 26 . Foster 28 . D. Smith 29 . West 30 . Poole 32 . Northeast 33 . Mead 36 . Carter 40 . Malakellis 41 . Waterhouse 46 . Francis Coach : Cahill Port Adelaide Football Club 1996 SANFL premiers Port Adelaide 11.14 ( 80 ) defeated Central Districts 6.8 ( 44 ) , at Football Park 1 . Ginever ( c ) 3 . Francis 4 . Fiacchi 5 . Leys 7 . Delaney 11 . Hodges 13 . R. Smith 15 . Wilson 16 . Borlase 17 . Fiegert 21 . Brown 23 . McGuinness 24 . Beinke 26 . Anderson 28 . D. Smith 32 . Northeast 33 . Mead 36 . Carter 38 . Crothers 50 . Bamford 56 . Tredrea Coach : Williams Port Adelaide Football Club 2004 AFL premiers Port Adelaide 17.11 ( 113 ) defeated Brisbane Lions 10.13 ( 73 ) , at the Melbourne Cricket Ground 2 . Wakelin 3 . Montgomery 4 . Wanganeen 5 . Lade 6 . Schofield 7 . P. Burgoyne 8 . S. Burgoyne 9 . Carr 11 . Hardwick 15 . Pickett 16 . Tredrea ( c ) 17 . Dew 18 . K. Cornes 19 . Bishop 20 . Brogan 21 . Wilson 22 . Mahoney 25 . Cassisi 28 . Thurstans 29 . Kingsley 35 . C. Cornes 38 . James Coach : Mark Williams Port Adelaide Championship of Australia teams 1890 Champions of Australia -- Port Adelaide Phillips McKenzie Hills A. Bushby C. Fry Hamilton H. Stephens Le Leu W. Bushby Tomlin Kempster Webb 1910 Champions of Australia -- Port Adelaide Port Adelaide defeated Collingwood , at Adelaide Oval Callinan Cocks Congear F Curnow Dickson Hansen Hosking Magor McEwen O'Grady McFarlane Oliver Pope Rose Middleton Woollard ( c ) 1913 Champions of Australia -- Port Adelaide Port Adelaide defeated Fitzroy , at Adelaide Oval Londrigan ( captain ) Ashley Boon Chaplin Congear Dickson Drummond Eaton Hansen Hosking Maynard McEwen McFarlane Oliver Pope Robertson Tapping Watson Coach : Londrigan 1914 Champions of Australia -- Port Adelaide Port Adelaide 9.16 ( 70 ) defeated Carlton 5.6 ( 36 ) , at Adelaide Oval Londrigan ( captain ) Oliver ( vc ) Congear Hosking Magor Eaton McFarlane J Watson A Chaplin Drummond W Boon H Pope Robertson C Lincoln Watson A Chaplin C Andersen J Middleton A Maynard L Wisdom Coach : Londrigan Clubs in the Australian Football League Clubs Adelaide Brisbane Lions Carlton Collingwood Essendon Fremantle Geelong Gold Coast Greater Western Sydney Hawthorn Melbourne North Melbourne Port Adelaide Richmond St Kilda Sydney West Coast Western Bulldogs Former clubs Brisbane Bears ( 1987 -- 1996 ) Fitzroy ( 1897 -- 1996 ) University ( 1908 -- 1914 ) Australian rules football in South Australia Governing body South Australian Football Commission Representative side South Australia Professional clubs ( AFL ) Adelaide Football Club Port Adelaide Football Club Semi-professional league SANFL Metropolitan league Adelaide Footy League Metropolitan junior leagues SANFL Juniors Current regional leagues Adelaide Plains Barossa Light & Gawler Broken Hill Eastern Eyre Far North Far North West Far West Great Flinders Great Southern Hills Kangaroo Island Kowree - Naracoorte - Tatiara Mallee Mid South East Mid West North Eastern Northern Areas Port Lincoln Riverland Riverland Independent River Murray Southern Spencer Gulf Western Border Whyalla Yorke Peninsula Former metropolitan leagues SAFA Adelaide Metropolitan Adelaide Suburban CYMS East Torrens North Adelaide District Northern Metropolitan Norwood - North Port Adelaide and District Southern Metropolitan United Church West Torrens District YMCA Former regional leagues Mid Murray Stanley List of former South Australian regional football leagues Representative competitions Current : SA Country Football Championships City v Country Landmark Cup Mortlock Shield Pilmore Cup Former : Advertiser Shield Lovelock Shield Women 's leagues South Australian Women 's Football League Principal venues AAMI Stadium Adelaide Oval Significant events Showdown Norwood -- Port Adelaide rivalry Australian Champions League Major individual awards Magarey Medal Ken Farmer Medal Jack Oatey Medal Fos Williams Medal Reserves Magarey Medal McCallum -- Tomkins Medal Mail Medal Eric Pfitzner Memorial Medal Don McSweeny Medal Former individual awards Tomkins Medal McCallum Medal Professional sports teams based in Adelaide Australian rules football AFL Adelaide Port Adelaide AFLW Adelaide Baseball ABL Adelaide Bite Claxton Shield South Australia Basketball NBL Adelaide 36ers WNBL Adelaide Lightning Cricket Sheffield Shield / 50 overs Southern Redbacks 20 overs Adelaide Strikers WNCL South Australian Scorpions Women 's Big Bash League Adelaide Strikers Field hockey AHL ( men ) Southern Hotshots AHL ( women ) Southern Suns Ice hockey AIHL Adelaide Adrenaline AWIHL Adelaide Rush Netball Suncorp Super Netball Adelaide Thunderbirds Soccer A-League Adelaide United FC W - League Adelaide United WFC Water polo ANWPL Adelaide Jets Main Article : Sport in South Australia South Australian National Football League clubs Clubs Adelaide Central District Glenelg North Adelaide Norwood Port Adelaide South Adelaide Sturt West Adelaide Woodville - West Torrens Former clubs Adelaide ( I ) Bankers Gawler Kensington Victorian North Adelaide ( I ) Royal Park South Park West Adelaide ( I ) West Torrens Woodville ( I ) Woodville ( II ) Formerly affiliated clubs Kapunda Willunga Prince Alfred College Port Adelaide landmarks Buildings / structures Port Adelaide Lighthouse Hart 's Mill Fishermen 's Wharf Market Port Adelaide Workers Memorial Cultural institutions National Railway Museum South Australian Aviation Museum South Australian Maritime Museum Torrens Island Concentration Camp Sport Alberton Oval / Port Adelaide Football Club Ships and vessels City of Adelaide Falie Fearless MV Nelcebee One and All Yelta Beaches and islands Port River Semaphore Torrens Island Pubs / Hotels Birkenhead Riverview Tavern ( 1877 ) The British Hotel ( 1847 ) Dockside Tavern ( 1850 ) First Commercial Inn ( 1841 ) Newmarket Hotel ( 1879 ) Port Anchor Hotel ( 1873 ) Port Dock Brewery Hotel ( 1855 ) Railway Hotel ( 1856 ) Royal Arms Hotel ( 1878 ) The Lighthouse Hotel ( 1857 ) Largs Pier Hotel ( 1882 ) Glanville Hotel ( 1865 ) Lord Exmouth Hotel ( 1859 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Adelaide_Football_Club&oldid=802619559 '' Categories : Australian Football League clubs Sports clubs established in 1870 Port Adelaide Football Club Sporting clubs in Adelaide Australian rules football clubs in South Australia 1870 establishments in Australia Hidden categories : Use Australian English from October 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português 吴语 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 10 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time port adelaide won a premiership | [
"On the field in the SANFL, Port Adelaide struggled to replicate their historic dominance of the competition. The club won back-to-back premierships in 1998 and 1999 but have failed to win a premiership since then. The Magpies went through a barren spell through most of the 2000s, often missing out on finals and struggling for success. In 2014, in the first season of being permitted to select AFL-listed players, Port Adelaide won the minor premiership but lost to arch-rivals Norwood in the Grand Final. The club next returned to the SANFL Grand Final in 2017, though once more fell at the final hurdle, being defeated by Sturt by just one point. The current captain of Port Adelaide's SANFL team is Steven Summerton and the coach is Chad Cornes.[70][71]"
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"1999"
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-4850404474996154141 | St. Louis Cardinals | St. Louis Cardinals - wikipedia St. Louis Cardinals Jump to : navigation , search For the National Football League team that played in the city of St. Louis from 1960 to 1987 , see History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( NFL ) . St. Louis Cardinals 2017 St. Louis Cardinals season Established in 1882 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1892 -- present ) Central Division ( 1994 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) American Association ( 1882 -- 1891 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 6 9 10 14 17 20 24 42 42 45 85 Colors Red , midnight navy blue , yellow , white Name St. Louis Cardinals ( 1900 -- present ) St. Louis Perfectos ( 1899 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1883 -- 1898 ) St. Louis Brown Stockings ( 1882 ) Other nicknames The Cards , The Redbirds , The Birds , Birds on the Bat Ballpark Busch Stadium ( III ) ( 2006 -- present ) Busch Memorial Stadium ( 1966 -- 2005 ) a.k.a. Busch Stadium ( II ) ( 1966 -- 1982 ) Sportsman 's Park ( 1920 -- 1966 ) a.k.a. Busch Stadium ( I ) ( 1953 -- 1966 ) Robison Field ( 1893 -- 1920 ) a.k.a. Cardinal Field ( 1917 -- 1920 ) a.k.a. League Park ( 1899 -- 1911 ) a.k.a. Sportsman 's Park ( II ) ( 1893 -- 1899 ) Sportsman 's Park ( 1882 -- 1892 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 11 ) 1926 1931 1934 1942 1944 1946 1964 1967 1982 2006 2011 NL Pennants ( 19 ) 1926 1928 1930 1931 1934 1942 1943 1944 1946 1964 1967 1968 1982 1985 2006 2011 2013 Central Division titles ( 10 ) 2000 2002 2005 2006 2009 2013 2014 2015 East Division titles ( 3 ) 1982 1985 Wild card berths ( 3 ) 2001 2011 2012 Front office Owner ( s ) William O. DeWitt Jr . Manager Mike Matheny General Manager Mike Girsch President of Baseball Operations John Mozeliak The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . With origins as one of the early professional baseball clubs in St. Louis , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased a barnstorming club in 1881 , then known as the Brown Stockings , and established them as charter members of the American Association ( AA ) the following season . Upon the discontinuation of the AA , St. Louis joined the NL in 1892 ; at that time , they were called the Browns and the Perfectos before they were officially renamed as the Cardinals in 1900 . One of the most successful franchises in baseball history , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , the second-most in Major League Baseball and most in the National League . Their 19 National League pennants rank third in NL history . In addition , St. Louis has won 13 division titles in the East and Central divisions . While still in the AA , St. Louis won four league championships , qualifying them to play in a forerunner of the World Series . They tied in 1885 and won outright in 1886 , both times against Chicago , in the first meetings of the Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry that continues to this day . Cardinals achievements that have impacted MLB and sports in general include Branch Rickey 's pioneering of the farm system , Rogers Hornsby 's two batting Triple Crowns , Dizzy Dean 's 30 - win season in 1934 , Stan Musial 's 17 MLB and 29 NL records , Bob Gibson 's 1.12 earned run average ( ERA ) in 1968 , Whitey Herzog 's Whiteyball , Mark McGwire breaking the single - season home run record in 1998 , and the 2011 championship team 's unprecedented comebacks . The Cardinals have won 105 or more games in four different seasons and won 100 or more a total of nine times . Cardinals players have won 20 league MVPs , four batting Triple Crowns , and three Cy Young Awards . Baseball Hall of Fame inductees include Lou Brock , Dizzy Dean , Bob Gibson , Whitey Herzog , Rogers Hornsby , Joe Medwick , Stan Musial , Branch Rickey , Red Schoendienst , Ozzie Smith , and Bruce Sutter . In 2017 , Forbes valued the Cardinals at $1.8 billion , making them the 7th-most valuable franchise in MLB ; their revenue the previous year was $310 million and Operating income of $40.5 million . Since their purchase in 1995 , owner William DeWitt , Jr. 's investment group has seen enormous growth from the $147 million purchase price . John Mozeliak is the President of Baseball Operations , Mike Girsch is the general manager and Mike Matheny is the manager . The Cardinals are renowned for their strong fan support : despite being in one of the sport 's mid-level markets , they routinely see attendances among the league 's highest , and are consistently among the Top 3 in MLB in local television ratings . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before the Cardinals ( 1875 -- 1881 ) 1.2 American Association and early National League eras ( 1882 -- 1919 ) 1.3 Breadon era ( 1920 -- 52 ) 1.4 Gussie Busch era ( 1953 -- 89 ) 1.5 Bill DeWitt era ( 1996 -- present ) 2 Ballpark 2.1 Previous ballparks 2.2 Spring training 2.3 Regular season home attendance 3 Logos and uniforms 4 Support 4.1 Fans 4.2 Mascots 4.3 Rivalries 4.3. 1 Chicago Cubs 4.3. 2 Kansas City Royals 5 Executives and club officials 5.1 Ownership and valuation 5.1. 1 Recent annual financial records 5.2 Other interests 5.3 Executives 5.4 Managerial roll 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Coaching staff 6.3 Selected individual achievements and awards 6.4 Team captains 6.5 Hall of Famers 6.5. 1 Inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 6.5. 2 St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum 6.5. 3 Inducted into the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame 6.6 Retired numbers 6.6. 1 Out of circulation , but not officially retired 7 Minor league affiliations 8 Radio and television coverage 8.1 Radio 8.2 Television 9 Opening Day lineups 9.1 Opening Day salaries 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of St. Louis Cardinals seasons Main article : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1875 -- 1919 ) Before the Cardinals ( 1875 -- 1881 ) ( edit ) Professional baseball began in St. Louis with the inception of the Brown Stockings in the National Association ( NA ) in 1875 . The NA folded following that season , and the next season , St. Louis joined the National League as a charter member , finishing in third place at 45 - 19 . George Bradley hurled the first no - hitter in Major League history . The NL expelled St. Louis from the league after 1877 due to a game - fixing scandal and the team went bankrupt . Without a league , they continued play as a semi-professional barnstorming team through 1881 . The magnitudes of the reorganizations following the 1877 and 1881 seasons are such that the 1875 -- 1877 and 1878 -- 1881 Brown Stockings teams are not generally considered to share continuity as a franchise with the current St. Louis Cardinals . American Association and early National League eras ( 1882 -- 1919 ) ( edit ) Charles Comiskey , shown here circa 1910 , guided the Browns to four American Association titles . For the 1882 season , Chris von der Ahe purchased the team , reorganized it , and made it a founding member of the American Association ( AA ) , a league to rival the NL. 1882 is generally considered to be the first year existence of the St. Louis Cardinals . The next season , St. Louis shortened their name to the Browns . Soon thereafter they became the dominant team in the AA , as manager Charlie Comiskey guided St. Louis to four pennants in a row from 1885 to 1888 . Pitcher and outfielder Bob Caruthers led the league in ERA ( 2.07 ) and wins ( 40 ) in 1885 and finished in the top six in both in each of the following two seasons . He also led the AA in OBP (. 448 ) and OPS (. 974 ) in 1886 and finished fourth in batting average in 1886 (. 334 ) and fifth in 1887 (. 357 ) . Outfielder Tip O'Neill won the first batting triple crown in franchise history in 1887 and the only one in AA history . By winning the pennant , the Browns played the NL pennant winner in a predecessor of the World Series . The Browns twice met the Chicago White Stockings -- the Chicago Cubs prototype -- tying one in a heated dispute and winning the other , thus spurring the vigorous St. Louis - Chicago rivalry that ensues to this day . During the franchise 's ten seasons in the AA , they compiled an all - time league - high of 780 wins and . 639 winning percentage . They lost just 432 contests while tying 21 others . Rogers Hornsby won two Triple Crowns as a Cardinal . The AA went bankrupt after the 1891 season and the Browns transferred to the National League . This time , the club entered an era of stark futility . Between 1892 and 1919 , St. Louis managed just five winning seasons , finished in last or next - to - last place sixteen times , and ended four seasons with 100 losses or more . The nadir was the 1897 season : a 29 -- 102 record for a franchise - worst . 221 winning percentage . St. Louis ' 84 - 67 finish as the Perfectos would be the team 's best finish between the AA era and Sam Breadon 's purchase of the team . As the `` Perfectos '' , the team wore their jersey with a cardinal red trim and sock striping . Later that season , St. Louis Republic sportswriter Willie McHale included an account in a column of a female fan he heard remarking about the uniforms , `` What a lovely shade of cardinal . '' Fans liked the moniker `` Cardinals '' and , the next year , popularity for the nickname induced an official change to Cardinals . In 1902 , an American League team moved from Milwaukee into St. Louis , renamed themselves the St. Louis Browns and built a new park on the site of the Cardinals ' old stadium , striking a rivalry that lasted five decades . Breadon bought a minority interest in the Cardinals in 1917 and in 1919 Browns manager Branch Rickey joined the Cardinals . The Cardinals ' first twenty - eight seasons in the NL were a complete reversal of their stay in the AA -- with a . 406 winning percentage , they compiled 1,632 wins , 2,425 losses and 74 ties . Breadon era ( 1920 -- 52 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1920 -- 52 ) St. Louis baseball commenced a renaissance : since 1926 the Cardinals have won eleven World Series and nineteen NL pennants . Breadon spurred this revival when bought out the majority stake in 1920 and appointed Rickey as business manager , who expanded scouting , player development , and pioneered the minor league farm system , filling the role of today 's general manager . With Rogers Hornsby at second base , he claimed Triple Crowns in 1922 and 1925 , and the Cardinals won the 1926 World Series , their first . St. Louis then won the league in 1928 , 1930 , and 1931 and the 1931 World Series . Stan Musial retired owning numerous National League and team batting records . The Gashouse Gang edition claimed the 1934 World Series and the Cardinals amassed new thresholds of popularity far outside St. Louis via radio . Dizzy Dean led the Gang , winning the 1934 MVP , and leading the NL multiple times in wins , strikeouts , innings , complete games and shutouts . Johnny Mize and Joe Medwick emerged as two power threats , with Medwick claiming the last Triple Crown for a Cardinal in 1937 . In the 1940s , a golden era emerged as Rickey 's farm system became laden with such talent as Marty Marion , Enos Slaughter , Mort Cooper , Walker Cooper , Stan Musial , Max Lanier , Whitey Kurowski , Red Schoendienst and Johnny Beazley . It was one of the most successful decades in franchise history with 960 wins 580 losses for a winning percentage higher than any other Major League team at . 623 . With Billy Southworth managing , they won the World Series in 1942 and 1944 ( in the only all - St. Louis series against the Browns ) , and won 105 or more games each in 1942 , 1943 , and 1944 . Southworth 's managerial winning percentage (. 642 ) is St. Louis ' highest since the franchise joined the National League . Musial was considered the most consistent hitter of his era and most accomplished in team history , winning three MVPs and seven batting titles . St. Louis then won the 1946 World Series on Slaughter 's Mad Dash in Game 7 . Breadon was forced to sell the team in 1947 but won six World Series and nine NL pennants as Cardinals owner . They remained competitive , finishing . 500 or better in thirteen of the next seventeen seasons , but fell short of winning the league or World Series until 1964 . Gussie Busch era ( 1953 -- 89 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1953 -- 89 ) Bob Gibson , the most decorated pitcher in team history , won two Cy Young Awards . In 1953 the Anheuser - Busch brewery bought the Cardinals and August `` Gussie '' Busch became team president , spurring the Browns ' departure in 1953 to Baltimore to become the Orioles , and making the Cardinals the only major league club in town . More success followed in the 1960s , starting with what is considered one of the most lopsided trades in Major League history , as St. Louis received outfielder Lou Brock from the Cubs for pitcher Ernie Broglio . MVP third baseman Ken Boyer and pitcher Bob Gibson led the club to a World Series win the same year and Curt Flood , Bill White , Curt Simmons , and Steve Carlton also made key contributions in this decade . In 1967 , new arrival Orlando Cepeda won the MVP , helping to propel St. Louis to the World Series . The Cardinals won the league the following year behind their Major League - leading 2.49 staff ERA in what was an all - round record - breaking season of pitching dominance . Posting a modern - day record low ERA of 1.12 and striking out a one - game World Series - record of 17 , Gibson won both the MVP and Cy Young awards that year . However , the Cardinals failed to repeat as World Series champions , blowing a 3 - 1 lead to the underdog Detroit Tigers . In the 1970s , catcher / third baseman Joe Torre and first baseman Keith Hernández each won MVPs , but the team 's best finishes were second place and 90 wins . The team found their way back to the World Series the next decade , starting with manager Whitey Herzog and his Whiteyball style of play and another trade that altered course of the franchise : in 1982 , shortstop Garry Templeton was shipped to the Padres for fellow shortstop Ozzie Smith . Widely regarded as one of the best defensive players in history , Smith ranks first all - time among shortstops in Gold Glove Awards ( 13 ) , All - Star games ( 15 ) , assists ( 8,375 ) , and double plays ( 1,590 ) . St. Louis won the 1982 World Series from the Milwaukee Brewers that fall . The Cardinals again won the league in 1985 and 1987 . In the 1985 Series , they faced - off with cross-state rivals Kansas City Royals for the first time in a non-exhibition game , and lost the World Series . Bill DeWitt era ( 1996 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1990 -- present ) Pitcher Chris Carpenter , essential in two World Series titles , won 10 playoff games with a 3.00 postseason ERA . Albert Pujols is one of the most accomplished players in Cardinals ' history . After Gussie Busch died in 1989 , the brewery took control and hired Joe Torre to manage late in 1990 , then sold the team to an investment group led by William DeWitt , Jr. in 1996 . Tony La Russa replaced Torre in the spring of 1996 . In 1998 , Mark McGwire competed with the Cubs ' Sammy Sosa for a barrage of home runs in their pursuit of the single - season home run record . From 2000 to 2013 , the Cardinals reestablished their way to the top with ten playoff appearances , four NL pennants , two World Series titles and 1,274 regular season wins against 993 losses for a . 560 winning percentage , leading the National League and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . With the addition of Jim Edmonds , Albert Pujols , and Scott Rolen , the Cardinals featured three prominent sluggers and defenders nicknamed `` MV3 ; '' Pujols won three MVPs and hit . 328 with 445 home runs in his Cardinals career . In 2004 , playoff stalwart Chris Carpenter 's 3.09 ERA and 15 wins helped power the team to a major - league best 105 wins and take the NL pennant . In 2006 , beset with injuries and inconsistency , they won the World Series , beating Detroit in five games to set an all - time record - low of 83 wins for a World Series winner . In 2009 , the Cardinals reached 10,000 wins , dating to when they first played in the American Association ( AA ) . St. Louis returned to the playoffs in 2011 , first surmounting the largest games - won deficit after 130 games ( at 10.5 ) to upstage the Atlanta Braves on the final day for the wild card playoff berth . In Game 3 of the World Series , Pujols became just the third player to hit three home runs in a World Series game . In Game 6 , third baseman David Freese and outfielder Lance Berkman each tied the score on the Cardinals ' final strike -- the first such occurrence in any game in MLB history -- and St. Louis defeated the Texas Rangers later that game with a walk - off home run from Freese . After winning that Series , La Russa retired and became the only manager to do so after winning a title . He also finished with the most wins for managers in franchise history with 1,408 . La Russa 's successor , Mike Matheny , helped extend St. Louis ' playoff run as he became the first manager in the division play era to guide the Cardinals to the NLCS and playoffs in his first two seasons . In 2014 , the Cardinals extended their NLCS streak to 4 , with their 3 - 1 series victory over the Dodgers , in the NLDS . Ten days after being eliminated from the postseason by the San Francisco Giants , rookie outfielder Oscar Taveras was killed in a car accident while traveling to his hometown Puerto Plata in the Dominican Republic . On November 17 , they acquired Atlanta Braves right - fielder Jason Heyward ( who had just come off a Gold Glove - winning season ) to replace Taveras . On June 16 , 2015 , the FBI and the Justice Department started an investigation on the Cardinals for possibly hacking the Houston Astros . The hacking incident was perpetrated by Scouting Director Chris Correa . Ballpark ( edit ) Main articles : Busch Stadium , Busch Memorial Stadium , Sportsman 's Park , and Robison Field The Cardinals play their home games at Busch Stadium ( also referred to as New Busch Stadium or Busch III ) in downtown St. Louis , straddling 7th and Clark near the intersection of I nterstates 64 and 70 . The stadium opened for the 2006 season at a cost of $411 million and holds a normal capacity of 46,861 . The Cardinals finished their inaugural season in the new Busch Stadium by winning the 2006 World Series , the first team since the 1923 New York Yankees to do so . This open - air stadium emulates the HOK Sport - designed `` retro - style '' baseball - only parks built since the 1990s . The open panoramic perspective over the outfield wall offers a remarkable view of St. Louis ' downtown skyline featuring the distinctive Gateway Arch . A replica of Eads Bridge spans the entrance to the park on the third base side , while the statue of Stan Musial arises in front of that entrance . Other statues at the corner of 8th and Clark include Hall of Famers Rogers Hornsby , Ozzie Smith , George Sisler , Cool Papa Bell , Bob Gibson , Jack Buck and others . Due to increased demand , Game 7 of the 2011 World Series accommodated a baseball record of 47,399 by increasing the number of standing room only tickets . The attendance record for any sporting event is 48,263 , in a 2013 Association Football ( soccer ) friendly match between Chelsea F.C. and Manchester City F.C. , made possible by on field seating . The largest attendance ( 53,000 ) of any event at Busch belongs to U2 during a concert from their 360 ° Tour in 2011 . Ballpark Village , a mixed - use development located across Clark Street from Busch Stadium , is targeted to enhance the ballpark goers ' experience . Phase 1 of the development , completed for the start of the 2014 season , includes entertainment venues , restaurants , and retail . Anchored by Cardinals Nation ( which includes the Cardinals Hall of Fame , a two - story Cardinals - themed restaurant and all - inclusive rooftop seating for 300 + fans featuring spectacular views of the field across the street ) , a 20,000 sq ft Budweiser Brew House , FOX Sports Midwest Live ! and PBR , the $100 million phase 1 development of Ballpark Village promises to be a vibrant gathering space throughout the year , not just during the baseball season . Previous Ballparks ( edit ) Busch Stadium is the Cardinals ' fourth home ballpark and the third of that name . The Cardinals ' original home ballpark was Sportsman 's Park from 1882 -- 1892 when they played in the American Association and were known as the Browns . In 1893 , the Browns moved to a new ballpark five blocks northwest of Sportsman 's Park which would serve as their home from 1893 -- 1920 . The new park was originally called New Sportsman 's Park but became more commonly referred to as Robison Field . Midway through the 1920 season the Cardinals abandoned Robison Field and returned to the original Sportsman 's Park and became tenants of their American League rivals , the St. Louis Browns . In 1953 , the Anheuser - Busch Brewery purchased the Cardinals and the new owner subsequently also purchased Sportsman 's Park from the Browns and renamed it Busch Stadium , later becoming Busch I . The Browns then left St. Louis for Baltimore after the season . The Cardinals built Busch Memorial Stadium , or Busch II , in downtown St. Louis , opened it during the 1966 season and played there until 2005 . It was built as the multi-purpose stadium home of both the baseball Cardinals and the football Cardinals , now the Arizona Cardinals . The current Busch Stadium was constructed adjacent to , and partly atop , the site of Busch Memorial Stadium . Spring training ( edit ) The Cardinals home field in spring training is Roger Dean Stadium in Jupiter , Florida . They share the complex , which opened in 1998 , with the Miami Marlins . Before moving to Jupiter , the Cardinals hosted spring training at Al Lang Field in St. Petersburg , Florida from 1937 -- 1997 . Regular season home attendance ( edit ) The Cardinals have exceeded the attendance total of 3 million every season since 2004 . Home Attendance at Busch Stadium Year Total attendance Game average League rank 2,654,758 32,774 4th 1997 2,634,014 32,519 4th 1998 3,195,691 38,972 4th 1999 3,225,334 40,317 4th 2000 3,396,493 41,191 1st 2001 3,109,578 37,922 3rd 2002 3,011,756 37,182 4th 2003 2,910,386 35,931 4th 3,048,427 37,635 6th 2005 3,538,988 43,691 2nd 2006 3,407,104 42,589 2nd 2007 3,552,180 43,854 3rd 2008 3,432,917 42,382 3rd 2009 3,343,252 41,275 3rd 3,301,218 40,756 3rd 2011 3,093,954 38,197 3rd 2012 3,262,109 40,273 4th 2013 3,369,769 41,602 2nd 2014 3,540,649 43,712 2nd 2015 3,520,889 43,467 2nd 2016 3,444,490 42,524 2nd Logos and uniforms ( edit ) The Cardinals have had few logos throughout their history , although those logos have evolved over time . The first logo associated with the Cardinals was an interlocking `` SL '' that appeared on the team 's caps and or sleeves as early as 1900 . Those early uniforms usually featured the name `` St. Louis '' on white home and gray road uniforms which both had cardinal red accents . In 1920 , the `` SL '' largely disappeared from the team 's uniforms , and for the next 20 years the team wore caps that were white with red striping and a red bill . The original `` birds on the bat '' logo , which first appeared in 1922 . In 1922 , the Cardinals wore uniforms for the first time that featured the two familiar cardinal birds perched on a baseball bat over the name `` Cardinals '' with the letter `` C '' of the word hooked over the bat . The concept of the birds originated after general manager Branch Rickey noticed a colorful cardboard arrangement featuring cardinal birds on a table in a Presbyterian church in Ferguson , Missouri , at which he was speaking . The arrangement 's production was by a woman named Allie May Schmidt . Schmidt 's father , a graphic designer , helped Ricky make the logo a familiar staple on Cardinals uniforms . Colloquially referred to as the `` birds on the bat '' , it initially appeared with the birds perched on a black bat and `` Cardinals '' in printed letters . An alternate version of this logo with `` St. Louis '' replacing `` Cardinals '' appeared in 1930 and was the primary logo in 1931 and 1932 before `` Cardinals '' returned . In 1940 , the now - familiar `` StL '' logo was introduced on the team 's caps . The interlocking `` StL '' has undergone several slight modifications over the years but has appeared on the team 's caps every year since . The first appearance of the `` STL '' in 1940 coincided with the introduction of navy blue as a uniform color . From 1940 until 1955 , the team wore navy blue caps with red bills and a red interlocking `` StL '' while the jerseys featured both cardinal red and navy blue accents . In 1951 , the `` birds on the bat '' logo was changed to feature a yellow baseball bat . The current `` birds on the bat '' logo introduced in 1998 . In 1956 , the Cardinals changed their caps to solid blue with a red `` StL '' , removing the red bill . Also , for that season only , the Cardinals wore a script `` Cardinals '' wordmark on their uniforms excluding the `` birds on the bat . '' An updated version of the `` birds on the bat '' logo returned in 1957 with the word `` Cardinals '' written in cursive beneath the bat . In 1962 , the Cardinals became the first National League team to display players ' names on the back of their jerseys . In 1964 , while retaining their blue caps for road games , the Cardinals changed their home caps to all red with a white interlocking `` StL '' . The next year , they changed their road caps to red as well . In 1967 , the birds on the bat emblem on the jersey was again tweaked , making the birds more realistic and changing the position of their tails relative to the bat and this version remained on all Cardinals game jerseys through 1997 . In 1971 , following the trend in baseball at the time , the Cardinals replaced the traditional flannel front - button shirts and pants with belts with new pullover knit jerseys and elastic waist pants . Another trend in baseball led the Cardinals to change their road uniforms from gray to light blue from 1976 -- 1984 . In 1992 , the Cardinals returned to wearing traditional button - down shirts and pants with belts . That same year they also began wearing an all - navy cap with a red `` StL '' on the road only while wearing the same red and white cap at home games . In 1998 , the `` birds on the bat '' was updated for the first time in 30 years with more detailed birds and bolder letters . That year , St. Louis introduced a cap featuring a single cardinal bird perched on a bat worn only on Sunday home games . The new birds on the bat design was modified again the next year , with yellow beaks and white eyes replacing the red beaks and yellow eyes of the 1998 version . Uniform numbers also returned to the front of the jerseys in 1999 after a two - year absence . On November 16 , 2012 , the Cardinals unveiled a new alternate uniform to be worn at home games on Saturdays beginning with the 2013 season . The modified jersey , cream - colored with red trim on the sleeves and down the front , was the first since 1932 in which `` St. Louis '' will be used instead of `` Cardinals '' and retained the `` birds on the bat . '' 2013 also saw the team adopt their red caps as their main uniform for both home and away games ; the navy cap was retained as an alternate , used mainly against other red - capped teams . Over the years , the Cardinals have released various marketing logos depicting anthropomorphized cardinals in a pitching stance , swinging a baseball bat , or wearing a baseball cap that never became part of the game uniform . Support ( edit ) Fans ( edit ) Main article : Cardinal Nation Mascots ( edit ) Main articles : Fredbird and Rally Squirrel The team mascot is an anthropomorphic cardinal wearing the team 's uniform named Fredbird . He is assisted by Team Fredbird , a group of eleven women who entertain fans from the field and on top of the dugouts . While unofficial , the Rally Squirrel became an unexpected phenomenon during the 2011 postseason . Making its `` debut '' in Game 3 of the NLDS on Oct 4 , a squirrel ran across home plate in the middle of a pitch from Roy Oswalt of the Phillies to the Cardinals ' Skip Schumaker . The Cardinals would win Game 4 and subsequently Game 5 ( Oct. 7 ) in Philadelphia to advance to the NLCS , symbolizing the squirrel 's `` role '' in the victory . The squirrel was popularized as `` Buschie the Rally Squirrel '' As a tribute to the popularity of the squirrel , a small depiction of the Rally Squirrel is also included on the official World Series rings the team received . It shows up under the `` STL '' logo on the side of the ring . Fredbird sparked controversy in May 2015 , when he was asked by a fan for a photograph and handed him a sign that said `` Police Lives Matter '' . The team later claimed that Fredbird should not be involved in any political activity or social commentary . Rivalries ( edit ) Chicago Cubs ( edit ) Main article : Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry The Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry refers to games between the Cardinals and the Chicago Cubs . The rivalry is also known as the Downstate Illinois rivalry or the I - 55 Series ( in earlier years as the Route 66 Series ) as both cities are located along Interstate 55 ( which itself succeeded the famous U.S. Route 66 ) . The Cubs lead the series 1,134 -- 1,103 through June 22 , 2016 , while the Cardinals lead in National League pennants with 19 against the Cubs ' 17 . The Cubs have won 10 of those pennants in Major League Baseball 's Modern Era ( 1901 -- present ) , while all 19 of the Cardinals ' pennants have been won since 1926 . The Cardinals also have an edge when it comes to World Series successes , having won 11 championships to the Cubs ' four . Games featuring the Cardinals and Cubs see numerous visiting fans in either Busch Stadium in St. Louis or Wrigley Field in Chicago . When the National League split into two and then three divisions , the Cardinals and Cubs remained together . This has added excitement to several pennant races over the years . The Cardinals and Cubs have played each other once in the postseason , when the Cubs beat the Cardinals 3 games to 1 in the 2015 National League Division Series . Kansas city Royals ( edit ) Main article : Cardinals -- Royals rivalry Although both teams play in the state of Missouri , they did not play each other for the first time until the 1985 World Series , which the Royals won in seven games , but which is perhaps best remembered for a controversial call from umpire Don Denkinger in Game 6 . Due to their geographical proximity , the teams have faced each other every regular season in interleague play since it started in 1997 . This is also referred to as the `` Show Me Series '' or the `` I - 70 Series '' , as both cities are located in Missouri and are connected by Interstate 70 . The two teams celebrated the 30th anniversary of their rivalry in 2015 . St. Louis leads the series 51 games to 37 as of June 28 , 2016 . Executives and club officials ( edit ) See also : List of St. Louis Cardinals owners and executives Ownership and valuation ( edit ) An investment group led by William DeWitt , Jr. owns the St. Louis Cardinals , having bought the team from Anheuser - Busch ( AB ) in 1996 . As with other periods of the Cardinals ' transaction history , doubt loomed as to whether the purchaser would keep the team in St. Louis , due to the city 's status as a `` small market '' , which appear to handicap a club 's competitiveness . Such was the case when Sam Breadon put the Cardinals up for sale in 1947 : then - NL President Ford Frick proposed moving the Cardinals to Chicago . When AB placed the Cardinals for sale in 1995 , they publicly expressed intention to find a buyer who would keep the club in St. Louis . In March 1996 , AB sold the team for $147 million to a partnership headed by Southwest Bank 's Drew Baur , Hanser and DeWitt , Jr . Civic Center Redevelopment , a subsidiary of AB , held the parking garages and adjacent property and also transferred them to the Baur ownership group . Baur 's group then sold the garages to another investment group , lowering the net franchise purchase price to about $100 million , about $10 million less than Financial World 's value of the team at the time $110 million . Current Cincinnati Reds owners Bob Castellini and brothers Thomas Williams and W. Joseph Williams Jr. each once owned a stake in the Cardinals dating back to the Baur - DeWitt group 's purchase of the team . To allow their purchase of the Reds in 2005 , the rest of the group bought out Castellini 's and the Williams brothers ' shares , totaling an estimated thirteen percent . At that time , the Forbes valued the Cardinals at about $370 million . However , after reabsorbing that stake into the remainder of the group , they decided to make it available to new investors in 2010 . Amid later allegations that the Cardinals owed the city profit shares , DeWitt revealed that their profitability had not reached the threshold to trigger that obligation . Recent annual Financial records ( edit ) As of 2017 , Forbes valued the Cardinals seventh among 30 MLB franchises . Their estimated value of $1.80 billion was an increase of $200 million from the season before , when they ranked seventh . St. Louis ' revenue in 2016 was $310 million , up $10 million . Their Operating income was $40.5 million . The Cardinals ' deal with Fox Sports Midwest , signed in 2015 , begins in 2018 , and is worth $1 billion through 2032 . In 2014 , Forbes valued the Cardinals at $820 million and opined previously that they play `` in the best single - team baseball market in the country and are among the league 's leaders in television ratings and attendance every season . '' Concurrent with the growth of Major League Baseball , the Cardinals value has increased significantly since the Baur - DeWitt purchase . In 2000 , the franchise was valued at $219 million , a growth rate of 374 % through 2014 . The franchise 's value grew 12.7 % from 2013 to 2014 . St. Louis Cardinals ' financial value since 2009 Year $ Franchise Value ( mil . ) $ Revenue ( mil . ) $ Operating Income ( mil . ) $ Player Expenses ( mil . ) Wins - to - player cost ratio Ref 2009 $486 $195 $ 7 $120 87 $488 $195 $12.8 $111 100 2011 $518 $207 $19.8 $110 94 2012 $591 $233 $25.0 $123 116 2013 $716 $239 $19.9 $134 102 2014 $820 $283 $65.2 $133 118 2015 $1,400 $294 $73.6 $133 111 2016 $1,600 $300 $59.8 $145 115 2017 $1,800 $310 $40.5 $173 86 All valuations per Forbes . Based on current stadium deal ( unless new stadium is pending ) without deduction for debt , other than stadium debt . ( 2017 : market $666 mil. , stadium $411 mil. , sport $488 mil. , brand management $235 mil . ) ( 2016 : market $613 mil. , stadium $378 mil. , sport $406 mil. , brand management $219 mil . ) ( 2015 : market $548 mil. , stadium $338 mil. , sport $331 mil. , brand management $197 mil . ) ( 2014 : market $339 mil. , stadium $211 mil. , sport $156 mil. , brand management $124 mil . ) ( 2013 : market $291 mil. , stadium $182 mil. , sport $151 mil. , brand management $91 mil . ) ( 2012 : market $240 mil. , stadium $157 mil. , sport $119 mil. , brand management $78 mil . ) ( 2011 : market $206 mil. , stadium $136 mil. , sport $111 mil. , brand management $65 mil . ) Net of stadium revenues used for debt payments . Earnings before interest , taxes , depreciation and amortization . Includes benefits and bonuses . Compares the number of wins per player payroll relative to the rest of MLB . Playoff wins count twice as much as regular season wins . A score of 120 means that the team achieved 20 % more victories per dollar of payroll compared with the league average in 2010 . Franchise Principals Owner , Chairman and CEO : William DeWitt , Jr . President : William DeWitt III Other interests ( edit ) Besides Ballpark Village , which has now finished its first phase , opening on March 27 , and considered a smashing success with the first phase of the project totaling 120,000 square feet ( 11,000 m ) . The Cardinals own three of their Minor League Baseball affililiates : Springfield Cardinals , Texas League ( AA ) Palm Beach Cardinals , Florida State League ( High - A ) Gulf Coast League Cardinals , Gulf Coast League ( Rookie League ) Executives ( edit ) Baseball Operations President , Baseball Operations : John Mozeliak Vice President / General Manager : Michael Girsch Director , Player Development : Gary LaRocque Scouting Director : Randy Flores International Operations Director : Moisés Rodríguez Director of Player Personnel : Matt Slater Director , Baseball Administration : John Vuch Senior Medical Advisor : Barry Weinberg Finance and Administration Sr. Vice President and CFO : Brad Wood Event Services and Merchandising Vice President , Event Services and Merchandising : Vicki Bryant Stadium Operations Vice President , Stadium Operations : Matt Gifford Ticket Sales , Marketing & Corporate Sales Sr. Vice President of Sales & Marketing : Dan Farrell Vice President , Corp . Marketing & Stadium Entertainment : Thane van Breusegen Vice President , Ticket Sales and Services : Joe Strohm Managerial roll ( edit ) Main article : List of St. Louis Cardinals managers Field managers with three or more years managing and the current manager are included here . Dates Name W-L Record WPct . Highlights Ref 1883 -- 89 , 1891 Charlie Comiskey † 563 -- 273 . 673 * Highest winning - percentage in franchise history ; Four consecutive World Series appearances , one title 1895 , 96 , 97 Chris von der Ahe 3 -- 14 . 176 1901 -- 03 Patsy Donovan 175 -- 236 . 426 1906 -- 08 John McCloskey 153 -- 304 . 335 1909 -- 12 Roger Bresnahan † 255 -- 352 . 420 1913 -- 17 Miller Huggins † 346 -- 415 . 455 1919 -- 25 Branch Rickey † 458 -- 485 . 486 1929 , 1940 -- 45 Billy Southworth † 620 -- 346 . 642 * * Second - highest winning - percentage in franchise history ( highest modern ) ; Two World Series wins 1929 , 1930 -- 33 Gabby Street 312 -- 242 . 563 Two NL pennants and one World Series win 1933 -- 38 Frankie Frisch † 458 -- 354 . 564 One World Series win 1946 -- 50 Eddie Dyer 446 -- 325 . 578 One World Series win 1952 -- 55 Eddie Stanky 260 -- 238 . 522 1956 -- 58 Fred Hutchinson 232 -- 220 . 513 1959 -- 61 Solly Hemus 190 -- 192 . 497 1961 -- 64 Johnny Keane 317 -- 249 . 560 One World Series win 1965 -- 76 , 1980 , 1990 Red Schoendienst † 1041 -- 955 . 522 Two NL pennants and one World Series win 1978 -- 80 Ken Boyer 166 -- 190 . 466 1980 -- 90 Whitey Herzog † 822 -- 728 . 530 Three NL pennants and one World Series win 1990 -- 95 Joe Torre † 351 -- 354 . 498 1996 -- 2011 Tony La Russa † 1408 * -- 1182 * . 544 Most managerial wins and seasons in team history ; Two World Series wins 2012 -- present Mike Matheny 461 - 349 . 569 One NL pennant Table key * All - time franchise leader . * * Franchise leader since 1900 . W-L Total number of wins and losses WPct Winning percentage : Number of wins divided by total of wins and losses Bold Franchise leader † Elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame Players ( edit ) See also : St. Louis Cardinals all - time roster Current roster ( edit ) St. Louis Cardinals roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 53 John Gant 31 Lance Lynn 18 Carlos Martínez 52 Michael Wacha 62 Luke Weaver Bullpen 56 Sandy Alcántara 67 Matt Bowman 60 John Brebbia 27 Brett Cecil 29 Zach Duke 32 Jack Flaherty 77 Josh Lucas 70 Tyler Lyons 26 Seung - hwan Oh 65 Ryan Sherriff 64 Sam Tuivailala 50 Adam Wainwright Closer 12 Juan Nicasio Catchers 30 Carson Kelly 4 Yadier Molina 68 Alberto Rosario Infielders 13 Matt Carpenter 11 Paul DeJong 36 Aledmys Díaz 35 Greg Garcia 3 Jedd Gyorko 54 Alex Mejia 41 Breyvic Valera 40 Luke Voit 16 Kolten Wong Outfielders 48 Harrison Bader 25 Dexter Fowler 15 Randal Grichuk 58 José Martínez 28 Tommy Pham 55 Stephen Piscotty 43 Magneuris Sierra Pitchers 59 Mike Mayers 72 Rowan Wick Infielders 80 Edmundo Sosa Manager 22 Mike Matheny Coaches 33 David Bell ( bench ) 49 Blaise Ilsley ( bullpen ) 34 Derek Lilliquist ( pitching ) 47 John Mabry ( hitting ) 37 Oliver Marmol ( first base ) 23 Bill Mueller ( assistant hitting ) -- Gaylen Pitts ( special assistant ) 39 Jamie Pogue ( bullpen catcher ) 38 Mike Shildt ( third base ) 76 Kleininger Teran ( bullpen catcher ) 75 Ron Warner ( assistant coach ) 60 - day disabled list 61 Alex Reyes 44 Trevor Rosenthal 37 active , 3 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated September 21 , 2017 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Coaching staff ( edit ) Further information : List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches Selected individual achievements and Awards ( edit ) Main articles : St. Louis Cardinals award winners and league leaders and St. Louis Cardinals team records Darryl Kile Award : Two awards are presented each year , one to a St. Louis Cardinal and one to a Houston Astro , each of whom exemplifies Kile 's virtues of being `` a good teammate , a great friend , a fine father and a humble man . '' The winner is selected by each local chapter of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America . See : St. Louis Cardinals award winners and league leaders § Darryl Kile Good Guy Award . No - hitters : Cardinal pitchers have thrown 10 no - hitters : Ted Breitenstein ( 1891 ) , Jesse Haines ( 1924 ) , Paul Dean ( 1934 ) , Lon Warneke ( 1941 ) , Ray Washburn ( 1968 ) , Bob Gibson ( 1971 ) , Bob Forsch ( 1978 and 1983 ) , José Jiménez ( 1999 ) , and Bud Smith ( 2001 ) . The Cardinals have never been involved in a perfect game , win or lose . Cy Young Awards : Two Cardinal pitchers have won Cy Young Awards : Bob Gibson in 1968 and 1970 , and Chris Carpenter in 2005 . MVP Awards : 16 different Cardinal players have won a total of 20 Most Valuable Player awards , the most recent being Albert Pujols in 2009 . Pujols and Stan Musial have collected the most MVPs with three apiece . Bob Gibson won both the Cy Young Award and the MVP award in 1968 . The Cardinals are second only to the New York Yankees ' 22 MVP awards . Rookie of the Year : Six Cardinals have won the Rookie of the Year award : Wally Moon in 1954 , Bill Virdon in 1955 , Bake McBride in 1974 , Vince Coleman in 1985 , Todd Worrell in 1986 , and Albert Pujols in 2001 . Hitting for the cycle : 20 Cardinal players have hit for the cycle , the most recent being Mark Grudzielanek in 2005 . Triple Crown : Four of the 16 batting Triple Crowns in the major leagues ( including three of only six in the National League ) were by Cardinals . Tip O'Neill won the only American Association Triple Crown and the first in franchise history in 1887 . Rogers Hornsby became the only two - time winner in NL history when he did it in 1922 and 1925 ( Ted Williams won two AL Triple Crowns ) . Joe Medwick 's Triple Crown in 1937 is the last in the history of the National League . Hornsby 's 1925 numbers led the entire major leagues , making him one of only five players to have won this expanded Triple Crown . Home runs and RBI in a game : Jim Bottomley drove in 12 runs against Brooklyn on September 16 , 1924 , an all - time MLB single - game record that still stands . On September 7 , 1993 , Mark Whiten tied that record and another MLB single - game record with four home runs . 2 Grand Slams in a single inning : Fernando Tatís is the only player in Major League history to hit two grand slam home runs in the same inning , on April 23 , 1999 . Both were against Chan Ho Park of the Dodgers . Team captains ( edit ) Leo Durocher 1934 -- 1937 Terry Moore 1942 -- 1948 Ken Boyer 1959 -- 1965 Hall of Famers ( edit ) Inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum ( edit ) Main article : List of St. Louis Cardinals in the Baseball Hall of Fame See also : National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum and List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum St. Louis Browns Charles Comiskey * Roger Connor * Pud Galvin * George Sisler * † St. Louis Cardinals Grover Cleveland Alexander * Walter Alston Jake Beckley * Jim Bottomley * Roger Bresnahan * Lou Brock Mordecai Brown * Jesse Burkett * * Steve Carlton Orlando Cepeda Dizzy Dean Leo Durocher Dennis Eckersley Frankie Frisch * Bob Gibson Burleigh Grimes Chick Hafey * Jesse Haines * Whitey Herzog Rogers Hornsby * Miller Huggins Tony La Russa Rabbit Maranville Bill McKechnie John McGraw Joe Medwick * Johnny Mize * Stan Musial Kid Nichols * Branch Rickey Wilbert Robinson * Red Schoendienst Enos Slaughter Ozzie Smith John Smoltz Billy Southworth Bruce Sutter § Joe Torre Dazzy Vance Bobby Wallace * * Hoyt Wilhelm Vic Willis * * Cy Young Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Browns or Cardinals cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . * * Wears no cap . † Played for the AL St. Louis Browns , but not the NL St. Louis club . Because of their status as the only Major League team remaining in St. Louis , the Cardinals franchise chose to honor Sisler as a St. Louis - based player . § Wears a Cardinals insignia but the Hall of Fame recognizes the Chicago Cubs as his primary team . St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum ( edit ) Main article : St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum In 2014 , the Cardinals announced the reopening of the franchise Hall of Fame after a 6 - year hiatus . A formal selection process recognizes former players as Cardinals Hall of Famers each year . To be eligible for election , a player must have been a member of the Cardinals for at least three seasons . The team initially released the names of 22 former players and personnel included in the inaugural class of 2014 . There are now 37 members of the Cardinals Hall of Fame . No . Name Years with Cardinals Franchise Position ( s ) Year Elected Committee Selection Jim Bottomley 1922 - 1932 1B 2014 Inaugural 14 Ken Boyer 1955 - 1965 , 1971 - 1972 , 1978 - 1980 3B , CF , Manager , Coach 2014 Inaugural -- Sam Breadon 1917 - 1947 Owner 2016 Team 20 Lou Brock 1964 - 1979 LF 2014 Inaugural -- Jack Buck 1954 - 1959 , 1961 - 2001 Broadcaster 2014 Inaugural 85 August A. Busch , Jr . 1953 - 1989 Owner 2014 Inaugural 29 Chris Carpenter 2004 - 2012 Pitcher 2016 Fan 17 Dizzy Dean 1930 , 1932 - 1937 , 1941 - 1946 Pitcher , Broadcaster 2014 Inaugural 15 Jim Edmonds 2000 - 2007 , 2016 -- Present CF , Broadcaster 2014 Fan 21 , 42 Curt Flood 1958 - 1969 CF 2015 Red Ribbon 31 , 37 Bob Forsch 1974 - 1988 Pitcher 2015 Fan Frankie Frisch 1927 - 1938 2B , 3B , Manager 2014 Inaugural 45 Bob Gibson 1959 - 1975 , 1995 Pitcher , Coach 2014 Inaugural -- Chick Hafey 1924 - 1931 LF , RF 2014 Inaugural 16 Jesse Haines 1920 - 1937 Pitcher 2014 Inaugural 24 Whitey Herzog 1980 - 1990 Manager , General Manager 2014 Inaugural Rogers Hornsby 1915 - 1926 , 1933 2B , 3B , SS , Manager 2014 Inaugural George Kissell 1940 - 1942 , 1946 - 2008 Coach , Instructor , Scout 2015 Team 10 Tony LaRussa 1996 - 2011 Manager 2014 Inaugural Marty Marion 1940 - 1951 SS , Manager , Coach 2014 Red Ribbon 2 , 28 , 1 , 11 , 10 Pepper Martin 1928 , 1930 - 1940 , 1944 3B , CF , RF 2017 Red Ribbon 51 , 9 , 20 , 15 Tim McCarver 1959 - 1969 , 1973 - 1974 , 2014 - Present C , Broadcaster 2017 Fan 51 Willie McGee 1982 - 1990 , 1996 - 1999 CF , LF , RF 2014 Fan 25 Mark McGwire 1997 - 2001 , 2010 - 2012 1B , Coach 2017 Fan 7 , 12 , 21 , 28 Joe Medwick 1932 - 1940 , 1947 - 1948 LF 2014 Inaugural 10 Johnny Mize 1936 - 1941 1B 2014 Inaugural 2 , 8 , 11 Terry Moore 1935 - 1942 , 1946 - 1952 , 1956 - 1958 CF , Coach 2016 Red Ribbon 6 Stan Musial 1941 - 1944 , 1946 - 1963 , 1967 1B , LF , RF , CF , General Manager 2014 Inaugural -- Branch Rickey 1919 - 1942 General Manager , Manager , President 2014 Inaugural Red Schoendienst 1945 - 1956 , 1961 - 1976 , 1979 - 1995 Manager , 2B , LF , Coach 2014 Inaugural 18 , 28 Mike Shannon 1962 - 1970 , 1972 -- Present Broadcaster , 3B , RF 2014 Team 23 Ted Simmons 1968 - 1980 2015 Fan 9 Enos Slaughter 1938 - 1942 , 1946 - 1953 RF , LF 2014 Inaugural Ozzie Smith 1982 - 1999 SS , Broadcaster 2014 Inaugural -- Billy Southworth 1926 - 1927 , 1929 , 1940 - 1945 Manager , RF 2014 Inaugural 42 Bruce Sutter 1981 - 1984 Pitcher 2014 Inaugural 9 , 22 Joe Torre 1969 - 1974 , 1990 - 1995 3B , 1B , C , Manager 2016 Fan Inducted into the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Sports Hall of Fame St. Louis Cardinals in the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame No . Player Position Tenure Notes -- Branch Rickey Manager GM 1919 -- 1925 1919 -- 1942 -- Bing Devine GM 1957 -- 1964 1967 -- 1978 Born and raised in St. Louis -- Walt Jocketty GM 1994 -- 2007 -- Lou Adamie Scorekeeper 1941 -- 1982 -- Charlie Grimm 1B 1918 Born in St. Louis Ozzie Smith SS 1982 -- 1996 Red Schoendienst 2B Manager 1945 -- 1956 , 1961 -- 1963 1965 -- 1976 , 1980 , 1990 Frankie Frisch 2B Manager 1927 -- 1937 1933 -- 1938 George Kissell Coach Instructor Scout 1940 -- 1942 1946 -- 2008 Marty Marion SS Manager 1940 -- 1950 1951 5 , 22 Don Gutteridge 2B / 3B 1936 -- 1940 6 Stan Musial OF 1B 1941 -- 1944 1946 -- 1963 8 Hal McRae Coach 2005 -- 2009 Elected mainly on his performance with Kansas City Royals 8 Terry Moore OF 1935 -- 1942 1946 -- 1948 8 , 14 Mickey Owen 1937 -- 1940 Born and raised in Nixa , Missouri 9 Enos Slaughter RF 1938 -- 1942 1946 -- 1953 9 Bill Virdon CF 1955 -- 1956 Grew up in West Plains , Missouri , attended Drury University 10 Tony La Russa Manager 1996 -- 2011 14 Ken Boyer 3B Manager 1955 -- 1965 1978 -- 1980 Born in Liberty , Missouri , grew up in Alba , Missouri 15 Jim Edmonds CF 2000 -- 2007 15 Tim McCarver 1959 -- 1969 1973 -- 1974 15 Darrell Porter 1981 -- 1985 Born in Joplin , Missouri 16 Jamie Quirk Elected mainly on his performance with Kansas City Royals 17 Dizzy Dean 1930 , 1932 -- 1937 18 Dave Duncan Coach 1996 -- 2011 19 Tom Pagnozzi 1987 -- 1998 19 Preacher Roe 1938 20 Lou Brock LF 1964 -- 1979 22 David Eckstein SS 2005 -- 2007 22 Mike Matheny Manager 2000 -- 2004 2012 -- present 23 Charlie James OF 1960 -- 1964 Born in St. Louis , attended University of Missouri 23 Ted Simmons 1968 -- 1980 24 Whitey Herzog Manager / GM 1980 -- 1982 1980 -- 1990 25 Gabby Street Manager 1931 1929 , 1930 -- 1933 28 Tom Herr 2B 1979 -- 1988 28 , 40 Dan Quisenberry 1988 -- 1989 Elected mainly on his performance with Kansas City Royals 29 Vince Coleman LF 1985 -- 1990 30 Orlando Cepeda 1B 1966 -- 1968 Elected mainly on his performance with San Francisco Giants 31 Bob Forsch 1974 -- 1988 34 Darold Knowles 1979 -- 1980 Born and raised in Brunswick , Missouri , attended University of Missouri 37 Keith Hernandez 1B 1974 -- 1983 38 Todd Worrell 1985 -- 1989 , 1992 39 Al Hrabosky 1970 -- 1977 40 Rick Sutcliffe 1994 Born and raised in Independence , Missouri 42 Bruce Sutter 1981 -- 1984 44 Jason Isringhausen 2002 -- 2008 45 Bob Gibson 1959 -- 1975 49 Jerry Reuss 1969 -- 1971 Born in St. Louis , grew up in Overland , Missouri 50 Tom Henke 1995 Born and raised in Kansas City , Missouri 51 Willie McGee OF 1982 -- 1990 1996 -- 1999 85 Gussie Busch Owner 1953 -- 1989 Born and raised in St. Louis Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Cardinals have retired 12 total jersey numbers -- -- second in MLB only to the New York Yankees ' 20 -- -- in honoring 14 total former players and club personnel on the left field wall at Busch Stadium . A 15th , Jackie Robinson , is honored by all MLB teams . It should be noted that , during the time Rogers Hornsby had played , the Cardinals did not have any numbers on their uniforms . This practice had begun with the Cleveland Indians in 1920 . Thus , Hornsby had no number to retire . Rogers Hornsby 2B , Mgr Honored 1937 Ozzie Smith SS Retired 1996 Red Schoendienst 2B , Mgr , Coach Retired 1996 Stan Musial OF , 1B , GM Retired 1963 Enos Slaughter RF Retired 1996 Tony La Russa Mgr Retired 2012 Ken Boyer 3B , Mgr , Coach Retired 1984 Dizzy Dean SP Retired 1974 Lou Brock LF , Coach Retired 1979 Whitey Herzog Mgr , GM Retired 2010 Bruce Sutter RP Retired 2006 Jackie Robinson 2B Retired by MLB ' 97 Bob Gibson SP , Coach Retired 1975 Gussie Busch Owner Retired 1984 Jack Buck Broadcaster Honored 2002 Notes : Hornsby : When honored in 1937 , ' `` SL '' ' was used in place of a number as he played mostly in an era without numbers . 42 : Jackie Robinson 's number 42 was retired throughout baseball in 1997 . The Cardinals again retired 42 in September 2006 in honor of Sutter , who was elected to the Hall of Fame earlier in the year . 85 : Cardinal stockholders honored Busch with the number 85 on his 85th birthday in 1984 . Out of circulation , but not officially retired ( edit ) 5 : Albert Pujols ' ( 1B , 2001 -- 2011 ) number has not been reissued since he signed with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim after the 2011 season . 51 : Willie McGee 's ( OF , 1982 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 1999 ) number has not been reissued since late in the 2001 season . 57 : Darryl Kile 's ( P , 2000 -- 02 ) number has not been reissued since his death in the middle of the 2002 season . Along with Josh Hancock 's number 32 , another active pitcher deceased in the middle of the season , they are honored with small circular logos bearing their initials and numbers on the wall of the Cardinal bullpen . During the 2014 playoffs , but following the Cardinals ' elimination , rookie and star prospect Oscar Taveras was killed in a car accident . His number 18 was added along with Kile 's and Hancock 's in the home bullpen , however his number was reissued the following season to close friend Carlos Martinez . Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of St. Louis Cardinals minor league affiliates See also : St. Louis Cardinals minor league players Level Team League Location Manager AAA Memphis Redbirds Pacific Coast League Memphis , Tennessee Stubby Clapp AA Springfield Cardinals Texas League Springfield , Missouri Johnny Rodriguez Advanced A Palm Beach Cardinals Florida State League Jupiter , Florida Dann Bilardello Peoria Chiefs Midwest League Peoria , Illinois Chris Swauger Short season A State College Spikes New York -- Penn League University Park , Pennsylvania Joe Kruzel Rookie Johnson City Cardinals Appalachian League Johnson City , Tennessee Roberto Espinoza GCL Cardinals Gulf Coast League Jupiter , Florida Steve Turco DSL Cardinals Dominican Summer League Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Fray Peniche Radio and television coverage ( edit ) See also : List of St. Louis Cardinals broadcasters Radio ( edit ) Capable of reaching 21 million listeners in nine states including Missouri , Illinois , Arkansas , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Mississippi , Oklahoma , and Tennessee , the Cardinals radio network is the second - largest in MLB with 117 affiliate stations . In St. Louis , CBS - owned KMOX ( 1120 AM ) airs Cardinals games over radio and feeds the rest of the Cardinals network . Mike Shannon and John Rooney alternate as play - by - play announcers , with Chris Hrabe serving as pre-game and post-game host . KMOX 's 50,000 - watt clear - channel signal covers much of the continental United States at night . At one time , owing to the Cardinals ' status as a `` regional '' franchise , the Cardinals radio network reached almost half of the country . The 2011 season marked the Cardinals ' return to KMOX following five seasons on KTRS ( 550 AM ) , a station which is 50 percent owned by the Cardinals . With a partnership spanning seven decades , and continuously since 1954 , its conclusion realized after the 2005 season when CBS Radio and the Cardinals failed to reach terms on a new rights agreement . However , frustrated by the underpowered coverage of 5,000 - watt KTRS , the Cardinals reached a new deal with KMOX in 2011 . Mike Shannon will announce 30 fewer games in 2013 , compared to the 15 he took off in 2012 , and in previous seasons . Most of the games will be road games and three - city trips . He has been announcing Cardinals ' games starting in 1972 , making 2013 his 41st year announcing . He turns 74 in July . He has announced Cardinals ' games for more years than anyone except Jack Buck ( 1954 -- 58 , 1961 -- 2001 ) who announced for 46 years . Television ( edit ) Since 2000 , Cardinals telecasts have generated the top three in ratings in MLB every season . Fox Sports Midwest airs all games in high - definition and is the team 's exclusive television broadcaster , with the exception of selected Saturday afternoon games on Fox ( via its St. Louis affiliate , KTVI ) or Sunday Night Baseball on ESPN . Fox Sports Indiana , Fox Sports South , Fox Sports Tennessee , Fox Sports Oklahoma , Fox Sports Southwest , and SportSouth air Cardinals games for fans living within the Cardinals broadcast territory who do not receive the Fox Sports Midwest channel . During the 2016 season , the Cardenals averaged a 8.54 rating and 104,000 viewers on primetime TV broadcasts in St Louis . The television commentators lineup includes Dan McLaughlin , Rick Horton , and Al Hrabosky . Jimmy `` The Cat '' Hayes serves as dugout reporter during the game as well as on Cardinals Live , a pre - and post-game show . Cardinals Live is hosted in - studio by Pat Parris along with game analysts and former Cardinals players Jim Edmonds , Gary Bennett and Chris Duncan . Cardinals Kids , a program aimed at the team 's younger fans , airs weekly in - season on Fox Sports Midwest . It 's hosted by former Cardinals pitcher Andy Benes , team mascot Fredbird , and Busch Stadium Public Address announcer John `` The U-Man '' Ulett . The 30 - minute show began airing in 2003 and presents team news , player profiles , and Cardinals team history in a kid - friendly manner along with games and trivia . A weekly magazine program , This Week in Cardinal Nation , airs on St. Louis ' NBC affiliate KSDK . Cardinals games had been seen on KSDK ( and its predecessor , KSD - TV ) from 1947 through 1958 , 1963 through 1987 , and 2007 until 2010 . KPLR - TV was the Cardinals ' other over-the - air broadcaster , carrying games from 1959 through 1962 and from 1988 until 2006 . Former Cardinals broadcasters include Jack Buck , Harry Caray , Dizzy Dean , Joe Garagiola , Sr. , and Jay Randolph . Joe Buck , the son of Jack Buck , was an official member of the Cardinals ' broadcast team from 1991 until 2007 . The younger Buck is currently the lead play - by - play caller for Fox Sports ' national Major League Baseball and National Football League broadcasts . Opening Day lineups ( edit ) Year 5 6 7 8 9 2017 Dexter Fowler CF Aledmys Díaz SS Matt Carpenter 1B Jhonny Peralta 3B Yadier Molina C Stephen Piscotty RF Jedd Gyorko 2B Randal Grichuk LF Carlos Martínez P 2016 Matt Carpenter 3B Tommy Pham LF Matt Holliday 1B Randal Grichuk CF Stephen Piscotty RF Yadier Molina C Kolten Wong 2B Jedd Gyorko SS Adam Wainwright P 2015 Matt Carpenter 3B Jason Heyward RF Matt Holliday LF Jhonny Peralta SS Matt Adams 1B Yadier Molina C Kolten Wong 2B Jon Jay CF Adam Wainwright P 2014 Matt Carpenter 3B Kolten Wong 2B Matt Holliday LF Allen Craig RF Yadier Molina C Matt Adams 1B Jhonny Peralta SS Peter Bourjos CF Adam Wainwright P 2013 Jon Jay CF Matt Carpenter 2B Matt Holliday LF Allen Craig 1B Carlos Beltrán RF Yadier Molina C Daniel Descalso 2B Pete Kozma SS Adam Wainwright P 2012 Rafael Furcal SS Carlos Beltrán RF Matt Holliday LF Lance Berkman 1B David Freese 3B Yadier Molina C Jon Jay CF Daniel Descalso 2B Kyle Lohse P 2011 Ryan Theriot SS Colby Rasmus CF Albert Pujols 1B Matt Holliday LF Lance Berkman RF David Freese 3B Yadier Molina C Skip Schumaker 2B Chris Carpenter P Skip Schumaker 2B Brendan Ryan SS Albert Pujols 1B Matt Holliday LF Colby Rasmus CF Ryan Ludwick RF Yadier Molina C David Freese 3B Chris Carpenter P 2009 Brendan Ryan 2B Rick Ankiel CF Albert Pujols 1B Khalil Greene SS Ryan Ludwick RF Yadier Molina C Chris Duncan LF Brian Barden 3B Adam Wainwright P 2008 Skip Schumaker RF Chris Duncan LF Albert Pujols 1B Rick Ankiel CF Troy Glaus 3B Yadier Molina C Adam Kennedy 2B Kyle Lohse P César Izturis SS 2007 David Eckstein SS Preston Wilson RF Albert Pujols 1B Scott Rolen 3B Yadier Molina C Jim Edmonds CF So Taguchi LF Adam Kennedy 2B Chris Carpenter P 2006 David Eckstein SS Juan Encarnación RF Albert Pujols 1B Jim Edmonds CF Scott Rolen 3B So Taguchi LF Yadier Molina C Aaron Miles 2B Chris Carpenter P 2005 David Eckstein SS Larry Walker RF Albert Pujols 1B Scott Rolen 3B Jim Edmonds CF Mark Grudzielanek 2B Reggie Sanders LF Yadier Molina C Chris Carpenter P Tony Womack 2B Ray Lankford LF Albert Pujols 1B Jim Edmonds CF Scott Rolen 3B Édgar Rentería SS Reggie Sanders RF Mike Matheny C Matt Morris P 2003 Fernando Viña 2B Édgar Rentería SS Jim Edmonds CF Albert Pujols LF Scott Rolen 3B Tino Martinez 1B Eli Marrero RF Mike Matheny C Matt Morris P 2002 Fernando Viña 2B Placido Polanco 3B J.D. Drew RF Albert Pujols LF Jim Edmonds CF Édgar Rentería SS Tino Martinez 1B Mike DiFelice C Matt Morris P 2001 Fernando Viña 2B Édgar Rentería SS Jim Edmonds CF Mark McGwire 1B Placido Polanco 3B Albert Pujols LF Mike Matheny C J.D. Drew RF Darryl Kile P 2000 Fernando Viña 2B Édgar Rentería SS Ray Lankford LF Fernando Tatis 3B Jim Edmonds CF Craig Paquette 1B Eric Davis RF Mike Matheny C Darryl Kile P 1999 Édgar Rentería SS Jim Edmonds CF Mark McGwire 1B Eric Davis RF Fernando Tatis 3B Shawon Dunston LF Eli Marrero C Placido Polanco 2B Donovan Osborne P 1985 Tommy Herr 2B Terry Pendleton 3B Willie McGee CF Jack Clark 1B Steve Braun LF Andy Van Slyke RF Mike LaValliere C Ozzie Smith SS Bob Forsch P 1967 Lou Brock LF Curt Flood CF Roger Maris RF Orlando Cepeda 1B Mike Shannon 3B Tim McCarver C Julián Javier 2B Dal Maxvill SS Bob Gibson P Opening Day salaries ( edit ) Opening Day payrolls for 25 - man roster ( since 2000 ) : Opening Day Salary ( ML contracts plus pro-rated signing bonuses ) Year Salary 2000 $63,900,000 2001 $78,538,333 2002 $74,660,875 2003 $83,786,666 $83,228,333 2005 $92,106,833 2006 $88,891,371 2007 $90,286,823 2008 $99,624,449 2009 $88,528,409 $94,220,500 2011 $109,048,000 2012 $111,858,500 2013 $116,790,787 2014 $111,250,000 ( Google spreadsheet ) 2015 $122,066,500 ( Google spreadsheet ) 2016 $145,553,500 ( Google spreadsheet ) 2017 $148,152,933 ( Google spreadsheet ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 2001 , the Cardinals and the Houston Astros finished the season with identical records of 93 -- 69 and finished tied for first place in the Central Division standings . The Baseball Hall of Fame wrote they were both awarded a co-championship . According to the Cardinals ' website , this was `` the first shared championship in major - league history '' . For playoff seeding , the NL Central slot went to Houston and St. Louis was awarded the wild card berth . Jump up ^ In 1981 , the Cardinals finished with the overall best record in the East Division . However , a players ' strike in the middle of the season forced the season to be split into two halves . St. Louis finished second in both halves and was thereby deprived of a post-season appearance . Jump up ^ Most sources consider the 1882 Brown Stockings to represent the beginning of the St. Louis Cardinals ( if it was not the even earlier 1875 or 1878 clubs ) but the St. Louis Cardinals baseball club itself considers its history to have begun in 1892 when the team ( still called the St. Louis Browns ) joined the National League . Jump up ^ Although the St. Louis Cardinals do not officially recognize their era in the American Association ( AA ) as part of their Major League history , Major League Baseball recognized that incarnation of the AA in 1968 , as well as other historic leagues , existing as former Major Leagues . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals and the National Baseball Hall of Fame '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . The Cardinals and Astros were declared co-champions of the NL Central in 2001 , based on their identical regular season record . The Astros , who edged the Cardinals in head - to - head games , 9 - 7 , were seeded as the division winner in the post-season , and the Cardinals were seeded as the wild - card . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals History '' . St. Louis Cardinals . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eisenbath 1999 : 251 ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals Front Office '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cards promote Mozeliak , name Girsch GM '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Patrick ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Cardinals fans get another vote as best in baseball '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Busch Stadium facts '' . St. Louis Cardinals . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cash 2002 : 38 ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals ( 1882 -- 2013 ) '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Suehsdorf , A.D. ( 1978 ) . The Great American Baseball Scrapbook , p. 8 . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50253 - 1 Jump up ^ `` 1875 St. Louis Brown Stockings team page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Timeline '' . The Official Site of the St Louis Cardinals . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals assert team history began in 1892 '' . The Cardinal Nation Blog . August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Comiskey Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Caruthers player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tip O'Neill player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tip O'Neill awards '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Triple Crown Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cash , Jon David ( 2002 ) . Before They Were Cardinals : Major League Baseball in Nineteenth - Century . St. Louis : University of Missouri Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals timeline 1 '' . St. Louis Cardinals Official Website . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Orioles on Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Macht , Norman . `` The Ballplayers -- Sam Breadon '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Pat . `` Branch Rickey 's Farm -- Minor League History '' . baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day : Branch Rickey , 83 , dies in Missouri '' . New York Times on the Web Learning Network . January 10 , 1965 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rogers Hornsby player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals timeline 3 '' . St. Louis Cardinals Official Website . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doug Feldman . Dizzy and the Gashouse Gang : The 1934 St. Louis Cardinals and Depression - Era Baseball . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Company , 2000 . 215pp . Jump up ^ `` Dizzy Dean player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals HOF Museum '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Mize player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Medwick player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Marion player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enos Slaughter player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mort Cooper player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walker Cooper player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stan Musial player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Max Lanier player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitey Kurowski player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red Schoendienst player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Beazley player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Breakout selected from 1940 to 1949 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Southworth '' . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billy Southworth Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fallstrom , A.B. ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Cardinals Hall of Famer Stan Musial Dies at 92 '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry ( October 17 , 2005 ) . `` Slaughter 's mad dash gives Cardinals the title '' . ESPN Classic . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals timeline 4 '' . St. Louis Cardinals Official Website . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Gibson player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` August Anheuser Busch Was Born '' . America 's Library . July 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` August Anheuser Busch Was Born '' . Sports Encyclopedia . April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Trade Deadline Can Be Great Deal of Trouble '' . New York Times . July 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newhan , Ross ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` 1964 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Scout.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill White player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Carlton player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Curt Flood player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Curt Simmons player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Cepeda player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Major League Baseball Season Summary '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History : 1968 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 : The Year of the Pitcher '' . SI.com . August 4 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Torre player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Hernández player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newhan , Ross ( July 5 , 1987 ) . `` A Deep Team Rises to Top Despite Injuries , Cardinals Are Flying High and Leading NL East '' . Los Angeles Times . p . Sports 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Whitey Herzog Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( July 28 , 2002 ) . `` Calling the Wizard '' . SI.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ozzie Smith player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vintage Gallery : Memories of the last ' Suds Series '' . pjstar.com . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching & Fielding statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Carpenter player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cart , Julie ( September 30 , 1989 ) . `` Patriarch of Cardinals Is Dead at 90 : August A. Busch , Jr. , Beer Baron , Bought Baseball Team in ' 53 '' . LA Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Looking to Sell Cardinals '' . The Daily Reporter . October 26 , 1995 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Torre Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AB Sell Cardinals '' . New York Times . December 23 , 1995 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tony La Russa retires as manager , three days after winning World Series '' . NJ.com ( Associated Press ) . October 31 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark McGwire 's Seventy Home Run Season by Baseball Almanac '' . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Breakout selected from 2000 to 2013 '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goold , Derrick ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` Cardinals recast the ' MV3 ' '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 St. Louis Cardinals team page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morris , Patrick ( February 6 , 2008 ) . `` Cardinals win like never before '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Unlikely World Series Winners '' . RealClearSports . October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals timeline : 2000s '' . St. Louis Cardinals Official Website . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 St. Louis Cardinals team page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Association Remembered '' . MLB.com . May 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The St. Louis Cardinals ' Greatest Moments '' . Back to Baseball . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miklasz , Bernie ( October 29 , 2011 ) . `` Cardinals win like never before '' . St Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Joe ( October 22 , 2011 ) . `` Pujols puts on historic display of power '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Unbelievable ' Game 6 ranks among the best '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Bruce ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Cardinals carry on winning tradition '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals to retire Tony La Russa 's No. 10 jersey '' . USATODAY.com ( AP ) . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cardinals Press Release ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Cardinals announce extension for Matheny '' . cleveland.indians.mlb.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goold , Derrick . `` Cards in disbelief over Taveras ' death '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves ship Heyward to Cards in 4 - player deal '' . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Cardinals Face F.B.I. Inquiry in Hacking of Astros ' Database '' . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Busch Stadium Information -- Directions '' . cardinals.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Busch Stadium '' . ballparks.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals make 65,000 additional tickets available '' St. Louis Cardinals Press Release , April 28 , 2006 Jump up ^ Spector , Jesse ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` 27 things about those 27 New York Yankees World Series titles '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Park Factors for Busch Stadium , St. Louis '' . parkfactors.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffert , Jess . `` Busch Stadium '' . midwestliving.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Roland ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Watching a Cardinals Game at Busch Stadium '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Jump up ^ Granillo , Larry ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Baseball 's Best Statues , by Ballpark '' . wezen-ball.com . Jump up ^ Snyder , Matt ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` PHOTO : Busch Stadium as a soccer venue '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Volkmann , Kelsey ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` U2 rocks Busch Stadium in St. Louis '' . St. Louis Business Journal . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Busch Stadium Ballpark Village Information '' . cardinals.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals Attendance , Stadiums , and Park Factors '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theme of the week '' . www.stlouis.cardinals.mlb.com Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals uniforms '' . Baseball Hall of Fame Uniform Database . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals unveil alternate home jersey cardinals.com : News '' . St. Louis Cardinals . MLB . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Britt , Crystal ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Fans hope Buschie the Rally Squirrel is good luck -- KFVS12 News & Weather Cape Girardeau , Carbondale , Poplar Bluff '' . Kfvs12.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Tony ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Cubs , Cardinals Must Emulate Yankees , Red Sox to Rekindle Rivalry '' . NESN . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In defense of DeWit & Company '' . Scout.com . December 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball 's Sign of the Times : Under New Ownership '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 1995 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anheuser - Busch Puts Cardinals Up for Sale '' . Eugene Register - Guard . October 26 , 1995 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Judd 2002 : 91 Jump up ^ `` Cards owners worth $4 billion '' . St. Louis Business Journal . May 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals group to buy up departing owners ' stakes '' . St. Louis Business Journal . November 20 , 2005 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DeWitt III defends Cardinals ; releases owner names '' . St. Louis Business Journal . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mike Ozanian ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Baseball Team Values 2017 '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Mike Ozanian ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Baseball 's Most Valuable Teams '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals -- in photos : MLB valuations '' . Forbes . March 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` # 10 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals , LLC '' . Privco . March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # 8 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . April 7 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` # 11 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 23 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` # 11 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals on the Forbes MLB team valuations list '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals on the Forbes MLB team valuations list '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First phase of Ballpark Village opens '' . MLB.com . March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Finally ! Ballpark Village announces its grand opening lineup '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ballpark Village at Busch a smashing success '' . MLB.com. April 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hummel , Rick ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cardinals buy Memphis franchise '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Von der Ahe Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Patsy Donovan Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John McCloskey Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Bresnahan Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miller Huggins Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Branch Rickey Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gabby Street Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Frisch Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Dyer Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Stanky Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Hutchinson Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Solly Hemus Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johhny Keane Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red Schoendienst Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Boyer Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tony LaRussa Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Matheny Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Darryl Kile Award '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : St. Louis Cardinals award winners and league leaders Jump up ^ NL MVP Awards by team Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RBI records '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box score for Bottomley '' . Retrosheet.org . September 16 , 1924 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Home run records '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box score '' . Retrosheet.org . September 7 , 1993 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals establish Hall of Fame & detail induction process '' ( Press release ) . St. Louis Cardinals . January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals retired numbers '' . stlouis.cardinals.mlb.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kiley , Gabriel ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` A look at the Cardinals retired numbers '' . stlouis.cardinals.mlb.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees ' Mariano Rivera is the last No. 42 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Lupica , Matt ( January 2012 ) . `` Busch Stadium '' . The Baseball Stadium Insider : A Comprehensive Dissection of All Thirty Ballparks , the Legendary Players , and the Memorable Moments . Bloomington , Indiana : iUniverse . p. 221 . A lifetime . 358 hitter , Hornsby was inducted in the Hall of Fame in 1942 , and the Cardinals honored him alongside the retired numbers with the ' SL ' symbol due to his playing days predating the use of numbers . Jump up ^ Snyder , John . Cardinals Journal : Year by Year and Day by Day with the St. Louis Cardinals Since 1882 . Clerisy Press . p. 689 . ISBN 9781578604807 . Jump up ^ Goold , Derrick ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Cards issue No. 32 for first time since Hancock wore it '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shannon will do fewer Cards games in 2013 '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Here Are The 2016 MLB Prime Time Television Ratings For Each Team - Maury Brown , Forbes SportsMoney , 28 September 2016 Jump up ^ `` Edmonds joins Fox Sports Midwest '' . Fox Sports Midwest.com . March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Cardinals Kids '' . Cardinals Kids.com. 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals 4 , Cubs 3 '' . MLB.com. April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates 4 , Cardinals 1 '' . MLB.com. April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals 3 , Cubs 0 '' . MLB.com. April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals 1 , Reds 0 '' . MLB.com . March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matheny unveils Cardinals ' Opening Day lineup '' . MLB.com . March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Washington Critic . September 12 , 1887 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` March 31 , 2011 San Diego Padres at St. Louis Cardinals Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 31 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 5 , 2010 St. Louis Cardinals at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com. April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 6 , 2009 Pittsburgh Pirates at St. Louis Cardinals Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com. April 6 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 1 , 2008 Colorado Rockies at St. Louis Cardinals Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com. April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 1 , 2007 New York Mets at St. Louis Cardinals Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com. April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 3 , 2006 St. Louis Cardinals at Philadelphia Phillies Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com. April 3 , 2006 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 5 , 2005 St. Louis Cardinals at Houston Astros Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com. April 5 , 2005 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 5 , 2004 Milwaukee Brewers at St. Louis Cardinals Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com. April 5 , 2004 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , March 31 , 2003 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com . March 31 , 2003 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 1 , 2002 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 1 , 2002 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 2 , 2001 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 2 , 2001 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 3 , 2000 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 3 , 2000 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 5 , 1999 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 1999 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 15 , 1985 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1985 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 11 , 1967 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 11 , 1967 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cot 's Baseball Contracts '' . Baseballprospectus.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Cash , Jon ( 2002 ) . Before They Were Cardinals : Major - League Baseball in Nineteenth - Century St. Louis . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 0 - 826 - 21935 - 7 . Eisenbath , Mike ( 1999 ) . The Cardinals Encyclopedia . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 56639 - 703 - 0 . OCLC 40193767 . Judd , Dennis ( 2002 ) . The Infrastructure of Play : Building the Tourist City . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0956 - 4 . Taylor , Phil ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Where 's The Boo In Booster ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Redbird Nation 's reputation as the most knowledgeable , loyal and , above all , friendly fans in the majors ... ' Our fans are the best because they 're just as passionate as anywhere else , ... , but they 're probably a little more fair - minded , ' says St. Louis manager Tony La Russa . Weintraub , Robert ( 2013 ) . The Victory Season : The End of World War II and the Birth of Baseball 's Golden Age . New York : Little , Brown & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 20591 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Louis Cardinals . St. Louis Cardinals official website Cardinals Timeline St. Louis Cardinals news ( from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) St. Louis Cardinals Team Index ( at Baseball Reference ) St. Louis Cardinals Team Page ( at Scout.com ) Current records and standings St. Louis Cardinals Based in St. Louis , Missouri Franchise Hall of Fame Members of the National Hall of Fame Awards & League Leaders Records No - hitters Roster Players Coaches Managers General Managers and Owners Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Minor League Players First - round draft picks All articles History 1875 -- 1919 1920 -- 52 1953 -- 89 1990 -- present Seasons Ballparks Robison Field Sportsman 's Park Busch Memorial Stadium Busch Stadium Spring training Whittington Park Herald Park West End Park City Park City Island Ball Park Ninth Street Park Al Lang Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Jack Buck Cardinal Nation Fredbird `` Here Comes the King '' Gashouse Gang KMOX Mike Shannon Rally Squirrel Whiteyball The Pride of St. Louis Budweiser Clydesdales Ballpark Village Lore 1946 NL tie - breaker series Slaughter 's Mad Dash Brock for Broglio `` Go Crazy , Folks ! '' The Call Home run chase Fernando Tatís ' two grand slams Game 6 of the 2011 World Series 2017 MLB Little League Classic Rivalries Chicago Cubs Kansas City Royals Key personnel Owner : Bill DeWitt , Jr . President of Baseball Operations : John Mozeliak General Manager : Mike Girsch Manager : Mike Matheny Minor league affiliates AAA Memphis Redbirds AA Springfield Cardinals A Adv . Palm Beach Cardinals Peoria Chiefs Short A State College Spikes Rookie Adv . Johnson City Cardinals Rookie Gulf Coast League Cardinals Dominican Summer League Cardinals World Series Championships pre-MLB 1885 1886 MLB 1926 1931 1934 1942 1944 1946 1964 1967 1982 2006 2011 League pennants American Association 1885 1886 1887 1888 National League 1926 1928 1930 1931 1934 1942 1943 1944 1946 1964 1967 1968 1982 1985 2006 2011 2013 Division titles National League East 1982 1985 National League Central 2000 2001 2002 2005 2006 2009 2013 2014 2015 Wild card titles 2001 2011 2012 All Star Games hosted 1940 1957 1966 2009 Seasons ( 136 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Links to related articles St. Louis Cardinals in the National Baseball Hall of Fame Inducted as a Cardinal Jim Bottomley Lou Brock Dizzy Dean Frankie Frisch Bob Gibson Chick Hafey Jesse Haines Rogers Hornsby Whitey Herzog Joe Medwick Johnny Mize Stan Musial Red Schoendienst Enos Slaughter Ozzie Smith Billy Southworth Bruce Sutter Inductees who played for the Cardinals Grover Cleveland Alexander Walter Alston Jake Beckley Roger Bresnahan Mordecai Brown Jesse Burkett Steve Carlton Orlando Cepeda Charles Comiskey Leo Durocher Dennis Eckersley Burleigh Grimes Miller Huggins Rabbit Maranville John McGraw Kid Nichols Wilbert Robinson Joe Torre Dazzy Vance Bobby Wallace Hoyt Wilhelm Vic Willis Cy Young Cardinals managers Roger Bresnahan Charles Comiskey Frankie Frisch Whitey Herzog Miller Huggins Tony La Russa Bill McKechnie Kid Nichols Branch Rickey Red Schoendienst Billy Southworth Joe Torre Cardinals executives Stan Musial Branch Rickey Frick Award Jack Buck Harry Caray Spink Award Bob Broeg ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) Rick Hummel ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) J.G. Taylor Spink ( The Sporting News ) J. Roy Stockton ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) St. Louis Cardinals retired numbers 1 Ozzie Smith 2 Red Schoendienst 6 Stan Musial 9 Enos Slaughter 10 Tony La Russa 14 Ken Boyer 17 Dizzy Dean 20 Lou Brock 24 Whitey Herzog 42 Bruce Sutter 45 Bob Gibson 85 Gussie Busch Principal owners of the St. Louis Cardinals franchise Chris von der Ahe Frank & Stanley Robison Helene Hathaway Britton Sam Breadon Robert E. Hannegan & Fred Saigh Fred Saigh Gussie Busch Anheuser - Busch Bill DeWitt , Jr . St. Louis Cardinals managers Ned Cuthbert ( 1882 ) Ted Sullivan ( 1883 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1883 ) Jimmy Williams ( 1884 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1884 -- 1889 ) Tommy McCarthy ( 1890 ) John Kerins ( 1890 ) Chief Roseman ( 1890 ) Count Campau ( 1890 ) Joe Gerhardt ( 1890 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1891 ) Jack Glasscock ( 1892 ) Cub Stricker ( 1892 ) Jack Crooks ( 1892 ) George Gore ( 1892 ) Bob Caruthers ( 1892 ) Bill Watkins ( 1893 ) Doggie Miller ( 1894 ) Al Buckenberger ( 1895 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1895 ) Joe Quinn ( 1895 ) Lew Phelan ( 1895 ) Harry Diddlebock ( 1896 ) Arlie Latham ( 1896 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1896 ) Roger Connor ( 1896 ) Tommy Dowd ( 1896 -- 1897 ) Hugh Nicol ( 1897 ) Bill Hallman ( 1897 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1897 ) Tim Hurst ( 1898 ) Patsy Tebeau ( 1899 -- 1900 ) Louie Heilbroner ( 1900 ) Patsy Donovan ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Kid Nichols ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Jimmy Burke ( 1905 ) Stanley Robison ( 1905 ) John McCloskey ( 1906 -- 1908 ) Roger Bresnahan ( 1909 -- 1912 ) Miller Huggins ( 1913 -- 1917 ) Jack Hendricks ( 1918 ) Branch Rickey ( 1919 -- 1925 ) Rogers Hornsby ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Bob O'Farrell ( 1927 ) Bill McKechnie ( 1928 ) Billy Southworth ( 1929 ) Gabby Street ( 1929 ) Bill McKechnie ( 1929 ) Gabby Street ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Frankie Frisch ( 1933 -- 1938 ) Mike González ( 1938 ) Ray Blades ( 1939 -- 1940 ) Mike González ( 1940 ) Billy Southworth ( 1940 -- 1945 ) Eddie Dyer ( 1946 -- 1950 ) Marty Marion ( 1951 ) Eddie Stanky ( 1952 -- 1955 ) Harry Walker ( 1955 ) Fred Hutchinson ( 1956 -- 1958 ) Stan Hack ( 1958 ) Solly Hemus ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Johnny Keane ( 1961 -- 1964 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1965 -- 1976 ) Vern Rapp ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Jack Krol ( 1978 ) Ken Boyer ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Jack Krol ( 1980 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1980 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1980 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1981 -- 1990 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1990 ) Joe Torre ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Mike Jorgensen ( 1995 ) Tony La Russa ( 1996 -- 2011 ) Mike Matheny ( 2012 -- ) St. Louis Cardinals general managers Rickey Walsingham , Jr . Meyer Lane Devine Howsam Musial Devine Claiborne Herzog McDonald Maxvill Jocketty Mozeliak Girsch World Series Championships St. Louis Cardinals 1926 World Series champions Grover Cleveland Alexander Hi Bell Les Bell Jim Bottomley Taylor Douthit Jake Flowers Chick Hafey Jesse Haines Bill Hallahan Wattie Holm Rogers Hornsby Vic Keen Bob O'Farrell Art Reinhart Flint Rhem Bill Sherdel Billy Southworth Tommy Thevenow Specs Toporczer Manager Rogers Hornsby Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1931 World Series champions Sparky Adams Ray Blades Jim Bottomley Ripper Collins Paul Derringer Jake Flowers Frankie Frisch ( NL MVP ) Charlie Gelbert Burleigh Grimes Chick Hafey Jesse Haines Bill Hallahan Andy High Syl Johnson Jim Lindsey Gus Mancuso Pepper Martin Ernie Orsatti Flint Rhem Wally Roettger George Watkins Jimmy Wilson Manager Gabby Street Coaches Ray Blades Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1934 World Series champions 1 Pepper Martin 2 Leo Durocher 3 Frankie Frisch 4 Chick Fullis 6 Ernie Orsatti 6 Jack Rothrock 7 Joe Medwick 8 Spud Davis 9 Bill DeLancey 10 Dazzy Vance 11 Pat Crawford 12 Ripper Collins 14 Burgess Whitehead 15 Tex Carleton 16 Jesse Haines 17 Dizzy Dean ( NL MVP ) 18 Bill Walker 21 Daffy Dean 22 Bill Hallahan 27 Francis Healy 28 Jim Mooney Manager 3 Frankie Frisch Coaches 25 Mike González 26 Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1942 World Series champions 1 Whitey Kurowski 2 Buddy Blattner 3 Jimmy Brown 4 Marty Marion 5 Ray Sanders 6 Stan Musial 7 Creepy Crespi 8 Terry Moore 9 Enos Slaughter 10 Harry Walker 12 Johnny Hopp 13 Mort Cooper ( NL MVP ) 14 Gus Mancuso 15 Walker Cooper 16 Ken O'Dea 17 Erv Dusak 18 Lon Warneke 19 Harry Gumbert 20 Coaker Triplett 21 Johnny Beazley 22 Murry Dickson 23 Max Lanier 24 Clyde Shoun 27 Howie Pollet 28 Ernie White 29 Howie Krist 32 Sam Narron 34 Bill Lohrman 35 Whitey Moore Manager 30 Billy Southworth Coaches 25 Mike González 26 Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1944 World Series champions 1 Whitey Kurowski 3 Emil Verban 4 Marty Marion ( NL MVP ) 5 Ray Sanders 6 Stan Musial 7 George Fallon 8 Danny Litwhiler 9 Debs Garms 11 Freddy Schmidt 12 Johnny Hopp 13 Mort Cooper 15 Walker Cooper 16 Ken O'Dea 17 Augie Bergamo 20 Blix Donnelly 21 Max Lanier 27 Bud Byerly 28 Ted Wilks 29 Al Jurisich 31 Harry Brecheen Manager 30 Billy Southworth Coaches 25 Mike González 26 Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1946 World Series champions 1 Whitey Kurowski 2 Red Schoendienst 4 Marty Marion 5 Harry Walker 6 Stan Musial ( NL MVP ) 7 Nippy Jones 8 Terry Moore 9 Enos Slaughter 11 Howie Pollet 15 Dick Sisler 17 Joe Garagiola 18 Del Rice 19 Erv Dusak 20 Red Munger 22 Murry Dickson 27 Johnny Beazley 28 Ted Wilks 29 Howie Krist 31 Harry Brecheen 36 Al Brazle Manager 30 Eddie Dyer Coaches 25 Mike González 26 Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1964 World Series champions 9 Bob Uecker 11 Jerry Buchek 12 Bill White 14 Ken Boyer ( NL MVP ) 15 Tim McCarver 17 Carl Warwick 18 Mike Shannon 19 Bob Skinner 20 Lou Brock 21 Curt Flood 22 Gordie Richardson 23 Charlie James 24 Dick Groat 25 Julián Javier 27 Dal Maxvill 31 Curt Simmons 33 Barney Schultz 35 Mike Cuellar 37 Ray Sadecki 39 Ron Taylor 41 Roger Craig 44 Ray Washburn 45 Bob Gibson ( World Series MVP ) 47 Bob Humphreys Manager 5 Johnny Keane Coaches 2 Red Schoendienst 3 Joe Schultz 4 Howie Pollet 8 Vern Benson Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1967 World Series champions 9 Roger Maris 10 Dave Ricketts 11 Eddie Bressoud 15 Tim McCarver 16 Phil Gagliano 17 Bobby Tolan 18 Mike Shannon 20 Lou Brock 21 Curt Flood 23 Jack Lamabe 25 Julián Javier 26 Ed Spiezio 27 Dal Maxvill 30 Orlando Cepeda ( NL MVP ) 31 Dick Hughes 32 Steve Carlton 34 Nelson Briles 36 Ron Willis 39 Larry Jaster 43 Joe Hoerner 44 Ray Washburn 45 Bob Gibson ( World Series MVP ) 46 Hal Woodeshick Manager 2 Red Schoendienst Coaches 3 Joe Schultz 4 Billy Muffett 5 Dick Sisler 8 Bob Milliken Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1982 World Series champions 1 Ozzie Smith 5 Mike Ramsey 10 Ken Oberkfell 11 Glenn Brummer 14 Julio González 15 Darrell Porter ( NLCS and World Series MVP ) 18 Gene Tenace 19 Dane Iorg 22 David Green 25 George Hendrick 26 Steve Braun 27 Lonnie Smith 28 Tom Herr 31 Bob Forsch 32 Jeff Lahti 33 John Martin 36 Jim Kaat 37 Keith Hernandez 38 Steve Mura 39 Dave LaPoint 40 Doug Bair 42 Bruce Sutter 47 Joaquín Andújar 48 John Stuper 51 Willie McGee Manager 24 Whitey Herzog Coaches 2 Red Schoendienst 3 Dave Ricketts 4 Chuck Hiller 8 Hal Lanier 9 Hub Kittle Regular season National League Championship Series St. Louis Cardinals 2006 World Series champions 3 Preston Wilson 4 Yadier Molina 5 Albert Pujols 7 Ronnie Belliard 12 Aaron Miles 15 Jim Edmonds 16 Chris Duncan 22 David Eckstein ( World Series MVP ) 23 Anthony Reyes 26 Scott Spiezio 27 Scott Rolen 28 Gary Bennett 29 Chris Carpenter 32 Josh Hancock 34 Randy Flores 36 Jeff Weaver 37 Jeff Suppan ( NLCS MVP ) 41 Braden Looper 43 Juan Encarnación 48 Brad Thompson 50 Adam Wainwright 52 Josh Kinney 53 John Rodriguez 61 Tyler Johnson 99 So Taguchi Manager 10 Tony La Russa Bench Coach 24 Joe Pettini 1st Base Coach 39 Dave McKay 3rd Base Coach 11 José Oquendo Hitting Coach 8 Hal McRae Pitching Coach 18 Dave Duncan Bullpen Coach 38 Marty Mason Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series St. Louis Cardinals 2011 World Series Champions 3 Ryan Theriot 4 Yadier Molina 5 Albert Pujols 7 Matt Holliday 8 Nick Punto 12 Lance Berkman 13 Gerald Laird 15 Rafael Furcal 19 Jon Jay 21 Allen Craig 22 Edwin Jackson 23 David Freese ( NLCS & World Series MVP ) 26 Kyle Lohse 28 Octavio Dotel 29 Chris Carpenter 30 Jason Motte 33 Daniel Descalso 34 Marc Rzepczynski 35 Jake Westbrook 41 Mitchell Boggs 53 Arthur Rhodes 54 Jaime García 55 Skip Schumaker 56 Adron Chambers 59 Fernando Salas 62 Lance Lynn Manager 10 Tony La Russa Bench Coach 49 Joe Pettini 1st Base Coach 39 Dave McKay 3rd Base Coach 11 José Oquendo Hitting Coach 25 Mark McGwire Pitching Coach 18 Dave Duncan Bullpen Coach 36 Derek Lilliquist Bullpen Catcher 58 Jeff Murphy Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series American Association Championships St. Louis Browns 1885 American Association Champions Sam Barkley Doc Bushong Bob Caruthers Charles Comiskey Bill Gleason Dave Foutz Arlie Latham Jumbo McGinnis Hugh Nicol Tip O'Neill Yank Robinson Curt Welch Manager : Charles Comiskey St. Louis Browns 1886 American Association Champions Doc Bushong Bob Caruthers Charles Comiskey Bill Gleason Nat Hudson Dave Foutz Rudy Kemmler Arlie Latham Jumbo McGinnis Hugh Nicol Tip O'Neill Yank Robinson Curt Welch Manager : Charles Comiskey St. Louis Browns 1887 American Association Champions Jack Boyle Doc Bushong Bob Caruthers Charles Comiskey Bill Gleason Nat Hudson Dave Foutz Silver King Ed Knouff Arlie Latham Tip O'Neill Yank Robinson Lou Sylvester Curt Welch Manager : Charles Comiskey St. Louis Browns 1888 American Association Champions Jack Boyle Ice Box Chamberlain Charles Comiskey Jim Devlin Ed Herr Nat Hudson Silver King Ed Knouff Arlie Latham Harry Lyons Tommy McCarthy Chippy McGarr Jocko Milligan Tip O'Neill Yank Robinson Bill White Manager : Charles Comiskey Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS NLWC AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS ALWC Appearances Streaks Droughts 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Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : American League Honorary president : Bill Giles Current teams East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Former , relocated , and disestablished teams 19th - century National League teams Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Professional baseball Sports teams based in Missouri Baseball MLB Kansas City Royals St. Louis Cardinals TL Springfield Cardinals FL River City Rascals AA Joplin Blasters 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I ) Missouri Missouri State Saint Louis Southeast Missouri UMKC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis_Cardinals&oldid=802334166 '' Categories : St. Louis Cardinals Anheuser - Busch Busch family Grapefruit League Major League Baseball teams Sports clubs established in 1882 Sports teams in St. Louis St. Louis Browns 1882 establishments in Missouri Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with citations lacking titles Use mdy dates from December 2013 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 14 : 28 . 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1210532985211888766 | Stapes | Stapes - wikipedia Stapes Stapes Frontal view of stapes ( A ) , and view from below ( B ) . Details Pronunciation / ˈsteɪpiːz / Precursor 2nd branchial arch Part of Middle ear System Auditory system Articulations Incudostapedial joint Identifiers Latin Stapes MeSH D013199 TA A15. 3.02. 033 FMA 52751 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) This article is one of a series documenting the anatomy of the Human ear Outer ear ( show ) Pinna Tragus Middle ear ( hide ) Tympanic membrane Ossicles Malleus Incus Stapes Inner ear ( show ) Vestibules Utricle Saccule Cochlea Semicircular canals The stapes or stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other mammals which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear . The stirrup - shaped small bone is on and transmits these to the oval window , medially . The stapes is the smallest and lightest named bone in the human body , and is so - called because of its resemblance to a stirrup ( Latin : Stapes ) . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Development 1.2 Animals 1.3 Variation 2 Function 3 Clinical relevance 4 History 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) See also : Ossicles The size of the stapes , compared with a 10 - cent euro coin . The stapes is the third bone of the three ossicles in the middle ear . The stapes is a stirrup - shaped bone , and the smallest in the human body . It rests on the oval window , to which it is connected by an annular ligament . The stapes is described as having a base , resting on the oval window , as well as a head that articulates with the incus . These are connected by anterior and posterior limbs ( Latin : crura ) . The stapes articulates with the incus through the incudostapedial joint . The stapes is the smallest bone in the human body , and measures roughly 3 x 2.5 mm , greater along the head - base span . Development ( edit ) The stapes develops from the second pharyngeal arch during the sixth to eighth week of embryological life . The central cavity of the stapes , the obturator foramen , is due to the presence embryologically of the stapedial artery , which usually regresses . Animals ( edit ) See also : Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles The stapes is one of three ossicles in mammals . In non-mammalian four - legged animals , the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella ; however , in reptiles , either term may be used . In fish , the homologous bone is called the hyomandibular , and is part of the gill arch supporting either the spiracle or the jaw , depending on the species . The equivalent term in amphibians is the pars media plectra . Variation ( edit ) The stapes appears to be relatively constant in size in different ethnic groups . In 0.01 - 0.02 % of people , the stapedial artery does not regress , and persists in the central foramen . In this case , a pulsatile sound may be heard in the affected ear , or there may be no symptoms at all . Rarely , the stapes may be completely absent . Function ( edit ) Main article : Hearing Situated between the incus and the inner ear , the stapes transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window , a membrane - covered opening to the inner ear . The stapes is also stabilized by the stapedius muscle , which is innervated by the facial nerve . Clinical relevance ( edit ) Otosclerosis is a congenital or spontaneous - onset disease characterized by abnormal bone remodeling in the inner ear . Often this causes the stapes to adhere to the oval window , which impedes its ability to conduct sound , and is a cause of conductive hearing loss . Clinical otosclerosis is found in about 1 % of people , although it is more common in forms that do not cause noticeable hearing loss . Otosclerosis is more likely in young age groups , and females . Two common treatments are stapedectomy , the surgical removal of the stapes and replacement with an artificial prosthesis , and stapedotomy , the creation of a small hole in the base of the stapes followed by the insertion of an artificial prosthesis into that hole . Surgery may be complicated by a persistent stapedial artery , fibrosis - related damage to the base of the bone , or obliterative otosclerosis , resulting in obliteration of the base . History ( edit ) The stapes , as first described by Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia ( Labeled M , bottom right ) . The stapes is commonly described as having been discovered by the professor Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia in 1546 at the University of Naples , although this remains the nature of some controversy , as Ingrassia 's description was published posthumously in his 1603 anatomical commentary In Galeni librum de ossibus doctissima et expectatissima commentaria . Spanish anatomist Pedro Jimeno is first to have been credited with a published description , in Dialogus de re medica ( 1549 ) . The bone is so - named because of its resemblance to a stirrup ( Latin : stapes ) , an example of a late Latin word , probably created in mediaeval times from `` to stand '' ( Latin : stapia ) , as stirrups did not exist in the early Latin - speaking world . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Chapman , SC ( Jan 1 , 2011 ) . `` Can you hear me now ? Understanding vertebrate middle ear development '' . Frontiers in Bioscience. 16 : 1675 -- 92 . doi : 10.2741 / 3813 . PMC 3065862 . PMID 21196256 . Jump up ^ aWengen , DF ; Nishihara , S ; Kurokawa , H ; Goode , RL ( April 1995 ) . `` Measurements of the stapes superstructure '' . The Annals of Otology , Rhinology , and Laryngology. 104 ( 4 Pt 1 ) : 311 -- 6 . PMID 7717624 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez - Vazquez , J.F. ( August 2005 ) . `` Development of the stapes and associated structures in human embryos '' . Journal of Anatomy. 207 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 173 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2005. 00441. x . PMC 1571512 . PMID 16050903 . Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Arensburg , B. ; Harell , M. ; Nathan , H. ( February 1981 ) . `` The human middle ear ossicles : Morphometry , and taxonomic implications '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 10 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 205 . doi : 10.1016 / S0047 - 2484 ( 81 ) 80018 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Mutlu , C ; da Costa , SS ; Paparella , MM ; Schachern , PA ( 1998 ) . `` Clinical - histopathological correlations of pitfalls in middle ear surgery '' . European Archives of Oto - Rhino - Laryngology. 255 ( 4 ) : 189 -- 94 . doi : 10.1007 / s004050050041 . PMID 9592676 . Jump up ^ Silbergleit , R ; Quint , DJ ; Mehta , BA ; Patel , SC ; Metes , JJ ; Noujaim , SE ( Mar 2000 ) . `` The persistent stapedial artery '' . American Journal of Neuroradiology. 21 ( 3 ) : 572 -- 7 . PMID 10730654 . Jump up ^ REIBER , M ; SCHWABER , M ( February 1997 ) . `` Congenital absence of stapes and facial nerve dehiscence '' . Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery . 116 ( 2 ) : 278 -- 278 . doi : 10.1016 / S0194 - 5998 ( 97 ) 70343 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Tympanoplasty , Mastoidectomy , and Stapes Surgery . Georg Thieme Verlag. 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 282 - 86537 - 2 . Jump up ^ Menger , D.J. ; Tange , R.A. ( April 2003 ) . `` The aetiology of otosclerosis : a review of the literature '' . Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences . 28 ( 2 ) : 112 -- 120 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2273.2003. 00675. x . Jump up ^ Hall , Arthur C. Guyton , John E. ( 2005 ) . Textbook of medical physiology ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 0240 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dispenza , F ; Cappello , F ; Kulamarva , G ; De Stefano , A ( October 2013 ) . `` The discovery of stapes '' . Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica. 33 ( 5 ) : 357 -- 9 . PMC 3825043 . PMID 24227905 . Jump up ^ Mudry , Albert ( April 2013 ) . `` Disputes Surrounding the Discovery of the Stapes in the Mid 16th Century '' . Otology & Neurotology. 34 ( 3 ) : 588 -- 592 . doi : 10.1097 / MAO. 0b013e31827d8abc . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Stapes ( n . ) '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stapes . `` 3 - D Virtual Models of the Human Temporal Bone and Related Structures '' . Eaton Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Anatomy of hearing and balance Outer ear Auricle helix antihelix tragus antitragus intertragic notch earlobe Ear canal Auricular muscles Eardrum umbo pars flaccida Middle ear Tympanic cavity Medial structures oval window round window secondary tympanic membrane prominence of facial canal promontory of tympanic cavity Posterior structures mastoid cells aditus to mastoid antrum pyramidal eminence Ossicles Malleus superior ligament lateral ligament anterior ligament Incus superior ligament posterior ligament Stapes annular ligament Muscles stapedius tensor tympani Auditory tube / Eustachian tube Torus tubarius Inner ear / ( membranous labyrinth , bony labyrinth ) Auditory system / Cochlear labyrinth General cochlea Vestibular duct Helicotrema Tympanic duct Modiolus Cochlear cupula Perilymphatic space Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct Cochlear duct / scala media Reissner 's / vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Reticular membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti stereocilia tip links Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis externus internus Spiral limbus Cells Claudius cell Boettcher cell Vestibular system / Vestibular labyrinth Vestibule Utricle macula Saccule macula Kinocilium Otolith Vestibular aqueduct endolymphatic duct endolymphatic sac Ductus reuniens Semicircular canals Superior semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal Horizontal semicircular canal Ampullary cupula Ampullae crista ampullaris Bones in the human skeleton Axial skeleton Skull Neurocranium occipital parietal frontal temporal sphenoid ethmoid Face nasal maxilla lacrimal zygomatic palatine inferior nasal conchae vomer mandible hyoid Ear ossicles malleus incus stapes Thorax sternum rib cage rib Vertebral column vertebrae cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx Appendicular Shoulder clavicle scapula Arm humerus ulna radius Hand carpals ( scaphoid , lunate bone , triquetral , pisiform , trapezium , trapezoid , capitate , hamate ) metacarpals phalanges ( prox , int , dist ) Pelvis ilium ischium pubis Leg femur patella fibula tibia Foot tarsals heelbone anklebone navicular cuneiform cuboid metatarsals phalanges proximal intermediate distal accessory accessory navicular Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stapes&oldid=854409150 '' Categories : Auditory system Skeletal system Skull Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Македонски മലയാളം Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 04 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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"The stapes or stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other mammals which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear. The stirrup-shaped small bone is on and transmits these to the oval window, medially. The stapes is the smallest and lightest named bone in the human body, and is so-called because of its resemblance to a stirrup (Latin: Stapes).\n"
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"in the middle ear"
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