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8607836601490946087 | Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary | Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary - wikipedia Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary by Tintoretto , 16th century Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary ( also referred to as Christ in the House of Martha and by other variant names ) refers to an episode in the life of Jesus which appears only in Luke 's Gospel ( Luke 10 : 38 -- 42 ) , and can be read immediately after the Parable of the Good Samaritan ( Luke 10 : 25 -- 37 ) . Jesus visits the home of Lazarus , Martha and Mary of Bethany , the latter typically conflated in Catholic medieval tradition with Mary Magdalene , though the New Testament probably means a different person . Contents 1 Gospel of Luke 2 Interpretation 3 Depictions in art 4 Depiction in Literature 5 Notes 6 See also Gospel of Luke ( edit ) Georg Friedrich Stettner : Christ at the home of Martha and Mary According to the Gospel of Luke : As Jesus and his disciples were on their way , he came to a village where a woman named Martha opened her home to him . She had a sister called Mary , who sat at the Lord 's feet listening to what he said . But Martha was distracted by all the preparations that had to be made . She came to him and asked , `` Lord , do n't you care that my sister has left me to do the work by myself ? Tell her to help me ! '' `` Martha , Martha , '' the Lord answered , `` you are worried and upset about many things , but only one thing is needed . Mary has chosen what is better , and it will not be taken away from her . '' Interpretation ( edit ) Mary chose listening to the teachings of Jesus over helping her sister prepare food . Jesus responded that she was right because only one thing is needed , `` one thing '' apparently meaning listening to the teachings of Jesus . This goes in line with words by Jesus that Man shall not live by bread alone , but by every word of God ( Luke 4 : 4 ) , and The words that I speak to you are spirit , and they are life , meaning eternal life ( John 6 : 63 ) . To simplify , this is frequently interpreted as spiritual values being more important than material business , such as preparation of food . Depictions in art ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paintings of Jesus in the house of Martha and Mary . Christ in the House of Martha and Mary , Diego Velázquez , 1618 The episode is mostly found in art from the Counter-Reformation onwards , especially in the 17th century , when the domestic setting is usually given a realistic depiction , and the subject appears as a single work rather than in cycles of the Life of Christ , or the life of Mary Magdalene . However , it appears in some Ottonian manuscript cycles , including the one in the Pericopes of Henry II ( c. 1002 -- 1012 ) , where it is given a hieratic architectural setting . Many paintings show Mary washing , or just having washed , Jesus 's feet , recalling the story in John 12.1 -- 8 ( which seems to be about Mary of Bethany ) . Via the story in Luke 7.36 -- 50 ( about an unnamed ' sinful woman ' ) , however , Mary of Bethany was often conflated with Mary Magdalene , and this too may be reflected in art . Artists depicting the subject include Diego Velázquez , Rembrandt , Jan Vermeer , Caravaggio and Rubens . Individual works with articles include : Christ in the House of Martha and Mary -- an early work by the Spanish painter Velázquez Christ in the House of Martha and Mary -- by Johannes Vermeer Martha and Mary Magdalene -- Caravaggio Depiction in literature ( edit ) In his book The Doors of Perception , Aldous Huxley alludes to the story of Mary and Martha , addressing the distinction between what he terms `` the way of Mary '' and `` the way of Martha . '' Huxley notes that , during his experiences with mescaline , time seems to stand still , and contemplation -- the way of Mary -- rules the day . Quotidian cares fall to the wayside . In one passage , Huxley writes , `` Mescalin opens up the way of Mary , but shuts the door on that of Martha . '' In the novel Time Enough For Love by Robert A. Heinlein , the character Minerva says , `` I am a Martha , Lazarus , not her sister Mary . '' This , as a response to another character 's attempt to describe her appearance , is a testament to her pride in being practically minded . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Literary studies in Luke -- Acts by Joseph B. Tyson , Richard P. Thompson 1998 ISBN 0 - 86554 - 563 - 4 p. 271 Jump up ^ Mercer Dictionary of the Bible by Watson E. Mills , Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 ISBN 0 - 86554 - 373 - 9 p. 507 Jump up ^ Bible gateway Jump up ^ Profiles of Faith : Mary & Martha -- Lessons from Two Sisters Jump up ^ Schiller , Gertud , Iconography of Christian Art , Vol . I , 1971 , pp. 158 -- 59 , ( English trans from German ) , Lund Humphries , London , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 270 - 2 Jump up ^ Gallery of art See also ( edit ) Gospel harmony List of names for the Biblical nameless Women in the Bible New Testament people Jesus Christ In Christianity Historical Life in the New Testament Gospels Individuals Alphaeus Anna the Prophetess Annas Barabbas Bartimaeus Blind man ( Bethsaida ) Caiaphas Man born blind ( `` Celidonius '' ) Cleopas Clopas Devil Penitent thief ( `` Dismas '' ) Elizabeth Gabriel Impenitent thief ( `` Gestas '' ) Jairus ' daughter Joanna John the Baptist Joseph Joseph of Arimathea Joses Jude Lazarus Legion Luke Lysanias Malchus Martha Mary , mother of Jesus Mary Magdalene Mary , mother of James Mary of Bethany Mary of Clopas Naked fugitive Son of Nain 's widow Nathanael Nicodemus ( Nicodemus ben Gurion ) Salome Samaritan woman Satan Simeon Simon , brother of Jesus Simon of Cyrene Simon the Leper Simon the Pharisee Susanna Syrophoenician woman Theophilus Zacchaeus Zebedee Zechariah Groups Angels Jesus 's brothers Demons Disciples Evangelists Female disciples of Jesus God - fearers Herodians Magi Myrrhbearers Nameless Pharisees Proselytes Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Scribes Seventy disciples Shepherds Zealots Apostles Andrew Bartholomew James of Alphaeus ( James the Less ) James of Zebedee Evangelist Patmos `` Disciple whom Jesus loved '' Judas Iscariot Jude Thaddeus Matthew Philip Simon Peter Simon the Zealot Thomas Acts Aeneas Agabus Ananias ( Damascus ) Ananias ( Judaea ) Ananias son of Nedebeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Barnabas Blastus Cornelius Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Elymas Egyptian Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Gamaliel James , brother of Jesus Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Manaen ( John ) Mark Evangelist cousin of Barnabas Mary , mother of ( John ) Mark Matthias Mnason Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon Magus Sopater Sosthenes Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Zenas Romans Herod 's family Gospels Antipas Archelaus Herod the Great Herodias Longinus Philip Pilate Pilate 's wife Quirinius Salome Tiberius Acts Agrippa Agrippa II Berenice Cornelius Drusilla Felix Festus Gallio Lysias Paullus Epistles Achaicus Alexander Andronicus Archippus Aretas IV Carpus Claudia Crescens Demas Diotrephes Epaphras Epaphroditus Erastus Eunice Euodia and Syntyche Herodion Hymenaeus Jesus Justus John the Presbyter Junia Lois Mary Michael Nymphas Olympas Onesimus Onesiphorus Pudens Philemon Philetus Phoebe Quartus Sosipater Tertius Revelation Antipas Four Horsemen Apollyon Two witnesses Woman Beast Three Angels Whore of Babylon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesus_at_the_home_of_Martha_and_Mary&oldid=837516685 '' Categories : Gospel episodes Gospel of Luke Christian iconography Women in the New Testament Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Hrvatski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 09 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where in the bible does it talk about mary and martha | [
"Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary (also referred to as Christ in the House of Martha and by other variant names) refers to an episode in the life of Jesus which appears only in Luke's Gospel (Luke 10:38–42), and can be read immediately after the Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25–37).[1] Jesus visits the home of Lazarus, Martha and Mary of Bethany,[2] the latter typically conflated in Catholic medieval tradition with Mary Magdalene, though the New Testament probably means a different person.\n"
] | [
"Luke 10:38–42"
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3945796944463794991 | I Am Jazz | I Am Jazz - wikipedia I Am Jazz Jump to : navigation , search disambiguation : title is shared by 2014 book by Jessica Herthel and Jazz Jennings I Am Jazz Also known as All That Jazz Genre Reality Starring Jazz Jennings and family Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 27 Production Executive producer ( s ) Aengus James Colin King Miller David St. John Producer ( s ) Taylor Garbutt Jared Goode ( Segment Producer ) Location ( s ) Coral Springs , Florida , United States Editor ( s ) Eric Johannsen Camera setup Meagan Stockemer Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) This Is Just a Test Release Original network TLC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) -- present External links Official website www.tlc.com/tv-shows/i-am-jazz I Am Jazz ( announced as All That Jazz ) is an American reality television series on TLC about a transgender girl named Jazz Jennings . The 11 - part series features Jazz and her family `` dealing with typical teen drama through the lens of a transgender youth . '' I Am Jazz premiered on July 15 , 2015 , and has received positive reviews . The third season premiered on June 27 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Production 3 Series overview 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 5 Reception 5.1 Awards 6 Broadcast 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Jazz Jennings , a South Florida teen , was born a male . Aged 4 , Jennings was diagnosed with gender dysphoria in childhood , making her one of the youngest publicly documented people to be identified as gender dysphoric . Her parents , Greg and Jeanette , decided to support her female gender identity by her fifth birthday . Jazz has been in the spotlight since 2007 , when at age 6 , she did an interview with Barbara Walters discussing her gender identity . She did follow - up interviews , launched a foundation , and co-wrote a book , also called I Am Jazz . She has also posted videos about her life on YouTube . I Am Jazz focuses on the `` Jennings '' family ( the surname `` Jennings '' is a pseudonym , and any reference to the family 's exact location is obscured ) and their day - to - day lives . Jazz , who is about to go into high school , grapples with the usual teen angst in addition to her own challenges as a transgender girl . Her family , which includes her three siblings , parents and grandparents , also talk about their experiences . Production ( edit ) The 11 - part series involved filming five days a week , including both days on the weekend . The series was initially called All That Jazz , but was retitled to I Am Jazz . The show takes its title from a 2011 documentary , I Am Jazz : A Family in Transition , that aired on the Oprah Winfrey Network . The one - hour series premiere of I Am Jazz first aired at the same time Caitlyn Jenner was giving her acceptance speech for the Arthur Ashe Courage Award at the 2015 ESPY Awards on ABC . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 11 July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) August 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 26 ) 8 June 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 08 ) July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) 8 June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` All About Jazz '' July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) 1.36 One - hour series premiere . Jazz 's family talk about Jazz 's life and her insistence from an early age that she was a girl , and the struggles and confusion they faced . Jazz goes bathing suit shopping with Ari , and struggles to find a flattering suit ; Jazz talks with her brothers about her insecurities over her body . Jazz 's maternal grandparents stop by and talk about their shock in learning Jazz was transgender . Jazz and Jeanette visit the doctor to discuss results of Jazz 's hormone tests . `` Boys Are n't Nice to Her '' July 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 22 ) 1.02 Ari is coming back from college for the summer , and the twins have to go back to sharing a room ; their parents let them and Jazz makeover their rooms . Jazz feels her room is too girly and needs to match her age . Jeanette is emotional about Jazz growing up and no longer being her `` baby . '' Jazz and her friends host a coed bowling night , but few boys come . She is hurt when she finds out one boy refused to come because she is transgender ; Jazz talks about facing rejection as her friends start dating and how boys come up to her friends but ignore her . Jeanette is very worried about the social situations Jazz will face in high school . `` High School Is Wild Fire '' July 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 22 ) 1.08 Jazz attends a soccer conditioning clinic in preparation for high school . Her parents and coach discuss whether she should try out for the varsity or junior varsity squad when she enters high school . Greg stresses that he just wants Jazz to be happy . Jeanette worries that Jazz , who was barred from playing in the girls ' league for several years , is scarred from the experience . `` I Thought It Was a Choice '' July 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 29 ) 0.911 Jazz believes she chose to be a girl , but she finds out it was not the case , when she was still a boy she would wear dresses in private , revealing that without knowing or remembering , Jazz had always truly been a girl . 5 `` Am I Doing the Right Thing ? '' July 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 29 ) 0.886 6 `` Happy Mother 's Day ! '' August 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) 0.870 7 `` I 'm Ready to Explore Boys '' August 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) 0.897 8 `` So the Dad is Now Mom ? '' August 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 12 ) 0.766 9 `` We Do n't Read the Comments '' August 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 12 ) 0.690 10 `` Baby Jazz Is Growing Up '' August 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 19 ) 0.698 11 `` The Family Tells All '' August 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 26 ) 0.780 Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Hate is Real '' June 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 08 ) 1.048 `` I Looked Like a Man in a Dress '' June 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 15 ) 0.971 `` It 's Either Surgery or Male Puberty '' June 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) 0.987 `` Your Body May Be Rejecting the Implant '' June 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) 1.334 5 `` Confronted with Hate '' July 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 06 ) 1.181 6 `` She 's Too Young for Breast Surgery '' July 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) 0.996 7 `` We Scare Most Boys '' July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) 1.022 8 `` Teenage Angst and Broken Hearts '' July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) 1.110 Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Bottoms Up '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 1.386 `` Double Trouble '' June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) 0.942 `` Getting to the Bottom of It '' July 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 05 ) 0.886 `` Sweet Sixteen '' July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) 0.982 5 `` Dating in the Dark '' July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) 0.759 6 `` Face Your Demons '' July 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) 0.832 7 `` Dating in the Light '' August 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) 0.863 8 `` In the Line of Fire '' August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) 0.850 Reception ( edit ) Critic Brian Lowry of Variety praised I Am Jazz , calling it a `` sensitively constructed series ( in an admirable departure for the attention - seeking network ) ... Simply told and heartfelt , the show should add a welcome dimension to the education process , capturing the challenges associated with sexual identity at such a vulnerable age . '' James Poniewozik , in his review for Time magazine , stated that the reality show airing on the same network that recently pulled 19 Kids and Counting off the air feels like a `` change of an era . '' Poniewozik writes , `` I Am Jazz is an engaging story of a teen girl who has transitioned . But it is also the story of everyone else , transitioning . '' Marc Silver of the Washington Post wrote about the boom of transgender - theme shows on TV , including Jenner 's upcoming reality show , I Am Cait : `` I Am Cait will surely attract more viewers because of Jenner 's fame . It 's too soon to say how Jazz will fare . But with her humor and honesty , she 's a tough act for Caitlyn Jenner to follow . '' Awards ( edit ) The show tied for best Outstanding Reality Program at the 27th annual GLAAD Media Awards . Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series premiered in Australia on TLC on December 10 , 2015 . See also ( edit ) LGBT portal Television in the United States portal Becoming Us I Am Cait Media portrayals of transgender people References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grinberg , Emanuella ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Why transgender teen Jazz Jennings is everywhere '' . CNN . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transgender Teen Jazz Jennings Will Star in TLC TV Series `` I Am Jazz '' `` . The Learning Channel . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Up on Season 3 of I Am Jazz '' . TLC . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prowse - Gany , Brian . `` The New Face of Transgender Youth '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Menendez , Alicia ; Redman , Meagan ; Effron , Lauren ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' I Am Jazz ' : Transgender Teen on Grappling with High School , Puberty '' . ABC News . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lindsey Bever ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` How a transgender teen became a nationally known activist '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothaus , Steve ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Growing Up Transgender : Jazz Jennings '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Linster , The ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` '' I Am Jazz '' is a heartwarming look at a transgender 11 - year - old `` . AfterEllen . Evolve Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Review : An Extraordinary , Ordinary Girlhood in TLC 's I Am Jazz '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Caitlyn Jenner 's ESPYs speech aired at an unusually significant moment on TV -- here 's why '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Night + ' Suits ' , Copa Oro , ' Wahlburgers ' ' The Game ' , ' Stephen Universe ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hurtado , Alexandra ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jazz Jennings Discusses the ' Rocky Relationship ' with Boys She 's Had as a Transgender Teen Girl '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Sharknado 3 ' & ' Duck Dynasty ' Win Night , ' Suits ' , ' The Game ' , ' Catfish ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sneak Peek : Transgender Teen Jazz Jennings Is `` Scarred '' After Being Banned From Soccer `` . Us Weekly . Wenner Media . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Night + ' The Game ' , ' Catfish ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.5. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.12. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.19. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.26. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` TV Review : ' I Am Jazz ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silver , Marc ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' I Am Jazz ' is the latest in this summer 's transgender reality show boom '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Caitlyn Jenner , Jazz Jennings Win GLAAD Awards '' . Jump up ^ 2016 GLAAD Media Awards : Demi Lovato & Caitlyn Jenner Among Recipients Billboard Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` New This Week ( Dec 7 ) : 40 + new shows including Da Vinci 's Demons , Grimm and live sport '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) LGBT portal Television portal Official website I Am Jazz on IMDb TLC original programming 7 Little Johnstons 10 Years Younger 48 Hours 90 Day Fiance A Haunting All About Sex Breaking Amish Buying Naked Cake Boss Curvy Brides Extreme Cheapskates Four Weddings Gypsy Sisters Home Sweet Bus I Am Jazz I Found The Gown Leah Remini : It 's All Relative The Little Couple Little People , Big World Long Lost Family Love , Lust or Run My 600 Pound Life My Big Fat Fabulous Life My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding My Big Fat American Gypsy Wedding My Giant Life My Strange Addiction Next Great Baker Kate Plus 8 Kindred Spirits OutDaughtered Outrageous 911 Our Little Family Paranormal Lockdown Randy to the Rescue Say Yes to the Dress Say Yes to the Dress : Atlanta Say Yes to the Dress : Bridesmaids Say Yes to the Dress : Randy Knows Best Say Yes to the Dress : The Big Day Secretly Pregnant Sex Sent Me to the ER Something Borrowed , Something New The Willis Family Too Close to Home Untold Stories of the E.R. See also Template : Former TLC Programming GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Reality Program Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ( 2004 -- 2005 ) The Real World : Philadelphia ( 2005 ) `` Straight Man in a Gay World '' ( 2006 ) Project Runway ( 2007 , 2011 ) Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List ( 2008 ) I Want to Work for Diddy ( 2009 ) Transamerican Love Story ( 2009 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race ( 2010 ) Dancing with the Stars ( 2012 ) The Amazing Race ( 2013 ) Big Freedia : Queen of Bounce ( 2014 ) R&B Divas : Atlanta ( 2015 ) I Am Cait ( 2016 ) I Am Jazz ( 2016 ) Strut ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_Jazz&oldid=809570641 '' Categories : 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American television series American LGBT - related television shows American reality television series English - language television programs LGBT in Florida LGBT youth Television shows set in Florida TLC ( TV network ) programs Transgender in the United States Transgender - related television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 23 : 47 . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in season 3 i am jazz | [
"\n\nNo.\nTitle\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n1\n\"Bottoms Up\"\nJune 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)\n1.386[28]\n\n\n2\n\"Double Trouble\"\nJune 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)\n0.942[29]\n\n\n3\n\"Getting to the Bottom of It\"\nJuly 5, 2017 (2017-07-05)\n0.886[30]\n\n\n4\n\"Sweet Sixteen\"\nJuly 12, 2017 (2017-07-12)\n0.982[31]\n\n\n5\n\"Dating in the Dark\"\nJuly 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)\n0.759[32]\n\n\n6\n\"Face Your Demons\"\nJuly 26, 2017 (2017-07-26)\n0.832[33]\n\n\n7\n\"Dating in the Light\"\nAugust 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)\n0.863[34]\n\n\n8\n\"In the Line of Fire\"\nAugust 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)\n0.850[35]\n\n"
] | [
"8"
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-5381736891535233400 | Billie Burke | Billie Burke - wikipedia Billie Burke For other uses , see Billy Burke . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Billie Burke Billie Burke in 1933 Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke ( 1884 - 08 - 07 ) August 7 , 1884 Washington , D.C. , U.S. May 14 , 1970 ( 1970 - 05 - 14 ) ( aged 85 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1903 -- 1960 Spouse ( s ) Florenz Ziegfeld ( m . 1914 ; d . 1932 ) Children Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson Mary William Ethelbert Appleton `` Billie '' Burke ( August 7 , 1884 -- May 14 , 1970 ) was an American actress who was famous on Broadway , on radio , early silent film , and subsequently in sound film . She is best known to audiences as Glinda the Good Witch of the North in the movie musical The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . Burke was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1938 for her performance as Emily Kilbourne in Merrily We Live and is also remembered for her appearances in the Topper film series . Her high - pitched , wavering , aristocratic voice was her trademark , which made her a frequent choice to play dim - witted , spoiled society types . Billie Burke was the wife of Broadway producer Florenz Ziegfeld , Jr. , of Ziegfeld Follies fame , from 1914 until his death in 1932 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Radio and television 3 Personal life 4 Legacy 5 Performance career 6 Radio 7 Broadway 8 Filmography 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early life ( edit ) Billie Burke was born Mary Burke , the daughter of William `` Billy '' Burke and Blanche ( née Beatty ; 1844 -- 1921 ) , in Washington , D.C. She toured the United States and Europe with her father , who was a singer and clown and worked for the Barnum & Bailey Circus . Her family ultimately settled in London where she attended plays in the West End . In 1903 , she began acting on stage , making her debut in London in The School Girl . Other London shows included The Duchess of Dantzic ( 1903 ) and The Blue Moon ( 1904 ) . She eventually returned to America to star in Broadway musical comedies . Career ( edit ) Billie Burke in the Broadway production of Arthur Wing Pinero 's The `` Mind the Paint '' Girl ( 1912 ) Burke with daughter Patricia ( 1917 ) Burke went on to play leads on Broadway in Mrs. Dot , Suzanne , The Runaway , The `` Mind - the - Paint '' Girl , and The Land of Promise from 1910 to 1913 , along with a supporting role in the revival of Sir Arthur Wing Pinero 's The Amazons . There she caught the eye of producer Florenz Ziegfeld , marrying him in 1914 . Two years later they had a daughter , Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson ( 1916 -- 2008 ) . Burke was signed for the movies and made her cinematic debut in the title role of Peggy ( 1915 ) . Her success was phenomenal , and she was soon earning what was reputedly the highest salary ever granted to a motion picture actress up to that time . She followed her first feature with the 15 - part serial Gloria 's Romance ( 1916 ) , another popular and critically acclaimed vehicle . By 1917 Billie Burke was a favorite with silent movie fans , rivaling Mary Pickford , Lillian Gish , Clara Kimball Young and Irene Castle . Billie Burke starred primarily in provocative society dramas and comedies , similar in theme to The `` Mind - the - Paint '' Girl , her most successful American play . The star 's girlish charm rivaled her acting ability , and as she dressed to the hilt in fashionable gowns , furs and jewelry , her clothes sense also won the devotion of female audiences . Among the films in which she appeared during this period were Arms and the Girl ( 1917 ) , The Mysterious Miss Terry , Let 's Get a Divorce ( 1918 ) , Good Gracious , Annabelle ( 1919 ) , Away Goes Prudence ( 1920 ) and The Frisky Mrs. Johnson ( 1920 ) . The actress 's beauty and taste made her a major trendsetter throughout the 1910s and 20s . During this time , much of her wardrobe ( on screen and off ) was provided by the leading European couturier Lucile ( in private life Lady Duff Gordon ) , whose New York branch was then the fashion mecca for socialites and entertainment celebrities . Despite her success in film , Burke eventually returned to the stage , appearing in Caesar 's Wife ( 1919 ) , The Intimate Strangers ( 1921 ) , The Marquise ( 1927 ) and The Happy Husband ( 1928 ) . When the family 's investments were wiped out in the Wall Street Crash the following year , she resumed screen acting to aid her husband . Burke made her Hollywood comeback in 1932 , when she starred as Margaret Fairfield in A Bill of Divorcement , which was directed by George Cukor . She played Katharine Hepburn 's mother in the film , which was Hepburn 's debut . Despite the death of her husband Florenz Ziegfeld during the film 's production , she resumed acting shortly after his funeral . Billie Burke as Glinda with Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz. ( 1939 ) In 1933 , Burke was cast as Millicent Jordan , a scatterbrained high - society woman hosting a dinner party in the comedy Dinner at Eight , directed by George Cukor , co-starring with Lionel Barrymore , Marie Dressler , John Barrymore , Jean Harlow and Wallace Beery . The movie was a great success and revitalized her career and she subsequently starred in many comedies and musicals , typecast as a ditzy , fluffy and feather - brained upper - class matron with her high - pitched voice . In 1936 , MGM filmed a sanitized biopic of Florenz Ziegfeld ( The Great Ziegfeld ) , a film that won Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actress ( Luise Rainer as Ziegfeld 's common - law wife , Anna Held ) . William Powell played Flo Ziegfeld and Myrna Loy played Burke , which infuriated Burke because she was under contract to the studio and could have played herself , but MGM considered her too old to cast in the part of her younger self , despite her obviously having the look and mannerisms down perfectly otherwise . In 1937 , Burke appeared in the first of the Topper films , about a man haunted by two socialite ghosts ( played by Cary Grant and Constance Bennett ) , in which she played the twittering and daffy Clara Topper . Her performance as Emily Kilbourne in Merrily We Live ( 1938 ) resulted in her only Oscar nomination . In 1938 she was chosen to play Glinda the Good Witch of the North , in the musical The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , directed by Victor Fleming , which starred Judy Garland . She had previously worked with Garland in the film , Everybody Sing , in which she played Judy 's histrionically hysterical actress - mother . Director George Cukor offered her the role of Aunt Pittypat in Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) , but she declined and it was played by Laura Hope Crews , a character that Cukor wanted to be played in a `` Billie Burke - ish manner '' with `` the same zany feeling '' . Another successful film series followed with Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and Father 's Little Dividend ( 1951 ) , both directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring Spencer Tracy , Joan Bennett , and Elizabeth Taylor . Burke wrote two autobiographies , both with Cameron Van Shippe , With a Feather on My Nose ( Appleton 1949 ) and With Powder on My Nose ( Coward McCann , 1959 ) . Radio and television ( edit ) Burke joined the cast of Eddie Cantor 's radio show in 1948 . On CBS Radio , The Billie Burke Show was heard on Saturday mornings from April 3 , 1943 until September 21 , 1946 . Sponsored by Listerine , this situation comedy was initially titled Fashions in Rations during its first year . Portraying herself as a featherbrained Good Samaritan who lived `` in the little white house on Sunnyview Lane , '' she always offered a helping hand to those in her neighborhood . She worked often in early television , appearing in the short - lived sitcom Doc Corkle ( 1952 ) . She was a guest star on several TV and radio series , including Duffy 's Tavern . On television , Burke starred in her own talk show , At Home With Billie Burke , which ran on the DuMont Television Network from June 1951 through the spring of 1952 . She was one of the first female talk show hosts , after the hostesses of the earlier DuMont series And Everything Nice ( 1949 -- 50 ) and Fashions on Parade ( 1948 -- 49 ) which both included some talk show segments . Burke tried to make a comeback on the New York stage . She starred in two short - lived productions : This Rock and Mrs. January and Mr. X . Although she got good reviews , the plays did not . She appeared in several plays in California as well , although her mind became clouded , and she had trouble remembering lines . In the late 1950s , her failing memory led to her retirement from show business , although her explanation for that was , `` Acting just was n't any fun anymore . '' Burke made her final screen appearance in Sergeant Rutledge ( 1960 ) , a Western directed by John Ford . Personal life ( edit ) Memorial statue at Burke 's grave in Kensico Cemetery Burke was married to producer Florenz Ziegfeld , Jr . Burke resided in Beverly Hills , California . She died in Los Angeles of natural causes on May 14 , 1970 , at the age of 85 and was interred at Kensico Cemetery , Valhalla , Westchester County , New York . Legacy ( edit ) For many years , Burke 's framed photo was displayed above the exit staircase at New York 's Ziegfeld Theatre , but it vanished after renovations . However , an opening night program that bore a picture of her from her 1912 triumph The Mind The Paint Girl ( Sir Arthur Wing Pinero ) is still displayed in the lobby of the Lyceum Theatre in Manhattan . For her contributions to the film industry , Burke was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 with a motion pictures star located at 6617 Hollywood Boulevard . On November 4 , 2015 , a crater near the north pole of the planet Mercury was named after her . Performance career ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) Burke early in her career The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air -- 1932 Doubting Thomas - 1935 Good News of 1939 -- 1938 The Rudy Vallee Hour -- 1939 The Gulf Screen Guild Theater -- 1939 The Rudy Vallee Sealtest Show -- 1940 -- 41 The Pepsodent Show -- 1941 The Billie Burke Show -- 1943 -- 1946 Duffy 's Tavern -- 1944 The Sealtest Village Store -- 1944 Mail Call -- 1944 The Charlie McCarthy Show -- 1944 -- 47 Tribute to Ethel Barrymore -- 1945 The Rudy Vallee Show -- 1945 Show Stoppers -- 1946 The Danny Kaye Show -- 1946 WOR 25th Anniversary -- 1947 Your Movietown Radio Theatre -- 1948 The Eddie Cantor Pabst Blue Ribbon Show -- 1948 Family Theater -- 1948 -- 52 This Is Show Business -- CBS - TV , 1949 The Martin and Lewis Show -- 1949 The Bill Stern Colgate Sports Newsreel -- 1949 Stagestruck -- 1954 Biography in Sound -- 1955 -- 56 Broadway ( edit ) Burke in the February 1920 issue of Vanity Fair in a portrait by Adolf de Meyer Burke with Shelley Hull in The Land of Promise , 1913 . My Wife -- 1907 Love Watches -- 1908 Mrs. Dot -- 1910 Suzanne -- 1910 The Philosopher in the Apple Orchard -- 1911 The Runaway -- 1911 The Amazons -- 1913 The Land of Promise -- 1913 Jerry -- 1914 The Rescuing Angel -- 1917 A Marriage of Convenience -- 1918 Caesar 's Wife -- 1919 The Intimate Strangers -- 1921 Rose Briar -- 1922 Annie Dear -- 1924 The Marquise -- 1927 The Happy Husband -- 1928 Family Affairs -- 1929 The Truth Game -- 1930 Ziegfeld Follies of 1934 -- 1934 Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 -- 1936 This Rock -- 1943 Ziegfeld Follies of 1943 -- 1943 Mrs. January and Mr. X -- 1944 Filmography ( edit ) Silent Our Mutual Girl ( 1914 ) as Herself Peggy ( 1916 ) as Peggy Cameron Gloria 's Romance ( 1916 ) as Gloria Stafford The Mysterious Miss Terry ( 1917 ) as Mavis Terry Arms and the Girl ( 1917 ) as Ruth Sherwood The Land of Promise ( 1917 ) as Nora Marsh Eve 's Daughter ( 1918 ) as Irene Simpson - Bates Let 's Get a Divorce ( 1918 ) as Mme . Cyprienne Marcey In Pursuit of Polly ( 1918 ) as Polly Marsden The Make - Believe Wife ( 1918 ) as Phyllis Ashbrook Good Gracious , Annabelle ( 1919 ) as Annabelle Leigh The Misleading Widow ( 1919 ) as Betty Taradine Sadie Love ( 1919 ) as Sadie Love Wanted : A Husband ( 1919 ) as Amanda Darcy Cole Away Goes Prudence ( 1920 ) as Prudence Thorne The Frisky Mrs. Johnson ( 1920 ) as Belle Johnson The Education of Elizabeth ( 1921 ) as Elizabeth Banks Sound Glorifying the American Girl ( 1929 ) as Herself ( uncredited ) A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) as Margaret Christopher Strong ( 1933 ) as Lady Strong - His Wife Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) as Millicent Jordan Only Yesterday ( 1933 ) as Julia Warren Where Sinners Meet ( 1934 ) as Eustasia Finishing School ( 1934 ) as Her Mother / Mrs. Helen Crawford Radcliff We 're Rich Again ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Linda Page Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) as Aunt Paula Society Doctor ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Crane After Office Hours ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Norwood Becky Sharp ( 1935 ) as Lady Bareacres Doubting Thomas ( 1935 ) as Paula Brown She Could n't Take It ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Daniel Van Dyke A Feather in Her Hat ( 1935 ) as Julia Trent Anders Splendor ( 1935 ) as Clarissa My American Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Robert Cantillon Piccadilly Jim ( 1936 ) as Eugenia Willis , Nesta 's Sister Craig 's Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Frazier Parnell ( 1937 ) as Clara Wood Topper ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Topper The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) as Contessa di Meina Navy Blue and Gold ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Alyce Gates Everybody Sing ( 1938 ) as Diana Bellaire Merrily We Live ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Kilbourne The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) as Marmy Carleton Topper Takes a Trip ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Topper Zenobia ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Tibbett Bridal Suite ( 1939 ) as Mrs. McGill The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) as Glinda the Good Witch of the North Eternally Yours ( 1939 ) as Aunt Abby Remember ? ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Bronson The Ghost Comes Home ( 1940 ) as Cora Adams And One Was Beautiful ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Julia Lattimer Irene ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Vincent The Captain Is a Lady ( 1940 ) as Blossy Stort Dulcy ( 1940 ) as Eleanor Forbes Hullabaloo ( 1940 ) as Penny Merriweather The Wild Man of Borneo ( 1941 ) as Bernice Marshall Topper Returns ( 1941 ) as Mrs. Topper One Night in Lisbon ( 1941 ) as Catherine Enfilden The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ) as Daisy Stanley What 's Cookin ' ? ( 1942 ) as Agatha Courtney In This Our Life ( 1942 ) as Lavinia Timberlake They All Kissed the Bride ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Drew Girl Trouble ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Rowland Hi Diddle Diddle ( 1943 ) as Liza Prescott So 's Your Uncle ( 1943 ) as Aunt Minerva You 're a Lucky Fellow , Mr. Smith ( 1943 ) as Aunt Harriet Crandall Gildersleeve on Broadway ( 1943 ) as Mrs. Laura Chandler Swing Out , Sister ( 1945 ) as Jessica Mariman The Cheaters ( 1945 ) as Clara Pidgeon Breakfast in Hollywood ( 1946 ) as Mrs. Frances Cartwright The Bachelor 's Daughters ( 1946 ) as Molly Burns Billie Gets Her Man ( 1948 ) as Billie Baxter The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Livingston Belney And Baby Makes Three ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Marvin Fletcher The Boy from Indiana ( 1950 ) as Zelda Bagley Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) as Doris Dunstan Three Husbands ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Jenny Bard Whittaker Father 's Little Dividend ( 1951 ) as Doris Dunstan Small Town Girl ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Livingston The Young Philadelphians ( 1959 ) as Mrs. J. Arthur Allen Sergeant Rutledge ( 1960 ) as Mrs. Cordelia Fosgate ( Her Final Film Role ) Pepe ( 1960 ) as Herself ( Cameo ) See also ( edit ) Biography portal Academy of Music / Riviera Theatre List of actors with Academy Award nominations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The School Girl a Hit '' . The New York Times , May 10 , 1903 , accessed February 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Mrs. Ziegfeld : The Public and Private Lives of Billie Burke , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Hampton 's magazine , Volume 26 , Page 362 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson , Daughter of Legendary Broadway Impresario '' . Jazz News . April 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Steve ( 2014 ) . The Making of Gone With the Wind . University of Texas Press . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 76126 - 1 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times , Various issues , 1951 - 52 . Jump up ^ Paley Center For Media recording . Jump up ^ Radice , Michael L. Glinda 's Ruby Slippers , Manuscript Draft , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitchell Owens , Legendary Hollywood Stars at Home , Architectural Digest Jump up ^ Obituary Variety , May 20 , 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Walk of Fame - Billie Burke '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Billie Burke . Billie Burke on IMDb Billie Burke at the Internet Broadway Database AllMovie.com Billie Burke still photos from several Billie plays and lost Billie silent films Univ. of Washington Sayre collection Billie Burke photos Univ. of Louisville Macauley Collection Flo Ziegfeld - Billie Burke Papers , 1907 - 1984 , held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division , New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Billie Burke Digital Image Gallery , Billy Rose Theatre Division , New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Billie Burke Collection , held by the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center , Boston University Literature on Billie Burke Billie Burke at Find a Grave Billie Burke with one of her motorcars , a Rolls - Royce Ziegfeld Follies Shows Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 Radio The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air Films Glorifying the American Girl The Great Ziegfeld Ziegfeld Girl Ziegfeld Follies People Florenz Ziegfeld Jr . Billie Burke Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson Related articles Ziegfeld Theatre Ziegfeld girl Book BIBSYS : 6067937 BNE : XX4792312 BNF : cb139302489 ( data ) GND : 136289819 ISNI : 0000 0001 1631 6948 LCCN : n85151807 MusicBrainz : 73123cdd - d609 - 44a9 - b39a - 087a9111f36c SNAC : w6dn4mhs SUDOC : 162467516 VIAF : 44487813 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billie_Burke&oldid=854541417 '' Categories : 1884 births 1970 deaths 20th - century American actresses Actresses from Washington , D.C. 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"Mary William Ethelbert Appleton \"Billie\" Burke (August 7, 1884 – May 14, 1970) was an American actress who was famous on Broadway, on radio, early silent film, and subsequently in sound film. She is best known to audiences as Glinda the Good Witch of the North in the movie musical The Wizard of Oz (1939).\n"
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"Mary William Ethelbert Appleton \"Billie\" Burke"
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-4551563614651170723 | List of Indianapolis 500 winners | List of Indianapolis 500 winners - wikipedia List of Indianapolis 500 winners Jump to : navigation , search The winner of the Indianapolis 500 is awarded the Borg - Warner Trophy . The Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race , held annually on the last weekend in May to coincide with Memorial Day . The race is held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , located in Speedway , Indiana . The Indianapolis 500 is an open - wheel car race and is currently sanctioned by Indy Racing League LLC , and has been run as an IndyCar Series event since 1996 . The Indianapolis 500 is considered one of the most traditional and historical races in the world , and is also considered one of the three most significant motorsport races in the world . The first Indianapolis 500 was held in 1911 , where Ray Harroun was declared the first winner , driving the Marmon Wasp . The race has been run annually since 1911 ( with exceptions during World War I and World War II ) and 71 drivers have been crowned champions of the 500 - mile race over the course of 101 races . The most race victories held by a single driver is four , which has been accomplished only by A.J. Foyt , Al Unser and Rick Mears . The Indianapolis 500 has also drawn many international drivers to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway over the years , with 26 of the winners coming from outside of the United States , representing nine separate countries . The most recent champion of the Indianapolis 500 is Takuma Sato , winner of the 2017 race . The winner of the Indianapolis 500 receives many prizes , many based on past tradition . One of the most iconic traditions is for the winner of the Indianapolis 500 to drink a bottle of milk , a tradition started by Louis Meyer who won the race in 1936 . The winner is also presented with a wreath in victory lane , and has the opportunity to kiss the yard of brick ( the start / finish line ) , an Indianapolis Motor Speedway tradition started by NASCAR driver Dale Jarrett in 1996 at the Brickyard 400 and adopted by 500 winners since 2003 . The winner of the race also receives the pace car used during that race , and will have on the Borg - Warner Trophy a bas - relief sculpture of their face added to the base . The Borg - Warner Trophy has been used since 1936 and along with the sculpture on the original trophy , the winning driver and car owner receive a small replica . The Indianapolis 500 winner also receives a large purse , most recently at $ 2.49 million , given to Ryan Hunter - Reay in 2014 . Other prizes have been given to the race winner over the years , including a quilt , made by Jeanetta Holder , which is presented to the driver annually at the winner 's photo shoot . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of winners 1.1 Fisher Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1911 -- 1927 ) 1.2 Rickenbacker Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1928 -- 1945 ) 1.3 Hulman / George Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1946 -- 1955 ) 1.4 Hulman / George Era -- USAC sanctioning ( 1956 -- 1995 ) 1.5 Hulman / George Era -- INDYCAR sanctioning ( 1996 -- present ) 2 Driver statistics 2.1 Active driver victories 2.2 Multiple victories 2.3 Consecutive victories 2.4 Rookie winners ( inaugural race inclusive ) 2.5 Nationalities of non-American winners 2.6 Race and National Championship victories in same year 2.7 Winning drivers who did not start next race 3 Owners 3.1 Driver / Owners 4 Constructors and suppliers 4.1 Chassis 4.2 Engines 4.3 Tires 5 Miscellanea 5.1 Winning starting positions 5.1. 1 Chronological 5.1. 2 By starting position 5.2 Winning car numbers 5.2. 1 Chronological 5.2. 2 By Number 6 Notes 7 References List of winners ( edit ) Fisher Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1911 -- 1927 ) ( edit ) Year Date Driver Team / Owner Chassis Engine Tire Race Distance Time Average Speed Car Name Laps Miles ( km ) 1911 May 30 Ray Harroun Nordyke & Marmon Company Marmon Marmon 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 6 : 42 : 08.039 74.59 mph ( 120.04 km / h ) Marmon Wasp 1912 May 30 Joe Dawson National Motor Vehicle Company National National 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 6 : 21 : 06.144 78.719 mph ( 126.686 km / h ) National Motor Vehicle 1913 May 30 Jules Goux Peugeot Peugeot Peugeot 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 6 : 35 : 05.108 75.933 mph ( 122.202 km / h ) Peugeot 1914 May 30 René Thomas Louis Delâge Company Delage Delage 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 6 : 03 : 45.060 82.474 mph ( 132.729 km / h ) L. Delâge 1915 May 31 Ralph DePalma E.C. Patterson Mercedes Mercedes BF 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 33 : 55.619 89.840 mph ( 144.583 km / h ) Mercedes E.C. Patterson 1916 May 30 Dario Resta Peugeot Auto Racing Company Peugeot Peugeot BF 120 300 miles ( 483 km ) 3 : 34 : 16.990 84.001 mph ( 135.187 km / h ) Peugeot Auto Racing 1917 No race held due to World War I 1918 1919 May 31 Howdy Wilcox I.M.S. Corporation Premier Premier 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 40 : 42.930 88.050 mph ( 141.703 km / h ) Peugeot Indianapolis Speedway Team 1920 May 31 Gaston Chevrolet William Small Company Frontenac Frontenac 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 38 : 31.901 88.618 mph ( 142.617 km / h ) Monroe William Small 1921 May 30 Tommy Milton Louis Chevrolet Frontenac Frontenac 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 34 : 44.578 89.621 mph ( 144.231 km / h ) Frontenac Louis Chevrolet 1922 May 30 Jimmy Murphy Jimmy Murphy Duesenberg Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 17 : 30.845 94.484 mph ( 152.057 km / h ) Jimmy Murphy 1923 May 30 Tommy Milton H.C.S. Motor Company Miller Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 31 : 19.618 90.545 mph ( 145.718 km / h ) H.C.S. Motor Company 1924 May 30 Lora L. Corum Duesenberg Duesenberg Duesenberg 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 05 : 23.595 98.234 mph ( 158.092 km / h ) Duesenberg Joe Boyer 1925 May 30 Peter DePaolo Duesenberg Duesenberg Duesenberg 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 56 : 39.401 101.127 mph ( 162.748 km / h ) Duesenberg 1926 May 31 Frank Lockhart Peter Kreis Miller Miller 160 * 400 miles ( 644 km ) 5 : 12 : 48.768 95.904 mph ( 154.343 km / h ) Miller Peter Kreis 1927 May 30 George Souders William S. White Duesenberg Duesenberg 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 07 : 33.022 97.545 mph ( 156.983 km / h ) Duesenberg William White Rickenbacker Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1928 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Year Date Driver Team / Owner Chassis Engine Tire Race Distance Time Average Speed Car Name Laps Miles ( km ) 1928 May 30 Louis Meyer Alden Sampson , II Miller Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 01 : 33.725 99.482 mph ( 160.101 km / h ) Miller Alden Sampson , II 1929 May 30 Ray Keech M.A. Yagle Miller Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 07 : 25.458 97.585 mph ( 157.048 km / h ) Simplex Piston Ring Yagle 1930 May 30 Billy Arnold Harry Hartz Summers Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 58 : 39.720 100.448 mph ( 161.655 km / h ) Miller Hartz 1931 May 30 Louis Schneider B.L. Schneider Stevens Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 10 : 27.948 96.629 mph ( 155.509 km / h ) Bowes Seal Fast Schneider 1932 May 30 Fred Frame Harry Hartz Wetteroth Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 48 : 03.761 104.144 mph ( 167.604 km / h ) Miller - Harry Hartz 1933 May 30 Louis Meyer Louis Meyer Miller Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 48 : 00.774 104.162 mph ( 167.632 km / h ) Tydol / Louis Meyer 1934 May 30 Bill Cummings H.C. Henning Miller Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 46 : 05.254 104.863 mph ( 168.761 km / h ) Boyle Products Henning 1935 May 30 Kelly Petillo Kelly Petillo Wetteroth Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 42 : 22.771 106.240 mph ( 170.977 km / h ) Gilmore Speedway Petillo 1936 May 30 Louis Meyer Louis Meyer Stevens Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 35 : 03.314 109.069 mph ( 175.530 km / h ) Ring Free Lou Meyer 1937 May 31 Wilbur Shaw Wilbur Shaw Shaw Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 24 : 07.861 113.580 mph ( 182.789 km / h ) Shaw - Gilmore 1938 May 30 Floyd Roberts Lou Moore Wetteroth Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 15 : 58.362 117.200 mph ( 188.615 km / h ) Burd Piston Ring Lou Moore 1939 May 30 Wilbur Shaw Boyle Racing Headquarters Maserati Maserati 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 20 : 47.412 115.035 mph ( 185.131 km / h ) Boyle Racing Headquarters 1940 May 30 Wilbur Shaw Boyle Racing Headquarters Maserati Maserati 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 22 : 31.201 114.277 mph ( 183.911 km / h ) Boyle Racing Headquarters 1941 May 30 Floyd Davis Lou Moore Wetteroth Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 20 : 36.266 115.117 mph ( 185.263 km / h ) Noc - Out Hose Clamp Moore Mauri Rose 1942 No race held due to World War II 1943 1944 1945 Hulman / George Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1946 -- 1955 ) ( edit ) Year Date Driver Team / Owner Chassis Engine Tire Race Distance Time Average Speed ( mph ) ( km / h ) Car Name Laps Miles ( km ) 1946 May 30 George Robson Thorne Engineering Adams Sparks 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 21 : 16.711 114.820 184.785 Thorne Engineering 1947 May 30 Mauri Rose Lou Moore Deidt Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 17 : 52.159 116.338 187.228 Blue Crown Spark Plug Moore 1948 May 31 Mauri Rose Lou Moore Deidt Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 10 : 23.286 119.814 192.822 Blue Crown Spark Plug Moore 1949 May 30 Bill Holland Lou Moore Deidt Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 07 : 15.939 121.327 195.257 Blue Crown Spark Plug Moore 1950 May 30 Johnnie Parsons Kurtis Kraft Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser 138 * 345 miles ( 555 km ) 2 : 46 : 55.967 124.002 199.562 Wynn 's Friction Kurtis - Kraft 1951 May 30 Lee Wallard Murrell Belanger Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 57 : 38.103 126.244 203.170 Murrell Belanger 1952 May 30 Troy Ruttman J.C. Agajanian Kuzma Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 52 : 41.930 128.922 207.480 J.C. Agajanian 1953 May 30 Bill Vukovich Howard B. Keck Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 53 : 01.668 128.740 207.187 Fuel Injection Howard Keck 1954 May 31 Bill Vukovich Howard B. Keck Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 49 : 17.261 130.840 210.567 Fuel Injection Howard Keck 1955 May 30 Bob Sweikert John Zink Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 53 : 59.576 128.213 206.339 John Zink Hulman / George Era -- USAC sanctioning ( 1956 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) Year Date Driver Team / Owner Chassis Engine Tire Race Distance Time Average Speed ( mph ) ( km / h ) Car Name Laps Miles ( km ) 1956 May 30 Pat Flaherty John Zink Watson Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 53 : 28.872 128.490 206.785 John Zink 1957 May 30 Sam Hanks George Salih Salih Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 41 : 14.238 135.601 218.229 Belond Exhaust George Salih 1958 May 30 Jimmy Bryan George Salih Salih Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 44 : 21.064 133.791 215.316 Belong AP George Salih 1959 May 30 Rodger Ward Leader Cards Watson Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 40 : 47.470 135.857 218.641 Leader Cards 500 Roadster 1960 May 30 Jim Rathmann Ken - Paul Watson Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 36 : 11.384 138.767 223.324 Ken - Paul 1961 May 30 A.J. Foyt Bignotti - Bowes Racing Trevis Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 35 : 37.540 139.130 223.908 Bowes Seal Fast Bignotti 1962 May 30 Rodger Ward Leader Cards Watson Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 33 : 50.291 140.293 225.780 Leader Cards 500 Roadster 1963 May 30 Parnelli Jones J.C. Agajanian Watson Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 29 : 35.365 143.137 230.357 J.C. Agajanian Willard Battery 1964 May 30 A.J. Foyt Ansted - Thompson Racing Watson Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 23 : 35.813 147.350 237.137 Sheraton - Thompson Ansted 1965 May 31 Jim Clark Team Lotus Lotus Ford 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 19 : 05.370 150.686 242.506 Lotus powered by Ford 1966 May 30 Graham Hill Mecom Racing Team Lola Ford 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 27 : 52.543 144.317 232.256 American Red Ball Mecom 1967 May 30 -- 31 A.J. Foyt Ansted - Thompson Racing Coyote Ford 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 18 : 24.211 151.207 243.344 Sheraton - Thompson Ansted 1968 May 30 Bobby Unser Leader Cards Eagle Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 16 : 13.786 152.882 246.040 Rislone Leader Cards 1969 May 30 Mario Andretti STP Corporation Hawk Ford 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 11 : 14.689 156.867 252.453 STP Oil Treatment 1970 May 30 Al Unser Vel 's Parnelli Jones Ford Colt Ford 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 12 : 37.057 155.749 250.654 Johnny Lightning 1971 May 29 Al Unser Vel 's Parnelli Jones Ford Colt Ford 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 10 : 11.545 157.735 253.850 Johnny Lightning 1972 May 27 Mark Donohue Roger Penske Enterprises McLaren Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 04 : 23.851 162.962 262.262 Sunoco McLaren Penske 1973 May 28 -- 30 Gordon Johncock Patrick Racing Team Eagle Offenhauser 133 * 333 miles ( 535 km ) 2 : 05 : 25.320 159.036 255.944 STP Double Oil Filter Patrick May 26 Johnny Rutherford Bruce McLaren Motor Racing McLaren Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 09 : 10.094 158.589 255.224 McLaren Cars May 25 Bobby Unser All American Racers Eagle Offenhauser 174 * 435 miles ( 700 km ) 2 : 54 : 55.064 149.213 240.135 Jorgensen All American Racers 1976 May 30 Johnny Rutherford Bruce McLaren Motor Racing McLaren Offenhauser 102 * 255 miles ( 410 km ) 1 : 42 : 52.466 148.725 239.350 Hy - Gain / McLaren 1977 May 29 A.J. Foyt A.J. Foyt Enterprises Coyote Foyt 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 05 : 57.186 161.331 259.637 Gilmore Racing A.J. Foyt 1978 May 28 Al Unser Chaparral Racing Lola Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 05 : 54.974 161.363 259.689 First National City Chaparral 1979 May 27 Rick Mears Penske Racing Penske Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 08 : 47.950 158.899 255.723 The Gould Charge Penske 1980 May 25 Johnny Rutherford Chaparral Racing Chaparral Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 29 : 59.572 142.862 229.914 Pennzoil Chaparral Racing 1981 May 24 Bobby Unser Penske Racing Penske Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 35 : 41.819 139.084 223.834 The Norton Spirit Penske 1982 May 30 Gordon Johncock STP Patrick Racing Team Wildcat Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 05 : 09.122 162.029 260.760 STP Oil Treatment Patrick May 29 Tom Sneva Bignotti - Cotter March Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 05 : 03.092 162.117 260.902 Texaco Star Bignotti - Cotter 1984 May 27 Rick Mears Penske Cars March Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 03 : 21.638 163.612 263.308 Pennzoil Z - 7 Penske 1985 May 26 Danny Sullivan Penske Cars March Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 16 : 06.090 152.982 246.201 Miller American Penske 1986 May 31 Bobby Rahal Truesports March Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 55 : 43.457 170.722 274.750 Budweiser Truesports May 24 Al Unser Penske Racing , Incorporated March Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 04 : 59.121 162.175 260.995 Cummins - Holset Penske 1988 May 29 Rick Mears Penske Racing , Incorporated Penske Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 27 : 10.167 144.809 233.047 Pennzoil Z - 7 Penske 1989 May 28 Emerson Fittipaldi Patrick Racing , Incorporated Penske Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 59 : 01.074 167.581 269.695 Marlboro Patrick Racing 1990 May 27 Arie Luyendyk Doug Shierson Racing Lola Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 41 : 18.404 185.981 299.307 Domino 's Pizza Shierson 1991 May 26 Rick Mears Penske Racing , Incorporated Penske Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 50 : 00.791 176.457 283.980 Marlboro Penske Chevy 91 1992 May 24 Al Unser Jr . Galles - Kraco Racing Galmer Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 43 : 05.148 134.477 216.420 Valvoline Galmer 92 1993 May 30 Emerson Fittipaldi Penske Racing , Incorporated Penske Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 10 : 49.860 157.207 253.000 Marlboro Penske Chevy ' 93 1994 May 29 Al Unser Jr . Penske Racing , Incorporated Penske Mercedes - Benz 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 06 : 29.006 160.872 258.898 Marlboro Penske Mercedes 1995 May 28 Jacques Villeneuve Team Green Reynard Ford Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 15 : 17.561 153.616 247.221 Player 's LTD / Team Green Hulman / George Era -- INDYCAR sanctioning ( 1996 -- present ) ( edit ) Year Date Driver Team / Owner Chassis Engine Tire Race Distance Time Average Speed ( mph ) ( km / h ) Car Name Laps Miles ( km ) May 26 Buddy Lazier Hemelgarn Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 22 : 45.753 147.956 238.112 Delta Faucet / Montana Hemelgarn 1997 May 26 -- 27 Arie Luyendyk Treadway Racing G Force Oldsmobile 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 25 : 43.388 145.827 234.686 Wavephore / Sprint PCS Miller Lite / Provimi 1998 May 24 Eddie Cheever Jr . Team Cheever Dallara Oldsmobile 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 26 : 40.524 145.155 233.604 Rachel 's Potato Chips 1999 May 30 Kenny Bräck A.J. Foyt Enterprises Dallara Oldsmobile 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 15 : 51.182 153.176 246.513 A.J. Foyt PowerTeam Racing 2000 May 28 Juan Pablo Montoya Chip Ganassi Racing G Force Oldsmobile 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 58 : 59.431 167.607 269.737 Target 2001 May 27 Hélio Castroneves Marlboro Team Penske Dallara Oldsmobile 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 31 : 54.180 141.574 227.841 Team Penske 2002 May 26 Hélio Castroneves Marlboro Team Penske Dallara Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 00 : 10.871 166.499 267.954 Marlboro Team Penske 2003 May 25 Gil de Ferran Marlboro Team Penske Panoz G Force Toyota 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 11 : 56.989 156.291 251.526 Marlboro Team Penske May 30 Buddy Rice Rahal Letterman Racing Panoz G Force Honda 180 * 450 miles ( 724 km ) 3 : 14 : 55.2395 138.518 222.923 Rahal - Letterman Argent / Pioneer 2005 May 29 Dan Wheldon Andretti Green Racing Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 10 : 21.0769 157.603 253.637 Klein Tools / Jim Beam 2006 May 28 Sam Hornish Jr . Marlboro Team Penske Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 10 : 58.7590 157.085 252.804 Marlboro Team Penske 2007 May 27 Dario Franchitti Andretti Green Racing Dallara Honda 166 * 415 miles ( 668 km ) 2 : 44 : 03.5608 151.774 244.257 Canadian Club 2008 May 25 Scott Dixon Chip Ganassi Racing Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 28 : 57.6792 143.567 231.049 Target Chip Ganassi Racing 2009 May 24 Hélio Castroneves Marlboro Team Penske Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 19 : 34.6427 150.318 241.913 Team Penske May 30 Dario Franchitti Chip Ganassi Racing Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 05 : 37.0131 161.623 260.107 Target Chip Ganassi Racing 2011 May 29 Dan Wheldon Bryan Herta Autosport Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 56 : 11.7267 170.265 274.015 William Rast - Curb / Big Machine 2012 May 27 Dario Franchitti Chip Ganassi Racing Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 58 : 51.2532 167.734 269.934 Target Chip Ganassi Racing 2013 May 26 Tony Kanaan KV Racing Technology Dallara Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 40 : 03.4181 187.433 301.644 Hydroxycut KV Racing Technology - SH Racing 2014 May 25 Ryan Hunter - Reay Andretti Autosport Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 40 : 48.2305 186.563 300.244 DHL Express 2015 May 24 Juan Pablo Montoya Team Penske Dallara Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 05 : 56.5286 161.341 259.653 Verizon Wireless 2016 May 29 Alexander Rossi Bryan Herta Autosport / Andretti Autosport Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 00 : 02.0872 166.634 268.171 National Automotive Parts Association 2017 May 28 Takuma Sato Andretti Autosport Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 13 : 03.3584 155.395 250.084 Panasonic / Ruoff Home Mortgage * * Race rain - shortened Driver statistics ( edit ) Active driver victories ( edit ) Wins Driver Years Hélio Castroneves 2001 2002 2009 Juan Pablo Montoya 2000 2015 Buddy Lazier Scott Dixon 2008 Tony Kanaan 2013 Ryan Hunter - Reay 2014 Alexander Rossi 2016 Takuma Sato 2017 Multiple victories ( edit ) Multiple driver victories Nineteen of seventy race - winning drivers , 27.14 % , have won the race more than once . Wins Driver Years A.J. Foyt 1961 1964 1967 1977 Al Unser , Sr . 1970 1971 1978 Rick Mears 1979 1984 1988 1991 Louis Meyer 1928 1933 1936 Wilbur Shaw 1937 1939 1940 Mauri Rose 1941 1947 1948 Johnny Rutherford 1976 1980 Bobby Unser 1968 1981 Hélio Castroneves 2001 2002 2009 Dario Franchitti 2007 2012 Tommy Milton 1921 1923 Bill Vukovich 1953 1954 Rodger Ward 1959 1962 Gordon Johncock 1973 1982 Emerson Fittipaldi 1989 1993 Al Unser , Jr . 1992 1994 Arie Luyendyk 1990 1997 Dan Wheldon 2005 2011 Juan Pablo Montoya 2000 2015 Consecutive victories ( edit ) Wins Driver Years Wilbur Shaw 1939 -- 1940 Mauri Rose 1947 -- 1948 Bill Vukovich 1953 -- 1954 Al Unser , Sr . 1970 -- 1971 Hélio Castroneves 2001 -- 2002 Rookie winners ( inaugural race inclusive ) ( edit ) Year Driver 1911 Ray Harroun 1913 Jules Goux 1914 René Thomas 1926 Frank Lockhart 1927 George Souders 1966 Graham Hill 2000 Juan Pablo Montoya 2001 Hélio Castroneves 2016 Alexander Rossi * Louis Meyer won in his first start in 1928 , but had served as a relief driver , and thus running laps in competition , the year before . Nationalities of non-American winners ( edit ) Rank Nation National Wins Drivers Driver Wins United Kingdom 8 Dario Franchitti 2007 2012 Dan Wheldon 2005 2011 George Robson 1946 Jim Clark 1965 Graham Hill 1966 Brazil 7 Hélio Castroneves 2001 2002 2009 Emerson Fittipaldi 1989 1993 Gil de Ferran 2003 Tony Kanaan 2013 France Jules Goux 1913 René Thomas 1914 Gaston Chevrolet 1920 Italy Ralph DePalma 1915 Dario Resta 1916 Mario Andretti 1969 5 Netherlands Arie Luyendyk 1990 1997 Colombia Juan Pablo Montoya 2000 2015 7 Canada Jacques Villeneuve 1995 Sweden Kenny Bräck 1999 New Zealand Scott Dixon 2008 Japan Takuma Sato 2017 ( a ) American national ( b ) Brazilian national ( c ) British national Race and National Championship victories in same year ( edit ) Year Driver Championship Sanctioning Body * 1920 Gaston Chevrolet AAA Contest Board 1921 Tommy Milton 1922 Jimmy Murphy 1925 Peter DePaolo 1928 Louis Meyer 1930 Billy Arnold 1931 Louis Schneider 1933 Louis Meyer 1934 Bill Cummings 1935 Kelly Petillo 1937 Wilbur Shaw 1938 Floyd Roberts 1939 Wilbur Shaw 1955 Bob Sweikert 1959 Rodger Ward USAC 1961 A.J. Foyt 1962 Rodger Ward 1964 A.J. Foyt 1967 A.J. Foyt 1968 Bobby Unser 1969 Mario Andretti 1970 Al Unser 1979 Rick Mears SCCA / CART 1980 Johnny Rutherford CART 1986 Bobby Rahal 1989 Emerson Fittipaldi 1994 Al Unser , Jr . 1995 Jacques Villeneuve 2005 Dan Wheldon IndyCar 2006 Sam Hornish , Jr . 2007 Dario Franchitti 2008 Scott Dixon Dario Franchitti * From 1979 -- 1995 , the Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race and the American Open Wheel National Championship were sanctioned by separate organizations , USAC and CART , respectively . From 1980 -- 1995 , winners of a USAC Gold Crown Championship were officially declared . From 1985 onwards , the Indianapolis 500 was the only race on the Gold Crown calendar . The winner of the Indianapolis 500 would be the Gold Crown champion ; as such championship consisted solely of Indianapolis , Gold Crown winners from 1985 to 1995 are indistinguishable from Indianapolis winners in those same years . Winning drivers who did not start next race ( edit ) Year Won Driver Reason For Not Starting 1911 Ray Harroun Retired for second and final time in victory lane 1912 Joe Dawson Unknown ; returned , 1914 1914 René Thomas World War I service in France ; returned , 1919 1915 Ralph DePalma Inadmissible ( late ) entry application , 1916 , after facility management 's rejection of appearance - fee requirement ; returned , 1919 1916 Dario Resta Business interests ; returned , 1923 1920 Gaston Chevrolet Fatal motorsports accident , Beverly Hills Speedway , 25 November 1920 1924 Lora L. Corum Unknown ; returned , 1926 Joe Boyer Fatal motorsports accident , Altoona Speedway , 2 September 1924 1929 Ray Keech Fatal motorsports accident , Altoona Speedway , 15 June 1929 1935 Kelly Petillo Unknown ; returned , 1937 1941 Floyd Davis Unknown 1946 George Robson Fatal motorsports accident , Lakewood Speedway , 2 September 1946 1951 Lee Wallard Career - ending motorsports accident , shortly after victory 1952 Troy Ruttman Sprint car crash injury , August 1952 ; returned , 1954 1956 Pat Flaherty Severe injury , motorsports accident , Illinois State Fairgrounds , 18 August 1956 ; returned , 1959 1957 Sam Hanks Retired in victory lane 1981 Bobby Unser Semi-retired ; served as team manager for Josele Garza ; retired permanently in 1983 1994 Al Unser , Jr . Did not qualify ; returned , 2000 ( CART - IRL split ) 1995 Jacques Villeneuve Drove in Formula One ; returned , 2014 1999 Kenny Bräck Drove in CART ; returned , 2002 2000 Juan Pablo Montoya Drove in Formula One ; raced at IMS in the United States Grand Prix , 2001 -- 06 and Brickyard 400 , 2007 -- 2013 ; returned , 2014 2003 Gil de Ferran Retired at the conclusion of 2003 IRL season ; returned as a car owner for 2010 season . Buddy Rice Practice session crash injury , back injury ; replaced by Kenny Bräck ; returned , 2006 2007 Dario Franchitti Injured in NASCAR Nationwide Series Aaron 's 312 at Talladega ; returned , 2009 2011 Dan Wheldon Fatal motorsports accident , Las Vegas Motor Speedway , 16 October 2011 Davis was relieved by Mauri Rose on Lap 72 . Rose competed in the next 500 in 1946 . Franchitti had signed with Chip Ganassi Racing to run a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season for Ganassi in 2008 , but was injured April 25 at the Aaron 's 312 Nationwide Series race . That team shut down in July 2008 because of sponsorship issues , and Franchitti returned to the IRL with Ganassi in time for the exhibition race in Surfers Paradise , racing the full season in 2009 . Owners ( edit ) Wins Entrant ( Owner ) Victories 16 Penske Racing ( Roger Penske ) 1972 1979 1981 1984 1985 1988 1991 1993 1994 2001 2002 2003 2006 2009 2015 6 Team Green / Andretti Green Racing / Andretti Autosport / Andretti Herta Autosport 1995 2005 2007 2014 2016 2017 5 Lou Moore 1938 1941 1947 1948 1949 Chip Ganassi Racing ( Chip Ganassi ) 2000 2008 2012 A.J. Foyt Enterprises ( A.J. Foyt ) 1967 1977 1999 Leader Cards Racing ( Bob Wilke ) 1959 1962 1968 Patrick Racing ( Pat Patrick ) 1973 1982 1989 Peugeot Auto Racing Company 1913 1916 Duesenberg Automobile & Motors Company 1924 1925 Harry Hartz 1930 1932 Louis Meyer 1933 1936 Boyle Racing Headquarters 1939 1940 Howard B. Keck 1953 1954 John Zink 1955 1956 George Salih 1957 1958 J.C. Agajanian 1952 1963 Vel 's Parnelli Jones Racing ( Parnelli Jones & Velco Miletich ) 1970 1971 McLaren 1976 Chaparral Cars ( Jim Hall ) 1978 1980 Driver / Owners ( edit ) Driver / Owner victories Combined Wins Winner Victories Driver Driver - Owner Owner 5 A.J. Foyt 1961 1964 1967 1977 1999 Louis Meyer 1928 1933 1936 Wilbur Shaw 1939 1940 1937 Parnelli Jones 1963 1970 1971 Bobby Rahal 1986 Jimmy Murphy 1922 Kelly Petillo 1935 Eddie Cheever 1998 Constructors and suppliers ( edit ) Chassis ( edit ) Wins Chassis Victories * 17 * Dallara 1998 1999 2001 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 7 Penske 1979 1981 1988 1989 1991 1993 1994 6 Miller 1923 1926 1928 1929 1933 1934 Watson 1956 1959 1960 1962 1963 1964 5 Kurtis Kraft 1950 1951 1953 1954 1955 March 1984 1985 1986 Duesenberg 1922 1924 1925 1927 Wetteroth 1932 1935 1938 1941 Panoz / G Force 1997 2000 2003 Deidt 1947 1948 1949 Eagle 1968 1973 McLaren 1972 1976 Lola 1966 1978 1990 Peugeot 1913 1916 Frontenac 1920 1921 Stevens 1931 1936 Maserati 1939 1940 Salih 1957 1958 Colt 1970 1971 Coyote 1967 1977 Reynard 1995 Marmon 1911 National 1912 Delage 1914 Mercedes 1915 Premier 1919 Summers 1930 Shaw 1937 Adams 1946 Kuzma 1952 Trevis 1961 Lotus 1965 Brawner Hawk 1969 Chaparral 1980 Wildcat 1982 Galmer 1992 * Chassis mandatory for all entries , 2012 -- present * Engines ( edit ) Wins Engine Victories 27 Offenhauser 1935 1937 1941 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1968 1972 1973 1976 12 Miller 1922 1923 1926 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1936 1938 Honda 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2014 2016 2017 10 Cosworth 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 9 Chevrolet 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 2002 2013 2015 8 Ford * 1965 1966 1967 1969 1970 1971 1995 5 Oldsmobile 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Duesenberg 1924 1925 1927 Peugeot 1913 1916 Frontenac 1920 1921 Maserati 1939 1940 Mercedes - Benz 1915 1994 Marmon 1911 National 1912 Delage 1914 Premier 1919 Sparks 1946 Foyt 1977 Toyota 2003 * 1995 and 1996 races won by engines developed by Cosworth but badged as `` Ford - Cosworth '' and nominally considered Ford Motor Company products ; thus counted as Ford entries , in accordance with a 1992 arrangement mirroring that of `` Ford - Cosworth '' Formula One engines . Tires ( edit ) Wins Tire Victories 68 1911 1913 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1969 1970 1971 1997 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 29 1919 1967 1968 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 1999 BF 1915 1916 1912 1914 Miscellanea ( edit ) Winning starting positions ( edit ) Entries starting from the first row have won forty - two out of one hundred one races , 41.6 % . Chronological ( edit ) 1910 's Pos . 1920 's Pos . 1930 's Pos . 1940 's Pos . 1950 's Pos . 1960 's Pos . 1970 's Pos . 1980 's Pos . 1990 's Pos . 2000 's Pos . 2010 's Pos . 1911 28 1921 20 1931 13 1941 17 1951 1961 7 1971 5 1981 1991 2001 11 2011 6 1912 7 1922 1932 27 1942 1952 7 1962 1972 1982 5 1992 12 2002 13 2012 16 1913 7 1923 1933 6 1943 1953 1963 1973 11 1993 9 2003 10 2013 12 1914 15 1924 21 1934 10 1944 1954 19 1964 5 25 1984 1994 2014 19 1915 1925 12 1935 22 1945 1955 14 1965 1985 8 1995 5 2005 16 2015 15 1916 1926 15 1936 28 1946 15 1956 1966 15 1976 1986 5 2006 2016 11 1917 1927 22 1937 1947 1957 13 1967 1977 20 1997 2007 2017 1918 1928 13 1938 1948 1958 7 1968 1978 5 1988 1998 17 2008 2018 1919 1929 6 1939 1949 1959 6 1969 1979 1989 1999 8 2009 2019 1920 6 1930 1940 1950 5 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 By starting position ( edit ) Pos . Wins Years : 1 ( Pole ) 20 1922 1923 1930 1938 1953 1956 1963 1970 1976 1979 1980 1981 1988 1991 1994 1997 2006 2008 2009 11 1915 1919 1925 1937 1940 1951 1960 1962 1965 1969 2000 11 1939 1947 1948 1968 1972 1984 1989 1990 2007 7 1916 1949 1967 1977 1986 2017 5 7 1950 1964 1971 1978 1982 1995 6 5 1920 1929 1933 1959 2011 7 5 1912 1913 1952 1958 1961 8 1985 1999 9 1993 10 1934 2003 11 1973 2001 2016 12 1992 2013 13 1928 1931 1957 2002 14 1955 15 1914 1946 1966 2015 16 2005 2012 17 1941 1998 18 0 ( Best finish , second : 1920 , 2009 , 2010 ) 19 1954 2014 20 1921 1926 21 1924 22 1927 1935 23 0 ( Best finish , second : 1933 ) 24 0 ( Best finish , fourth : 1967 , 1969 , 1972 , 1995 , 2009 ) 25 26 0 ( Best finish , third : 1956 , 1960 ) 27 1932 28 1911 1936 29 0 ( Best finish , second : 1911 , 2002 ) 30 0 ( Best finish , fourth : 1936 ) 31 0 ( Best finish , fourth : 1951 ) 32 0 ( Best finish , second : 1957 , 1981 ) 33 0 ( Best finish , second : 1980 , 1992 ) 34 - 42 0 Winning car numbers ( edit ) Chronological ( edit ) 1910 's No . 1920 's No . 1930 's No . 1940 's No . 1950 's No . 1960 's No . 1970 's No . 1980 's No . 1990 's No . 2000 's No . 2010 's No . 1911 32 1921 1931 23 1941 16 1951 99 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 68 2011 98 1912 8 1922 35 1932 34 1942 1952 98 1962 1972 66 1982 20 1992 2002 2012 50 1913 16 1923 1933 36 1943 1953 14 1963 98 1973 20 5 1993 2003 6 2013 11 1914 16 1924 15 1934 7 1944 1954 14 1964 1984 6 1994 31 15 2014 28 1915 1925 12 1935 5 1945 1955 6 1965 82 48 1985 5 1995 27 2005 26 2015 1916 17 1926 15 1936 8 1946 16 1956 8 1966 24 1976 1986 91 2006 6 2016 98 1917 1927 32 1937 6 1947 27 1957 9 1967 14 1977 14 25 1997 5 2007 27 2017 26 1918 1928 14 1938 23 1948 1958 1968 1978 1988 5 1998 51 2008 9 2018 1919 1929 1939 1949 7 1959 5 1969 1979 9 1989 20 1999 14 2009 2019 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 30 2000 9 10 2020 By number ( edit ) No . Wins Years : 1 * 7 * 1923 1940 1950 1958 1961 1964 1971 9 1915 1921 1929 1939 1969 1970 1976 1978 2015 11 1919 1948 1962 1968 1981 1986 1991 1992 2002 2009 5 1920 1930 1960 1980 1993 5 6 1935 1959 1985 1988 1997 6 5 1937 1955 1984 2003 2006 7 1934 1949 8 1912 1936 1956 9 1957 1979 2000 2008 10 11 2013 12 1925 13 0 14 6 1928 1953 1954 1967 1977 1999 15 1924 1926 16 1913 1914 1941 1946 17 1916 18 0 19 0 20 1973 1982 1989 21 0 22 0 23 1931 1938 24 1966 25 26 2005 2017 27 1947 1995 2007 28 2014 29 0 30 1990 31 1994 32 1911 1927 33 0 34 1932 35 1922 36 1933 37 0 38 0 39 0 40 0 41 0 42 0 43 0 44 0 45 0 46 0 47 0 48 49 0 50 2012 No . Wins Years : 51 1998 52 0 53 0 54 0 55 0 56 0 57 0 58 0 59 0 60 0 61 0 62 0 63 0 64 0 65 0 66 1972 67 0 68 2001 69 0 70 0 71 0 72 0 73 0 74 0 75 0 76 0 77 0 78 0 79 0 80 0 81 0 82 1965 83 0 84 0 85 0 86 0 87 0 88 0 89 0 90 0 91 92 0 93 0 94 0 95 0 96 0 97 0 98 1952 1963 2011 2016 99 1951 0 0 No . Wins Years : 00 0 01 0 02 0 03 0 04 0 05 0 06 0 07 0 08 0 09 0 The race winners in 1975 , 1999 , 2010 and 2012 were all entitled to have car number 1 as defending series champions , but chose not to use it . Notes ( edit ) De Palma is usually shown as American , but his application for a United States passport ( available at ( 1 ) ) reveals that he did not become a US citizen until 1920 . Resta was an Italian - born naturalized Briton . The 1916 race was scheduled for 300 miles . Chevrolet was French - born and held Swiss citizenship . It is uncertain if he became a United States citizen before his death . Corum started the 1924 race in the car . During the race , Boyer took over in relief and drove the car to victory . As a result , the two drivers were declared co-winners . Davis started the 1941 race in the car . During the race , Rose took over in relief and drove the car to victory . As a result , the two drivers were declared co-winners . Robson was born in England , emigrated first to Canada and then to the United States . He became a United States citizen in 1937 . Andretti was an Italian - born naturalized American . The 2013 race holds the record for the fastest average speed . Gil de Ferran was French born . Mauri Rose was co-winner with Floyd Davis in 1941 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LA Times Indianapolis 500 trivia '' . latimes.com . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis 500 trivia '' . indianapolismotorspeedway.com . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Victory Banquet awards drivers '' . wthr.com . WTHR . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Granny 's quilts keep Indy 500 winners warm '' . motorsport.com . Motorsport.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1911 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1912 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1913 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1915 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1916 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1919 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1920 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1921 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1922 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1923 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1925 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1927 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1929 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1931 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1932 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1933 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1935 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1936 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1940 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . 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Indianapolis 500 Track and race information Track Indianapolis Motor Speedway Race results IMS Museum Statistics Winners Pole - sitters Lap leaders Rookie of the Year Fatalities Firsts Pace cars Records Fastest laps By year Scott Brayton Award Louis Schwitzer Award Pit Stop Challenge Drivers List of drivers Non-qualifying drivers Female participants African - American participants Sanctioning bodies AAA Contest Board ( 1909 -- 1955 ) FIA ( 1950 -- 1960 ) USAC ( 1956 -- 1997 ) INDYCAR ( 1998 -- present ) Ownership Carl Fisher James Allison Arthur Newby Frank A. Wheeler Eddie Rickenbacker Tony Hulman Wilbur Shaw Mary F. Hulman Mari Hulman George Tony George Joie Chitwood Jeff Belskus Hulman & Company Officials Charlie Merz Tommy Milton Harry McQuinn Harlan Fengler Tom Binford Brian Barnhart Broadcasting Radio Bill Slater Sid Collins Paul Page Lou Palmer Bob Jenkins Mike King Donald Davidson Television Jim McKay Jackie Stewart Chris Schenkel Chris Economaki Sam Posey Jack Arute Jim Lampley Paul Page Bob Jenkins Todd Harris Marty Reid Allen Bestwick Other Tom Carnegie Robin Miller Ron McQueeney Related events Month of May Mini-Marathon IndyCar Grand Prix Indy Lights road course Freedom 100 Brickyard 400 Brickyard 400 Lilly Diabetes 250 Other U.S. Grand Prix Red Bull Grand Prix Triple Crown of Motorsport Brickyard Grand Prix Brickyard Sports Car Challenge IROC at Indy Indy Legends Charity Pro -- Am race Red Bull Air Race of Indianapolis Golf at IMS Champions Tour PGA Tour LPGA Tour Related area Town of Speedway Indianapolis Sports in Indianapolis Indiana Fairgrounds ( Hoosier Hundred ) Lucas Oil Raceway ( Carb Night Classic ) Lore Riding mechanic Andretti Curse Borg - Warner Trophy Indy / Charlotte `` Double Duty '' Entertainment Traditions Jigger Award 100 mph Club The Greatest 33 Jim Nabors Straight No Chaser Turbo Notable races The First 500 De Palma 's Heartbreaker Good Wine The Indy 300 First two - time winner 100 MPH Will Overhead First three - time winner Tony Hulman to the Rescue `` E-Z '' The youngest winner The Vukovich Accident Ward / Rathmann Duel British Invasion Sachs / MacDonald Tragedy The Turbine Mario 's Only Win A Race to Forget The Deluge The Glorious Fourth The first `` Split '' The Great Dispute Johncock & Mears Spin and Win The rainout The oldest winner Million Dollar Meeting The Closest Finish Orange juice instead of Milk Mercedes - Benz 500I Indy 505 The `` Split '' The Millenium 500 Racing vs. Rain Danicamania Uncrowned champion Centennial Anniversary The Fastest 500 Montoya Fifteen years later The 100th 500 Indianapolis 500 race summaries and box scores 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 No races held 1917 -- 1918 or 1942 -- 1945 due to World War I and World War II , respectively . Indianapolis 500 winners Drivers Four - time A.J. Foyt Rick Mears Al Unser , Sr . Three - time Hélio Castroneves Dario Franchitti Louis Meyer Mauri Rose Johnny Rutherford Wilbur Shaw Bobby Unser Two - time Emerson Fittipaldi Gordon Johncock Arie Luyendyk Tommy Milton Juan Pablo Montoya Al Unser , Jr . Bill Vukovich Rodger Ward Dan Wheldon One - time Mario Andretti Billy Arnold Joe Boyer Kenny Bräck Jimmy Bryan Eddie Cheever Gaston Chevrolet Jim Clark Lora L. Corum Bill Cummings Floyd Davis Joe Dawson Gil de Ferran Pat Flaherty Fred Frame Ralph DePalma Pete DePaolo Scott Dixon Mark Donohue Jules Goux Sam Hanks Ray Harroun Graham Hill Bill Holland Sam Hornish , Jr . Ryan Hunter - Reay Parnelli Jones Tony Kanaan Ray Keech Buddy Lazier Frank Lockhart Jimmy Murphy Johnnie Parsons Kelly Petillo Bobby Rahal Jim Rathmann Dario Resta Buddy Rice Floyd Roberts George Robson Alexander Rossi Troy Ruttman Takuma Sato Louis Schneider Tom Sneva George Souders Danny Sullivan Bob Sweikert René Thomas Jacques Villeneuve Lee Wallard Howdy Wilcox Owners J.C. Agajanian Michael Andretti Eddie Cheever Louis Chevrolet A.J. Foyt Chip Ganassi Kim Green Andy Granatelli Dan Gurney Jim Hall Ron Hemelgarn Bryan Herta Parnelli Jones Kevin Kalkhoven Howard Keck Frank Kurtis David Letterman Louis Meyer Lou Moore Jimmy Murphy Pat Patrick Roger Penske Kelly Petillo Bobby Rahal Wilbur Shaw Doug Shierson Fred Treadway Jim Trueman Jimmy Vasser Teams A.J. Foyt Enterprises All American Racers Andretti - Green Racing / Andretti Autosport Bryan Herta Autosport Chaparral Cars Cheever Racing Chip Ganassi Racing Doug Shierson Racing Galles / KRACO Racing Hemelgarn Racing KV Racing Technology McLaren Racing Limited Mecom Racing Team Patrick Racing Penske Racing Rahal Letterman Racing Team Green Team Lotus Treadway Racing Truesports Vel 's Parnelli Jones Racing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indianapolis_500_winners&oldid=831842653 '' Categories : Indianapolis 500 winners Indianapolis 500 - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Hrvatski Magyar Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 13 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has won the indy 500 the most | [
"The first Indianapolis 500 was held in 1911, where Ray Harroun was declared the first winner, driving the Marmon Wasp. The race has been run annually since 1911 (with exceptions during World War I and World War II) and 71 drivers have been crowned champions of the 500-mile race over the course of 101 races. The most race victories held by a single driver is four, which has been accomplished only by A. J. Foyt, Al Unser and Rick Mears. The Indianapolis 500 has also drawn many international drivers to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway over the years, with 26 of the winners coming from outside of the United States, representing nine separate countries. The most recent champion of the Indianapolis 500 is Takuma Sato, winner of the 2017 race.",
"The first Indianapolis 500 was held in 1911, where Ray Harroun was declared the first winner, driving the Marmon Wasp. The race has been run annually since 1911 (with exceptions during World War I and World War II) and 71 drivers have been crowned champions of the 500-mile race over the course of 101 races. The most race victories held by a single driver is four, which has been accomplished only by A. J. Foyt, Al Unser and Rick Mears. The Indianapolis 500 has also drawn many international drivers to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway over the years, with 26 of the winners coming from outside of the United States, representing nine separate countries. The most recent champion of the Indianapolis 500 is Takuma Sato, winner of the 2017 race.",
"The first Indianapolis 500 was held in 1911, where Ray Harroun was declared the first winner, driving the Marmon Wasp. The race has been run annually since 1911 (with exceptions during World War I and World War II) and 71 drivers have been crowned champions of the 500-mile race over the course of 101 races. The most race victories held by a single driver is four, which has been accomplished only by A. J. Foyt, Al Unser and Rick Mears. The Indianapolis 500 has also drawn many international drivers to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway over the years, with 26 of the winners coming from outside of the United States, representing nine separate countries. The most recent champion of the Indianapolis 500 is Takuma Sato, winner of the 2017 race."
] | [
"A. J. Foyt",
"Al Unser",
"Rick Mears"
] |
-6792265032745963946 | The Originals (season 5) | The Originals ( season 5 ) - wikipedia The Originals ( season 5 ) The Originals ( season 5 ) Promotional poster Starring Joseph Morgan Daniel Gillies Phoebe Tonkin Charles Michael Davis Yusuf Gatewood Riley Voelkel Danielle Rose Russell Steven Krueger Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network The CW Original release April 18 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) -- August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of The Originals episodes The Originals , a one - hour American supernatural drama , was renewed for a fifth season by The CW on May 10 , 2017 . The 2016 -- 17 United States television season debut of The Originals was pushed to midseason , as with the fourth season premiere . On July 20 , 2017 , Julie Plec announced via Twitter that the upcoming season would be the series ' last . The fifth season consists of 13 episodes and debuted on April 18 , 2018 . The series finale aired on August 1 , 2018 . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Guest 1.5 Notes 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals characters Main ( edit ) Joseph Morgan as Niklaus `` Klaus '' Mikaelson Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus `` Marcel '' Gerard Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson Danielle Rose Russell as Hope Mikaelson Steven Krueger as Joshua `` Josh '' Rosza Recurring ( edit ) Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson Torrance Coombs as Declan O'Connell Jedidiah Goodacre as Roman Sienna Christina Moses as Keelin Alexis Louder as Lisina Nadine Lewington as Greta Sienna Nicholas Alexander as Henry Benoit Shiva Kalaiselvan as Ivy Jaime Murray as Antoinette Sienna Robert Baker as Emmett Special guest ( edit ) Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson Candice King as Caroline Forbes Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman Leah Pipes as Camille `` Cami '' O'Connell Guest ( edit ) Demetrius Bridges as Dorian Williams Katie Jane Cook as Poppy Summer Fontana as young Hope Mikaelson Rick Espaillat as Pierre Malone Thomas as Colette Jason Burkey as David Jamie Thomas King as August Muller Colin Woodell as Aiden Ian Pala as Max Jimmy Ray Pickens as Bill Allison Gobuzzi as Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Saltzman Bella Samman as Josette `` Josie '' Saltzman Aria Shahghasemi as Landon Kirby Nathan Parsons as Jackson Kenner Sam Ashby as Connor Sebastian Roché as Mikael Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tonkin is credited as a series regular in episodes 1 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 12 , and 13 . In all other episodes , she is not credited and does not appear . Jump up ^ Krueger is credited as a series regular from episode 1 to 10 . From episode 11 to 13 , he is not credited and does not appear . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 80 `` Where You Left Your Heart '' Lance Anderson Marguerite MacIntyre April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) T46. 10001 0.97 Desperate to see by her father Klaus after seven years , Hope resorts to drastic measures to bring her father back to New Orleans . Hayley attempts to minimize the fallout from Hope 's actions , but not before news of what she has done ripples through the city . Meanwhile , Freya 's guilt over not being able to reunite her family gets in the way of her happiness with Keelin , while Rebekah struggles with her inability to fully commit to Marcel . Finally , struggling without Elijah by his side , Klaus 's murderous rampage throughout Europe leads to an unexpected encounter with Caroline Forbes . 81 `` One Wrong Turn on Bourbon '' Carol Banker Carina Adly MacKenzie April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) T46. 10002 1.03 When a mysterious disappearance brings Klaus back to New Orleans , Hope looks forward to the prospect of seeing her father again . However , when the dark magic that had been keeping them apart begins to manifest in dangerous ways across the city , Vincent turns to Ivy for guidance about what it may mean . Elsewhere , Marcel returns to New Orleans amidst increased tensions between the supernatural factions , while Freya makes a decision about her future with Keelin . Finally , Roman 's surprise visit to the Mikaelson compound forces Hope to reveal some dark truths about her family . Josh also appears . 82 `` Ne Me Quitte Pas '' Joseph Morgan K.C. Perry & Michelle Paradise May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) T46. 10003 0.90 With no memories , Elijah moves to New York and meets Antoinette , a female vampire who does not own a daylight ring . In New York , Elijah runs into Marcel who warns him to stay away from New York , due to Rebekah also living there . However , Elijah 's obsession with his past leads to Antoinette breaking things off with him . Elijah decides to move to France to look for her . Flash forward seven years , Elijah has found happiness with his simple life in France and proposes to Antoinette . Just as they are about to celebrate , Klaus arrives and announces his plans to take his brother back . 83 `` Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' Michael Grossman Beau DeMayo & Kyle Arrington May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) T46. 10004 0.76 Klaus ends up threatening the werewolves , witches , and vampires following Hayley 's disappearence . When his attempts to find her fail , he decides to take hostages , including Josh . Although Marcel attempts to calm him down , Klaus 's hostage situation takes a turn for the worse . Meanwhile , Freya visits Hope at the Salvatore School to give her advice about life as a firstborn Mikaelson witch . 84 5 `` Do n't It Just Break Your Heart '' Jeffrey W. Byrd Story by : Bianca Sams & Jeffrey Lieber Teleplay by : Jeffrey Lieber May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) T46. 10005 0.80 Marcel and Klaus stampede the vampire 's household , killing everyone , except Greta , who admits to being the one who kidnapped Hayley . As they bleed her of vervain , she confesses that her husband was killed by Klaus and that Hayley will be delivered to them safely if Hope undergoes the same spell Klaus did to suppress his werewolf side . Marcel contacts Freya , who attempts the spell reluctantly , but Klaus stops it . In France , Antoinette tells Elijah that she had met him before their encounter in New York . Their relationship is strained as Antoinette talks about her father , Auguste , a vampire zealot who slaughtered werewolves , an artist who Elijah and Klaus had threatened in the 1930s . During that time , Klaus ultimately murdered Auguste along with his villagers , claiming that anyone who could pick up a coin laying next to his body would be shown mercy . Auguste 's wife scrambles out of their house and picks up the coin , begging Klaus to show mercy on her , her daughter , and her son -- respectively Greta , Antoinette , and Roman . In the present , Roman and Hope sneak out of the Salvatore School . 85 6 `` What , Will , I , Have , Left '' Charles Michael Davis Marguerite MacIntyre May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) T46. 10006 0.82 With the two of them being cloaked , Roman eventually leads Hope to Hayley where he chains up Hope and defends his mother 's action . Caroline and Klaus also team up to search for her , and on the way reflect on their past . Meanwhile , Freya and Vincent argue about whether they should tell Declan about Hayley 's life , with Vincent being afraid of Declan suffering the same fate as Cami . Vincent keeps quiet after seeing that Declan is related to Cami . Greta visits Antoinette where she convinces Elijah to try to stop Klaus from killing Roman . Hayley eventually agrees to having her werewolf side suppressed , which will cause a beacon so Freya and Vincent can track her . Greta , Elijah , Klaus , and Caroline arrive . Caroline is quickly subdued , Hope ends up passing out from Greta , and Roman stands by and watches as Greta and Hayley duel . Elijah and Klaus manage to take their fight inside the house right as Hayley sacrifices herself to kill Greta . 86 7 `` God 's Gonna Trouble the Water '' Carl Seaton Bianca Sams & Julie Plec June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) T46. 10007 0.77 Elijah and Antoinette visit the army Greta has created . There , Klaus shows up , bites Antoinette and imprisons them both . When Elijah spots her wound , he decides to make an offer to Klaus : Elijah will restore his memory if Klaus gives Antoinette his blood . When Klaus refuses , Elijah asks Marcel and Vincent , who agree . They conduct the spell which ends up failing . Meanwhile , Hope struggles with her mother 's death , blaming herself . Klaus tries to comfort her , via astral projection done by Ivy , but Hope ends up pushing him away . Ivy manages to convince him to stay away from Hope , noting predictions of natural disasters made by a seer in the 1700s , which have all come true . The prediction states that if all of the disasters occur , all of the firstborns in New Orleans will die . Eventually , Hayley 's funeral occurs , with another prediction happening . Klaus briefly stays with Hope before running off to prevent her from harm . On his path , he ends up trapped in a spell that transports him back to the Mikaelson residence where Elijah is also trapped . 87 8 `` The Kindness of Strangers '' Kellie Cyrus Beau DeMayo & Carina Adly MacKenzie June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) T46. 10008 0.86 All of the Mikaelson siblings end up trapped in the Chambre de Chasse as well as Marcel . It is there that they find out they are trapped in a spell with representational magic , each one of them having to find a key to unlock a door . Marcel tells them that Hope is planning to draw The Hollow out of all of their bodies . Kol and Marcel then discover a room that had been gone for over a century , meaning Hope could not have known about its existence . They deduce that it was Freya who cast the spell . She ends up vanishing after advising Klaus to let Hope do the spell . Everyone ends up unlocking the door only to enter Elijah 's consciousness . There , everyone escapes and Elijah retains his memories . This results in him leaving Antoinette to mourn Hayley . 88 9 `` We Have Not Long to Love '' Bethany Rooney K.C. Perry & Michelle Paradise June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) T46. 10009 0.77 Hope blames Elijah for Hayley 's death , disregarding the fact that Elijah had lost his memories then . When the whispers in Hope 's head grow stronger , Hope visits Declan . Elijah is also there . Hope proceeds to release her anger onto Elijah . Hope confesses to Klaus that by hurting Elijah , the whispers in her voice stopped . Meanwhile , the vampires post flyers around the city , warning the werewolves that if they do not evacuate New Orleans , they will be forced out . This threat results in a faceoff between the werewolves and the vampires . When Vincent attempts to burn them , he finally realizes that they have a witch on their side . He realizes that Ivy is in danger and rushes to protect her ; however , it is too late and she dies . 89 10 `` There in the Disappearing Light '' Daniel Gillies Eva McKenna & Jeffrey Lieber July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) T46. 10010 0.77 After many failed attempts to rid Hope of the voices in her head , Klaus tracks down Roman and takes him . Antionette finds out about his abduction and asks Elijah to try to reason with Klaus . Hope ends up torturing Roman but is unwilling to kill him . Elijah comes up with a plan that will help Hope in ridding of the voices . Meanwhile , Marcel manages to track down the extremists but ends up getting captured and drained of his venom . Josh arrives to rescue him and in the process ends up dying . Antoinette gathers up the extremists in a church and Marcel , Hope , Klaus , and Elijah show up . There , Hope releases her anger , quieting the voices . Unbeknownst to them , Declan and Bill , who was finding documents for Declan , were up in the attic , with both of them getting affected by Hope 's magic . Bill has died , causing Hope to trigger her curse . 90 11 `` ' Til the Day I Die '' Geoff Shotz Kyle Arrington & Marguerite MacIntyre July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) T46. 10011 0.68 After Bill 's death , Klaus notices a strange symptom present on Hope . He asks Davina for assistance , who conducts a spell but ends up finding out that Hope 's condition will only worsen and will eventually kill her . Freya takes advantage of the Mikaelson reuniting and decides to have her wedding . Freya ends up asking Rebekah to be the maid of honor , Vincent to be the best man , Kol to officiate , and Elijah to walk her down the aisle . Elijah and Vincent turn down the offer . Elijah reminisces about Andrea , a woman he met in France , who was actually Hayley . After reading a letter from her , Elijah and Klaus decide to ask Freya down the aisle together . Meanwhile , Declan finds out about Marcel and threatens him , saying that he will gather the humans in retaliation . Marcel and Declan eventually come to a truce . 91 12 `` The Tale of Two Wolves '' Rudy Persico Carina Adly MacKenzie & Julie Plec July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) T46. 10012 0.85 To save Hope 's life , Klaus takes her to Mystic Falls with Elijah . There he asks Caroline to help him with the power of her daughters . His plan is to carry out the magic from Hope and to put it in his body . Caroline is not happy about Klaus ' decision but she accepts to help him , but Alaric disagrees , and he only accepts too when Klaus tells them he wants to kill himself after the spell . Hope faints and meets her mother , who shows her she has found peace . Hope wakes up in her father 's arms . At midnight , while Hope is in transition for her first transformation in werewolf , Caroline 's daughters complete the spell . 92 13 `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' Lance Anderson Story by : Julie Plec Teleplay by : Jeffrey Lieber August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) T46. 10013 0.86 Klaus ' attempt to kill himself is interrupted by Hope and he is chained up . He hallucinates Mikael which causes him to break free , and Cami who stops him from killing Hope in time for Elijah to snap his neck . Freya asks Vincent to be a surrogate to start a family , but he declines and intends to leave the city . Kol leaves town , to Rebekah 's displeasure . Klaus awakes to find that Elijah has absorbed some of the magic so he can say goodbyes , though he does not want to . Caroline holds Klaus to his promise to tour New Orleans then share a parting kiss . Marcel , Rebekah , Elijah , Freya , Keelin reminisce on memories of Klaus as they are join by Kol , then Klaus himself . They have dinner and have a wish burning ceremony where Klaus says his goodbyes to everyone , then to Hope separately . Rebekah is promised the cure to vampirism to live her life , then says goodbye to Klaus and Elijah at park bench where Klaus intends to stake himself . Vincent changes his mind to accepting a family with Freya and Keelin , and Marcel tells the vampires to leave the city . Rebekah finally accepts Marcel 's marriage proposal . Elijah reveals his plan to die by Klaus ' side , having already said his goodbyes , as his life 's purpose to redeem Klaus is fulfilled , and he also tells Klaus that whatever lay ahead , they would face it together . They stake each other and begin to turn to ash . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Where You Left Your Heart '' April 18 , 2018 0.4 / 2 0.97 0.3 0.67 0.7 1.64 `` One Wrong Turn on Bourbon '' April 25 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.03 0.4 0.79 0.8 1.82 `` Ne Me Quitte Pas '' May 2 , 2018 0.4 / 2 0.90 0.4 0.91 0.8 1.80 `` Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' May 9 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.76 0.4 0.85 0.7 1.61 5 `` Do n't It Just Break Your Heart '' May 16 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.80 0.4 0.81 0.7 1.61 6 `` What , Will , I , Have , Left '' May 30 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.82 0.3 0.80 0.6 1.62 7 `` God 's Gonna Trouble the Water '' June 6 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.77 0.4 0.79 0.6 1.56 8 `` The Kindness of Strangers '' June 13 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.4 0.93 0.7 1.79 9 `` We Have Not Long to Love '' June 20 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.77 0.4 0.84 0.7 1.61 10 `` There in the Disappearing Light '' July 11 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.77 0.3 0.81 0.6 1.57 11 `` ' Til the Day I Die '' July 18 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.68 0.3 0.72 0.5 1.40 12 `` The Tale of Two Wolves '' July 25 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.85 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' August 1 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.86 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The CW Renews 11 Shows '' . spoilertv.com . May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andy Swift . `` The Originals to End After Season 5 '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ @ julieplec ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` An announcement ... # TheOriginals '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The CW Midseason Schedule Update '' . The Futon Critic . March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals casts Danielle Rose Russell as teenage Hope for season 5 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anop , Nirat ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals -- Season 5 -- Steven Krueger Promoted to Series Regular '' . SpoilerTV.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Plec , Julie ( @ julieplec ) ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` We will see them together . Episode 511 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Originals : Candice King to Appear as TVD 's Caroline in Season Premiere '' . TVLine . February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Psych , Lucifer , Originals , Bold Type , Suits , Handmaid 's , Younger , Casual , Killjoys and More ! '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Pipes , Leah ( @ leahmariepipes ) ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Jig is up ... 😊 `` Leah Pipes Will Return For ' The Originals ' Series Finale www.justjaredjr.com/2017/12/06/leah-pipes-will-return-for-the-originals-series-finale/ ... via @ JustJaredJr '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals Final Season Scoop : Meet the Human Who Catches Hope 's Eye '' . TVLine . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Empire ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts down to series low : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' The Blacklist ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals and ' American Ninja Warrior ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' rerun adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The ESPY Awards ' stay low , all shows hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' encore adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' reruns adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Season Premiere on NBC Leads in Raw Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' triples in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for June 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Tops Scripted Telecasts in Gains Among Total Viewers and Adults 18 - 49 '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Gains Nearly 3 Million More Viewers to Again Dominate Scripted Telecasts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Earns Third Straight Week of Broadcast Network Scripted Leadership in Delayed Viewing Boosts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Concludes its CBS Series Run as Broadcast Network Scripted Leader in Gains for Four Consecutive Weeks '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Originals_(season_5)&oldid=854190386 '' Categories : The Originals Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 15 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | the orginals season 5 episode 6 air date | [
"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)801\"Where You Left Your Heart\"Lance AndersonMarguerite MacIntyreApril 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)T46.100010.97[12]\nDesperate to see by her father Klaus after seven years, Hope resorts to drastic measures to bring her father back to New Orleans. Hayley attempts to minimize the fallout from Hope's actions, but not before news of what she has done ripples through the city. Meanwhile, Freya's guilt over not being able to reunite her family gets in the way of her happiness with Keelin, while Rebekah struggles with her inability to fully commit to Marcel. Finally, struggling without Elijah by his side, Klaus's murderous rampage throughout Europe leads to an unexpected encounter with Caroline Forbes.\n812\"One Wrong Turn on Bourbon\"Carol BankerCarina Adly MacKenzieApril 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)T46.100021.03[13]\nWhen a mysterious disappearance brings Klaus back to New Orleans, Hope looks forward to the prospect of seeing her father again. However, when the dark magic that had been keeping them apart begins to manifest in dangerous ways across the city, Vincent turns to Ivy for guidance about what it may mean. Elsewhere, Marcel returns to New Orleans amidst increased tensions between the supernatural factions, while Freya makes a decision about her future with Keelin. Finally, Roman's surprise visit to the Mikaelson compound forces Hope to reveal some dark truths about her family. Josh also appears.\n823\"Ne Me Quitte Pas\"Joseph MorganK.C. Perry & Michelle ParadiseMay 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)T46.100030.90[14]\nWith no memories, Elijah moves to New York and meets Antoinette, a female vampire who does not own a daylight ring. In New York, Elijah runs into Marcel who warns him to stay away from New York, due to Rebekah also living there. However, Elijah's obsession with his past leads to Antoinette breaking things off with him. Elijah decides to move to France to look for her. Flash forward seven years, Elijah has found happiness with his simple life in France and proposes to Antoinette. Just as they are about to celebrate, Klaus arrives and announces his plans to take his brother back.\n834\"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea\"Michael GrossmanBeau DeMayo & Kyle ArringtonMay 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)T46.100040.76[15]\nKlaus ends up threatening the werewolves, witches, and vampires following Hayley's disappearence. When his attempts to find her fail, he decides to take hostages, including Josh. Although Marcel attempts to calm him down, Klaus's hostage situation takes a turn for the worse. Meanwhile, Freya visits Hope at the Salvatore School to give her advice about life as a firstborn Mikaelson witch.\n845\"Don't It Just Break Your Heart\"Jeffrey W. ByrdStory by : Bianca Sams & Jeffrey Lieber Teleplay by : Jeffrey LieberMay 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)T46.100050.80[16]\nMarcel and Klaus stampede the vampire's household, killing everyone, except Greta, who admits to being the one who kidnapped Hayley. As they bleed her of vervain, she confesses that her husband was killed by Klaus and that Hayley will be delivered to them safely if Hope undergoes the same spell Klaus did to suppress his werewolf side. Marcel contacts Freya, who attempts the spell reluctantly, but Klaus stops it. In France, Antoinette tells Elijah that she had met him before their encounter in New York. Their relationship is strained as Antoinette talks about her father, Auguste, a vampire zealot who slaughtered werewolves, an artist who Elijah and Klaus had threatened in the 1930s. During that time, Klaus ultimately murdered Auguste along with his villagers, claiming that anyone who could pick up a coin laying next to his body would be shown mercy. Auguste's wife scrambles out of their house and picks up the coin, begging Klaus to show mercy on her, her daughter, and her son – respectively Greta, Antoinette, and Roman. In the present, Roman and Hope sneak out of the Salvatore School.\n856\"What, Will, I, Have, Left\"Charles Michael DavisMarguerite MacIntyreMay 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)T46.100060.82[17]\nWith the two of them being cloaked, Roman eventually leads Hope to Hayley where he chains up Hope and defends his mother's action. Caroline and Klaus also team up to search for her, and on the way reflect on their past. Meanwhile, Freya and Vincent argue about whether they should tell Declan about Hayley's life, with Vincent being afraid of Declan suffering the same fate as Cami. Vincent keeps quiet after seeing that Declan is related to Cami. Greta visits Antoinette where she convinces Elijah to try to stop Klaus from killing Roman. Hayley eventually agrees to having her werewolf side suppressed, which will cause a beacon so Freya and Vincent can track her. Greta, Elijah, Klaus, and Caroline arrive. Caroline is quickly subdued, Hope ends up passing out from Greta, and Roman stands by and watches as Greta and Hayley duel. Elijah and Klaus manage to take their fight inside the house right as Hayley sacrifices herself to kill Greta.\n867\"God's Gonna Trouble the Water\"Carl SeatonBianca Sams & Julie PlecJune 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)T46.100070.77[18]\nElijah and Antoinette visit the army Greta has created. There, Klaus shows up, bites Antoinette and imprisons them both. When Elijah spots her wound, he decides to make an offer to Klaus: Elijah will restore his memory if Klaus gives Antoinette his blood. When Klaus refuses, Elijah asks Marcel and Vincent, who agree. They conduct the spell which ends up failing. Meanwhile, Hope struggles with her mother's death, blaming herself. Klaus tries to comfort her, via astral projection done by Ivy, but Hope ends up pushing him away. Ivy manages to convince him to stay away from Hope, noting predictions of natural disasters made by a seer in the 1700s, which have all come true. The prediction states that if all of the disasters occur, all of the firstborns in New Orleans will die. Eventually, Hayley's funeral occurs, with another prediction happening. Klaus briefly stays with Hope before running off to prevent her from harm. On his path, he ends up trapped in a spell that transports him back to the Mikaelson residence where Elijah is also trapped.\n878\"The Kindness of Strangers\"Kellie CyrusBeau DeMayo & Carina Adly MacKenzieJune 13, 2018 (2018-06-13)T46.100080.86[19]\nAll of the Mikaelson siblings end up trapped in the Chambre de Chasse as well as Marcel. It is there that they find out they are trapped in a spell with representational magic, each one of them having to find a key to unlock a door. Marcel tells them that Hope is planning to draw The Hollow out of all of their bodies. Kol and Marcel then discover a room that had been gone for over a century, meaning Hope could not have known about its existence. They deduce that it was Freya who cast the spell. She ends up vanishing after advising Klaus to let Hope do the spell. Everyone ends up unlocking the door only to enter Elijah's consciousness. There, everyone escapes and Elijah retains his memories. This results in him leaving Antoinette to mourn Hayley.\n889\"We Have Not Long to Love\"Bethany RooneyK.C. Perry & Michelle ParadiseJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)T46.100090.77[20]\nHope blames Elijah for Hayley's death, disregarding the fact that Elijah had lost his memories then. When the whispers in Hope's head grow stronger, Hope visits Declan. Elijah is also there. Hope proceeds to release her anger onto Elijah. Hope confesses to Klaus that by hurting Elijah, the whispers in her voice stopped. Meanwhile, the vampires post flyers around the city, warning the werewolves that if they do not evacuate New Orleans, they will be forced out. This threat results in a faceoff between the werewolves and the vampires. When Vincent attempts to burn them, he finally realizes that they have a witch on their side. He realizes that Ivy is in danger and rushes to protect her; however, it is too late and she dies.\n8910\"There in the Disappearing Light\"Daniel GilliesEva McKenna & Jeffrey LieberJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)T46.100100.77[21]\nAfter many failed attempts to rid Hope of the voices in her head, Klaus tracks down Roman and takes him. Antionette finds out about his abduction and asks Elijah to try to reason with Klaus. Hope ends up torturing Roman but is unwilling to kill him. Elijah comes up with a plan that will help Hope in ridding of the voices. Meanwhile, Marcel manages to track down the extremists but ends up getting captured and drained of his venom. Josh arrives to rescue him and in the process ends up dying. Antoinette gathers up the extremists in a church and Marcel, Hope, Klaus, and Elijah show up. There, Hope releases her anger, quieting the voices. Unbeknownst to them, Declan and Bill, who was finding documents for Declan, were up in the attic, with both of them getting affected by Hope's magic. Bill has died, causing Hope to trigger her curse.\n9011\"'Til the Day I Die\"Geoff ShotzKyle Arrington & Marguerite MacIntyreJuly 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)T46.100110.68[22]\nAfter Bill's death, Klaus notices a strange symptom present on Hope. He asks Davina for assistance, who conducts a spell but ends up finding out that Hope's condition will only worsen and will eventually kill her. Freya takes advantage of the Mikaelson reuniting and decides to have her wedding. Freya ends up asking Rebekah to be the maid of honor, Vincent to be the best man, Kol to officiate, and Elijah to walk her down the aisle. Elijah and Vincent turn down the offer. Elijah reminisces about Andrea, a woman he met in France, who was actually Hayley. After reading a letter from her, Elijah and Klaus decide to ask Freya down the aisle together. Meanwhile, Declan finds out about Marcel and threatens him, saying that he will gather the humans in retaliation. Marcel and Declan eventually come to a truce.\n9112\"The Tale of Two Wolves\"Rudy PersicoCarina Adly MacKenzie & Julie PlecJuly 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)T46.100120.85[23]\nTo save Hope's life, Klaus takes her to Mystic Falls with Elijah. There he asks Caroline to help him with the power of her daughters. His plan is to carry out the magic from Hope and to put it in his body. Caroline is not happy about Klaus' decision but she accepts to help him, but Alaric disagrees,and he only accepts too when Klaus tells them he wants to kill himself after the spell. Hope faints and meets her mother, who shows her she has found peace. Hope wakes up in her father's arms. At midnight, while Hope is in transition for her first transformation in werewolf, Caroline's daughters complete the spell.\n9213\"When the Saints Go Marching In\"Lance AndersonStory by : Julie Plec Teleplay by : Jeffrey LieberAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)T46.100130.86[24]\nKlaus' attempt to kill himself is interrupted by Hope and he is chained up. He hallucinates Mikael which causes him to break free, and Cami who stops him from killing Hope in time for Elijah to snap his neck. Freya asks Vincent to be a surrogate to start a family, but he declines and intends to leave the city. Kol leaves town, to Rebekah's displeasure. Klaus awakes to find that Elijah has absorbed some of the magic so he can say goodbyes, though he does not want to. Caroline holds Klaus to his promise to tour New Orleans then share a parting kiss. Marcel, Rebekah, Elijah, Freya, Keelin reminisce on memories of Klaus as they are join by Kol, then Klaus himself. They have dinner and have a wish burning ceremony where Klaus says his goodbyes to everyone, then to Hope separately. Rebekah is promised the cure to vampirism to live her life, then says goodbye to Klaus and Elijah at park bench where Klaus intends to stake himself. Vincent changes his mind to accepting a family with Freya and Keelin, and Marcel tells the vampires to leave the city. Rebekah finally accepts Marcel's marriage proposal. Elijah reveals his plan to die by Klaus' side, having already said his goodbyes, as his life's purpose to redeem Klaus is fulfilled, and he also tells Klaus that whatever lay ahead, they would face it together. They stake each other and begin to turn to ash."
] | [
"May 30, 2018"
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-8700962312171854867 | Economy of India | Economy of India - Wikipedia Economy of India Jump to : navigation , search Economy of India Mumbai , Maharashtra the financial center of India Currency Indian rupee ( INR ) ₹ 1 = 100 Paise Fiscal year 1 April -- 31 March Trade organisations WTO , WCO , WFTU , G - 20 and others Statistics GDP $2.65 trillion ( nominal ; 2018 ) $10.356 trillion ( PPP ; 2018 ) GDP rank 7th ( nominal ) ; 3rd ( PPP ) GDP growth 7.2 % '' ( 2017 ) ( Q3 , 2017 - 18 ) ( MOSPI ) GDP per capita $1,852 ( nominal est. ; 2017 ) $7,173 ( PPP est ; 2017 ) GDP per capita rank 141st ( nominal ) / 123rd ( PPP ) GDP by sector Agriculture : 17.32 % Industry : 29.02 % Services : 53.66 % ( 2016 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 4.44 % ( February 2018 ) Base borrowing rate 6.25 % ( as on 16 Mar. 2018 ) Population below poverty line 21.2 % 58 % live less than $3.10 / day ( 2011 ; World bank estimate ) Gini coefficient 33.9 ( 2013 ) Human Development Index 0.624 ( 2015 ) medium ( 131st ) Labour force 520.2 million ( 2017 ) Labour force by occupation Agriculture : 47 % Industry : 22 % Services : 31 % ( FY 2014 est . ) Unemployment 4.9 % Urban 5.1 % Rural 5.0 % National ( 2016 , Labour Bureau ) Average net salary ₹ 82,269 / $1,284 annually ( 2016 - 17 ) Main industries Textiles chemicals food processing steel cement mining petroleum machinery software pharmaceuticals transportation equipment Ease - of - doing - business rank 100 ( 2017 ) External Exports $275.8 billion ( 2017 ) Export goods Agricultural products 13.2 % Fuels and mining products 15.7 % Manufacturers 68.4 % Others 2.7 % Main export partners European Union 17.6 % United States 16.1 % United Arab Emirates 11.5 % Hong Kong 5.1 % China 3.4 % Other 46.3 % Imports $384.3 billion ( 2017 ) Import goods Agricultural products 7.1 % Fuels and mining products 33.1 % Manufacturers 47.8 % Other 12 % Main import partners China 17 % European Union 11.3 % United States 5.7 % United Arab Emirates 5.4 % Saudi Arabia 5.2 % Other 55.5 % FDI stock Inward : $318.50 billion Outward : $144.13 billion ( 2016 ) Current account 0.7 % of GDP ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gross external debt $471.9 billion ( 31 March 2017 ) Net international investment position - $404.8 billion ( Sept. 2017 ) Public finances Public debt 67.7 % of GDP ( 2017 ) Revenues ₹ 35.41 trillion ( US $540 billion ) ( 2017 ) Expenses ₹ 46.25 trillion ( US $710 billion ) ( 2017 ) Economic aid $2.68 billion ( 2016 ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : BBB − ( Domestic ) BBB − ( Foreign ) BBB+ ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : Baa2 Outlook : Stable Fitch : BBB − Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves $421.914 billion ( 02 February 2018 ) ( 8th ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of India is a developing mixed economy . It is the world 's sixth - largest economy by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP ( nominal ) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP ( PPP ) with $6,616 as of 2016 . After 1991 economic liberalisation , India achieved 6 - 7 % average GDP growth annually . In FY 2015 and 2018 India 's economy became the world 's fastest growing major economy surpassing China . The long - term growth prospective of the Indian economy is positive due to its young population , corresponding low dependency ratio , healthy savings and investment rates , and increasing integration into the global economy . India topped the World Bank 's growth outlook for the first time in fiscal year 2015 -- 16 , during which the economy grew 7.6 % . Despite previous reforms , economic growth is still significantly slowed by bureaucracy , poor infrastructure , and inflexible labor laws ( especially the inability to lay off workers in a business slowdown ) . India has one of the fastest growing service sectors in the world with an annual growth rate above 9 % since 2001 , which contributed to 57 % of GDP in 2012 -- 13 . India has become a major exporter of IT services , Business Process Outsourcing ( BPO ) services , and software services with $154 billion revenue in FY 2017 . This is the fastest - growing part of the economy . The IT industry continues to be the largest private - sector employer in India . India is the third - largest start - up hub in the world with over 3,100 technology start - ups in 2014 -- 15 The agricultural sector is the largest employer in India 's economy but contributes to a declining share of its GDP ( 17 % in 2013 -- 14 ) . India ranks second worldwide in farm output . The industry ( manufacturing ) sector has held a steady share of its economic contribution ( 26 % of GDP in 2013 -- 14 ) . The Indian automobile industry is one of the largest in the world with an annual production of 21.48 million vehicles ( mostly two and three - wheelers ) in 2013 -- 14 . India had $600 billion worth of retail market in 2015 and one of world 's fastest growing e-commerce markets . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient and medieval eras 1.2 Mughal era ( 1526 -- 1793 ) 1.3 British era ( 1793 -- 1947 ) 1.4 Pre-liberalisation period ( 1947 -- 1991 ) 1.5 Post-liberalisation period ( since 1991 ) 2 Sectors 3 Agriculture 4 Industry 4.1 Petroleum products and chemicals 4.2 Pharmaceuticals 4.3 Engineering 4.4 Gems and jewellery 4.5 Textile 4.6 Mining 4.7 Iron and steel 4.8 Defence 4.9 Pulp and paper 5 Services 5.1 Aviation 5.2 Banking and finance 5.3 Financial technology 5.4 Information technology 5.5 Insurance 5.6 Electricity sector 5.7 Infrastructure 5.8 Retail 5.9 Tourism 5.10 Construction 5.11 Education 5.12 Entertainment industry 5.13 Healthcare 5.14 Logistics 5.15 Printing 5.16 Telecommunications 6 Foreign trade and investment 6.1 Foreign trade 6.2 Balance of payments 6.3 Foreign direct investment 6.3. 1 Outflows 6.4 Remittances 6.5 Mergers and Acquisitions 7 Currency 8 Income and consumption 8.1 Poverty 9 Employment 10 Economic trends and issues 10.1 Agriculture 10.2 Corruption 10.3 Education 10.4 Economic disparities 11 Security markets 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History Main articles : Economic history of India and Timeline of the economy of the Indian subcontinent The combination of protectionist , import - substitution , Fabian socialism , and social democratic - inspired policies governed India for sometime after the end of British rule . The economy was then characterised by extensive regulation , protectionism , public ownership of large monopolies , pervasive corruption and slow growth . Since 1991 , continuing economic liberalisation has moved the country towards a market - based economy . By 2008 , India had established itself as one of the world 's faster - growing economies . Ancient and medieval eras The citizens of the Indus Valley Civilisation , a permanent settlement that flourished between 2800 BC and 1800 BC , practised agriculture , domesticated animals , used uniform weights and measures , made tools and weapons , and traded with other cities . Evidence of well - planned streets , a drainage system and water supply reveals their knowledge of urban planning , which included the first - known urban sanitation systems and the existence of a form of municipal government . The spice trade between India and Europe was the main catalyst for the Age of Discovery . For a continuous duration of nearly 1700 years from the year 1 AD , India is the top most economy constituting 35 to 40 % of world GDP . Maritime trade was carried out extensively between South India and Southeast and West Asia from early times until around the fourteenth century AD . Both the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts were the sites of important trading centres from as early as the first century BC , used for import and export as well as transit points between the Mediterranean region and southeast Asia . Over time , traders organised themselves into associations which received state patronage . Historians Tapan Raychaudhuri and Irfan Habib claim this state patronage for overseas trade came to an end by the thirteenth century AD , when it was largely taken over by the local Parsi , Jewish , Syrian Christian and Muslim communities , initially on the Malabar and subsequently on the Coromandel coast . Atashgah is a temple built by Indian traders before 1745 , west of the Caspian Sea . The inscription shown is in Sanskrit ( above ) and Persian . Other scholars suggest trading from India to West Asia and Eastern Europe was active between the 14th and 18th centuries . During this period , Indian traders settled in Surakhani , a suburb of greater Baku , Azerbaijan . These traders built a Hindu temple , which suggests commerce was active and prosperous for Indians by the 17th century . Further north , the Saurashtra and Bengal coasts played an important role in maritime trade , and the Gangetic plains and the Indus valley housed several centres of river - borne commerce . Most overland trade was carried out via the Khyber Pass connecting the Punjab region with Afghanistan and onward to the Middle East and Central Asia . Although many kingdoms and rulers issued coins , barter was prevalent . Villages paid a portion of their agricultural produce as revenue to the rulers , while their craftsmen received a part of the crops at harvest time for their services . Silver coin of the Maurya Empire , 3rd century BC . Silver coin of the Gupta dynasty , 5th century AD . Mughal era ( 1526 -- 1793 ) Main article : Mughal economy See also : Muslin trade in Bengal and Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore The Indian economy was large and prosperous under the Mughal Empire , up until the 18th century . Sean Harkin estimates China and India may have accounted for 60 to 70 percent of world GDP in the 17th century . The Mughal economy functioned on an elaborate system of coined currency , land revenue and trade . Gold , silver and copper coins were issued by the royal mints which functioned on the basis of free coinage . The political stability and uniform revenue policy resulting from a centralised administration under the Mughals , coupled with a well - developed internal trade network , ensured that India -- before the arrival of the British -- was to a large extent economically unified , despite having a traditional agrarian economy characterised by a predominance of subsistence agriculture , with 64 % of the workforce in the primary sector ( including agriculture ) , but with 36 % of the workforce also in the secondary and tertiary sectors , higher than in Europe , where 65 -- 90 % of its workforce were in agriculture in 1700 and 65 -- 75 % were in agriculture in 1750 . Agricultural production increased under Mughal agrarian reforms , with Indian agriculture being advanced compared to Europe at the time , such as the widespread use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in European agriculture , and higher per - capita agricultural output and standards of consumption . A woman in Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin , 18th century . The Mughal Empire had a thriving industrial manufacturing economy , with India producing about 25 % of the world 's industrial output up until 1750 , making it the most important manufacturing center in international trade . Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world . Key industries included textiles , shipbuilding , and steel , and processed exports included cotton textiles , yarns , thread , silk , jute products , metalware , and foods such as sugar , oils and butter . Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire , which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time , with 15 % of its population living in urban centres , higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century . In early modern Europe , there was significant demand for products from Mughal India , particularly cotton textiles , as well as goods such as spices , peppers , indigo , silks , and saltpeter ( for use in munitions ) . European fashion , for example , became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks . From the late 17th century to the early 18th century , Mughal India accounted for 95 % of British imports from Asia , and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40 % of Dutch imports from Asia . In contrast , there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India , which was largely self - sufficient . Indian goods , especially those from Bengal , were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets , such as Indonesia and Japan . At the time , Mughal Bengal was the most important center of cotton textile production and shipbuilding . In the early 18th century , the Mughal Empire declined , as it lost western , central and parts of south and north India to the Maratha Empire , which integrated and continued to administer those regions . The decline of the Mughal Empire led to decreased agricultural productivity , which in turn negatively affected the textile industry . The subcontinent 's dominant economic power in the post-Mughal era was the Bengal Subah in the east. , which continued to maintain thriving textile industries and relatively high real wages . However , the former was devastated by the Maratha invasions of Bengal and then British colonization in the mid-18th century . After the loss at the Third Battle of Panipat , the Maratha Empire disintegrated into several confederate states , and the resulting political instability and armed conflict severely affected economic life in several parts of the country -- although this was mitigated by localised prosperity in the new provincial kingdoms . By the late eighteenth century , the British East India Company had entered the Indian political theatre and established its dominance over other European powers . This marked a determinative shift in India 's trade , and a less - powerful impact on the rest of the economy . British era ( 1793 -- 1947 ) Main articles : Economy of India under Company rule and Economy of India under the British Raj There is no doubt that our grievances against the British Empire had a sound basis . As the painstaking statistical work of the Cambridge historian Angus Maddison has shown , India 's share of world income collapsed from 22.6 % in 1700 , almost equal to Europe 's share of 23.3 % at that time , to as low as 3.8 % in 1952 . Indeed , at the beginning of the 20th century , `` the brightest jewel in the British Crown '' was the poorest country in the world in terms of per capita income . -- Manmohan Singh The global contribution to world 's GDP by major economies from 1 CE to 2003 CE according to Angus Maddison 's estimates . Up until the 18th century , China and India were the two largest economies by GDP output . From the beginning of the 19th century , the British East India Company 's gradual expansion and consolidation of power brought a major change in taxation and agricultural policies , which tended to promote commercialisation of agriculture with a focus on trade , resulting in decreased production of food crops , mass impoverishment and destitution of farmers , and in the short term , led to numerous famines . The economic policies of the British Raj caused a severe decline in the handicrafts and handloom sectors , due to reduced demand and dipping employment . After the removal of international restrictions by the Charter of 1813 , Indian trade expanded substantially with steady growth . The result was a significant transfer of capital from India to England , which , due to the colonial policies of the British , led to a massive drain of revenue rather than any systematic effort at modernisation of the domestic economy . Estimated GDP per capita of India and United Kingdom during 1700 -- 1950 in 1990 US $ according to Maddison . However , Maddison 's estimates for 18th - century India have been criticized as gross underestimates , Bairoch estimates India had a higher GDP per capita in the 18th century , and Parthasarathi 's findings show higher real wages in 18th - century Bengal and Mysore . But there is consensus that India 's per capita GDP and income stagnated during the colonial era , starting in the late 18th century . Under British rule , India 's share of the world economy declined from 24.4 % in 1700 down to 4.2 % in 1950 . India 's GDP ( PPP ) per capita was stagnant during the Mughal Empire and began to decline prior to the onset of British rule . India 's share of global industrial output declined from 25 % in 1750 down to 2 % in 1900 . At the same time , the United Kingdom 's share of the world economy rose from 2.9 % in 1700 up to 9 % in 1870 . The British East India Company , following their conquest of Bengal in 1757 , had forced open the large Indian market to British goods , which could be sold in India without tariffs or duties , compared to local Indian producers who were heavily taxed , while in Britain protectionist policies such as bans and high tariffs were implemented to restrict Indian textiles from being sold there , whereas raw cotton was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton and sold them back to the Indian market . British economic policies gave them a monopoly over India 's large market and cotton resources . India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large captive market for British manufactured goods . British territorial expansion in India throughout the 19th century created an institutional environment that , on paper , guaranteed property rights among the colonisers , encouraged free trade , and created a single currency with fixed exchange rates , standardised weights and measures and capital markets within the company - held territories . It also established a system of railways and telegraphs , a civil service that aimed to be free from political interference , a common - law and an adversarial legal system . This coincided with major changes in the world economy -- industrialisation , and significant growth in production and trade . However , at the end of colonial rule , India inherited an economy that was one of the poorest in the developing world , with industrial development stalled , agriculture unable to feed a rapidly growing population , a largely illiterate and unskilled labour force , and extremely inadequate infrastructure . The 1872 census revealed that 91.3 % of the population of the region constituting present - day India resided in villages . This was a decline from the earlier Mughal era , when 85 % of the population resided in villages and 15 % in urban centers under Akbar 's reign in 1600 . Urbanisation generally remained sluggish in British India until the 1920s , due to the lack of industrialisation and absence of adequate transportation . Subsequently , the policy of discriminating protection ( where certain important industries were given financial protection by the state ) , coupled with the Second World War , saw the development and dispersal of industries , encouraging rural -- urban migration , and in particular the large port cities of Bombay , Calcutta and Madras grew rapidly . Despite this , only one - sixth of India 's population lived in cities by 1951 . The impact of British rule on India 's economy is a controversial topic . Leaders of the Indian independence movement and economic historians have blamed colonial rule for the dismal state of India 's economy in its aftermath and argued that financial strength required for industrial development in Britain was derived from the wealth taken from India . At the same time , right - wing historians have countered that India 's low economic performance was due to various sectors being in a state of growth and decline due to changes brought in by colonialism and a world that was moving towards industrialisation and economic integration . Several economic historians have argued that real wage decline occurred in the early 19th century , or possibly beginning in the very late 18th century , largely as a result of British imperialism . Economic historian Prasannan Parthasarathi presented earnings data which showed real wages and living standards in 18th century Bengal and Mysore being higher than in Britain , which in turn had the highest living standards in Europe . Mysore 's average per - capita income was five times higher than subsistence level , i.e. five times higher than $400 ( 1990 international dollars ) , or $2,000 per capita . In comparison , the highest national per - capita incomes in 1820 were $1,838 for the Netherlands and $1,706 for Britain . It has also been argued that India went through a period of deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire . Pre-liberalisation period ( 1947 -- 1991 ) Main article : Licence Raj Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience , which was seen as exploitative by Indian leaders exposed to British social democracy and the planned economy of the Soviet Union . Domestic policy tended towards protectionism , with a strong emphasis on import substitution industrialisation , economic interventionism , a large government - run public sector , business regulation , and central planning , while trade and foreign investment policies were relatively liberal . Five - Year Plans of India resembled central planning in the Soviet Union . Steel , mining , machine tools , telecommunications , insurance , and power plants , among other industries , were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s . Change in per capita GDP of India , 1820 -- 2015 . Figures are inflation - adjusted to 1990 International Geary - Khamis dollars . Never talk to me about profit , Jeh , it is a dirty word . -- Nehru , India 's Fabian Socialism - inspired first prime minister to industrialist J.R.D. Tata , when Tata suggested state - owned companies should be profitable Jawaharlal Nehru , the first prime minister of India , along with the statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis , formulated and oversaw economic policy during the initial years of the country 's independence . They expected favourable outcomes from their strategy , involving the rapid development of heavy industry by both public and private sectors , and based on direct and indirect state intervention , rather than the more extreme Soviet - style central command system . The policy of concentrating simultaneously on capital - and technology - intensive heavy industry and subsidising manual , low - skill cottage industries was criticised by economist Milton Friedman , who thought it would waste capital and labour , and retard the development of small manufacturers . The rate of growth of the Indian economy in the first three decades after independence was derisively referred to as the Hindu rate of growth by economists , because of the unfavourable comparison with growth rates in other Asian countries . I can not decide how much to borrow , what shares to issue , at what price , what wages and bonus to pay , and what dividend to give . I even need the government 's permission for the salary I pay to a senior executive . -- J.R.D. Tata , on the Indian regulatory system , 1969 Since 1965 , the use of high - yielding varieties of seeds , increased fertilisers and improved irrigation facilities collectively contributed to the Green Revolution in India , which improved the condition of agriculture by increasing crop productivity , improving crop patterns and strengthening forward and backward linkages between agriculture and industry . However , it has also been criticised as an unsustainable effort , resulting in the growth of capitalistic farming , ignoring institutional reforms and widening income disparities . Subsequently , the Emergency and Garibi Hatao concept under which income tax levels at one point rose to a maximum of 97.5 % -- a world record for non-communist economies -- started diluting the earlier efforts . In the late 1970s , the government led by Morarji Desai eased restrictions on capacity expansion for incumbent companies , removed price controls , reduced corporate taxes and promoted the creation of small - scale industries in large numbers . Post-liberalisation period ( since 1991 ) Main articles : Economic liberalisation in India and Economic development in India The GDP is exponential and almost double every 5 years . Indian GDP growth rate from 1985 to 2016 in red , compared to that of China in green . The collapse of the Soviet Union , which was India 's major trading partner , and the Gulf War , which caused a spike in oil prices , resulted in a major balance - of - payments crisis for India , which found itself facing the prospect of defaulting on its loans . India asked for a $1.8 billion bailout loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , which in return demanded de-regulation . In response , the Narasimha Rao government , including Finance Minister Manmohan Singh , initiated economic reforms in 1991 . The reforms did away with the Licence Raj , reduced tariffs and interest rates and ended many public monopolies , allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors . Since then , the overall thrust of liberalisation has remained the same , although no government has tried to take on powerful lobbies such as trade unions and farmers , on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies . By the turn of the 21st century , India had progressed towards a free - market economy , with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased financial liberalisation . This has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy , literacy rates and food security , although urban residents have benefited more than rural residents . While the credit rating of India was hit by its nuclear weapons tests in 1998 , it has since been raised to investment level in 2003 by Standard & Poor 's ( S&P ) and Moody 's . India experienced high growth rates , averaging 9 % from 2003 to 2007 . Growth then moderated in 2008 due to the global financial crisis . In 2003 , Goldman Sachs predicted that India 's GDP in current prices would overtake France and Italy by 2020 , Germany , UK and Russia by 2025 and Japan by 2035 , making it the third - largest economy of the world , behind the US and China . India is often seen by most economists as a rising economic superpower which will play a major role in the 21st - century global economy . Starting in 2012 , India entered a period of reduced growth , which slowed to 5.6 % . Other economic problems also became apparent : a plunging Indian rupee , a persistent high current account deficit and slow industrial growth . Hit by the US Federal Reserve 's decision to taper quantitative easing , foreign investors began rapidly pulling money out of India -- though this reversed with the stock market approaching its all - time high and the current account deficit narrowing substantially . India started recovery in 2014 -- 15 when the growth rate accelerated to 7.2 % . In 2015 , India went through a startup boom and manufacturing expanded in 2015 -- 16 with growth of 7.6 % . For the first time since 1990 , India grew faster than China which registered 6.9 % growth in 2015 . In mid-2015 , during the global stock market rout , India witnessed a sharp fall in stock markets and the rupee ; this repeated in January 2016 . India 's economic growth is expected to be 8.0 % + for 2016 -- 17 . India is ranked 100th out of 190 countries in the World Bank 's 2018 ease of doing business index , up 30 points from the last year 's 130 . This is first time in history where India got into the top 100 rank . In terms of dealing with construction permits and enforcing contracts , it is ranked among the 10 worst in the world , while it has a relatively favourable ranking when it comes to protecting minority investors or getting credit . The strong efforts taken by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion ( DIPP ) to boost ease of doing business rankings at the state level is said to impact the overall rankings of India . Sectors Percent labour employment in India by economic sectors ( 2010 ) . Contribution to GDP of India by economic sectors of Indian economy have evolved between 1951 and 2013 , as its economy has diversified and developed . Historically , India has classified and tracked its economy and GDP in three sectors : agriculture , industry and services . Agriculture includes crops , horticulture , milk and animal husbandry , aquaculture , fishing , sericulture , aviculture , forestry and related activities . Industry includes various manufacturing sub-sectors . India 's definition of services sector includes its construction , retail , software , IT , communications , hospitality , infrastructure operations , education , health care , banking and insurance , and many other economic activities . Agriculture Rice fields near Puri , Odisha on India 's east coast Main articles : Agriculture in India , Forestry in India , Animal husbandry in India , Fishing in India , and Natural resources in India India ranks second worldwide in farm output . Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry , logging and fishing accounted for 17 % of the GDP and employed 49 % of its total workforce in 2014 . As the Indian economy has diversified and grown , agriculture 's contribution to GDP has steadily declined from 1951 to 2011 , yet it is still the country 's largest employment source and a significant piece of its overall socio - economic development . Crop - yield - per - unit - area of all crops has grown since 1950 , due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five - year plans and steady improvements in irrigation , technology , application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the Green Revolution in India . However , international comparisons reveal the average yield in India is generally 30 % to 50 % of the highest average yield in the world . The states of Uttar Pradesh , Punjab , Haryana , Madhya Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Bihar , West Bengal , Gujarat and Maharashtra are key contributors to Indian agriculture . India receives an average annual rainfall of 1,208 millimetres ( 47.6 in ) and a total annual precipitation of 4000 billion cubic metres , with the total utilisable water resources , including surface and groundwater , amounting to 1123 billion cubic metres . 546,820 square kilometres ( 211,130 sq mi ) of the land area , or about 39 % of the total cultivated area , is irrigated . India 's inland water resources and marine resources provide employment to nearly six million people in the fisheries sector . In 2010 , India had the world 's sixth - largest fishing industry . Amul Dairy Plant at Anand was a highly successful co-operative started during the green revolution in the 1960s India exports more than 100,000 tonnes of processed cashew kernels every year . There are more than 600 cashew processing units in Kollam alone . India is the largest producer of milk , jute and pulses , and has the world 's second - largest cattle population with 170 million animals in 2011 . It is the second - largest producer of rice , wheat , sugarcane , cotton and groundnuts , as well as the second - largest fruit and vegetable producer , accounting for 10.9 % and 8.6 % of the world fruit and vegetable production , respectively . India is also the second - largest producer and the largest consumer of silk , producing 77,000 tons in 2005 . India is the largest exporter of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid ( CNSL ) . Foreign exchange earned by the country through the export of cashew kernels during 2011 -- 12 reached ₹ 4,390 crore ( ₹ 43.9 billion ) based on statistics from the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India ( CEPCI ) . 131,000 tonnes of kernels were exported during 2011 -- 12 . There are about 600 cashew processing units in Kollam , Kerala . India 's foodgrain production remained stagnant at approximately 252 million tonnes ( MT ) during both the 2015 -- 16 and 2014 -- 15 crop years ( July -- June ) . India exports several agriculture products , such as Basmati rice , wheat , cereals , spices , fresh fruits , dry fruits , buffalo beef meat , cotton , tea , coffee and other cash crops particularly to the Middle East , Southeast and East Asian countries . About 10 percent of its export earnings come from this trade . Industry Industry accounts for 26 % of GDP and employs 22 % of the total workforce . According to the World Bank , India 's industrial manufacturing GDP output in 2015 was 6th largest in the world on current US dollar basis ( $559 billion ) , and 9th largest on inflation - adjusted constant 2005 US dollar basis ( $197.1 billion ) . The industrial sector underwent significant changes due to the 1991 economic reforms , which removed import restrictions , brought in foreign competition , led to the privatisation of certain government - owned public - sector industries , liberalised the foreign direct investment ( FDI ) regime , improved infrastructure and led to an expansion in the production of fast - moving consumer goods . Post-liberalisation , the Indian private sector was faced with increasing domestic and foreign competition , including the threat of cheaper Chinese imports . It has since handled the change by squeezing costs , revamping management , and relying on cheap labour and new technology . However , this has also reduced employment generation , even among smaller manufacturers who previously relied on labour - intensive processes . Petroleum products and chemicals Main article : Oil and gas industry in India Petroleum products and chemicals are a major contributor to India 's industrial GDP , and together they contribute over 34 % of its export earnings . India hosts many oil refinery and petrochemical operations , including the world 's largest refinery complex in Jamnagar that processes 1.24 million barrels of crude per day . By volume , the Indian chemical industry was the third - largest producer in Asia , and contributed 5 % of the country 's GDP . India is one of the five - largest producers of agrochemicals , polymers and plastics , dyes and various organic and inorganic chemicals . Despite being a large producer and exporter , India is a net importer of chemicals due to domestic demands . Pharmaceuticals Main article : Pharmaceutical industry in India The Indian pharmaceutical industry has grown in recent years to become a major manufacturer of health care products to the world . India produced about 8 % of the global pharmaceutical supply in 2011 by value , including over 60,000 generic brands of medicines . The industry grew from $6 billion in 2005 to $36.7 billion in 2016 , a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 17.46 % . It is expected to grow at a CAGR of 15.92 % to reach $55 billion in 2020 . India is expected to become the sixth - largest pharmaceutical market in the world by 2020 . It is one of the fastest - growing industrial sub-sectors and a significant contributor of India 's export earnings . The state of Gujarat has become a hub for the manufacture and export of pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients ( APIs ) . Engineering See also : Automotive industry in India and Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India Mahindra XUV 500 is one of the several indigenously designed and manufactured vehicles Engineering is the largest sub-sector of India 's industrial sector , by GDP , and the third - largest by exports . It includes transport equipment , machine tools , capital goods , transformers , switchgears , furnaces , and cast and forged parts for turbines , automobiles and railways . The industry employs about four million workers . On a value - added basis , India 's engineering subsector exported $67 billion worth of engineering goods in the 2013 -- 14 fiscal year , and served part of the domestic demand for engineering goods . The engineering industry of India includes its growing car , motorcycle and scooters industry , and productivity machinery such as tractors . India manufactured and assembled about 18 million passenger and utility vehicles in 2011 , of which 2.3 million were exported . India is the largest producer and the largest market for tractors , accounting for 29 % of global tractor production in 2013 . India is the 12th - largest producer and 7th - largest consumer of machine tools . Gems and jewellery Many famous stones such as the Koh - i - noor and Hope Diamond ( above ) , came from India . India is one of the largest centres for polishing diamonds and gems and manufacturing jewellery ; it is also one of the two largest consumers of gold . After crude oil and petroleum products , the export and import of gold , precious metals , precious stones , gems and jewellery accounts for the largest portion of India 's global trade . The industry contributes about 7 % of India 's GDP , employs millions , and is a major source of its foreign - exchange earnings . The gems and jewellery industry , in 2013 , created ₹ 251,000 crore ( US $38 billion ) in economic output on value - added basis . It is growing sector of Indian economy , and A.T. Kearney projects it to grow to ₹ 500,000 crore ( US $77 billion ) by 2018 . The gems and jewellery industry has been economically active in India for several thousand years . Until the 18th century , India was the only major reliable source of diamonds . Now , South Africa and Australia are the major sources of diamonds and precious metals , but along with Antwerp , New York , and Ramat Gan , Indian cities such as Surat and Mumbai are the hubs of world 's jewellery polishing , cutting , precision finishing , supply and trade . Unlike other centres , the gems and jewellery industry in India is primarily artisan - driven ; the sector is manual , highly fragmented , and almost entirely served by family - owned operations . The particular strength of this sub-sector is in precision cutting , polishing and processing small diamonds ( below one carat ) . India is also a hub for processing of larger diamonds , pearls and other precious stones . Statistically , 11 out of 12 diamonds set in any jewellery in the world are cut and polished in India . It is also a major hub of gold and other precious - metal - based jewellery . Domestic demand for gold and jewellery products is another driver of India 's GDP . Textile Main article : Textile industry in India Textile industry contributes about 4 per cent to the country 's GDP , 14 per cent of the industrial production , and 17 per cent to export earnings . India 's textile industry has transformed in recent years from a declining sector to a rapidly developing one . After freeing the industry in 2004 -- 2005 from a number of limitations , primarily financial , the government permitted massive investment inflows , both domestic and foreign . From 2004 to 2008 , total investment into the textile sector increased by 27 billion dollars . Ludhiana produces 90 % of woollens in India and is known as the Manchester of India . Tirupur has gained universal recognition as the leading source of hosiery , knitted garments , casual wear and sportswear . Expanding textile centres such as Ichalkaranji enjoy one of the highest per - capita incomes in the country . India 's cotton farms , fibre and textile industry provides employment to 45 million people in India , including some child labour ( 1 % ) . The sector is estimated to employ around 400,000 children under the age of 18 . Mining Main article : Mining in India India 's mining industry was the fourth - largest producer of minerals in the world by volume , and eighth - largest producer by value in 2009 . In 2013 , it mined and processed 89 minerals , of which four were fuel , three were atomic energy minerals , and 80 non-fuel . The government - owned public sector accounted for 68 % of mineral production by volume in 2011 -- 12 . Nearly 50 % of India 's mining industry , by output value , is concentrated in eight states : Odisha , Rajasthan , Chhattisgarh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka . Another 25 % of the output by value comes from offshore oil and gas resources . India operated about 3,000 mines in 2010 , half of which were coal , limestone and iron ore . On output - value basis , India was one of the five largest producers of mica , chromite , coal , lignite , iron ore , bauxite , barites , zinc and manganese ; while being one of the ten largest global producers of many other minerals . India was the fourth - largest producer of steel in 2013 , and the seventh - largest producer of aluminium . India 's mineral resources are vast . However , its mining industry has declined -- contributing 2.3 % of its GDP in 2010 compared to 3 % in 2000 , and employed 2.9 million people -- a decreasing percentage of its total labour . India is a net importer of many minerals including coal . India 's mining sector decline is because of complex permit , regulatory and administrative procedures , inadequate infrastructure , shortage of capital resources , and slow adoption of environmentally sustainable technologies . Iron and steel Main article : Iron and steel industry in India In fiscal year 2014 -- 15 , India was the third - largest producer of raw steel and the largest producer of sponge iron . The industry produced 91.46 million tons of finished steel and 9.7 million tons of pig iron . Most iron and steel in India is produced from iron ore . Defence Main article : Defence industry of India With strength of over 1.3 million active personnel , India has the third - largest military force and the largest volunteer army . The total budget sanctioned for the Indian military for the financial year 2017 was ( US $53.5 billion ) . Defence spending is expected to rise to US $62 billion by 2022 . Pulp and paper Main article : Pulp and paper industry in India Services Hyderabad is a major IT services centre . The services sector has the largest share of India 's GDP , accounting for 57 % in 2012 , up from 15 % in 1950 . It is the seventh - largest services sector by nominal GDP , and third largest when purchasing power is taken into account . The services sector provides employment to 27 % of the work force . Information technology and business process outsourcing are among the fastest - growing sectors , having a cumulative growth rate of revenue 33.6 % between fiscal years 1997 -- 98 and 2002 -- 03 , and contributing to 25 % of the country 's total exports in 2007 -- 08 . Aviation Main articles : Aviation in India and Civil aviation in India India is the fourth - largest civil aviation market in the world recording an air traffic of 131 million passengers in 2016 . The market is estimated to have 800 aircraft by 2020 . In 2015 , Boeing projected India 's demand for aircraft to touch 1,740 , valued at $240 billion , over the next 20 years . This would account for 4.3 per cent of global volumes . According to Airbus , India will be one of the top three aviation markets in the next 20 years . Airbus is expecting an annual growth rate of over 11 per cent for the domestic market over the next ten years , while the combined growth rate for domestic and international routes would be more than 10 per cent . Civil aviation in India traces its beginnings to 18 February 1911 , with the first commercial flight from Allahabad to Naini . Henri Pequet , a French aviator , carried 6,500 pieces of mail on a Humber biplane . On 15 October 1932 , J.R.D. Tata flew a consignment of mail from Karachi to Juhu Airport . His airline later became Air India . In March 1953 , the Indian Parliament passed the Air Corporations Act . India 's airline industry was nationalised and the eight domestic airlines operating independently at that time , Deccan Airways , Airways India , Bharat Airways , Himalayan Aviation , Kalinga Airlines , Indian National Airways , Air India and Air Services of India were merged into two government - owned entities . Indian Airlines focussed on domestic routes and Air India International on international services . The International Airports Authority of India ( IAAI ) was constituted in 1972 while the National Airports Authority was constituted in 1986 . The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security was established in 1987 following the crash of Air India Flight 182 . East - West Airlines was the first national - level private airline to operate in the country after the government de-regularised the civil aviation sector in 1991 . The government allowed private airlines to operate charter and non-scheduled services under the ' Air Taxi ' Scheme until 1994 , when the Air Corporation Act was repealed and private airlines could now operate scheduled services . Private airlines including Jet Airways , Air Sahara , Modiluft , Damania Airways and NEPC Airlines commenced domestic operations during this period . The aviation industry experienced a rapid transformation following deregulation . Several low - cost carriers entered the Indian market in 2004 -- 05 . Major new entrants included Air Deccan , Air Sahara , Kingfisher Airlines , SpiceJet , GoAir , Paramount Airways and IndiGo . Kingfisher Airlines became the first Indian air carrier on 15 June 2005 to order Airbus A380 aircraft worth US $ 3 billion . However , Indian aviation would struggle due to an economic slowdown and rising fuel and operation costs . This led to consolidation , buy outs and discontinuations . In 2007 , Air Sahara and Air Deccan were acquired by Jet Airways and Kingfisher Airlines respectively . Paramount Airways ceased operations in 2010 and Kingfisher shut down in 2012 . Etihad Airways agreed to acquire a 24 % stake in Jet Airways in 2013 . AirAsia India , a low - cost carrier operating as a joint venture between Air Asia and Tata Sons launched in 2014 . As of 2013 -- 14 , only IndiGo and GoAir were generating profits . Banking and Finance Main articles : Banking in India and Finance in India The Indian money market is classified into the organised sector , comprising private , public and foreign - owned commercial banks and cooperative banks , together known as ' scheduled banks ' ; and the unorganised sector , which includes individual or family - owned indigenous bankers or money lenders and non-banking financial companies . The unorganised sector and microcredit are preferred over traditional banks in rural and sub-urban areas , especially for non-productive purposes such as short - term loans for ceremonies . Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalised 14 banks in 1969 , followed by six others in 1980 , and made it mandatory for banks to provide 40 % of their net credit to priority sectors including agriculture , small - scale industry , retail trade and small business , to ensure that the banks fulfilled their social and developmental goals . Since then , the number of bank branches has increased from 8,260 in 1969 to 72,170 in 2007 and the population covered by a branch decreased from 63,800 to 15,000 during the same period . The total bank deposits increased from ₹ 59.1 billion ( US $910 million ) in 1970 -- 71 to ₹ 38,309.22 billion ( US $590 billion ) in 2008 -- 09 . Despite an increase of rural branches -- from 1,860 or 22 % of the total in 1969 to 30,590 or 42 % in 2007 -- only 32,270 of 500,000 villages are served by a scheduled bank . India 's gross domestic savings in 2006 -- 07 as a percentage of GDP stood at a high 32.8 % . More than half of personal savings are invested in physical assets such as land , houses , cattle , and gold . The government - owned public - sector banks hold over 75 % of total assets of the banking industry , with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2 % and 6.5 % respectively . Since liberalisation , the government has approved significant banking reforms . While some of these relate to nationalised banks -- such as reforms encouraging mergers , reducing government interference and increasing profitability and competitiveness -- other reforms have opened the banking and insurance sectors to private and foreign companies . Financial technology Main article : FinTech in India According to the report of The National Association of Software and Services Companies ( NASSCOM ) , India has a presence of around 400 companies in the fintech space , with an investment of about $420 million in 2015 . The NASSCOM report also estimated the fintech software and services market to grow 1.7 times by 2020 , making it worth $8 billion . The Indian fintech landscape is segmented as follows -- 34 % in payment processing , followed by 32 % in banking and 12 % in the trading , public and private markets . Information technology Main articles : Information technology in India and Business process outsourcing in India The information technology ( IT ) industry in India consists of two major components : IT services and business process outsourcing ( BPO ) . The sector has increased its contribution to India 's GDP from 1.2 % in 1998 to 7.5 % in 2012 . According to NASSCOM , the sector aggregated revenues of US $ 147 billion in 2015 , where export revenue stood at US $ 99 billion and domestic at US $ 48 billion , growing by over 13 % . The growth in the IT sector is attributed to increased specialisation , and an availability of a large pool of low - cost , highly skilled , fluent English - speaking workers -- matched by increased demand from foreign consumers interested in India 's service exports , or looking to outsource their operations . The share of the Indian IT industry in the country 's GDP increased from 4.8 % in 2005 -- 06 to 7 % in 2008 . In 2009 , seven Indian firms were listed among the top 15 technology outsourcing companies in the world . The business process outsourcing services in the outsourcing industry in India caters mainly to Western operations of multinational corporations . As of 2012 , around 2.8 million people work in the outsourcing sector . Annual revenues are around $11 billion , around 1 % of GDP . Around 2.5 million people graduate in India every year . Wages are rising by 10 -- 15 percent as a result of skill shortages . Insurance Main article : Insurance in India India became the tenth - largest insurance market in the world in 2013 , rising from 15th in 2011 . At a total market size of US $66.4 billion in 2013 , it remains small compared to world 's major economies , and the Indian insurance market accounts for 2 % of the world 's insurance business . India 's life and non-life insurance industry has been growing at 20 % , and double - digit growth is expected to continue through 2021 . The market retains about 360 million active life - insurance policies , the most in the world . Of the 52 insurance companies in India , 24 are active in life - insurance business . The life - insurance industry is projected to increase at double - digit CAGR through 2019 , reaching US $1 trillion annual notional values by 2021 . The industry reported a growth rate of around 10 % from 1996 -- 97 to 2000 -- 01 . After opening the sector , growth rates averaged 15.85 % from 2001 -- 02 to 2010 -- 11 . Specialised insurers Export Credit Guarantee Corporation and Agriculture Insurance Company ( AIC ) offer credit guarantee and crop insurance , respectively . AIC , which initially offered coverage under the National Agriculture Insurance Company ( NAIS ) , has now started providing crop insurance on commercial line as well . It has introduced several innovative products such as weather insurance and insurance related to specific crops . The premium underwritten by the non-life insurers during 2010 -- 11 was ₹ 42,576 crore ( ₹ 425 billion ) against ₹ 34,620 crore ( ₹ 346 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . The growth was satisfactory , particularly given across - the - broad cuts in the tariff rates . The private insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 17,424 crore ( ₹ 174 billion ) against ₹ 13,977 crore ( ₹ 140 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . Public sector insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 25,151.8 crore ( ₹ 252 billion ) in 2010 -- 11 against ₹ 20,643.5 crore ( ₹ 206 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 , a growth of 21.8 % against 14.5 % in 2009 -- 10 . The Indian insurance business had been under - developed with low levels of insurance penetration . Post liberalisation , the sector has succeeded in raising penetration from 2.3 ( life 1.8 and non-life 0.7 ) in 2000 to 5.1 ( life 4.4 and non-life 0.7 ) in 2010 . Electricity sector Main articles : Electricity sector in India and Energy policy of India NTPC 's Ramagudam Super Thermal Power Station Primary energy consumption of India is the third - largest after China and the US with 5.3 % global share in the year 2015 . Coal and crude oil together account for 85 % of the primary energy consumption of India . India 's oil reserves meet 25 % of the country 's domestic oil demand . As of April 2015 , India 's total proven crude oil reserves are 763.476 million metric tons , while gas reserves stood at 1,490 billion cubic metres ( 53 trillion cubic feet ) . Oil and natural gas fields are located offshore at Bombay High , Krishna Godavari Basin and the Cauvery Delta , and onshore mainly in the states of Assam , Gujarat and Rajasthan . India is the fourth - largest consumer of oil and net oil imports were nearly ₹ 820,000 crore ( US $130 billion ) in 2014 -- 15 , which had an adverse effect on the country 's current account deficit . The petroleum industry in India mostly consists of public sector companies such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation ( ONGC ) , Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited ( HPCL ) , Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited ( BPCL ) and Indian Oil Corporation Limited ( IOCL ) . There are some major private Indian companies in the oil sector such as Reliance Industries Limited ( RIL ) which operates the world 's largest oil refining complex . India became the world 's third - largest producer of electricity in 2013 with a 4.8 % global share in electricity generation , surpassing Japan and Russia . By the end of calendar year 2015 , India had an electricity surplus with many power stations idling for want of demand . The utility electricity sector had an installed capacity of 303 GW as of May 2016 of which thermal power contributed 69.8 % , hydroelectricity 15.2 % , other sources of renewable energy 13.0 % , and nuclear power 2.1 % . India meets most of its domestic electricity demand through its 106 billion tonnes of proven coal reserves . India is also rich in certain alternative sources of energy with significant future potential such as solar , wind and biofuels ( jatropha , sugarcane ) . India 's dwindling uranium reserves stagnated the growth of nuclear energy in the country for many years . Recent discoveries in the Tummalapalle belt may be among the top 20 natural uranium reserves worldwide , and an estimated reserve of 846,477 metric tons ( 933,081 short tons ) of thorium -- about 25 % of world 's reserves -- are expected to fuel the country 's ambitious nuclear energy program in the long - run . The Indo - US nuclear deal has also paved the way for India to import uranium from other countries . Infrastructure Vizag Sea Port , Visakhapatnam Port in Bay of Bengal Main articles : Indian road network , Indian Railways , Ports in India , and Transport in India India 's infrastructure and transport sector contributes about 5 % of its GDP . India has a road network of over 5,472,144 kilometres ( 3,400,233 mi ) as of 31 March 2015 , the second - largest road network in the world . At 1.66 km of roads per square kilometre of land ( 2.68 miles per square mile ) , the quantitative density of India 's road network is higher than that of Japan ( 0.91 ) and the United States ( 0.67 ) , and far higher than that of China ( 0.46 ) , Brazil ( 0.18 ) or Russia ( 0.08 ) . Qualitatively , India 's roads are a mix of modern highways and narrow , unpaved roads , and are being improved . As of 31 March 2015 , 61.05 % of Indian roads were paved . India has the lowest kilometre - lane road density per 100,000 people among G - 27 countries , leading to traffic congestion . It is upgrading its infrastructure . As of May 2014 , India had completed over 22,600 kilometres ( 14,000 mi ) of 4 - or 6 - lane highways , connecting most of its major manufacturing , commercial and cultural centres . India 's road infrastructure carries 60 % of freight and 87 % of passenger traffic . Indian Railways is the fourth - largest rail network in the world , with a track length of 114,500 kilometres ( 71,100 mi ) and 7,172 stations . This government - owned - and - operated railway network carried an average of 23 million passengers a day , and over a billion tonnes of freight in 2013 . India has a coastline of 7,500 kilometres ( 4,700 mi ) with 13 major ports and 60 operational non-major ports , which together handle 95 % of the country 's external trade by volume and 70 % by value ( most of the remainder handled by air ) . Nhava Sheva , Mumbai is the largest public port , while Mundra is the largest private sea port . The airport infrastructure of India includes 125 airports , of which 66 airports are licensed to handle both passengers and cargo . Retail Main article : Retailing in India Neighbourhood grocery shops handle much of retail trade in India . Retail industry contributes between 14 % and 20 % of India 's GDP . The Indian retail market is estimated to be US $600 billion and one of the top - five retail markets in the world by economic value . India has one of the fastest - growing retail markets in the world , and is projected to reach $1.3 trillion by 2020 . India 's retail industry mostly consists of local mom - and - pop stores , owner - manned shops and street vendors . Retail supermarkets are expanding , with a market share of 4 % in 2008 . In 2012 , the government permitted 51 % FDI in multi-brand retail and 100 % FDI in single - brand retail . However , a lack of back - end warehouse infrastructure and state - level permits and red tape continue to limit growth of organised retail . Compliance with over thirty regulations such as `` signboard licences '' and `` anti-hoarding measures '' must be made before a store can open for business . There are taxes for moving goods from state to state , and even within states . According to The Wall Street Journal , the lack of infrastructure and efficient retail networks cause a third of India 's agriculture produce to be lost from spoilage . Tourism Main article : Tourism in India Kerala became a major tourist destination after the state government promoted its natural coastline . The World Travel and Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated ₹ 8.31 lakh crore ( US $130 billion ) or 6.3 % of the nation 's GDP in 2015 and supported 37.315 million jobs , 8.7 % of its total employment . The sector is predicted to grow at an average annual rate of 7.5 % to ₹ 18.36 lakh crore ( US $280 billion ) by 2025 ( 7.2 % of GDP ) . India attracted 8.027 million international tourist arrivals in 2015 , compared to 7.679 million in 2014 , a growth of 4.5 % . India earned $21.07 billion in foreign exchange from tourism receipts in 2015 . International tourism to India has seen a steady growth from 2.37 million arrivals in 1997 to 8.03 million arrivals in 2015 . The United States is the largest source of international tourists to India , while European Union nations and Japan are other major sources of international tourists . Less than 10 % of international tourists visit the Taj Mahal , with the majority visiting other cultural , thematic and holiday circuits . Over 12 million Indian citizens take international trips each year for tourism , while domestic tourism within India adds about 740 million Indian travellers . India has a fast - growing medical tourism sector of its health care economy , offering low - cost health services and long - term care . In October 2015 , the medical tourism sector was estimated to be worth US $3 billion . It is projected to grow to $7 -- 8 billion by 2020 . In 2014 , 184,298 foreign patients traveled to India to seek medical treatment . Construction Main article : Construction industry of India Education Main article : Education in India Entertainment industry Main article : Entertainment industry in India See also : Gambling in India Healthcare Main article : Healthcare in India India 's healthcare sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 29 % between 2015 and 2020 , to reach US $280 billion , buoyed by rising incomes , greater health awareness , increased precedence of lifestyle diseases , and improved access to health insurance . Logistics The logistics industry in India was worth over $160 billion in 2016 , and grew at a CAGR of 7.8 % in the previous five - year period . The industry employs about 22 million people . India was ranked 35th out of 160 countries in the World Bank 's 2016 Logistics Performance Index . Printing Main article : Printing industry in India Telecommunications Main article : Telecommunications in India The telecommunication sector generated ₹ 2.20 lakh crore ( US $34 billion ) in revenue in 2014 -- 15 , accounting for 1.94 % of total GDP . India is the second - largest market in the world by number of telephone users ( both fixed and mobile phones ) with 1.053 billion subscribers as of 31 August 2016 . It has one of the lowest call - tariffs in the world , due to fierce competition among telecom operators . India has the world 's third - largest Internet user - base . As of 31 March 2016 , there were 342.65 million Internet subscribers in the country . Industry estimates indicate that there are over 554 million TV consumers in India as of 2012 . India is the largest direct - to - home ( DTH ) television market in the world by number of subscribers . As of May 2016 , there were 84.80 million DTH subscribers in the country . Foreign trade and investment A map showing the global distribution of Indian exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market ( US at $20.9 billion ) . Further information : Globalisation in India Foreign trade Main article : Foreign trade of India Further information : List of the largest trading partners of India India 's exports ( top ) and imports ( bottom ) , by value , in 2013 -- 14 . Until the liberalisation of 1991 , India was largely and intentionally isolated from world markets , to protect its economy and to achieve self - reliance . Foreign trade was subject to import tariffs , export taxes and quantitative restrictions , while foreign direct investment ( FDI ) was restricted by upper - limit equity participation , restrictions on technology transfer , export obligations and government approvals ; these approvals were needed for nearly 60 % of new FDI in the industrial sector . The restrictions ensured that FDI averaged only around $200 million annually between 1985 and 1991 ; a large percentage of the capital flows consisted of foreign aid , commercial borrowing and deposits of non-resident Indians . India 's exports were stagnant for the first 15 years after independence , due to general neglect of trade policy by the government of that period ; imports in the same period , with early industrialisation , consisted predominantly of machinery , raw materials and consumer goods . Treemap of India Exports ( 2016 ) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity Since liberalisation , the value of India 's international trade has increased sharply , with the contribution of total trade in goods and services to the GDP rising from 16 % in 1990 -- 91 to 47 % in 2009 -- 10 . Foreign trade accounted for 48.8 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . Globally , India accounts for 1.44 % of exports and 2.12 % of imports for merchandise trade and 3.34 % of exports and 3.31 % of imports for commercial services trade . India 's major trading partners are the European Union , China , the United States and the United Arab Emirates . In 2006 -- 07 , major export commodities included engineering goods , petroleum products , chemicals and pharmaceuticals , gems and jewellery , textiles and garments , agricultural products , iron ore and other minerals . Major import commodities included crude oil and related products , machinery , electronic goods , gold and silver . In November 2010 , exports increased 22.3 % year - on - year to ₹ 850.63 billion ( US $13 billion ) , while imports were up 7.5 % at ₹ 1,251.33 billion ( US $19 billion ) . The trade deficit for the same month dropped from ₹ 468.65 billion ( US $7.2 billion ) in 2009 to ₹ 400.7 billion ( US $6.1 billion ) in 2010 . India is a founding - member of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) and its successor , the WTO . While participating actively in its general council meetings , India has been crucial in voicing the concerns of the developing world . For instance , India has continued its opposition to the inclusion of labour , environmental issues and other non-tariff barriers to trade in WTO policies . Balance of payments Cumulative current account balance 1980 -- 2008 based on IMF data Since independence , India 's balance of payments on its current account has been negative . Since economic liberalisation in the 1990s , precipitated by a balance - of - payment crisis , India 's exports rose consistently , covering 80.3 % of its imports in 2002 -- 03 , up from 66.2 % in 1990 -- 91 . However , the global economic slump followed by a general deceleration in world trade saw the exports as a percentage of imports drop to 61.4 % in 2008 -- 09 . India 's growing oil import bill is seen as the main driver behind the large current account deficit , which rose to $118.7 billion , or 11.11 % of GDP , in 2008 -- 09 . Between January and October 2010 , India imported $82.1 billion worth of crude oil . The Indian economy has run a trade deficit every year from 2002 to 2012 , with a merchandise trade deficit of US $189 billion in 2011 -- 12 . Its trade with China has the largest deficit , about $31 billion in 2013 . India 's reliance on external assistance and concessional debt has decreased since liberalisation of the economy , and the debt service ratio decreased from 35.3 % in 1990 -- 91 to 4.4 % in 2008 -- 09 . In India , external commercial borrowings ( ECBs ) , or commercial loans from non-resident lenders , are being permitted by the government for providing an additional source of funds to Indian corporates . The Ministry of Finance monitors and regulates them through ECB policy guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) under the Foreign Exchange Management Act of 1999 . India 's foreign exchange reserves have steadily risen from $5.8 billion in March 1991 to $318.6 billion in December 2009 . In 2012 , the United Kingdom announced an end to all financial aid to India , citing the growth and robustness of Indian economy . India 's current account deficit reached an all - time high in 2013 . India has historically funded its current account deficit through borrowings by companies in the overseas markets or remittances by non-resident Indians and portfolio inflows . From April 2016 to January 2017 , RBI data showed that , for the first time since 1991 , India was funding its deficit through foreign direct investment inflows . The Economic Times noted that the development was `` a sign of rising confidence among long - term investors in Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's ability to strengthen the country 's economic foundation for sustained growth '' . Foreign direct investment This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2015 ) Main article : Foreign direct investment in India Share of top five investing countries in FDI inflows ( 2000 -- 2010 ) Rank Country Inflows ( million US $ ) Inflows ( % ) Mauritius 50,164 42.00 Singapore 11,275 9.00 US 8,914 7.00 UK 6,158 5.00 5 Netherlands 4,968 4.00 As the third - largest economy in the world in PPP terms , India has attracted foreign direct investment ( FDI ) . During the year 2011 , FDI inflow into India stood at $36.5 billion , 51.1 % higher than the 2010 figure of $24.15 billion . India has strengths in telecommunication , information technology and other significant areas such as auto components , chemicals , apparels , pharmaceuticals , and jewellery . Despite a surge in foreign investments , rigid FDI policies were a significant hindrance . Over time , India has adopted a number of FDI reforms . India has a large pool of skilled managerial and technical expertise . The size of the middle - class population stands at 300 million and represents a growing consumer market . India liberalised its FDI policy in 2005 , allowing up to a 100 % FDI stake in ventures . Industrial policy reforms have substantially reduced industrial licensing requirements , removed restrictions on expansion and facilitated easy access to foreign technology and investment . The upward growth curve of the real - estate sector owes some credit to a booming economy and liberalised FDI regime . In March 2005 , the government amended the rules to allow 100 % FDI in the construction sector , including built - up infrastructure and construction development projects comprising housing , commercial premises , hospitals , educational institutions , recreational facilities , and city - and regional - level infrastructure . Between 2012 and 2014 , India extended these reforms to defence , telecom , oil , retail , aviation , and other sectors . From 2000 to 2010 , the country attracted $178 billion as FDI . The inordinately high investment from Mauritius is due to routing of international funds through the country given significant tax advantages -- double taxation is avoided due to a tax treaty between India and Mauritius , and Mauritius is a capital gains tax haven , effectively creating a zero - taxation FDI channel . FDI accounted for 2.1 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . As the government has eased 87 foreign investment direct rules across 21 sectors in the last three years , FDI inflows hit $60.1 billion between 2016 and 2017 in India . Outflows Since 2000 , Indian companies have expanded overseas , investing FDI and creating jobs outside India . From 2006 to 2010 , FDI by Indian companies outside India amounted to 1.34 per cent of its GDP . Indian companies have deployed FDI and started operations in the United States , Europe and Africa . The Indian company Tata is the United Kingdom 's largest manufacturer and private - sector employer . Remittances Main article : Remittances to India In 2015 , a total of US $68.91 billion was made in remittances to India from other countries , and a total of US $8.476 billion was made in remittances by foreign workers in India to their home countries . The UAE , the US , and Saudi Arabia were the top sources of remittances to India , while Bangladesh , Pakistan and Nepal were the top recipients of remittances from India . Remittances to India accounted for 3.32 % of the country 's GDP in 2015 . Mergers and Acquisitions Between 1985 and 2018 20,846 deals have been announced in , into ( inbound ) and out of ( outbound ) India . This cumulates to a value of 618 bil . USD . In terms of value , 2010 has been the most active year with deals worth almost 60 bil . USD . Most deals have been conducted in 2007 ( 1,510 ) . Here is a list of the top 10 deals with Indian companies participating : Acquiror Name Acquiror Mid Industry Acquiror Nation Target Name Target Mid Industry Target Nation Value of Transaction ( $ mil ) Petrol Complex Pte Ltd Oil & Gas Singapore Essar Oil Ltd Oil & Gas India 12,907.25 Vodafone Grp Plc Wireless United Kingdom Hutchison Essar Ltd Telecommunications Services India 12,748.00 Vodafone Grp PLC - Vodafone Asts Wireless India Idea Cellular Ltd - Mobile Bus Wireless India 11,627.32 Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India MTN Group Ltd Wireless South Africa 11,387.52 Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India Zain Africa BV Wireless Nigeria 10,700.00 BP PLC Oil & Gas United Kingdom Reliance Industries Ltd - 21 Oil Oil & Gas India 9,000.00 MTN Group Ltd Wireless South Africa Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India 8,775.09 Shareholders Other Financials India Reliance Inds Ltd - Telecom Bus Telecommunications Services India 8,063.01 Oil & Natural Gas Corp Ltd Oil & Gas India Hindustan Petro Corp Ltd Petrochemicals India 5,784.20 Reliance Commun Ventures Ltd Telecommunications Services India Reliance Infocomm Ltd Telecommunications Services India 5,577.18 Currency The RBI 's headquarters in Mumbai , Maharashtra Main articles : Indian rupee and Reserve Bank of India Year INR ₹ per US $ ( average annual ) 9.4058 1980 7.8800 1985 12.3640 17.4992 1995 32.4198 2000 44.9401 2005 44.1000 45.7393 2015 64.05 2016 67.09 2017 64.14 The Indian rupee ( ₹ ) is the only legal tender in India , and is also accepted as legal tender in neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan , both of which peg their currency to that of the Indian rupee . The rupee is divided into 100 paisas . The highest - denomination banknote is the ₹ 2,000 note ; the lowest - denomination coin in circulation is the 50 paise coin . Since 30 June 2011 , all denominations below 50 paise have ceased to be legal currency . India 's monetary system is managed by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) , the country 's central bank . Established on 1 April 1935 and nationalised in 1949 , the RBI serves as the nation 's monetary authority , regulator and supervisor of the monetary system , banker to the government , custodian of foreign exchange reserves , and as an issuer of currency . It is governed by a central board of directors , headed by a governor who is appointed by the Government of India . The benchmark interest rates are set by the Monetary Policy Committee . The rupee was linked to the British pound from 1927 to 1946 , and then to the US dollar until 1975 through a fixed exchange rate . It was devalued in September 1975 and the system of fixed par rate was replaced with a basket of four major international currencies : the British pound , the US dollar , the Japanese yen and the Deutsche mark . In 1991 , after the collapse of its largest trading partner , the Soviet Union , India faced the major foreign exchange crisis and the rupee was devalued by around 19 % in two stages on 1 and 2 July . In 1992 , a Liberalized Exchange Rate Mechanism ( LERMS ) was introduced . Under LERMS , exporters had to surrender 40 percent of their foreign exchange earnings to the RBI at the RBI - determined exchange rate ; the remaining 60 % could be converted at the market - determined exchange rate . In 1994 , the rupee was convertible on the current account , with some capital controls . After the sharp devaluation in 1991 and transition to current account convertibility in 1994 , the value of the rupee has been largely determined by market forces . The rupee has been fairly stable during the decade 2000 -- 2010 . In September 2013 , the rupee touched an all - time low 68.27 to the US dollar . Income and consumption Main article : Income in India Gini index of India compared to other countries per World Bank data tables as of 2014 . India 's gross national income per capita had experienced high growth rates since 2002 . It tripled from ₹ 19,040 in 2002 -- 03 to ₹ 53,331 in 2010 -- 11 , averaging 13.7 % growth each of these eight years , with peak growth of 15.6 % in 2010 -- 11 . However growth in the inflation - adjusted per - capita income of the nation slowed to 5.6 % in 2010 -- 11 , down from 6.4 % in the previous year . These consumption levels are on an individual basis . The average family income in India was $6,671 per household in 2011 . According to 2011 census data , India has about 330 million houses and 247 million households . The household size in India has dropped in recent years , the 2011 census reporting 50 % of households have four or fewer members , with an average 4.8 members per household including surviving grandparents . These households produced a GDP of about $1.7 trillion . Consumption patterns note : approximately 67 % of households use firewood , crop residue or cow - dung cakes for cooking purposes ; 53 % do not have sanitation or drainage facilities on premises ; 83 % have water supply within their premises or 100 metres ( 330 ft ) from their house in urban areas and 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) from the house in rural areas ; 67 % of the households have access to electricity ; 63 % of households have landline or mobile telephone service ; 43 % have a television ; 26 % have either a two - or four - wheel motor vehicle . Compared to 2001 , these income and consumption trends represent moderate to significant improvements . One report in 2010 claimed that high - income households outnumber low - income households . Per capita gross national income of India in 2013 compared to other countries , on purchasing power parity basis , per World Bank data . New World Wealth publishes reports tracking the total wealth of countries , which is measured as the private wealth held by all residents of a country . According to New World Wealth , India 's total wealth increased from $3,165 billion in 2007 to $8,230 billion in 2017 , a growth rate of 160 % . India 's total wealth rose by 25 % from $6.2 trillion in 2016 to $8.23 trillion in 2017 , making it the sixth wealthiest nation in the world . There are 20,730 multimillionaires ( 7th largest in the world ) and 119 billionaires in India ( 3rd largest in the world ) . With 330,400 high net - worth individuals ( HNWI ) , India is home to the 9th highest number of HNWIs in the world . Mumbai is the wealthiest Indian city and the 12th wealthiest in the world , with a total net worth of $950 billion in 2017 . Twenty - eight billionaires reside in the city . As of December 2016 , the next wealthiest cities in India were Delhi ( $450 billion ) , Bangalore ( $320 billion ) , Hyderabad ( $310 billion ) , Kolkata ( $290 billion ) , Chennai ( $150 billion ) and Gurgaon ( $110 billion ) . Poverty Main article : Poverty in India In May 2014 , the World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions to its poverty calculation methodology of 2005 and purchasing - power - parity basis for measuring poverty . According to the revised methodology , the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line , of which 179.6 million lived in India . With 17.5 % of total world 's population , India had a 20.6 % share of world 's poorest in 2013 . According to a 2005 -- 2006 survey , India had about 61 million children under the age of 5 who were chronically malnourished . A 2011 UNICEF report stated that between 1990 and 2010 , India achieved a 45 percent reduction in under age 5 mortality rates , and now ranks 46th of 188 countries on this metric . Since the early 1960s , successive governments have implemented various schemes to alleviate poverty , under central planning , that have met with partial success . In 2005 , the government enacted the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) , guaranteeing 100 days of minimum wage employment to every rural household in all the districts of India . In 2011 , it was widely criticised and beset with controversy for corrupt officials , deficit financing as the source of funds , poor quality of infrastructure built under the programme , and unintended destructive effects . Other studies suggest that the programme has helped reduce rural poverty in some cases . Yet other studies report that India 's economic growth has been the driver of sustainable employment and poverty reduction , though a sizeable population remains in poverty . Employment See also : Labour in India , Indian labour law , Child labour in India , and Unemployment in India Agricultural and allied sectors accounted for about 52.1 % of the total workforce in 2009 -- 10 . While agriculture employment has fallen over time in percentage of labour employed , services which includes construction and infrastructure have seen a steady growth accounting for 20.3 % of employment in 2012 -- 13 . Of the total workforce , 7 % is in the organised sector , two - thirds of which are in the government - controlled public sector . About 51.2 % of the workforce in India is self - employed . According to a 2005 -- 06 survey , there is a gender gap in employment and salaries . In rural areas , both men and women are primarily self - employed , mostly in agriculture . In urban areas , salaried work was the largest source of employment for both men and women in 2006 . Unemployment in India is characterised by chronic ( disguised ) unemployment . Government schemes that target eradication of both poverty and unemployment -- which in recent decades has sent millions of poor and unskilled people into urban areas in search of livelihoods -- attempt to solve the problem by providing financial assistance for starting businesses , honing skills , setting up public sector enterprises , reservations in governments , etc . The decline in organised employment , due to the decreased role of the public sector after liberalisation , has further underlined the need for focusing on better education and created political pressure for further reforms . India 's labour regulations are heavy , even by developing country standards , and analysts have urged the government to abolish or modify them in order to make the environment more conducive for employment generation . The 11th five - year plan has also identified the need for a congenial environment to be created for employment generation , by reducing the number of permissions and other bureaucratic clearances required . Inequalities and inadequacies in the education system have been identified as an obstacle , which prevents the benefits of increased employment opportunities from reaching all sectors of society . Child labour in India is a complex problem that is rooted in poverty . Since the 1990s , the government has implemented a variety of programs to eliminate child labour . These have included setting up schools , launching free school lunch programs , creating special investigation cells , etc . Author Sonalde Desai stated that recent studies on child labour in India have found some pockets of industries in which children are employed , but overall , relatively few Indian children are employed . Child labour below the age of 10 is now rare . In the 10 -- 14 age group , the latest surveys find only 2 % of children working for wage , while another 9 % work within their home or rural farms assisting their parents in times of high work demand such as sowing and harvesting of crops . India has the largest diaspora around the world , an estimated 16 million people , many of whom work overseas and remit funds back to their families . The Middle East region is the largest source of employment of expat Indians . The crude oil production and infrastructure industry of Saudi Arabia employs over 2 million expat Indians . Cities such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates have employed another 2 million Indians during the construction boom in recent decades . In 2009 -- 10 , remittances from Indian migrants overseas stood at ₹ 2,500 billion ( US $38 billion ) , the highest in the world , but their share in FDI remained low at around 1 % . Economic trends and issues Commercial office buildings in Gurgaon With 1.27 billion people and the world 's third - largest economy in terms of purchasing power , India 's recent growth and development has been one of the most significant achievements of our times . Over the six and half decades since independence , the country has brought about a landmark agricultural revolution that has transformed the nation from chronic dependence on grain imports into a global agricultural powerhouse that is now a net exporter of food . Life expectancy has more than doubled , literacy rates have quadrupled , health conditions have improved . India will soon have the largest and youngest workforce the world has ever seen . At the same time , the country is in the midst of a massive wave of urbanization as some 10 million people move to towns and cities each year in search of jobs and opportunity . It is the largest rural - urban migration of this century . Massive investments will be needed to create the jobs , housing , and infrastructure to meet soaring aspirations and make towns and cities more livable and green . -- World Bank : India Country Overview 2013 Agriculture Main article : Agriculture in India Agriculture is an important part of the Indian economy . At around 1,530,000 square kilometres ( 590,000 sq mi ) , India has the second - largest amount of arable land , after the US , with 52 % of total land under cultivation . Although the total land area of the country is only slightly more than one third of China or the US , India 's arable land is marginally smaller than that of the US , and marginally larger than that of China . However , agricultural output lags far behind its potential . The low productivity in India is a result of several factors . According to the World Bank , India 's large agricultural subsidies are distorting what farmers grow and hampering productivity - enhancing investment . Over-regulation of agriculture has increased costs , price risks and uncertainty , and governmental intervention in labour , land , and credit are hurting the market . Infrastructure such as rural roads , electricity , ports , food storage , retail markets and services remain inadequate . The average size of land holdings is very small , with 70 % of holdings being less than one hectare ( 2.5 acres ) in size . Irrigation facilities are inadequate , as revealed by the fact that only 46 % of the total cultivable land was irrigated as of 2016 , resulting in farmers still being dependent on rainfall , specifically the monsoon season , which is often inconsistent and unevenly distributed across the country . In an effort to bring an additional two crore hectares ( 20 million hectares ; 50 million acres ) of land under irrigation , various schemes have been attempted , including the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme ( AIBP ) which was provided ₹ 80,000 crore ( ₹ 800 billion ) in the union budget . Farming incomes are also hampered by lack of food storage and distribution infrastructure ; a third of India 's agricultural production is lost from spoilage . Corruption Corruption Perceptions Index for India compared to other countries , 2015 Main articles : Corruption in India and Indian black money Corruption has been a pervasive problem in India . A 2005 study by Transparency International ( TI ) found that more than half of those surveyed had first - hand experience of paying a bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office in the previous year . A follow - up study in 2008 found this rate to be 40 percent . In 2011 , TI ranked India at 95th place amongst 183 countries in perceived levels of public sector corruption . By 2016 , India saw a reduction in corruption and its ranking improved to 79th place . In 1996 , red tape , bureaucracy and the Licence Raj were suggested as a cause for the institutionalised corruption and inefficiency . More recent reports suggest the causes of corruption include excessive regulations and approval requirements , mandated spending programs , monopoly of certain goods and service providers by government - controlled institutions , bureaucracy with discretionary powers , and lack of transparent laws and processes . Computerisation of services , various central and state vigilance commissions , and the 2005 Right to Information Act -- which requires government officials to furnish information requested by citizens or face punitive action -- have considerably reduced corruption and opened avenues to redress grievances . In 2011 , the Indian government concluded that most spending fails to reach its intended recipients , as the large and inefficient bureaucracy consumes budgets . India 's absence rates are among the worst in the world ; one study found that 25 % of public sector teachers and 40 % of government - owned public - sector medical workers could not be found at the workplace . Similarly , there are many issues facing Indian scientists , with demands for transparency , a meritocratic system , and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology . India has an underground economy , with a 2006 report alleging that India topped the worldwide list for black money with almost $1,456 billion stashed in Swiss banks . This would amount to 13 times the country 's total external debt . These allegations have been denied by the Swiss Banking Association . James Nason , the Head of International Communications for the Swiss Banking Association , suggested `` The ( black money ) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles , and circulated as gospel truth . However , this story was a complete fabrication . The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report . Anyone claiming to have such figures ( for India ) should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them . '' A recent step taken by Prime Minister Modi , on 8 November 2016 , involved the demonetization of all 500 and 1000 rupee bank notes ( replaced by new 500 and 2000 rupee notes ) in order to return black money into the economy . Education Main article : Education in India India has made progress increasing the primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately three - fourths of the population . India 's literacy rate had grown from 52.2 % in 1991 to 74.04 % in 2011 . The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights under the eighty - sixth Amendment of 2002 , and legislation has been enacted to further the objective of providing free education to all children . However , the literacy rate of 74 % is lower than the worldwide average and the country suffers from a high drop - out rate . Literacy rates and educational opportunities vary by region , gender , urban and rural areas , and among different social groups . Economic disparities Main articles : Economic disparities in India and Poverty in India Economic disparities among the states and union territories of India , on GDP per capita , PPP basis in 2011 Poverty rates in India 's poorest states are three to four times higher than those in the more advanced states . While India 's average annual per capita income was $1,410 in 2011 -- placing it among the poorest of the world 's middle - income countries -- it was just $436 in Uttar Pradesh ( which has more people than Brazil ) and only $294 in Bihar , one of India 's poorest states . -- World Bank : India Country Overview 2013 A critical problem facing India 's economy is the sharp and growing regional variations among India 's different states and territories in terms of poverty , availability of infrastructure and socio - economic development . Six low - income states -- Assam , Chhattisgarh , Nagaland , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha and Uttar Pradesh -- are home to more than one - third of India 's population . Severe disparities exist among states in terms of income , literacy rates , life expectancy and living conditions . The five - year plans , especially in the pre-liberalisation era , attempted to reduce regional disparities by encouraging industrial development in the interior regions and distributing industries across states . The results have been discouraging as these measures increased inefficiency and hampered effective industrial growth . The more advanced states have been better placed to benefit from liberalisation , with well - developed infrastructure and an educated and skilled workforce , which attract the manufacturing and service sectors . Governments of less - advanced states have tried to reduce disparities by offering tax holidays and cheap land , and focused on sectors like tourism which can develop faster than other sectors . India 's income Gini coefficient is 33.9 , according to the United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) , indicating overall income distribution to be more uniform than East Asia , Latin America and Africa . There is a continuing debate on whether India 's economic expansion has been pro-poor or anti-poor . Studies suggest that the economic growth has been pro-poor and has reduced poverty in India . Security markets Bombay Stock Exchange in Mumbai The development of Indian security markets began with the launch of the Bombay Stock Exchange ( BSE ) in July 1875 and Ahmedabad Stock exchange in 1894 . Since then , 22 other exchanges have traded in Indian cities . In 2014 , India 's stock exchange market became the 10th largest in the world by market capitalisation , just above those of South Korea and Australia . India 's two major stock exchanges , BSE and National Stock Exchange of India , had a market capitalisation of US $1.71 trillion and US $1.68 trillion as of February 2015 , according to World Federation of Exchanges . The initial public offering ( IPO ) market in India has been small compared to NYSE and NASDAQ , raising US $300 million in 2013 and US $1.4 billion in 2012 . Ernst & Young stated that the low IPO activity reflects market conditions , slow government approval processes and complex regulations . Before 2013 , Indian companies were not allowed to list their securities internationally without first completing an IPO in India . In 2013 , these security laws were reformed and Indian companies can now choose where they want to list first : overseas , domestically , or both concurrently . Further , security laws have been revised to ease overseas listings of already - listed companies , to increase liquidity for private equity and international investors in Indian companies . 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The per capita GDP over various years and population data can be downloaded in a spreadsheet from here . Jump up ^ The 2015 estimate is retrieved from the International Monetary Fund . ^ Jump up to : Das , Gurcharan ( 2002 ) . India Unbound . Anchor Books . pp. 167 -- 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 72074 - 8 . Jump up ^ Datt & Sundharam 2009 , pp. 185 -- 187 Jump up ^ Cameron , John ; Ndhlovu , P Tidings ( September 2001 ) . `` Cultural Influences on Economic Thought in India : Resistance to diffusion of neo-classical economics and the principles of Hinduism '' ( PDF ) . Economic Issues . 6 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 August 2006 . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Roy , Subroto ( 22 September 1998 ) . `` Milton Friedman on the Nehru / Mahalanobis Plan '' . India Policy Institute . Retrieved 16 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Panagariya 2008 , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Tripathi , Salil ( 13 June 2006 ) . `` Escaping the ' Hindu rate of growth ' '' . The Guardian . London . 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Raychaudhuri , Tapan ; Habib , Irfan ( 2004 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India , Volume I : c. 1200 -- c. 1750 . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 543 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2709 - 6 . Roy , Tirthankar ( 2006 ) . The Economic History of India 1857 -- 1947 . Oxford University Press . p. 385 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568430 - 8 . Alamgir , Jalal ( 2008 ) . India 's Open - Economy Policy . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77684 - 4 . Bharadwaj , Krishna ( 1991 ) . `` Regional differentiation in India '' . In Sathyamurthy , T.V. Industry & agriculture in India since independence . Oxford University Press . pp. 189 -- 199 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564394 - 1 . Papers and reports Bahl , R. , Heredia - Ortiz , E. , Martinez - Vazquez , J. , & Rider , M. ( 2005 ) . India : Fiscal Condition of the States , International Experience , and Options for Reform : Volume 1 ( No. paper05141 ) . International Center for Public Policy , Andrew Young School of Policy Studies , Georgia State University . `` Economic reforms in India : Task force report '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . p. 32 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 February 2009 . `` Economic Survey 2009 -- 10 '' . Ministry of Finance , Government of India . p. 294 . Articles `` Growth of India '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2005 . `` Milton Friedman on the Nehru / Mahalanobis Plan '' . Retrieved 16 July 2005 . `` Infrastructure in India : Requirements and favourable climate for foreign investment '' . Archived from the original on 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 14 August 2005 . Bernardi , Luigi ; Fraschini , Angela ( 2005 ) . `` Tax System And Tax Reforms in India '' . Working paper n . 51 . Centre for Media Studies ( 2005 ) . `` India Corruption Study 2005 : To Improve Governance Volume -- I : Key Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Transparency International India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Ghosh , Jayati . `` Bank Nationalisation : The Record '' . Macroscan . Archived from the original on 23 October 2005 . Retrieved 5 August 2005 . Gordon , Jim ; Gupta , Poonam ( 2003 ) . `` Understanding India 's Services Revolution '' ( PDF ) . 12 November 2003 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Panagariya , Arvind ( 2004 ) . `` India in the 1980s and 1990s : A Triumph of Reforms '' . Sachs , D. Jeffrey ; Bajpai , Nirupam ; Ramiah , Ananthi ( 2002 ) . `` Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India '' ( PDF ) . Working paper 88 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2007 . Srinivasan , T.N. ( 2002 ) . `` Economic Reforms and Global Integration '' ( PDF ) . 17 January 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Kurian , N.J. `` Regional disparities in india '' . Retrieved 6 August 2005 . Kaur , Ravinder ( 2012 ) . `` India Inc. and its Moral Discontent '' . Economic and Political Weekly . Kaur , Ravinder ( 2015 ) . `` Good Times , Brought to you by Brand Modi '' ( PDF ) . News Ravi S Jha . `` India , the Goliath , Falls with a Thud '' . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . `` India says 21 of 29 states to launch new tax '' . Daily Times . 25 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . `` Economic structure '' . The Economist. 6 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . a `` Regional stock exchanges -- Bulldozed by the Big Two '' . Retrieved 10 August 2005 . `` FinMin considers three single - brand retail FDI proposals '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of India . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the type of economy in india | [
"The economy of India is a developing mixed economy.[33] It is the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP (PPP) with $6,616 as of 2016.[34][35] After 1991 economic liberalisation, India achieved 6-7% average GDP growth annually. In FY 2015 and 2018 India's economy became the world's fastest growing major economy surpassing China.[36]"
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"developing mixed economy"
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-9056120379771939329 | Glycogenolysis | Glycogenolysis - wikipedia Glycogenolysis Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Glycolysis , Glycogenesis , or Gluconeogenesis . Glycogen Glucose Glucose - 6 - phosphate Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen ( n ) to glucose - 6 - phosphate and glycogen ( n - 1 ) . Glycogen branches are catabolized by the sequential removal of glucose monomers via phosphorolysis , by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanism 2 Function 3 Regulation 4 Clinical significance 5 Pathology 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Mechanism ( edit ) The overall reaction for the breakdown of glycogen to glucose - 1 - phosphate is : glycogen + P ⇌ glycogen + glucose - 1 - phosphate Here , glycogen phosphorylase cleaves the bond linking a terminal glucose residue to a glycogen branch by substitution of a phosphoryl group for the α ( 1 → 4 ) linkage . Glucose - 1 - phosphate is converted to glucose - 6 - phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase . Glucose residues are phosphorolysed from branches of glycogen until four residues before a glucose that is branched with a α ( 1 → 6 ) linkage . Glycogen debranching enzyme then transfers three of the remaining four glucose units to the end of another glycogen branch . This exposes the α ( 1 → 6 ) branching point , which is hydrolysed by α ( 1 → 6 ) glucosidase , removing the final glucose residue of the branch as a molecule of glucose and eliminating the branch . This is the only case in which a glycogen metabolite is not glucose - 1 - phosphate . The glucose is subsequently phosphorylated to glucose - 6 - phosphate by hexokinase . Function ( edit ) Glycogenolysis takes place in the cells of the muscle and liver tissues in response to hormonal and neural signals . In particular , glycogenolysis plays an important role in the fight - or - flight response and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood . In myocytes ( muscle cells ) , glycogen degradation serves to provide an immediate source of glucose - 6 - phosphate for glycolysis , to provide energy for muscle contraction . In hepatocytes ( liver cells ) , the main purpose of the breakdown of glycogen is for the release of glucose into the bloodstream for uptake by other cells . The phosphate group of glucose - 6 - phosphate is removed by the enzyme glucose - 6 - phosphatase , which is not present in myocytes , and the free glucose exits the cell via GLUT2 facilitated diffusion channels in the hepatocyte cell membrane . Regulation ( edit ) Glycogenolysis is regulated hormonally in response to blood sugar levels by glucagon and insulin , and stimulated by epinephrine during the fight - or - flight response . In myocytes , glycogen degradation may also be stimulated by neural signals . Clinical significance ( edit ) Parenteral ( intravenous ) administration of glucagon is a common human medical intervention in diabetic emergencies when sugar can not be given orally . It can also be administered intramuscularly . Pathology ( edit ) Mutations at the liver enzyme glycogen phosphorylase ( GPLL , 847 aa ) lead to glycogen storage disease VI ( Hers disease ) . Mutations at the muscle enzyme glycogen phosphorylase ( GPMM , 842 aa ) lead to McArdle 's disease . Deficiencies at the glycogen debranching enzyme lead to glycogen storage disease III ( Oxford Dictionary of BioMedicine , 2010 ) . See also ( edit ) Glycogenesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Glycogenesis '' . Jump up ^ Lodish ; et al. ( 2007 ) . Molecular Cell Biology ( 6th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman and Company . p. 658 . ISBN 1429203145 . External links ( edit ) The chemical logic of glycogen degradation at ufp.pt Glycogenolysis at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism , glycogenesis and glycogenolysis enzymes Glycogenesis Phosphoglucomutase UDP - glucose pyrophosphorylase Glycogen synthase Glycogen branching enzyme Glycogenin Glycogenolysis extralysosomal : Glycogen phosphorylase Debranching enzyme Phosphoglucomutase lysosomal : Alpha - glucosidase ( Acid ) Regulation Phosphorylase kinase Protein phosphatase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glycogenolysis&oldid=799064699 '' Categories : Metabolic pathways Hepatology Diabetes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 12 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does glycogenolysis take place in the cell | [
"Glycogenolysis takes place in the cells of the muscle and liver tissues in response to hormonal and neural signals. In particular, glycogenolysis plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood."
] | [
"in the cells of the muscle and liver tissues"
] |
-1717201013884460371 | Jane the Virgin | Jane the Virgin - wikipedia Jane the Virgin Jump to : navigation , search Jane the Virgin Genre Drama Romantic comedy Telenovela Satire Based on Juana la virgen by Perla Farías Developed by Jennie Snyder Urman Starring Gina Rodriguez Andrea Navedo Yael Grobglas Justin Baldoni Ivonne Coll Brett Dier Jaime Camil Elias Janssen Narrated by Anthony Mendez Theme music composer Gustavo Santaolalla Composer ( s ) Kevin Kiner Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Spanish No. of seasons No. of episodes 68 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jennie Snyder Urman Ben Silverman Gary Pearl Jorge Granier Brad Silberling Producer ( s ) Paul Sciarrotta Meredith Averill Corinne Brinkerhoff David S. Rosenthal Josh Reims Gina Lamar Mark Grossan Sean Canino Eva Longoria Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Manhattan Beach , California Cinematography Lowell Peterson Xavier Grobet Editor ( s ) Eric Lea Raul Davalos Bruce Green Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Poppy Productions RCTV International Electus Entertainment Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 with Spanish - language dubbing on SAP channel ( where available ) Original release October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) -- present Chronology Related shows La virgen de la calle External links Website www.cwtv.com/shows/jane-the-virgin Jane the Virgin is an American satirical romantic comedy - drama telenovela developed by Jennie Snyder Urman , that debuted on The CW on October 13 , 2014 . It is a loose adaptation of the Venezuelan telenovela Juana la Virgen created by Perla Farías . The series stars Gina Rodriguez as Jane Villanueva , a working , religious young Latina virgin , who becomes pregnant after being accidentally artificially inseminated . The program parodies commonly used tropes and devices in Latin telenovelas . Jane the Virgin has received critical acclaim since its premiere . At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards , Gina Rodriguez won the award for Best Actress -- Television Series , Musical or Comedy , while the show was nominated for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . The series also received the Peabody Award and was named a TV Program of the Year by the American Film Institute . Beginning with the fourth episode of season three , the series ' on - screen title card was modified , with `` The Virgin '' crossed out in favor of a substitute each episode . This mirrored the storyline , in which Jane is no longer a virgin . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth season , of seventeen episodes , that premiered on October 13 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Series overview 4 Development and production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.1. 1 Critics ' top ten lists 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Accolades 7 DVD releases 8 Novel 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Set in Miami , the series details the surprising and unforeseen events that take place in the life of Jane Gloriana Villanueva , a hard - working , religious young Venezuelan American woman whose family tradition and a vow to save her virginity until her marriage to her detective boyfriend are complicated when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup . To make matters worse , the biological donor is a married man , a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works , but was also her former teenage crush . In addition to adjusting to pregnancy and then motherhood , in the initial episodes Jane is faced with questions about her professional future and the daunting prospect of choosing between the father of her baby or her boyfriend . As the series evolves , in predictably unpredictable telenovela fashion , the issues shift as her child grows into a toddler , her writing career moves forward , and her family members likewise develop independent plotlines . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Gina Rodriguez as Jane Gloriana Villanueva , a 23 - year - old , religious young Latina woman who becomes pregnant after being artificially inseminated by mistake . After meeting Rafael and hearing his situation , she agrees to carry the baby full term and turn over custody to him and his wife Petra , but only if she is sure her baby will be safe and loved with them . But , as the pregnancy grows , they both start to have feelings for each other . Jane ends up having a baby boy named Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva . She marries Michael Cordero in the Season 2 . In Season 3 Episode 10 , she becomes widowed when he dies from his gunshot wound . She later finds her feelings resurfacing for Rafael again . Executive producer Jennie Snyder Urman stated that Gina Rodriguez `` was literally the third person that came in '' during the casting . Jenna Ortega as Young Jane , at age 10 , is the most frequent ( 21 chapters as of season 3 ) of the four younger `` Janes '' seen in flashbacks . Andrea Navedo as Xiomara `` Xo '' Gloriana Villanueva , Jane 's outgoing mother . She was only sixteen years old when she had Jane , which is why Jane would rather keep her virginity until marriage than make the same mistake her mother did . She is a dance teacher , but dreams of having a singing career . She marries Jane 's father in the Season 3 finale . Yael Grobglas as Petra Solano ( birthname : Natalia ) , Rafael 's scheming wife and a member of a shady Czech crime family who got married to Rafael in order to steal his wealth , though over time she did fall in love with him . She later divorces Rafael and in Season 2 , she gives birth to their twin daughters , Anna and Elsa . Justin Baldoni as Rafael Solano , the 31 - year - old owner of the Marbella Hotel and the biological father of Jane 's child who has fallen out of love with his wife . As the series progresses , he develops growing feelings for Jane , and divorces Petra after discovering her affair . In Season 2 he has two daughters with Petra and in Season 3 briefly goes to jail . Ivonne Coll as Alba Gloriana Villanueva , Jane 's pious maternal grandmother . She is highly religious , and encourages Jane to save her virginity until marriage . Although she rarely speaks English , she understands it , since her granddaughter usually only speaks to her in English . She was in the country illegally until she got her green card in season 2 . Brett Dier as Michael Cordero , Jr. , Jane 's 29 - year - old husband who was a detective . He is aware of Petra 's affair , and blackmails her to ensure that her marriage remains intact , so that Jane will give the baby to them , however later he decides to support Jane 's decision to keep the baby . He also dislikes Rafael due to Jane 's , and eventually Rafael 's , attraction to one another . He is the head detective in the hunt for Sin Rostro , a high - profile drug dealer who seems to be based in the Marbella Hotel , however he later quits to become a lawyer . Jane and Michael get married in the season two finale . He dies in season three . Jaime Camil as Rogelio de la Vega , a self - involved , famous telenovela star and Jane 's biological father . He is currently trying to gain a relationship with his newly discovered daughter . He also has feelings for Xiomara , who was his girlfriend in high school . He marries Xiomara in the season 3 finale . Elias Janssen as Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva , Jane and Rafael 's baby . Named after Jane 's grandfather and Alba 's husband , who died before Jane was born . Aria Rose Garcia as toddler Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva . Joseph Sanders played the role in season 3 . Anthony Mendez ( voice over ) as the Latin Lover Narrator ; Third - person omniscient . The narration features both metanarration and metafiction . Recurring ( edit ) Yara Martinez as Dr. Luisa Alver , Rafael 's lesbian , neurotic , recovering alcoholic sister , and the doctor who accidentally artificially inseminated Jane . Bridget Regan as Rose , a former lawyer , former girlfriend of Luisa , and eventually stepmother of Luisa and Rafael who defends Luisa against the malpractice suit . She is later revealed to be the crime lord Sin Rostro , and is arrested in season 3 . Megan Ketch as Susanna Barnett , Michael 's partner who was in fact Rose in disguise . After being discovered , she shot Michael in the chest . Elisabeth Röhm as Eileen , the second woman whose identity Rose steals for the next three years . In the meantime , the real Eileen murdered Scott . Mia and Ella Allan as Anna and Elsa Solano , Petra and Rafael 's twin daughters as a result of Petra 's artificial insemination . Carlo Rota as Emilio Solano , Luisa 's biological father and Rafael 's adopted father . He is murdered by his wife , Rose . Michael Rady as Lachlan Moore , Rafael 's rival and Petra 's former fiancé . Diane Guerrero as Lina Santillan , Jane 's best friend and co-worker . Azie Tesfai as Detective Nadine Hansan , a police detective and rival , partner , and brief lover to Michael . She was killed taking a bullet that was meant for Michael , after she was revealed to be working with Sin Rostro . Camille Collard as Frankie , Jane 's co-worker and friend . Brian Dare as Luca , Jane 's co-worker and friend . Vanessa Merrell and Veronica Merrell as Valeria and Victoria , twins and Rogelio 's former step - daughters . Priscilla Barnes as Magda , Petra 's mother . She is confined to a wheelchair ( but only pretends to be paraplegic ) and she is Petra 's co-conspirator in her plot to steal Rafael 's hotel and wealth . She is currently imprisoned , but still working against Petra from inside . Yael Grobglas also portrays Anezka , Petra 's long - lost twin sister who grew up with a rough life in the Czech Republic . At the end of the second season she drugs Petra and begins a scheme with Magda to impersonate Petra , this is so they can gain controlling shares in the Marbella . Adam Rodriguez as Jonathan Chavez , one of Jane 's teachers at grad school and briefly her love interest . Alano Miller as Roman Zazo , Rafael 's best friend and Petra 's lover . He is believed to be murdered in the hotel , causing tension for everyone , including Petra and Rafael . Alano Miller as Aaron Zazo , Roman 's twin brother , who appears from `` Chapter Fourteen '' onwards investigating his brother 's murder , is later revealed to be Roman ; it was Aaron who was murdered . Roman is later killed , in self - defense , by Petra . Rita Moreno as Liliana De La Vega , Jane 's paternal grandmother . She is the mother of Rogelio and is always sour on Xiomara and Rogelio 's relationship . Cástulo Guerra as Manuel De La Vega , Jane 's paternal grandfather . He is the father of Rogelio and has recently came out as gay . Dennis Mencia as Mateo Villanueva , Alba 's late husband and the maternal grandfather of Jane . His great - grandson is named in honor of him . Sofia Pernas as Catalina Maria Mora , Jane 's newfound maternal cousin and a brief love interest of Rafael . Ricardo Chavira as Bruce , Xiomara 's boyfriend of three years who she becomes briefly engaged to , only to break things off due to her lingering feelings for Rogelio . Justina Machado as Darci Factor , Rogelio 's ex-girlfriend and the mother of her and Rogelio 's unborn daughter . She runs a matchmaking business . Alfonso DiLuca as Jorge , Alba 's love interest and later boyfriend . Johnny Messner as Chuck Chesser , the new owner of the rival hotel to the Marbella who serves as a new love interest for Petra . Francisco San Martin as Fabian , Rogelio 's costar on telenovela Los Viajes de Guillermo who has a brief fling with Jane . Series overview ( edit ) Main article : List of Jane the Virgin episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 22 October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 20 October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 17 October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBA Development and production ( edit ) Gina Rodriguez portrays the title role . On June 27 , 2013 , American television network The CW announced that it was planning to release a new show based on the Venezuelan soap opera Juana La Virgen . On February 23 , 2014 , Entertainment Weekly announced that Rodriguez would play the title role of Jane Villanueva . On May 8 , 2014 , during The CW 's 2014 -- 2015 upfronts , the series was officially picked up . On July 18 , 2014 , an extended trailer was released by The CW . On August 8 , 2014 , it was announced that White Collar 's Bridget Regan and Azie Tesfai would join the series as respectively Rose , a former lawyer , and Detective Nadine Hansan , a police detective and rival to Dier 's character . On August 10 , 2014 , TVLine announced that Melrose Place and Emily Owens , M.D. actor Michael Rady would join the series as Lachlan . Filming for season one commenced on July 28 , 2014 . The show is filmed on soundstages in Los Angeles and the pilot was filmed in Huntington Beach , California . On October 21 , 2014 , the show was given a full season order . On January 11 , 2015 , the show was renewed for a second season , set to air during the 2015 -- 16 television season . Its second season premiered on October 12 , 2015 . On March 11 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a third season , which premiered on October 17 , 2016 . Broadcast ( edit ) Jane the Virgin premiered on The CW on October 13 , 2014 , during the 2014 -- 15 television season . Unique to the CW , it is the network 's only program to feature a Spanish language audio track on the second audio program channel ; however , as many CW stations usually do not carry the SAP channel due to a lack of need , this is more limited than the major networks , which are required by the FCC to have a SAP channel for the Descriptive Video Service track , which as a minor network the CW is not required to carry . The show premiered in Canada on Global TV and in Australia on Fox8 on December 1 , 2014 . The first two seasons aired in the United Kingdom on E4. , with the first - run episodes on UK Netflix from season 3 onwards . Sony Channel broadcast the series throughout Southeast Asia as replacements of Sony Entertainment Television in the region ( including BeTV in the Philippines ) . In Canada , new episodes are added each week to the streaming service Shomi , in addition to cable carriage by some providers of American CW affiliates ( Chicago 's WGN - TV , available as a superstation in Canada , carried the series ' first two seasons until it ended its CW affiliation before the 2016 - 17 television season ) . The show premiered in New Zealand on July 24 on Prime . In the Philippines , Jane the Virgin premiered on ABS - CBN on March 28 , 2016 , dubbed in Filipino . The show replaced the local drama series You 're My Home on a late - night timeslot , as part of the Primetime BIDA evening block . Days before the premiere , a teaser showing Gina Rodriguez promoting the show was also released . ABS - CBN only aired the first two seasons , locally editing and splitting the episodes into half - hour segments similar to the network 's teleserye and anime programs . For a total of 74 modified episodes , the season - two finale aired on July 8 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 100 % ( 50 reviews ) 80 % ( 23 reviews ) 100 % ( 11 reviews ) 87 % ( 4 reviews ) 100 % ( 12 reviews ) - 100 % ( 9 reviews ) - Critical reception ( edit ) Jane the Virgin has received critical acclaim , with critics praising its writing and Gina Rodriguez 's performance . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season of the show a `` certified fresh '' rating of 100 % based on 50 reviews , with a rating average of 7.7 out of 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` Jane the Virgin 's dubious premise has become part of its unlikely charm -- along with delightfully diverse writing and a knockout performance by Gina Rodriguez . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , gives the show a score of 80 out of 100 , based on 23 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The second season also received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , the season holds a 87 out of 100 , based on four reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Rotten Tomatoes gave it a rating of 100 % based on 11 reviews and a rating average of 9.7 out of 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Jane the Virgin stays true to its over-the - top telenovela roots in season two while layering in more humor and increasingly complex storytelling . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety praised the show , saying that the series `` is envisioned , edited and curated with great deftness and economy , and the fact that it is so entertaining and accessible should not preclude it from being at the center of conversations about the best the medium has to offer . '' Critics ' top ten lists ( edit ) ( show ) 2014 No. 3 TV Guide No. 3 The Salt Lake Tribune No. 6 TV.com No. 7 Las Vegas Weekly No. 8 Sioux City Journal No. 10 Boston Globe -- American Film Institute -- Associated Press -- Chicago Reader -- Huffington Post -- Los Angeles Times -- Philadelphia Daily News -- ScreenCrush ( show ) 2015 No. 3 Village Voice No. 4 Vulture No. 4 Slate No. 5 The Salt Lake Tribune No. 6 Las Vegas Weekly No. 7 TV.com -- Boob Tube Dude -- Criticwire -- Variety -- The Week ( show ) 2016 No. 1 Variety No. 2 Boob Tube Dude No. 8 MTV -- CNN Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 9 : 00 pm 22 October 13 , 2014 1.61 May 11 , 2015 1.24 2014 -- 15 177 1.55 0.6 22 October 12 , 2015 1.06 May 16 , 2016 0.97 2015 -- 16 180 1.48 0.6 20 October 17 , 2016 1.09 May 22 , 2017 0.96 2016 -- 17 155 1.60 0.7 Friday 9 : 00 pm 17 October 13 , 2017 0.68 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Accolades ( edit ) The show has been acknowledged by the People 's Choice Awards , Golden Globe Awards , Critics ' Choice Awards , the Primetime Emmy Awards , the Image Awards and the Television Critics Association as well as honored by the American Film Institute and the George Foster Peabody Awards . Year Award Category Recipients Outcome 2014 America Film Institute Award AFI Television Program Of The Year Jane the Virgin Won TV Guide Award Favorite New Show Jane the Virgin Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Award Favorite New TV Comedy Jane the Virgin Won Golden Globe Award Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Gina Rodriguez Won Peabody Award Honoree Jane the Virgin Won Critics ' Choice Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Nominated TV Line Performer of the Week Honoree Jaime Camil ( `` Chapter Twelve '' ) Won TV Line Performer of the Week Honoree Gina Rodriguez ( `` Chapter Twenty '' ) Won Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy Jaime Camil Nominated Choice TV Actress : Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Choice TV : Breakout Show Jane the Virgin Nominated Choice TV : Breakout Star Gina Rodriguez Nominated Choice TV : Liplock Gina Rodriguez & Justin Baldoni Nominated Television Critics Association Award Outstanding New Program Jane the Virgin Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Individual Achievement in Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Imagen Award Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Jane the Virgin Won Best Actress -- Television Gina Rodriguez Won Best Supporting Actor -- Television Justin Baldoni Nominated Jaime Camil Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Television Ivonne Coll Nominated Andrea Navedo Won Gold Derby Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Comedy Lead Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Breakthrough Performer Gina Rodriguez Won EWwy Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Won Best Actress -- Comedy Gina Rodriguez Won Best Supporting Actor -- Comedy Jaime Camil Nominated Emmy Award Outstanding Narrator Anthony Mendez Nominated Voice Arts Award Outstanding Narration -- TV or Film , Best Voice over Anthony Mendez Won Gotham Award Breakthrough Series -- Long Form Jane the Virgin Nominated Dorian Award Campy TV Show of the Year Jane the Virgin Won Online Film and Television Association Award Best Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Guest Actress Rita Moreno Won Maxwell Weinberg Award Arpi Ketendjian CBS Studios Won NHMC Impact Gala Award Honoree Gina Rodriguez Won HOLA Award Breakthrough Performance Andrea Navedo Won GiRL POWER Media Role Model Award Honoree Gina Rodriguez Won Honoree Andrea Navedo Won Honoree Ivonne Coll Won International Drama Award Best Mini-Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Director Brad Silberling Nominated Paleyfest LA Honoree Jane the Virgin Won 2016 Satellite Award Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series Jennie Snyder Urman Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series Brad Silberling Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Critics ' Choice Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Nominated TV Line Performer of the Week Honoree Yael Grobglas ( `` Chapter Thirty - Six '' ) Nominated Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing Susan Ham , Sharyn Gersh Nominated GMS Award Best Music Supervision Kevin J. Edelman Nominated The Women 's Image Award Best Actress in a Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Series Jennie Snyder Urman ( `` Chapter One : Pilot '' ) Nominated Artios Award Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Comedy Alyson Silverberg , Jonathan Clay Harris Nominated Frijolywood Award / Frijoldeoro Award Screenwriter in Comedy Carolina Rivera Won Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Won NHMC Impact Award Outstanding Performance in a Comedy Series Andrea Navedo Won Cine Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Supporting Actor Jaime Camil Nominated Best Supporting Actress Ivonne Coll Won Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series Madison Rojas Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV : Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Choice TV : Actor Jaime Camil Nominated Choice TV : Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Emmy Award Outstanding Narrator Anthony Mendez Nominated EWwy Award Best Actress -- Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Comedy Jaime Camil Nominated Imagen Award Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Jane the Virgin Won Best Actress -- Television Gina Rodriguez Won Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Won Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Andrea Navedo Nominated TV Line Performer of the Week Honoree Gina Rodriguez ( `` Chapter Forty - Seven '' ) Won 2017 Golden Globe Award Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Favorite TV Comedy Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Black Reel Award Outstanding Actress , Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated MTV Award Best American Story Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actor in a Show Gina Rodriguez Nominated GMS Award Best Music Supervision Kevin J. Edelman Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Comedy TV Show Jane the Virgin Nominated Choice Comedy TV Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Choice Comedy TV Actor Jaime Camil Nominated Imagen Award Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Ivonne Coll Nominated DVD releases ( edit ) Name Release date Ep # Additional information The Complete First Season September 29 , 2015 22 Features Immaculate Creation - ' Behind the Scenes ' Getting to Know the Cast Gag Reel Deleted Scenes The Complete Second Season 22 Features Novel ( edit ) A tie - in novel , based on the book Jane writes in the show , is being published through Simon & Schuster . The story will be a historical romance set in Miami during 1902 and feature `` railroad tycoons , hotel booms , and exciting expansion for The Magic City . '' In the series , the book 's plot is inspired by the love story of Jane and Michael . Title Release date Snow Falling November 14 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bustle '' . bustle.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosie Narasaki ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` 7 Reasons You Should Catch Up With ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jane the Virgin ' Is The CW 's Best Show Ever '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jane The Virgin ' Trailer and Official Synopsis : The CW Presents Adaptation of ' Juana la Virgen ' '' . Novela Lounge . May 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jane the Virgin ' : See the CW Comedy 's Updated Title '' from The Hollywood Reporter ( November 2 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Premiere Dates 2017 Guide '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Adapting a telenovela with Jane the Virgin showrunner Jennie Urman '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Choy , Danny ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Latinos in the US : Voiceover Actor Anthony Mendez Talks About His Role in New CW TV Show ' Jane The Virgin ' '' . Latin Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Jane the Virgin Episode Count Revealed ( Hint : It 's the Shortest Season Yet ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dries , Kate ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` A Show Called Jane the Virgin Might Be the Next Thing on Your DVR '' . Jezebel.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin ' : Gina Rodriguez cast as lead in new CW pilot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Gina Rodriguez Lands Title Role in CW 's ' Jane the Virgin ' , Brad Silberling to Direct '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV Scoop : The CW Orders Four Dramas , Including Flash , iZombie and Jane the Virgin , Passes on Supernatural Spin - Off '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Regan & Azie Tesfai to Recur on ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Rady Cast in ' Jane the Virgin ' on The CW -- Season 1 '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` JaneTheVirginWriters on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Yvonne ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin ' takes ' wacky ' telenovela premise for a spin '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Laylan ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood thinks Huntington Beach looks great on camera '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' Get Full - Season Orders at CW '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Reign ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Supernatural , ' The Originals ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' renewed by the CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` The CW Moves ' Jane the Virgin ' & ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Premieres Up to Monday October 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` The CW Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin and The Flash : Premiere on Fox8 '' . Foxtel . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E4 Drops ' Jane The Virgin ' After Two Seasons '' . tvwise.co.uk . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix UK Takes First Window Rights To ' Jane The Virgin ' , Will Stream Season 4 This Autumn '' . tvwise.co.uk . June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin Full Trailer : Starting March 28 on ABS - CBN ! '' . ABS - CBN Entertainment . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABS - CBN Airs the Tagalized Version of ' Jane the Virgini ' on Primetime '' . ABS - CBN Social Media Newsroom . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : The Hit American TV Series '' . ABS - CBN Entertainment . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : Season 1 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin Season 2 Review '' . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : Season 2 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen . `` TV Review : ' Jane the Virgin ' Season 2 '' . variety.com . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2016 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up , ' Castle ' , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' finale and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Jane the Virgin Episode Count Revealed ( Hint : It 's the Shortest Season Yet ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards '' . American Film Institute . December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Nominees '' . peopleschoice.com . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations '' . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes . `` Peabody Awards 2015 Entertainment TV Winners : Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Erik Pedersen . `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards Nominations 2015 '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Jane the Virgin 's Jaime Camil '' . February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Gina Rodriguez '' . May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` TCA Award Nominees 2015 : ' Empire ' ' Transparent ' ' Jane the Virgin ' - TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 67th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/2015/ Jump up ^ Patrick Hipes . `` NAACP Image Award Nominations 2015 -- Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations '' . Deadline.com . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Hipes . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations 2016 -- Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week '' . March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Gina Rodriguez '' . November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations '' . Deadline.com . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice : Full List of Winners '' . peopleschoice.com . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Jane the Virgin - ' The Complete 2nd Season ' on DVD , Blu ... PLUS Blu for the ' 1st Season ' ! Also , an MOD re-release for ' The Complete 1st Season ' on DVD , too '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Jump up ^ Weldon , Sarah ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` That Jane the Virgin book is coming to life thanks to Simon & Schuster '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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My Dad Says ( 2011 ) 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) Scream Queens ( 2016 ) Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_the_Virgin&oldid=808640418 '' Categories : 2014 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy television series 2010s American drama television series American comedy - drama television series American LGBT - related television shows American television series based on telenovelas Comedy telenovelas Lesbian - related television programmes Peabody Award - winning television programs Pregnancy - themed television programs Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows set in Miami The CW shows Virginity in television Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 04 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays jane's dad on jane the virgin | [
"Jaime Camil as Rogelio de la Vega, a self-involved, famous telenovela star and Jane's biological father. He is currently trying to gain a relationship with his newly discovered daughter. He also has feelings for Xiomara, who was his girlfriend in high school. He marries Xiomara in the season 3 finale."
] | [
"Jaime Camil"
] |
-3591161605982935878 | Welcome to My World (Jim Reeves song) | Welcome to My World ( Jim Reeves song ) - Wikipedia Welcome to My World ( Jim Reeves song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Welcome to My World '' Single by Jim Reeves from the album A Touch of Velvet B - side `` Good Morning Self '' ( U.S. ) ; `` My Juanita '' ( U.K. ) Released May 1963 ( U.K. ) ; January 1964 ( U.S. ) Genre Country Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Ray Winkler John Hathcock Jim Reeves singles chronology `` Guilty '' ( 1963 ) `` Welcome to My World '' ( 1963 ) `` Love Is No Excuse '' ( 1964 ) `` Guilty '' ( 1963 ) `` Welcome to My World '' ( 1964 ) `` Love Is No Excuse '' ( 1964 ) `` Welcome to My World '' is a popular music standard written by Ray Winkler and John Hathcock ( 1919 - 2000 ) and recorded by many artists , most notably Jim Reeves . Though the song is credited to Winkler and Hathcock , the melody was likely written by Eddie McDuff rather than Winkler . A traditional love song , the bridge includes lyrics taken from Matthew 7 : 7 -- 8 ( `` Knock and the door will open ; seek and you will find ; ask and you 'll be given ... , '' from the Sermon on the Mount ) . Jim Reeves version ( edit ) The most famous version was performed by country music singer Jim Reeves , whose version was included on his 1962 album A Touch of Velvet . Reeves ' version , styled in the then - prevalent Nashville Sound - style , was released as a single in the U.S. in early 1964 , and reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart that spring , and also gained sporadic airplay on pop radio stations , reaching the No. 2 spot on Billboard 's Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart . The song would become one of Reeves ' last major hits in the U.S. during his lifetime , as he was killed in a plane crash on July 31 , 1964 . Reeves ' version of `` Welcome to My World '' had been a hit single in the United Kingdom prior to its release as a single in the U.S. , peaking at No. 6 in July 1963 , and reaching No. 60 on the list of the top 100 best - selling singles of 1963 in the U.K. Chart performance ( edit ) Chart Peak position U.K. Singles Chart 6 ( 1963 ) U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 2 ( 1964 ) U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 2 ( 1964 ) Other versions ( edit ) Dean Martin ( 1965 ) Faron Young ( 1966 ) Wilma Burgess ( May 1966 ) Ricky Nelson ( May 30 , 1966 ) Kitty Wells ( 1967 ) Eddy Arnold ( June 1971 ) Elvis Presley ( January 1973 ) John Grenell ( 1990 ) Giant Sand ( Ramp album , 1991 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jim Reeves - Welcome to My World / My Juanita , RCA 1342 '' . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Hathcock '' . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Larry Jordan . Jim Reeves : His Untold Story . Page Turner Books International , 2011 . p. 527 - 528 . ISBN 9780615524306 Jump up ^ `` Official ( U.K. ) Singles Chart Top 50 : 11 July - 17 July 1963 '' . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best - Selling Singles of 1963 ( in the U.K. ) '' . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Reeves Charts & Awards '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . This 1960s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welcome_to_My_World_(Jim_Reeves_song)&oldid=788942575 '' Categories : 1964 singles Jim Reeves songs 1964 songs RCA Records singles 1960s country song stubs Talk About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2017 , at 11 : 58 . About Wikipedia | who sings the song welcome to my world | [
"\"Welcome to My World\" is a popular music standard written by Ray Winkler and John Hathcock (1919-2000)[2] and recorded by many artists, most notably Jim Reeves. Though the song is credited to Winkler and Hathcock, the melody was likely written by Eddie McDuff rather than Winkler.[3] A traditional love song, the bridge includes lyrics taken from Matthew 7:7–8 (\"Knock and the door will open; seek and you will find; ask and you'll be given ... ,\" from the Sermon on the Mount)."
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"Jim Reeves"
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7151464228256231341 | Scoville scale | Scoville scale - wikipedia Scoville scale Pepper stand at Central Market in Houston , Texas , with Scoville scale The bhut jolokia ( ghost pepper ) is considered to be a `` very hot '' pepper . It is primarily found in the Northeast Indian states of Assam , Nagaland , and Manipur . The Naga Morich ( also known as Dorset Naga ) is primarily found in Bangladesh . The Scoville scale is a measurement of the pungency ( spiciness / heat of pepper ) of chili peppers , or other spicy foods , as reported in Scoville Heat Units ( SHU ) , a function of capsaicin concentration . Capsaicin is one of many related pungent compounds found in chili peppers , collectively called capsaicinoids . The scale is named after its creator , American pharmacist Wilbur Scoville whose 1912 method is known as the Scoville organoleptic test . In modern times , high - performance liquid chromatography is used to determine the pungency . The older method is a subjective measurement dependent on the capsaicin sensitivity of testers , and so is not a precise or accurate method to measure capsaicinoid concentration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Scoville organoleptic test 2 Pungency units 3 Scoville ratings 3.1 Considerations 3.2 Capsicum peppers 3.3 Capsaicinoids 4 References 5 External links Scoville organoleptic test ( edit ) In the Scoville organoleptic test , an exact weight of dried pepper is dissolved in alcohol to extract the heat components ( capsaicinoids ) , then diluted in a solution of sugar water . Decreasing concentrations of the extracted capsaicinoids are given to a panel of five trained tasters , until a majority ( at least three ) can no longer detect the heat in a dilution . The heat level is based on this dilution , rated in multiples of 100 SHU . A weakness of the Scoville organoleptic test is its imprecision due to human subjectivity , depending on the taster 's palate and number of mouth heat receptors , which varies widely among people . Another weakness is sensory fatigue ; the palate is quickly desensitized to capsaicinoids after tasting a few samples within a short time period . Results vary widely ( up to ± 50 % ) between laboratories . Pungency units ( edit ) The Red Savina pepper , a hot chili . Since the 1980s , spice heat has been measured by high - performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) which measures the concentration of heat - producing chemicals , such as capsaicin . HPLC results enable use of a mathematical formula that weights them according to their relative capacity to produce perceived heat ( `` pungency '' ) . This method yields results in American Spice Trade Association ( ASTA ) `` pungency units '' which are defined as one part capsaicin per million parts dried pepper mass . The number of pungency units is then multiplied by 15 to produce a Scoville score . Scoville ratings ( edit ) Considerations ( edit ) Since Scoville ratings are defined per unit of dry mass , comparison of ratings between products having different water content can be misleading . For example , typical fresh chili peppers have a water content around 90 % , whereas Tabasco sauce has a water content of 95 % . For law - enforcement - grade pepper spray , values from 500,000 up to 1 million SHU have been mentioned , but the actual strength of the spray depends on the dilution . Numerical results for any specimen vary depending on its cultivation conditions and the uncertainty of the laboratory methods used to assess the capsaicinoid content . Pungency values for any pepper are variable , owing to expected variation within a species -- easily by a factor of 10 or more -- depending on seed lineage , climate ( humidity is a big factor for the Bhut Jolokia ; the Dorset Naga and the original Naga have quite different ratings ) , and soil ( this is especially true of habaneros ) . The inaccuracies described in the measurement methods above also contribute to the imprecision of these values . Capsicum peppers ( edit ) Capsicum chili peppers are commonly used to add pungency in cuisines worldwide . Subjective sensory feedback from people experienced with tasting hot chili peppers indicates five possible categories related to perceiving chili heat and the corresponding Scoville units : 1 ) development of heat sensation over time , 2 ) duration , 3 ) location ( lips , mouth , throat , stomach ) , 4 ) sensation of heat , and 5 ) intensity ( specifically related to Scoville units ) . The range of pepper heat reflected by a Scoville score is from 100 or less ( sweet peppers ) to over 3 million ( Pepper X ) ( table below ; Scoville scales for individual chili peppers are in the respective linked article ) . Scoville heat units Peppers 800,000 to 3,200,000 Pepper X , Carolina Reaper , Dragon 's Breath , Naga Morich 350,000 to 800,000 Red Savina pepper , Chocolate habanero 100,000 to 350,000 Habanero , Scotch Bonnet 10,000 to 100,000 Malagueta pepper , Cayenne pepper 1,000 to 10,000 Guajillo pepper , Jalapeño 100 to 1,000 Banana pepper , Cubanelle 0 to 100 Bell pepper , Pimento Capsaicinoids ( edit ) Capsaicin pharmacophore The class of compounds causing pungency in plants like chili peppers is called capsaicinoids , which display a linear correlation between concentration and Scoville scale , and may vary in content during ripening . Scoville heat units Chemical 16,000,000,000 Resiniferatoxin 5,300,000,000 Tinyatoxin 16,000,000 Capsaicin , Dihydrocapsaicin 9,200,000 Nonivamide 9,100,000 Nordihydrocapsaicin 8,600,000 Homocapsaicin , Homodihydrocapsaicin 160,000 Shogaol 100,000 Piperine 60,000 Gingerol 16,000 Capsiate References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Twilight Greenaway ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` How Hot is That Pepper ? How Scientists Measure Spiciness '' . Smithsonian.com , US Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter , KV , ed. ( 2001 ) , Handbook of Herbs and Spices , 1 , CRC Press , p. 120 , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1217 - 5 Jump up ^ Mazourek M , Pujar A , Borovsky Y , Paran I , Mueller L , Jahn MM ( 2009 ) . `` A Dynamic Interface for Capsaicinoid Systems Biology '' ( PDF ) . Plant Physiology , Bioinformatics. 150 : 1806 -- 1821 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 109.136549 . PMC 2719146 . ^ Jump up to : Scoville , Wilbur ( May 1912 ) . `` Note on Capsicums '' . Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association . 1 ( 5 ) : 453 -- 454 . doi : 10.1002 / jps. 3080010520 . ^ Jump up to : Guzmán , I ; Bosland , P. W ( 2017 ) . `` Sensory properties of chili pepper heat - and its importance to food quality and cultural preference '' ( PDF ) . Appetite. 117 : 186 -- 190 . doi : 10.1016 / j. appet. 2017.06. 026 . PMID 28662907 . ^ Jump up to : Kleiman , Dena ( November 8 , 1989 ) . `` Rating Hot Peppers : Mouth vs. Computer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Peter , K.V. ( 2012 ) . Handbook of Herbs and Spices . Elsevier Science . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85709 - 5671 . ^ Jump up to : Tainter , Donna R. ; Anthony T. Grenis ( 2001 ) . Spices and Seasonings . Wiley - IEEE . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 35575 - 5 . Interlab variation ( for the original Scoville scale ) could be as high as + / − 50 % . However , labs that run these procedures could generate reasonably repeatable results . ^ Jump up to : Barry - Jester , Anna Maria ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Rating Chili Peppers On A Scale Of 1 To Oh Dear God I 'm On Fire '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ DeWitt , Dave ; Bosland , Paul W. ( 2009 ) . The Complete Chile Pepper Book . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88192 - 920 - 1 . Jump up ^ Collins , M.D. ; et al. ( 1995 ) . `` Improved Method for Quantifying Capsaicinoids in Capsicum Using High - performance Liquid Chromatography '' . HortScience. 30 : 137 -- 139 . Jump up ^ USDA nutrient database for Peppers , jalapeño , raw ( 92 % water content ) ; Peppers , hot chile , red , raw ( 88 % water content ) ; Red Tabasco sauce ( 95 % ) Jump up ^ `` Chemical hazards in law enforcement '' . The Police Policy Studies Council . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . Most law enforcement sprays have a pungency of 500,000 to 2 million SHU . One brand has sprays with 5.3 million SHU . Jump up ^ `` Some Like It Hot : Dorset 's Ultra-Hot Chillies '' . Archived from the original on 19 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Nagy , Z ; Daood , H ; Ambrózy , Z ; Helyes , L ( 2015 ) . `` Determination of Polyphenols , Capsaicinoids , and Vitamin C in New Hybrids of Chili Peppers '' . Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry . 2015 : 102125 . doi : 10.1155 / 2015 / 102125 . PMC 4606152 . PMID 26495153 . ^ Jump up to : Govindarajan , Sathyanarayana ( 1991 ) . `` Capsicum -- Production , Technology , Chemistry , and Quality . Part V. Impact on Physiology , Pharmacology , Nutrition , and Metabolism ; Structure , Pungency , Pain , and Desensitization Sequences '' . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 29 ( 6 ) : 435 -- 474 . External links ( edit ) Food portal Chemistry portal Wilbur Scoville profile on NNDB hide Taste Basic tastes Bitterness Saltiness Sourness Sweetness Umami Anatomy Epiglottis Pharynx Soft palate Tongue Gustology Ageusia Dysgeusia Hypogeusia Other Aftertaste Acquired taste Pungency Scoville scale Supertaster Tongue map See also Sight Hearing Smell Touch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scoville_scale&oldid=849684259 '' Categories : Units of measurement Gustatory system Chili peppers 1912 introductions Spices Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 16 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many scoville units in a jalapeno pepper | [
"\n\n\nScoville heat units\n\nPeppers\n\n\n800,000 to 3,200,000\nPepper X, Carolina Reaper, Dragon's Breath, Naga Morich[14]\n\n\n350,000 to 800,000\nRed Savina pepper, Chocolate habanero\n\n\n100,000 to 350,000\nHabanero, Scotch Bonnet\n\n\n10,000 to 100,000\nMalagueta pepper, Cayenne pepper\n\n\n1,000 to 10,000\nGuajillo pepper, Jalapeño\n\n\n100 to 1,000\nBanana pepper, Cubanelle\n\n\n0 to 100\nBell pepper, Pimento\n"
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"1,000 to 10,000"
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-400927846206074033 | Hard palate | Hard palate - wikipedia Hard palate Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hard palate Mouth ( oral cavity ) Upper respiratory system , with hard palate labeled at right . Details Artery greater palatine artery Nerve greater palatine nerve , nasopalatine nerve Identifiers Latin palatum durum MeSH D021362 TA A05. 1.01. 103 FMA 55023 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull , located in the roof of the mouth . It is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone , and spans the arch formed by the upper teeth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Cleft palate 3.2 Palatal abscesses 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The hard palate is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone . It forms a partition between the nasal passages and the mouth . On the anterior portion of the roof of the hard palate are the plicae , irregular ridges in the mucous membrane that help facilitate the movement of food backwards towards the larynx . This partition is continued deeper into the mouth by a fleshy extension called the soft palate . Function ( edit ) The hard palate is important for feeding and speech . Mammals with a defective hard palate may die shortly after birth due to inability to suckle ( see Cleft palate below ) . It is also involved in mastication in many species . The interaction between the tongue and the hard palate is essential in the formation of certain speech sounds , notably palatal consonants such as / j / and / ɟ / . Clinical significance ( edit ) Cleft palate ( edit ) In the birth defect called cleft palate , the left and right portions of this plate are not joined , forming a gap between the mouth and nasal passage ( a related defect affecting the face is cleft lip ) . While cleft palate has a severe impact upon the ability to nurse and speak , it is now successfully treated through reconstructive surgical procedures at an early age , where such procedures are available . Palatal abscesses ( edit ) The proximity of the dento - alveolar process explains the forming of palatal abscesses and the palatal mucosa and submucosa with its numerous glands and the squamous keratinized epithelium is in correlation with the rich tumoral pathology . Additional images ( edit ) This gallery of anatomic features needs cleanup to abide by the medical manual of style . Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged ; please improve or remove the gallery accordingly . ( May 2015 ) Mouth The bony palate and alveolar arch . Base of skull . Inferior surface . Sagittal section of skull . Roof , floor , and lateral wall of left nasal cavity . Nerves of septum of nose . Right side . Lateral wall of nasal cavity . Coronal section of nasal cavities . Sagittal section of nose mouth , pharynx , and larynx . See also ( edit ) Electropalatograph Head and neck anatomy Maxilla Palate Soft palate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roman , Alexandru Gabriel ; Mițariu , Mihaela Cernușcă ; Mițariu , Mihai ( June 2012 ) . `` Palatul dur -- La granița dintre patologia tumorală și cea infecțioasă '' ( Palate -- the border between tumor pathology and the infectious ) . Revista de chirurgie oro - maxilo - facială și implantologie ( in Romanian ) . 3 ( 2 ) : 14 -- 7 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Anatomy of the mouth Lip Vermilion border Frenulum of lower lip Labial commissure of mouth Philtrum Cheek Buccal fat pad Roof Hard palate Soft palate Palatine raphe Incisive papilla Gums Interdental papilla Gingival sulcus Gingival margin Gingival fibers Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Sulcular epithelium Stippling Periodontium Cementum Gingiva Periodontal ligament Glands Parotid gland duct Submandibular gland duct Sublingual gland duct Teeth see tooth anatomy Tongue Top Taste bud Median sulcus Terminal sulcus Foramen cecum Lingual tonsils Underside Frenulum Fimbriated fold Sublingual caruncle Glossoepiglottic folds Lingual septum Back of mouth Oropharynx fauces Plica semilunaris of the fauces Uvula Palatoglossal arch Palatopharyngeal arch Tonsillar fossa Palatine tonsil Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_palate&oldid=825178835 '' Categories : Palate Human mouth anatomy Speech organs Hidden categories : CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with gallery cleanup tags Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski ދިވެހިބަސް Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी 日本 語 Polski Português Српски / srpski Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 22 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are the hard and soft palate located | [
"The hard palate is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone. It forms a partition between the nasal passages and the mouth. On the anterior portion of the roof of the hard palate are the plicae, irregular ridges in the mucous membrane that help facilitate the movement of food backwards towards the larynx. This partition is continued deeper into the mouth by a fleshy extension called the soft palate."
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875391765563372353 | The Emoji Movie | The Emoji Movie - wikipedia The Emoji Movie Jump to : navigation , search The Emoji Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Tony Leondis Produced by Michelle Raimo Kouyate Screenplay by Tony Leondis Eric Siegel Mike White Story by Tony Leondis Eric Siegel Starring T.J. Miller James Corden Anna Faris Maya Rudolph Steven Wright Jennifer Coolidge Christina Aguilera Sofía Vergara Sean Hayes Patrick Stewart Music by Patrick Doyle Edited by William J. Caparella Production company Sony Pictures Animation Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) ( Regency Village Theatre ) July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) ( United States ) Running time 86 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $211.9 million The Emoji Movie is a 2017 American 3D computer - animated science fiction - comedy film directed by Tony Leondis and written by Leondis , Eric Siegel and Mike White , based on the emoji symbols . It stars the voices of T.J. Miller , James Corden , Anna Faris , Maya Rudolph , Steven Wright , Rob Riggle , Jennifer Coolidge , Christina Aguilera , Sofía Vergara , Sean Hayes and Patrick Stewart . The film centers on Gene , a multi-expressional emoji who lives in a teenager 's phone , and who sets out on a journey to become a normal meh emoji like his parents . Produced by Sony Pictures Animation , and distributed by Columbia Pictures , The Emoji Movie premiered on July 23 , 2017 at the Regency Village Theatre , was theatrically released in the United States on July 28 , 2017 and has grossed over $211 million worldwide , making it Tony Leondis ' highest grossing film as of October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Controversy 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot Gene is an emoji that lives in Textopolis , a digital city inside the phone of his user Alex . He is the son of two meh emojis named Mel and Mary , and is able to make multiple expressions despite his parents ' upbringing . His parents are hesitant of him going to work , but Gene insists so that he can feel useful . Upon receiving a text from his crush Addie , Alex decides to send her an emoji . When Gene is selected , he panics , makes a confusing expression , and wrecks the text center . Gene is called in by Smiler , a smiley emoji and leader of the text center , who concludes that Gene is a `` malfunction '' and therefore must be deleted . Gene is chased by bots , but is rescued by Hi - 5 , a once popular emoji who has since lost his fame due to lack of use . He tells Gene that he can be fixed if they find a hacker , and Hi - 5 accompanies him so that he can reclaim his fame . Smiler sends more bots to look for Gene when she finds out that he has left Textopolis , as his actions have caused Alex to think that his phone needs to be fixed . Gene and Hi - 5 come to a piracy app where they meet the hacker emoji Jailbreak , who wants to reach Dropbox so that she can live in the cloud . The trio is attacked by Smiler 's bots , but manage to escape into the game Candy Crush . Jailbreak reveals that Gene can be fixed in the cloud , and the group goes off into the Just Dance app . While there , Jailbreak is revealed to be a princess emoji who fled home after tiring of being stereotyped . They are once again attacked by bots , and their actions cause Alex to delete the Just Dance app . Gene and Jailbreak escape , but Hi - 5 is taken along with the app and ends up in the trash . Mel and Mary go searching for Gene and have a very lethargic argument . They make up in the Instagram app when Mel reveals that he , too , is a malfunction , explaining Gene 's behavior . While traveling through Spotify , Jailbreak admits that she likes Gene just the way he is , and that he should not be ashamed of his malfunction . They make it to the trash and rescue Hi - 5 , but are soon attacked by an upgraded bot . They evade it and enter Dropbox , where they encounter a firewall . The gang get past it with a password being Addie 's name and make it to the cloud , where Jailbreak prepares to reprogram Gene . Gene admits his feelings for Jailbreak , but she wishes to stick to her plan of venturing into the cloud , unintentionally causing Gene to revert to his apathetic programming out of heartbreak . The upgraded bot takes Gene , and Hi - 5 and Jailbreak race after them on a Twitter bird summoned by Jailbreak . As Smiler prepares to delete Gene , Mel and Mary arrive and are also threatened . Jailbreak and Hi - 5 arrive and disable the bot , which falls on top of Smiler . Alex has since taken his phone to the store and asks to have his phone erased to fix the problem . Out of desperation , Gene prepares to have himself texted to Addie , making numerous faces to express himself . Realizing that Addie received a text from him , Alex stops his phone from getting erased , saving the emoji and finally getting to speak with Addie . Gene accepts himself for who he is and is celebrated by all of the emojis . In a mid-credits scene , Smiler has been relegated to the `` loser lounge '' with the other forgotten and unused emotions for her crimes , wearing numerous braces due to her teeth being cracked by the bot , and playing and losing a game of Go Fish . Voice cast T.J. Miller and his wife Kate at the film 's premiere in Westwood , Los Angeles T.J. Miller as Gene , an outsider `` meh '' emoji who can show multiple expressions . James Corden as Hi - 5 , a hand emoji representing a high five signal . Anna Faris as Jailbreak , a codebreaker emoji who is later revealed to be a princess emoji named Linda . Maya Rudolph as Smiler , a smiley emoji and leader of the text center . Steven Wright as Mel Meh , Gene 's emoji father . Jennifer Coolidge as Mary Meh , Gene 's emoji mother . Patrick Stewart as Poop , a poop emoji . Christina Aguilera as Akiko Glitter , a `` super cool '' dancer that lives inside the Just Dance app . Sofía Vergara as Flamenca , a flamenco dancer emoji . Sean Hayes as Steven , a devil emoji . Rachael Ray as Spam , a spam message . Jeff Ross as an Internet troll . Jake T. Austin as Alex , a human teenager who owns the phone where Gene and his emoji friends live . Tati Gabrielle as Addie McCallister , Alex 's crush . Rob Riggle as an ice cream emoji . Production The film was inspired by director Tony Leondis ' love of Toy Story . Wanting to make a new take on the concept , he began asking himself , `` What is the new toy out there that has n't been explored ? '' At the same time , Leondis received a text message with an emoji , which helped him realize that this was the world he wanted to explore . In fleshing out the story , Leondis considered having the emojis visit the real world . However , his producer felt that the world inside a phone was much more interesting , which inspired Leondis to create the story of where and how the emojis lived . As Leondis is gay , he connected to Gene 's plight of `` being different in a world that expects you to be one thing , '' and in eventually realizing that the feeling held true for most people , Leondis has said the film `` was very personal '' . In July 2015 , it was announced that Sony Pictures Animation had won the bidding war against Warner Bros. and Paramount Pictures over production rights to make the film , with the official announcement occurring at the 2016 CinemaCon . On World Emoji Day on June 17 , 2016 , Miller was announced as the lead . Leondis created the part with Miller in mind , although the actor was initially hesitant to play the role , only accepting after Leondis briefed him on the story . Leondis chose Miller because `` when you think of irrepressible , you think of TJ . But he also has this surprising ability to break your heart '' . in addition Miller also contributed some re-writes . In October 2016 , it was announced that Ilana Glazer and Corden would join the cast as well . Glazer was later replaced by Anna Faris . Singer Ricky Reed recorded the song `` Good Vibrations '' for the film . Release In November 2015 , Sony scheduled the film to be released on August 11 , 2017 . A year later , it was moved to August 4 , 2017 , with Baby Driver initially taking its previous date . In late March 2017 , the film was moved one week earlier , to July 28 , 2017 , switching places with Sony Pictures ' The Dark Tower . On December 20 , 2016 , a teaser trailer for the film was released . A second trailer was later released on May 16 , 2017 . Sony promoted the release of the latter trailer by hosting a press conference in Cannes , the day before the 2017 Cannes Film Festival , which featured T.J. Miller parasailing in . Variety called the event `` slightly awkward '' , and The Hollywood Reporter described it as `` promotional ridiculousness '' . The film 's theatrical release is preceded by Puppy ! , a Hotel Transylvania short directed by Genndy Tartakovsky . Home media The Emoji Movie was released on Blu - ray and DVD on October 24 , 2017 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . Controversy Days prior the film 's release , Sony was criticized after the film 's official Twitter account posted a promotional picture of a parody of The Handmaid 's Tale , featuring Smiler . The parody was considered to be `` tasteless '' due to the overall themes of the work , and the image was deleted afterward . Reception Box Office As of October 29 , 2017 , The Emoji Movie has grossed $85.5 million in the United States and Canada and $125.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $211.3 million , against a production budget of $50 million . The Emoji Movie was released alongside Atomic Blonde , and was projected to gross around $20 million from 4,075 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $900,000 from Thursday night previews and $10.1 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $24.5 million , finishing second at the box office behind Dunkirk . Review embargoes for the film were lifted midday July 27 , only a few hours before the film premiered to the general public , in a move considered among one of several tactics studios are using to try to curb bad Rotten Tomatoes ratings . Speaking of the effect embargoing reviews until last minute had on the film 's debut , Josh Greenstein , Sony Pictures president of worldwide marketing and distribution , said , `` The Emoji Movie was built for people under 18 ... so we wanted to give the movie its best chance . What other wide release with a score under 8 percent has opened north of $20 million ? I do n't think there is one . '' In the film 's second weekend it dropped nearly 50 % , grossing $12.4 million and finishing in 3rd . Critical response Critics panned The Emoji Movie , calling it `` unfunny and a waste of time '' . As of September 17 , 2017 on Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 10 % based on 104 reviews , with an average rating of 2.7 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 12 out of 100 , based on 26 critics , indicating `` overwhelming dislike '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a D , writing : `` Make no mistake , The Emoji Movie is very , very , very bad ( we 're talking about a hyperactive piece of corporate propaganda in which Spotify saves the world and Sir Patrick Stewart voices a living turd ) , but real life is just too hard to compete with right now . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was also critical of the film , calling it `` a soul - crushing disaster because it lacks humor , wit , ideas , visual style , compelling performances , a point of view or any other distinguishing characteristic that would make it anything but a complete waste of your time '' . Glen Kenny of The New York Times described the film as `` nakedly idiotic '' , stating that the film plays off a Hollywood idea that the `` panderingly , trendily idiotic can be made to seem less so '' . Owen Gleiberman of Variety lambasted the film as `` hectic situational overkill '' and `` lazy '' while viciously criticizing the film , writing : `` There have been worse ideas , but in this case the execution is n't good enough to bring the notion of an emoji movie to funky , surprising life . '' Writing in The Guardian , Charles Bramesco called the film `` insidious evil '' and wrote that it was little more than an exercise in advertising smartphone downloads to children . References Jump up ^ `` The Emoji Movie ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pressburg , Matt ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Why Sony , LStar Movie Finance Deal Fell Apart : Flops , ' Ghostbusters ' and Feet on Desk ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Emoji Movie ' Trailer Literally Gets Promoted by ' Meh ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Amidi , Amid ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Emojimovie : Express Yourself ' Promises To Make You A Better Person '' . Cartoon Brew . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ashley ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` James Corden , Ilana Glazer Join Animated ' EmojiMovie ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Garth . `` '' Dark Tower '' & `` Emoji Movie '' Swap Dates - Dark Horizons `` . www.darkhorizons.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Silicon Valley star T.J. Miller to voice lead character in emoji movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schager , Nick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Emoji Movie ' : Meet James Corden 's High - Spirited , High - Fiving Character '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw - Williams , Hannah ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sir Patrick Stewart Voicing Poop Emoji in The Emoji Movie '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Patrick Stewart to Voice Poop Emoji in ' Emoji Movie ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Christina Aguilera 's ' Emoji Movie ' Character : First Pic ! '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mike ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Sofia Vergara 's Flamenco Dancer from The Emoji Movie : ' People Are Always Saying I Look Like Her ! '' . People . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The EMOJI Movie ( Sony Pictures ) Sean Hayes - Devil '' . YouTube . July 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Everett , Christina ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` See the Voices Behind the Emoji Movie Characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Emoji Movie ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' ' The Emoji Movie ' Review : There Are No Words '' . TheWrap . July 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` THE EMOJI MOVIE TEASER TRAILER ARRIVES WITH A ' MEH ' AND A POOP DADDY '' . The Nerdist . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Frreeman , Molly . `` How Toy Story Inspired The Emoji Movie , According to Tony Leondis '' . Screenrant . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Emoji At Center Of Bidding Battle Won By Sony Animation ; Anthony Leondis To Direct '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chipman , Bob ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Emoji Movie Officially Announced by Sony ; Plot Details Revealed '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gaudette , Emily . `` How the ' Emoji Movie ' Tries to Transcend Capitalism '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on 13 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Roman , Julian ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` T.J. Miller and Emoji Movie Director Talk Poop Jokes & Hard Laughs '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Emoji Movie ' to Feature Original Song by Ricky Reed '' . Film Music Reporter . July 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Emoji Movie , Animated Spider - Man and Peter Rabbit Get Release Dates '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Dark Tower ' Release Date Moved Into Summer 2017 , ' Jumanji ' Shifts To Christmas As Sony Juggles Slate '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Tower Movie Delayed '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Emoji Movie 's first trailer is 150 seconds of kids ' movie cliches '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's first full trailer for The Emoji Movie will make you rethink your life '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Brzeski , Patrick . `` T.J. Miller Parasails Into Cannes in Stunt for Sony 's ' Emoji Movie ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyreni , Erin . `` T.J. Miller Parasails Into Cannes to Debut ' Emoji Movie ' Trailer '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Animation Unveils ' Spider - Man , ' ' Hotel Transylvania 3 , ' ' Smurfs ' And More '' . January 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Animation Teases Upcoming Slate '' . January 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) '' . DVDs Release Dates . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Sony deletes questionable Emoji Movie tweet parodying The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Emoji Movie ' Criticized for `` Tasteless '' ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Tweet `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Dunkirk ' Stay Afloat Against ' Atomic Blonde , ' ' Emoji Movie ' at Box Office This Weekend ? '' . TheWrap . July 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Blonde ' Delivers $1.52 M in Thursday Previews ; ' Emoji ' with $900 k '' . Box Office Mojo . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dunkirk ' Marches Ahead Of ' Emoji Movie ' For Top Spot With $28 M + '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Studios Fight Back Against Withering Rotten Tomatoes Scores '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Dark Tower ' Opens To $18 M+ In Diverse Marketplace : Was The Decade - Plus Battle To The Screen Worth It ? '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 brutal reviews of The Emoji Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Emoji Movie ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Critics Are Absolutely Slating ' the Emoji Movie ' '' . Highsnobiety. 2017 - 08 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Emoji Movie reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Ehrlich ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' The Emoji Movie ' Is Almost as Bad and Brutally Depressing as Everything Else in 2017 '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Glenn ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' The Emoji Movie ' Is Here . No , We 're Not Making This Up . '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bramesco , Charles ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` The Emoji Movie review -- a big thumbs down 👎 '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Emoji Movie . Official website The Emoji Movie on IMDb The Emoji Movie at Rotten Tomatoes The Emoji Movie at Metacritic The Emoji Movie at Box Office Mojo Sony Pictures Animation Feature films Computer - animated Open Season ( 2006 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 ( 2013 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) Live - action / animated The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Produced with Aardman Animations Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) The Pirates ! In an Adventure with Scientists ! ( 2012 ) Upcoming films The Star ( 2017 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 ( 2018 ) Goosebumps : Horrorland ( 2018 ) Untitled animated Spider - Man film ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video Open Season 2 ( 2009 ) Open Season 3 ( 2011 ) Open Season : Scared Silly ( 2016 ) Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania ( 2017 ) Television series Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2017 -- ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- ) Ghostbusters : Ecto Force ( 2018 ) Short films The ChubbChubbs ! ( 2002 ) Early Bloomer ( 2003 ) Boog and Elliot 's Midnight Bun Run ( 2007 ) The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas ( 2007 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) So You Want to Be a Pirate ! ( 2012 ) Goodnight Mr. Foot ( 2012 ) The Smurfs : The Legend of Smurfy Hollow ( 2013 ) Super Manny ( 2013 ) Earl Scouts ( 2013 ) Steve 's First Bath ( 2014 ) Attack of the 50 - Foot Gummi Bear ( 2014 ) Puppy ! ( 2017 ) Franchises Open Season ( 2006 -- present ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 -- present ) The Smurfs ( 2011 -- present ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 -- present ) See also Sony Pictures Imageworks Cartoon Hangover Screen Gems Cartoons Emoji Unicode background Unicode Standard Blocks Dingbats Emoticons Miscellaneous Symbols Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs Transport and Map Symbols Character Set Consortium Regional Indicator Symbol Related people Jeremy Burge Mark Davis Michael Everson Typefaces Apple Color Noto Quivira Segoe UI Emojis Face with Tears of Joy ( 😂 ) Pile of Poo ( 💩 ) Cultural influence Emogenius The Emoji Movie Emojipedia Emojli Smile ( Doctor Who ) World Emoji Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Emoji_Movie&oldid=808064850 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2017 3D films 2017 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy science fiction films American 3D films American buddy films American children 's adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's fantasy films American comedy science fiction films American computer - animated films Animated buddy films Emoji Sony Pictures Animation films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 17 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the main characters name in the emoji movie | [
"The Emoji Movie is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated science fiction-comedy film directed by Tony Leondis and written by Leondis, Eric Siegel and Mike White, based on the emoji symbols.[4] It stars the voices of T. J. Miller, James Corden, Anna Faris, Maya Rudolph, Steven Wright, Rob Riggle, Jennifer Coolidge, Christina Aguilera, Sofía Vergara, Sean Hayes and Patrick Stewart. The film centers on Gene, a multi-expressional emoji who lives in a teenager's phone, and who sets out on a journey to become a normal meh emoji like his parents.[5][6]"
] | [
"Gene"
] |
-3009473823323779145 | Xbox 360 | Xbox 360 - Wikipedia Xbox 360 Xbox 360 Left : Original model Xbox 360 Premium ( 2005 ) Center : Redesigned slim model Xbox 360 S ( 2010 ) Right : Latest model Xbox 360 E ( 2013 ) Developer Microsoft Manufacturer Flextronics , Wistron , Celestica , Foxconn Product family Xbox Type Home video game console Generation Seventh generation Release date November 22 , 2005 ( show ) Original Xbox 360 NA : November 22 , 2005 EU : December 2 , 2005 JP : December 10 , 2005 CO MX : February 2 , 2006 KR : February 24 , 2006 HK SG TW : March 16 , 2006 AU : March 23 , 2006 CL : July 7 , 2006 IN : September 25 , 2006 ZA : September 29 , 2006 CZ PL : November 3 , 2006 BR : December 1 , 2006 RU : February 11 , 2007 PE : February 25 , 2008 UAE : October 28 , 2008 NG TR : 2009 SC : Spring 2010 Xbox 360 S NA : June 18 , 2010 AU : July 1 , 2010 NZ : July 8 , 2010 EU : July 16 , 2010 Xbox 360 E NA : June 10 , 2013 EU : June 20 , 2013 Retail availability 2005 -- 2016 Discontinued WW : April 20 , 2016 Units sold Worldwide : 84 million ( as of June 9 , 2014 ) ( details ) Media DVD , CD , digital distribution Add - on : HD DVD ( discontinued ) Operating system Xbox 360 system software CPU 3.2 GHz PowerPC Tri-Core Xenon Memory 512 MB of GDDR3 RAM clocked at 700 MHz Storage Storage media ( show ) Detachable Hard Drives 20 , 60 , 120 or 250 GB ( older models ) ; 250 or 320 GB ( Xbox 360 S models ) Memory Cards ( Removable ) ( Original design only ) 64 MB , 256 MB , 512 MB On - board storage chip Arcade Consoles ( later models ) 256 MB , 512 MB Budget level `` Xbox 360 S '' consoles : 4 GB USB storage device ( requires system software update ) 1 GB to 32 GB Cloud storage ( requires Xbox LIVE Gold Membership ) 2 GB Display Video output formats ( show ) Composite video 480i , 576i ( PAL ) S - Video 480i , 576i ( PAL ) RGB SCART 480i , 576i ( PAL ) Component ( YP P ) 480i , 576i , 480p , 720p , 1080i , 1080p D - Terminal ( YP P ) 480i ( D1 ) , 480p ( D2 ) , 720p ( D4 ) , 1080i ( D3 ) , 1080p ( D5 ) VGA 640 × 480 , 848 × 480 , 1024 × 768 , 1280 × 720 ( 720p ) , 1280 × 768 , 1280 × 1024 , 1360 × 768 , 1440 × 900 , 1680 × 1050 , 1920 × 1080 ( 1080p ) HDMI ( later models ) 480p , 720p , 1080i , 1080p Note : 1080p video playback is limited to content from the Zune marketplace Graphics 500 MHz ATI Xenos Sound Analog stereo Stereo LPCM ( TOSLINK and HDMI ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( TOSLINK and HDMI ) Dolby Digital with WMA pro ( TOSLINK and HDMI ) Controller input Controllers ( show ) 4 maximum * ( any combination ) : Xbox 360 Controller ( USB wired , 2.4 GHz wireless ) Xbox 360 Wireless Racing Wheel Rhythm game controllers Big Button Pads * Xbox 360 Arcade sticks Ace Combat 6 Flight Stick Kinect * 4 Big button pads may be used in addition to other controllers . Connectivity Original models 2.4 GHz wireless , 3 × USB 2.0 , IR receiver , 100 Mbit / s Ethernet Add - on : Wifi 802.11 a / b / g , Wifi 802.11 a / b / g / n Revised `` S '' models 2.4 GHz wireless , 5 × USB 2.0 , Digital Optical audio out , IR receiver , 100 Mbit / s Ethernet , Wifi 802.11 b / g / n , AUX port , HDMI port Revised `` E '' models 2.4 GHz wireless , 4 × USB 2.0 , IR receiver , 100 Mbit / s Ethernet , Wifi 802.11 b / g / n , AUX port , HDMI port Online services Xbox Live Best - selling game Kinect Adventures ! ( 24 million as pack - in game for Kinect ) Backward compatibility 461 original Xbox games ( requires hard drive and the latest update ) Predecessor Xbox Successor Xbox One Website xbox.com/en-US/xbox-360/ The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 E3 expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription - based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third - party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming - only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living - room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005 -- 2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so - called `` Red Ring of Death '' , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 . As of June 2014 , 84 million Xbox 360 consoles have been sold worldwide , making it the sixth - highest - selling video game console in history , and the highest - selling console made by an American company . Although not the best - selling console of its generation , the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential through its emphasis on digital media distribution and multiplayer gaming on Xbox Live . The Xbox 360 's successor , the Xbox One , was released on November 22 , 2013 . On April 20 , 2016 , Microsoft announced that it would end the production of new Xbox 360 hardware , although the company will continue to support the platform . Contents 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Launch 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Sales 1.5 Legacy 2 Hardware 2.1 Technical specifications 2.2 Accessories 2.2. 1 Kinect 2.3 AV output 2.4 Retail configurations 2.4. 1 Timeline 2.4. 2 United States 2.5 Technical problems 3 Software 3.1 Games 3.2 Interface 3.2. 1 New Xbox Experience 3.3 Multimedia 3.4 XNA community 4 Services 4.1 Xbox Live 4.2 Xbox Live Marketplace 4.3 Xbox Live Arcade 4.4 Movies & TV 4.5 Groove Music 4.6 Xbox SmartGlass 5 Game development 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Development Known during development as Xbox Next , Xenon , Xbox 2 , Xbox FS or NextBox , the Xbox 360 was conceived in early 2003 . In February 2003 , planning for the Xenon software platform began , and was headed by Microsoft 's Vice President J Allard . That month , Microsoft held an event for 400 developers in Bellevue , Washington to recruit support for the system . Also that month , Peter Moore , former president of Sega of America , joined Microsoft . On August 12 , 2003 , ATI signed on to produce the graphic processing unit for the new console , a deal which was publicly announced two days later . Before the launch of the Xbox 360 , several Alpha development kits were spotted using Apple 's Power Mac G5 hardware . This was because the system 's PowerPC 970 processor running the same PowerPC architecture that the Xbox 360 would eventually run under IBM 's Xenon processor . The cores of the Xenon processor were developed using a slightly modified version of the PlayStation 3 's Cell Processor PPE architecture . According to David Shippy and Mickie Phipps , the IBM employees were `` hiding '' their work from Sony and Toshiba , IBM 's partners in developing the Cell Processor . Jeff Minter created the music visualization program Neon which is included with the Xbox 360 . Launch Main article : Xbox 360 launch The Xbox 360 was released on November 22 , 2005 , in the United States and Canada ; December 2 , 2005 , in Europe and December 10 , 2005 , in Japan . It was later launched in Mexico , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Hong Kong , Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , India , and Russia . In its first year on the market , the system launched in 36 countries , more countries than any other console has launched in a single year . Critical reception In 2009 , IGN named the Xbox 360 the sixth - greatest video game console of all time , out of a field of 25 . Although not the best - selling console of the seventh - generation , the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential , by emphasizing digital media distribution and online gaming through Xbox Live , and by popularizing game achievement awards . PC Magazine considered the Xbox 360 the prototype for online gaming as it `` proved that online gaming communities could thrive in the console space '' . Five years after the Xbox 360 's original debut , the well - received Kinect motion capture camera was released , which set the record of being the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history , and extended the life of the console . Edge ranked Xbox 360 the second - best console of the 1993 -- 2013 period , stating `` It had its own social network , cross-game chat , new indie games every week , and the best version of just about every multiformat game ... Killzone is no Halo and nowadays Gran Turismo is no Forza , but it 's not about the exclusives -- there 's nothing to trump Naughty Dog 's PS3 output , after all . Rather , it 's about the choices Microsoft made back in the original Xbox 's lifetime . The PC - like architecture meant the early EA Sports games ran at 60fps compared to only 30 on PS3 , Xbox Live meant every dedicated player had an existing friends list , and Halo meant Microsoft had the killer next - generation exclusive . And when developers demo games on PC now they do it with a 360 pad -- another industry benchmark , and a critical one . '' Sales Region Units sold First available United States 25.4 million as of March 31 , 2011 November 22 , 2005 EMEA region ( Europe , Middle East and Africa ) 13.7 million as of March 31 , 2011 ( Includes UK sales ) December 2 , 2005 United Kingdom 8 million as of February 14 , 2013 Japan 1.5 million as of June 17 , 2011 December 10 , 2005 Australia & New Zealand 1 million as of April 19 , 2010 March 23 , 2006 Worldwide 80 million as of October 17 , 2013 ( more ... ) Main article : Xbox 360 sales Xbox 360 Premium package . The Xbox 360 began production only 69 days before launch , and Microsoft was not able to supply enough systems to meet initial consumer demand in Europe or North America , selling out completely upon release in all regions except in Japan . Forty thousand units were offered for sale on auction site eBay during the initial week of release , 10 % of the total supply . By year 's end , Microsoft had shipped 1.5 million units , including 900,000 in North America , 500,000 in Europe , and 100,000 in Japan . In May 2008 Microsoft announced that 10 million Xbox 360s had been sold and that it was the `` first current generation gaming console '' to surpass the 10 million figure in the US . In the US , the Xbox 360 was the leader in current - generation home console sales until June 2008 , when it was surpassed by the Wii . The Xbox 360 has sold a total of 870,000 units in Canada as of August 1 , 2008 . Between January 2011 and October 2013 , the Xbox 360 was the best - selling console in the United States for these 32 consecutive months . In Europe , the Xbox 360 has sold seven million units as of November 20 , 2008 , according to Microsoft . In the United Kingdom , the Xbox 360 has sold 3.9 million units as of June 27 , 2009 , according to GfK Chart - Track . While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan , selling just 2 million units while it was on the market ( between 2002 and 2005 ) , the Xbox 360 sold even more poorly , selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011 . Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling sales in Japan , where Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo , had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales of the Xbox 360 completely . The significance of Japan 's poor sales might be overstated in the media in comparison to overall international sales . Legacy The Xbox 360 sold much better than its predecessor , and although not the best - selling console of the seventh generation , it is regarded as a success since it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market at the expense of well - established rivals . The inexpensive Nintendo Wii did sell the most console units but eventually saw a collapse of third - party software support in its later years , and it has been viewed by some as a fad since the succeeding Wii U had a poor debut in 2012 . The PlayStation 3 struggled for a time due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality games , making it far less dominant than its predecessor , the PlayStation 2 , and it took until late in the PlayStation 3 's lifespan for its sales and games to reach parity with the Xbox 360 . TechRadar proclaimed that `` Xbox 360 passes the baton as the king of the hill -- a position that puts all the more pressure on its successor , Xbox One '' . The Xbox 360 's advantage over its competitors was due to the release of high - profile games from both first party and third party developers . The 2007 Game Critics Awards honored the platform with 38 nominations and 12 wins -- more than any other platform . By March 2008 , the Xbox 360 had reached a software attach rate of 7.5 games per console in the US ; the rate was 7.0 in Europe , while its competitors were 3.8 ( PS3 ) and 3.5 ( Wii ) , according to Microsoft . At the 2008 Game Developers Conference , Microsoft announced that it expected over 1,000 games available for Xbox 360 by the end of the year . As well as enjoying exclusives such as additions to the Halo franchise and Gears of War , the Xbox 360 has managed to gain a simultaneous release of games that were initially planned to be PS3 exclusives , including Devil May Cry 4 , Ace Combat 6 , Virtua Fighter 5 , Grand Theft Auto IV , Final Fantasy XIII , Tekken 6 , Metal Gear Solid : Rising , and L.A. Noire . In addition , Xbox 360 versions of cross-platform games were generally considered superior to their PS3 counterparts in 2006 and 2007 , due in part to the difficulties of programming for the PS3 . TechRadar deemed the Xbox 360 as the most influential game system through its emphasis of digital media distribution , Xbox Live online gaming service , and game achievement feature . During the console 's lifetime , the Xbox brand has grown from gaming - only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for `` living - room computing environment '' . Five years after the Xbox 360 's original debut , the well - received Kinect motion capture camera was released , which became the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history , and extended the life of the console . Microsoft announced the Xbox One , successor to the Xbox 360 , at E3 on June 10 , 2013 . Although succeeded as Microsoft 's main console by the Xbox One , support from publishers for the Xbox 360 is expected to continue until at least 2016 . On April 20 , 2016 , Microsoft announced the end of production of new Xbox 360 hardware ; the company will continue to provide hardware and software support for the platform , as selected Xbox 360 games can be played on Xbox One . Xbox 360 Kincet IIII Hardware The Xbox 360 E model , announced at 2013 's E3 , shares many aesthetics with the Xbox One . The main unit of the Xbox 360 itself has slight double concavity in matte white or black . The official color of the white model is Arctic Chill . It features a port on the top when vertical ( left side when horizontal ) to which a custom - housed hard disk drive unit can be attached . On the Slim and E models , the hard drive bay is on the bottom when vertical ( right side when horizontal ) and requires the opening of a concealed door to access it . ( This does not void the warranty . ) The Xbox 360 Slim / E hard drives are standard 2.5 '' SATA laptop drives , but have a custom enclosure and firmware so that the Xbox 360 can recognize it . Technical Specifications Main article : Xbox 360 technical specifications Various hard disk drives have been produced , including options at 20 , 60 , 120 , 250 , or 320 GB . Inside , the Xbox 360 uses the triple - core IBM designed Xenon as its CPU , with each core capable of simultaneously processing two threads , and can therefore operate on up to six threads at once . Graphics processing is handled by the ATI Xenos , which has 10 MB of eDRAM . Its main memory pool is 512 MB in size . Accessories Main article : Xbox 360 accessories Many accessories are available for the console , including both wired and wireless controllers , faceplates for customization , headsets for chatting , a webcam for video chatting , dance mats and Gamercize for exercise , three sizes of memory units and five sizes of hard drives ( 20 , 60 , 120 , 250 ( initially Japan only , but later also available elsewhere ) and 320 GB ) , among other items , all of which are styled to match the console . Kinect Main article : Kinect A Kinect sensor device . The Xbox 360 E revision has an Xbox logo to the left of the Xbox 360 branding . Kinect is a `` controller - free gaming and entertainment experience '' for the Xbox 360 . It was first announced on June 1 , 2009 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo , under the codename , Project Natal . The add - on peripheral enables users to control and interact with the Xbox 360 without a game controller by using gestures , spoken commands and presented objects and images . The Kinect accessory is compatible with all Xbox 360 models , connecting to new models via a custom connector , and to older ones via a USB and mains power adapter . During their CES 2010 keynote speech , Robbie Bach and Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer went on to say that Kinect will be released during the holiday period ( November -- January ) and work with every 360 console . Its name and release date of November 4 , 2010 , were officially announced on June 13 of that year , prior to Microsoft 's press conference at E3 2010 . Xbox 360 Chatpad from the Messenger Kit attached to a wireless controller AV output Built - in HDMI ( only made after 2007 ) S / PDIF ( only Slim ) Stereo Audio , Composite Video - Jack 3.5 mm ( only Slim E ) Through AV connector ( excluding E models which have no AV connector ) Composite Video S - Video SCART RGB VGA YP P D - Terminal S / PDIF RCA - stereo audio Retail configurations Xbox 360 Premium Xbox 360 Arcade ( replaced Xbox 360 Core ) Xbox 360 Elite Main article : List of Xbox 360 retail configurations At launch , the Xbox 360 was available in two configurations : the `` Xbox 360 '' package ( unofficially known as the 20 GB Pro or Premium ) , priced at US $399 or GB £ 279.99 , and the `` Xbox 360 Core '' , priced at US $299 and GB £ 209.99 . The original shipment of the Xbox 360 version included a cut - down version of the Media Remote as a promotion . The Elite package was launched later at US $479 . The `` Xbox 360 Core '' was replaced by the `` Xbox 360 Arcade '' in October 2007 and a 60 GB version of the Xbox 360 Pro was released on August 1 , 2008 . The Pro package was discontinued and marked down to US $249 on August 28 , 2009 to be sold until stock ran out , while the Elite was also marked down in price to US $299 . Two major hardware revisions of the Xbox 360 have succeeded the original models ; the Xbox 360 S ( also referred to as the `` Slim '' ) replaced the original `` Elite '' and `` Arcade '' models in 2010 . The S model carries a smaller , streamlined appearance with an angular case , and utilizes a redesigned motherboard designed to alleviate the hardware and overheating issues experienced by prior models . It also includes a proprietary port for use with the Kinect sensor . The Xbox 360 E , a further streamlined variation of the 360 S with a two - tone rectangular case inspired by Xbox One , was released in 2013 . In addition to its revised aesthetics , the Xbox 360 E also has one fewer USB port , no AV connector ( and thus is HDMI - only ) , and no longer supports S / PDIF . Timeline United States November 22 , 2005 Launch of Xbox 360 Premium ( 20 GB ) -- $399.99 Launch of Xbox 360 Core -- $299.99 April 29 , 2007 Launch Xbox 360 Elite ( 120 GB ) -- $479.99 August 6 , 2007 Price cut on Xbox 360 Premium ( 20 GB ) -- $349.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 Core -- $279.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 Elite -- $449.99 October 27 , 2007 Launch of Xbox 360 Arcade -- $279.99 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 Core July 13 , 2008 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 ( 20 GB ) ( price cut to $299.99 for remaining stock ) August 1 , 2008 Launch of Xbox 360 Premium ( 60 GB ) -- $349.99 September 5 , 2008 Price cut on Xbox 360 Elite -- $399.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 ( 60 GB ) -- $299.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 Arcade -- $199.99 August 28 , 2009 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 ( 60 GB ) ( price cut to $249.99 for remaining stock ) Price cut on Xbox 360 Elite -- $299.99 June 19 , 2010 Launch of Xbox 360 S 250 GB -- $299.99 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 Elite ( price cut to $249.99 for remaining stock ) Discontinuation of Xbox 360 Arcade ( price cut to $149.99 for remaining stock ) August 3 , 2010 Launch of Xbox 360 S 4 GB -- $199.99 June 10 , 2013 Launch of Xbox 360 E 4 GB -- $199.99 Launch of Xbox 360 E 250 GB -- $299.99 April 20 , 2016 Discontinuation of all Xbox 360 models . Technical problems Main article : Xbox 360 technical problems Three red lights on the Xbox 360 's ring indicator representing a `` General Error requiring service of the Console or Power Adapter , '' commonly nicknamed the `` Red Ring of Death . '' The Xbox 360 ( not Slim and E models ) has been subject to a number of technical problems . Since the console 's release in 2005 , users have reported concerns over its reliability and failure rate . To aid customers with defective consoles , Microsoft extended the Xbox 360 's manufacturer 's warranty to three years for hardware failure problems that generate a `` General Hardware Failure '' error report . A `` General Hardware Failure '' is recognized on all models released before the Xbox 360 S by three quadrants of the ring around the power button flashing red . This error is often known as the `` Red Ring of Death '' . In April 2009 the warranty was extended to also cover failures related to the E74 error code . The warranty extension is not granted for any other types of failures that do not generate these specific error codes . Since these problems surfaced , Microsoft has attempted to modify the console to improve its reliability . Modifications include a reduction in the number , size , and placement of components , the addition of dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges of the CPU and GPU as glue to prevent movement relative to the board during heat expansion , and a second GPU heatsink to dissipate more heat . With the release of the redesigned Xbox 360 S , the warranty for the newer models does not include the three - year extended coverage for `` General Hardware Failures '' . The newer Xbox 360 S and E models indicate system overheating when the console 's power button begins to flash red , unlike previous models where the first and third quadrant of the ring would light up red around the power button if overheating occurred . The system will then warn the user of imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled , whereas a flashing power button that alternates between green and red is an indication of a `` General Hardware Failure '' unlike older models where three of the quadrants would light up red . Software Games Main article : List of Xbox 360 games See also : List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 and List of Xbox Originals Rock of Ages , one of many Unreal Engine 3 powered games available on Xbox 360 . The Xbox 360 launched with 14 games in North America and 13 in Europe . The console 's best - selling game for 2005 , Call of Duty 2 , sold over a million copies . Five other games sold over a million copies in the console 's first year on the market : Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter , The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , Dead or Alive 4 , Saints Row , and Gears of War . Gears of War would become the best - selling game on the console with 3 million copies in 2006 , before being surpassed in 2007 by Halo 3 with over 8 million copies . Six games were initially available in Japan , while eagerly anticipated games such as Dead or Alive 4 and Enchanted Arms were released in the weeks following the console 's launch . Games targeted specifically for the region , such as Chromehounds , Ninety - Nine Nights , and Phantasy Star Universe , were also released in the console 's first year . Microsoft also had the support of Japanese developer Mistwalker , founded by Final Fantasy creator Hironobu Sakaguchi . Mistwalker 's first game , Blue Dragon , was released in 2006 and had a limited - edition bundle which sold out quickly with over 10,000 pre-orders . Blue Dragon is one of three Xbox 360 games to surpass 200,000 units in Japan , along with Tales of Vesperia and Star Ocean : The Last Hope . Mistwalker 's second game , Lost Odyssey also sold over 100,000 copies . The 2007 Game Critics Awards honored the Xbox 360 platform with 38 Nominations and 11 Wins . Interface Main article : Xbox 360 system software The Xbox 360 's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard ; a tabbed interface that featured five `` Blades '' ( formerly four blades ) , and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain . It could be launched automatically when the console booted without a disc in it , or when the disc tray was ejected , but the user had the option to select what the console does if a game is in the tray on start up , or if inserted when already on . A simplified version of it was also accessible at any time via the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad . This simplified version showed the user 's gamercard , Xbox Live messages and friends list . It also allowed for personal and music settings , in addition to voice or video chats , or returning to the Xbox Dashboard from the game . On November 19 , 2008 , the Xbox 360 's dashboard was changed from the `` Blade '' interface , to a dashboard reminiscent of that present on the Zune and Windows Media Center , known as the `` New Xbox Experience '' or NXE . Since the console 's release , Microsoft has released several updates for the Dashboard software . These updates have included adding new features to the console , enhancing Xbox Live functionality and multimedia playback capabilities , adding compatibility for new accessories , and fixing bugs in the software . Such updates are mandatory for users wishing to use Xbox Live , as access to Xbox Live is disabled until the update is performed . New Xbox Experience Further information : Xbox Live § New Xbox Experience At E3 2008 , at Microsoft 's Show , Microsoft 's Aaron Greenberg and Marc Whitten announced the new Xbox 360 interface called the `` New Xbox Experience '' ( NXE ) . The update was intended to ease console menu navigation . Its GUI uses the Twist UI , previously used in Windows Media Center and the Zune . Its new Xbox Guide retains all Dashboard functionality ( including the Marketplace browser and disk ejection ) and the original `` Blade '' interface ( although the color scheme has been changed to match that of the NXE Dashboard ) . The NXE also provides many new features . Users can now install games from disc to the hard drive to play them with reduced load time and less disc drive noise , but each game 's disc must remain in the system in order to run . A new , built - in Community system allows the creation of digitized Avatars that can be used for multiple activities , such as sharing photos or playing Arcade games like 1 vs. 100 . The update was released on November 19 , 2008 . While previous system updates have been stored on internal memory , the NXE update was the first to require a storage device -- at least a 128 MB memory card or a hard drive . Microsoft released a further update to the Xbox 360 Dashboard starting on December 6 , 2011 . It included a completely new user interface which utilizes Microsoft 's Metro design language , and added new features such as cloud storage for game saves and profiles , live television , Bing voice search , access to YouTube videos and better support for Kinect voice commands . Multimedia The Xbox 360 supports videos in Windows Media Video ( WMV ) format ( including high - definition and PlaysForSure videos ) , as well as H. 264 and MPEG - 4 media . The December 2007 dashboard update added support for the playback of MPEG - 4 ASP format videos . The console can also display pictures and perform slideshows of photo collections with various transition effects , and supports audio playback , with music player controls accessible through the Xbox 360 Guide button . Users may play back their own music while playing games or using the dashboard , and can play music with an interactive visual synthesizer . Music , photos and videos can be played from standard USB mass storage devices , Xbox 360 proprietary storage devices ( such as memory cards or Xbox 360 hard drives ) , and servers or computers with Windows Media Center or Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher within the local - area network in streaming mode . As the Xbox 360 uses a modified version of the UPnP AV protocol , some alternative UPnP servers such as uShare ( part of the GeeXboX project ) and MythTV can also stream media to the Xbox 360 , allowing for similar functionality from non-Windows servers . This is possible with video files up to HD - resolution and with several codecs ( MPEG - 2 , MPEG - 4 , WMV ) and container formats ( WMV , MOV , TS ) . As of October 27 , 2009 , UK and Ireland users are also able to access live and on - demand streams of Sky television programming . At the 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 Consumer Electronics Shows , Microsoft had announced that IPTV services would soon be made available to use through the Xbox 360 . In 2007 , Microsoft chairman Bill Gates stated that IPTV on Xbox 360 was expected to be available to consumers by the holiday season , using the Microsoft TV IPTV Edition platform . In 2008 , Gates and president of Entertainment & Devices Robbie Bach announced a partnership with BT in the United Kingdom , in which the BT Vision advanced TV service , using the newer Microsoft Mediaroom IPTV platform , would be accessible via Xbox 360 , planned for the middle of the year . BT Vision 's DVR - based features would not be available on Xbox 360 due to limited hard drive capacity . In 2010 , while announcing version 2.0 of Microsoft Mediaroom , Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer mentioned that AT&T 's U-verse IPTV service would enable Xbox 360s to be used as set - top boxes later in the year . As of January 2010 , IPTV on Xbox 360 has yet to be deployed beyond limited trials . In 2012 , Microsoft released the Live Event Player , allowing for events such as video game shows , beauty pageants , award shows , concerts , news and sporting events to be streamed on the console via Xbox Live . The first live events streamed on Live were the 2012 Revolver Golden Gods , Microsoft 's E3 2012 media briefing and the Miss Teen USA 2012 beauty pageant . XNA Community Main article : Microsoft XNA XNA Community is a feature whereby Xbox 360 owners can receive community - created games , made with Microsoft XNA Game Studio , from the XNA Creators Club . The games are written , published , and distributed through a community managed portal . XNA Community provides a channel for digital videogame delivery over Xbox Live that can be free of royalties , publishers and licenses . XNA game sales , however , did not meet original expectations . though Xbox Live Indie Games ( XBLIG ) has had some `` hits . '' Services Xbox Live Main article : Xbox Live When the Xbox 360 was released , Microsoft 's online gaming service Xbox Live was shut down for 24 hours and underwent a major upgrade , adding a basic non-subscription service called Xbox Live Silver ( later renamed Xbox Live Free ) to its already established premium subscription - based service ( which was renamed Gold ) . Xbox Live Free is included with all SKUs of the console . It allows users to create a user profile , join on message boards , and access Microsoft 's Xbox Live Arcade and Marketplace and talk to other members . A Live Free account does not generally support multiplayer gaming ; however , some games that have rather limited online functions already , ( such as Viva Piñata ) or games that feature their own subscription service ( e.g. EA Sports games ) can be played with a Free account . Xbox Live also supports voice the latter a feature possible with the Xbox Live Vision . Xbox Live Gold includes the same features as Free and includes integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third - party subscriptions . Microsoft has allowed previous Xbox Live subscribers to maintain their profile information , friends list , and games history when they make the transition to Xbox Live Gold . To transfer an Xbox Live account to the new system , users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com . When users add an Xbox Live enabled profile to their console , they are required to provide the console with their passport account information and the last four digits of their credit card number , which is used for verification purposes and billing . An Xbox Live Gold account has an annual cost of US $59.99 , C $ 59.99 , NZ $ 90.00 , GB £ 39.99 , or € 59.99 . As of January 5 , 2011 , Xbox Live has over 30 million subscribers . Xbox Live Marketplace Main article : Xbox Live Marketplace The Xbox Live Marketplace is a virtual market designed for the console that allows Xbox Live users to download purchased or promotional content . The service offers movie and game trailers , game demos , Xbox Live Arcade games and Xbox 360 Dashboard themes as well as add - on game content ( items , costumes , levels etc . ) . These features are available to both Free and Gold members on Xbox Live . A hard drive or memory unit is required to store products purchased from Xbox Live Marketplace . In order to download priced content , users are required to purchase Microsoft Points for use as scrip ; though some products ( such as trailers and demos ) are free to download . Microsoft Points can be obtained through prepaid cards in 1,600 and 4,000 - point denominations . Microsoft Points can also be purchased through Xbox Live with a credit card in 500 , 1,000 , 2,000 and 5,000 - point denominations . Users are able to view items available to download on the service through a PC via the Xbox Live Marketplace website . An estimated seventy percent of Xbox Live users have downloaded items from the Marketplace . Xbox Live Arcade Main article : Xbox Live Arcade Xbox Live Arcade is an online service operated by Microsoft that is used to distribute downloadable video games to Xbox and Xbox 360 owners . In addition to classic arcade games such as Ms. Pac - Man , the service offers some new original games like Assault Heroes . The Xbox Live Arcade also features games from other consoles , such as the PlayStation game Castlevania : Symphony of the Night and PC games such as Zuma . The service was first launched on November 3 , 2004 , using a DVD to load , and offered games for about US $5 to $15 . Items are purchased using Microsoft Points , a proprietary currency used to reduce credit card transaction charges . On November 22 , 2005 , Xbox Live Arcade was re-launched with the release of the Xbox 360 , in which it was now integrated with the Xbox 360 's dashboard . The games are generally aimed toward more casual gamers ; examples of the more popular games are Geometry Wars , Street Fighter II ' Hyper Fighting , and Uno . On March 24 , 2010 , Microsoft introduced the Game Room to Xbox Live . Game Room is a gaming service for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows that lets players compete in classic arcade and console games in a virtual arcade . DVD - ROM for Xbox 360 Movies & TV Main article : Microsoft Movies & TV On November 6 , 2006 , Microsoft announced the Xbox Video Marketplace , an exclusive video store accessible through the console . Launched in the United States on November 22 , 2006 , the first anniversary of the Xbox 360 's launch , the service allows users in the United States to download high - definition and standard - definition television shows and movies onto an Xbox 360 console for viewing . With the exception of short clips , content is not currently available for streaming , and must be downloaded . Movies are also available for rental . They expire in 14 days after download or at the end of the first 24 hours after the movie has begun playing , whichever comes first . Television episodes can be purchased to own , and are transferable to an unlimited number of consoles . Downloaded files use 5.1 surround audio and are encoded using VC - 1 for video at 720p , with a bitrate of 6.8 Mbit / s . Television content is offered from MTV , VH1 , Comedy Central , Turner Broadcasting , and CBS ; and movie content is Warner Bros. , Paramount , and Disney , along with other publishers . After the Spring 2007 update , the following video codecs are supported : H. 264 video support : Up to 15 Mbit / s , Baseline , Main , and High ( up to level 4.1 ) Profiles with 2 channel AAC LC and Main Profiles . MPEG - 4 Part 2 video support : Up to 8 Mbit / s , Simple Profile with 2 channel AAC LC and Main Profiles . As a late addition to the December Xbox 360 update , 25 movies were added to the European Xbox 360 video market place on the December 11 , 2007 and cost 250 Microsoft points for the SD version on the movie and 380 points for the HD version of the movie . Xbox Live members in Canada featured the ability to go on the Xbox Live Marketplace also as of December 11 , 2007 with around 30 movies to be downloaded for the same amount of Microsoft Points . On May 26 , 2009 , Microsoft announced the future release of the Zune HD ( in the fall of 2009 ) , the next addition to the Zune product range . This is of an impact on the Xbox Live Video Store as it was also announced that the Zune Video Marketplace and the Xbox Live Video Store will be merged to form the Zune Marketplace , which will be arriving on Xbox Live in 7 countries initially , the United Kingdom , the United States , France , Italy , Germany , Ireland and Spain . Further details were released at the Microsoft press conference at E3 2009 . On October 16 , 2012 , Xbox Video and Xbox Music were released , replacing the Zune Marketplace . Xbox Video is a digital video service on that offers full HD movies and TV series for purchase or rental on Xbox 360 , Windows 8 , Windows RT PCs and tablets , and Windows Phones . On August 18 , 2015 , Microsoft rolled out an update renaming it Movies and TV similar to the Windows 10 App . Groove music Main article : Groove Music Xbox Music provides 30 million music tracks available for purchase or access through subscription . It was announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012 and will integrate with Windows 8 and Windows Phone as well . In August 2015 Microsoft rolled out an update renaming it to Groove Music similar to the Windows 10 App . Xbox SmartGlass Main article : Xbox SmartGlass Xbox SmartGlass is one of the newer features that allows for integration between the Xbox 360 console and mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones . An app is available on Android , Windows Phone 8 and iOS . Users of the feature can view additional content to accompany the game they are playing , or the TV shows and movies they are watching . They can also use their mobile device as a remote to control the Xbox 360 console . Game development PartnerNet , the developers - only alternative Xbox Live network used by developers to beta test game content downloads and games developed for Xbox Live Arcade , runs on Xbox 360 debug kits , which are used both by developers and by the gaming press . In a podcast released on February 12 , 2007 , a developer breached the PartnerNet non-disclosure agreement ( NDA ) by commenting that he had found a playable version of Alien Hominid and an unplayable version of Ikaruga on PartnerNet . A few video game journalists , misconstruing the breach of the NDA as an invalidation of the NDA , immediately began reporting on other games being tested via PartnerNet , including a remake of Jetpac . ( Alien Hominid for the Xbox 360 was released on February 28 of that year , and Ikaruga was released over a year later on April 9 , 2008 . Jetpac was released for the Xbox 360 on March 28 , 2007 as Jetpac Refuelled . ) There have also been numerous video and screenshot leaks of game footage on PartnerNet , as well as a complete version of Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I , which caused for the whole PartnerNet service to be shut down overnight on April 3 , 2010 . In the following days , Microsoft reminded developers and journalists that they were in breach of NDA by sharing information about PartnerNet content and asked websites to remove lists of games in development that were discovered on the service. . Sega used feedback from fans about the leaked version of Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I to refine it before they eventually released it . Additionally , a pair of hackers played their modded Halo 3 games on PartnerNet in addition to using PartnerNet to scoop up unreleased and untested software . The duo passed their hacked Halo pics to their friends before they were eventually caught by Bungie engineers who left a message for the hackers on PartnerNet which read `` Winners Do n't Break Into PartnerNet . '' . Other games that were leaked in the PartnerNet fiasco include Shenmue and Shenmue 2 . 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Jump up ^ `` Yakuza 6 's Demo Glitch is Another Mishap in Sega 's History of Leaks '' . US Gamer . US Gamer . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` THE YOUNG AND THE RECKLESS '' . Wired . Wired . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` European retailers list Bayonetta , Vanquish and Shenmue releases for '' . VG 247 . VG 247 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xbox 360 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the xbox 360 elite come out | [
"\n\nLaunch of Xbox 360 Premium (20 GB) – $399.99\nLaunch of Xbox 360 Core – $299.99\nApril 29, 2007\n\nLaunch Xbox 360 Elite (120 GB) – $479.99[96]\nAugust 6, 2007[97]\n\nPrice cut on Xbox 360 Premium (20 GB) – $349.99\nPrice cut on Xbox 360 Core – $279.99\nPrice cut on Xbox 360 Elite – $449.99\nOctober 27, 2007\n\nLaunch of Xbox 360 Arcade – $279.99[98]\nDiscontinuation of Xbox 360 Core\n \n\n\n\nJuly 13, 2008\n\nDiscontinuation of Xbox 360 (20 GB) (price cut to $299.99 for remaining stock)[99]\nAugust 1, 2008[99]\n\nLaunch of Xbox 360 Premium (60 GB) – $349.99\nSeptember 5, 2008[100]\n\nPrice cut on Xbox 360 Elite – $399.99\nPrice cut on Xbox 360 (60 GB) – $299.99\nPrice cut on Xbox 360 Arcade – $199.99\nAugust 28, 2009\n\nDiscontinuation of Xbox 360 (60 GB) (price cut to $249.99 for remaining stock)\nPrice cut on Xbox 360 Elite – $299.99\n \n\n\n\nJune 19, 2010[21]\n\nLaunch of Xbox 360 S 250 GB – $299.99\nDiscontinuation of Xbox 360 Elite (price cut to $249.99 for remaining stock)\nDiscontinuation of Xbox 360 Arcade (price cut to $149.99 for remaining stock)\nAugust 3, 2010\n\nLaunch of Xbox 360 S 4 GB – $199.99\nJune 10, 2013\n\nLaunch of Xbox 360 E 4 GB – $199.99[100]\nLaunch of Xbox 360 E 250 GB – $299.99\nApril 20, 2016\n\nDiscontinuation of all Xbox 360 models.[6]\n \n\n"
] | [
"April 29, 2007"
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-8680071758041600482 | John Carpenter (game show contestant) | John Carpenter ( game show contestant ) - wikipedia John Carpenter ( game show contestant ) John Carpenter 1968 ( age 49 -- 50 ) Education Rutgers University Occupation IRS agent Known for First top prize winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Home town Northampton , Massachusetts John Carpenter ( born c. 1968 ) is an American game show contestant and IRS agent . He is best known for becoming the first top prize winner on the United States version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . He held the record for the largest single win in United States game show history , until it was broken by Rahim Oberholtzer who won $1.12 million on another U.S. quiz show , Twenty One . Carpenter was also the first top prize winner among all international versions of the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? series . On the November 19 , 1999 episode of Millionaire , Carpenter proceeded to advance to the million - dollar question without using any lifelines . He then used his Phone - A-Friend to call his father not for help , but rather to tell him he was going to win the game . Carpenter answered the question correctly and became the show 's first millionaire . His win gave him national recognition and led to multiple talk show appearances , as well as reappearances on Millionaire himself . Contents 1 Career and family 2 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 3 Later work 3.1 Other game show appearances 4 References 5 External links Career and family ( edit ) Carpenter is from Northampton , Massachusetts . His father , Tom , worked as a computer program analyst for the Department of Veterans Affairs , while his mother , Gail , served as an administrative assistant for the Massachusetts Audubon Society . In 1986 , he enrolled at Rutgers University and graduated in 1990 with a degree in economics . In January 1991 , he joined the Internal Revenue Service after completing government exams and tests . In November 1996 , Carpenter met his future wife , Deborah , who was studying for a master 's degree at Southern Connecticut State University and worked as a manager of a Fleet Bank branch in New Haven . They married in August 1998 . At the time of his appearance on Millionaire , he was 31 years old . When he revealed his profession as an IRS officer on Millionaire , Carpenter was playfully booed by the audience . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( edit ) $1 million ( 15 of 15 ) - no time limit Which of these U.S. Presidents appeared on the television series `` Laugh - In '' ? A : Lyndon Johnson B : Richard Nixon C : Jimmy Carter D: Gerald Ford Carpenter was originally uninterested in Millionaire but eventually tuned in one night after dinner while having friends over at his house . When he found the show 's higher - tier questions to not be , in his words , `` any more difficult '' than the lower - tier ones , he decided to call in to the show 's hotline for a chance to become a contestant . Carpenter answered all of the hotline questions correctly and was on the show within two days . Host Regis Philbin described Carpenter as having `` cruised right through those first fourteen questions , '' he had proceeded to reach the final question without using any of his lifelines . The $1 million question was , `` Which of these U.S. Presidents appeared on the television series ' Laugh - In ' ? '' , with the choices being A ) Lyndon Johnson , B) Richard Nixon , C ) Jimmy Carter , and D ) Gerald Ford . Carpenter used his Phone - A-Friend lifeline to call his father not for help , but rather to inform him that he knew the answer . Carpenter later explained , `` I thought I 'd look so cocky if I did n't use any lifelines , so I faked it . '' With his win , Carpenter became the first contestant in the worldwide Millionaire franchise to win the show 's top prize . He said that the only question that had flustered him was one which asked for the location of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral . Carpenter eventually remembered that the film Tombstone included the gunfight , and he replied correctly with the answer ' Tombstone , Arizona ' . While taking a vacation after his win , Carpenter considered quitting his job with the IRS , but eventually decided against it . He explained to Kiplinger 's Personal Finance that `` after the taxes , it 's not change - your - life kind of money if you want to eat every day . '' Carpenter also described the fame as having a bigger impact on his life than the money , later stating : `` The money does n't change your life . What happens afterwards might . '' Later work ( edit ) Shortly after winning on Millionaire , Carpenter played himself in a Saturday Night Live skit . Donald Trump , played by Darrell Hammond , announced that Carpenter would be his running - mate in the presidential election . Afterward , Carpenter pretended to call his father , then shouted , `` Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! '' Carpenter also appeared on Good Morning America , Oprah Winfrey Show and Live with Regis and Kathie Lee . Carpenter appeared as himself in the second half of the fourth season of Oz . He plays a contestant in a fictional TV game show called Up Your Ante that the prisoners in Em City are watching . The show within the show is hosted by Gordon Elliott , with Eartha Kitt and Didi Conn appearing as celebrity participants . With Rod L. Evans , Carpenter co-authored a trivia book titled Matching Wits With the Million - Dollar Mind : The World 's Hardest Trivia Quizzes From America 's First Quiz Show Millionaire . The book was published by Berkley Books in 2002 . Other game show appearances ( edit ) In 2000 , Carpenter appeared in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Champions Edition , in which previous contestants who won $250,000 -- $1,000,000 played again , with half of their additional winnings from the Champions Edition going to a charity of their choice . Carpenter won $250,000 , bringing his total Millionaire winnings to $1,250,000 . In 2004 , Carpenter participated in Super Millionaire , as one of the `` Three Wise Men '' on the episode during which Robert `` Bob - O '' Essig won $1,000,000 . He later participated as part of the Mob on NBC 's 1 vs. 100 on October 27 , 2006 , and as a contestant on the Game Show Network game show Grand Slam . Carpenter appeared on the August 16 , 2009 episode of Millionaire in prime time for its tenth anniversary . In the audience with him were his father , his wife , and his son . Additionally , he was also the first expert in the `` Ask the Expert '' lifeline for the eighth season of the syndicated series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Millionaire Makeovers ! '' . People . Vol. 54 no . 20 . Time Inc . November 13 , 2000 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petrozello , Donna ( February 3 , 2000 ) . `` Million - plu $ reply an educated guess '' . New York Daily News . p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : Jerome , Jim ( December 6 , 1999 ) . `` Many Happy Returns '' . People . Vol. 52 no . 22 . Time Inc . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Phil ( November 20 , 1999 ) . `` Contestant wins $1 million '' . Chicago Sun Times . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Frances Grandy ( November 20 , 1999 ) . `` Final answer ? Quiz show : a million to 1 taxman '' . Hartford Courant . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Bianculli , David ( November 22 , 1999 ) . `` Cool million makes red - hot TV '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN . January 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Vigoda , Arlene ( November 22 , 1999 ) . `` Million - dollar winner untaxed by celebrity '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . p. 1D . Jump up ^ `` Taxman scoops a million '' . BBC News . November 21 , 1999 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Kristin ( November 2000 ) . `` I 'm Rich ! ( Now what ? ) '' . Kiplinger 's Personal Finance . pp. 93 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Duca , Lauren ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Final Answer On Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? , 15 Years After It Premiered '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( November 23 , 1999 ) . `` Drab ' Millionaire ' Winner Emerges as a Media Animal '' . The Washington Post . p . C07 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( January 6 , 2001 ) . `` Wizard of ' Oz ' lives with permanent reminder of gritty show '' . The San Diego Union Tribune . p . E6 . Jump up ^ `` Matching Wits with the Million - Dollar Mind : The World ; s Hardest Trivia Quizzes from America 's First Quiz Show Millionaire '' . The Book Depository . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( May 12 , 2000 ) . `` Miami ' Millionaire ' gets 2nd shot at final answer '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bracht , Mel ( May 26 , 2000 ) . `` Money is n't the root of happiness : Tulsan has more fun in 2nd Millionaire gig '' . NewsOK . Oklahoma Publishing Company . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Super Millionaire . Season 1 . Episode 2 . February 23 , 2004 . ABC . Jump up ^ 1 vs. 100 . Season 1 . Episode 3 . October 27 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( August 2 , 2007 ) . `` Dennis Miller rallies around game show all - stars '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p . WE - 33 . Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Carrie ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` Millionaire Experts , Former Contestants Announced '' . About.com . About Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : 10th Anniversary Celebration . Episode 6 . August 16 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 1 . September 7 , 2009 . Syndicated . External links ( edit ) John Carpenter on IMDb Honorary titles Preceded by First Millionaire Top prize winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. ) November 19 , 1999 Succeeded by Dan Blonsky Preceded by Michael Shutterly All - time American game show winnings leader 1999 -- 2000 Succeeded by Rahim Oberholtzer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Carpenter_(game_show_contestant)&oldid=859593508 '' Categories : 1960s births Contestants on American game shows Living people People from Hamden , Connecticut Rutgers University alumni Southern Connecticut State University alumni Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Internal Revenue Service people Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Հայերեն Hrvatski Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2018 , at 01 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who want to be a millionaire first winner | [
"John Carpenter (born c. 1968)[1] is an American game show contestant and IRS agent. He is best known for becoming the first top prize winner on the United States version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. He held the record for the largest single win in United States game show history, until it was broken by Rahim Oberholtzer who won $1.12 million on another U.S. quiz show, Twenty One.[2] Carpenter was also the first top prize winner among all international versions of the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? series.\n"
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"John Carpenter"
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-8316354347062174358 | Hero and Leander | Hero and Leander - wikipedia Hero and Leander Jump to : navigation , search For the Christopher Marlowe poem , see Hero and Leander ( poem ) . For the Leigh Hunt poem , see Hero and Leander ( 1819 poem ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Last Watch of Hero by Frederic Leighton , depicting Hero anxiously waiting for Leander during the storm . Hero and Leander is the Greek myth relating the story of Hero ( Ancient Greek : Ἡρώ , Hērṓ ; pron . like `` hero '' in English ) , a priestess of Aphrodite who dwelt in a tower in Sestos on the European side of the Hellespont ( today 's Dardanelles ) , and Leander ( Ancient Greek : Λέανδρος , Léandros ) , a young man from Abydos on the opposite side of the strait . Leander fell in love with Hero and would swim every night across the Hellespont to spend time with her . Hero would light a lamp at the top of her tower to guide his way . Succumbing to Leander 's soft words and to his argument that Aphrodite , as the goddess of love , would scorn the worship of a virgin , Hero allowed him to make love to her . Their trysts lasted through a warm summer . But one stormy winter night , the waves tossed Leander in the sea and the breezes blew out Hero 's light ; Leander lost his way and drowned . When Hero saw his dead body , she threw herself over the edge of the tower to her death to be with him . Cultural references ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The myth of Hero and Leander has been used extensively in literature and the arts : Ancient Roman coins of Abydos ( Troas ) : Septimius Severus ( coin1 , coin2 ) Caracalla ( coin ) The Double Heroides ( attributed to Ovid ) treats the narrative in 18 and 19 , an exchange of letters between the lovers . Leander has been unable to swim across to Hero in her tower because of bad weather ; her summons to him to make the effort will prove fatal to her lover . Francisco Quevedo mentions Leander in `` En crespa tempestad del oro undoso '' Byzantine poet Musaeus also wrote a poem ; Aldus Manutius made it one of his first publications ( c. 1493 ) after he set up his famous printing press in Venice ( his humanistic aim was to make Ancient Greek Literature available to scholars ) . Musaeus 's poem had early translations into European languages by Bernardo Tasso ( Italian ) , Boscán ( Spanish ) and Clément Marot ( French ) . This poem was widely believed in the Renaissance to have been pre-Homeric : George Chapman reflects at the end of his completion of Marlowe 's version that the dead lovers had the honour of being ' the first that ever poet sung ' . Chapman 's 1616 translation has the title The divine poem of Musaeus . First of all bookes . Translated according to the original , by Geo : Chapman . Staplyton , the mid-17th century translator , had read Scaliger 's repudiation of this mistaken belief , but still could not resist citing Virgil 's ' Musaeum ante omnes ' ( Aeneid VI , 666 ) on the title page of his translation ( Virgil 's reference was to an earlier Musaeus ) . Hero laments the dead Leander by Jan van den Hoecke Renaissance poet Christopher Marlowe began an expansive version of the narrative . His story does not get as far as Leander 's nocturnal swim , and the guiding lamp that gets extinguished , but ends after the two have become lovers ( Hero and Leander ( poem ) ) ; George Chapman completed Marlowe 's poem after Marlowe 's death ; this version was often reprinted in the first half of the 17th century , with editions in 1598 ( Linley ) ; 1600 and 1606 ( Flasket ) ; 1609 , 1613 , 1617 , 1622 ( Blount ) ; 1629 ( Hawkins ) ; and 1637 ( Leake ) . Sir Walter Ralegh alludes to the story , in his ' The Ocean 's Love to Cynthia ' , in which Hero has fallen asleep , and fails to keep alight the lamp that guides Leander on his swim ( more kindly versions , like Chapman 's , have her desperately struggling to keep the lamp burning ) . Shakespeare also mentions this story in the opening scene of Two Gentlemen of Verona , in a dialogue between Valentine and Proteus ( the two gentlemen in the play ) : VALENTINE : And on a love - book pray for my success ? PROTEUS : Upon some book I love I 'll pray for thee . VALENTINE : That 's on some shallow story of deep love : How young Leander cross 'd the Hellespont . PROTEUS : That 's a deep story of a deeper love : For he was more than over shoes in love . VALENTINE : ' Tis true ; for you are over boots in love , And yet you never swum the Hellespont . Hero and Leander are again mentioned in The Two Gentlemen of Verona in Act III Scene I when Valentine is tutoring the Duke of Milan on how to woo the lady from Milan . Shakespeare also alludes to the story in Much Ado About Nothing , both when Benedick states that Leander was `` never so truly turned over and over as my poor self in love '' and in the name of the character Hero , who , despite accusations to the contrary , remains chaste before her marriage ; and in A Midsummer Night 's Dream in the form of a malapropism accidentally using the names Helen and Limander in the place of Hero and Leander , as well as in Edward III ( Act II , Scene II ) , Othello ( Act III , Scene III ) , and Romeo and Juliet ( Act II , Scene IV ) . The most famous Shakespearean allusion is the debunking one by Rosalind , in Act IV scene I of As You Like It : `` Leander , he would have lived many a fair year , though Hero had turned nun , if it had not been for a hot midsummer night ; for , good youth , he went but forth to wash him in the Hellespont and being taken with the cramp was drowned and the foolish coroners of that age found it was ' Hero of Sestos . ' But these are all lies : men have died from time to time and worms have eaten them , but not for love . '' Ben Jonson 's play Bartholomew Fair features a puppet show of Hero and Leander in Act V , translated to London , with the Thames serving as the Hellespont between the lovers . It is also the subject of a novel by Milorad Pavić , Inner Side of the Wind ; Leander is also the subject of Sonnet XXIX by Spanish poet Garcilaso de la Vega of the 16th Century ; In the collection of short stories and essays by Lafcadio Hearn , In Ghostly Japan , the author is told the popular story of a girl that swims to her lover guided by a lantern , and he comments on the similarities with the western story : ' -- `` So , '' I said to myself , `` in the Far East , it is poor Hero that does the swimming . And what , under such circumstances , would have been the Western estimate of Leander ? '' ' John Donne has an elegant Epigram summing up the story in two lines : Both robbed of air , we both lie in one ground , Both whom one fire had burnt , one water drowned . Hero mourns the dead Leander by Gillis Backereel Dion Boucicault mentions Leander in his play ' The Colleen Bawn ' . Corrigan refers to Hardress Cregan and his nocturnal boat rides to his secret wife as being , ' like Leander , barring the wetting ' The myth is central to John Keats ' 1817 sonnet , `` On an Engraved Gem of Leander . '' Myths and Hymns , by Adam Guettel , contains a song titled after the pair . Robert Schumann is said to have perceived his `` In der Nacht '' from Phantasiestücke as depicting the story of Hero and Leandros . Lord Byron references Leander in `` Written After Swimming From Sestos To Abydos . '' ; the myth of Hero and Leander inspired his own swim across the Hellespont ( i.e. , the Dardanelles ) in May , 1810 . Byron also alludes to his feat , with further reference to Leander , in Don Juan , canto II , stanza 105 . Franz Grillparzer 's 1831 tragedy Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen is based on the tale . Friedrich Schiller wrote the ballad Hero und Leander based on the tale . Georg Friedrich Handel 's 1707 solo cantata in Italian , Ero e Leandro ( HWV 150 ) , is based on the tale . Alfredo Catalani composed a tone - poem , Ero e Leandro , based on the tale . Arrigo Boito composed an opera , Ero e Leandro , but destroyed it . Diana Wynne Jones 's meta - fantasy novel Fire and Hemlock makes an early reference to Hero and Leander , both to foreshadow the plot and as a namesake for the heroine 's alter - ego . Rudyard Kipling started his poem `` A Song of Travel '' with words : `` Where 's the lamp that Hero lit / Once to call Leander home ? '' Alfred Tennyson 's poem `` Hero to Leander '' has Hero begging her lover not to leave until the morning when the sea has calmed `` Thou shalt not wander hence to - night , I 'll stay thee with my kisses '' Poem XV of A.E. Housman 's More Poems ( 1936 ) is devoted to the myth . It describes how , `` ( b ) y Sestos town , in Hero 's tower On Hero 's heart Leander lies ... '' `` The Ballad of the Oysterman '' , by Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. , has a reference to the myth . The titular oysterman comments that `` ( he ) read it in the story - book , that , for to kiss his dear , / Leander swam the Hellespont ... '' `` Les Misérables '' , by Victor Hugo , has a reference to the myth in Jean Valjean , Book V. Referring to the reaction of a duchess when she heard of the fate of her lover who died by drowning in the quicksand in Paris ' sewers , Hugo comments that `` Hero refuses to wash Leander 's corpse . '' In Chapter XVII of `` Two Years Before the Mast '' , Richard Henry Dana , Jr. relates an anecdote of the ship 's cook , who had so bonded with a sow , `` Old Bess '' , who had stayed aboard the vessel all the first months of the voyage , that after the sow had been taken ashore in San Diego , the cook `` could hardly have been more attentive , for he actually , on several nights , after dark , when he thought he would not be seen , sculled himself ashore in a boat with a bucket of nice swill , and returned like Leander from crossing the Hellespont . '' Peter Paul Rubens painted a picture named `` Hero and Leander '' in 1604 based on the tale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hearn , Lafcadio ( 1903 ) . In Ghostly Japan . Little , Brown and Company . Jump up ^ Marchand , Leslie ( 1957 ) , Byron : A Biography , I , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , pp. 238ff . Jump up ^ Housman , A.E. More Poems . XV . External links ( edit ) Media related to Hero and Leander at Wikimedia Commons Hero and Leander , full text Annotated text of Marlowe 's poem with illustrations `` Hero . A priestess of Aphrodite at Sestos . '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . GND : 118811169 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hero_and_Leander&oldid=827312916 '' Categories : Ancient Thracian Greeks Greek mythological priestesses Articles about multiple people in ancient Greece Love stories Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles that may contain original research from December 2017 All articles that may contain original research Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 00 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in greek mythology the lover of hero who drowned while trying to swim across hellespont | [
"Succumbing to Leander's soft words and to his argument that Aphrodite, as the goddess of love, would scorn the worship of a virgin, Hero allowed him to make love to her. Their trysts lasted through a warm summer. But one stormy winter night, the waves tossed Leander in the sea and the breezes blew out Hero's light; Leander lost his way and drowned. When Hero saw his dead body, she threw herself over the edge of the tower to her death to be with him."
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-2761520815653063252 | List of NHL records (individual) | List of NHL records ( individual ) - wikipedia List of NHL records ( individual ) This is a list of individual records recognized by the National Hockey League through the end of the 2017 -- 18 NHL season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons 2 Games 3 Stanley Cup 4 NHL Awards 5 Goals 6 Assists 7 Points 8 Plus / minus 9 Power - play goals 10 Shorthanded goals 11 Overtime 12 Goals / assists / points by position 13 Records by a rookie 14 Points / goals / assists per game average 15 Milestone goal seasons 16 Hat trick or better games 17 Goal / assist / point streaks 18 Fastest goals 19 Shots 20 Hits 21 Blocked Shots 22 Time on Ice 23 Penalty Shots 24 Penalty minutes 25 Goaltending 26 Shootout 27 Age 28 See also 29 References 30 Sources Seasons ( edit ) Most seasons : Gordie Howe ( 1946 -- 47 to 1970 -- 1971 ; 1979 -- 1980 ) and Chris Chelios ( 1983 -- 84 to 2009 -- 10 , except for the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out ) , 26 Most playoff seasons : Chris Chelios , 24 ( 1983 -- 84 to 2008 -- 09 , except for 1997 -- 98 and the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out year ) Most consecutive playoff seasons : Larry Robinson , ( 1972 -- 73 to 1991 -- 92 ) and Nicklas Lidstrom , ( 1991 -- 92 to 2011 -- 12 , except for the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out ) , 20 Games ( edit ) Most games : Gordie Howe , 1,767 Most games , including playoffs : Mark Messier , 1,992 Most playoff games : Chris Chelios , 266 Most games played in a single NHL season , not including playoffs : Jimmy Carson ( 1992 -- 93 ) and Bob Kudelski ( 1993 -- 94 ) , 86 Most consecutive games : Doug Jarvis ( October 8 , 1975 -- October 10 , 1987 ) , 964 Most consecutive games by a defenseman : Jay Bouwmeester , 737 Oldest player to play a game : Gordie Howe , 52 years , 11 days Most games by a coach in the Stanley Cup Final : Dick Irvin ( Chicago ( 5 ) , Toronto ( 29 ) , Montreal ( 43 ) ) , 77 Most games played in the Finals : Red Kelly ( Detroit ( 37 ) , Toronto ( 28 ) ) , Henri Richard ( Montreal ) , 65 Most games won by a coach in the Stanley Cup Finals : Scotty Bowman ( Montreal ( 20 ) , Pittsburgh ( 4 ) , Detroit ( 12 ) ) , 36 Most games coached by the first coach of an NHL expansion franchise : Barry Trotz ( Nashville Predators ) , 1196 Stanley Cup ( edit ) Most Stanley Cup wins , as a player : Henri Richard Montreal Canadiens , ( 1956 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 , 73 ) 11 Most Stanley Cup wins , as a non-player : Scotty Bowman ( Montreal : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ( Coach ) ; Pittsburgh : 1991 ( Director of Player Development - Recruitment ) , 1992 ( Head Coach ) ; Detroit : 1997 , 98 , 2002 ( Head Coach ) , 2008 ( Consultant ) ; Chicago : 2010 , 13 , 15 ( Sr. Advisor ) 14 Most Stanley Cup wins , combined player or non-player : Jean Beliveau , Montreal Canadiens ( Player : 1956 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 ; Sr. Vice President : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 86 , 93 ) , 17 Won the Stanley Cup with the highest number of different teams Player - Jack Marshall ( Winnipeg Victorias 1901 , Montreal AAA 1902 , 1903 , Montreal Wanderers 1907 , 1910 , Toronto Blueshirts 1914 ) and Hap Holmes ( Toronto Blueshirts 1914 , Seattle Metropolitans 1917 , Toronto Arenas 1918 , Victoria Cougars 1925 ) , 4 Player / Non-Player - Al Arbour ( Player : Detroit 1954 , Chicago 1961 , Toronto 1962 , 1964 ; Coach : New York Islanders 1980 , 81 , 82 , 83 ) , 4 Non-Player - Tommy Gorman ( Ottawa Senators : 1920 , 1921 , 1923 ( Manager ) ; Chicago : 1934 ( Manager / Coach ) ; Montreal Maroons : 1935 ( Manager / Coach ) ; Montreal Canadiens : 1944 , 1946 ( Manager ) and Scotty Bowman ( Montreal : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ( Coach ) ; Pittsburgh : 1991 ( Director of Player Development - Recruitment ) , 1992 ( Head Coach ) ; Detroit : 1997 , 98 , 2002 ( Head Coach ) , 2008 ( Consultant ) ; Chicago : 2010 , 13 , 15 ( Sr. Advisor ) 4 NHL Awards ( edit ) Most Hart Memorial Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 9 Most consecutive Hart Memorial Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 8 Most Ted Lindsay Awards : Wayne Gretzky , 5 Most consecutive Ted Lindsay Awards : Wayne Gretzky , 4 Most Conn Smythe Trophies : Patrick Roy 3 Most consecutive Conn Smythe Trophies : Bernie Parent , Mario Lemieux , and Sidney Crosby : 2 Most James Norris Trophies : Bobby Orr , 8 Most consecutive James Norris Trophies : Bobby Orr , 8 Most Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophies : Alexander Ovechkin , 7 Most consecutive Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophies : Alexander Ovechkin , 4 Most Art Ross Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 10 Most consecutive Art Ross Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 7 Most Frank J. Selke Trophies : Bob Gainey and Patrice Bergeron , 4 Most consecutive Frank J. Selke Trophies : Bob Gainey 4 Most Lady Byng Trophies : Frank Boucher , 7 Most consecutive Lady Byng Trophies : Frank Boucher and Pavel Datsyuk , 4 Most William M Jennings Trophies : Patrick Roy , Martin Brodeur , 5 Most consecutive William M Jennings Trophies : Patrick Roy and Brian Hayward , 3 Most Vezina Trophies : Jacques Plante , 7 Most consecutive Vezina Trophies : Jacques Plante , 5 Most Jack Adams Awards : Pat Burns , 3 Most consecutive Jack Adams Awards : Jacques Demers , 2 Goals ( edit ) Most goals career : Wayne Gretzky , 894 Most goals playoffs career ; Wayne Gretzky , 122 Most goals career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 1,016 Most goals , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 ) , 92 Most goals , one season for a Rookie : Teemu Selanne ( 1992 - 93 ) , 76 Most goals , in playoffs one season : Reggie Leach ( 1976 ) and Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 19 Most goals , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 100 Most goals , one playoff series : Jari Kurri ( six - game series ) ( 1985 ) , 12 Most goals in a Stanley Cup Final : Cyclone Taylor ( 1918 , five games ) , Frank Foyston ( 1919 , five games ) , Babe Dye ( 1922 , five games ) , 9 Most goals in the Finals , career : Maurice Richard , 34 Most goals , 50 games from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 and 1983 -- 84 ) , 61 Fastest 50 goals from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( December 30 , 1981 ) , 39 games Most goals , one regular season game : Joe Malone ( January 31 , 1920 ) , 7 Most goals , one regular season home game : Joe Malone ( January 31 , 1920 ) , 7 Most goals , one regular season road game : Red Berenson ( November 7 , 1968 ) , 6 Most goals , one playoff game : Newsy Lalonde ( March 1 , 1919 ) , Maurice Richard ( March 23 , 1944 ) , Darryl Sittler ( April 22 , 1976 ) , Reggie Leach ( May 6 , 1976 ) , and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 5 Most goals , one home playoff game : Maurice Richard ( March 23 , 1944 ) , Darryl Sittler ( April 22 , 1976 ) , Reggie Leach ( May 6 , 1976 ) , and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 5 Most goals , one road playoff game : Newsy Lalonde ( March 1 , 1919 ) , 5 Most goals , one regular season game for a Rookie in their first game : Auston Matthews ( ice hockey ) ( October 12 , 2016 ) , 4 Most goals scored by a single player in an expansion team 's inaugural season : William Karlsson ( 2017 - 18 ) , 43 Most goals , one period : Max Bentley ( January 28 , 1943 ) , Busher Jackson ( November 20 , 1934 ) , Clint Smith ( March 4 , 1945 ) , Red Berenson ( November 7 , 1968 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( February 18 , 1981 ) , Grant Mulvey ( February 3 , 1982 ) , Bryan Trottier ( February 13 , 1982 ) , Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , Al Secord ( January 7 , 1987 ) , Joe Nieuwendyk ( January 11 , 1989 ) , Peter Bondra ( February 5 , 1994 ) , Mario Lemieux ( January 26 , 1997 ) , and Patrick Marleau ( January 23 , 2017 ) , 4 Most goals in one period during the Finals : Busher Jackson ( April 5 , 1932 ) , Ted Lindsay ( April 5 , 1955 ) , Maurice Richard ( April 6 , 1957 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( May 25 , 1985 ) , Dirk Graham ( June 1 , 1992 ) , and Peter Forsberg ( June 6 , 1996 ) , 3 Most game - winning goals in a season : Phil Esposito ( 1970 -- 71 and 1971 -- 72 ) and Michel Goulet ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 16 Most game - winning goals in playoffs one season : Brad Richards ( 2004 ) , 7 Most game - winning goals in a playoff series : Mike Bossy ( six - game series ) ( 1983 ) , 4 Most game - winning goals career : Jaromir Jagr , 135 Most game - winning goals playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky and Brett Hull , 24 Assists ( edit ) Most assists regular season career : Wayne Gretzky , 1,963 Most assists playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky 260 Most assists career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 2,223 Most assists , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 163 Most assists , one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1987 -- 88 ) , 31 Most assists , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 174 Most assists , playoff series : Rick Middleton ( seven - game series ) ( 1983 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( six - game series ) ( 1985 ) , 14 Most assists , one game : Billy Taylor ( March 16 , 1947 ) and Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 , December 11 , 1985 , and February 14 , 1986 ) , 7 Most assists , one home game : Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 , and February 14 , 1986 ) , 7 Most assists , one road game : Billy Taylor ( March 16 , 1947 ) and Wayne Gretzky ( December 11 , 1985 ) , 7 Most assists , one playoff game : Mikko Leinonen ( April 8 , 1982 ) , and Wayne Gretzky ( April 9 , 1987 ) , 6 Most assists , one playoff home game : Mikko Leinonen ( April 8 , 1982 ) , and Wayne Gretzky ( April 9 , 1987 ) , 6 Most assists , one period : Dale Hawerchuk ( March 6 , 1984 ) , 5 Points ( edit ) Most points regular season career : Wayne Gretzky , 2,857 Most points playoff career : Wayne Gretzky , 382 Most points career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 3,239 Most points , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 215 Fastest 100 points from the start of a season : Wayne Gretzky ( December 27 , 1981 ) , 34 games Most points , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1984 -- 85 ) , 255 Most points , one game : Darryl Sittler ( February 7 , 1976 ) , 10 Most points , one home game : Darryl Sittler ( February 7 , 1976 ) , 10 Most points , one road game : Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny , ( February 22 , 1981 ) , 8 Most points , one playoff game : Patrik Sundstrom ( April 22 , 1988 ) and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 8 Most points , one playoff home game : Patrik Sundstrom ( April 22 , 1988 ) and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 8 Most points , one period : Bryan Trottier ( December 23 , 1978 ) , 6 Most points , one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 ) , 47 Most points , one playoff series : Rick Middleton ( seven - game series ) ( 1983 ) , 19 Most points , team 's first postseason : Jonathan Marchessault ( 2018 ) , 21 Most points in the Final , one series : Wayne Gretzky ( 1988 ) , 13 Most points in the Final , career : Jean Beliveau , 62 Plus / minus ( edit ) Best ± rating , regular season career : Larry Robinson , + 722 Best ± rating one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , + 124 Best ± rating one game : Tom Bladon ( December 11 , 1977 , 11 - 1 game against the Cleveland Barons ) , + 10 Worst ± rating , season : Bill Mikkelson ( 1974 -- 75 ) , - 82 Worst ± rating , game : Doug Wilson ( February 10 , 1993 against the Calgary Flames ) and Chris Butler , ( January 5 , 2012 against the Boston Bruins ) , - 7 Worst ± rating , regular season career : Bob Stewart , - 257 Best ± ratings playoffs career : Charlie Huddy , + 94 Best ± ratings one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1984 -- 85 ) , + 28 Power - play goals ( edit ) Most power - play goals , career : Dave Andreychuk , 274 Most power - play goals , one season : Tim Kerr ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 34 Most power - play goals , one season for a defenseman : Sheldon Souray ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 19 Most power - play goals , career playoffs : Brett Hull 38 , Most power - play goals , one playoff season : Mike Bossy , ( 1981 ) , and Cam Neely , ( 1991 ) , 9 Most power - play goals , one playoff series : Chris Kontos ( seven - game series ) , ( 1989 ) , 6 Most power - play goals , one playoff game : Syd Howe ( March 23 , 1939 ) , Sid Smith ( April 10 , 1949 ) , Phil Esposito ( April 2 , 1969 ) , Johnny Bucyk ( April 2 , 1969 ) , Denis Potvin ( April 17 , 1981 ) , Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , Jari Kurri ( April 3 , 1987 ) , Mark Johnson ( April 22 , 1988 ) , Dino Ciccarelli ( April 29 , 1993 , May 11 , 1995 ) and Valeri Kamensky ( April 24 , 1997 ) , Jonathan Toews ( May 7 , 2010 ) , 3 Most power - play goals , one playoff game period : Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , 3 Most power - play goals , rookie Joe Nieuwendyk ( 1987 - 88 ) 31 Shorthanded goals ( edit ) Most shorthanded goals , career : Wayne Gretzky , 73 Most shorthanded goals , career playoffs : Mark Messier , 14 Most shorthanded goals , one season : Mario Lemieux ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 13 Most shorthanded goals , one playoff season : Derek Sanderson ( 1969 ) , Bill Barber ( 1980 ) , Lorne Henning ( 1980 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 ) , Wayne Presley ( 1989 ) , and Todd Marchant ( 1997 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , one playoff series : Bill Barber ( five - game series ) ( 1980 ) and Wayne Presley ( six - game series ) ( 1989 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , one game : Theoren Fleury ( March 9 , 1991 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , rookie : Jordan Staal ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 7 Most two - man shorthanded goals , career : Mike Richards , 3 Overtime ( edit ) Most overtime goals , career : Alexander Ovechkin , 22 Most playoff overtime goals , career : Joe Sakic , 8 Most overtime assists , career : Mark Messier , 18 Most overtime points , career : Sergei Fedorov , 27 Most overtime goals , season : Steven Stamkos ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Jonathan Toews ( 2015 -- 16 ) , Alex Galchenyuk ( 2016 -- 17 ) , and Brad Marchand ( 2017 -- 18 ) , 5 Most overtime goals by a rookie , season : Shayne Gostisbehere , 4 Most overtime goals , playoffs season : Mel Hill and Maurice Richard 3 Most overtime goals , one playoff series : Mel Hill , 3 Most consecutive overtime goals : Andrew Cogliano ( 2007 -- 08 ) and Nathan Horton ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 3 Goals / assists / points by position ( edit ) Most goals by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 894 Most goals by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 ) , 92 Most assists by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 1,963 Most assists by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 163 Most points by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 2,857 Most points by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 215 Most goals by a left wing , career : Luc Robitaille , 668 Most goals by a left wing , one season : Alexander Ovechkin ( 2007 -- 08 ) , 65 Most assists by a left wing , career : John Bucyk , 813 Most assists by a left wing , one season : Joe Juneau ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 70 Most points by a left wing , career : Luc Robitaille , 1,394 Most points by a left wing , one season : Luc Robitaille ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 125 Most goals by a right wing , career : Gordie Howe , 801 Most goals by a right wing , one season : Brett Hull ( 1990 -- 91 ) , 86 Most assists by a right wing , career : Jaromir Jagr , 1,155 Most assists by a right wing , one season : Jaromir Jagr ( 1995 -- 96 ) , 87 Most points by a right wing , career : Jaromir Jagr , 1,921 Most points by a right wing , one season : Jaromir Jagr ( 1995 -- 96 ) , 149 Most goals by a defenseman , career : Ray Bourque , 410 Most goals by a defenseman , one season : Paul Coffey ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 48 Most goals by a defenseman , one game : Ian Turnbull ( February 2 , 1977 ) , 5 Most assists by a defenseman , career : Ray Bourque , 1,169 Most assists by a defenseman , one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 102 Most assists by a defenseman , one game : Babe Pratt ( January 8 , 1944 ) , Pat Stapleton ( March 30 , 1969 ) , Bobby Orr ( January 1 , 1973 ) , Ron Stackhouse ( March 8 , 1975 ) , Paul Coffey ( March 14 , 1986 ) , and Gary Suter , ( April 4 , 1986 ) , 6 Most points by a defenseman , career : Ray Bourque , 1579 Most points by a defenseman , one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 139 Most points by a defenseman , one game : Tom Bladon ( December 11 , 1977 ) and Paul Coffey ( March 14 , 1986 ) , 8 Most points by a defenseman , one playoff year : Paul Coffey ( 1985 ) , 37 Most goals by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur ( February 15 , 2000 & March 21 , 2013 ) , 2 Most goals by a goaltender in the playoffs : Ron Hextall ( April 11 , 1989 ) and Martin Brodeur ( April 17 , 1997 ) , 1 Most goals by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Martin Brodeur , 3 Most assists by a goaltender , one season : Grant Fuhr , 14 Most assists by a goaltender , regular season career : Tom Barrasso , 48 Most assists by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 4 Most assists by a goaltender , playoffs career : Grant Fuhr , 14 Most assists by a goaltender , career , including playoffs : Grant Fuhr ( 46 regular season , 14 playoffs ) , 60 Most assists by a goaltender , one game Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 Most points by a goaltender , one season : Grant Fuhr ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 14 Most points by a goaltender regular season career : Tom Barrasso , 48 - all assists Most points by a goaltender regular season one season : Grant Fuhr ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 14 - all assists Most points by a goaltender career , including playoffs Grant Fuhr ( 46 regular season , 14 playoffs ) , 60 Most points by a goaltender regular season one game : Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 - all assists Most points by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 4 - all assists Most points by a goaltender , one period : Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 - all assists Records by a rookie ( edit ) Most goals by a rookie , one season : Teemu Selanne ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 76 Most goals by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Joe Malone ( December 19 , 1917 , January 12 , 1918 and February 2 , 1918 ) , Howie Meeker ( January 8 , 1947 ) and Don Murdoch ( October 12 , 1976 ) , 5 Most goals by a player in his first NHL game : Joe Malone ( December 19 , 1917 ) , 5 Most goals by a rookie in his first NHL game : Auston Matthews ( October 12 , 2016 ) , 4 Most assists by a rookie , one season : Peter Stastny ( 1980 -- 81 ) and Joe Juneau ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 70 Most assists by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 ) , 7 Most assists by a player in his first NHL game : Dutch Reibel ( October 8 , 1953 ) , 4 Most points by a rookie , one season : Teemu Selanne ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 132 Most goals by a rookie , one playoff season : Dino Ciccarelli ( 1981 ) , 14 Most assists by a rookie , one playoff season : Ville Leino ( 2010 ) , 14 Most points by a rookie , one playoff season : Dino Ciccarelli ( 1981 ) , Ville Leino ( 2010 ) , and Jake Guentzel ( 2017 ) , 21 Most points by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny ( February 22 , 1981 ) , 8 Most points by a player in his first NHL game : Al Hill ( February 14 , 1977 ) , 5 Most goals by a rookie defenseman , one season : Brian Leetch ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 23 Most assists by a rookie defenseman , one season : Larry Murphy ( 1980 -- 81 ) , 60 Most points by a rookie defenseman , one season : Larry Murphy ( 1980 -- 81 ) , 76 Longest goal scoring streak in his first NHL Season : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 14 games Longest point streak by a rookie , one season : Paul Stastny ( February 3 , 2007 -- March 17 , 2007 ) , 20 games Longest point streak by an eighteen - year - old : Nathan MacKinnon ( January 10 , 2014 -- March 6 , 2014 ) , 13 games Longest point streak by a rookie defenseman : Shayne Gostisbehere ( January 19 , 2016 -- February 20 , 2016 ) , 15 games Points / goals / assists per game average ( edit ) Highest goals - per - game average , career ( among players with 200 - or - more goals ) : Mike Bossy , . 762 Highest goals - per - game average including playoffs , career ( among players with 200 - or - more goals ) : Mario Lemieux , . 749 Highest goals - per - game average , one season ( among players with 20 - or - more goals ) : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 2.20 Highest goals - per - game average , one season ( among players with 50 - or - more goals ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 1.18 Highest assists - per - game average , career ( among players with 300 - or - more assists ) : Wayne Gretzky , 1.320 Highest assists - per - game average , one season ( among players with 35 - or - more assists ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 2.04 Highest points - per - game average , career ( among players with 500 - or - more points ) : Wayne Gretzky , 1.921 Highest points - per - game average , one season ( among players with 50 - or - more - points ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 2.77 Milestone goal seasons ( edit ) Most 20 - or - more goal seasons : Gordie Howe , 22 Most consecutive 20 - or - more goal seasons : Gordie Howe ( 1949 -- 1971 ) , 22 Most 30 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Gartner , 17 Most consecutive 30 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Gartner ( 1979 -- 1994 ) and Jaromir Jagr ( 1991 -- 2007 ) , 15 Most 40 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 12 Most consecutive 40 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1979 -- 1991 ) , 12 Most 50 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky , 9 Most consecutive 50 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy ( 1977 -- 1986 ) , 9 Most 60 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky , 5 Most consecutive 60 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 - 1984 ) , 4 Most 70 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 4 Most consecutive 70 - or more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 1984 ) , 4 Most 80 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 2 Most 90 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 1 Hat trick or better games ( edit ) Most three - or - more goal games , career : Wayne Gretzky , 50 Most three - or - more goal games , playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky , 10 Most three - or - more goal games , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 and 1983 -- 84 ) , 10 Most three - or - more goal games , one playoffs season : Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 4 Most three - or - more goal games , one playoff series : Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 3 Most four - or - more goal games , one season : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 5 Most five - or - more goal games , one season : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 3 Goal / assist / point streaks ( edit ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak from start of NHL career : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 14 games Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak : Punch Broadbent , 16 games ( 1921 -- 22 ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak , one playoff season : Reggie Leach 10 games ( 1976 ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak by a defenseman : Mike Green ( 2008 -- 09 ) , 8 games Longest consecutive assist - scoring streak : Wayne Gretzky ( 1990 -- 91 ) , 23 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 51 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak , one playoff season : Bryan Trottier ( 1981 ) , 18 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 51 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a defenseman from start of season : John - Michael Liles ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 9 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a defenseman : Paul Coffey ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 28 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a rookie forward : Paul Stastny ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 20 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a rookie defenseman : Shayne Gostisbehere ( 2015 -- 16 ) , 15 games Fastest goals ( edit ) Fastest goal from start of game : Doug Smail ( December 20 , 1981 ) , Bryan Trottier ( March 22 , 1984 ) , and Alexander Mogilny ( December 21 , 1991 ) , 5 seconds Fastest goal from start of game , playoffs : Don Kozak ( April 17 , 1977 ) , 6 seconds Fastest goal from start of period : Claude Provost ( November 9 , 1957 ) , Denis Savard ( January 12 , 1986 ) , and James van Riemsdyk ( March 28 , 2014 ) , 4 seconds Fastest goal from start of period , playoffs : Pelle Eklund ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 6 seconds Fastest goal by a player in his first NHL game : Dave Christian ( March 2 , 1980 ) , 7 seconds Fastest two goals from start of game : Mike Knuble , 27 seconds ( February 14 , 2003 ) Fastest two goals from start of game , playoffs : Dick Duff ( April 9 , 1963 ) , 68 seconds Fastest two goals : Nels Stewart ( January 3 , 1931 ) and Deron Quint ( December 15 , 1995 ) , 4 seconds Fastest two goals , playoffs : Norm Ullman ( April 11 , 1965 ) , 5 seconds Fastest three goals : Bill Mosienko ( March 23 , 1952 ) , 21 seconds Fastest three assists : Gus Bodnar ( March 23 , 1952 ) , 21 seconds Fastest regular season overtime goal : Mats Sundin , Alexander Ovechkin , William Nylander , David Legwand , and Andreas Athanasiou , 6 seconds Fastest playoff overtime goal : Brian Skrudland ( May 18 , 1986 ) , 9 seconds Fastest goal after being scored on : Doug Gilmour ( December 19 , 1987 ) , and Mikael Granlund ( January 5 , 2016 ) , 2 seconds Shots ( edit ) Most shots on goal , career : Ray Bourque , 6,206 Most shots on goal , playoffs career : Ray Bourque , 812 Most shots on goal , one season : Phil Esposito ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 550 Most shots on goal , one playoff season : Henrik Zetterberg , 116 Most shots on goal , one game : Ray Bourque ( March 21 , 1991 ) , 19 Most shots on goal , one playoff game : Daniel Briere ( April 22 , 2006 ) , 14 Hits ( edit ) Most hits , one season : Matt Martin ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 382 Most hits , one playoff season : Dustin Brown ( 2014 ) , 125 Most hits , regular season career : Dustin Brown , 3166 Most hits , playoff career : Brooks Orpik , 499 Most hits , one game : Brenden Morrow , 19 Most hits , one regular season game : Gary Roberts ( March 10 , 1999 ) and Zdeno Chara ( November 3 , 1999 ) 17 Most hits , one playoff game : Brenden Morrow ( May 4 , 2008 ) , 19 Blocked Shots ( edit ) Most blocked shots , one season : Kris Russell ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 283 Most blocked shots , one playoff season : Anton Volchenkov ( 2007 ) , 80 Most blocked shots , career : Dan Girardi , 1846 Most blocked shots , playoffs career : Chris Pronger , 374 Most blocked shots , one game : Kris Russell ( March 5 , 2015 ) , 15 Most blocked shots , one playoff game : Richard Matvichuk ( May 1 , 2001 ) , 13 Time on Ice ( edit ) Most time on ice per game by a defenseman , one season : Chris Pronger , 30 : 36 Most time on ice per game by a forward , one season : Pavel Bure , 26 : 52 Most time on ice per game by a defenseman , playoff season : Chris Pronger , 35 : 52 Most time on ice per game by a forward , playoff season : Boyd Devereaux , 32 : 46 Most time on ice by a defenseman , one regular season game : Dennis Wideman ( January 18 , 2014 ) , 38 : 05 Most time on ice by a forward , one regular season game : Vyacheslav Kozlov ( October 10 , 2003 ) , 30 : 00 Most time on ice by a defenseman , one playoff game : Sergei Zubov ( April 24 , 2003 ) , 63 : 51 Most time on ice by a forward , one playoff game : Jaromir Jagr ( May 4 , 2000 ) , 59 : 08 Penalty Shots ( edit ) Most penalty shot goals , career : Pavel Bure , 7 Most penalty shot goals , playoffs career : Michael Frolik , 2 Most penalty shot goals , one season : Pavel Bure , 3 Most penalty shot attempts , career : Vincent Lecavalier , 13 Most penalty shot attempts , playoffs career : Mats Sundin and Michael Frolik , 2 Most penalty shot attempts , one season : Erik Cole , 5 Most penalty shot attempts , one game : Erik Cole ( November 9 , 2005 ) , Max Pacioretty ( February 6 , 2009 ) , and Auston Matthews ( November 3 , 2017 ) , 2 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , career : Marc - Andre Fleury , 21 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , playoffs career : Dominik Hasek , 5 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , one game : Ben Bishop ( October 8 , 2015 ) , Miikka Kiprusoff ( March 4 , 2011 ) , Roberto Luongo ( February 6 , 2014 ) , and Jonathan Quick ( November 3 , 2017 ) , 2 Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender , career : Marc - Andre Fleury , 15 Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender , playoffs career : Dominik Hasek , 4 Most penalty shots allowed by a goaltender , career : Tomas Vokoun , 8 Penalty minutes ( edit ) Most penalty minutes , career : Tiger Williams , 3,966 Most penalty minutes , playoffs career : Dale Hunter , 729 Most penalty minutes , career , including playoffs : Tiger Williams , 4,421 Most penalty minutes , one season : Dave Schultz ( 1974 -- 75 ) , 472 Most penalties , one game : Chris Nilan ( March 31 , 1991 ) , 10 Most penalties , one playoff game : Forbes Kennedy ( April 2 , 1969 ) and Kim Clackson ( April 20 , 1980 ) , 8 Most penalty minutes , one game : Randy Holt ( March 11 , 1979 ) , 67 Most penalty minutes , one playoff game : Dave Schultz ( April 22 , 1976 ) and Deryk Engelland ( April 17 , 2015 ) , 42 Most penalty minutes , career , in the Stanley Cup Final : Gordie Howe , 94 Goaltending ( edit ) Most wins by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 691 Most wins by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 151 Most wins by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Martin Brodeur 804 Best Winning Percentage ( minimum 250 played ) : Ken Dryden . 740 in 397 games played Best Winning Percentage ( minimum 500 games played ) : Jacques Plante . 610 in 837 games played Most wins by a goaltender , one season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) and Braden Holtby ( 2015 -- 16 ) , 48 Most wins by a goaltender , career , in the Finals : Jacques Plante , 25 Most wins by a goaltender , expansion team season : Marc - Andre Fleury ( 2017 -- 18 Vegas Golden Knights ) , 28 Most ties , career : Terry Sawchuk , 172 Most losses by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 397 Most losses by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 94 Most losses by a goaltender , one season : Gary Smith ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 48 Most losses by a goaltender , one playoff season : Ron Hextall ( 1987 ) , Miikka Kiprusoff ( 2004 ) , Henrik Lundqvist ( 2014 ) , Ben Bishop ( 2015 ) , 11 Most shutouts regular season career : Martin Brodeur 125 Most shutouts playoffs career : Martin Brodeur 24 Most shutouts by a goaltender , including playoffs , expansion team season : Marc - Andre Fleury ( 2017 -- 18 Vegas Golden Knights ) , 9 Most shutouts , including playoffs career : Martin Brodeur 149 Most shutouts , one regular season : George Hainsworth ( 1928 -- 29 ) , 22 Most shutouts , one playoff season : Martin Brodeur ( 2002 -- 03 ) , 7 Most games appeared in by a goaltender , career regular season : Martin Brodeur , 1,265 Most games appeared in by a goaltender , career playoffs : Patrick Roy , 247 Most games appeared in by a goaltender career , including playoffs Martin Brodeur , 1,470 Most games appeared in by a goaltender career , in the Finals : Jacques Plante ( Montreal - 38 ) , St. Louis - 3 ) , 41 Most consecutive complete games by a goaltender : Glenn Hall , 502 ( 1955 -- 1962 ) Most games appeared in by a goaltender , one regular season : Grant Fuhr , 79 ( 1995 -- 96 ) Most games appeared in by a goaltender , one playoff season Ron Hextall ( 1986 -- 87 ) and Jonathan Quick ( 2013 -- 14 ) , 26 Most minutes played by a goaltender , career : Martin Brodeur , 74,380 Most minutes played by a goaltender , one season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 4,697 Least time played by a goaltender , career Jorge Alves Dec 31 , 2016 , 7.6 sec Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender : Alec Connell ( 7 games , 2 periods ) ( 1927 -- 28 ) , 461 minutes , 29 seconds Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender at start of NHL career : Matt Hackett ( December 6 & 8 , 2011 ) , 102 minutes , 48 seconds Longest winning streak by a goaltender , one season : Gilles Gilbert ( 1975 -- 76 ) , 17 games Longest winning streak to start a season : Carey Price ( 2016 -- 17 ) , 10 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender , one season : Gerry Cheevers ( 24 wins , 8 ties 1971 -- 72 ) , 32 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender in his first NHL season : Grant Fuhr ( 15 wins , 8 ties 1981 -- 82 ) , 23 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender from start of career : Patrick Lalime ( 14 wins , 2 ties 1996 -- 97 ) , 16 games Most 20 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender Martin Brodeur , 16 Most consecutive 20 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 1995 -- 2008 ) and Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 2017 ) , 12 Most 30 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur 14 Most consecutive 30 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 1995 -- 2008 ) , 12 Most consecutive 30 - or - more win seasons to start a career : Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 2012 ) , 7 Most 40 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur 8 Most consecutive 40 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 2005 -- 2008 ) and Evgeni Nabokov ( 2007 -- 10 ) , 3 Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his rookie season : Bill Durnan ( 1943 -- 44 ) , 10 Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his first NHL season : George Hainsworth ( 1926 -- 27 ) , 11 Most losses by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 397 Most losses by a goaltender , one season : Gary Smith ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 48 Most home games played by a goaltender , one season : Roberto Luongo ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 41 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a regular season game : Sam LoPresti ( March 4 , 1941 ) , 83 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a season : Roberto Luongo ( 2005 -- 06 ) , 2,488 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a playoff game : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender career : Martin Brodeur , 28,928 Most saves by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 6,561 Most saves by a goaltender , including playoffs career : Martin Brodeur , 33,758 Most saves by a goaltender , in a regular season game : Sam LoPresti ( March 4 , 1941 ) , 80 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoff game : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoffs overtime game shutout : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender , in a regular season shutout : Ben Scrivens ( January 29 , 2014 ) , 59 Most saves by a goaltender , in a season : Roberto Luongo ( 2003 -- 04 ) , 2,303 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoff run : Tim Thomas ( 2011 ) , 798 Most saves by a goaltender , in a Stanley Cup finals series : Tim Thomas ( 2011 ) , 238 Highest save percentage , in a regular season : Craig Anderson ( 2013 ) , . 941 Highest save percentage , playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Jonathan Quick ( 2012 ) , . 946 Lowest goals - against average in a season ( minimum 20 games ) : George Hainsworth , 0.92 Lowest goals - against average playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Frank Brimsek , 1.25 Highest goals - against average in a season ( minimum 20 games ) : Frank Brophy , 7.11 Highest goals - against average playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Murray Bannerman , 4.77 Most overtime wins : Roberto Luongo , 49 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender regular season career : Ron Hextall , 584 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender playoffs career : Ron Hextall , 115 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Ron Hextall ( 584 regular season , 115 playoffs ) , 699 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one season Ron Hextall ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 113 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one playoff season Ron Hextall ( 1986 -- 87 ) , 43 Youngest goaltender to win 50 regular - season games : Patrick Roy 22 yrs Youngest goaltender to win 100 regular - season games : Patrick Roy 23 yrs Youngest goaltender to win 200 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 26 yrs. , 1 mos Youngest goaltender to win 300 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 29 yrs. , 7 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 400 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 31 yrs. , 10 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 500 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 35 yrs. , 6 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 600 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 37 yrs. , 11 mos . Quickest goaltender to win 400 regular - season games : Henrik Lundqvist 727 Most Stanley Cup finals series played by a goaltender : Jacques Plante ( Montreal : 8 ( 1953 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ) ; St. Louis : 2 ( 1969 , 70 ) ) , 10 Most Stanley Cup consecutive finals series played by a goaltender : Jacques Plante ( Montreal ( 1953 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ) , 8 Least saves required in a win : Ryan Miller ( Anaheim Jan. 25 , 2018 ) 11 : 40 min ; Antti Niemi ( Dallas , Dec. 12 , 2015 ) 6 : 43 min ; Richard Bachman ( Dallas Mar. 29 , 2013 ) 2 : 32 min ; Craig Billington ( Colorado Dec. 21 , 1998 ) 1 : 52 min , ( Colorado Dec. 31 , 1996 ) 0 : 12 sec ; Steve Weeks ( NY Rangers Mar. 24 , 1982 ) 0 : 17 sec 0 Shootout ( edit ) Most shootout goals in one season : Ilya Kovalchuk ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 11 Most game - deciding shootout goals in one season : Ilya Kovalchuk ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 7 Most shootout goals career : Frans Nielsen , 48 Most game - deciding shootout goals career : Frans Nielsen , 22 Highest shootout percentage ( Minimum 15 attempts ) : Brayden Point , 66.7 % ( 10 / 15 ) Most shootout attempts in a season : Radim Vrbata , 18 Most shootout attempts career : Radim Vrbata , 105 Most shootout games played by a goaltender in a season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 16 Most shootout games played by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 107 Most shootout wins by a goaltender in a season : Ryan Miller and Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , Mathieu Garon ( 2007 -- 08 ) , and Jonathan Quick ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 10 Most shootout wins by a goaltender career : Ryan Miller , 59 Most shootout losses by a goaltender in a season : Tomas Vokoun ( 2009 -- 10 ) and Tuukka Rask ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 9 Most shootout losses by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 55 Most goals allowed in a shootout by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 126 Most saves in a shootout by a goaltender career : Henrik Lundqvist , 278 Age ( edit ) Oldest Forward : Gordie Howe , April 11 , 1980 , 52 years , 11 days Oldest Defensemen : Chris Chelios , April 6 , 2010 , 48 years , 71 days Oldest Goaltender : Maurice Roberts , November 25 , 1951 , 45 years , 345 days Oldest Player to play his first NHL game : Connie Madigan , February 6 , 1973 , 38 years , 94 days Oldest Goalie to play his first NHL game : Jorge Alves , December 31 , 2016 , 37 years , 30 days Youngest Player to play his first NHL game : Bep Guidolin , November 12 , 1942 , 16 years , 337 days Youngest Goalie to play his first NHL game : Harry Lumley , December 23 , 1943 , 17 years , 42 days Oldest Goalie to play in Stanley Cup Finals : Lester Patrick , April 7 , 1928 , 44 years , 90 days Oldest Defensemen to play in the Stanley Cup Finals : Doug Harvey , May 11 , 1968 , 43 years , 137 days Oldest Forward to play in Stanley Cup Finals : Mark Recchi , June 15 , 2011 , 43 years , 134 days Youngest Player to play in the Stanley Cup Finals : Gaye Stewart , 18 years , 288 days Youngest Player to win the Stanley Cup : Larry Hillman , April 14 , 1955 18 years , 68 days Oldest Player to win the Stanley Cup : Chris Chelios , June 4 , 2008 , 46 years , 130 days Oldest Goalie to win the Stanley Cup : Lester Patrick April 14 , 1928 , 44 years , 97 days See also ( edit ) List of NHL records ( team ) List of NHL statistical leaders List of NHL statistical leaders by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Individual All Time Career Records ( 1918 - 2011 ) '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hart Memorial Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P. July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Lindsay Award '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conn Smythe Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Norris Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maurice Richard Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Art Ross Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frank J. Selke Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Byng Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` William M. Jennings Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vezina Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Adams Award '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Sources ( edit ) NHL Official Guide and Record Book , 2016 www.nhl.com List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game Goaltender wins , career ( min . 300 ) Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Franchise records of the National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals League records : Individual records Team records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NHL_records_(individual)&oldid=849982646 '' Categories : National Hockey League statistical records National Hockey League lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Pages with editnotices Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 19 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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-1441588685331028399 | Lovely Day (song) | Lovely Day ( song ) - wikipedia Lovely Day ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Lovely Day '' Single by Bill Withers from the album Menagerie B - side `` It Ai n't Because of Me Baby '' Released December 21 , 1977 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Recorded 1977 Genre R&B , disco , funk , blues rock Length 3 : 46 ( single version ) 4 : 08 ( album version ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bill Withers Skip Scarborough Producer ( s ) Bill Withers Clarence McDonald Bill Withers singles chronology `` Make Love to Your Mind '' ( 1975 ) `` Lovely Day '' ( 1977 ) `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1981 ) `` Make Love to Your Mind '' ( 1975 ) `` Lovely Day '' ( 1977 ) `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1981 ) `` Lovely Day '' is a song by American soul and R&B singer Bill Withers . Written by Withers and Skip Scarborough , it was released on December 21 , 1977 and appears on Withers ' 1978 album Menagerie . The song is notable for Withers ' sustained note towards the end , which at 18 seconds long , is one of the longest ever recorded on a song . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Composition 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly singles charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 The S.O.U.L.S.Y.S.T.E.M. version 6 Covers 6.1 Charting versions 6.2 Other recorded covers 6.3 Live covers 7 Samples and interpolations 8 Soundtrack appearances 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Released as a single in late 1977 , `` Lovely Day '' peaked at # 6 on the Billboard R&B chart and at # 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the US in early 1978 . It also made the Top 10 in the United Kingdom , where the song reached # 7 on the British single chart . `` Lovely Day '' has been re-released as a single in the United Kingdom at least twice since the song 's first chart run ; in 1987 the original version charted again at # 92 , while a version done by Ben Liebrand , named the `` Sunshine Mix '' , made the British Top 10 in 1988 , rising to # 4 . This remix resulted in renewed enthusiasm for the Withers original , which incurred a surge in airplay into the early 1990s and came to firmly overshadow the radio presence of Liebrand 's version . Public interest was again piqued in 1995 , when `` Lovely Day '' was used in adverts for Tetley tea and again in 1999 for a Gap commercial directed by Hype Williams . Producer Clarence McDonald also arranged the original 1977 version of the song and played keyboards . Guitars were played by Ray Parker , Jr. , Jerry Knight played bass , and Russ Kunkel played drums . Composition ( edit ) Toward the end of the song , Withers holds a note for 18 seconds . This is believed to be the second - longest note in UK chart history ; Morten Harket of A-ha 's 20 - second note in `` Summer Moved On '' is the longest . Withers ' note is sustained in chest voice , whereas Harket utilizes the falsetto range . The former remains the longest of any Top 40 hit in the United States . Some claim Freddy Curci of the band Sheriff holds the final falsetto note of `` When I 'm with You '' , a number one song in the U.S. in 1989 , for about 20 seconds , although his voice seems to transform into a sound effect , created in the studio . Personnel ( edit ) Bill Withers -- Vocals Clarence McDonald -- Keyboards Ray Parker , Jr . -- Guitar Jerry Knight -- Bass Russ Kunkel -- Drums / Shaker Ralph MacDonald -- Percussion Charles Veal -- Concert master Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 -- 78 ) Peak position Austria 18 Belgium 11 Canadian RPM 23 France Netherlands UK 7 US Billboard Hot 100 30 US Billboard R&B 6 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 25 US Cash Box Top 100 23 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 44 Chart ( 1987 -- 88 ) Peak position UK ( remix ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 UK ( original ) 92 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Rank Canada 173 UK 85 US Billboard Hot 100 182 Chart ( 1988 ) Rank UK 38 The S.O.U.L.S.Y.S.T.E.M. Version ( edit ) `` It 's Gonna Be a Lovely Day '' Single by The S.O.U.L.S.Y.S.T.E.M. featuring Michelle Visage Released Songwriter ( s ) Bill Withers Skip Scarborough The song was covered by The S.O.U.L.S.Y.S.T.E.M. featuring Michelle Visage and was included on the soundtrack to the 1992 film The Bodyguard . This mostly rap version was titled `` It 's Gonna Be a Lovely Day '' . It reached # 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 44 on the Billboard R&B chart , in addition to spending three weeks atop the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in December 1992 and January 1993 . This version also reached # 17 on the UK Singles Chart . Covers ( edit ) `` Lovely Day '' has been covered and sampled numerous times since Withers ' original recording . These alternate versions of the song span many different musical genres , including R&B , pop , jazz , gospel , dance , and rap . Charting versions ( edit ) British pop group Central Line covered the song on their 1983 album Breaking Point ; this version reached # 81 on the UK Singles Chart . Other recorded covers ( edit ) Other artists who have covered the song include : 1990 : American R&B singer Sybil released a cover on her Sybilization album , and released it as a single in 1991 . It failed to chart . 1992 : British entertainer , Des O Connor , on his Portrait album . 1994 : American gospel group Out of Eden , on their album Lovin ' the Day 1998 : American gospel songwriter Kirk Franklin , on his album The Nu Nation Project ( titled `` Gonna Be a Lovely Day '' ) 1999 : British Jazz - funk band Shakatak , on their album Magic . 2002 : American contemporary gospel group Take 6 , cover version from their album Beautiful World 2003 : American R&B singer Luther Vandross featuring rapper Busta Rhymes , cover version from Vandross ' album Dance with My Father 2006 : American pop band Maroon 5 , on the soundtrack to the Luke Wilson film Hoot ( this version features backing vocals by Bill Withers & Kori Withers ) 2006 : American jazz guitarist Lee Ritenour , with American pop singer Taylor Dayne and South African singer Zamajobe , instrumental cover version from his album Smoke & Mirrors 2006 : New Age / Contemporary jazz French keyboardist Philippe Saisse with his `` Philippe Saisse Acoustique Trio '' on the album Body and Soul Sessions . 2007 : American R&B singer Diana Ross , on her album I Love You 2008 : Drummer Russ Kunkel and his group Chateau Beach on the 2008 album Rivage 2008 : Bassist Michael Manson , on the album Up Front 2009 : American saxophonist Elan Trotman , on his album This Time Around . 2010 : American R&B singer and jazz saxophonist Walter Beasley on the album Backatcha . 2011 : R&B Singer Jill Scott , on the album The Original Jill Scott from the Vault , Vol. 1 . 2012 : Elizabeth Mitchell , used in a UK advert for DFS ( British retailer ) 2014 : English indie rock band alt - J , as a hidden track on their second album , This Is All Yours . Live covers ( edit ) 2012 : British Post hardcore band Enter Shikari covered this song in a live session over uStream . 2017 : Justin Timberlake covered the song along with `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' at the 89th Academy Awards . Samples and interpolations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1998 : American rap duo DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince , sampled original song on their track `` Lovely Daze '' from their greatest hits album 1999 : American rappers Too Short , Ant Banks and Rappin ' 4 - Tay , working as the supergroup TWDY , sampled the original song on the track `` Players Holiday '' 2000 : Finnish rapper Seremoniamestari sampled the original song on his track `` Ihana päivä '' from the album Omin sanoin 2002 : British DJ 's Brancaccio & Aisher , sampled the S.O.U.L.S.Y.S.T.E.M. cover on their track `` It 's Gonna Be ... ( A Lovely Day ) '' ( this version reached # 40 on the UK Singles Chart as well as hitting # 1 on both the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart . and the UK Official Dance Chart ) 2004 : American rappers Twista and Anthony Hamilton , sampled original song on their track `` Sunshine '' from Twista 's album Kamikaze 2007 : American rapper Swizz Beatz , sampled original song on his track `` Take a Picture '' from the album One Man Band Man 2007 : American rapper Z - Ro , sampled original song on his track `` A Lovely Day , '' which features Lil ' Flip & Big Shasta , on the album King Of Tha Ghetto : Power 2012 : American musician R. Kelly heavily sampled the original song on the track , `` Feelin ' Single '' from the Write Me Back album . Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 : Ford Escort TV commercial in the UK 2000 : The original song appears at the beginning of the 8th episode named `` The Whole Truth '' in the first season of the TV series `` Ed '' 2006 : School for Scoundrels 2010 : The song is featured in the film 127 Hours during the scene where James Franco ( Aron Ralston ) on the second day of his horrific ordeal , makes a pulley to ( unsuccessfully ) release the rock trapping his arm . This song also features in the soundtrack of the movie . 2016 : The song is featured towards the end of the animated film The Secret Life of Pets , when all of the pets return home in time to greet their owners . 2016 : The song was used in season 13 episode 18 of animated sitcom American Dad ! 2017 : The song is featured towards the end of the 2nd episode named `` Make Them Birds Fly '' in the first season of the FX crime drama TV series Snowfall . 2017 : The song is used multiple times in the second season premiere of the CBS law drama Bull , titled `` School for Scandal '' . See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance hits ( United States ) List of number - one dance hits ( UK ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Withers - Full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Withers - Menagerie ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs from the Year 1978 '' . Tsort.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` lovely + day full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Lovely Day '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1978 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1978 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Scaping , Peter , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Top 100 Singles : 1988 '' . BPI YearBook 1989 / 90 . London , England : British Phonographic Industry . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9061 - 5410 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Songs : Top Dance Music Chart '' . Billboard. 1992 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Soul System - Full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Central Line - Full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Body and Soul Sessions overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` The Body and Soul Sessions - Philippe Saisse '' . JazzTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Rivage overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Up Front overview '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` March 2008 '' . SmoothViews.com . Jump up ^ `` Elan Trotman - This Time Around '' . Smooth-jazz.de . Jump up ^ `` Elan Trotman '' . thesmoothjazzride.com . Jump up ^ Gail Mitchell ( 2011 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Hidden Beach Slates New Jill Scott Album For Spring '' . `` Billboard Magazine '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Opens 2017 Oscars With Lively ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! ' Performance : Watch '' . Billboard . February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brancaccio &Aisher : Full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Grimm , Becca ( 2010 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Sigur Rós , Bill Withers , Many More Featured on 127 Hours Soundtrack '' . Paste Magazine . External links ( edit ) Withers original single info at discogs.com 1988 `` Sunshine Mix '' info at discogs.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Leash Called Love '' by The Sugarcubes Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single ( The S.O.U.L.S.Y.S.T.E.M. featuring Michelle Visage version , `` It 's Gonna Be a Lovely Day '' ) December 26 , 1992 - January 9 , 1993 Succeeded by `` I 'm Gonna Get You '' by Bizarre Inc featuring Angie Brown Preceded by `` Wish I Did n't Miss You '' by Angie Stone Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single ( Brancaccio & Aisher version ) April 27 , 2002 Succeeded by `` Alive '' by Kevin Aviance ( hide ) Bill Withers Studio albums Just as I Am Still Bill +'Justments Making Music Naked & Warm Menagerie ' Bout Love Live Albums Live at Carnegie Hall Songs `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` Grandma 's Hands '' `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' `` Let It Be '' `` Use Me '' `` Lean on Me '' `` Lovely Day '' `` Just the Two of Us '' `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' Related Still Bill ( film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lovely_Day_(song)&oldid=802702399 '' Categories : 1977 singles 1992 singles 2002 singles Bill Withers songs Luther Vandross songs Busta Rhymes songs Diana Ross songs Maroon 5 songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Number - one dance singles in Canada Songs written by Bill Withers Songs written by Skip Scarborough 1977 songs Columbia Records singles Funk songs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2017 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 22 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song it's going to be a lovely day | [
"\"Lovely Day\" is a song by American soul and R&B singer Bill Withers. Written by Withers and Skip Scarborough, it was released on December 21, 1977 and appears on Withers' 1978 album Menagerie."
] | [
"Bill Withers"
] |
-5184294746370342685 | Alicia von Rittberg | Alicia von Rittberg - wikipedia Alicia von Rittberg Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alicia Gräfin von Rittberg Nationality German Occupation Actress Years active 2000 -- present Known for Hindenburg , Fury Alicia Gräfin ( Countess ) von Rittberg is a German actress best known for her role as Emma in the film Fury . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) For her starring role as a foster child in the ZDF TV movie And all were silent , she received the 2013 Young Artist Award at the Bavarian Television Award . In 2014 , she co-starred as Emma alongside Brad Pitt , Logan Lerman and Shia LaBeouf in the American war film Fury , directed by David Ayer . Besides acting she is studying corporate management and economics at Zeppelin University in Friedrichshafen . She appeared in Our Kind of Traitor , a 2016 spy thriller film directed by Susanna White . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role 2007 Die Lawine 2008 Die Sache mit dem Glück Miriam Heitmann 2009 Romy Romy ( 15 years old ) Das Geheimnis der Wale Charlotte Waldmann 2011 Hindenburg Gisela Kerner 2011 Die Verführerin Adele Spitzeder Therese Ederer 2011 Eine ganz heiße Nummer Tina Brandner 2012 Barbara Angie 2012 Und alle haben geschwiegen Junge Luisa 2013 Alles für meine Tochter Clara Liebner 2014 Unterwegs mit Elsa Clara Novak 2014 Die Hebamme Lotte Seiler 2014 Die reichen Leichen . Ein Starnbergkrimi 2014 Fury Emma 2016 Our Kind of Traitor Natasha Television ( edit ) Year Title Note 2006 The Old Fox Episode 30x03 `` Tödliches Schweigen '' 2008 -- 2010 Meine wunderbare Familie Five episodes 2011 The Old Fox Episode 37x04 `` Zivilcourage '' 2015 Das Romeo - Prinzip Television Film 2017 Genius Four Episodes Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Ref . 2013 Bavarian TV award Young Artist Award for Und alle haben geschwiegen 2013 Günter Rohrbach Film Award Price of Saarland Film GmbH ( for her role in And all were silent together with Leonard Carow ) 2014 New Faces Award Young Artist Award for Die Hebamme References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bayerische Staatskanzlei : `` Der Blaue Panther -- 25 . Bayerischer Fernsehpreis : Ehrenpreis für Ruth Maria Kubitschek / Nachwuchsförderpreis an Alicia von Rittberg '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Our Kind of Traitor '' . filmaffinity.com . FilmAffinity . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Der Blaue Panther -- 25 . Bayerischer Fernsehpreis : Ehrenpreis für Ruth Maria Kubitschek / Nachwuchsförderpreis an Alicia von Rittberg '' . Bayerische Staatskanzlei ( in German ) . 2013 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Alicia von Rittberg on IMDb Profile on the Agency 's website die agenten http://www.filmportal.de/person/alicia-von-rittberg_64ead08386574bd184fade1219962e8f Alicia von Rittberg on Twitter VIAF : 296865983 LCCN : no2017098281 GND : 1032196181 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alicia_von_Rittberg&oldid=823657791 '' Categories : Living people German film actresses German television actresses Actresses from Munich 21st - century German actresses Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) BLP articles lacking sources from November 2014 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards No local image but image on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk Simple English Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the young german girl in fury | [
"Alicia Gräfin (Countess) von Rittberg is a German actress best known for her role as Emma in the film Fury."
] | [
"Alicia Gräfin"
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3488155835618708016 | List of active duty United States four-star officers | List of active duty United States four - star officers - wikipedia List of active duty United States four - star officers Jump to : navigation , search `` List of United States four - star officers '' redirects here . For a complete historical list of U.S. four - star officers by branch , see Army generals , Marine Corps generals , Navy admirals , Air Force generals , Coast Guard admirals , or Public Health Service admirals . There are currently 41 active - duty four - star officers in the uniformed services of the United States : 11 in the Army , 4 in the Marine Corps , 9 in the Navy , 14 in the Air Force , 2 in the Coast Guard , and 1 in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps . Of the seven federal uniformed services , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps is the only service that does not have an established four - star position . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of designated four - star positions 1.1 Department of Defense 1.1. 1 Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 1.1. 2 Unified Combatant Commands 1.1. 3 Other joint positions 1.1. 4 Department of the Army 1.1. 4.1 United States Army 1.1. 5 Department of the Navy 1.1. 5.1 United States Marine Corps 1.1. 5.2 United States Navy 1.1. 6 Department of the Air Force 1.1. 6.1 United States Air Force 1.2 Department of Homeland Security 1.2. 1 United States Coast Guard 1.3 Department of Health and Human Services 1.3. 1 United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps 2 List of pending appointments 3 Statutory limits 3.1 Exceptions 4 Appointment 5 Tour length 6 Retirement 7 See also 8 Notes List of designated four - star positions ( edit ) Department of Defense ( edit ) Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( edit ) Position Photo Incumbent Branch Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS ) Gen Joseph Dunford USMC Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( VJCS ) Gen Paul J. Selva USAF Unified Combatant Commands ( edit ) Position Photo Incumbent Branch Commander , U.S. Africa Command ( USAFRICOM ) Gen Thomas D. Waldhauser USMC Commander , U.S. Central Command ( USCENTCOM ) GEN Joseph L. Votel USA Commander , U.S. European Command ( USEUCOM ) and Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( SACEUR ) GEN Curtis M. Scaparrotti USA Commander , U.S. Northern Command ( USNORTHCOM ) and Commander , North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) Gen Lori J. Robinson USAF Commander , U.S. Pacific Command ( USPACOM ) ADM Harry B. Harris Jr . USN Commander , U.S. Southern Command ( USSOUTHCOM ) ADM Kurt W. Tidd USN Commander , U.S. Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM ) GEN Raymond A. Thomas III USA Commander , U.S. Strategic Command ( USSTRATCOM ) Gen John E. Hyten USAF Commander , U.S. Transportation Command ( USTRANSCOM ) Gen Darren W. McDew USAF Other joint positions ( edit ) Position Photo Incumbent Branch Reserve forces ( National Guard ) Chief , National Guard Bureau ( CNGB ) Gen Joseph L. Lengyel USAF Operating forces Afghanistan Commander , Resolute Support ( RS ) and Commander , U.S. Forces Afghanistan ( USFOR - A ) GEN John W. Nicholson Jr . USA Korea Commander , United Nations Command ( UNC ) , Commander , R.O.K. - U.S. Combined Forces Command ( CFC ) and Commander , U.S. Forces Korea ( USFK ) GEN Vincent K. Brooks USA Intelligence Director , National Security Agency ( NSA ) , Chief , Central Security Service ( CSS ) and Commander , U.S. Cyber Command ( USCYBERCOM ) ADM Michael S. Rogers USN Department of the Army ( edit ) United States Army ( edit ) Position Photo Incumbent Army staff Chief of Staff of the Army ( CSA ) GEN Mark A. Milley Vice Chief of Staff of the Army ( VCSA ) GEN James C. McConville Army commands Commanding General , U.S. Army Forces Command ( FORSCOM ) GEN Robert B. Abrams Commanding General , U.S. Army Materiel Command ( AMC ) GEN Gustave F. Perna Commanding General , U.S. Army Pacific ( USARPAC ) GEN Robert B. Brown Commanding General , U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command ( TRADOC ) GEN David G. Perkins Department of the Navy ( edit ) United States Marine Corps ( edit ) Position Photo Incumbent Headquarters Marine Corps Commandant of the Marine Corps ( CMC ) Gen Robert B. Neller Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps ( ACMC ) Gen Glenn M. Walters United States Navy ( edit ) Position Photo Incumbent Office of the Chief of Naval Operations Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) ADM John M. Richardson Vice Chief of Naval Operations ( VCNO ) ADM William F. Moran Director , Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program and Deputy Administrator , NNSA 's Naval Reactors ADM James F. Caldwell , Jr . Operating forces Commander , U.S. Fleet Forces Command ( USFLTFORCOM ) ADM Philip S. Davidson Commander , U.S. Naval Forces Europe ( USNAVEUR ) , Commander , U.S. Naval Forces Africa ( USNAVAF ) and Commander , Allied Joint Force Command Naples ( JFC Naples ) ADM James G. Foggo III Commander , U.S. Pacific Fleet ( USPACFLT ) ADM Scott H. Swift Department of the Air Force ( edit ) United States Air Force ( edit ) Position Photo Incumbent Air staff Chief of Staff of the Air Force ( CSAF ) Gen David L. Goldfein Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force ( VCSAF ) Gen Stephen W. Wilson Air Force major commands Commander , Air Combat Command ( ACC ) Gen James M. Holmes Commander , Air Force Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) and Commander , Air Forces Strategic - Air , U.S. Strategic Command Gen Robin Rand Commander , Air Force Materiel Command ( AFMC ) Gen Ellen M. Pawlikowski Commander , Air Force Space Command ( AFSPC ) and Joint Force Space Component Commander ( JFSCC ) Gen John W. Raymond Commander , Air Mobility Command ( AMC ) Gen Carlton D. Everhart II Commander , Pacific Air Forces ( PACAF ) , Air Component Commander for U.S. Pacific Command ( USPACOM ) and Executive Director , Pacific Air Combat Operations Staff ( PACOPS ) Gen Terrence J. O'Shaughnessy Commander , U.S. Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) Commander , U.S. Air Forces Africa ( AFAFRICA ) Commander , Allied Air Command ( AIRCOM ) and Director , Joint Air Power Competence Center ( JAPCC ) Gen Tod D. Wolters Department of Homeland Security ( edit ) United States Coast Guard ( edit ) Position Photo Incumbent Office of the Commandant Commandant of the Coast Guard ADM Paul F. Zukunft Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard ADM Charles D. Michel Department of Health and Human Services ( edit ) United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps ( edit ) Position Photo Incumbent Assistant Secretary for Health ( ASH ) ADM Brett P. Giroir List of pending appointments ( edit ) Designated position Photo Name Service Status and date Commander , U.S. Pacific Command ( USPACOM ) ADM Philip S. Davidson USN ( Announced ) February 11 , 2018 Director , National Security Agency ( NSA ) , Chief , Central Security Service ( CSS ) and Commander , U.S. Cyber Command ( USCYBERCOM ) LTG Paul M. Nakasone USA ( Nomination sent to the Senate ) February 8 , 2018 Commanding General , U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command ( TRADOC ) LTG Stephen J. Townsend USA ( Confirmed by the Senate ) December 20 , 2017 Commander , U.S. Fleet Forces Command ( USFLTFORCOM ) VADM Christopher W. Grady USN ( Nomination sent to the Senate ) February 27 , 2018 Commander , U.S. Pacific Fleet ( USPACFLT ) VADM John C. Aquilino USN ( Nomination sent to the Senate ) February 8 , 2018 ( Pending announcement ) Lt Gen Timothy M. Ray USAF ( Nomination sent to the Senate ) February 27 , 2018 Statutory limits ( edit ) The U.S. Code explicitly limits the total number of four - star officers that may be on active duty at any given time . The total number of active - duty general or flag officers is capped at 231 for the Army , 162 for the Navy , 198 for the Air Force , 61 for the Marine Corps . For the Army , Marine , Navy , and Air Force , no more than about 21 % of each service 's active - duty general or flag officers may have more than two stars , and statute sets the total number of four - star officers allowed in each service . This is set at 7 four - star Army generals , 6 four - star Navy admirals , 9 four - star Air Force generals and 2 four - star Marine generals . Several of these slots are reserved by statute . For the Army and the Air Force , the Chief of Staff and the Vice Chief of Staff for both services are all four - star generals ; for the Navy , the Chief and Vice Chief of Naval Operations are both four - star admirals ; for the Marine Corps , the Commandant and the Assistant Commandant are both four - star generals . For the Coast Guard , the Commandant and the Vice Commandant are both four - star admirals . For the National Guard , the Chief of the National Guard Bureau is a four - star general under reserve active duty in the Army or Air Force . And for the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , the Assistant Secretary for Health is a four - star admiral if he or she holds an active - duty appointment to the regular corps . Exceptions ( edit ) There are several exceptions to the limits allowing more than allotted four - star officers within the statute . A four - star officer serving as Chairman or Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff does not count against his or her service 's general - or flag - officer cap . An officer serving as Chief of the National Guard Bureau does not count against his or her service 's general - officer cap . The Secretary of Defense can designate no more than 20 additional four - star officers , who do not count against any service 's general - or flag - officer limit , to serve in one of several joint positions . These positions include the commander of a unified combatant command and the commander of U.S. Forces Korea . Officers serving in certain intelligence positions are not counted against statutory limit , including the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . The President may also add up to 5 four - star slots to one service if they are offset by removing an equivalent number from other services . Finally , all statutory limits may be waived at the President 's discretion during time of war or national emergency . On September 14 , 2001 , the President declared a national emergency and invoked his authority to waive all statutory limits on the number and grade distribution of general and flag officers on active duty . On this basis , a number of senior officers in the Middle East have been appointed in excess of the normal limits , including the four - star commanders of the Afghanistan and Iraq theaters , and the temporary authorization for their positions will expire shortly following the termination of the national emergency . Appointment ( edit ) Four - star grades go hand - in - hand with the positions of office they are linked to , so these ranks are temporary . Officers may only achieve four - star grade if they are appointed to positions of office that require and / or allow the officer to hold such a rank . Their rank expires with the expiration of their term of office , which is usually set by statute . Four - star officers are nominated for appointment by the President from any eligible officers holding a one - star grade or above , who also meets the requirements for the position , under the advice and / or suggestion of their respective executive department secretary , service secretary , and if applicable the joint chiefs . The nominee must be confirmed via majority by the Senate before the appointee can take office and thus assume the rank . It is extremely unusual for a four - star nominee to draw even token opposition in a Senate vote , either in committee or on the floor , because the administration usually withdraws or declines to submit nominations that draw controversy before or during the confirmation process . For example , upon encountering opposition in the Senate , the administration declined to submit nominations for General Joseph W. Ralston to be chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1997 . Lieutenant General Ricardo S. Sanchez was once the leading candidate to become commander of U.S. Southern Command in 2004 . General Peter Pace would have faced tough scrutiny from the Senate over the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan if he would have been nominated for reappointment as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2007 . The President withdrew the nominations of Admiral Stanley R. Arthur to be commander in chief of U.S. Pacific Command in 1994 , and of General Gregory S. Martin to be commander of U.S. Pacific Command in 2004 over their handling of the Tailhook and Darleen Druyun scandals respectively . When a doomed nomination is not withdrawn , the Senate typically does not hold a vote to reject the candidate , but instead allows the nomination to expire without action at the end of the legislative session . For example , the Senate declined to schedule a vote for the nomination of Lieutenant General James A. Abrahamson to be elevated to four - star rank as director of the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization in 1986 . The Senate also declined to vote on Lieutenant General Charles W. Bagnal 's nomination for four - star rank and as commanding general of U.S. Army Pacific in 1989 . Major General John D. Lavelle was nominated to be posthumously restored to four - star rank on the retired list in 2010 , but the nomination also expired in the Senate without action . And Rear Admiral Cristina V. Beato was nominated to be assistant secretary for health in 2003 but her nomination also was not placed on the Senate schedule for a vote . Had Beato been confirmed and assumed office , she would have been the first woman in any uniformed service to achieve four - star grade ; instead that honor went to General Ann E. Dunwoody . Tour length ( edit ) The standard tour length for most four - star positions is three years , bundled as a two - year term plus a one year extension , with the following exceptions : The Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff serve for a nominal two - year term of office but may serve for up to six years , in three consecutive terms . The President can appoint them to serve a fourth term , for a combined total of eight years , if it serves in the interest of the nation . Typically , the chairman and vice chairman serve for four years . Service chiefs of staff serve a nominal four - year term . The Commandant of the Coast Guard serves for a nominal four - year term . The Chief of the National Guard Bureau serves a nominal four - year term . The Director of Naval Nuclear Propulsion serves for a nominal eight - year term . The Commander of Air Force Space Command serves for a nominal six - year term . The Assistant Secretary for Health is a civilian or a Public Health Service officer who serves for a nominal four - year term . All appointees serve at the pleasure of the President . Extensions of the standard tour length can be approved , within statutory limits , by their respective service secretaries , the Secretary of Defense , the President , and / or Congress but these are rare , as they block other officers from being promoted . Some statutory limits of tour length under the U.S. Code can be waived in times of national emergency or war . Four - star ranks may also be given by act of Congress but this is extremely rare . Retirement ( edit ) Other than voluntary retirement , statute sets a number of mandates for retirement . Four - star officers must retire after 40 years of commissioned service unless reappointed to grade to serve longer . Four - star officers serving in the reserve active duty must retire after five years in grade or 40 years of commissioned service , whichever is later , unless reappointed to grade to serve longer . Otherwise all general and flag officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday . However , the Secretary of Defense can defer a four - star officer 's retirement until the officer 's 66th birthday and the President can defer it until the officer 's 68th birthday . Officers that served several years in the enlisted ranks prior to receiving their commission typically do n't make it to the 40 years in commission mark , because they are still subject to the age restrictions for retirement . For example , Admiral Michael G. Mullen was born on October 4 , 1946 ; placed on active duty in 1968 and promoted to admiral on August 23 , 2003 . Ordinarily , he would have been expected to retire at the end of his four - year term as chief of naval operations in 2008 after 40 years of service . Instead , he was reappointed as an admiral and appointed as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on October 1 , 2007 . He retired from the Navy after serving two , two - year terms as chairman on October 1 , 2011 , at the age of 65 with 43 years of service and eight years in grade . General James F. Amos was born on November 12 , 1946 ; placed on active duty in 1970 and promoted to general on July 3 , 2008 . Ordinarily , he would have been expected to retire at the end of his two - year term as assistant commandant of the Marine Corps in 2010 after 40 years of service . Instead , he was reappointed as a general and appointed as commandant of the Marine Corps on October 22 , 2010 . He retired from the Marine Corps after completing his four - year term as commandant on October 17 , 2014 , at the age of 67 with 44 years of service and six years in grade . General Frank J. Grass was born on May 19 , 1951 ; enlisted in the Missouri Army National Guard in October 1969 and received his commission in 1981 . He was appointed as a general in the active duty reserves and assignment as chief of the National Guard Bureau on September 7 , 2012 . He remained on reserve active duty until he completed of his four - year term as chief and retired from the Army on August 3 , 2016 , at 65 years of age with 35 years in commissioned service , 47 years of total service , and four years in grade . Senior officers typically retire well in advance of the statutory age and service limits , so as not to impede the upward career mobility of their juniors . Since there are a finite number of four - star slots available to each service , typically one officer must leave office before another can be promoted . Maintaining a four - star rank is like a game of musical chairs ; once an officer vacates a position bearing that rank , he or she has no more than 60 days to be appointed or reappointed to a position of equal or greater importance before he or she must involuntarily retire . Historically , officers leaving four - star positions were allowed to revert to their permanent two - star ranks to mark time in lesser jobs until statutory retirement , but now such officers are expected to retire immediately to avoid obstructing the promotion flow . For example , Vice Admiral Patrick M. Walsh was promoted to admiral and appointed as vice chief of naval operations in 2007 . The incumbent vice chief , Admiral Robert F. Willard , was appointed as commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet . The incumbent Pacific Fleet commander , Admiral Gary Roughead , was appointed as commander of U.S. Fleet Forces Command , whose incumbent commander , Admiral John B. Nathman , received no further appointment and retired at the age of 59 , with 37 years of service and three years in grade . Lieutenant General Gary L. North was promoted to general and appointed as commander of Pacific Air Forces in 2009 . The incumbent Pacific Air Forces commander , General Carrol Chandler , was appointed as vice chief of staff of the air force , while the incumbent vice chief , General William M. Fraser III , was appointed as commander of Air Combat Command , whose incumbent commander , General John D.W. Corley , received no further appointment and retired at the age of 58 , with 36 years of service and four years in grade . To retire at four - star grade , an officer must accumulate at least three years of satisfactory active - duty service in that grade , as determined by his or her service secretary . The President and Congress must also receive certification by either the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness , the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness , or the Secretary of Defense that the retiree served satisfactorily in grade . The Secretary of Defense may reduce this requirement to two years , but only if the officer is not being investigated for misconduct . The President may also reduce these requirements even further , or waive the requirements altogether , if he so chooses . Four - star officers who do not meet the service - in - grade requirement will revert to the next highest grade in which they served satisfactorily for at least six months which is normally the three - star grade . Since three - star ranks are also temporary , if the retiree is also not certified by the Secretary of Defense or the President to retire as a three - star , the retiree will retire at the last permanent rank he or she satisfactorily held for six months . The retiree may also be subject to congressional approval by the Senate before the retiree can retire in grade . It is extraordinarily rare for a four - star officer not to be certified to retire in grade or for the Senate to seek final approval . For example , when removed from office after less than the statutory time in grade , Generals Frederick F. Woerner and Stanley A. McChrystal were retired as full generals as certified by the President and were not subjected to senatorial confirmation . Admirals Husband E. Kimmel and Richard C. Macke were not certified to retire at three - star or four - star rank , and retired as two - star rear admirals . General Kevin P. Byrnes had over two years in grade but was being investigated for misconduct , and retired as a lieutenant general . In 1972 General John D. Lavelle was relieved for misconduct and certified to retire as a lieutenant general , but was rejected by a Senate Armed Services Committee vote of 14 to 2 and retired as a major general ; in 2010 he was nominated posthumously for advancement to general on the retired list based on newly declassified evidence , however as stated above , the Senate did not vote on the nomination and let it expire at the end of the Congressional session . General Michael J. Dugan retired as a full general as certified by the President , but only after receiving approval from the Senate Armed Services Committee . After achieving the statutory time in grade , Admirals Frank B. Kelso II and Henry H. Mauz Jr. were retired as full admirals , but only after going through a full senatorial confirmation vote of 54 to 43 and 92 to 6 , respectively . Four - star officers who are under investigation for misconduct typically are not allowed to retire until the investigation completes , so that the Secretary of Defense can decide whether to certify that their performance was satisfactory enough to retire in their highest grade . For example , an investigation by the Department of Defense comptroller held Generals Roger A. Brady and Stephen R. Lorenz in their four - star commands for up to 13 months beyond their originally scheduled retirements . General William E. Ward relinquished his four - star command as scheduled , he remained on active duty in his permanent grade of major general , pending an investigation by the Department of Defense inspector general before being allowed to retire as a lieutenant general over a year after his original scheduled retirement . Admiral Samuel J. Locklear was held in his four - star command for months beyond his original scheduled retirement by the Navy 's Consolidated Disposition Authority , while under investigation for the Fat Leonard corruption scandal before being cleared of any wrongdoing . Furthermore , retired four - star officers may still be subjected to the Uniform Code of Military Justice and disciplinary action , including reduction in retirement rank , by the Secretary of Defense or the President if they are deemed to have served unsatisfactorily in rank , post their retirement . General David H. Petraeus , who had retired from the Army as a four - star general on August 31 , 2011 , faced punitive action from the Secretary of Defense , over four years past his retirement date , for mishandling classified materials while serving as the commander of the International Security Assistance Force and U.S. Forces Afghanistan . He was allowed to retain his four - star rank in retirement with the recommendation of the Secretary of the Army and strong support from ranking members of the Senate Armed Services Committee . General Arthur Lichte , who had retired from the Air Force as a four - star general on January 1 , 2010 , received a letter of reprimand from the secretary of the Air Force , for sexually assaulting a subordinate female officer on multiple occasions , over six years after his retirement date . The Secretary of Defense withdrew Lichte 's certification of satisfactory service , and reduced his retirement rank to major general , which the Air Force determined was his last permanent rank he served in satisfactorily . Lichte could have faced charges under the Uniform Code of Military Justice , however since the allegations were not reported or investigated until over five years past when they occurred , the statute of limitations bars having charges being brought up for prosecution . Four - star officers typically step down from their posts up to 60 days in advance of their official retirement dates . Officers retire on the first day of the month , so once a retirement month has been selected , the relief and retirement ceremonies are scheduled by counting backwards from that date by the number of days of accumulated leave remaining to the retiring officer . During this period , termed transition leave or terminal leave , the officer is considered to be awaiting retirement but still on active duty . For example , General Michael Hagee was relieved as commandant of the Marine Corps on November 13 , 2006 , and held his retirement ceremony the same day , but remained on active duty until his official retirement date on January 1 , 2007 . A statutory limit can be waived by the President with the consent of Congress if it serves national interest . However , this is extremely rare . For example , the record for the longest tenure in any service is held by General Lewis B. Hershey who enlisted in the Indiana Army National Guard in 1911 at the age of 18 . He was called up for federal active duty during World War I , receiving a commission in 1916 , and subsequently transferred to the regular army at the end of the war . He served in active duty in the Army until the age of 80 before being involuntarily retired in 1973 after 62 years of continuous service . Admiral Hyman G. Rickover is listed as serving for 63 years in the Navy from 1918 to 1982 . However his service reflects a time when attending any military academy was considered active duty service due in part from World War I. In today 's military rules and regulations , an officer who initially begins their career through a military academy does not begin their service until upon receiving their commission after graduation , even though they are subjected to the Uniform Code of Military Justice while attending the academy . See also ( edit ) List of United States military leaders by rank List of United States Army four - star generals List of United States Navy four - star admirals List of United States Air Force four - star generals List of United States Marine Corps four - star generals List of United States Coast Guard four - star admirals List of United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps four - star admirals Staff ( military ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Historically , the Director of Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program is held by an officer in the Navy , however 50 U.S.C. § 2511 Notes : Ex . Ord . No. 12344 states a civilian can be appointed to that position without joining or being a serving member of the Navy . Jump up ^ By statute , 50 U.S.C. § 2406 , any person serving as Director , Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program also concurrently serves as the National Nuclear Security Administration 's Deputy Administrator , Naval Reactors . Jump up ^ The position of Assistant Secretary of Health has historically been held by both a civilian or a serving member of the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps . Jump up ^ Larter , David B. ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Trump expected to nominate head of US Fleet Forces Command for top post in Pacific '' . DefenseNews.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Correll , Diana Stancy ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lt. Gen. Paul Nakasone expected to be Trump 's pick to lead NSA : Report '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PN1594 -- Lt. Gen. Paul M. Nakasone -- Army '' . U.S. Congress . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PN1264 -- Lt. Gen. Stephen J. Townsend -- Army '' . U.S. Congress . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Townsend expected to be new US Army TRADOC commander Jump up ^ `` PN1667 -- Vice Adm. Christopher W. Grady -- Navy '' . U.S. Congress . February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Officer Announcements '' . U.S. Department of Defense . February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PN1596 -- Vice Adm. John C. Aquilino -- Navy '' . U.S. Congress . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Officer Announcement '' . U.S. Department of Defense . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PN1665 -- Lt. Gen. Timothy M. Ray -- Air Force '' . U.S. Congress . February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) 10 USC 526 . Authorized strength : general and flag officers on active duty . Jump up ^ Dividing the total number of general and flag officers above two stars ( 138 ) from the total number of general and flag officers overall ( 652 ) is 21.17 % . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) 10 USC 525 . Distribution of commissioned officers on active duty in general officer and flag officer grades . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) 14 USC 44 . Commandant ; appointment . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) 14 USC 47 . Vice commandant ; appointment . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 114 -- 120 - Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2015 Jump up ^ ( 5 ) 10 USC 10502 Chief of the National Guard Bureau : appointment ; adviser on National Guard matters ; grade ; succession . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) 42 USC 207 . Grades , ranks , and titles of commissioned corps . ^ Jump up to : ( 7 ) 10 USC 664 . Length of joint duty assignments Jump up ^ ( 8 ) 10 U.S. Code § 10502 - Chief of the National Guard Bureau : appointment ; adviser on National Guard matters ; grade ; succession ^ Jump up to : ( 9 ) 10 USC 604 . Senior joint officer positions : recommendations to the Secretary of Defense . Jump up ^ ( 10 ) 10 USC 528 . Officers serving in certain intelligence positions : military status ; exclusion from distribution and strength limitations ; pay and allowances . Jump up ^ ( 11 ) 10 USC 527 . Authority to suspend sections 523 , 525 , and 526 . Jump up ^ ( 12 ) Proclamation 7463 of September 14 , 2001 . Declaration of national emergency by reason of certain terrorist attacks . ^ Jump up to : ( 13 ) 10 USC 601 . Positions of importance and responsibility : generals and lieutenant generals ; admirals and vice admirals . Jump up ^ Henneberger , Melinda ; Becker , Elizabeth ( August 4 , 1999 ) , `` For a Scandal - Scarred General , the Gleam Appears to Be Back on the Brass '' , The New York Times Jump up ^ Hendren , John ( October 15 , 2004 ) , `` 4 - Star Plans After Abu Ghraib '' , Los Angeles Times , p . A-1 Jump up ^ Shanker , Thom ( June 9 , 2007 ) , `` Chairman of Joint Chiefs Will Not Be Reappointed '' , The New York Times Jump up ^ `` Clinton Selects Admiral to Lead Forces in Pacific '' , Associated Press , July 2 , 1994 Jump up ^ Kakesako , Gregg K. ( October 7 , 2004 ) , `` General pulls plug on Camp Smith job '' , Honolulu Star - Bulletin Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ( September 28 , 1988 ) , `` General Quitting As Project Chief For Missile Shield '' , The New York Times ^ Jump up to : Zucchino , David ( December 23 , 2010 ) , `` Fight to vindicate general dies in the Senate '' , Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Connolly , Ceci ( June 10 , 2004 ) , `` Top Health Official Awaits Hearing on Nomination '' , The Washington Post , p . A17 Jump up ^ H.R. 2810 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 Jump up ^ ( 14 ) 10 USC 152 . Chairman : appointment ; grade and rank Jump up ^ ( 15 ) 10 USC 154 . Vice Chairman Jump up ^ ( 16 ) 10 USC 636 . Retirement for years of service : regular officers in grades above brigadier general and rear admiral ( lower half ) . Jump up ^ ( 17 ) 10 USC 14508 ( d ) . Removal from the reserve active - status list for years of service : reserve general and flag officers ^ Jump up to : ( 18 ) 10 USC 1253 . Age 64 : regular commissioned officers in general and flag officer grades ; exception Jump up ^ ( 19 ) DoD News Briefing on Thursday , June 6 , 1996 . Retirement of Admiral Leighton W. Smith Jr . ^ Jump up to : ( 20 ) 10 USC 1370 . Commissioned officers : general rule ; exceptions ^ Jump up to : Gearan , Anne ( June 28 , 2010 ) , `` Cashiered general tells Army he 'll retire '' , Associated Press via The Washington Post Jump up ^ The U.S. Constitution gives Congress oversight over retirement of military personnel if they so choose . Jump up ^ Kakesako , Gregg K. ( April 9 , 1996 ) , `` Macke still paying for rape remark '' , Honolulu Star - Bulletin Jump up ^ ( 21 ) Congressional Record , October 18 , 2005 - H8917 . Executive communications , etc . Jump up ^ Casey , Aloysius ; Casey , Patrick ( February 2007 ) , `` Lavelle , Nixon , and the White House Tapes '' , Air Force Magazine , 90 ( 2 ) ; Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense ( Public Affairs ) ( August 4 , 2010 ) , Lavelle Posthumously Nominated to General , U.S. Department of Defense , archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Senate panel opposes increase in fired Air Force chief 's pension Jump up ^ Admiral Frank Kelso 's Senate confirmation vote for retirement Jump up ^ Admiral Henry Mauz 's Senate confirmation vote for retirement ^ Jump up to : Vandiver , John ( May 28 , 2012 ) , `` Former AFRICOM chief Ward still on active duty pending probe '' , Stars and Stripes Jump up ^ Rolfsen , Bruce ( December 31 , 2010 ) , `` Brass sanctions ' unprecedented ' '' , Air Force Times Jump up ^ Miles , Donna ( November 14 , 2012 ) , `` Panetta : Ward Ruling Recognizes High Standard for Leaders '' , American Forces Press Service via Defense.gov Jump up ^ Cavas , Christopher P. ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` PACOM Chief Locklear To Be Cleared in ' Fat Leonard ' Probe '' . Defense News . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Craig Whitlock and , Adam Goldman ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Army recommends no further punishment for Petraeus '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Adam ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` How David Petraeus avoided felony charges and possible prison time '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Craig Whitlock and , Adam Goldman ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` Pentagon wo n't punish David Petraeus any further in sex - and - secrets scandal '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pawlyk and , Oriana ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Retired General Demoted 2 Ranks After Sexual Assault Investigation '' . Military.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vanden Brook and , Tom ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Air Force busts retired four - star general down two ranks for coerced sex '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . 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714954180742122289 | French and Indian War | French and Indian War - wikipedia French and Indian War Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the conflict from 1754 to 1763 . For the series of conflicts between 1688 and 1763 , see French and Indian Wars . This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2017 ) French and Indian War Part of the Seven Years ' War The war theater Date 1754 -- 1763 Location North America Result British victory Treaty of Paris Territorial changes France cedes New France east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain , retaining Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and transfers Louisiana to Spain Belligerents Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy Catawba Cherokee ( before 1758 ) France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Abenaki Mi'kmaq militia Algonquin Lenape Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Wyandot Commanders and leaders Jeffery Amherst Edward Braddock † James Wolfe † Earl of Loudoun James Abercrombie Edward Boscawen George Washington John Forbes George Monro Louis - Joseph de Montcalm † Marquis de Vaudreuil Baron Dieskau ( POW ) François - Marie de Lignery † Chevalier de Lévis ( POW ) Joseph de Jumonville † Marquis Duquesne Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu † Strength 42,000 regulars and militia ( peak strength , 1758 ) 10,000 regulars ( troupes de la terre and troupes de la marine , peak strength , 1757 ) Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , St. Lawrence and Mohawk theater Lake George Fort Bull Fort Oswego 1st Snowshoes Sabbath Day Point Fort William Henry German Flatts 2nd Snowshoes Fort Carillon Fort Frontenac La Belle - Famille Fort Niagara Fort Ticonderoga Beauport Quebec St. Francis Sainte - Foy Neuville Thousand Islands Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Ohio Valley Theater Jumonville Glen Fort Necessity Braddock Expedition Monongahela The Trough Sideling Hill Great Cacapon Kittanning Forbes Expedition Fort Duquesne Fort Ligonier Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Atlantic theater 1st Northeast Coast Cape Race Chignecto Bay of Fundy Petitcodiac 2nd Northeast Coast 1st Lunenburg 1st Louisbourg Bloody Creek 2nd Lunenburg 2nd Louisbourg Petitcodiac River Ile Saint - Jean Gulf of St. Lawrence Cape Sable St. John River Restigouche St. John 's Theatres of the Seven Years ' War Silesia Pomerania Portugal North America West Indies West Africa India Anglo - Spanish Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years ' War of 1756 -- 63 . It pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France . Both sides were supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France , as well as by American Indian allies . At the start of the war , the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers , compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies . The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians . The European nations declared war on one another in 1756 following months of localized conflict , escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict . The name French and Indian War is used mainly in the United States . It refers to the two main enemies of the British colonists : the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them . The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois , Catawba , and Cherokee , and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy members Abenaki and Mi'kmaq , and Algonquin , Lenape , Ojibwa , Ottawa , Shawnee , and Wyandot . British and other European historians use the term the Seven Years ' War , as do English - speaking Canadians . French Canadians call it La guerre de la Conquête ( the War of the Conquest ) or ( rarely ) the Fourth Intercolonial War . Fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies , from Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north . It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers called the Forks of the Ohio , and the site of the French Fort Duquesne within present - day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754 , during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22 - year - old George Washington ambushed a French patrol . In 1755 , six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock , the newly arrived British Army commander , and planned a four - way attack on the French . None succeeded , and the main effort by Braddock proved a disaster ; he lost the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9 , 1755 and died a few days later . British operations failed in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York during 1755 -- 57 due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , effective Canadian scouts , French regular forces , and Indian warrior allies . In 1755 , the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia , and they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians ( 1755 -- 64 ) soon afterwards . Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley , Commander - in - Chief , North America , without direction from Great Britain . The Acadians were expelled , both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty . Indians likewise were driven off the land to make way for settlers from New England . The British colonial government fell in the region of modern Nova Scotia after several disastrous campaigns in 1757 , including a failed expedition against Louisbourg and the Siege of Fort William Henry ; this last was followed by Indians torturing and massacring their British victims . William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces that they had in New France , preferring to concentrate their forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theater of the war . Between 1758 and 1760 , the British military launched a campaign to capture the Colony of Canada ( part of New France ) . They succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately the city of Quebec ( 1759 ) . The British later lost the Battle of Sainte - Foy west of Quebec ( 1760 ) , but the French ceded Canada in accordance with the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) . The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo - French conflict . France ceded to Great Britain its territory east of the Mississippi . It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River ( including New Orleans ) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain 's loss to Britain of Florida . ( Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana , Cuba . ) France 's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , confirming Great Britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 The origin of the name 2 North America in the 1750s 3 Events leading to war 3.1 Céloron 's expedition 3.2 Negotiations 3.3 Attack on Pickawillany 3.4 French fort construction 3.5 Virginia 's response 4 Course of the war 4.1 Battle of Jumonville Glen 4.2 Albany Congress 4.3 British campaigns , 1755 4.4 French victories , 1756 -- 1757 4.5 British conquest , 1758 -- 1760 4.5. 1 1758 4.5. 2 1759 -- 1760 4.6 End of the war 5 Consequences 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Further reading 9 External links The origin of the name The conflict is known by multiple names . In British America , wars were often named after the sitting British monarch , such as King William 's War or Queen Anne 's War . There had already been a King George 's War in the 1740s during the reign of King George II , so British colonists named this conflict after their opponents , and it became known as the French and Indian War . This traditional name continues as the standard in the United States , but it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict and that this was part of the Seven Years ' War , a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain . American historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the Seven Years ' War . Less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire . In Europe , the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War usually is not given a separate name . The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years ' War . `` Seven Years '' refers to events in Europe , from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 . These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America , which was largely concluded in six years , from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760 . Canadians refer to both the European and North American conflicts as the Seven Years ' War ( Guerre de Sept Ans ) . French Canadians also use the term `` War of Conquest '' ( Guerre de la Conquête ) , since it is the war in which Canada was conquered by the British and became part of the British Empire . North America in the 1750s Map showing the 1750 possessions of Britain ( pink ) , France ( blue ) , and Spain ( green ) in North America At this time , North America east of the Mississippi River was largely claimed by either Great Britain or France . Large areas had no colonial settlements . The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley , with some also in Acadia ( present - day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia ) , including Île Royale ( present - day Cape Breton Island ) . Fewer lived in New Orleans , Biloxi , Mississippi , Mobile , Alabama , and small settlements in the Illinois Country , hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries . French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds , did business with local Indian tribes , and often married Indian women . Traders married daughters of chiefs , creating high - ranking unions . British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north to Georgia in the south . Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west , as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time when their provincial charters were granted . Their population centers were along the coast , yet the settlements were growing into the interior . Nova Scotia had been captured from France in 1713 , and it still had a significant French - speaking population . Britain also claimed Rupert 's Land where the Hudson 's Bay Company traded for furs with local Indian tribes . Iroquois engaging in trade with colonists , 1722 In between the French and British colonists , large areas were dominated by Indian tribes . To the north , the Mi'kmaqs and the Abenakis were engaged in Father Le Loutre 's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia , Acadia , and the eastern portions of the province of Canada , as well as much of Maine . The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of Upstate New York and the Ohio Country , although Ohio also included Algonquian - speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee , as well as Iroquoian - speaking Mingos . These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule and were limited by them in their authority to make agreements . The Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan - speaking Catawbas , Muskogee - speaking Creeks and Choctaw , and the Iroquoian - speaking Cherokee tribes . When war broke out , the French colonists used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region , which was not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British ; these included the Hurons , Mississaugs , Ojibwas , Winnebagos , and Potawatomi . The British colonists were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations and also by the Cherokees , until differences sparked the Anglo - Cherokee War in 1758 . In 1758 , the Pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations . Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French , their primary trading partner and supplier of arms . The Creeks and Cherokees were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict . New York and Pennsylvania theaters of the war , image from 1905 By this time , Spain claimed only the province of Florida in eastern North America ; it controlled Cuba and other territories in the West Indies that became military objectives in the Seven Years ' War . Florida 's European population was a few hundred , concentrated in St. Augustine and Pensacola . At the start of the war , no French regular army troops were stationed in North America , and few British troops . New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine , companies of colonial regulars ( some of whom had significant woodland combat experience ) . The colonial government recruited militia support when needed . Most British colonies mustered local militia companies to deal with Indian threats , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , but they did not have any standing forces . Virginia , by contrast , had a large frontier with several companies of British regulars . The colonial governments were used to operating independently of one another and of the government in London , a situation that complicated negotiations with Indian tribes , whose territories often encompassed land claimed by multiple colonies . After the war began , the leaders of the British Army establishment tried to impose constraints and demands on the colonial administrations . Events leading to War Céloron 's expedition New France 's Governor - General Roland - Michel Barrin de La Galissonière was concerned about the incursion and expanding influence in the Ohio Country of British colonial traders such as George Croghan . In June 1747 , he ordered Pierre - Joseph Céloron to lead a military expedition through the area . Its objectives were : to reaffirm to New France 's Indian allies that their trading arrangements with colonists were exclusive to those authorized by New France to confirm Indian assistance in asserting and maintaining the French claim to the territories which French explorers had claimed to discourage any alliances between Britain and local Indian tribes to impress the Indians with a French show of force against British colonial settler incursion , unauthorized trading expeditions , and general trespass against French claims Céloron 's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians , and they covered about 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) between June and November 1749 . They went up the St. Lawrence , continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario , crossed the portage at Niagara , and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie . At the Chautauqua Portage near Barcelona , New York , the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River , which it followed to the site of Pittsburgh . There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country . Whenever he encountered British colonial merchants or fur - traders , he informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave . Céloron 's expedition arrived at Logstown where the Indians in the area informed him that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British colonists regardless of the French . He continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers , which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany , the home of the Miami chief known as `` Old Briton '' . Céloron threatened Old Briton with severe consequences if he continued to trade with British colonists , but Old Briton ignored the warning . Céloron returned disappointedly to Montreal in November 1749 . Céloron wrote an extensively detailed report . `` All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French , '' he wrote , `` and are entirely devoted to the English . I do n't know in what way they could be brought back . '' Even before his return to Montreal , reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris , each side proposing that action be taken . Massachusetts governor William Shirley was particularly forceful , stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present . Negotiations In 1749 , the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country . The grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory and construct a fort for their protection . But the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania , and both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims . In 1750 , Christopher Gist explored the Ohio territory , acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company , and he opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown . He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians agreed to terms through their `` Half - King '' Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative . These terms included permission to build a strong house at the mouth of the Monongahela River on the modern site of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . By the late 17th century , the Iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the Ohio Valley , and they laid claim to it as their hunting ground by right of conquest . The War of the Austrian Succession ( better known as King George 's War ) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle , which was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe . The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies were turned over to a commission , but it reached no decision . Frontier areas were claimed by both sides , from Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north to the Ohio Country in the south . The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean , where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland . Attack on Pickawillany Main article : Raid on Pickawillany Governor - General of New France Marquis de la Jonquière died on March 17 , 1752 , and he was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil . His permanent replacement was to be the Marquis Duquesne , but he did not arrive in New France until 1752 to take over the post . The continuing British activity in the Ohio territories prompted Longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of Charles Michel de Langlade , an officer in the Troupes de la Marine . Langlade was given 300 men , including French - Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa tribe . His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron 's orders to cease trading with the British . On June 21 , the French war party attacked the trading centre at Pickawillany , capturing three traders and killing 14 Miami Indians , including Old Briton . He was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some Indians in the expedition party . French Fort construction This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the spring of 1753 , Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000 - man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians . His orders were to protect the King 's land in the Ohio Valley from the British . Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier . Céloron , however , had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates , whereas Marin constructed and garrisoned forts . He first constructed Fort Presque Isle on Lake Erie 's south shore near Erie , Pennsylvania , and he had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . He then constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf in Waterford , Pennsylvania , designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . As he moved south , he drove off or captured British traders , alarming both the British and the Iroquois . Tanaghrisson was a chief of the Mingo Indians , who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion . He intensely disliked the French whom he accused of killing and eating his father . He traveled to Fort Le Boeuf and threatened the French with military action , which Marin contemptuously dismissed . The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York , who was the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond . Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey , meaning `` he who does great things . '' He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area , and he was made a colonel of the Iroquois in 1746 ; he was later commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia . The Indian representatives and Johnson met with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies at Albany , New York . Mohawk Chief Hendrick was the speaker of their tribal council , and he insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion . Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction , and Hendrick said that the `` Covenant Chain '' was broken , a long - standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown . Virginia 's response Robert Dinwiddie , British lieutenant governor of Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company , which stood to lose money if the French held their claim . He ordered 21 year - old Major George Washington ( whose brother was another Ohio Company investor ) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory in October 1753 . Washington left with a small party , picking up Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter , Christopher Gist ( a company surveyor working in the area ) , and a few Mingos led by Tanaghrisson . On December 12 , Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf . Jacques Legardeur de Saint - Pierre succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after Marin died on October 29 , and he invited Washington to dine with him . Over dinner , Washington presented Saint - Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country . Saint - Pierre said , `` As to the Summons you send me to retire , I do not think myself obliged to obey it . '' He told Washington that France 's claim to the region was superior to that of the British , since René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier . Washington 's party left Fort Le Boeuf early on December 16 and arrived in Williamsburg on January 16 , 1754 . He stated in his report , `` The French had swept south '' , detailing the steps which they had taken to fortify the area , and their intention to fortify the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers . Course of the War Washington 's map of the Ohio River and surrounding region containing notes on French intentions , 1753 or 1754 Even before Washington returned , Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point where they began construction of a small stockaded fort in the early months of 1754 . Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude - Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint - Pierre during the same period , and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5 , 1754 . These forces arrived at the fort on April 16 , but Contrecœur generously allowed Trent 's small company to withdraw . He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne . Battle of Jumonville Glen Dinwiddie had ordered Washington to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work , and Washington learned of Trent 's retreat while he was en route . Mingo sachem Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British , so Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with him . He then learned of a French scouting party in the area , so he combined Tanaghrisson 's force with his own and surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen . They killed many of the Canadians , including their commanding officer Joseph Coulon de Jumonville , whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk . Historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and to regain authority over his own people . They had been inclined to support the French , with whom they had long trading relationships . One of Tanaghrisson 's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire . Historians generally consider the Battle of Jumonville Glen as the opening battle of the French and Indian War in North America , and the start of hostilities in the Ohio valley . An engraving depicting the evening council of George Washington at Fort Necessity . Following the battle , Washington pulled back several miles and established Fort Necessity , which the Canadians attacked under the command of Jummonville 's brother at the Battle of Fort Necessity on July 3 . Washington surrendered and negotiated a withdrawal under arms . One of his men reported that the Canadian force was accompanied by Shawnee , Delaware , and Mingo warriors -- just those whom Tanaghrisson was seeking to influence . The earliest authenticated portrait of George Washington shows him wearing his colonel 's uniform of the Virginia Regiment . This portrait was painted in 1772 by Charles Willson Peale . News of the two battles reached England in August . After several months of negotiations , the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French . They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition . Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock 's departure for North America . In response , King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755 . The British sent out their fleet in February 1755 , intending to blockade French ports , but the French fleet had already sailed . Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept them . In a second British action , Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on June 8 , 1755 , capturing her and two troop ships . The British harassed French shipping throughout 1755 , seizing ships and capturing seamen . These actions contributed to the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756 . Albany congress An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July , 1754 . The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the war that was unfolding . The plan that the delegates agreed to was neither ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown . Nevertheless , the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence . British campaigns , 1755 Locations of British campaigns , 1755 ( and other sites ) The British formed an aggressive plan of operations for 1755 . General Braddock was to lead the expedition to Fort Duquesne , while Massachusetts governor William Shirley was given the task of fortifying Fort Oswego and attacking Fort Niagara . Sir William Johnson was to capture Fort St. Frédéric at present - day Crown Point , New York , and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton was to capture Fort Beauséjour to the east , on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia . Braddock led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne , with George Washington as one of his aides . The expedition was a disaster . It was attacked by French soldiers and Indian warriors ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs , and Braddock called for a retreat . He was killed and approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured . The remaining 500 British troops retreated to Virginia , led by Washington . Two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War played key roles in organizing the retreat : Washington and Thomas Gage . The French acquired a copy of the British war plans , including the activities of Shirley and Johnson . Shirley 's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by his inexperience in managing large expeditions . In conjunction , Shirley was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara . As a response , he left garrisons at Oswego , Fort Bull , and Fort Williams , the last two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at present - day Rome , New York . Supplies were cached at Fort Bull for use in the projected attack on Niagara . William Johnson saving Baron Deskiau Johnson 's expedition was better organized than Shirley 's , which was noticed by New France 's governor the Marquis de Vaudreuil . He had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio , and he had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley 's expected attack . Vaudreuil saw Johnson as the larger threat and sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat . Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River , but Johnson had strongly fortified it , and Dieskau 's Indian support was reluctant to attack . The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry . The battle ended inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field . Johnson 's advance stopped at Fort William Henry , and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point , where they began the construction of Fort Carillon ( later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759 ) . Colonel Monckton captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 in the sole British success that year , cutting off the French fortress at Louisbourg from land - based reinforcements . To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg , Nova Scotia 's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French - speaking Acadian population from the area . Monckton 's forces , including companies of Rogers ' Rangers , forcibly removed thousands of Acadians , chasing down many who resisted and sometimes committing atrocities . More than any other factor , cutting off supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise . The Acadian resistance was sometimes quite stiff , in concert with Indian allies including the Mi'kmaq , with ongoing frontier raids against Dartmouth and Lunenburg , among others . The only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757 , other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians ranging around the Bay of Fundy , on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers , and Île Saint - Jean . French victories , 1756 -- 1757 See also : Franco - Indian alliance Conference between the French and Indian leaders around a ceremonial fire , by Émile Louis Vernier Following the death of Braddock , William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America , and he laid out his plans for 1756 at a meeting in Albany in December 1755 . He proposed renewing the efforts to capture Niagara , Crown Point , and Duquesne , with attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec . His plan , however , got bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others , including William Johnson and New York 's Governor Sir Charles Hardy , and consequently gained little support . Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun , with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command . Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America . French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756 , led by Major General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François - Charles de Bourlamaque , all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession . On May 18 , 1756 , England formally declared war on France , which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years ' War . General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm Governor Vaudreuil had ambitions to become the French commander in chief , in addition to his role as governor , and he acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived . Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain , so he ordered an attack against the forts which Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry . In the Battle of Fort Bull , French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies , including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder . They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario and endangered the Oswego garrison , already short on supplies . French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area , encouraging them to raid frontier settlements . This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers , with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action . The new British command was not in place until July . Abercrombie arrived in Albany but refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them , and Montcalm took bold action against his inertia . He built on Vaudreuil 's work harassing the Oswego garrison and executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga , as if to presage another attack along Lake George . With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany , Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August . In the aftermath , Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners ' personal effects . The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables , which angered the Indians . Montcalm trying to stop allied Indians from the massacre of colonial soldiers and civilians as they leave after the Battle of Fort William Henry . Loudoun was a capable administrator but a cautious field commander , and he planned one major operation for 1757 : an attack on New France 's capital of Quebec . He left a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm and began organizing for the expedition to Quebec . He was then ordered to attack Louisbourg first by William Pitt , the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies . The expedition was beset by delays of all kinds but was finally ready to sail from Halifax , Nova Scotia in early August . In the meantime , French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast , and a fleet awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg which outnumbered the British fleet . Faced with this strength , Loudoun returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry . French irregular forces ( Canadian scouts and Indians ) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757 . In January , they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga . In February , they launched a raid against the position across the frozen Lake George , destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification . In early August , Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort , which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole . When the withdrawal began , some of Montcalm 's Indian allies attacked the British column because they were angry about the lost opportunity for loot , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves . The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations , as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward . Modern writer William Nester believes that the Indians might have been exposed to European carriers , although no proof exists . British Conquest , 1758 -- 1760 See also : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War § Conquest of Canada ( 1758 -- 60 ) The Victory of Montcalm 's Troops at Carillon by Henry Alexander Ogden . Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758 , as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping . The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757 , a difficult winter , and the allegedly corrupt machinations of François Bigot , the intendant of the territory . His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates . A massive outbreak of smallpox among western Indian tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758 . The disease probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle ; yet the Indians blamed the French for bringing `` bad medicine '' as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry . Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence , with primary defenses at Carillon , Quebec , and Louisbourg , while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years . The British failures in North America combined with other failures in the European theater and led to Newcastle 's fall from power along with the Duke of Cumberland , his principal military advisor . Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning . He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun . He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757 . Pitt 's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops supported by the provincial militias , aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France . Two of the expeditions were successful , with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces . 1758 Indians ambush British soldiers The Forbes Expedition was a British campaign in September -- October 1758 , with 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes sent to drive out the French from the contested Ohio Country . The French withdrew from Fort Duquesne and left the British in control of the Ohio River Valley . The great French fortress at Louisbourg in Nova Scotia was captured after a siege . The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon , in which 3,600 Frenchmen defeated Abercrombie 's force of 18,000 regulars , militia , and Indian allies outside the fort which the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga . Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac , including caches of supplies destined for New France 's western forts and furs destined for Europe . Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst , victor at Louisbourg . Battle of Quebec , 13 September 1759 , painted by Captain Hervey Smyth The French had generally poor results in 1758 in most theaters of the war . The new foreign minister was the duc de Choiseul , and he decided to focus on an invasion of Britain to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland . The invasion failed both militarily and politically , as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France and sent funds to Britain 's mainland ally of Prussia , while the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay . In one piece of good fortune , some French supply ships did manage to depart France and elude the British blockade of the French coast . 1759 -- 1760 See also : Conquest of 1760 British General Jeffery Amherst British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759 : the British captured Ticonderoga , James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders , and a British victory at Fort Niagara cut off the French frontier forts to the west and south . The victory was made complete in 1760 ; the British did suffer a defeat outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte - Foy , but they prevented the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides . Governor Vaudreuil in Montreal negotiated a capitulation with General Amherst in September 1760 . Amherst granted his requests that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition , to own property , and to remain undisturbed in their homes . The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers , and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war . End of the War The descent of the French on St. John 's , Newfoundland , 1762 Most of the fighting ended in continental North America in 1760 , although it continued in Europe between France and Britain . The notable exception was the French seizure of St. John 's , Newfoundland . General Amherst heard of this surprise action and immediately dispatched troops under his nephew William Amherst , who regained control of Newfoundland after the Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762 . Many troops from North America were reassigned to participate in further British actions in the West Indies , including the capture of Spanish Havana when Spain belatedly entered the conflict on the side of France , and a British expedition against French Martinique in 1762 led by Major General Robert Monckton . General Amherst also oversaw the transition of French forts to British control in the western lands . The policies which he introduced in those lands disturbed large numbers of Indians and contributed to Pontiac 's Rebellion in 1763 . This series of attacks on frontier forts and settlements required the continued deployment of British troops , and it was not resolved until 1766 . Distribution of British military forces in 1766 The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763 , and war in the European theater was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763 . The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique , which had been occupied by the British . France chose to cede the former but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , along with fishing rights in the area . They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent . French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow . The British , however , were happy to take New France , as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue ; they also had ample places from which to obtain sugar . Spain traded Florida to Britain in order to regain Cuba , but they also gained Louisiana from France , including New Orleans , in compensation for their losses . Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations . Consequences The war changed economic , political , governmental , and social relations among the three European powers , their colonies , and the people who inhabited those territories . France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war , with significant long - term consequences . Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink , and Spanish territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia , colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French - speaking Roman Catholic residents . The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755 made land available to immigrants from Europe and migrants from the colonies to the south . The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces , but many went to France , and some went to New Orleans , which they had expected to remain French . Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands , but these efforts were unsuccessful . Others migrated to places such as Saint - Domingue or fled to New Orleans after the Haitian Revolution . The Louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern Cajun population . ( The French word `` Acadien '' changed to `` Cadien '' then to `` Cajun '' . ) Following the treaty , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7 , 1763 which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory , and it continues to govern relations to some extent between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations . Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population , a demarcation that was only a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward - bound settlers . The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians . The Quebec Act addressed this and other issues in 1774 , raising concerns in the largely Protestant Thirteen Colonies over the advance of `` popery . '' The Act maintained French Civil law , including the seigneurial system , a medieval code removed from France within a generation by the French Revolution . The deportation order is read to a group of Acadians in 1755 The Seven Years ' War nearly doubled Great Britain 's national debt . The Crown sought sources of revenue to pay it off and attempted to impose new taxes on its colonies . These attempts were met with increasingly stiff resistance , until troops were called in to enforce the Crown 's authority . These acts ultimately led to the start of the American Revolutionary War . France attached comparatively little value to its North American possessions , apart from the highly profitable sugar - producing Antilles islands which it retained . Minister Choiseul considered that he had made a good deal at the Treaty of Paris , and Voltaire wrote that Louis XV had lost `` a few acres of snow '' . For France , however , the military defeat and the financial burden of the war weakened the monarchy and contributed to the advent of the French Revolution in 1789 . For some of the Indian tribes , the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally , although other tribes were not so affected . The Ohio Country was now more available to colonial settlement , due to the construction of military roads by Braddock and Forbes . The Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory was not completed until 1769 , and it had modest repercussions . The British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of Indian tribes who did not want to do business with them . This migration also caused a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek , historic enemies who were now competing for land . The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave . Most went to Cuba , including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine , although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico . France returned to North America in 1778 with the establishment of a Franco - American alliance against Great Britain in the American War of Independence . This time , France succeeded in prevailing over Great Britain in what historian Alfred A. Cave describes as `` French ... revenge for Montcalm 's death '' . See also History of Canada portal New France portal French and Indian Wars ( article includes King William 's War , Queen Anne 's War , King George 's War , and this war . ) Military history of Nova Scotia Northwest Indian War Franco - Indian alliance Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War New Hampshire Provincial Regiment American Indian Wars Footnotes Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 26 -- 31 , documents the starting sizes of the expeditions against Louisbourg , Carillon , Duquesne , and West Indies . Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Gary Walton ; History of the American Economy ; page 27 Jump up ^ M. Brook Taylor , Canadian History : a Reader 's Guide : Volume 1 : Beginnings to Confederation ( 1994 ) pp 39 -- 48 , 72 -- 74 Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Siege of Quebec : An episode of the Seven Years ' War '' , Canadian National Battlefields Commission , Plains of Abraham website Jump up ^ Lacoursière , Jacques ; Provencher , Jean ; Vaugeois , Denis ( 2001 ) . Canada - Québec 1534 -- 2000 ( reprint ed . ) . Les éditions du Septentrion . p. 92 . ISBN 9782894481868 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Eccles , France in America , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 747 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. xv . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia : Seven Years ' War Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ ( in French ) L'Encyclopédie canadienne : Guerre de Sept Ans . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of North American immigration . New York : Facts on File . p. 204 . ISBN 0816046581 . Jump up ^ John Wade , `` British History Chronologically Arranged , 2 : Comprehending a Chamfied Analysis of Events and Occurencis in Church and State ... from the First Invasions by the Romans to A.d. 1847 '' , p. 46 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 : A Political History . London : Routledge . p. 32 . ISBN 9780415964869 . Jump up ^ Jennings , pp. 9 , 176 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park Spotlight : Lake Loramie '' , Ohio State Parks Magazine , Spring 2006 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Alfred P. James , The Ohio Company : Its Inner History ( 1959 ) pp. 26 -- 40 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 15 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 18 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 27 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 31 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 48 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 43 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 63 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Ellis , His Excellency George Washington , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 36 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 41 Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 43 -- 45 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 65 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 50 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 51 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 59 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Lengel p. 52 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Fowler , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Battle of the Monongahela '' . World Digital Library . 1755 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Stephen E. ( 1994 ) . `` 1744 -- 1763 : Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples '' . In Buckner , Phillip ; Reid , John . The Atlantic Region to Confederation : A History . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 152 . ISBN 0802005535 . Jump up ^ Nester , pp. 53 -- 61 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 267 -- 285 . ISBN 0375406425 . Jump up ^ William , Wood , The Great Fortress : A Chronicle of Louisbourg 1720 -- 1760 ( ( http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6026 online from Project Gutenberg ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Paris February 10 , 1763 '' . FrenchandIndianWar.info . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 498 Jump up ^ Cave , p. 21 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 439 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 617 -- 632 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 505 -- 506 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 161 -- 164 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 565 -- 566 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 636 -- 637 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 568 Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred . `` The Real First World War and the Making of America Archived 2010 - 01 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . '' American Heritage , November / December 2005 . Jump up ^ Cave , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : Cave , p. xii Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 525 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 133 -- 138 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 152 -- 156 Jump up ^ Cave , p. 82 Further reading Library resources about French and Indian War Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40642 - 5 . Anderson , Fred ( 2005 ) . The War that Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03454 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 06 . -- Released in conjunction with the 2006 PBS miniseries The War that Made America . Brumwell , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Redcoats : The British Soldier and War in the Americas , 1755 -- 1763 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67538 - 3 . Calloway , Colin G ( 2006 ) . The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530071 - 0 . Cave , Alfred A. ( 2004 ) . The French and Indian War . Westport , Connecticut - London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32168 - X . Eckert , Allan W. Wilderness Empire . Bantam Books , 1994 , originally published 1969 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 26488 - 5 . Second volume in a series of historical narratives , with emphasis on Sir William Johnson . Academic historians often regard Eckert 's books , which are written in the style of novels , to be unreliable , as they contain things like dialogue that is clearly fictional . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2004 ) . His Excellency George Washington . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3253 - 9 . Fowler , William M. ( 2005 ) . Empires at War : The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America , 1754 - 1763 . New York : Walker . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1411 - 0 . Gipson , Lawrence H. The Great War for the Empire : The Years of Defeat , 1754 -- 1757 ( 1948 ) ; The Great War for the Empire : The Victorious Years , 1758 -- 1760 ( 1950 ) highly detailed narrative of the British war in North America and Europe . Jennings , Francis ( 1988 ) . Empire of Fortune : Crowns , Colonies , and Tribes in the Seven Years ' War in America . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30640 - 2 . Murrin , John M. `` The French and Indian War , the American Revolution , and the Counterfactual Hypothesis : Reflections on Lawrence Henry Gipson and John Shy . '' Reviews in American History 1 # 3 ( 1973 ) : 307 -- 318 . in JSTOR Nester , William R ( 2000 ) . The first global war : Britain , France , and the fate of North America , 1756 -- 1775 . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96771 - 0 . OCLC 41468552 . Nester , William R . The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France ( 2015 ) . excerpt O'Meara , Walter ( 1965 ) . Guns at the Forks . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 5309 - 8 . Parkman , Francis . Montcalm and Wolfe : The French and Indian War . Originally published 1884 . New York : Da Capo , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81077 - 8 . West , Doug ( 2016 ) French and Indian War -- A Short History 30 Minute Book Series `` Virtual Vault '' . Library and Archives Canada . 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1960 ) Bizerte crisis ( 1961 ) Ouvéa cave hostage taking ( 1988 ) History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America 's Critical Period 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_War&oldid=819785830 '' Categories : French and Indian War Anglo - French wars Seven Years ' War 1750s conflicts 1760s conflicts 1750s in Canada 1760s in Canada 1750s in New France 1760s in New France 1750s in the Thirteen Colonies 1760s in the Thirteen Colonies Colonization history of the United States Conflicts in New Brunswick Conflicts in Nova Scotia Events in New France Military history of Acadia Military history of New England Military history of the Thirteen Colonies Military history of Canada New France Wabanaki Confederacy Wars involving France Wars involving Great Britain Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America Wars involving the states and peoples of North America 18th century in Canada 18th century in New France 18th century in the British Empire 18th century in the French colonial empire 18th century in the Thirteen Colonies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 07 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what lands did france give up as a result of the french and indian war | [
"The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. France ceded to Great Britain its territory east of the Mississippi. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Florida. (Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba.) France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Great Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America.",
"The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. France ceded to Great Britain its territory east of the Mississippi. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Florida. (Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba.) France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Great Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America."
] | [
"territory east of the Mississippi",
"French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans)"
] |
-2162456577763379056 | The Great British Bake Off (series 1) | The Great British bake Off ( series 1 ) - wikipedia The Great British bake Off ( series 1 ) The Great British Bake Off ( series 1 ) Starring Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 6 Release Original network BBC Two Original release 17 August ( 2010 - 08 - 17 ) -- 21 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 21 ) Series chronology Next → Series 2 The first series of The Great British Bake Off , first aired on BBC Two on 17 August 2010 . Ten home bakers took part in a bake - off to test every aspect of their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off 's best amateur baker . Each week the nationwide tour saw bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline , with some being eliminated from competition at the end of the episode . The rounds of the competition took place in various locations across the UK following a theme , for example , the episode on puddings would take place in Bakewell , bread baking would take place near Sandwich . This first series had a voiceover by Stephen Noonan ; for the subsequent series this role was taken by the on - screen presenters Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins . The competition was won by Edd Kimber . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Cakes 3.2 Episode 2 : Biscuits 3.3 Episode 3 : Bread 3.4 Episode 4 : Puddings 3.5 Episode 5 : Pastry 3.6 Episode 6 : Tea Party ( Final ) 4 Post show career 5 The Great British Wedding Cake 6 Ratings 6.1 Specials 7 References The Bakers ( edit ) Baker Age Occupation Hometown Annetha Mills 30 Single mother Essex David Chambers 31 Entrepreneur Milton Keynes Edward `` Edd '' Kimber 24 Debt collector for Yorkshire Bank Bradford Jasminder Randhawa 45 Assistant Credit Control Manager Birmingham Jonathan Shepherd 25 Research Analyst St Albans Lea Harris 51 Retired Midlothian , Scotland Louise Brimelow 44 Police Officer Manchester Mark Whithers 48 Bus Driver South Wales Miranda Gore Browne 37 Food buyer for Marks & Spencer Midhurst , West Sussex Ruth Clemens 31 Retail manager / Housewife Poynton , Cheshire Results summary ( edit ) Elimination chart Baker 5 6 Edd WINNER Ruth Runner - Up Miranda Third Place Jasminder OUT David OUT Jonathan OUT Annetha OUT Louise OUT Lea OUT Mark OUT Colour key : -- Baker got through to the next round -- Baker was eliminated -- Baker was one of the judges ' least favourite bakers that week , but was not eliminated -- Baker was one of the judges ' favourite bakers that week - Baker was eliminated in the first challenge of the final . -- Baker was the series runner - up -- Baker was the series winner Episodes ( edit ) Baker eliminated Winner Episode 1 : Cakes ( edit ) For the first challenge , the bakers were instructed to bake any cake they want using their creativity within 3 hours . It has to be evenly baked , evenly risen , and moist . For the technical challenge , the bakers were to make a Victorian Sandwich using Mary Berry 's recipe . For the final challenge , the showstopper challenge , the bakers were required to make a Chocolate Celebration Cake , with perfect execution , original ideas and their own flair . Cotswolds Baker Signature ( Cake ) Technical ( Victoria sandwich ) Showstopper ( Chocolate Celebration Cake ) Annetha Light Jamaican Black Cake with Strawberries and Cream 2nd Red , White & Blue Chocolate Cake with Cigarellos , Fresh Fruit , and Cream David Chocolate Orange Cake 3rd Black Forest Floor Gateaux with Moulded Chocolate Leaves , Fallen Fruit and Chocolate Mushrooms Moulded from eggs Edd Caramel Cinnamon and Banana Cake 1st N / A Jasminder Fresh Mango and Passion Fruit Hummingbird Cake N / A N / A Jonathan Carrot Cake with Lime and Cream Cheese Icing 9th Three Tiered White and Dark Chocolate with Almond and Cherry Lea Cranberry and Pistachio Cake with Orange Flower Water Icing 10th Raspberries and Cream filled Chocolate with Chocolate - dipped Fresh Fruit Louise Carrot and Orange Cake N / A Never Fail Chocolate Sponge Cake , with Fresh Fruit , White & Chocolate Cigarello Border Mark Sticky Marmalade Tea Loaf N / A Heart - shaped Chocolate and Beetroot Cake with Store - Bought silver chocolate hearts and chocolate red and white roses . Miranda Triple Layered Brownie Meringue Cake with Raspberry Cream 8th Three Tiered Chocolate Fudge Cake with Handmade Chocolate Button Decorations Ruth Three Tiered Lemon Drizzle Cake with Fresh Cream and freshly made Lemon Curd N / A Classic Chocolate Sponge wrapped in a Chocolate Collar topped with Handmade White and Dark Chocolate Truffles Episode 2 : Biscuits ( edit ) For the signature bake , the bakers were asked to bake their Personality Biscuits within 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake scones using Paul Hollywood 's recipe within an hour . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake Petit Fours ; Meringues , Choux Pastry , and Macarons , within 4 hours . Scone Palace , Perthshire Baker Signature ( Biscuits ) Technical ( Scones ) Showstopper ( Petit fours ; Meringues , Choux Pastry and Macarons ) Annetha Rose Petal Shortbread 7th Pink Swirl Macarons / Eclairs David Cheddar Cheese and Fresh Rosemary Biscuits 8th Choux Pastry Swans Chocolate Profiteroles Edd Oatmeal Raisin Cookie 6th Pink Macarons Jasminder Millionaires ' Shortbread 2nd Meringues with Chocolate and Space Dust Coffee flavoured Eclairs Jonathan Honey and Candied Ginger Cookies 1st Meringues with Whiskey Cream Louise Stained Glass Window Shortbread 4th Strawberry , Mint , and Cream Meringues Chocolate Eclairs / Orange , Yellow and Pink Macarons Miranda Fresh Vanilla Biscuits with Royal Icing 3rd Pistachio Macarons Ruth Peanut Shortbread with Salted Peanut Caramel 5th Almond Macaron with Violet Buttercream Raspberries and Cream Eclairs Episode 3 : bread ( edit ) For their signature bake , the bakers were asked to bake their signature bread within 3 1 / 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a cob using Paul 's recipe within 2 1 / 2 hours . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 12 sweet rolls and 12 savory rolls . They can have at least 3 flavors and 6 hours . Sarre Windmill , Kent Baker Signature ( Breads ) Technical ( Cobs ) Showstopper ( 12 Sweet and 12 Savoury Rolls ) David Chilli Bread 4th Walnut and Seed Roll Red Berry and Almond Bun Edd Olive Bread 1st Tomato and Mozzarella Jasminder Focaccia 5th Mango and Sultana Buns Pan au Chocolat with Mars Bars Tutti Frutti Wheel with Jelly Tots Jonathan Anchovy , Sweet Paprika and Oregano Bread 6th Sticky Lemon Honey Bun Olive and Anchovy Roll Sundried Tomatoes and Fresh Herbs Roll Stilton , Walnut and Apple Roll Cinnamon and Cardamom Chelsea Bun Miranda Walnut and Apricot Bread 3rd Lemon Iced Buns Chocolate and Orange Buns Ruth Maple and Pecan Bread 2nd Chocolate and Orange Panettone Cranberry Bagels Episode 4 : puddings ( edit ) For the first challenge , the bakers were asked to bake their own classic pudding , steamed or baked . They had 2 1 / 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a lemon souffle using Mary 's recipe within 40 minutes . The bakers started to bake at different time intervals . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 3 puddings : crumble , bread , and suet , in 5 hours . Bakewell , Derbyshire Baker Signature ( Puddings ) Technical ( Hot Lemon Soufflé ) Showstopper ( 3 Puddings ; Crumble , Bread , and Suet ) David Pear and Walnut Pudding 5th Apple and Blackberry Crumble , Rhubarb and Orange Betty , Suet Pear Edd Apple and Plum Pudding 3rd Apple and Cinnamon Crumble , Nutella Banana Brioche Bread Pudding , Rhubarb and Strawberry Suet Layer Jasminder Sticky Toffee Pudding with Tropical Fruit & Toffee Sauce 2nd Bread & Butter Pudding , Treacle Suet Pudding with Fresh Fruit , Apple and Pineapple Crumble Miranda Sticky Toffee Pudding 1st Queen of Puddings , Chocolate Pear Roly Poly , Strawberry and Rhubarb Crumble Ruth Peach and Blueberry Boy Bait 4th Apple & Ginger Crumble , Rhubarb Suet Crust , Cherry Queen of Puddings Episode 5 : pastry ( edit ) For the signature challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a savoury pie in 2 1 / 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake 4 Cornish pasties in 4 1 / 2 hours . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 2 pastry platters ; savory and sweet tartlets , in 5 hours . Mousehole , Cornwall Baker Signature ( Pies ) Technical ( Cornish Pasties ) Showstopper ( Tarts and Canapés ) Edd Chicken , Ham , Leek and Tarragon Pie 2nd Almond Sweet Pastry with Ginger and Chocolate Raspberry Tart / Yorkshire Curd Tart Chickpea and Salami , Red and Yellow Pepper , Asparagus Gruyere Quiche Canapés Jasminder Chicken and Mushroom Pie 4th Jaggery , Carrot , and Spiced Condensed Milk Tart Fruit and Custard Tart Thai Chili Red Onion , Duck in Plum Sauce , Salmon and Prawn Canapés Miranda Summery Salmon , Cod and Prawn Fish Pie 1st Chocolate Pastry filled with Orange Cheesecake Chocolate Pastry filled with Milk Chocolate Ganche Strawberry Tart with Red Currant Glaze Cheesy Crab , Broad Bean and Tomato , Pancetta Risotto Canapés Ruth Minced Beef Pie 3rd Raspberry and Dark Chocolate Tart Creme Patisserie and Cherry Tart Citrus Curd Tart with Creme Brulee top Tomato , Asparagus Twirl Canapés Episode 6 : tea party ( final ) ( edit ) In the final , a baker was eliminated after the first bake , and only two bakers competed in the final day . For the first challenge , the 3 finalists were asked to bake 24 miniature cake in 2 1 / 2 hours . Only two can advance to becoming the winner of the Great British Bake Off . For the final challenge , the 2 finalists were asked to bake 24 miniature tarts , 24 scones , 24 choux buns , and 24 finger sandwiches in 5 hours . Fulham Palace , London Baker Signature ( 24 Professional Cupcakes ) Technical Showstopper ( Petit Fours ) Edd Cinnamon and Banana Cake N / A 24 Chocolate and Ginger Tarts 24 Lemon Scones with Passion Fruit Curd 24 Raspberry Choux Buns 24 Finger Sandwiches Miranda Lemon Cupcake Eliminated after signature Ruth Mint , Ginger and Blackberry Cake 24 Red Pepper and Cheese Quiche Tarts 24 Sultana Scones 24 Vanilla and Lemon Choux Buns 24 Finger Sandwiches Post Show career ( edit ) After winning the competition , Edd Kimber is able to make his living from baking . He worked in the pastry kitchen at Raymond Blanc 's restaurant Le Manoir . He has written three books on baking , The Boy Who Bakes , Say It With Cake , and Patisserie Made Simple : From Macaron to Millefeuille and More . He has taught macaron making classes in London , run a pop - up bakery in Fortnum & Mason , and appeared as a ' resident baker ' on The Alan Titchmarsh Show . Ruth Clemens has written a number of books on cake making and baking , including Busy Girls Guide to Cake Decorating , The Pink Whisk Guide to Cake Making , The Pink Whisk Guide to Baking and Creative Éclairs . Miranda Gore Browne wrote a book , Biscuit , published on 5 April 2012 . Her second book Bake Me a Cake as Fast as You Can was published in August 2014 . Jonathan Shepherd left his job in the pharmaceutical company and launched a new business , The Pudding Stop , in St Albans . It started as a portable street - food vendor and a supplier of puddings to restaurants . Shepherd has since also opened a shop , also in St Albans . Sadly , Mark Whithers who was eliminated in Episode 1 died on the 11th of May 2013 after suffering from cancer . The Great British Wedding Cake ( edit ) In this one - off special edition on the series , the three finalists from series one ( Edd , Ruth and Miranda ) returned once more . Paul Hollywood and Mary Berry set them the ultimate challenge , to make and bake two spectacular Wedding Cakes each in just 16 hours , one being traditional and the other contemporary . Paul and Mary explore the history of the Great British Wedding Cake , looking at the dramatic changes through the eras ; from the Tudors and the Victorians , wartime Britain and the eighties to the present day . Although Paul and Mary judged the results , no individual winner was declared . Ratings ( edit ) Official episode viewing figures are from BARB . Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking 17 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 17 ) 2.24 7 24 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 24 ) 3.00 31 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 31 ) 3.00 7 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 07 ) 2.60 5 14 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 14 ) 3.03 6 21 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 21 ) 2.75 Specials ( edit ) Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking The Great British Wedding Cake 20 April 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) 1.60 19 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off '' . TVDb.com . Jump up ^ Sarah Stephens ( 14 Aug 2012 ) . `` Behind the scenes at the Great British Bake - Off '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Sarah Rainey ( 9 December 2011 ) . `` Edd Kimber : the great British baker '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Aisha Iqbal ( 23 September 2010 ) , `` Leeds man wins BBC 's Great British Bake - Off '' , Yorkshire Evening Post Jump up ^ Emma Clayton ( 23 September 2010 ) , `` Thackley baker Edd Kimber wins BBC TV 's Great British Bake Off '' , Bradford Telegraph and Argus Jump up ^ `` Edd Kimber and Jo Wheatley : Great British Bake Off changed our lives '' . Metro. 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Daisy Wyatt ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off winners : Where are they now ? '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Jess Denham ( 7 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : What past winners are doing now from Edd Kimber to last year 's Frances Quinn '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Poynton Mum in the Spotlight -- Ruth Clemens -- The Pink Whisk ! '' . Mums in the Know . 2 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Ruth Clemens , The Pink Whisk '' . The Diary of a Cake Maker. 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview & cookbook giveaway : Miranda Gore Browne , Great British Bake Off '' . Peach Trees and Bumblebees. 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Hart ( 11 September 2014 ) . `` Cookbook of the Week : Bake Me A Cake As Fast As You Can '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Charlotte Morgan ( 9 September 2010 ) . `` St Albans baker takes the plunge with puddings '' . The Herts Advertiser . Jump up ^ Monique Hall ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` St Albans ' Pudding Stop shortlisted for award '' . The Herts Advertiser . Jump up ^ Charlotte Morgan ( 19 August 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : where are they now ? '' . Jump up ^ `` The Pudding Stop '' . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . hide The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Sophie Faldo Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : The Professionals International versions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_1)&oldid=836711392 '' Categories : The Great British Bake Off British cooking television programmes BBC Television programmes 2010 British television seasons English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use British English from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 12 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the first season of bake off | [
"The first series of The Great British Bake Off, first aired on BBC Two on 17 August 2010. Ten home bakers took part in a bake-off to test every aspect of their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off's best amateur baker. Each week the nationwide tour saw bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline, with some being eliminated from competition at the end of the episode. The rounds of the competition took place in various locations across the UK following a theme, for example, the episode on puddings would take place in Bakewell, bread baking would take place near Sandwich.[1][2] This first series had a voiceover by Stephen Noonan; for the subsequent series this role was taken by the on-screen presenters Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins. The competition was won by Edd Kimber.[3][4][5]"
] | [
"Edd Kimber"
] |
7243640173306735471 | Look Who's Talking Now | Look who 's Talking Now - wikipedia Look who 's Talking Now This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Look Who 's Talking Now Theatrical release poster Directed by Tom Ropelewski Produced by Leslie Dixon Amy Heckerling Written by Tom Ropelewski Amy Heckerling ( characters ) Starring John Travolta Kirstie Alley Danny DeVito Diane Keaton Olympia Dukakis Lysette Anthony George Segal Music by William Ross Cinematography Oliver Stapleton Edited by Henry Hitner Michael A. Stevenson Distributed by TriStar Pictures Release date November 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 05 ) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Canada Language English Budget $22 million Box office $10,340,263 Look Who 's Talking Now is a 1993 American romantic comedy film and the third and final installment in the film series that began with Look Who 's Talking in 1989 . It finds John Travolta and Kirstie Alley reprising their roles as James and Mollie Ubriacco , respectively , and introducing the newly extended family members to it . David Gallagher and Tabitha Lupien portray Mikey and Julie respectively . Unlike the previous films , it does not feature the voiceover talents of Bruce Willis , Roseanne Barr , Damon Wayans , Joan Rivers , or Mel Brooks as their interior monologues ; rather , Danny DeVito and Diane Keaton provide voiceover roles for their newly acquired dogs , Rocks and Daphne , respectively , and it focuses more on their life . Lysette Anthony and Olympia Dukakis costar . George Segal and Charles Barkley have cameo roles . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) A young cross-breed puppy is up for sale and we can hear him talking . He sees Mikey passing by him and begs him to take him home . Mikey , however , has to hurry past in tow of his mother , and two harsh looking individuals buy the puppy . He manages to escape them and starts his life as a stray . James is a private air pilot working for Samantha - who we see has a crush on him and is always trying to extend the trips to spend more time with him . Mollie is looking for a job . Mikey tells Santa Claus that he wants a dog for Christmas , James feels the time has come to give him one and tells Samantha about this . One day , though , the dog gets caught by the animal rescue force and taken to a kennel , where several others are kept - presumably also found on the streets . He is about to be put down on the same day that James brings Mikey there to select one . Overjoyed , he bumps into the dog he saw as a puppy , and takes an instant liking to him and decides to take him home . He names the dog Rocks . When James , Mikey , and Rocks get home , they see that Samantha is there and has brought over her dog , Daphne , who is highly trained and she wants James to have her as a present from her . Rocks and Daphne do not get along . Rocks is messy and untrained while Daphne is pedigreed and well - trained to be tidy and obedient , though she is also spoiled . Samantha starts having James fly on long trips to lots of different cities and keeps him away from his family . Mollie has to job hunt , take care of two kids , and take care of the two dogs . James and Mollie develop tensions over Samantha . Mollie suspects that James is cheating on her and feels that Samantha is much more successful and beautiful than her . James likewise suspects that Mollie is still not over Mikey 's biological father . Despite these tensions , however , James and Mollie are clearly still in love with each other and miss each other while they 're apart . As Mollie becomes more tired , Daphne realizes that she needs to become more independent . Rocks helps her learn how to go outside by herself and use her sense of smell to track people or things . The two dogs start becoming friends . On Christmas Eve , Samantha sets up a plan to trick James into spending the night with her . She tricks him into coming to her fancy cabin in the woods by saying that she wants to introduce him to a prospective wealthy client . She stalls for time until it is too dangerous for James to leave because a snowstorm outside has gotten too dangerous . James calls Mollie to tell her that he can not make it home for Christmas . Mollie learns that he is alone with Samantha and becomes devastated that he is going to cheat on her . However , Mollie 's mother convinces her to trust her instincts that James loves her and would never do that . Mollie decides to drive through the storm with the kids and the two dogs to `` bring Christmas to Daddy . '' Their car gets stuck in the woods due to the severe cold and the storm . They are attacked by wolves , and Rocks scare the wolves off while Mollie and her kids get inside the car . Daphne sets out to find help using the tracking skills that Rocks taught her . Rocks runs out to track down James on his own . He finds Samantha 's cabin , and James realizes that Mollie has set out to find him . He confronts Samantha about her lies and intentions and quits his job , then goes with Rocks to track down his family . They are attacked by wolves , and Rocks fights them off while James escapes . Meanwhile , Daphne has found some forest rangers that take Mollie , the kids , and Daphne to safety into their cabin . They worry about James and Rocks . James finds them , and Rocks quickly runs in afterward to show that he survived the encounter with the wolves . The family and dogs are happily reunited and spend Christmas together . Cast ( edit ) John Travolta as James Ubriacco Kirstie Alley as Mollie Ubriacco David Gallagher as Mikey Ubriacco Tabitha Lupien as Julie Ubriacco Lysette Anthony as Samantha D'Bonne George Segal as Albert Olympia Dukakis as Rosie Charles Barkley as Himself Voices Danny DeVito as Rocks Diane Keaton as Daphne Additional Dog / Wolf voices Bob Bergen Peter Iacangelo Nick Jameson Patricia Parris Pat Pinney Rodney Saulsberry Jeff Winkless Don Rickles Production ( edit ) Unlike the previous films , the children no longer have voiceovers for their inner thoughts since they are now old enough to talk for themselves . Danny DeVito and Diane Keaton portray the Ubriaccos ' dogs . This also marked the film debuts of Tabitha Lupien , and David Gallagher , best known for his later role as Simon Camden on 7th Heaven . George Segal who portrayed Albert , the first film 's antagonist and Mikey 's biological father , reappears briefly . Charles Barkley makes a cameo appearance as himself . Don Rickles does the voice of a wolf . Twink Caplan , who portrayed Mollie 's best friend , Rona , in the previous two films , does not appear nor is she mentioned in this one . Also Elias Koteas , who portrayed Mollie 's brother , Stuart , in the second film also does not appear nor is he mentioned in this one . Both Caplan and Koteas declined to return for it . French singer Jordy performs , along with David Gallagher and Tabitha Lupien , amongst other children , in a special music video for the film , titled It 's Christmas , C'est Noel , from the Christmas album Potion magique . Reception ( edit ) The film was panned by critics upon its release . It was also a box office bomb only earning over $10 million , making it the lowest - grossing one in the series . On the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , it holds a 0 % approval rating , based on 24 reviews with an average rating of 2.5 / 10 . Among its main problems were the lack of originality , the bland treatment of the children and its overblown ending . In its opening week , it also faced stiff competition for an audience from The Nightmare Before Christmas . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Look Who 's Talking Now at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Bates , James ( November 5 , 1993 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : ' Look Who 's Talking ' Series Goes to Dogs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( November 5 , 1993 ) . `` Third ` Talking ' Is His Big Second Chance Box office : As a bankruptcy veteran , producer Jonathan D. Krane concedes mistakes '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( November 5 , 1993 ) . `` Alone Wraps Up Holiday Box Office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Look Who 's Talking Now ( 1993 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Look Who 's Talking Now on IMDb Look Who 's Talking Now at AllMovie Look Who 's Talking series Films Look Who 's Talking Look Who 's Talking Too Look Who 's Talking Now Television Baby Talk Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Look_Who%27s_Talking_Now&oldid=862934124 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films 1990s comedy films 1990s sequel films American children 's comedy films American Christmas films American sequel films Films set in New York City Films shot in Toronto TriStar Pictures films American films Films about dogs Films scored by William Ross Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 17 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played julie on look whos talking now | [
"David Gallagher and Tabitha Lupien portray Mikey and Julie respectively. Unlike the previous films, it does not feature the voiceover talents of Bruce Willis, Roseanne Barr, Damon Wayans, Joan Rivers, or Mel Brooks as their interior monologues; rather, Danny DeVito and Diane Keaton provide voiceover roles for their newly acquired dogs, Rocks and Daphne, respectively, and it focuses more on their life.\n"
] | [
"Tabitha Lupien"
] |
7397299275067200955 | 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards | 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards - wikipedia 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards Jump to : navigation , search 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards Date March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) Location The Forum , Inglewood Country United States Hosted by DJ Khaled and Hailey Baldwin Most awards Ed Sheeran ( 4 ) Most nominations Luis Fonsi Daddy Yankee ( 7 ) Television / radio coverage Network TBS , TNT , and truTV Runtime 96 minutes ← 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards The 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards were held on March 11 , 2018 at The Forum in Inglewood , California . The list of nominations was announced on January 10 , 2018 . DJ Khaled and Hailey Baldwin hosted the ceremony . TBS , TNT , and truTV broadcast the ceremony in the United States , while the red carpet was broadcast live on the network 's social media pages . Taylor Swift 's music video for her single `` Delicate '' premiered at the show . Performances ( edit ) The following performed at the show : Artist ( s ) Song ( s ) Cardi B G - Eazy `` Bartier Cardi '' `` MotorSport '' `` No Limit '' `` Finesse '' `` Bodak Yellow '' Ed Sheeran `` Perfect '' ( live from Melbourne , Australia ) Camila Cabello Young Thug `` Havana '' Maroon 5 `` Wait '' Eminem Kehlani `` Nowhere Fast '' Bon Jovi `` It 's My Life '' `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' Charlie Puth `` How Long '' N.E.R.D. `` Lemon '' Winners & Nominees ( edit ) iHeartRadio presented the winners of seven categories in the seven days leading up to the Sunday telecast . Winners are highlighted in boldface . Song of the Year ( presented by Jenna Dewan - Tatum and Eve ) Female Artist of the Year ( presented by Dustin Lynch and Isla Fisher ) `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber `` Something Just like This '' -- The Chainsmokers and Coldplay `` That 's What I Like '' -- Bruno Mars `` Wild Thoughts '' -- DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna and Bryson Tiller Taylor Swift Alessia Cara Halsey P ! nk Rihanna Male Artist of the Year Best New Artist ( presented by The Chainsmokers ) Ed Sheeran Bruno Mars Shawn Mendes Charlie Puth The Weeknd Cardi B Niall Horan Luke Combs Christian Nodal Judah & the Lion Ozuna Khalid Best Duo / Group of the Year Album of the Year ( per genre ) Maroon 5 The Chainsmokers Imagine Dragons Migos Portugal . The Man Pop : ÷ -- Ed Sheeran Rock : One More Light -- Linkin Park Alternative Rock : Evolve -- Imagine Dragons Country : From A Room : Volume 1 -- Chris Stapleton Dance : Memories ... Do Not Open -- The Chainsmokers Hip - Hop : Damn -- Kendrick Lamar R&B : American Teen -- Khalid Latin : El Dorado -- Shakira Best Collaboration ( presented by Rita Ora and Bebe Rexha ) Best New Pop Artist `` Something Just Like This '' -- The Chainsmokers and Coldplay `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber `` Do n't Wanna Know '' -- Maroon 5 featuring Kendrick Lamar `` Stay '' -- Zedd and Alessia Cara `` Wild Thoughts '' -- DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna and Bryson Tiller Niall Horan Camila Cabello Logic Julia Michaels Liam Payne Alternative Rock Song of the Year Alternative Rock Artist of the Year `` Feel It Still '' -- Portugal . The Man `` Believer '' -- Imagine Dragons `` Thunder '' -- Imagine Dragons `` Walk on Water '' -- Thirty Seconds To Mars `` Wish I Knew You '' -- The Revivalists Imagine Dragons Cage The Elephant Judah & the Lion Kings of Leon Portugal . The Man Best New Rock / Alternative Rock Artist Rock Song of the Year Judah & the Lion Greta Van Fleet K. Flay Rag'n'Bone Man The Revivalists `` Run '' -- Foo Fighters `` Go to War '' -- Nothing More `` Help '' -- Papa Roach `` Rx ( Medicate ) '' -- Theory of a Deadman `` Song # 3 '' -- Stone Sour Rock Artist of the Year Country Song of the Year Metallica Foo Fighters Highly Suspect Papa Roach Royal Blood `` Body Like A Back Road '' -- Sam Hunt `` Dirt on My Boots '' -- Jon Pardi `` Hurricane '' -- Luke Combs `` Small Town Boy '' -- Dustin Lynch `` Unforgettable '' -- Thomas Rhett Country Artist of the Year Best New Country Artist Thomas Rhett Jason Aldean Luke Bryan Sam Hunt Blake Shelton Luke Combs Lauren Alaina Kane Brown Jon Pardi Brett Young Dance Song of the Year Dance Artist of the Year `` Stay '' -- Zedd and Alessia Cara `` It Ai n't Me '' -- Kygo and Selena Gomez `` No Promises '' -- Cheat Codes featuring Demi Lovato `` Rockabye '' -- Clean Bandit and Anne - Marie featuring Sean Paul `` Something Just Like This '' -- The Chainsmokers and Coldplay The Chainsmokers Calvin Harris Cheat Codes Kygo Zedd Hip - Hop Song of the Year ( presented by Sean `` Diddy '' Combs and Christian Combs ) Hip - Hop Artist of the Year `` Wild Thoughts '' -- DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna and Bryson Tiller `` Bad and Boujee '' -- Migos featuring Lil Uzi Vert `` Bodak Yellow '' -- Cardi B `` Humble '' -- Kendrick Lamar `` Rockstar '' -- Post Malone featuring 21 Savage Kendrick Lamar DJ Khaled Drake Future Migos Best New Hip - Hop Artist R&B Song of the Year Cardi B 21 Savage GoldLink Lil Uzi Vert Playboi Carti `` That 's What I Like '' -- Bruno Mars `` B.E.D. '' -- Jacquees `` Location '' -- Khalid `` Love Galore '' -- SZA featuring Travis Scott `` Redbone '' -- Childish Gambino R&B Artist of the Year Best New R&B Artist Bruno Mars Khalid Childish Gambino Rihanna The Weeknd Khalid 6LACK Kehlani Kevin Ross SZA Latin Song of the Year Latin Artist of the Year ' `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee `` El Amante '' -- Nicky Jam `` Hey DJ '' -- CNCO `` Mi Gente '' -- J Balvin featuring Willy William `` Súbeme la Radio '' -- Enrique Iglesias Luis Fonsi CNCO J Balvin Nicky Jam Shakira Best New Latin Artist Regional Mexican Song of the Year Ozuna Abraham Mateo Bad Bunny Karol G Danny Ocean `` Adiós Amor '' -- Christian Nodal `` Ella Es Mi Mujer '' -- Banda Carnaval `` Las Ultras '' -- Calibre 50 `` Regresa Hermosa '' -- Gerardo Ortiz `` Siempre Te Voy A Querer '' -- Calibre 50 Regional Mexican Artist of the Year Best New Regional Mexican Artist Calibre 50 Banda Carnaval Banda Los Recoditos Banda Sinaloense MS de Sergio Lizarraga Gerardo Ortiz Christian Nodal Edwin Luna y La Trakalosa de Monterrey El Fantasma Ulices Chaidez y Sus Plebes Producer of the Year Best Lyrics Andrew Watt Benny Blanco Andrew `` Pop '' Wansel and Warren `` Oak '' Felder Steve Mac Justin Tranter `` Slow Hands '' - Niall Horan `` Bodak Yellow '' -- Cardi B `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' -- Shawn Mendes `` Look What You Made Me Do '' -- Taylor Swift `` Perfect '' -- Ed Sheeran Best Cover Song Best Fan Army `` The Chain '' -- Harry Styles `` All We Got '' -- Shawn Mendes `` Bad Liar '' -- HAIM `` Issues '' -- Niall Horan `` Lost '' -- Khalid `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' -- Camila Cabello and Machine Gun Kelly `` Touch '' -- Ed Sheeran `` The Tribute Song '' -- Thirty Seconds To Mars BTS A.R.M.Y. - BTS Arianators - Ariana Grande Beliebers - Justin Bieber Camilizers - Camila Cabello EXO - L - EXO Harmonizers - Fifth Harmony Lovatics - Demi Lovato Mendes Army - Shawn Mendes Mixers - Little Mix Selenators - Selena Gomez Smilers - Miley Cyrus Swifties - Taylor Swift Best Music Video Social Star Award `` Sign of the Times '' - Harry Styles `` Bad Liar '' - Selena Gomez `` Bodak Yellow '' - Cardi B `` Despacito '' - Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee `` I 'm the One '' - DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne `` Look What You Made Me Do '' - Taylor Swift `` Malibu '' - Miley Cyrus `` New Rules '' - Dua Lipa `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran `` Sorry Not Sorry '' - Demi Lovato `` Swish Swish '' - Katy Perry featuring Nicki Minaj `` That 's What I Like '' - Bruno Mars `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' - Shawn Mendes Anitta Christian Collins dodie Andrew Huang Conor Maynard Gabbie Hanna JoJo Siwa Mariah Belgrod Max & Harvey RoomieOfficial Best Boy Band Best Solo Breakout BTS AJR CNCO In Real Life PRETTYMUCH The Vamps Why Do n't We Louis Tomlinson Camila Cabello Niall Horan Liam Payne Harry Styles Best Remix Cutest Musician 's Pet ( presented by Paris Hilton ) `` Reggaetón Lento '' - CNCO and Little Mix `` Bon Appétit '' - Katy Perry , Migos and 3LAU `` Despacito '' - Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber `` do re mi '' - blackbear featuring Gucci Mane `` Friends '' - Justin Bieber and BloodPop with Julia Michaels `` Havana '' - Camila Cabello and Daddy Yankee `` Homemade Dynamite '' - Lorde , Khalid , Post Malone and SZA `` May I Have This Dance '' - Francis & The Lights featuring Chance The Rapper `` Mi Gente '' - J Balvin and Willy William featuring Beyoncé Toulouse - Ariana Grande Batman - Demi Lovato Bear Rexha - Bebe Rexha Nugget - Katy Perry Olivia Benson - Taylor Swift Pig Pig - Miley Cyrus Most Thumbed - Up Song Most Thumbed - Up Artist `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Bruno Mars Best Tour Label of the Year U2 Republic Records Fangirls Award ( presented by Laverne Cox ) iHeartRadio Innovator Award ( presented by Pharrell Williams ) Camila Cabello Chance the Rapper iHeartRadio Icon Award ( presented by Shaun White ) Bon Jovi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards To Return on March 11 '' . iHeartradio . June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Rihanna , Ed Sheeran & Bruno Mars Lead iHeartRadio Music Awards 2018 Nominees '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Cardi B , Camila Cabello and Ed Sheeran to Perform at iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi , Camila Cabello & Chance The Rapper To Be Honored At 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . Access . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Braca , Nina ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Taylor Swift to Release ' Delicate ' Music Video at iHeart Radio Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hussein , Wandera ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Eminem , Kehlani , N.E.R.D and G - Eazy Added to iHeartRadio Music Awards Performers '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards : See The Full List of Nominees '' . iHeartRadio . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Katie ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` iHeartRadio Music Award Winners 2018 : Complete List '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters & Metallica Take Home iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . iHeartRadio . March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons , Portugal . The Man & More Win iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . iHeartRadio . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mastrogiannis , Nicole ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` Thomas Rhett , Sam Hunt & More Take Home iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . iHeartRadio . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B , Chance The Rapper & More Take Home iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . iHeartRadio . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards Winners - Complete List ! '' . Broadway World . 12 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Fonsi Wins iHeartRadio Music Award for Latin Artist of the Year '' . iHeartRadio . iHeartRadio Music Awards Awards ceremonies 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_iHeartRadio_Music_Awards&oldid=839195525 '' Categories : IHeartRadio Music Awards 2018 in American music 2018 in Los Angeles 2018 music awards March 2018 events in the United States Inglewood , California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Help About Wikipedia Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 22 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won best boy band at the iheart music awards 2018 | [
"\n\nSong of the Year\n(presented by Jenna Dewan-Tatum and Eve)\nFemale Artist of the Year\n(presented by Dustin Lynch and Isla Fisher)\n\n\n\n\n\"Shape of You\" – Ed Sheeran\n\n\"Despacito\" – Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber\n\"Something Just like This\" – The Chainsmokers and Coldplay\n\"That's What I Like\" – Bruno Mars\n\"Wild Thoughts\" – DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna and Bryson Tiller\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTaylor Swift\n\nAlessia Cara\nHalsey\nP!nk\nRihanna\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMale Artist of the Year\nBest New Artist\n(presented by The Chainsmokers)\n\n\n\n\nEd Sheeran\n\nBruno Mars\nShawn Mendes\nCharlie Puth\nThe Weeknd\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCardi B\n\nNiall Horan\nLuke Combs\nChristian Nodal\nJudah & the Lion\nOzuna\nKhalid\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBest Duo/Group of the Year\nAlbum of the Year (per genre)\n\n\n\n\nMaroon 5\n\nThe Chainsmokers\nImagine Dragons\nMigos\nPortugal. The Man\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPop: ÷ – Ed Sheeran\nRock: One More Light – Linkin Park[9]\nAlternative Rock: Evolve – Imagine Dragons[10]\nCountry: From A Room: Volume 1 – Chris Stapleton[11]\nDance: Memories...Do Not Open – The Chainsmokers\nHip-Hop: Damn – Kendrick Lamar\nR&B: American Teen – Khalid[12]\nLatin: El Dorado – Shakira[13]\n\n\n\n\nBest Collaboration\n(presented by Rita Ora and Bebe Rexha)\nBest New Pop Artist\n\n\n\n\n\"Something Just Like This\" – The Chainsmokers and Coldplay\n\n\"Despacito\" – Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber\n\"Don't Wanna Know\" – Maroon 5 featuring Kendrick Lamar\n\"Stay\" – Zedd and Alessia Cara\n\"Wild Thoughts\" – DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna and Bryson Tiller\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNiall Horan\n\nCamila Cabello\nLogic\nJulia Michaels\nLiam Payne\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlternative Rock Song of the Year\nAlternative Rock Artist of the Year\n\n\n\n\n\"Feel It Still\" – Portugal. The Man\n\n\"Believer\" – Imagine Dragons\n\"Thunder\" – Imagine Dragons\n\"Walk on Water\" – Thirty Seconds To Mars\n\"Wish I Knew You\" – The Revivalists\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImagine Dragons\n\nCage The Elephant\nJudah & the Lion\nKings of Leon\nPortugal. The Man\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBest New Rock/Alternative Rock Artist\nRock Song of the Year\n\n\n\n\nJudah & the Lion\n\nGreta Van Fleet\nK.Flay\nRag'n'Bone Man\nThe Revivalists\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Run\" – Foo Fighters\n\n\"Go to War\" – Nothing More\n\"Help\" – Papa Roach\n\"Rx (Medicate)\" – Theory of a Deadman\n\"Song #3\" – Stone Sour\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRock Artist of the Year\nCountry Song of the Year\n\n\n\n\nMetallica\n\nFoo Fighters\nHighly Suspect\nPapa Roach\nRoyal Blood\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Body Like A Back Road\" – Sam Hunt\n\n\"Dirt on My Boots\" – Jon Pardi\n\"Hurricane\" – Luke Combs\n\"Small Town Boy\" – Dustin Lynch\n\"Unforgettable\" – Thomas Rhett\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry Artist of the Year\nBest New Country Artist\n\n\n\n\nThomas Rhett\n\nJason Aldean\nLuke Bryan\nSam Hunt\nBlake Shelton\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLuke Combs\n\nLauren Alaina\nKane Brown\nJon Pardi\nBrett Young\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDance Song of the Year\nDance Artist of the Year\n\n\n\n\n\"Stay\" – Zedd and Alessia Cara\n\n\"It Ain't Me\" – Kygo and Selena Gomez\n\"No Promises\" – Cheat Codes featuring Demi Lovato\n\"Rockabye\" – Clean Bandit and Anne-Marie featuring Sean Paul\n\"Something Just Like This\" – The Chainsmokers and Coldplay\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Chainsmokers\n\nCalvin Harris\nCheat Codes\nKygo\nZedd\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHip-Hop Song of the Year\n(presented by Sean \"Diddy\" Combs and Christian Combs)\nHip-Hop Artist of the Year\n\n\n\n\n\"Wild Thoughts\" – DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna and Bryson Tiller\n\n\"Bad and Boujee\" – Migos featuring Lil Uzi Vert\n\"Bodak Yellow\" – Cardi B\n\"Humble\" – Kendrick Lamar\n\"Rockstar\" – Post Malone featuring 21 Savage\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKendrick Lamar\n\nDJ Khaled\nDrake\nFuture\nMigos\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBest New Hip-Hop Artist\nR&B Song of the Year\n\n\n\n\nCardi B\n\n21 Savage\nGoldLink\nLil Uzi Vert\nPlayboi Carti\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"That's What I Like\" – Bruno Mars\n\n\"B.E.D.\" – Jacquees\n\"Location\" – Khalid\n\"Love Galore\" – SZA featuring Travis Scott\n\"Redbone\" – Childish Gambino\n\n\n\n\n\n\nR&B Artist of the Year\nBest New R&B Artist\n\n\n\n\nBruno Mars\n\nKhalid\nChildish Gambino\nRihanna\nThe Weeknd\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKhalid\n\n6LACK\nKehlani\nKevin Ross\nSZA\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLatin Song of the Year\nLatin Artist of the Year\n\n\n\n\n'\"Despacito\" – Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee\n\n\"El Amante\" – Nicky Jam\n\"Hey DJ\" – CNCO\n\"Mi Gente\" – J Balvin featuring Willy William\n\"Súbeme la Radio\" – Enrique Iglesias\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLuis Fonsi[14]\n\nCNCO\nJ Balvin\nNicky Jam\nShakira\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBest New Latin Artist\nRegional Mexican Song of the Year\n\n\n\n\nOzuna\n\nAbraham Mateo\nBad Bunny\nKarol G\nDanny Ocean\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Adiós Amor\" – Christian Nodal\n\n\"Ella Es Mi Mujer\" – Banda Carnaval\n\"Las Ultras\" – Calibre 50\n\"Regresa Hermosa\" – Gerardo Ortiz\n\"Siempre Te Voy A Querer\" – Calibre 50\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRegional Mexican Artist of the Year\nBest New Regional Mexican Artist\n\n\n\n\nCalibre 50\n\nBanda Carnaval\nBanda Los Recoditos\nBanda Sinaloense MS de Sergio Lizarraga\nGerardo Ortiz\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChristian Nodal\n\nEdwin Luna y La Trakalosa de Monterrey\nEl Fantasma\nUlices Chaidez y Sus Plebes\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer of the Year\nBest Lyrics\n\n\n\n\nAndrew Watt\n\nBenny Blanco\nAndrew \"Pop\" Wansel and Warren \"Oak\" Felder\nSteve Mac\nJustin Tranter\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Slow Hands\" - Niall Horan\n\n\"Bodak Yellow\" – Cardi B\n\"Despacito\" – Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee\n\"There's Nothing Holdin' Me Back\" – Shawn Mendes\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\" – Taylor Swift\n\"Perfect\" – Ed Sheeran\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBest Cover Song\nBest Fan Army\n\n\n\n\n\"The Chain\" – Harry Styles\n\n\"All We Got\" – Shawn Mendes\n\"Bad Liar\" – HAIM\n\"Issues\" – Niall Horan\n\"Lost\" – Khalid\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\" – Camila Cabello and Machine Gun Kelly\n\"Touch\" – Ed Sheeran\n\"The Tribute Song\" – Thirty Seconds To Mars\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBTS A.R.M.Y. - BTS\n\nArianators - Ariana Grande\nBeliebers - Justin Bieber\nCamilizers - Camila Cabello\nEXO-L - EXO\nHarmonizers - Fifth Harmony\nLovatics - Demi Lovato\nMendes Army - Shawn Mendes\nMixers - Little Mix\nSelenators - Selena Gomez\nSmilers - Miley Cyrus\nSwifties - Taylor Swift\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBest Music Video\nSocial Star Award\n\n\n\n\n\"Sign of the Times\" - Harry Styles\n\n\"Bad Liar\" - Selena Gomez\n\"Bodak Yellow\" - Cardi B\n\"Despacito\" - Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee\n\"I'm the One\" - DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber, Quavo, Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\" - Taylor Swift\n\"Malibu\" - Miley Cyrus\n\"New Rules\" - Dua Lipa\n\"Shape of You\" - Ed Sheeran\n\"Sorry Not Sorry\" - Demi Lovato\n\"Swish Swish\" - Katy Perry featuring Nicki Minaj\n\"That's What I Like\" - Bruno Mars\n\"There's Nothing Holdin' Me Back\" - Shawn Mendes\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnitta\n\nChristian Collins\ndodie\nAndrew Huang\nConor Maynard\nGabbie Hanna\nJoJo Siwa\nMariah Belgrod\nMax & Harvey\nRoomieOfficial\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBest Boy Band\nBest Solo Breakout\n\n\n\n\nBTS\n\nAJR\nCNCO\nIn Real Life\nPRETTYMUCH\nThe Vamps\nWhy Don't We\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLouis Tomlinson\n\nCamila Cabello\nNiall Horan\nLiam Payne\nHarry Styles\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBest Remix\nCutest Musician's Pet\n(presented by Paris Hilton)\n\n\n\n\n\"Reggaetón Lento\" - CNCO and Little Mix\n\n\"Bon Appétit\" - Katy Perry, Migos and 3LAU\n\"Despacito\" - Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber\n\"do re mi\" - blackbear featuring Gucci Mane\n\"Friends\" - Justin Bieber and BloodPop with Julia Michaels\n\"Havana\" - Camila Cabello and Daddy Yankee\n\"Homemade Dynamite\" - Lorde, Khalid , Post Malone and SZA\n\"May I Have This Dance\" - Francis & The Lights featuring Chance The Rapper\n\"Mi Gente\" - J Balvin and Willy William featuring Beyoncé\n\n\n\n\n\n\nToulouse - Ariana Grande\n\nBatman - Demi Lovato\nBear Rexha - Bebe Rexha\nNugget - Katy Perry\nOlivia Benson - Taylor Swift\nPig Pig - Miley Cyrus\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMost Thumbed-Up Song\nMost Thumbed-Up Artist\n\n\n\n\n\"Shape of You\" – Ed Sheeran\n\n\n\n\nBruno Mars\n\n\n\n\nBest Tour\nLabel of the Year\n\n\n\n\nU2[13]\n\n\n\n\nRepublic Records[13]\n\n\n\n\nFangirls Award\n(presented by Laverne Cox)\niHeartRadio Innovator Award\n(presented by Pharrell Williams)\n\n\nCamila Cabello\nChance the Rapper\n\n\niHeartRadio Icon Award\n(presented by Shaun White)\n\n\nBon Jovi\n\n"
] | [
"BTS"
] |
6225404774020308891 | List of Super Bowl records | List of Super Bowl records - wikipedia List of Super Bowl records Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of Super Bowl records , which includes performances of the highest and lowest caliber throughout the history of the Super Bowl . The list of records is separated by individual players and teams . Players and teams , along with their records , are noted with the Super Bowl game played . All records can be referenced at the National Football League ( NFL ) 's official website , NFL.com . Contents ( hide ) 1 Individual player records 1.1 Service 1.2 Scoring 1.3 Touchdowns 1.4 Passing 1.5 Rushing 1.6 Receiving 1.7 Combined yardage 1.8 Fumbles 1.9 Defense 1.10 Special teams 1.10. 1 Kickoff returns 1.10. 2 Kickoffs 1.10. 3 Punting 1.10. 4 Punt returns 1.10. 5 Field goals 1.10. 6 Points after touchdown 2 Team records 2.1 Scoring 2.1. 1 Points 2.1. 1.1 Single team 2.1. 1.2 Both teams 2.1. 2 Touchdowns 2.1. 2.1 Single team 2.1. 2.2 Both teams 2.1. 3 Points after touchdown 2.1. 3.1 Single team 2.1. 3.2 Both teams 2.1. 4 Field goals 2.1. 4.1 Single team 2.1. 4.2 Both teams 2.1. 5 Safeties 2.2 Offense 2.2. 1 Net yards gained 2.2. 1.1 Single team 2.2. 1.2 Both teams 2.2. 2 Rushing 2.2. 2.1 Single team 2.2. 2.2 Both teams 2.2. 3 Passing 2.2. 3.1 Single team 2.2. 3.2 Both teams 2.2. 4 First downs 2.2. 4.1 Single team 2.2. 4.2 Both teams 2.3 Defense 2.3. 1 Single team 2.3. 2 Both teams 2.4 Fumbles 2.4. 1 Single team 2.4. 2 Both teams 2.5 Turnovers 2.5. 1 Single team 2.5. 2 Both teams 2.6 Kickoff returns 2.6. 1 Single team 2.6. 2 Both teams 2.7 Punting 2.7. 1 Single team 2.7. 2 Both teams 2.8 Punt returns 2.8. 1 Single team 2.8. 2 Both teams 2.9 Penalties 2.9. 1 Single team 2.9. 2 Both teams 3 Time 4 Coaching 5 Popularity 6 Non-occurrences 7 References 8 External links Individual player records ( edit ) A complete list of Super Bowl records can be found in the 2017 Official NFL Record & Fact Book beginning at page 654 . Records can also be found at Pro Football Reference.com . Service ( edit ) Most Super Bowl MVP awards , career , 4 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XLIX , LI Most games , winning team , 5 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLIX , LI Charles Haley -- defensive end / linebacker , San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , Dallas XXVII , XXVIII , XXX Most games , losing team , 5 Glenn Parker -- offensive line , Buffalo XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII , N.Y. Giants XXXV Cornelius Bennett -- linebacker , Buffalo XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII , Atlanta XXXIII Gale Gilbert -- quarterback , Buffalo XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII , San Diego XXIX Most consecutive championships as a player , 3 Ken Norton Jr . -- Dallas XXVII , XXVIII , San Francisco XXIX Back to back championships with different teams Ken Norton Jr. , Dallas XXVII , XXVIII , San Francisco XXIX Deion Sanders , XXIX with the 49ers and XXX with the Cowboys Chris Long , LI with the Patriots and LII with the Eagles LeGarrette Blount , LI with the Patriots and LII with the Eagles Win a Super Bowl with one team and then defeat that same team in the Super Bowl the following season Chris Long , LI , Patriots and LII , Eagles LeGarrette Blount , LI , Patriots and LII , Eagles Longest time span between Super Bowl championships as a player , 12 seasons Ray Lewis -- Baltimore Ravens XXXV , Baltimore Ravens XLVII Most appearances as either a player or coach , 11 Bill Belichick -- assistant coach New York XXI , XXV , New England XXXI , head coach New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most games played , 8 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most games started , 8 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most consecutive appearances , 5 Gale Gilbert -- quarterback , Buffalo XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII , San Diego XXIX Most starts at quarterback , 8 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most wins as starting quarterback , 5 Tom Brady -- New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLIX , LI Wins as starting quarterback for two different teams Peyton Manning -- Indianapolis XLI , Denver 50 Most games as a kicker , 5 Adam Vinatieri -- New England XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Stephen Gostkowski -- New England XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most wins as a kicker , 4 Adam Vinatieri -- New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Oldest player , 42 years and 11 days Matt Stover , kicker -- Indianapolis XLIV Youngest player to start , 21 years and 322 days Bryan Bulaga , offensive lineman -- Green Bay XLV Quarterbacks to both throw and catch a touchdown pass Nick Foles - Philadelphia LII Oldest quarterback to win , 39 years and 320 days Peyton Manning -- Denver 50 Oldest quarterback to start , 40 years and 185 days Tom Brady - New England LII Youngest quarterback to start and to win , 23 years and 340 days Ben Roethlisberger -- Pittsburgh XL Scoring ( edit ) Most points scored , career , 48 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX , and Oakland XXXVII Most points scored , single game , 20 James White -- New England vs. Atlanta , LI - 3 TD , 1 ( 2 - point ) conversion Longest scoring play , 108 yard kickoff return Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Most Touchdowns , plays of 50 - or - more yards , game , 2 Ricky Sanders -- Washington vs. Denver , XXII Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Touchdowns ( edit ) 00 In this category R = rushing touchdown ( TD ) ; P = pass reception TD ; KR = kickoff return TD Most touchdowns , career , 8 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX , and Oakland XXXVII ( 8 - P ) Most touchdowns , single game , 3 ( accomplished six times by five players ) Roger Craig -- San Francisco vs. Miami , XIX ( 1 - R , 2 - P ) Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV ( 3 - P ) Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX ( 3 - P ) Ricky Watters -- San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX ( 1 - R , 2 - P ) Terrell Davis -- Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII ( 3 - R ) James White - New England vs. Atlanta , LI ( 2 - R , 1 - P ) Most touchdowns , plays of 50 - or - more yards , game , 2 Ricky Sanders -- Washington , XXII ( 2 - P ) Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens , XLVII ( 1 - P , 1 - KR ) Touchdowns scored for two different teams , 3 players Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , Oakland XXXVII Ricky Proehl -- St. Louis Rams XXXVI , Carolina XXXVIII Muhsin Muhammad -- Carolina XXXVIII , Chicago XLI Longest play , 108 yards Jacoby Jones -- KR , Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Passing ( edit ) Highest passer rating , career , ( 40 attempts ) , 127.83 Joe Montana -- 4 games , San Francisco XVI , XIX , XXIII , XXIV Highest passer rating , game , 150.92 Phil Simms -- New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI Lowest passer rating to win game , 22.6 Ben Roethlisberger -- Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL Most attempts , career , 357 Tom Brady -- 8 games , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most attempts , game , 62 Tom Brady -- New England vs Atlanta , LI Fewest attempts by winning QB , game , 7 Bob Griese -- Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Most completions , career , 235 Tom Brady -- 8 games , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most completions to start a game , 9 Eli Manning -- New York Giants vs. New England , XLVI Most consecutive completions , game , 16 Tom Brady -- New England vs. New York Giants , XLVI Most completions , game , 43 Tom Brady -- New England vs. Atlanta , LI Most completions , both quarterbacks , 63 Drew Brees -- New Orleans ( 32 ) vs. Peyton Manning Indianapolis ( 31 ) , XLIV Fewest completions by winning QB , game , 6 Bob Griese -- Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Highest completion percentage , career , ( 40 attempts ) , 70 % Troy Aikman -- Dallas , 3 games ( 80 -- 56 ) XXVII , XXVIII , XXX Highest completion percentage , game , ( 20 attempts ) , 88 % Phil Simms -- New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI ( 25 -- 22 ) Highest completion percentage , both teams , 75 % ( 84 -- 63 ) Drew Brees , New Orleans vs. Peyton Manning , Indianapolis XLIV Most passing yards , career , 2,576 Tom Brady -- 8 games , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most passing yards , game , 505 Tom Brady -- New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Most passing yards , quarter , 228 ( second ) Doug Williams -- Washington vs. Denver , XXII Longest pass , 85 yards ( TD ) Jake Delhomme ( to Muhsin Muhammad ) -- Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII Fewest passing yards by a Super Bowl MVP , 119 Roger Staubach -- Dallas vs. Miami , VI Highest average gain , career ( 40 attempts ) , 11.10 yards Terry Bradshaw -- Pittsburgh , 4 games ( 84 -- 932 ) , IX , X , XIII , XIV Highest average gain , game ( 20 attempts ) , 14.71 yards Terry Bradshaw -- Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams , XIV ( 21 -- 309 ) Most touchdown passes , career , 18 Tom Brady -- 8 games , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most touchdown passes , half , 4 Doug Williams , first half -- Washington vs. Denver , XXII Steve Young , first half -- San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Most touchdown passes , quarter , 4 ( second ) Doug Williams -- Washington vs. Denver , XXII Most touchdown passes , game , 6 Steve Young - San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Lowest percentage , passes had intercepted , career , ( 40 attempts ) , 0.00 % Jim Plunkett , Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders , 2 games ( 46 -- 0 ) , XV , XVIII Joe Montana , San Francisco , 4 games ( 122 -- 0 ) , XVI , XIX , XXIII , XXIV Most attempts , without interception , game , 48 Tom Brady -- New England vs. New York Giants , XLII , New England vs. Philadelphia Eagles , LII Most interceptions thrown , career , 8 John Elway -- Denver 5 games XXI , XXII , XXIV , XXXII , XXXIII Most interceptions thrown , game , 5 Rich Gannon -- Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Rushing ( edit ) Most attempts , career , 101 Franco Harris -- Pittsburgh IX , X , XIII , and XIV Most attempts , game , 38 John Riggins -- Washington vs. Miami , XVII Most rushing yards , career , 354 Franco Harris -- Pittsburgh IX , X , XIII , and XIV Most rushing yards , game , 204 Timmy Smith -- Washington vs. Denver , XXII Longest run from scrimmage , 75 yards ( TD ) Willie Parker -- Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL Most rushing touchdowns , career , 5 Emmitt Smith -- Dallas XXVII , XXVIII , and XXX Most rushing touchdowns , game , 3 Terrell Davis -- Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Highest average gain , career ( 20 attempts ) , 9.6 yards Marcus Allen -- Los Angeles Raiders , 1 game ( 20 -- 191 ) XVIII Highest average gain , game ( 10 attempts ) , 10.5 yards Tom Matte -- Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets , III ( 11 -- 116 ) Longest Touchdown Run , Quarterback , 15 yards Colin Kaepernick -- San Francisco vs. Baltimore Ravens , XLVII Most rushing yards , game , Quarterback , 64 yards Steve McNair -- Tennessee vs. St. Louis , XXXIV Receiving ( edit ) Most receptions , career , 33 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX ; Oakland XXXVII Most receptions , game , 14 James White -- New England vs. Atlanta , LI Most receiving yards , career , 589 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX ; Oakland XXXVII Most receiving yards , game , 215 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , XXIII Most receiving yards , game , tight end , 116 Rob Gronkowski -- New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Most receiving yards , game , running back , 110 James White -- New England vs. Atlanta , LI Longest reception , 85 yards ( TD ) Muhsin Muhammad -- ( from Delhomme ) , Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII ( TD ) Highest average gain , career ( 8 receptions ) , 24.4 yards John Stallworth -- Pittsburgh , 4 games ( 11 -- 268 ) Highest average gain , game ( 3 receptions ) , 40.33 yards John Stallworth -- Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams , XIV ( 3 -- 121 ) Most receiving touchdowns , career , 8 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX ; Oakland XXXVII Most receiving touchdowns , game , 3 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Most receiving touchdowns , game , Quarterback , 1 Nick Foles -- New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Combined yardage ( edit ) This category includes rushing , receiving , interception returns , punt returns , kickoff returns , and fumble returns . Most Attempts , career , 108 Franco Harris -- Pittsburgh 4 games IX , X , XIII , XIV Most Attempts , game , 39 John Riggins -- Washington vs. Miami , XVII Most yards gained , career , 604 Jerry Rice -- 4 games San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX ; Oakland XXXVII Most yards gained , game , 290 Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Fumbles ( edit ) Most fumbles , career , 5 Roger Staubach -- Dallas 4 games VI , X , XII , XIII Most fumbles , game , 3 Roger Staubach -- Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X Jim Kelly -- Buffalo vs. Washington , XXVI Frank Reich -- Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII Most fumbles recovered , career , 2 Jake Scott , Miami , 3 games ( 1 own , 1 opponent ) Fran Tarkenton , Minnesota , 3 games ( 2 own ) Franco Harris , Pittsburgh , 4 games ( 2 own ) Roger Staubach , Dallas , 4 games ( 2 own ) Bobby Walden , Pittsburgh , 2 games ( 2 own ) John Fitzgerald , Dallas , 4 games ( 2 own ) Randy Hughes , Dallas , 3 games ( 2 opponent ) Butch Johnson , Dallas , 2 games ( 2 own ) Mike Singletary , Chicago , 1 game ( 2 opponent ) John Elway , Denver , 5 games ( 2 own ) Jimmie Jones , Dallas , 2 games ( 2 opponent ) Kenneth Davis , Buffalo , 4 games ( 2 own ) Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams -- Arizona , 3 games ( 2 own ) Danny Trevathan , Denver , 2 games ( 1 own , 1 opponent ) Most fumbles recovered , game , 2 Jake Scott -- Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII ( 1 own , 1 opponent ) Roger Staubach -- Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X ( 2 own ) Randy Hughes -- Dallas vs. Denver , XII ( 2 opponent ) Butch Johnson -- Dallas vs. Denver , XII ( 2 own ) Mike Singletary -- Chicago vs. New England , XX ( 2 opponent ) Jimmie Jones -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII ( 2 opponent ) Danny Trevathan -- Denver vs. Carolina , 50 ( 1 own , 1 opponent ) Most fumble return yards , game , 64 yards Leon Lett -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII Longest fumble return , 64 yards Leon Lett -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII Longest fumble return for touchdown , 49 yards Mike Bass -- Washington vs. Miami , VII Most fumble returns for touchdowns , game , 1 Mike Bass -- Washington vs. Miami , VII ( opponent 49 yards ) Mike Hegman -- Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , XIII ( opponent 37 yards ) Jimmie Jones -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII ( opponent 2 yards ) Ken Norton , Jr . -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII ( opponent 9 yards ) James Washington -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVIII ( opponent 46 yards ) Malik Jackson -- Denver vs. Carolina , 50 ( opponent end zone ) Defense ( edit ) Most interceptions , career , 3 Chuck Howley -- Dallas 2 games , V , VI Rod Martin -- Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders 2 games XV , XVIII Larry Brown -- Dallas 3 games XXVII , XXVIII , XXX Most interceptions , game , 3 Rod Martin -- Oakland vs. Philadelphia , XV Most interception yards gained , career , 108 Darrien Gordon -- 4 games San Diego XXIX , Denver XXXII , XXXIII , Oakland XXXVII Most interception yards gained , game , 108 Darrien Gordon -- Denver vs. Atlanta , XXXIII Longest interception return , 100 yards , TD James Harrison -- Pittsburgh vs. Arizona , XLIII Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , game , 2 Dwight Smith -- Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most tackles , game , 13 Gary Brackett -- Indianapolis vs. New Orleans , XLIV Keanu Neal -- Atlanta vs. New England Most tackles , career , 22 Bobby Wagner -- Linebacker Seattle 2 games XLVIII , XLIX Most tackles plus assists , game , 18 ( 11 tackles , 7 assists ) Dan Morgan -- Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII Most sacks , career , 5 ( Sacks an official statistic since XVII by the NFL , sacks for all games shown by Pro Football Reference.com ) L.C. Greenwood -- 4 games Pittsburgh IX , X , XIII , XIV Most sacks , game , 4 L.C. Greenwood -- Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Most safeties , game , 1 Defensive , tackle in end zone Dwight White -- Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX ( Was first score of game ) Henry Waechter -- Chicago vs. New England , XX George Martin -- New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI Bruce Smith -- Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV Cliff Avril -- Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII ( Was first score of game ) Special teams Blocked punts Reggie Harrison -- Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Punter ran out of end zone Chris Culliver credited for safety -- San Francisco vs. Baltimore Ravens , XLVII Offensive penalties in end zone Justin Hartwig ( holding penalty ) -- center , Pittsburgh vs. Arizona , XLIII Tom Brady ( intentional grounding penalty ) -- quarterback , New England vs. New York Giants , XLVI ( Was first score of game ) Special teams ( edit ) Kickoff returns ( edit ) Longest kickoff return , 108 yards , TD Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Most kickoff returns , career , 10 Ken Bell -- Denver 3 games XXI , XXII , XXIV Most kickoff returns , game , 8 Andre Coleman -- San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Marcus Knight -- Oakland vs. Tampa Bay XXXVII Most kickoff return yards , career , 283 Fulton Walker -- Miami 2 games XVII , XIX Most kickoff return yards , game , 244 Andre Coleman -- San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Highest kickoff return average , career ( 4 returns ) , 42.0 yards Tim Dwight , Atlanta , 1 game ( 5 -- 210 ) XXXIII Highest kickoff return average , game ( 3 returns ) , 47.5 yards Fulton Walker , Miami vs. Washington , ( 4 -- 190 ) XVII Opening kickoff returned for touchdown , 1 time Devin Hester -- Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI Most kickoff returns for touchdowns , game , 1 Fulton Walker -- Miami vs. Washington , XVII Stanford Jennings -- Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII Andre Coleman -- San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Desmond Howard -- Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Tim Dwight -- Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Ron Dixon -- New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Jermaine Lewis -- Baltimore Ravens vs. New York Giants XXXV Devin Hester -- Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Percy Harvin -- Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Kickoffs ( edit ) Most kickoffs for touchback , 5 Lin Elliott -- 9 kickoffs , 5 touchbacks -- Dallas vs. Buffalo XXVII Stephen Gostkowski -- 5 kickoffs , 5 touchbacks -- New England vs. Seattle XLIX Punting ( edit ) Longest punt , 64 yards Ryan Allen -- New England vs. Seattle XLIX Most punts inside 10 yard line , game , 3 Steve Weatherford -- New York Giants vs. New England XLVI Most punts , game , 11 Brad Maynard -- New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens XXXV Most punts , career , 17 Mike Eischeid -- 3 games Oakland II , Minnesota VIII , IX Mike Horan -- 4 games Denver XXI , XXII , XXIV , St. Louis Rams XXXIV Highest punting average , career ( 10 punts ) , 46.5 yards Jerrel Wilson , Kansas City 2 games ( 11 -- 511 ) -- I , IV Highest punting average , game ( 4 punts ) , 50.2 yards Tom Rouen , Seattle vs. Pittsburgh , ( 6 -- 301 ) -- XL Punt returns ( edit ) Most punt returns , career , 8 Troy Brown -- New England 3 games XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX Most punt returns , game , 6 Mike Nelms -- Washington vs. Miami , XVII Desmond Howard -- Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Most fair catches , game , 4 Jermaine Lewis -- Baltimore Ravens vs. New York Giants , XXXV Karl Williams -- Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most punt return yards gained , career , 94 John Taylor -- San Francisco 3 games XXIII , XXIV , XXIX Most punt return yards gained , game , 90 Desmond Howard -- Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Longest punt return , 61 yards Jordan Norwood -- Denver vs. Carolina , 50 Highest average , punt return yardage , career ( 4 returns ) , 15.7 yards John Taylor , 3 games ( 6 -- 94 ) San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX Highest average , punt return yardage , game ( 3 returns ) , 18.7 yards John Taylor , San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , ( 3 -- 56 ) XXIII Most punt returns for touchdowns , game , 0 none Field goals ( edit ) Most field goals attempted , career , 10 Adam Vinatieri -- 5 games New England XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Most field goals attempted , game , 5 Jim Turner -- New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Efren Herrera -- Dallas vs. Denver , XII Most field goals , career , 7 Adam Vinatieri -- 5 games New England XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Game winning field goals Jim O'Brien 0 : 05 time left -- Baltimore Colts vs. Dallas , V Adam Vinatieri 0 : 00 time left -- New England vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXVI Adam Vinatieri 0 : 04 time left -- New England vs. Carolina , XXXVIII Most field goals , game , 4 Don Chandler -- Green Bay vs. Oakland , II Ray Wersching -- San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , XVI Most 40 - plus yard field goals , game , 3 Garrett Hartley -- New Orleans Saints vs. Indianapolis XLIV Longest field goal , 54 yards Steve Christie -- Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVIII Shortest field goal , 9 yards Jim Turner -- Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets III Mike Clark -- Dallas vs. Miami VI Note : The goal posts were moved to the back of the end zone in 1974 . As such , this record can not be broken without another change to the layout of the field . Standard field goal protocol does not currently allow a kick 17 yards or shorter . Points after touchdown ( edit ) Most ( one point ) PATs , career , 13 Adam Vinatieri -- 5 games New England XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Most ( one point ) extra points , game , 7 Mike Cofer -- San Francisco vs. Denver , ( 8 attempts ) XXIV Lin Elliot -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , ( 7 attempts ) XXVII Doug Brien -- San Francisco vs. San Diego , ( 7 attempts ) XXIX Most 2 point conversions , game , 1 Mark Seay -- San Diego vs. San Francisco XXIX Alfred Pupunu -- San Diego vs. San Francisco XXIX Mark Chmura -- Green Bay vs. New England XXXI Kevin Faulk -- New England vs. Carolina XXXVIII Lance Moore -- New Orleans vs. Indianapolis XLIV Antwaan Randle El -- Pittsburgh vs. Green Bay XLV Wes Welker -- Denver vs. Seattle XLVIII Bennie Fowler -- Denver vs. Carolina 50 James White - New England vs. Atlanta LI Danny Amendola - New England vs. Atlanta LI Team records ( edit ) All records can be referenced at NFL.com . Most Super Bowl appearances , 10 New England Patriots XX , XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most consecutive Super Bowl appearances , 4 Buffalo Bills XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII Most Super Bowl victories , 6 Pittsburgh Steelers IX , X , XIII , XIV , XL , XLIII Most consecutive Super Bowl victories , 2 ( occurred 8 times ) Green Bay Packers I , II Miami Dolphins VII , VIII Pittsburgh Steelers IX , X Pittsburgh Steelers XIII , XIV San Francisco 49ers XXIII , XXIV Dallas Cowboys XXVII , XXVIII Denver Broncos XXXII , XXXIII New England Patriots XXXVIII , XXXIX Most Super Bowl losses , 5 Denver Broncos XII , XXI , XXII , XXIV , XLVIII New England Patriots XX , XXXI , XLII , XLVI , LII Most consecutive Super Bowl losses , 4 Buffalo Bills XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII Super Bowl win with no home playoff games Green Bay Packers I -- 2 playoff games Kansas City Chiefs IV -- 3 playoff games Pittsburgh Steelers XL -- 4 playoff games New York Giants XLII -- 4 playoff games Green Bay Packers XLV -- 4 playoff games Most Super Bowl wins without a loss , 2 Baltimore Ravens -- XXXV , XLVII Longest Super Bowl win streak , 5 games San Francisco 49ers -- XVI , XIX , XXIII , XXIV , XXIX Most Super Bowl appearances without a win , 4 Minnesota Vikings IV , VIII , IX , XI Buffalo Bills XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII Most common matchup , 3 Pittsburgh Steelers vs. Dallas Cowboys X , XIII , XXX Scoring ( edit ) Points ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most points , game , 55 San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV Most consecutive points , game , 42 Washington vs. Denver , XXII Most points by a losing team , game , 33 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Fewest points , game , 3 Miami vs. Dallas , VI Fewest points by winning team , game , 14 Miami vs. Washington , VII Largest margin of victory , 45 points San Francisco 49ers vs. Denver , ( 55 -- 10 ) XXIV Smallest margin of victory , 1 point New York Giants vs. Buffalo , ( 20 -- 19 ) , XXV Most points scored , first half of play , 35 Washington vs. Denver , XXII Most points , second half of play , 30 New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI Most points scored in any quarter of play , 35 Washington vs. Denver , ( second quarter ) , XXII Most points , first quarter , 14 ( by 7 teams ) Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Oakland vs. Philadelphia , XV Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX New England vs. Green Bay , XXXI Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh , XLV Most points , second quarter , 35 Washington vs. Denver , XXII Most points , third quarter , 21 Chicago vs. New England , XX Most points , fourth quarter , 21 Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII Most points , overtime , 6 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Largest lead , end of first quarter , 14 points Miami vs. Minnesota , ( 14 -- 0 ) , VIII Oakland vs. Philadelphia , ( 14 -- 0 ) , XV Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh , ( 14 -- 0 ) , XLV Largest halftime margin , 25 points Washington vs. Denver , ( 35 -- 10 ) , XXII Largest halftime lead with a shutout , 22 points Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Largest lead , end of 3rd quarter , 41 points Chicago vs. New England , ( 44 -- 3 ) , XX Largest comeback , 25 points New England vs. Atlanta , LI Patriots behind 28 -- 3 . Won 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Largest 4th quarter comeback , 19 points New England vs. Atlanta , LI Patriots behind 28 -- 9 . Won 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Largest halftime comeback , 18 points New England vs. Atlanta , LI Patriots behind 21 -- 3 . Won 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Fewest points , first half , 0 ( 12 times ) Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets , III Minnesota 4 times - vs. Kansas City , IV , vs. Miami , VIII , vs. Pittsburgh , IX , vs. Oakland , XI Washington vs. Miami , VII Denver 2 times - vs. Dallas , XII , vs. Seattle , XLVIII Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XVI Buffalo vs. Washington , XXVI Tennessee vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXIV New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Fewest points , second half , 0 ( 8 times ) Kansas City vs. Green Bay , I Dallas vs. Baltimore Colts , V Miami 4 times -- vs. Dallas , VI , vs. Washington , VII , vs. Washington , XVII , vs. San Francisco , XIX Super Bowl VII was the only time that a team failed to score in the second half and won . Denver vs. Washington , XXII Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVIII Both teams ( edit ) Most points , game , 75 San Francisco ( 49 ) vs. San Diego ( 26 ) , XXIX Fewest points , game , 21 Miami ( 14 ) vs. Washington ( 7 ) , VII Most points , first half , 45 Washington ( 35 ) vs. Denver ( 10 ) , XXII Most points , second half , 46 Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 28 ) vs. Oakland Raiders ( 18 ) , XXXVII Fewest points , first half , 2 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 ) vs. Minnesota Vikings ( 0 ) , IX Fewest points , second half , 7 Miami Dolphins ( 0 ) vs. Washington ( 7 ) , VII Washington ( 7 ) vs. Denver ( 0 ) , XXII Most points , first quarter , 24 Green Bay ( 10 ) vs. New England ( 14 ) , XXXI Most points , second quarter , 35 Washington ( 35 ) vs. Denver ( 0 ) , XXII Most points , third quarter , 24 Washington ( 14 ) vs. Buffalo ( 10 ) , XXVI Baltimore Ravens ( 7 ) vs. San Francisco ( 17 ) , XLVII Most points , fourth quarter , 37 New England ( 18 ) vs. Carolina ( 19 ) , XXXVIII Most points , overtime , 6 New England ( 6 ) vs. Atlanta ( 0 ) , LI Most lead changes , game , 7 Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams , XIV Most lead changes in the fourth quarter , 3 New England vs. New York Giants , XLII Both teams scoring over 30 points , 3 Pittsburgh ( 35 ) vs. Dallas ( 31 ) , XIII Baltimore Ravens ( 34 ) vs. San Francisco ( 31 ) , XLVII Philadelphia ( 41 ) vs. New England ( 33 ) , LII Touchdowns ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most touchdowns , game , 8 San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV Most touchdowns , losing team , game , 4 Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , XIII Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII Atlanta vs. New England , LI New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Fewest touchdowns , winning team , game , 1 New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Fewest touchdowns , game , 0 Miami vs. Dallas , VI Longest touchdown scoring drive , 96 yards Chicago vs. New England , XX Indianapolis vs. New Orleans , XLIV New England vs. New York Giants , XLVI Both teams ( edit ) Most touchdowns , game , 10 San Francisco ( 7 ) vs. San Diego ( 3 ) , XXIX Fewest touchdowns , game , 2 New York Jets ( 1 ) vs. Baltimore Colts ( 1 ) , III Points after touchdown ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most ( one point ) PATs , game , 7 San Francisco vs. Denver , ( 8 attempts ) XXIV Dallas vs. Buffalo , ( 7 attempts ) XXVII San Francisco vs. San Diego , ( 7 attempts ) XXIX Most two point conversions , game , 2 San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX New England vs. Atlanta , LI Most missed PATs , game , 3 Oakland ( 3 2pt tries ) vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Philadelphia ( 1 K , 2 2pt tries ) vs. New England , LII Both teams ( edit ) Most ( one point ) PATs , game , 9 Pittsburgh ( 5 ) vs. Dallas ( 4 ) , XIII Dallas ( 7 ) vs. Buffalo ( 2 ) ( XXVII ) Fewest ( one point ) PATs , game , 2 Baltimore Colts ( 1 ) vs. New York Jets ( 1 ) , III Baltimore Colts ( 1 ) vs. Dallas ( 1 ) , V Minnesota ( 0 ) vs. Pittsburgh ( 2 ) , IX Denver ( 1 ) vs. Carolina ( 1 ) , 50 Most two point conversions , game , 2 San Diego ( 2 ) vs. San Francisco ( 0 ) , XXIX New England ( 2 ) vs. Atlanta ( 0 ) , LI Most total PATs , game , 10 San Diego ( 2 2 pt , 1 k ) vs. San Francisco ( 7 k ) , XXIX Most missed PATs , game , 4 New England ( 1 K ) vs. Philadelphia ( 1 K , 2 2pt tries ) , LII Field goals ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most field goals attempted , game , 5 New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Dallas vs. Denver , XII Most field goals , game , 4 Green Bay vs. Oakland , II San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , XVI Most fake field goals attempted , game , 1 Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco 49ers , XLVII Both teams ( edit ) Most field goals attempted , game , 7 New York Jets ( 5 ) vs. Baltimore Colts ( 2 ) , III San Francisco ( 4 ) vs. Cincinnati ( 3 ) , XXIII St. Louis ( 4 ) vs. Tennessee ( 3 ) , XXXIV Denver ( 4 ) vs. Atlanta ( 3 ) , XXXIII Fewest field goals attempted , game , 1 Minnesota ( 0 ) vs. Miami ( 1 ) , VIII San Francisco ( 0 ) vs. Denver ( 1 ) , XXIV Philadelphia ( 0 ) vs. New England ( 1 ) , XXXIX New England ( 0 ) vs. New York Giants ( 1 ) , XLII New England ( 0 ) vs. Seattle ( 1 ) , XLIX Most field goals , game , 5 Cincinnati ( 3 ) vs. San Francisco ( 2 ) , XXIII Dallas ( 3 ) vs. Buffalo ( 2 ) , XXVIII Baltimore Ravens ( 2 ) vs. San Francisco ( 3 ) , XLVII New England ( 2 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 3 ) , LII Most field goals without miss , game , 5 Dallas ( 3 ) vs. Buffalo ( 2 ) , XXVIII Baltimore Ravens ( 2 ) vs. San Francisco ( 3 ) , XLVII Fewest field goals , game , 0 Miami vs. Washington , VII Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX Safeties ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most safeties , game , 1 Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Chicago vs. New England , XX New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV Arizona vs. Pittsburgh , XLIII New York Giants vs. New England , XLVI San Francisco vs. Baltimore Ravens , XLVII Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Offense ( edit ) Net yards gained ( edit ) Combined rushing and passing Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most net yards , rushing and passing , game , 613 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Fewest net yards , rushing and passing , game , 119 Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Fewest Total Yards , Winning Team , game , 194 Denver vs. Carolina , 50 Most offensive plays , game , 93 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Both teams ( edit ) Most net yards , rushing and passing , game , 1,151 New England ( 613 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 538 ) , LII -- all - time NFL record for any game , whether regular - season or postseason Fewest net yards , rushing and passing , game , 396 New York Giants ( 152 ) vs. Baltimore Ravens ( 244 ) , XXXV Rushing ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most rushing attempts , game , 57 Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX Fewest rushing attempts , winning team , game , 13 St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh XLV Fewest rushing attempts , game , 9 Miami vs. San Francisco , XIX Most yards rushing , game , 280 Washington vs. Denver , XXII Fewest rushing yards , winning team , game , 29 St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Fewest yards rushing , game , 7 New England vs. Chicago , XX Highest average gain per rush attempt , game , 7.00 yards Los Angeles Raiders vs. Washington , ( 33 -- 231 ) , XVIII Washington vs. Denver , ( 40 -- 280 ) , XXII Lowest average gain per rush attempt , game , 0.64 yards New England vs. Chicago , ( 11 -- 7 ) XX Most rushing touchdowns , game , 4 Chicago vs. New England , XX Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Fewest rushing touchdowns , game , 0 ( 34 teams ) 2 times -- Minnesota , Denver , Green Bay , New York Giants 3 times -- Oakland , Dallas , Miami 4 times -- New England Kansas City vs. Green Bay , I Oakland vs. Green Bay , II Dallas vs. Baltimore Colts V Miami vs. Dallas VI Washington vs. Miami VII Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Minnesota vs. Oakland , XI Dallas vs. Steelers , XIII Oakland vs. Philadelphia , XV Philadelphia vs. Oakland , XV Miami vs. Washington , XVII Miami vs. San Francisco , XIX New England vs. Chicago , XX Denver vs. Washington XXII Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , XXIII Green Bay vs. Denver , XXXII Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV New England vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXVI Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Seattle vs. Pittsburgh , XL Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI New York Giants vs. New England , XLII Arizona vs. Pittsburgh , XLIII New Orleans vs. Indianapolis , XLIV Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh , XLV New England vs. New York Giants , XLVI Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Denver vs. Seattle , XLVIII New England vs. Seattle , XLIX Both teams ( edit ) Most rushing attempts , game , 81 Washington ( 52 ) vs. Miami ( 29 ) , XVII Fewest rushing attempts , game , 36 Green Bay ( 13 ) vs. Pittsburgh ( 23 ) , XLV Most yards rushing , game , 377 Washington ( 280 ) vs. Denver ( 97 ) , XXII Fewest yards rushing , game , 91 Arizona ( 33 ) vs. Pittsburgh ( 58 ) , XLIII Most rushing touchdowns , game , 4 Miami ( 3 ) vs. Minnesota ( 1 ) , VIII Chicago ( 4 ) vs. New England ( 0 ) , XX San Francisco ( 3 ) vs. Denver ( 1 ) , XXIV Denver ( 4 ) vs. Green Bay ( 0 ) , XXXII Fewest rushing touchdowns , game , 0 Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Oakland vs. Philadelphia , XV Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII Passing ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most passing attempts , game , 63 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Fewest passing attempts , game , 7 Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Most passes completed , game , 43 New England vs. Atlanta LI Fewest passes completed , game , 4 Miami vs. Washington , XVII Highest completion percentage , game ( 20 attempts ) , 88.0 % New York Giants vs. Denver , ( 25 -- 22 ) , XXI Lowest completion percentage , game ( 20 attempts ) , 32.0 % Denver vs. Dallas , ( 25 -- 8 ) , XII Most yards passing , game , 500 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Fewest yards passing , game , 35 Denver vs. Dallas , XII Highest average yards gained per pass attempt , game , 14.7 yards Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams ( 309 -- 21 ) , XIV Lowest average yards gained per pass attempt , game , 1.4 yards Denver vs. Dallas ( 35 -- 25 ) , XII Most times intercepted , game , 5 Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Most times sacked , game , 7 Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X New England vs. Chicago , XX Carolina vs. Denver , 50 Fewest times sacked , game , 0 ( 13 teams ) 2 times -- Denver , Philadelphia 3 times -- Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets , III Baltimore Colts vs. Dallas , V Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams , XIV Philadelphia vs. Oakland , XV Washington vs. Buffalo , XXVI Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Denver vs. Atlanta , XXXIII Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII New England vs. Carolina , XXXVIII Indianapolis vs. New Orleans , XLIV Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Most passing touchdowns , game , 6 San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Fewest passing touchdowns , game , 0 ( 21 teams ) 2 times -- Miami , Washington , Buffalo 3 times -- Minnesota 4 times -- Denver New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets , III Minnesota vs. Kansas City IV Miami vs. Dallas VI Washington vs. Miami VII Minnesota vs. Miami , VIII Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Denver vs. Dallas , XII Washington vs. Los Angeles Raiders , XVIII Chicago vs. New England , XX Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII Denver vs. San Francisco , XXIV Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVIII Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVIII Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Tennessee vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXIV New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Carolina vs. Denver , 50 Denver vs. Carolina , 50 Most players , 100 - or - more receiving yards , game , 3 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII ( Danny Amendola 152 , Chris Hogan 128 , Rob Gronkowski 116 ) Both teams ( edit ) Most passes attempted , game , 93 San Diego ( 55 ) vs. San Francisco ( 38 ) , XXIX New England ( 49 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 44 ) , LII Fewest passes attempted , game , 35 Miami ( 7 ) vs. Minnesota ( 28 ) , VIII Most passes completed , game , 63 New Orleans ( 32 ) vs. Indianapolis ( 31 ) , XLIV Fewest passes completed , game , 19 Miami ( 4 ) vs. Washington ( 15 ) , XVII Highest completion percentage , game , 75.0 % New Orleans ( 82.1 % ) vs. Indianapolis ( 68.9 % ) , XLIV Most yards passing , game , 874 New England ( 500 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 374 ) , LII Fewest yards passing , game , 156 Miami ( 69 ) vs. Washington ( 87 ) , VII Most times sacked , game , 12 Carolina ( 7 ) vs. Denver ( 5 ) , 50 Fewest times sacked , game , 1 Philadelphia ( 0 ) vs. Oakland ( 1 ) , XV Denver ( 0 ) vs. Green Bay ( 1 ) , XXXII New Orleans ( 1 ) vs. Indianapolis ( 0 ) , XLIV Seattle ( 0 ) vs. Denver ( 1 ) , XLVIII Philadelphia ( 0 ) vs. New England ( 1 ) , LII Most passing touchdowns , game , 7 Pittsburgh ( 4 ) vs. Dallas ( 3 ) , XIII San Francisco ( 6 ) vs. San Diego ( 1 ) , XXIX New England ( 3 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 4 ) , LII Fewest passing touchdowns , game , 0 New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVIII Carolina vs. Denver , 50 First downs ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most first downs , game , 37 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Fewest first downs , game , 9 Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Miami vs. Washington , XVII Most first downs rushing , game , 16 San Francisco vs. Miami , XIX Fewest first downs , rushing , game , 1 New England vs. Chicago , XX St. Louis vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII New England vs. Seattle XLIX Most first downs , passing , game , 26 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Fewest first downs , passing , game , 1 Denver vs. Dallas , XII Most first downs , penalty , game , 4 Baltimore Colts vs. Dallas , V Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XVI Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII St. Louis vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Pittsburgh vs. Arizona , XLIII New England vs. Atlanta , LI Both teams ( edit ) Most first downs , game , 54 New England ( 37 ) vs. Atlanta ( 17 ) , LI New England ( 29 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 25 ) , LII Fewest first downs , game , 24 Dallas ( 10 ) vs. Baltimore Colts ( 14 ) , V New York Giants ( 11 ) vs. Baltimore Ravens ( 13 ) , XXXV Most first downs , rushing , game , 21 Washington ( 14 ) vs. Miami ( 7 ) , XVII Fewest first downs , rushing , game , 6 Arizona ( 2 ) vs. Pittsburgh ( 4 ) , XLIII Most first downs , passing , game , 42 New England ( 23 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 19 ) , LII Fewest first downs , passing , game , 9 Denver ( 1 ) vs. Dallas ( 8 ) , XII Most first downs , penalty , game , 6 Cincinnati ( 4 ) vs. San Francisco ( 2 ) , XVI St. Louis ( 4 ) vs. Tennessee ( 2 ) , XXXIV Fewest first downs , penalty , game , 0 Dallas vs. Miami , VI Miami vs. Washington , VII Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X Miami vs. San Francisco , XIX Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL Pittsburgh vs. Green Bay XLV Lowest 3rd down conversion rate , game , 13.8 % Denver ( 1 -- 14 ) vs. Carolina ( 3 -- 15 ) , 50 Defense ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most Interceptions by , game , 5 Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most yards gained by interception return , game , 172 Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most touchdowns scored by interception return , game , 3 Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most sacks , game , 7 Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Chicago vs. New England , XX Denver vs. Carolina , 50 Fewest yards allowed , 119 Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX Most yards allowed , 613 Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Most yards allowed in a win , 613 Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Both teams ( edit ) Most Interceptions by , game , 6 Baltimore Colts ( 3 ) vs. Dallas ( 3 ) , V Tampa Bay ( 5 ) vs. Oakland ( 1 ) , XXXVII Fewest Interceptions by , game , 0 Buffalo vs. New York Giants XXV St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee XXXIV Fewest yards allowed , 396 Baltimore Ravens ( 152 ) vs. New York Giants ( 244 ) , XXXV Most yards allowed , 1151 Philadelphia ( 613 ) vs. New England ( 538 ) , LII Most yards gained by interception return , game , 184 Tampa Bay ( 172 ) vs. Oakland Raiders ( 12 ) , XXXVII Most sacks by , game , 12 Denver ( 7 ) vs. Carolina ( 5 ) , 50 Fewest sacks by , game , 1 Philadelphia ( 1 ) vs. New England ( 0 ) , LII Fumbles ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most fumbles , game , 8 Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII Most fumbles lost , game , 5 Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII Most fumbles recovered , game , 8 Dallas vs. Denver , XII ( 4 own , 4 opponent ) Both teams ( edit ) Most fumbles , both teams , game , 12 Buffalo ( 8 ) vs. Dallas ( 4 ) , XXVII Fewest fumbles , both teams , game , 0 Los Angeles Rams vs. Pittsburgh , XIV Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL New Orleans vs. Indianapolis , XLIV New England vs. Seattle XLIX Most fumbles lost , both teams , game , 7 Buffalo ( 5 ) vs. Dallas ( 2 ) , XXVII Fewest fumbles lost , both teams , game , 0 ( 15 times ) 2 times -- Green Bay , Dallas , Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams , Denver , Seattle 3 times -- New York Giants , New England 4 times -- Pittsburgh Green Bay vs. Kansas City , I Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X Los Angeles Rams vs. Pittsburgh , XIV Denver vs. New York Giants , XXI Denver vs. Washington , XXII Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , XXX Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL New Orleans vs. Indianapolis , XLIV New York Giants vs. New England , XLVI New England vs. Seattle XLIX Turnovers ( edit ) Turnovers are defined as the number of times losing the ball on interceptions and fumbles . Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most turnovers , game , 9 Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII Fewest turnovers , game , 0 ( 20 teams ) 2 times -- Oakland , San Francisco 3 times -- Green Bay , New York Giants Green Bay vs. Oakland , II Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Oakland vs. Minnesota , XI Oakland vs. Philadelphia XV New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV New York Giants vs. Buffalo , XXV San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , XXX Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Tennessee vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXIV Baltimore Ravens vs. New York Giants , XXXV New England vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXVI New Orleans vs. Indianapolis , XLIV Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh , XLV New York Giants vs. New England , XLVI Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Both teams ( edit ) Most turnovers , game , 11 Baltimore Colts ( 7 ) vs. Dallas ( 4 ) , V Buffalo ( 9 ) vs. Dallas ( 2 ) , XXVII Fewest turnovers , game , 0 Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Kickoff returns ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most kickoff returns , game , 9 Denver vs. San Francisco , XXIV Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Fewest kickoff returns , game , 0 Seattle vs. New England XLIX Most yards gained , game , 244 San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Fewest yards gained , game , 0 Seattle vs. New England XLIX Highest average gain , game ( 3 returns ) , 44.0 yards Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII ( 3 -- 132 ) Most touchdowns , game , 1 Miami vs. Washington , XVII Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Baltimore Ravens vs. New York Giants , XXXV New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Both teams ( edit ) Most kickoff returns , game , 13 Oakland ( 9 ) vs. Tampa Bay ( 4 ) , XXXVII Fewest kickoff returns , game , 3 New England ( 3 ) vs. Seattle ( 0 ) , XLIX Most yards gained , game , 312 Baltimore Ravens ( 206 ) vs. San Francisco ( 106 ) , XLVII Fewest yards gained , game , 49 New England ( 49 ) vs. Seattle ( 0 ) , XLIX Most touchdowns , game , 2 Baltimore Ravens ( 1 ) vs. New York Giants ( 1 ) , XXXV Punting ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most punts , game , 11 New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Fewest punts , game , 0 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Highest average , game ( 4 punts ) , 50.17 yards Seattle vs. Pittsburgh , ( 6 -- 301 ) , XL Lowest average , game ( 4 punts ) , 31.00 yards Tampa Bay vs. Oakland ( 4 -- 124 ) , XXXVII Most punts inside the 10 yard line , 3 NY Giants vs. New England , XLVI Both teams ( edit ) Most punts , game , 21 New York Giants ( 11 ) vs. Baltimore Ravens ( 10 ) , XXXV Fewest punts , game , 1 Philadelphia ( 1 ) vs. New England ( 0 ) , LII Punt returns ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most punt returns , game , 6 Washington vs. Miami , XVII Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Fewest punt returns , game , 0 Minnesota vs. Miami , VIII Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV Washington vs. Buffalo , XXVI Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Green Bay vs. Denver , XXXII Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Denver vs. Atlanta , XXXIII New England vs. New York Giants , XLVI Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Most yards gained , game , 90 Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Fewest yards gained , game , -- 1 Dallas vs. Miami , VI Tennessee vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXIV Highest average return yardage , game ( 3 returns ) , 18.7 yards San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , ( 3 -- 56 ) , XXIII Both teams ( edit ) Most punt returns , game , 10 Green Bay ( 6 ) vs. New England ( 4 ) , XXXI Fewest punt returns , game , 0 Denver vs. Green Bay XXXII Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Most yards gained , game , 120 Green Bay ( 90 ) vs. New England ( 30 ) , XXXI Fewest yards gained , game , 0 Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Penalties ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most penalties , game , 12 Dallas vs. Denver , XII Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII Carolina vs. Denver , 50 Fewest penalties , game , 0 Miami vs. Dallas , VI Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Denver vs. San Francisco , XXIV Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Most yards penalized , game , 133 yards Dallas vs. Baltimore Colts , V Fewest yards penalized , game , 0 Miami vs. Dallas , VI Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Denver vs. San Francisco , XXIV Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Both teams ( edit ) Most penalties , game , 20 Dallas ( 12 ) vs. Denver ( 8 ) , XII Carolina ( 12 ) vs. New England ( 8 ) , XXXVIII Fewest penalties , game , 2 Pittsburgh ( 0 ) vs. Dallas ( 2 ) , X Most yards penalized , game , 164 yards Dallas ( 133 ) vs. Baltimore Colts ( 31 ) , V Fewest yards penalized , game , 15 yards Miami ( 0 ) vs. Dallas ( 15 ) , VI Time ( edit ) Fastest score from start of game , ( 12 seconds ) Seattle Seahawks , safety ( XLVIII ) Least Playing Time In The Lead by winning team , ( 0 minutes , 0 seconds ) New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons ( LI ) Most Playing Time In The Lead by losing team , ( 41 minutes , 18 seconds ) Atlanta Falcons vs. New England Patriots ( LI ) Most Playing Time In The Lead , ( 59 minutes , 48 seconds ) Seattle Seahawks ( XLVIII ) Longest time before first score , team , ( 57 minutes , 53 seconds ) Washington Redskins ( VII ) Longest time before either team scores , ( 26 minutes , 55 seconds ) Carolina Panthers vs. New England Patriots ( XXXVIII ) Time of Possession , ( 40 minutes , 33 seconds ) New York Giants ( XXV ) Longest drive , ( 9 minutes , 59 seconds ) New York Giants ( XLII ) Longest Super Bowl , elapsed time between kickoff and end of game , 4 hours , 14 minutes ( includes 34 minute power outage in the 3rd quarter ) Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco ( XLVII ) Longest Super Bowl , amount of playing time , 63 minutes , 58 seconds ( overtime game ) New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons ( LI ) Longest drought without repeat World Champions 13 years ( the 2004 New England Patriots remain the last repeat World Champions ) Coaching ( edit ) Most games as head coach , 8 Bill Belichick : New England Patriots ( XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , and LII ) Most Super Bowl wins as head coach , 5 Bill Belichick : New England Patriots ( XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLIX and LI ) Most appearances as a coach , 11 Bill Belichick -- assistant coach New York Giants XXI , XXV , New England XXXI , head coach New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most Super Bowl losses , 4 Bud Grant : Minnesota ( IV , VIII , IX , and XI ) Don Shula : Baltimore Colts ( III ) , Miami Dolphins ( VI , XVII , and XIX ) Marv Levy : Buffalo Bills ( XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII ) Dan Reeves : Denver Broncos ( XXI , XXII and XXIV ) , Atlanta Falcons ( XXXIII ) Won as a Player and a Coach Tom Flores : Kansas City ( IV ) , Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders ( XV , XVIII ) Mike Ditka : Dallas ( VI ) , Chicago ( XX ) Tony Dungy : Pittsburgh ( XIII ) , Indianapolis ( XLI ) Doug Pederson : Green Bay ( XXXI ) , Philadelphia ( LII ) Played and Coached for the same team in a Super Bowl Gary Kubiak : Denver Broncos ( player XXI , XXII , XXIV , coach 50 ) Most teams as head coach , 2 Don Shula : Baltimore Colts , Miami Dolphins Dick Vermeil : Philadelphia Eagles , St. Louis Rams Dan Reeves : Denver Broncos , Atlanta Falcons Bill Parcells : New York Giants , New England Patriots Mike Holmgren : Green Bay Packers , Seattle Seahawks John Fox : Carolina Panthers , Denver Broncos Youngest to win , 36 years , 341 days Mike Tomlin : Pittsburgh Steelers ( XLIII ) Oldest to win , 65 years , 158 days Tom Coughlin : New York Giants ( XLVI ) Most seasons between appearances , 19 Dick Vermeil : Philadelphia Eagles , St. Louis Rams ( XV and XXXIV ) Most Super Bowl wins with a different starting quarterback , 3 Joe Gibbs : Washington Redskins XVII ( Joe Theismann ) , XXII , ( Doug Williams ) , XXVI ( Mark Rypien ) Teams winning with 3 different head coaches Dallas Cowboys : Tom Landry ( VI , XII ) , Jimmy Johnson ( XXVII , XXVIII ) , Barry Switzer ( XXX ) Pittsburgh Steelers : Chuck Noll ( IX , X , XIII , XIV ) , Bill Cowher ( XL ) , Mike Tomlin ( XLIII ) Green Bay Packers : Vince Lombardi ( I , II ) , Mike Holmgren ( XXXI ) , Mike McCarthy ( XLV ) Popularity ( edit ) Most - Watched Television Broadcast , 114.5 million viewers XLIX Seattle vs. New England - Highest rated broadcast of all time . Highest stadium audience attendance , 103,985 XIV Los Angeles Rams vs. Pittsburgh Steelers Non-occurrences ( edit ) In the history of the Super Bowl , the following firsts have yet to occur : An all - wild card matchup ( teams who failed to win their divisions ) -- Ten wild card teams have won conference titles since the AFL -- NFL merger , but never two in the same season . The closest the NFL has come to having an all - wild card Super Bowl occurred during the 2010 -- 11 NFL playoffs when the New York Jets , a wild card team , reached the AFC Championship Game where they played the Pittsburgh Steelers . The Pittsburgh Steelers beat the New York Jets 24 -- 19 . In the subsequent Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers faced another wild card team , the Green Bay Packers , who beat them 31 -- 25 . Every Super Bowl has had a first or second seeded team . A shutout -- Every Super Bowl participant to date has scored . In five cases , the offenses have failed to score a touchdown . In four of those cases , the special teams scored the only touchdown : Super Bowl VI : The Miami Dolphins finished with 3 points , the fewest by a single team in a Super Bowl to date ( and the only team to date to fail to score a touchdown ) . Super Bowl VII : The Washington Redskins , after blocking a field goal attempt , returned a fumble on an attempted pass by the Dolphins kicker , Garo Yepremian , for a touchdown and converted the extra point with 2 : 07 remaining in the game . Super Bowl IX : The Minnesota Vikings recovered a blocked punt in the end zone but did not convert the extra point with 10 : 33 left in the game . Super Bowl XXIII : The Cincinnati Bengals scored on a 93 - yard kickoff return with extra point in the third quarter and kicked 3 field goals throughout the game . Super Bowl XXXV : The New York Giants scored on a 97 - yard kickoff return and converted the extra point in the third quarter . A punt return for a touchdown . There have been 3 blocked punts returned for touchdowns , however . Home field advantage ( playing in one 's own home stadium ) -- No team has ever played in a Super Bowl hosted in its home stadium . On two occasions a team has played in a Super Bowl hosted in its metropolitan area but in a different stadium : The Los Angeles Rams played in Super Bowl XIV at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , which is about 30 miles from their then - home stadium , the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , and the San Francisco 49ers played in Super Bowl XIX at Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto , which is about 25 miles south of the former site of their then - home stadium , Candlestick Park , in San Francisco . The Minnesota Vikings are currently the only team to have come within one win of playing in a Super Bowl in their home stadium , as they lost in the NFC Championship Game in 2017 when their home field , US Bank Stadium , was scheduled to host Super Bowl LII . The Vikings , however , would have remained designated as the `` road team '' had they advanced to the Super Bowl , in keeping with the NFC team being scheduled to be so designated . Two teams from the same metropolitan area : Two cities currently have two franchises : New York hosts both the Giants and the Jets . Beginning with the 2017 NFL season , Los Angeles hosts both the Chargers and the Rams . Also two pairs of teams share a common metropolitan area , although they are based in different cities : the Baltimore Ravens and the Washington Redskins ; as well as the San Francisco 49ers and Oakland Raiders . All of the teams mentioned above except for the Chargers have won a Super Bowl , but never against their neighbor . Super Bowl XLI between the Indianapolis Colts and Chicago Bears represents the geographically closest teams , separated by only 164 miles . One game involved teams from the same state : Super Bowl XXIX involved the San Francisco 49ers and the San Diego Chargers . Super Bowl XXV involved the Buffalo Bills of New York and the New York Giants , who also historically and nominally represented the state but were by this point based in New Jersey . An appearance by every team -- Four teams have yet to reach their first Super Bowl : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Houston Texans and Jacksonville Jaguars . The Lions and Browns both won NFL championships in the pre-Super Bowl era , most recently in 1957 and 1964 , respectively . The Jaguars and Texans are post-merger expansion teams that began play in 1995 and 2002 , respectively . Every team winning -- 12 teams have yet to win their first Super Bowl : the Arizona Cardinals , Atlanta Falcons , Buffalo Bills , Carolina Panthers , Cincinnati Bengals , Los Angeles Chargers , Minnesota Vikings , and Tennessee Titans , along with the four that have not appeared in a Super Bowl . The Chargers , the Titans ( known as the Houston Oilers in the 1960s ) , and the Bills all won American Football League ( AFL ) championships in the pre-Super Bowl era . The Cardinals both won NFL championships in the pre-Super Bowl era . The Vikings won the 1969 NFL Championship Game , the last NFL Championship Game before the AFL -- NFL merger , but lost Super Bowl IV to the AFL champs , the Kansas City Chiefs . Since the merger , the Vikings have appeared in the Super Bowl three more times ( Super Bowl VIII , Super Bowl IX , and most recently in Super Bowl XI ) but lost all three of them . Thus the Jaguars , Texans , Bengals , Falcons , and Panthers have yet to win their first league championship . Every team losing -- The Baltimore Ravens , New Orleans Saints , New York Jets , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and the four teams that have never reached a Super Bowl have yet to lose a Super Bowl . No touchdowns scored -- In every Super Bowl to date , there have been at least two touchdowns scored ( Fewest combined -- 2 , in Super Bowl III ) . A three - peat . Two teams ( the New England Patriots and the Dallas Cowboys ) won three Super Bowl titles in four years and the Pittsburgh Steelers won 4 Super Bowl titles in 6 years , which included back to back championships twice . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls from 1971 -- 1973 , winning the final two , making them the team having come closest to a three - peat . The Green Bay Packers were the 1965 NFL Champions and won the first two Super Bowls following their victories in the 1966 and 1967 NFL Championship Games . The Buffalo Bills appeared in four consecutive Super Bowls , but lost every time . Fair catch kick -- A fair catch kick has never been attempted in the Super Bowl . The only scenario in which a fair catch kick was seriously considered was at the end of regulation in Super Bowl LI , when Patriots head coach Bill Belichick considered a 75 - yard fair catch kick attempt . Belichick decided against it , however , since the kick would not have had a realistic chance of success and could have been returned by the Atlanta Falcons for a game - winning touchdown . A head coach leading two different teams to Super Bowl victories . Four Super Bowl - winning coaches also coached another team but lost : Don Shula , Bill Parcells , Mike Holmgren and Dick Vermeil . References ( edit ) General `` Super Bowl History '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl Records '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl History '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinfuss , Josh ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Cards broadcaster lost 5 Super Bowls '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` best - of - super-bowl - lii '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicky ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Super Bowl 50 : Records , stats from Broncos ' victory '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foles caught TD on same trick play Brady once used against Philly '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : SI Wire ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Every Super Bowl record set or tied in Super Bowl 50 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records set / tied in Super Bowl XLVII '' . Fox Sports . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198801310den.htm Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII -- Records Set and Tied '' . National Football League . February 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records set in Super Bowl XLIV '' . The Times - Picayune . February 7 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : - All 17 records broken in Eagles - Patriots - CBSSports.com ^ Jump up to : Bergman , Jeremy ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` At least 30 records set or tied in Super Bowl LI '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/records/superbowls/player/combined ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIII statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl X statistics '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks stomp Broncos for Super Bowl win '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/records/superbowls/player/safeties Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/records/superbowls/player/kickreturns Jump up ^ `` Records set / tied in Super Bowl XLVIII '' . Fox Sports . February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Offenses set records for futility in Super Bowl 50 '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl XLIX is most - watched show in U.S. history '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busbee , Jay ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Yahoo ! Sports : Super Bowl XLIX was the most - watched television program in history '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeCosta - Klipa , Nick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Belichick passed up an opportunity to end Super Bowl 51 in the weirdest possible way '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Super Bowl Records Pro Football Reference Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League records and leaders General Super Bowl records Team playoff records Team records Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts 99 - yard pass play All - purpose yards Scoring Passing Career Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards 5,000 passing yards Completions Passer rating Wins Playoff win -- loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards Completion percentage Rating Game Touchdowns Perfect passer rating 400 passing yards Rushing Career Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receiving Career Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards Receptions Defense Career Sacks Interceptions Annual Sacks Interceptions Special teams Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Kickoff return yards National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_records&oldid=836093868 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists National Football League records and achievements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 17 : 07 . 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-5510568262802424926 | List of countries by motor vehicle production | List of countries by motor vehicle production - wikipedia List of countries by motor vehicle production Motor vehicles produced by country in 2013 . This is a list of countries by motor vehicle production based on Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles ( OICA ) and other data from 2016 and earlier . Figures include passenger cars , light commercial vehicles , minibuses , trucks , buses and coaches . EX denotes that the country 's motor vehicle production rank is unknown . # Country 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2005 2000 1995 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 Peak production Peak year World 97,302,534 95,057,929 90,780,583 89,747,430 87,507,027 84,141,209 80,092,840 77,629,127 66,482,439 58,374,162 50,046,000 48,553,969 38,564,516 29,419,484 16,488,340 10,577,426 97,302,534 2017 China 29,015,434 28,118,794 24,503,326 23,722,890 22,116,825 19,271,808 18,418,876 18,264,761 5,717,619 2,069,069 1,434,772 509,242 222,288 87,166 22,574 ? 29,015,434 2017 United States 11,189,985 12,198,137 12,100,095 11,660,699 11,066,432 10,335,765 8,661,535 7,743,093 11,946,653 12,799,857 11,985,457 9,782,997 8,009,841 8,283,949 7,905,119 8,005,859 13,024,978 1999 Japan 9,693,746 9,204,590 9,278,321 9,774,558 9,630,181 9,943,077 8,398,630 9,628,920 10,799,659 10,140,796 10,195,536 13,486,796 11,042,884 5,289,157 481,551 31,597 13,486,796 1990 Germany 5,645,581 5,746,808 6,033,164 5,907,548 5,718,222 5,649,260 6,146,948 5,905,985 5,757,710 5,526,615 4,667,364 4,976,552 3,878,553 3,842,247 2,056,149 306,064 6,213,460 2007 India 4,782,896 4,519,341 4,160,585 3,840,160 3,898,425 4,174,713 3,927,411 3,557,073 1,638,674 801,360 636,000 362,655 113,917 76,409 51,136 14,688 4,782,896 2017 6 South Korea 4,114,913 4,228,509 4,555,957 4,524,932 4,521,429 4,561,766 4,657,094 4,271,741 3,699,350 3,114,998 2,526,400 1,321,630 123,135 28,819 0 0 4,657,094 2011 7 Mexico 4,068,415 3,600,365 3,565,469 3,365,306 3,054,849 3,001,814 2,681,050 2,342,282 1,684,238 1,935,527 935,017 820,558 490,006 192,841 49,807 0 4,068,415 2017 8 Spain 2,848,335 2,885,922 2,733,201 2,402,978 2,163,338 1,979,179 2,373,329 2,387,900 2,752,500 3,032,874 2,333,787 2,053,350 1,181,659 539,132 58,209 0,253 3,032,874 2000 9 Brazil 2,699,672 2,156,356 2,429,463 3,364,890 3,712,380 3,402,508 3,407,861 3,381,728 2,530,840 1,681,517 1,629,008 914,466 1,165,174 416,089 133,041 0 3,712,380 2013 10 France 2,227,000 2,082,000 1,972,000 1,817,000 1,740,000 1,967,765 2,242,928 2,229,421 3,549,008 3,348,361 3,474,705 3,768,993 3,378,433 2,750,086 1,369,210 357,512 3,919,776 1989 11 Canada 2,199,789 2,370,271 2,283,474 2,393,890 2,379,806 2,463,364 2,135,121 2,068,189 2,687,892 2,961,636 2,407,999 1,947,106 1,369,607 1,159,504 397,739 387,726 3,058,813 1999 12 Thailand 1,988,823 1,944,417 1,915,420 1,880,007 2,457,057 2,429,142 1,457,798 1,644,513 1,122,712 411,721 533,200 304,843 73,347 22,055 0 0 2,457,057 2013 13 United Kingdom 1,749,385 1,816,622 1,682,156 1,598,879 1,597,433 1,576,945 1,463,999 1,393,463 1,803,109 1,813,894 1,765,000 1,565,957 1,312,914 2,098,498 1,810,700 783,672 2,332,376 1963 14 Turkey 1,695,731 1,485,927 1,358,796 1,170,445 1,125,534 1,072,978 1,189,131 1,094,557 879,452 430,947 282,000 209,150 50,881 25,000 0 0 1,695,731 2017 15 Russia 1,551,293 1,303,989 1,384,399 1,886,646 2,184,266 2,233,103 1,990,155 1,403,244 1,354,504 1,205,581 994,000 ? ? ? ? ? 2,233,103 2012 16 Iran 1,515,396 1,164,710 982,337 1,090,846 743,647 1,000,089 1,649,311 1,599,454 1,077,190 277,985 44,665 161,000 35,000 1,649,311 2011 17 Czech Republic 1,419,993 1,349,896 1,303,603 1,251,220 1,132,931 1,178,995 1,199,845 1,076,384 602,237 455,492 216,000 ? ? ? ? ? 1,419,993 2017 18 Indonesia 1,216,615 1,177,389 1,098,780 1,298,523 1,206,368 1,052,895 838,388 702,508 500,710 379,300 292,710 103,000 1,298,523 2014 19 Italy 1,142,210 1,103,516 1,014,223 697,864 658,206 671,768 790,348 838,186 1,038,352 1,738,315 1,667,270 2,120,850 1,610,287 1,854,252 644,633 127,847 2,220,774 1989 20 Slovakia 1,001,520 1,040,000 1,035,503 993,000 975,000 926,555 639,763 561,933 218,349 181,783 22,600 - - - - - 1,040,000 2016 21 Poland 689,729 681,837 660,603 593,904 590,159 654,756 838,133 869,474 613,200 504,972 381,000 347,975 417,834 113,087 37,000 1,000 950,908 2008 22 South Africa 589,951 599,004 615,658 566,083 545,913 539,424 532,545 472,049 525,227 345,297 334,779 404,766 297,573 615,658 2015 23 Hungary 505,400 472,000 495,370 437,599 222,400 217,840 202,800 211,461 152,015 137,398 53,000 3,000 505,400 2017 24 Argentina 472,158 472,776 533,683 617,329 791,007 764,495 828,771 716,540 319,755 339,632 286,000 99,639 281,793 219,599 89,000 828,771 2011 25 Malaysia 460,140 513,445 614,671 596,600 601,407 572,150 533,695 567,715 563,408 282,830 164,000 191,580 104,227 601,407 2013 26 Belgium 379,140 399,427 409,340 516,832 503,504 538,848 595,084 555,302 926,515 1,033,294 468,000 1,248,290 923,426 296,000 1,000 1,248,290 1990 27 Morocco 376,286 345,106 288,329 231,986 167,452 108,743 59,477 42,066 33,992 31,314 376,286 2017 28 Romania 359,250 359,306 387,177 391,422 410,997 337,765 335,232 350,912 194,802 78,165 93,000 94,000 124,000 59,000 12,000 410,997 2013 29 Taiwan 291,563 309,531 351,085 379,223 338,720 339,038 343,296 303,456 446,345 361,800 406,000 382,000 446,345 2005 30 Vietnam 236,161 236,161 50,000 48,871 37,576 40,470 31,181 42,286 31,600 6,862 236,161 2017 31 Pakistan 230,250 214,650 229,686 148,746 134,145 165,700 162,194 152,970 153,393 31,500 230,250 2017 32 Sweden 226,000 205,374 188,987 154,173 161,080 162,814 188,969 217,084 339,229 301,343 490,000 344,000 317,000 311,000 129,000 28,000 494,000 1999 33 Slovenia 189,852 133,702 133,092 118,591 93,734 130,949 174,119 205,711 187,247 98,953 212,749 2009 34 Portugal 175,544 143,096 156,626 161,509 154,016 163,561 192,242 158,723 226,834 245,784 57,000 26,000 91,000 271,030 1998 35 Netherlands 157,280 44,430 44,122 29,807 29,183 57,462 73,151 94,132 102,204 98,823 132,000 111,000 97,000 79,000 19,000 307,220 1999 36 Uzbekistan 140,247 88,152 185,400 245,660 246,641 164,180 179,560 156,880 94,437 32,273 246,641 2013 37 Philippines 116,686 116,686 112,493 106,938 52,260 55,360 53,921 65,625 64,492 38,877 107,000 213,402 2007 38 Austria 99,880 108,000 125,500 154,340 166,428 143,060 152,505 104,814 253,279 141,026 68,000 20,000 14,000 7,000 13,000 274,932 2006 39 Australia 98,632 161,294 173,009 180,311 215,926 209,730 224,193 243,495 394,713 347,122 331,000 284,000 361,000 475,000 204,000 58,000 498,000 40 Finland 91,598 55,280 69,053 45,035 7,703 2,900 2,540 6,665 21,644 38,926 91,598 2017 41 Serbia 79,912 80,320 83,630 103,150 113,878 11,032 11,023 18,033 14,179 12,740 ? ? ? ? 42 Colombia 74,994 79,036 78,070 71,137 70,686 32,466 41,714 109,333 23,979 ? 34,850 43,000 109,333 43 Algeria 60,606 42,008 19,346 1,244 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 44 Egypt 36,640 36,230 36,000 42,515 39,050 56,480 81,731 116,683 123,425 59,765 123,425 2005 45 Kazakhstan 19,071 10,651 14,477 40,162 40,684 19,186 8,195 3,176 ? ? 40,684 2013 46 Belarus 13,428 16,864 15,033 22,990 22,926 25,425 24,343 15,249 26,995 19,324 40,100 29,800 18,700 2,400 40,100 1980 47 Ukraine 9,542 5,264 8,244 28,751 50,449 76,281 104,654 83,133 215,759 31,255 206,700 115,700 7,500 18,300 423,127 2008 48 Ecuador 2,700 2,700 4,800 5,986 24,322 24,322 24,322 22,335 32,254 41,047 41,047 2000 49 Tunisia 1,940 1,940 540 540 1,860 1,860 1,860 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? 50 Venezuela 1,774 2,850 18,300 19,759 71,753 104,083 102,409 104,357 135,425 21,190 96,400 153,000 175,458 2006 51 Bangladesh 580 580 540 536 ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? EX Bulgaria ? ? ? ? 2,508 2,200 0 0 0 0 2,200 ? 21,000 12,000 21,000 1990 EX North Korea ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3,000 ? ? ? ? EX New Zealand ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? ? 90,000 55,178 32,409 9,731 123,000 1982 EX Ireland ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? ? 47,000 47,000 1981 Azerbaijan 0 247 415 2,145 669 ? ? ? ? ? ? 2,145 2014 Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 829 829 829 257 960 792 ? ? ? ? Kenya 0 0 0 0 3,080 3,080 2,945 0 405 288 ? ? ? ? Uruguay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14,404 ? ? ? ? Chile 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,700 6,660 5,245 10,804 2007 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,937 7,834 ? ? ? ? Peru 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,566 ? ? ? ? ? Note 2 . Former countries -- Soviet Union -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2,039,600 2,199,200 916,118 523,591 362,985 2,247,500 1985 -- Yugoslavia -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 239,000 278,000 124,000 16,000 1,000 318,300 -- Czechoslovakia -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 242,000 233,112 169,920 75,000 31,000 242,000 1990 -- East Germany -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 216,585 153,378 77,350 8,243 264,444 1986 Countries by volume of production since 1950 Countries by shares of production since 1950 See also ( edit ) List of countries by motor vehicle production in the 2000s List of countries by motor vehicle production in the 2010s List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production Automotive industry by country List of countries by vehicles per capita Automotive industry References and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Statistic definitions ^ Jump up to : `` World motor vehicle production by country and type '' ( PDF ) . OICA . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ OICA 2016 statistic Jump up ^ OICA 2015 statistic Jump up ^ OICA 2014 statistic Jump up ^ OICA 2013 statistic Jump up ^ OICA 2012 statistic Jump up ^ OICA 2011 statistic ^ Jump up to : OICA . World Motor Vehicle Production by country 2010 - 2011 Jump up ^ OICA 2010 statistic Jump up ^ OICA 2005 statistic Jump up ^ OICA 2000 statistic ^ Jump up to : RITA . Table 1 - 23 : World Motor Vehicle Production , Selected Countries ^ Jump up to : IMF Auto Report 2000 ^ Jump up to : OICA : Production Statistics ^ Jump up to : Ward 's : World Motor Vehicle Data 2007 . - Wards Communications , Southfield MI 2007 , ISBN 0910589534 ^ Jump up to : Michigan Statistical Abstract 1996 . Table XIV - 1 - University of Michigan , 1996 ISBN 0 - 472 - 08370 - 8 ^ Jump up to : UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA METROPOLITANA UNIDAD El sector automotriz Mexicano ante el tratado de libre comercio de america del norte , 1994 ^ Jump up to : Production automobile mondiale par continent et pour les principaux pays constructeurs , 1898 2011. xls Production automobile mondiale par continent et pour les principaux pays constructeurs , 1898 - 2011 ( Tableau mde , contint , grds pays ) Archived 2008 - 04 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 15,168,000 according to other sources Jump up ^ 1977 according to other sources Jump up ^ `` Development History Of Japanese Automobile Industry '' . carfromjapan.com. 2014 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ West Germany before 1990 ^ Jump up to : cars only ^ Jump up to : some manufacturers ( BMW , Mercedes - Benz , Audi , Jaguar Land Rover ) are not reported Jump up ^ 544,989 according to other sources Jump up ^ 3,648,358 according to other sources ^ Jump up to : Cars and LCV only Jump up ^ 4,200,000 according to other sources Jump up ^ 1979 according to other sources Jump up ^ 1,907,045 according to other sources Jump up ^ RSFSR before 1992 Jump up ^ 1,038,912 according to other sources ^ Jump up to : estimate Jump up ^ 1,006,000 according to other sources Jump up ^ 1961 ^ Jump up to : 1991 ^ Jump up to : manufacturers ' data Jump up ^ SR Slovenia before 1993 Jump up ^ DAF missing Jump up ^ Uzbek SSR before 1992 Jump up ^ SR Serbia before 1993 Jump up ^ Kazakh SSR before 1992 Jump up ^ Belorussian SSR before 1992 Jump up ^ Ukrainian SSR before 1992 Jump up ^ Azerbaijan SSR before 1992 External links ( edit ) OICA statistic Lists of countries by industrial output rankings Metallurgy Aluminium Al O Bauxite Bismuth Copper smelter Gold Iron ore Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury Palladium Platinum Silver rom Tin Titanium Uranium reserves Zinc Mineral Antimony Bentonite Feldspar Fluorite Silicon Salt Emissions CO per capita GDP per Greenhouse gas per capita Others Manufacturing Cement Motor vehicles Paper Refrigerators Washing machines List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Automotive industry Car Motor vehicle By country Africa Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Ivory Coast Libya Kenya Morocco Namibia Nigeria South Africa Sudan Tunisia Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Myanmar Cambodia China manufacturers Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan manufacturers Kazakhstan Lebanon Malaysia North Korea Pakistan Philippines South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Uzbekistan Europe Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic automobiles Denmark Finland France manufacturers Germany manufacturers Greece Hungary Italy manufacturers Ireland Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia manufacturers Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Spain Sweden manufacturers Switzerland Ukraine Yugoslavia United Kingdom manufacturers North America Canada Mexico United States manufacturers South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Venezuela Oceania Australia New Zealand Data Automobile sales by model Best - selling automobiles Countries by motor vehicle production Countries by car exports Countries by vehicles per capita Top manufacturers History Automotive industry crisis of 2008 -- 10 History of the automobile History of the internal combustion engine History of the motorcycle Timeline of motor vehicle brands Manufacturers Automobile manufacturers marques Motorcycle manufacturers Truck manufacturers Minor automotive manufacturing groups Organisations Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems European Automobile Manufacturers Association Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles Related topics Auto and motor shows Automotive design Automotive engineering Automotive standards People Commons List Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production&oldid=836797621 '' Categories : Lists of countries by production Automotive industry by country Automotive industry Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Official website not in Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Deutsch فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Latviešu 日本 語 Português Română Русский தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 22 : 19 . 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"\n\n#\nCountry\n2017[2]\n2016\n[3]\n2015\n[4]\n2014\n[5]\n2013\n[6]\n2012\n[7]\n2011\n[8][9]\n2010\n[9][10]\n2005\n[11]\n2000\n[12][13]\n1995\n[13][14]\n1990\n[15][16]\n[17]\n1980\n[15][16][17][18]\n1970\n[15][16][17][18]\n1960\n[15][16][17][18]\n1950\n[15][16]\nPeak\nproduction\n[15][16][13][19][14][17][2]\nPeak\nyear\n[15][16][13][19][14][17]\n\n\n\nWorld\n97,302,534\n95,057,929\n90,780,583\n89,747,430\n87,507,027\n84,141,209\n80,092,840\n77,629,127\n66,482,439\n58,374,162\n50,046,000\n48,553,969\n38,564,516\n29,419,484\n16,488,340\n10,577,426\n97,302,534\n2017\n\n\n1\nChina\n29,015,434\n28,118,794\n24,503,326\n23,722,890\n22,116,825\n19,271,808\n18,418,876\n18,264,761\n5,717,619\n2,069,069\n1,434,772\n509,242\n222,288\n87,166\n22,574\n?\n29,015,434\n2017\n\n\n2\nUnited States\n11,189,985\n12,198,137\n12,100,095\n11,660,699\n11,066,432\n10,335,765\n8,661,535\n7,743,093\n11,946,653\n12,799,857\n11,985,457\n9,782,997\n8,009,841\n8,283,949\n7,905,119\n8,005,859\n13,024,978[20]\n1999[21]\n\n\n3\nJapan\n9,693,746\n9,204,590\n9,278,321[22]\n9,774,558\n9,630,181\n9,943,077\n8,398,630\n9,628,920\n10,799,659\n10,140,796\n10,195,536\n13,486,796\n11,042,884\n5,289,157\n481,551\n31,597\n13,486,796\n1990\n\n\n4\nGermany[23]\n5,645,581[24]\n5,746,808[24]\n6,033,164\n5,907,548\n5,718,222\n5,649,260\n6,146,948\n5,905,985\n5,757,710\n5,526,615\n4,667,364\n4,976,552\n3,878,553\n3,842,247\n2,056,149\n306,064\n6,213,460\n2007\n\n\n5\nIndia\n4,782,896[25]\n4,519,341[25]\n4,160,585[25]\n3,840,160\n3,898,425\n4,174,713\n3,927,411\n3,557,073\n1,638,674\n801,360\n636,000[26]\n362,655\n113,917\n76,409\n51,136\n14,688\n4,782,896\n2017\n\n\n6\nSouth Korea\n4,114,913\n4,228,509\n4,555,957\n4,524,932\n4,521,429\n4,561,766\n4,657,094\n4,271,741\n3,699,350\n3,114,998\n2,526,400\n1,321,630\n123,135\n28,819\n0\n0\n4,657,094\n2011\n\n\n7\nMexico\n4,068,415\n3,600,365\n3,565,469\n3,365,306\n3,054,849\n3,001,814\n2,681,050\n2,342,282\n1,684,238\n1,935,527\n935,017\n820,558\n490,006\n192,841\n49,807\n0\n4,068,415\n2017\n\n\n8\nSpain\n2,848,335\n2,885,922\n2,733,201\n2,402,978\n2,163,338\n1,979,179\n2,373,329\n2,387,900\n2,752,500\n3,032,874\n2,333,787\n2,053,350\n1,181,659\n539,132\n58,209\n0,253\n3,032,874\n2000\n\n\n9\nBrazil\n2,699,672\n2,156,356\n2,429,463\n3,364,890\n3,712,380\n3,402,508\n3,407,861\n3,381,728[27]\n2,530,840\n1,681,517\n1,629,008\n914,466\n1,165,174\n416,089\n133,041\n0\n3,712,380\n2013\n\n\n10\nFrance\n2,227,000\n2,082,000[28]\n1,972,000[28]\n1,817,000[28]\n1,740,000[28]\n1,967,765\n2,242,928\n2,229,421\n3,549,008\n3,348,361\n3,474,705\n3,768,993\n3,378,433\n2,750,086\n1,369,210\n357,512\n3,919,776[29]\n1989[30]\n\n\n11\nCanada\n2,199,789\n2,370,271\n2,283,474\n2,393,890\n2,379,806\n2,463,364\n2,135,121\n2,068,189\n2,687,892\n2,961,636\n2,407,999\n1,947,106\n1,369,607\n1,159,504\n397,739\n387,726\n3,058,813\n1999\n\n\n12\nThailand\n1,988,823\n1,944,417\n1,915,420\n1,880,007\n2,457,057\n2,429,142\n1,457,798\n1,644,513\n1,122,712\n411,721\n533,200\n304,843\n73,347\n22,055\n0\n0\n2,457,057\n2013\n\n\n13\nUnited Kingdom\n1,749,385\n1,816,622\n1,682,156\n1,598,879\n1,597,433\n1,576,945\n1,463,999\n1,393,463\n1,803,109\n1,813,894\n1,765,000[31]\n1,565,957\n1,312,914\n2,098,498\n1,810,700\n783,672\n2,332,376\n1963\n\n\n14\nTurkey\n1,695,731\n1,485,927\n1,358,796\n1,170,445\n1,125,534\n1,072,978\n1,189,131\n1,094,557\n879,452\n430,947\n282,000\n209,150\n50,881\n25,000\n0\n0\n1,695,731\n2017\n\n\n15\nRussia[32]\n1,551,293\n1,303,989\n1,384,399\n1,886,646\n2,184,266\n2,233,103\n1,990,155\n1,403,244\n1,354,504\n1,205,581\n994,000[33]\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n2,233,103\n2012\n\n\n16\nIran\n1,515,396\n1,164,710[34]\n982,337\n1,090,846\n743,647\n1,000,089\n1,649,311\n1,599,454\n1,077,190\n277,985\n\n44,665\n161,000\n35,000\n\n\n1,649,311\n2011\n\n\n17\nCzech Republic\n1,419,993\n1,349,896\n1,303,603\n1,251,220\n1,132,931\n1,178,995\n1,199,845\n1,076,384\n602,237\n455,492\n216,000\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n1,419,993\n2017\n\n\n18\nIndonesia\n1,216,615\n1,177,389\n1,098,780\n1,298,523\n1,206,368\n1,052,895\n838,388\n702,508\n500,710\n379,300\n292,710\n\n103,000\n\n\n\n1,298,523\n2014\n\n\n19\nItaly\n1,142,210\n1,103,516\n1,014,223\n697,864\n658,206\n671,768\n790,348\n838,186\n1,038,352\n1,738,315\n1,667,270\n2,120,850\n1,610,287\n1,854,252\n644,633\n127,847\n2,220,774\n1989\n\n\n20\nSlovakia\n1,001,520\n1,040,000\n1,035,503\n993,000\n975,000\n926,555\n639,763\n561,933\n218,349\n181,783\n22,600\n-\n-\n-\n-\n-\n1,040,000\n2016\n\n\n21\nPoland\n689,729\n681,837\n660,603\n593,904\n590,159\n654,756\n838,133\n869,474\n613,200\n504,972\n381,000\n347,975\n417,834\n113,087\n37,000\n1,000\n950,908[35]\n2008\n\n\n22\nSouth Africa\n589,951\n599,004\n615,658\n566,083\n545,913\n539,424\n532,545\n472,049\n525,227\n345,297\n\n334,779\n404,766\n297,573\n\n\n615,658\n2015\n\n\n23\nHungary\n505,400\n472,000\n495,370[34]\n437,599\n222,400\n217,840\n202,800\n211,461\n152,015\n137,398\n53,000\n\n\n\n3,000\n\n505,400\n2017\n\n\n24\nArgentina\n472,158[28]\n472,776[28]\n533,683[28]\n617,329\n791,007\n764,495\n828,771\n716,540\n319,755\n339,632\n286,000\n99,639\n281,793\n219,599\n89,000\n\n828,771\n2011\n\n\n25\nMalaysia\n460,140\n513,445[34]\n614,671\n596,600\n601,407\n572,150\n533,695\n567,715\n563,408\n282,830\n164,000\n191,580\n104,227\n\n\n\n601,407\n2013\n\n\n26\nBelgium\n379,140\n399,427\n409,340\n516,832\n503,504\n538,848\n595,084\n555,302\n926,515\n1,033,294\n468,000\n1,248,290\n923,426\n296,000\n1,000[13][36]\n\n1,248,290\n1990\n\n\n27\nMorocco\n376,286\n345,106\n288,329\n231,986\n167,452[34]\n108,743[34]\n59,477\n42,066\n33,992\n31,314\n\n\n\n\n\n\n376,286\n2017\n\n\n28\nRomania\n359,250\n359,306\n387,177\n391,422\n410,997\n337,765\n335,232\n350,912\n194,802\n78,165\n93,000\n94,000[13][37]\n124,000\n59,000\n12,000\n\n410,997\n2013\n\n\n29\nTaiwan\n291,563\n309,531\n351,085\n379,223\n338,720\n339,038\n343,296\n303,456\n446,345\n361,800\n406,000\n382,000[13][37]\n\n\n\n\n446,345\n2005\n\n\n30\nVietnam\n236,161[34]\n236,161\n50,000[34]\n48,871\n37,576[34]\n40,470[34]\n31,181\n42,286\n31,600[34]\n6,862[38]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n236,161\n2017\n\n\n31\nPakistan\n230,250\n214,650\n229,686\n148,746\n134,145\n165,700\n162,194\n152,970\n153,393\n31,500\n\n\n\n\n\n\n230,250\n2017\n\n\n32\nSweden\n226,000\n205,374\n188,987[24]\n154,173[24]\n161,080[24]\n162,814[24]\n188,969[24]\n217,084\n339,229\n301,343\n490,000\n344,000[13][37]\n317,000\n311,000\n129,000\n28,000\n494,000\n1999\n\n\n33\nSlovenia[39]\n189,852\n133,702\n133,092\n118,591\n93,734\n130,949\n174,119\n205,711\n187,247\n98,953\n\n\n\n\n\n\n212,749\n2009\n\n\n34\nPortugal\n175,544\n143,096\n156,626\n161,509\n154,016\n163,561\n192,242\n158,723\n226,834\n245,784\n57,000\n26,000[13][37]\n91,000\n\n\n\n271,030\n1998\n\n\n35\nNetherlands\n157,280\n44,430[34]\n44,122[34]\n29,807[34]\n29,183\n57,462\n73,151[40]\n94,132\n102,204\n98,823\n132,000\n111,000[13][37]\n97,000\n79,000\n19,000\n\n307,220\n1999\n\n\n36\nUzbekistan[41]\n140,247\n88,152\n185,400\n245,660\n246,641\n164,180[34]\n179,560\n156,880\n94,437\n32,273\n\n\n\n\n\n\n246,641\n2013\n\n\n37\nPhilippines\n116,686[34]\n116,686\n112,493[34]\n106,938\n52,260[34]\n55,360[34]\n53,921\n65,625\n64,492\n38,877\n107,000\n\n\n\n\n\n213,402\n2007\n\n\n38\nAustria\n99,880\n108,000[34]\n125,500[34]\n154,340[34]\n166,428[34]\n143,060[34]\n152,505\n104,814\n253,279\n141,026\n68,000\n20,000[13][37]\n14,000\n7,000\n13,000\n\n274,932\n2006\n\n\n39\nAustralia\n98,632\n161,294\n173,009\n180,311\n215,926\n209,730\n224,193\n243,495\n394,713\n347,122\n331,000\n284,000[13][37]\n361,000\n475,000\n204,000\n58,000\n498,000\n1974\n\n\n40\nFinland\n91,598\n55,280[34]\n69,053[34]\n45,035[34]\n7,703\n2,900[34]\n2,540\n6,665\n21,644\n38,926\n\n\n\n\n\n\n91,598\n2017\n\n\n41\nSerbia[42]\n79,912\n80,320\n83,630[34]\n103,150\n113,878\n11,032\n11,023\n18,033\n14,179\n12,740\n\n\n\n\n\n\n??\n??\n\n\n42\nColombia\n74,994\n79,036[34]\n78,070[34]\n71,137\n70,686[34]\n32,466\n41,714\n109,333\n23,979[38]\n?\n34,850[34]\n43,000\n\n\n\n\n109,333\n2010\n\n\n43\nAlgeria\n60,606\n42,008\n19,346\n1,244\n0\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n??\n??\n\n\n44\nEgypt\n36,640\n36,230[34]\n36,000[34]\n42,515\n39,050[34]\n56,480[34]\n81,731\n116,683\n123,425\n59,765\n\n\n\n\n\n\n123,425\n2005\n\n\n45\nKazakhstan[43]\n19,071\n10,651\n14,477\n40,162\n40,684\n19,186\n8,195\n3,176\n?\n?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n40,684\n2013\n\n\n46\nBelarus[44]\n13,428\n16,864\n15,033\n22,990\n22,926\n25,425\n24,343\n15,249\n26,995\n19,324\n\n\n40,100\n29,800\n18,700\n2,400\n40,100\n1980\n\n\n47\nUkraine[45]\n9,542\n5,264\n8,244\n28,751\n50,449\n76,281\n104,654\n83,133\n215,759\n31,255\n\n\n206,700\n115,700\n7,500\n18,300\n423,127\n2008\n\n\n48\nEcuador\n2,700[34]\n2,700[34]\n4,800[34]\n5,986\n24,322[34]\n24,322[34]\n24,322\n22,335\n32,254\n41,047\n\n\n\n\n\n\n41,047\n2000\n\n\n49\nTunisia\n1,940[34]\n1,940[34]\n540[34]\n540[34]\n1,860[34]\n1,860[34]\n1,860\n0\n?\n?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n??\n??\n\n\n50\nVenezuela\n1,774\n2,850\n18,300\n19,759\n71,753\n104,083\n102,409\n104,357\n135,425\n21,190\n96,400\n\n153,000\n\n\n\n175,458\n2006\n\n\n51\nBangladesh\n580[34]\n580[34]\n540[34]\n536\n?\n?\n?\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n??\n??\n\n\nEX\nBulgaria\n?\n?\n?\n?\n2,508[34]\n2,200\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2,200\n?\n21,000\n12,000\n\n\n21,000\n1990\n\n\nEX\nNorth Korea\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n\n\n\n\n\n3,000\n??\n??\n\n\nEX\nNew Zealand\n?\n?\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n?\n?\n90,000\n55,178\n32,409\n9,731\n123,000\n1982\n\n\nEX\nIreland\n?\n?\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n?\n?\n47,000\n\n\n\n47,000\n1981\n\n\n\nAzerbaijan[46]\n0\n247\n415\n2,145\n669[34]\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n\n\n\n\n\n2,145\n2014\n\n\n\nZimbabwe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n829[34]\n829[34]\n829[34]\n257\n960\n792\n\n\n\n\n\n\n??\n??\n\n\n\nKenya\n0\n0\n0\n0\n3,080[34]\n3,080[34]\n2,945\n0\n405\n288\n\n\n\n\n\n\n??\n??\n\n\n\nUruguay\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n14,404\n\n\n\n\n\n\n??\n??\n\n\n\nChile\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n4,700\n6,660[34]\n5,245[38]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10,804\n2007\n\n\n\nNigeria\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2,937\n7,834\n\n\n\n\n\n\n??\n??\n\n\n\nPeru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1,566\n?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n??\n??\n\n\n\nNote 2.\nFormer countries\n\n\n—\nSoviet Union\n\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n2,039,600\n2,199,200\n916,118\n523,591\n362,985\n2,247,500\n1985\n\n\n—\nYugoslavia\n\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n239,000[13][37]\n278,000\n124,000\n16,000\n1,000\n318,300\n1988\n\n\n—\nCzechoslovakia\n\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n242,000\n233,112\n169,920\n75,000\n31,000\n242,000\n1990\n\n\n—\nEast Germany\n\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n216,585\n153,378\n77,350\n8,243\n264,444\n1986\n\n"
] | [
"China"
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7314660245166724122 | Rangers F.C. in European football | Rangers F.C. in European football - wikipedia Rangers F.C. in European football Jump to : navigation , search Rangers played their first official match in competitive European football on 2 October 1956 . To date , the club has featured in over 300 matches and played in three UEFA sanctioned tournaments as well as an additional two other European competitions , namely the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and the European Super Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Matches in Europe 2.1 1950s 2.2 1960s 2.3 1970s 2.4 1980s 2.5 1990s 2.6 2000s 2.7 2010s 3 Records by 3.1 Country of opposition 3.2 Competition 3.3 Honours 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) Barcelona scoring against Rangers in a Champions League match at Camp Nou . The club 's first ever match against European opponents , however , was a friendly match against Austrian side First Vienna in the 1903 -- 04 season during a tour of Austria and Czechoslovakia which resulted in six victories from six matches . They won the match 7 -- 2 . The club 's first competitive match was a European Cup second - round game against OGC Nice of France . The match ended in a 2 -- 1 home victory for Rangers thanks to goals from Max Murray ( Rangers ' first European goal scorer ) and Billy Simpson . In season 1960 -- 61 , Rangers took part in the inaugural European Cup Winners Cup . In this season they became the second British club to reach a European final , ( emulating Birmingham City who had reached the final of the Inter-cities Fairs Cup the previous year ) , eventually losing 4 -- 1 on aggregate to Fiorentina . Rangers were also runners - up to Bayern Munich in 1966 -- 67 . However , they did go on to win the trophy in 1972 after defeating Dynamo Moscow . The 1982 -- 83 season saw Rangers play in the UEFA Cup for the first time . They defeated German side Borussia Dortmund in the first round but were knocked out in the following round by another side from Germany , 1 . FC Köln . Over a quarter of a century after their first appearance they reached the 2008 UEFA Cup Final . They played Russian side Zenit Saint Petersburg at the City of Manchester Stadium , but lost 2 -- 0 after an exhausting season of football , where Rangers were aiming for four trophies , but ultimately ended up with only two - the Scottish League Cup and Scottish Cup . Rangers became the first British club to appear in the UEFA Champions League , when in 1992 they defeated Leeds United in a tie dubbed the Battle of Britain due to the clubs being the respective champions of Scotland and England . In this , the inaugural season of the Champions League , the tournament was open only to national champions , with knock - out rounds leading to a group stage of eight teams in two groups of four , and only the winners of each group progressing to a one - off final match . Although unbeaten , Rangers finished second in Group A , one point behind French champions Marseille , who defeated A.C. Milan in the final . The French club were later involved in a match - fixing scandal and were stripped of their national title . It is not clear whether the group stage of the 1992 -- 93 Champions League should be considered as a semi-final , given that the winners of each group went into the final , or as a quarter - final , given that it was contested by the last eight teams in the competition . However , Rangers ' second - placed finish in their group made them one of the top four teams in that season 's tournament -- their highest ever finish in the UEFA Champions League and equalling their 1959 -- 60 run to the semi-finals in its predecessor format of the competition , the European Cup . Rangers became the first Scottish club to qualify from both the Champions League group stage in 2005 -- 06 and the UEFA Cup group stage in 2006 -- 07 . Season 2011 -- 12 was Rangers ' 51st European campaign . However , due to entering administration in 2012 and the subsequent liquidation of Rangers Football Club PLC , the club was barred from European competition by UEFA for three seasons . Rangers was not eligible for participation in European competition until 2015 - 16 . Matches in Europe ( edit ) 1950s ( edit ) Season Competition Round Opposition Score 1956 -- 57 European Cup Second Round OGC Nice 2 -- 1 , 1 -- 2 , 1 -- 3 1957 -- 58 European Cup First Round AS Saint - Étienne 3 -- 1 , 1 -- 2 Second Round A.C. Milan 1 -- 4 , 0 -- 2 1959 -- 60 European Cup First Round Anderlecht 5 -- 2 , 2 -- 0 Second Round Red Star Bratislava 4 -- 3 , 1 -- 1 Quarter - Final Sparta Rotterdam 3 -- 2 , 0 -- 1 , 3 -- 2 Semi-Final Eintracht Frankfurt 1 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 1960s ( edit ) Season Competition Round Opposition Score 1960 -- 61 Cup Winners Cup First Round Ferencvaros 4 -- 2 , 1 -- 2 Quarter - Final Borussia Mönchengladbach 3 -- 0 , 8 -- 0 Semi-Final Wolverhampton Wanderers 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 Final ACF Fiorentina 0 -- 2 , 1 -- 2 1961 -- 62 European Cup First Round AS Monaco 3 -- 2 , 3 -- 2 Second Round ASK Vorwärts Berlin 2 -- 1 , 4 -- 1 Quarter - Final Standard Liège 1 -- 4 , 2 -- 0 1962 -- 63 Cup Winners Cup First Round Sevilla 4 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 Second Round Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 5 , 2 -- 3 1963 -- 64 European Cup First Round Real Madrid 0 -- 1 , 0 -- 6 1964 -- 65 European Cup First Round Red Star Belgrade 3 -- 1 , 2 -- 4 , 3 -- 1 Second Round Rapid Vienna 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 Quarter - Final Inter Milan 1 -- 3 , 1 -- 0 1966 -- 67 Cup Winners Cup First Round Glentoran 1 -- 1 , 4 -- 0 Second Round Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 Quarter - Final Real Zaragoza 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 Semi-Final Slavia Sofia 1 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 Final Bayern Munich 0 -- 1 1967 -- 68 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup First Round Dynamo Dresden 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 Second Round 1 . FC Köln 3 -- 0 , 1 -- 3 Third Round Bye Quarter - Final Leeds United 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 1968 -- 69 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup First Round FK Vojvodina 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 Second Round Dundalk 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 0 Third Round DWS 2 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 Quarter - Final Athletic Bilbao 4 -- 1 , 0 -- 2 Semi-Final Newcastle United 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 1969 -- 70 Cup Winners Cup First Round Steaua Bucharest 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 Second Round Górnik Zabrze 1 -- 3 , 1 -- 3 1970s ( edit ) Season Competition Round Opposition Score 1970 -- 71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup First Round Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 1971 -- 72 Cup Winners Cup First Round Stade Rennes 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 Second Round Sporting Lisbon 3 -- 2 , 3 -- 4 Quarter - Final Torino 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 Semi-Final Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 Final Dinamo Moscow 3 -- 2 1972 -- 73 European Super Cup Final Ajax 1 -- 3 , 2 -- 3 1973 -- 74 Cup Winners Cup First Round Ankaragücü 2 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 Second Round Borussia Mönchengladbach 0 -- 3 , 3 -- 2 1975 -- 76 European Cup First Round Bohemians 4 -- 1 , 1 -- 1 Second Round AS Saint - Étienne 0 -- 2 , 1 -- 2 1976 -- 77 European Cup First Round FC Zürich 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 1977 -- 78 Cup Winners Cup Qualifier BSC Young Boys 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 First Round FC Twente 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 3 1978 -- 79 European Cup First Round Juventus 0 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 Second Round PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 0 , 3 -- 2 Quarter - Final 1 . FC Köln 0 -- 1 , 1 -- 1 1979 -- 80 Cup Winners Cup Preliminary round Lillestrøm SK 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 First Round Fortuna Düsseldorf 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 Second Round Valencia CF 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 3 1980s ( edit ) Season Competition Round Opposition Score 1981 -- 82 Cup Winners Cup First Round Dukla Prague 0 -- 3 , 2 -- 1 1982 -- 83 UEFA Cup First Round Borussia Dortmund 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 Second Round Cologne 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 5 1983 -- 84 Cup Winners Cup First Round Valletta F.C. 8 -- 0 , 10 -- 0 Second Round F.C. Porto 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 1984 -- 85 UEFA Cup First Round Bohemians 2 -- 3 , 2 -- 0 Second Round Inter Milan 0 -- 3 , 3 -- 1 1985 -- 86 UEFA Cup First Round CA Osasuna 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 1986 -- 87 UEFA Cup First Round Ilves Tampere 4 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 Second Round Boavista 2 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 Third Round Borussia Mönchengladbach 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 1987 -- 88 European Cup First Round Dynamo Kiev 0 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 Second Round Górnik Zabrze 3 -- 1 , 1 -- 1 Quarter - Final Steaua Bucharest 0 -- 2 , 2 -- 1 1988 -- 89 UEFA Cup First Round Katowice 1 -- 0 , 4 -- 2 Second Round Cologne 0 -- 2 , 1 -- 1 1989 -- 90 European Cup First Round Bayern Munich 1 -- 3 , 0 -- 0 1990s ( edit ) Season Competition Round Opposition Score 1990 -- 91 European Cup First Round Valletta 4 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 Second Round Red Star Belgrade 0 -- 3 , 1 -- 1 1991 -- 92 European Cup First Round Sparta Prague 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 1992 -- 93 Champions League First Round Lyngby BK 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 Second Round Leeds United 2 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 Group A Olympique Marseille 2 -- 2 , 1 -- 1 Group A CSKA Moscow 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 Group A Club Brugge 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 1993 -- 94 Champions League First Round Levski Sofia 3 -- 2 , 1 -- 2 1994 -- 95 Champions League Qualifying Round AEK Athens 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 1 1995 -- 96 Champions League Qualifying Round Anorthosis Famagusta 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 Group C Steaua Bucharest 0 -- 1 , 1 -- 1 Group C Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 2 , 2 -- 2 Group C Juventus 1 -- 4 , 0 -- 4 1996 -- 97 Champions League First Round Alania Vladikavkaz 3 -- 1 , 7 -- 2 Group A Grasshopper Club Zürich 0 -- 3 , 2 -- 1 Group A AJ Auxerre 1 -- 2 , 1 -- 2 Group A Ajax 1 -- 4 , 0 -- 1 1997 -- 98 Champions League First Qualifier GÍ Gøta 5 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 Second Qualifier IFK Gothenburg 0 -- 3 , 1 -- 1 UEFA Cup First Round RC Strasbourg 1 -- 2 , 1 -- 2 1998 -- 99 UEFA Cup First Qualifier Shelbourne 5 -- 3 , 2 -- 0 Second Qualifier PAOK 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 First Round Beitar Jerusalem 1 -- 1 , 4 -- 2 Second Round Bayer Leverkusen 2 -- 1 , 1 -- 1 Third Round Parma 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 3 1999 -- 00 Champions League Second Qualifier FC Haka 4 -- 1 , 3 -- 0 Third Qualifier Parma 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 Group F Valencia CF 0 -- 2 , 1 -- 2 Group F Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 Group F PSV Eindhoven 1 -- 0 , 4 -- 1 UEFA Cup Third Round Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 2000s ( edit ) Season Competition Round Opposition Score 2000 -- 01 Champions League Second Qualifier Zalgiris Kaunas 4 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 Third Qualifier Herfølge BK 3 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 Group D Sturm Graz 5 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 Group D AS Monaco 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 Group D Galatasaray 2 -- 3 , 0 -- 0 UEFA Cup Third Round Kaiserslautern 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 3 2001 -- 02 Champions League Second Qualifier NK Maribor 3 -- 0 , 3 -- 1 Third Qualifier Fenerbahçe 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 2 UEFA Cup First Round Anzhi Makhachkala 1 -- 0 Second Round Dinamo Moscow 3 -- 1 , 4 -- 1 Third Round Paris Saint - Germain 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 Fourth Round Feyenoord 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 3 2002 -- 03 UEFA Cup First Round FK Viktoria Žižkov 3 -- 1 , 0 -- 2 2003 -- 04 Champions League Third Qualifier F.C. Copenhagen 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 Group E VfB Stuttgart 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 Group E Panathinaikos 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 3 Group E Manchester United 0 -- 1 , 0 -- 3 2004 -- 05 Champions League Third Qualifier CSKA Moscow 1 -- 2 , 1 -- 1 UEFA Cup First Round C.S. Marítimo 0 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 Group F Amica Wronki 5 -- 0 Group F Grazer AK 3 -- 0 Group F AZ Alkmaar 0 -- 1 Group F AJ Auxerre 0 -- 2 2005 -- 06 Champions League Third Qualifier Anorthosis Famagusta 2 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 Group H F.C. Porto 3 -- 2 , 1 -- 1 Group H Inter Milan 0 -- 1 , 1 -- 1 Group H Artmedia Bratislava 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 Last 16 Villarreal CF 2 -- 2 , 1 -- 1 2006 -- 07 UEFA Cup First Round Molde FK 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 Group A Livorno 3 -- 2 Group A Maccabi Haifa 2 -- 0 Group A AJ Auxerre 2 -- 2 Group A Partizan Belgrade 1 -- 0 Third Round Hapoel Tel Aviv 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 0 Fourth Round CA Osasuna 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 2007 -- 08 Champions League Second Qualifier FK Zeta 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 Third Qualifier Red Star Belgrade 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 Group E VfB Stuttgart 2 -- 1 , 2 -- 3 Group E Lyon 3 -- 0 , 0 -- 3 Group E Barcelona 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 UEFA Cup Third Round Panathinaikos 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 Fourth Round Werder Bremen 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 Quarter - Final Sporting Lisbon 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 Semi-Final Fiorentina 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 Final Zenit St Petersburg 0 -- 2 2008 -- 09 Champions League Second Qualifier FBK Kaunas 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 2 2009 -- 10 Champions League Group G VfB Stuttgart 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 2 Group G Sevilla 1 -- 4 , 0 -- 1 Group G Unirea Urziceni 1 -- 4 , 1 -- 1 2010s ( edit ) Season Competition Round Opposition Score 2010 -- 11 Champions League Group C Manchester United 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 Group C Bursaspor 1 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 Group C Valencia 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 3 Europa League Last 32 Sporting Lisbon 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 2 Last 16 PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 2011 -- 12 Champions League Third Qualifier Malmö 0 -- 1 , 1 -- 1 Europa League Play - off Qualifier NK Maribor 1 -- 2 , 1 -- 1 2017 -- 18 Europa League First Qualifier Progrès Niederkorn 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 Records by ( edit ) Country of opposition ( edit ) Country Win % Austria 5 0 080.00 ! 80.00 Belgium 6 066.67 ! 66.67 Bulgaria 0 075 ! 75 Cyprus 0 075 ! 75 Czechoslovakia 6 050 ! 50 Czech Republic 0 050 ! 50 Denmark 6 5 0 083.33 ! 83.33 East Germany 0 075 ! 75 England 12 6 025 ! 25 Faroe Islands 0 0 100 Finland 0 075 ! 75 France 25 7 7 11 028 ! 28 Germany 47 15 15 17 031.91 ! 31.91 Greece 8 012.5 ! 12.5 Hungary 0 050 ! 50 Ireland 8 6 075 ! 75 Israel 5 060 ! 60 Italy 23 6 5 12 026.08 ! 26.08 Lithuania 025 ! 25 Luxembourg 0 50 Malta 0 0 100 Montenegro 0 0 100 Netherlands 18 7 8 038.89 ! 38.89 Northern Ireland 0 050 ! 50 Norway 0 075 ! 75 Poland 7 057.14 ! 57.14 Portugal 12 7 060 ! 60 Romania 8 025 ! 25 Russia 10 6 060 ! 60 Serbia 0 066.67 ! 66.67 Slovakia 0 0 000 ! 0 Spain 20 5 12 015 ! 15 Sweden 0 000 ! 0 Switzerland 6 033.33 ! 33.33 Turkey 6 033.33 ! 33.33 USSR 0 066.67 ! 66.67 Yugoslavia 7 042.85 ! 42.85 Totals 295 125 70 100 42.32 P -- Played ; W -- Won ; D -- Drawn ; L -- Lost Competition ( edit ) Competition Pld GF GA GD Win % UEFA Champions League 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 7002232000000000000 ♠ 232 7002218000000000000 ♠ 218 + 14 07001385100000000000 ♠ 38.51 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 + 38 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 UEFA Europa League 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001990000000000000 ♠ 99 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 + 22 07001407900000000000 ♠ 40.79 UEFA Super Cup 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 − 3 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 + 10 07001444400000000000 ♠ 44.44 Total 7002313000000000000 ♠ 313 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 7002461000000000000 ♠ 461 7002380000000000000 ♠ 380 + 81 07001408900000000000 ♠ 40.89 Honours ( edit ) Honour No . Years Runners - up European Cup Winners ' Cup 1971 -- 72 1960 -- 61 , 1966 -- 67 UEFA Cup 0 2007 -- 08 European Super Cup 0 1972 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ White , John ( 2006 ) . The Rangers Football Miscellany . Carlton Books . p. 10 . ISBN 1 - 84442 - 158 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers 1 -- 1 Inter Milan '' . BBC Sport. 6 December 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Lindsay , Clive ( 23 November 2006 ) . `` Auxerre 2 -- 2 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Grahame , Ewing ( 1 July 2013 ) . `` Rangers ' SPFL status will not open door to Europe '' . The Scotsman . Johnston Press . Jump up ^ Rangers won on the toss of a coin Jump up ^ Rangers lost this match after a penalty shoot - out , only for manager Willie Waddell to point out to the referee that they had in fact won on away goals . ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Rangers lost on the away goals rule Jump up ^ Rangers lost the penalty shoot out , 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Rangers won the penalty shoot out , 4 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Rangers won the penalty shoot out , 4 -- 2 Jump up ^ Moffat , Colin ( 31 July 2007 ) . `` Rangers 2 -- 0 FK Zeta '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Murray , Keir ( 30 July 2008 ) . `` Rangers 0 - 0 FBK Kaunas '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Murray , Keir ( 5 August 2008 ) . `` FBK Kaunas 2 - 1 Rangers ( agg 2 - 1 ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Moffat , Colin ( 16 September 2009 ) . `` Stuttgart 1 - 1 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Moffat , Colin ( 24 November 2009 ) . `` Rangers 0 - 2 Stuttgart '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Clive ( 29 September 2009 ) . `` Rangers 1 - 4 Sevilla '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Clive ( 9 December 2009 ) . `` Sevilla 1 - 0 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Clive ( 20 October 2009 ) . `` Rangers 1 - 4 Unirea Urziceni '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Murray , Keir ( 4 November 2009 ) . `` Unirea Urziceni 1 - 1 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 14 September 2010 ) . `` Manchester United 0 - 0 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Moffat , Colin ( 24 November 2010 ) . `` Rangers 0 - 1 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ McGuigan , Thomas ( 29 September 2010 ) . `` Rangers 1 - 0 Bursaspor '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Murray , Keir ( 7 December 2010 ) . `` Bursaspor 1 - 1 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Clive ( 20 October 2010 ) . `` Rangers 1 - 1 Valencia '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Moffat , Colin ( 2 November 2010 ) . `` Valencia 3 - 0 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Campbell , Andy ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` Rangers 1 - 1 Sporting '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Clive ( 24 February 2011 ) . `` Sporting 2 - 2 Rangers ( agg 3 - 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Campbell , Andy ( 10 March 2011 ) . `` PSV Eindhoven 0 - 0 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Moffat , Colin ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` Rangers 0 - 1 PSV Eindhoven '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Magowan , Alistair ( 26 July 2011 ) . `` Rangers 0 - 1 Malmo '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ McGuire , Annie ( 3 August 2011 ) . `` Malmo 1 - 1 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Clive ( 18 August 2011 ) . `` NK Maribor 2 - 1 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Campbell , Andy ( 25 August 2011 ) . `` Rangers 1 - 1 NK Maribor '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Rangers 1 - 0 Progres Niederkorn '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Progres Niederkorn 2 - 0 Rangers ( agg 2 - 1 ) '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Rangers Football Club Players Internationals Managers Chairmen Under - 20s & Academy Records and statistics Honours Current season Ownership History Club History Hall of Fame Past seasons Europe Administration and liquidation Home stadium Fleshers ' Haugh ( 1873 -- 1876 ) Kinning Park ( 1876 -- 1887 ) First Ibrox Park ( 1887 -- 1899 ) Ibrox Stadium ( 1899 -- present ) Training ground Murray Park Tragedies 1902 Ibrox disaster 1971 Ibrox disaster Supporters Rangers F.C. supporters Club 1872 Rangers Fans Fighting Fund Follow Follow ( fanzine ) Rivalries Old Firm Aberdeen rivalry Media Rangers TV Others Broxi Bear Iron Curtain Superleague Formula team Rangers Ladies team Rangers Charity Foundation Blue Heaven Associated songs Related articles 1972 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final 2008 UEFA Cup Final ( riots ) Scottish football clubs in European competition Aberdeen Airdrieonians Celtic Dundee Dundee United Dunfermline Athletic Falkirk Greenock Morton Gretna Heart of Midlothian Hibernian Inverness Caledonian Thistle Kilmarnock Livingston Motherwell Partick Thistle Queen of the South Raith Rovers Rangers St Johnstone St. Mirren Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rangers_F.C._in_European_football&oldid=796839836 '' Categories : Rangers F.C. Scottish football clubs in European football Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Nederlands Polski Română Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 10 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time rangers were in the champions league | [
"\n\nSeason\nCompetition\nRound\nOpposition\nScore\n\n\n2010–11\nChampions League\nGroup C\n Manchester United\n0 – 0,[20] 0 – 1[21]\n\n\nGroup C\n Bursaspor\n1 – 0,[22] 1 – 1[23]\n\n\nGroup C\n Valencia\n1 – 1,[24] 0 – 3[25]\n\n\nEuropa League\nLast 32\n Sporting Lisbon\n1 – 1,[26] 2 – 2[27]\n\n\nLast 16\n PSV Eindhoven\n0 – 0,[28] 0 – 1[29]\n\n\n2011–12\nChampions League\nThird Qualifier\n Malmö\n0 – 1,[30] 1 – 1[31]\n\n\nEuropa League\nPlay-off Qualifier\n NK Maribor\n1 – 2,[32] 1 – 1[33]\n\n\n2017–18\nEuropa League\nFirst Qualifier\n Progrès Niederkorn\n1 – 0,[34] 0 – 2[35]\n\n"
] | [
"2011–12"
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1136706889826125268 | Parable of the Faithful Servant | Parable of the faithful servant - wikipedia Parable of the faithful servant This is the current revision of this page , as edited by PrimeBOT ( talk contribs ) at 16 : 01 , 25 June 2017 ( Replace magic links with templates per local RfC - BRFA ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 16 : 01 , 25 June 2017 by PrimeBOT ( talk contribs ) ( Replace magic links with templates per local RfC - BRFA ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Etching by Jan Luyken illustrating the parable , from the Bowyer Bible . The Parable of the Faithful Servant ( or Parable of the Door Keeper ) is a parable of Jesus found in Matthew 24 : 42 - 51 , Mark 13 : 34 - 37 , and Luke 12 : 35 - 48 about how it is important for the faithful to keep watch . In Matthew , it immediately precedes the Parable of the Ten Virgins , which has a similar eschatological theme of being prepared for the day of reckoning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Narrative 2 Interpretation 3 Hymns 4 See also 5 References Narrative ( edit ) In Luke , the parable is as follows : `` Let your waist be dressed and your lamps burning . Be like men watching for their lord , when he returns from the marriage feast ; that , when he comes and knocks , they may immediately open to him . Blessed are those servants , whom the lord will find watching when he comes . Most certainly I tell you , that he will dress himself , and make them recline , and will come and serve them . They will be blessed if he comes in the second or third watch , and finds them so . But know this , that if the master of the house had known in what hour the thief was coming , he would have watched , and not allowed his house to be broken into . Therefore be ready also , for the Son of Man is coming in an hour that you do n't expect him . '' Peter said to him , `` Lord , are you telling this parable to us , or to everybody ? '' The Lord said , `` Who then is the faithful and wise steward , whom his lord will set over his household , to give them their portion of food at the right times ? Blessed is that servant whom his lord will find doing so when he comes . Truly I tell you , that he will set him over all that he has . But if that servant says in his heart , ' My lord delays his coming , ' and begins to beat the menservants and the maidservants , and to eat and drink , and to be drunken , then the lord of that servant will come in a day when he is n't expecting him , and in an hour that he does n't know , and will cut him in two , and place his portion with the unfaithful . That servant , who knew his lord 's will , and did n't prepare , nor do what he wanted , will be beaten with many stripes , but he who did n't know , and did things worthy of stripes , will be beaten with few stripes . To whomever much is given , of him will much be required ; and to whom much was entrusted , of him more will be asked . -- Luke 12 : 35 - 48 , World English Bible Interpretation ( edit ) In Matthew , the parable opens with the injunction : `` Therefore keep watch , because you do not know on what day your Lord will come '' ( Matthew 24 : 42 ) . In other words , `` the disciple must remain prepared for his Lord 's coming , remaining alert and awake at his post . '' Even though there may be general signs of Jesus ' Second Coming , the exact time is unknown . This is a theme which has also been discussed earlier in Luke 12 . The reference to a wedding banquet in Luke 12 : 36 suggests a heavenly banquet , and recalls the parable of the Ten Virgins , which follows this parable in Matthew . The second part of the parable includes a caution that much will be required of the person to whom much is given . J. Dwight Pentecost writes that this parable `` emphasizes that privilege brings responsibility and that responsibility entails accountability . '' This applies particularly to religious leaders . Jehovah 's Witnesses identify the servant , which their translation of the Bible calls the `` faithful and discreet slave '' , with their religion 's Governing Body in its role of dispensing spiritual food to followers of Christ . Hymns ( edit ) The parable is the theme for several hymns , including Philip Doddridge 's `` Ye Servants of the Lord , '' which ends : Christ shall the banquet spread With His own royal hand , And raise that faithful servant 's Amid the angelic band . Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Faithful and Wise Steward . See also ( edit ) Life of Jesus in the New Testament Ministry of Jesus Parable of the Master and Servant Parable of the great banquet Parable of the Wedding Feast Parable of the Ten Virgins References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Craig S. Keener , A Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew , Eerdmans , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3821 - 9 , p. 592 . ^ Jump up to : Joel B. Green , The Gospel of Luke , Eerdmans , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2315 - 7 , pp. 497 - 501 . Jump up ^ J. Dwight Pentecost , The Parables of Jesus : Lessons in life from the Master Teacher , Kregel Publications , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 8254 - 3458 - 0 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Joel B. Green , The Gospel of Luke , Eerdmans , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2315 - 7 , p. 506 . Jump up ^ The Watchtwer , July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Cyber Hymnal : Ye Servants of the Lord . ( show ) Parables of Jesus Canonical Gospels Barren Fig Tree Budding Fig Tree Counting the cost Drawing in the Net Faithful Servant Friend at Night Good Samaritan Good Shepherd Great Banquet Growing Seed Hidden Treasure Lamp Leaven Lost Coin Lost Sheep Master and Servant Mustard Seed New Wine into Old Wineskins Pearl Pharisee and the Publican Prodigal Son Rich Fool Rich man and Lazarus Scribe Sheep and Goats Sower Strong Man Talents or minas Tares Ten Virgins True Vine Tree and its Fruits Two Debtors Two Sons Unjust Judge Unjust Steward Unforgiving Servant Wedding Feast Wicked Husbandmen Wise and Foolish Builders Workers in the Vineyard Non-canonical / disputed Assassin Empty Jar ( show ) Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parable_of_the_Faithful_Servant&oldid=787467581 '' Categories : Parables of Jesus Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Беларуская Deutsch Español Français गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Indonesia Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2017 , at 16 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said to whom much is given much is required | [
"The Parable of the Faithful Servant (or Parable of the Door Keeper) is a parable of Jesus found in Matthew 24:42-51, Mark 13:34-37, and Luke 12:35-48 about how it is important for the faithful to keep watch."
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7538380900457652304 | List of Shrek characters | List of Shrek characters - wikipedia List of Shrek characters hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters that appear in the Shrek franchise and spin - offs from it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Shrek 1.2 Donkey 1.3 Princess Fiona 1.4 Puss in Boots 2 Secondary characters 2.1 Dragon 2.2 The Gingerbread Man 2.3 Arthur Pendragon 2.4 The Big Bad Wolf 2.5 Three Little Pigs 2.6 Pinocchio 2.7 Three Blind Mice 2.8 Dronkeys 2.9 Farkle , Fergus and Felicia 2.10 Queen Lillian 2.11 King Harold 2.12 Doris 2.13 Snow White 2.14 Cinderella 2.15 Sleeping Beauty 2.16 Merlin 2.17 Brogan 2.18 Cookie 2.19 Gretched 2.20 Humpty Dumpty 2.21 Kitty Softpaws 3 Main villains 3.1 Lord Farquaad 3.2 Fairy Godmother 3.3 Prince Charming 3.4 Rumpelstiltskin 3.5 Jack and Jill 4 Minor villains 4.1 Thelonious 4.2 Rapunzel 4.3 Captain Hook 4.4 Cyclops 4.5 Mabel the Ugly Stepsister 4.6 The Evil Trees 4.7 The Evil Queen 4.8 The Puppet Master 4.9 Headless Horseman 4.10 Fifi 4.11 Witches 4.12 Monsieur Robin Hood 4.13 Sir Lancelot 4.14 The Black Knight 4.15 The Pied Piper 4.16 Raoul 5 Minor characters 5.1 Magic Mirror 5.2 Mongo 5.3 Mr. Moore 5.4 Furniture 5.5 Guinevere 5.6 Imelda 5.7 Golden Goose 5.8 Great Terror 5.9 Suzie 5.10 Sugar 5.11 Other characters 5.11. 1 Cyclops Girl 5.11. 2 Hansel and Gretel 5.11. 3 Little Boy Blue 5.11. 4 Little Red Riding Hood 5.11. 5 Mister Geppetto 5.11. 6 Miss Toad 5.11. 7 Seven Dwarfs 5.11. 8 The Little Mermaid 5.11. 9 The Old Lady in the Shoe 5.11. 10 Peter Pan 5.11. 11 Tinker Bell 5.11. 12 The Three Bears 5.11. 13 Tom Thumb and Thumbelina 5.11. 14 Wendy Darling 5.11. 15 Captain of the Guards 5.12 Appearing in Shrek the Musical 5.12. 1 Shrek 's parents 5.12. 2 Fairy Godmother 5.12. 3 Gnome 5.12. 4 Mad Hatter 5.12. 5 Shoemaker 's Elf 5.12. 6 Sugarplum Fairy 5.12. 7 The Ugly Duckling 5.12. 8 Tweedledum and Tweedledee 5.12. 9 White Rabbit 5.12. 10 The Cow who jumped over the moon 5.12. 11 The Dish and the Spoon 6 Recurring characters 7 References Main characters ( edit ) Shrek ( edit ) Main article : Shrek ( character ) Shrek ( voiced by Mike Myers , Michael Gough as his official voice in the video games ) is the lead character in of all of the films . He prides himself on being a big , green , terrifying ogre and is ill - tempered and mean . He begins the series as an unsociable hermit until he meets his soon - to - be best friend , Donkey . In a deal with Lord Farquaad , he and Donkey embark on a quest to save Princess Fiona from the castle in which she was confined . Despite their differences , Shrek and Fiona fall in love , marry at the end of the first film , and have three ogre babies in the third film . Chris Farley was originally set to play Shrek , but he died before he could complete his voice work ( he finished 80 - 90 % of the film or according to his brother Tom , 95 % ) . In Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space , a woman mistakes The Missing Link as Shrek . Donkey ( edit ) Main article : Donkey ( Shrek ) Donkey ( voiced by Eddie Murphy , Mark Moseley as his official voice in the video games , and Dean Edwards in Scared Shrekless ) is a miniature talking donkey . He is Shrek 's annoying but good - hearted best friend , Dragon 's husband and father of the Dronkeys . Princess Fiona ( edit ) Main article : Princess Fiona Princess Fiona ( voiced by Cameron Diaz , singing voice provided by Sally Dworsky in the first film , Renee Sands on all other occasions , and Holly Fields in the video games ) is the princess of Far Far Away , the daughter of King Harold and Queen Lillian , and Shrek 's wife from the end of the first film on . She begins the series as a beautiful princess who transforms into an ogress every night when the sun sets . At the end of the first film , the transforming spell is broken and she permanently takes the form of an ogress when she realizes that Shrek is her true love . Puss in Boots ( edit ) Puss in Boots ( voiced by Antonio Banderas in the English , Spanish , and Italian version of the films , Eric Bauza in The Adventures of Puss in Boots , vocal sounds and purrs were provided by Frank Welker , and André Sogliuzzo in the video games and commercials ) is Shrek 's sidekick . Loosely based on the fairytale character Puss in Boots as well as being a kind of parody of Zorro , he is a smooth - talking cat with a Spanish accent , usually wearing a cavalier 's hat , a belt with a sword , a small black cape , and small Corinthian boots . Puss first appears in Shrek 2 , much like Dragon in the first film . He often overpowers his enemies by distracting them with his `` cute kitten '' looks . He also exhibits common cat behavior such as coughing up hairballs and chasing spotlights , usually resulting in his defeat or capture . For obvious reasons , he does not appear in the first film or 4D ride , though he does make a non-speaking cameo in the musical . The character was also featured in the 2011 film Puss in Boots as the lead character . Puss in Boots stars in the Netflix series The Adventures of Puss in Boots where he protects the hidden city of San Lorenzo . Secondary characters ( edit ) Dragon ( edit ) Dragon is depicted as a ruby - colored dragon who debuts as a ferocious guard challenging Shrek and Donkey in their quest to locate Princess Fiona . In Shrek Forever After , when Shrek is questioning Donkey on what is happening , it is revealed her name is Fergie . She is angered when Donkey accidentally disturbs her sleep . As Donkey attempts to distract her , he comes to the realization that Dragon is female , and successfully manages to charm his way past her . While she plays a major role in this film , she reappears towards its conclusion at the marriage ceremony of Fiona and Shrek , in which Donkey takes her as his own bride . They are shown as a married couple by the events of the sequel ; her character has a major role as Donkey chooses to leave home on the grounds that she was behaving uncharacteristically ill - tempered , but is reunited with her husband towards the ending of the movie when it appears that her grouchy behavior was a result of pregnancy , and presents Donkey with their newborn hybrid children , the Dronkeys . Dragon 's importance in the films has been known to shift and revert every now and again , she is usually depicted as Donkey 's romantic interest , and seems to be acquainted with Fiona and the princesses featured in the films . She often appears as a running gag because of the convenient possibilities presented by her abilities , albeit she can serve as an effective means of protection because of these as well ( such as her consumption of Farquaad towards the end of the first film , which Donkey insists in Scared Shrekless was an accident ) . A silent character , Dragon has no spoken lines throughout the course of the franchise , though other characters , including Donkey , are able to somewhat understand her language when she communicates through hushed roars . Dragon appears in all 4 Shrek movies and Shrek 4 - D. She is notably absent from Scared Shrekless and Donkey 's Christmas Shrektacular , and neither was she mentioned in the latter film . The gingerbread Man ( edit ) The Gingerbread Man ( voiced by Conrad Vernon ) is a live talking gingerbread man and one of Shrek 's friends . He is also known as `` Gingy '' and was created by The Muffin Man a French man . Gingy is French because of his parentage . He is small and a fast runner , making him difficult to catch . He is made out of a normal carved - out gingerbread with icing and gumdrop buttons . He adores those buttons and begs Lord Farquaad not to pull them off . In Shrek the Halls he is afraid of Santa , as Santa has eaten his girlfriend . In the first film , he is first seen when Lord Farquaad ordered his bodyguard Thelonious to torture him in numerous ways , such as cutting off both of his legs and dunking him in a glass of milk . After an interrogation from Farquaad , he is thrown into a trash can when the Magic Mirror arrives and Gingy yells `` Do n't tell him anything ! '' He is impatient . In Shrek 2 , for example , when Pinocchio could not move himself while freeing Shrek and the trio from prison , Gingy sighs , and goes to help . He is also somewhat wild , and a prankster . When Shrek and Fiona leave for Far Far Away , he and others have a loud party in his house . He is cunning and can distract others , such as when Lord Farquaad demands to know where the other fairy tale creatures are and he replies by reciting the Muffin Man nursery rhyme , which Farquaad believes for a moment . In Shrek the Third , when Prince Charming takes over Far Far Away , he has Hook attempt to intimidate him to reveal Shrek 's whereabouts . Instantly , Gingy 's life flashes before his eyes , while in reality , he is mindlessly babbling away . In Shrek Forever After , he is shown to have a dark , violent side . In an alternate universe with Rumpelstiltskin as king , he fights and kills gingerbread animals as a gladiator for a living . He also tries to attack and bring in Shrek for Rumpel , despite being so much smaller . He is eaten by an overweight Puss in Boots in the alternate universe , but is seen alive again at the ogre triplets birthday party when the original timeline is restored . Arthur Pendragon ( edit ) Arthur Pendragon ( voiced by Justin Timberlake ) is a supporting character who appears only in Shrek the Third and is loosely based on King Arthur . He is the only heir apparent ( other than Fiona and Shrek ) to the throne of Far Far Away . Artie is the cousin of Fiona . His father , presumably Uther Pendragon , seemingly abandoned him at the boarding school Worchestershire , where he remains until Shrek finds him . At Worcestershire , Arthur , nicknamed Artie , is relentlessly bullied and made fun of by everyone , most notably the popular Lancelot . He is at first unsure when confronted with the trials of being king , but gets used to the idea and manages to convince people to his way of thinking when he defends Shrek from the fairy tale villains . Artie does not appear in Shrek Forever After and neither was he mentioned . He was supposed to appear , but Justin Timberlake was unavailable to voice Artie because he was on a music performance tour , so he was absent from the film . The Big Bad Wolf ( edit ) The Big Bad Wolf ( voiced by Aron Warner ) is based loosely on the eponymous fairytale character , but differs from it by being a kind character . He rarely speaks , and when he does , his voice is somewhat dull and monotonous . He wears a pink dress , recalling the grandmother of Little Red Riding Hood . In the first film , he is among the fairy - tale creatures who are banished to Shrek 's swamp . In Shrek 2 , he has become friends with Shrek and the others . In the film 's intro , Prince Charming goes to Fiona 's castle to rescues her but finds Big Bad in her bed . He informs Charming that Fiona is on honeymoon with Shrek ( Charming and Fairy Godmother mention this incident calling Big Bad a ' gender - confused wolf ' ) . He helps Shrek and Princess Fiona by guarding their swamp while they visit Far Far Away . He and the others later travel to Far Far Away to free Shrek , Puss in Boots and Donkey , who have been captured . After that , they get into the castle and stop the Fairy Godmother and Prince Charming . In Shrek the Third , he and several other fairytale characters attend Fiona 's baby shower while Shrek , Donkey , and Puss in Boots are away . When Charming and his evil followers crash the party , the Big Bad Wolf and the others stage a calm tea party . He also helps prevent Charming and the other evil fairytale creatures from killing Shrek in front of the entire kingdom . He plays a small role in Shrek Forever After in the ogre triplets ' birthday party and as Rumpelstiltskin 's servant in the alternate universe . In The Pig Who Cried Werewolf , it is shown that in the light of a full moon , he transforms -- werewolf - style -- into a fat , female human chef who wants to cook the Three Little Pigs . ( Just as the full moon would transform a human into a werewolf , it apparently goes the other way with Big Bad , transforming him into a human . ) Three little pigs ( edit ) The Three Little Pigs ( voiced by Cody Cameron ) are friends of Shrek In the original book and in the film , they are among the many fairytale creatures to be banished into Shrek 's swamp by Lord Farquaad . One of the pigs stated that Lord Farquaad `` huffed and puffed and signed an eviction notice . '' They all have German accents . They appear in all the Shrek films . By Shrek 2 , the pigs have become best friends with Shrek . At the start of the film , they help look after Shrek 's and Fiona 's house while they visit Far Far Away . Later , they see Shrek , Donkey and Puss in Boots arrested by local police officers in Far Far Away , and free them , heading to the castle to stop Prince Charming . They thwart the Fairy Godmother 's scheme and then celebrate . They sing a song with Big Bad Wolf in Far Far Away Idol . The pigs are less prominent in the third film . They appear at the start of the film , where Prince Charming has a new job as an actor in a dinner theatre . Along with the rest of the crowd , they jeer him , causing Charming to leave the stage . They later appear in the castle pretending to have tea with the others while Shrek , Donkey and Puss in Boots are finding Artie , the apparent heir to the throne , and Fiona , Queen Meriam and the princesses escape via a secret passage . Prince Charming storms in and demands Shrek 's location . Under pressure when Pinocchio starts talking around in circles , one of the pigs reveals Shrek 's plan and ends up locked up somewhere secret . The pigs are later freed and head to the castle to stop Prince Charming from killing Shrek in his show . The Three Little Pigs play a small part in Shrek Forever After , when they appear at the ogre triplet 's birthday party . Later , in the alternate universe , they appear as attendants to Fifi in Rumpelstiltskin 's castle . In Scared Shrekless , they appear after Gingy 's story , running quickly and yelling `` weeweeweewee ... '' , upon which the Wolf comments `` They 're gon na do that all the way home . '' In Shrek the Halls it was revealed that the pigs names are Julius , Kaní , and Zak . In Shrek 4 - D the pigs are called Ham , Sausage , and Bacon , but in other versions their names are Hay , Sticks , and Bricks . In the end credits for The Pig Who Cried Werewolf , their names are Heimlich , Dieter , and Horst . In this film , they are voiced by Sean Bishop , not Cody Cameron , who voices `` Horst '' . Aron Warner still voices Wolf . In Shrek The Musical , they have had enough of Lord Farquaad and his discrimination towards fairy tale creatures and join the rest of the fairy tale rebels in this story mainly appearing in `` Story of my Life , '' `` Freak Flag , '' `` I 'm a Believer , '' `` This is Our Story , '' and any other numbers with the fairy tale creatures . Pinocchio ( edit ) Pinocchio ( voiced by Cody Cameron ) is a live wooden puppet and one of Shrek 's best friends . He could not lie without having his nose growing very long , and he deeply dreams to become a real boy . In the first film , he is sold for five shillings by his creator , Geppetto . Later , Lord Farquaad banishes Pinocchio and others to Shrek 's swamp . In Shrek 2 , Pinocchio has become one of Shrek 's best friends . He helps Shrek and Princess Fiona by guarding their swamp while they visit Far Far Away . He and the others later travel to Far Far Away to free Shrek , Puss in Boots , and Donkey , who have been captured . They manage to get into the castle and stop the Fairy Godmother and Prince Charming . After trying to grab the Fairy Godmother 's wand , she zaps him with it and he turns into a real boy , but when the wand is passed to The Three Blind Mice it transforms Pinocchio back into a puppet . He sings `` Mr. Roboto '' in Far Far Away Idol . In Shrek the Third , Pinocchio attends Fiona 's baby shower along with several other fairytale creatures , while Shrek , Donkey , and Puss in Boots are away . Charming and his followers crash the party and try to trick Pinocchio into telling them of Shrek 's location , seeing that the puppet can not lie ; however , Pinocchio avoids this by talking in circles . When Shrek and his company return , they find Pinocchio imprisoned in a miniature theater , where he is forced to give marionette performances for paying customers . He is freed and helps to defeat Charming and the other evil fairytale creatures . In Shrek Forever After , Pinocchio runs a library , in which Rumpelstiltskin is tearing some books . Later , in the alternate universe , he nearly signs a contract with Rumpelstiltskin to become a real boy , but ink is accidentally spilled over the document . He later tries to gain Rumpelstiltskin 's `` deal of a lifetime '' by painting Geppetto green and passing him off as Shrek . Pinocchio is a main character in Shrek SuperSlam , his Slam move being the Buzz Bomber . According to the story , Pinocchio works at Friar 's Fat Boy . Pinocchio also appears as an unlockable racer in the game Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing . His kart is a wooden horse , and his personal item is his long nose . In the Shrek musical , Pinocchio was originally performed by John Tartaglia . Also during the musical , Pinocchio , with the help of the Fairytale Creatures , learns the meaning of being true to yourself ; and the meaning of what makes a family . In Scared Shrekless , he talks faster than any other film . He appears in the last story called `` The Shreksorcirist . '' In one part , he is acting to sleep and then Shrek cuts his strings using adult scissors causing him to fall on the bed and Pinocchio explains that he has voices in his head and Shrek asks what do the voices tell him to do and Pinocchio projectile vomits at Shrek . In the end , the voice in Pinocchio 's head was a cricket who explains that he put all the thoughts in his head because he is his conscience until he gets stepped on . Three Blind Mice ( edit ) The Three Blind Mice ( voiced by Christopher Knights and Simon J. Smith in most films , Mike Myers in Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party ) are a trio of identical blind mice brothers with English accents that are friends with Shrek and the others . They are all blind , and that is why they sport black sunglasses and carry canes . Unlike in the fairy tale , their tails are not cut off and they show no signs of injuries . Their names are Forder , Gorder and Horder . At the beginning of the first film , Lord Farquaad banishes them to Shrek 's swamp with the others . They are not seen again until the final musical number , `` I 'm a believer '' , during which the fairies of Sleeping Beauty turn two of them into horses to pull a wagon made from an onion . Before the start of Shrek 2 , the Three Blind Mice have become three of Shrek 's best friends . They help Shrek and Princess Fiona by guarding their swamp while they visit Far Far Away . They are later seen during the Royal Far Far Away Ball and again when Shrek ( in his human form ) is thrown into a police truck . On hearing this , the Blind Mice and the others travel to Far Far Away to free Shrek , Puss In Boots and Donkey . They then get into the castle and help to stop the Fairy Godmother and Prince Charming . They later appear in Far Far Away Idol , singing `` I Can See Clearly Now . '' In Shrek the Third , the Three Blind Mice only appear in two scenes : during the funeral of King Harold and when Shrek is about to leave to find the new king of Far Far Away . In Shrek Forever After , the mice are only seen in the normal universe . Dronkeys ( edit ) Dronkeys are the hybrid offspring of Dragon and Donkey . They are introduced in Shrek 2 as little more than a stinger gag . Audience members missed having Dragon in the film , as was revealed to the filmmakers during test screenings . Dragon reunites with Donkey in Far Far Away , only to have a surprise for him in tow -- six young hybrid donkey - dragon children , who take to their father immediately . Donkey is delighted , and dubs the dronkeys `` our little mutant babies '' . Their names are revealed to be Eclair , Bananas , Peanut , Parfait , Coco and Debbie . The dronkeys have very little screen time in Shrek the Third . They appear initially to give Shrek a wake up call , then to bid farewell to Donkey before his journey with Shrek . Near the film 's climax , Donkey frees them from Prince Charming 's capture . In addition , a few dronkeys make an appearance at the film 's close , when Shrek and Fiona are caring for their newborn triplets . In the alternate universe , when Donkey is told he has children , he asks : `` Tell me , are my babies cute , or do they just make people feel uncomfortable ? '' The dronkeys provide background action in the Christmas television special . They are featured playing with the ogre children of Shrek and Fiona and flying around while their mother dances . They have antlers and fly around in Donkey 's Christmas story . All the dronkeys love their parents , especially their father , and seem to have become good friends with the ogre triplets . The only individual to be given any semblance of a personality is Bananas , who has bright green irises that are noticeably wall - eyed , and frequently sneezes small tongues of flame . Donkey refers to Bananas as `` my special boy '' . Some confusion exists as to why one dronkey is missing in Shrek 2 . When the dronkeys were first introduced in the film 's post-credits scene , there were six , including a unique individual which was red like her mother . She does not appear in Shrek the Third ; this is a continuity error on the part of the filmmakers . Yet in Donkey 's Christmas Shrektacular , set after Shrek Forever After , there are only four . In Shrek Forever After , the dronkeys are seen playing with Shrek 's children , appeared at their birthday and also a cause of nuisance for Shrek . They are not seen in the alternate universe as they do not exist on that timeline . The Dronkeys were absent from Scared Shrekless , and neither were they mentioned . Farkle , Fergus and Felicia ( edit ) Farkle , Fergus and Felicia ( also known as the Ogre Babies or Ogre Triplets ) are the ogre children of Shrek and Princess Fiona . Farkle ( indicated by the tuft of hair ) and Fergus are male , and Felicia is female ( indicated by a pink bow in her hair ) . Just as many minor characters are members of the staff crew , the Ogre Triplets are voiced by offspring of staff crew , gender of voice not always same as actor : Jordan Alexander Hauser , Dante James Hauser , Jasper Johannes Andrews , Zachary James Bernard , Miles Christopher Bakshi , Nina Zoe Bakshi and Ollie Mitchell ( son of Shrek Forever After director Mike Mitchell ) . In Shrek 2 when Queen Lillian asks Shrek how he and Fiona will raise their family , Shrek insists it 's too early to discuss this issue . In Shrek the Third , Fiona tries to talk Shrek into the possibility of parenthood by saying when they return to their swamp , there could be some little `` ogre feet '' too , but Shrek is too worried about his inexperience as a parent to pursue this idea right now . Just as Shrek embarks on a journey with Donkey and Puss in Boots to find Artie , Fiona announces to Shrek that she is pregnant , and Shrek begins to panic internally . During the journey , Shrek dreams of hundreds of ogre babies , constantly getting into danger and him having trouble saving them . In the dream , they flood Shrek 's house and laugh at Shrek while he is naked apart from his graduation hat . He wakes up in another dream , where Donkey and Puss 's faces have turned to that of the ogre babies . Shrek wakes up screaming and reveals to Puss and Donkey how shocked he is by this news . Donkey attempts to assure Shrek fatherhood will not ruin his life . Shrek says he is worried about ruining his child 's life as ogres are n't known for being loving and nurturing . His fears prove to be well - founded when he reveals to Artie his own abusive father , who tried to eat him . By the end of the film , they have been born and are shown playing around the swamp , Shrek and Fiona getting used to being their parents , with the help of Puss , Lillian , Donkey and Dragon . Two of them pull Puss 's tail and put a pacifier into his mouth . Another pulls some ear wax from Shrek 's ear and uses it to draw pictures with its left hand . Later that night , they are shown sleeping and snoring , all in one small baby cot . Shrek and Fiona constantly give them slug juice for drinks . The ogre babies are shown prominently in the credits , along with Puss in Boots and Donkey . Two of the siblings are shown to like Puss , hugging him tightly and call him `` Kitty '' . Puss is displeased when they use him for tug - o - war . They are seen more in Shrek the Halls , enjoying the seasons with their father and ecstatically enjoying their first Christmas with their parents . When Donkey brings the others to enjoy the holidays with them , the ogre babies hug Puss too tightly , pat his back , and tug on his tail . They enjoy various Christmas stories and get to see Santa Claus at the end . The triplets do not appear in the alternate universe in Shrek Forever After as Shrek and Fiona meet , but do not marry in that universe . Shrek later finds Felicia 's doll in his pocket , causing him to cry . As Shrek begins to disintegrate , he tells Fiona about their children , just before she kisses him , restoring the timeline . In Scared Shrekless , they appear at the beginning , scaring the trick or treaters in their skeleton costume . They are later seen along with their father , using the three in a knight armor in Duloc , in order to make Donkey believe that Lord Farquaad 's ghost is there as a prank . Queen Lillian ( edit ) Queen Lillian ( voiced by Julie Andrews ) is the queen of Far Far Away , wife of King Harold , mother of Princess Fiona , grandmother of the ogre triplets and mother in - law of Shrek . Queen Lillian makes her debut in Shrek 2 . Although initially surprised at Fiona 's transformation into an ogre , she is understanding of what has happened and , seeing that her daughter is deeply in love , accepts Shrek into their family . When King Harold is turned back into the Frog King at the end of the film , she still accepts him as she did years ago . She and Harold are a reference to The Frog Prince . In Shrek the Third , she is widowed and becomes a more determined character , leading the pack of princesses through a series of tunnels in the castle and breaking two walls with her head , whilst humming `` My Favorite Things '' and `` A Spoonful of Sugar '' ( songs originally sung by Julie Andrews in The Sound of Music and Mary Poppins , respectively ) . She rallies the other princesses from being damsels in distress to independent fighters . It is revealed in the film that Fiona inherited her fighting skills from her mother ( Lillian asks `` Well , you did n't think you got your fighting skills from your father , did you ? '' ) . After the film 's finale , Lillian is seen in Shrek 's swamp home , happily visiting her grandchildren and playing with Farkle , who throws up on her dress , referencing to the phrase , `` When a baby throws up on you , it means it likes you . '' At first she looks distressed and a little disgusted , but this changes as she comes to find it adorable . She appears at her grandchildren 's birthday party in `` Shrek Forever After '' and gets angry when she thinks that it was Shrek who licked the birthday cake , when it in fact was Donkey . Lillian is also seen in a number of flashbacks , showing her and Harold 's decision to visit Rumpelstiltskin to free their daughter from the curse before Shrek saved her . In the alternate universe she and Harold disappear after signing over the kingdom to Rumpelstiltskin . Her last appearance is at the end of the film , still celebrating the children 's birthday . In Thriller Night , Shrek and his family watch The Music of Sound , starring Queen Lillian . This is a parody of The Sound of Music which starred Queen Lillian 's voice actress , Julie Andrews . King Harold ( edit ) King Harold ( voiced by John Cleese ) was the king of Far Far Away , husband of Queen Lillian , father of Princess Fiona , and father in - law of Shrek . King Harold makes his debut in Shrek 2 . When his daughter Fiona arrives at the castle with her new husband , he is surprised that they are both ogres . He had secretly made a promise to the Fairy Godmother that her son Prince Charming would marry Fiona . Harold hires Puss in Boots to assassinate Shrek , but then succumbs to guilt when Fiona finds out that Shrek is not around . When the Fairy Godmother asks Harold to give Fiona the potion that will cause her to fall in love with Prince Charming , he refuses at first , disgusted at this invasion of her free will , but he is forced to acquiesce by some dark threat of disclosure . In the event , when Fiona states that she loves the old Shrek , rather the new one that Prince Charming is pretending to be , Harold swaps the cup containing the potion for his own . At the ball toward the end of the film , Harold saves Fiona and Shrek from a blast of magic from Fairy Godmother 's wand , and it transforms him back into a frog , which is hinted to be his original form , meaning he was the Frog Prince before he married Queen Lillian . Afterwards , Harold apologizes to Shrek and accepts him into the family , and as he decides to leave , believing that he is not the man Lillian wanted , she comforts him by saying that he is more of a man now than he ever was when he was a human . King Harold makes a very brief appearance as a frog king in Shrek the Third , in which Shrek and Fiona fill in for him and Lillian during his illness , which later turns out to be terminal ( The story book The Legend of Shrek and other publications state that the transition from human to frog confused his age and accelerated the aging process ) . He tells Shrek on his deathbed that he and Fiona are next in line to the throne of Far Far Away , which Shrek rejects because he can not imagine an ogre as king , given his inexperience and disastrous attempts to fill in for him . Harold dies after telling Shrek about Fiona 's cousin Arthur . King Harold makes his final appearance in Shrek Forever After , in which he appears very briefly in a couple of flashbacks . In the first , he and Lillian are about to make a deal with Rumpelstiltskin , but they break it off at the last moment . In the alternate reality of the second flashback , Harold and Lillian disappear after signing over the kingdom to Rumpelstiltskin . At the end of the film , the original timeline is restored , leaving the current time a year or so after Harold 's death ( as seen in Shrek the Third ) . However , there is a large painting of him in which the face moves , indicating that his spirit inhabits the picture . Unlike the previous films , he is never seen in his frog form . Doris ( edit ) Doris ( voiced by Larry King and Jonathan Ross in the UK version of Shrek 2 ) makes her first appearance in Shrek 2 and returns in Shrek the Third and very briefly in Shrek Forever After . She is based on one of Cinderella 's two stepsisters . Unlike other ugly sisters , she is an ally and best friend to Fiona . She is first seen as an unusually masculine female bartender at the Poison Apple . She is depicted as a tall , independent woman with purple - themed clothes who wears Elizabeth Taylor style makeup . Her character design is intended to invoke the appearance of a drag queen , which is supported with her masculine voice . Doris is first seen in Shrek 2 , when King Harold secretly enters the Poison Apple Club , in which she is working as a bartender . She recommends Puss In Boots to the king for the task of assassinating Shrek . Near the climax of the film , Doris points King Harold to a door guarded by the Fairy Godmother 's bodyguards , behind which Prince Charming and the Fairy Godmother are secretly meeting . At first , she has a crush on Prince Charming and forces him to kiss her at the end of the film . In Far Far Away Idol , she is accused by Simon Cowell of being ugly after she sings Cyndi Lauper 's `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' . In Shrek the Third , Doris becomes one of Shrek 's best friends before the events of the film . At the beginning of the film , Doris is briefly mentioned by Mabel when Prince Charming visits the Poison Apple . Mabel says that Doris does not belong here , and this indicates that Doris is living with Princess Fiona in the castle . She is also seen during Fiona 's baby shower , but she escapes by a hidden trapdoor when Charming starts to enter the castle . Later , she is imprisoned by Charming after he invades Far Far Away . With the princesses , Donkey and Puss , she escapes and infiltrates the castle to confront Charming . In the end , Doris and Mabel finally meet in Charming 's play and reconcile when Artie convinces the villains not to continue their villainous ways when they did n't get their happily ever after . Doris appears very briefly in Shrek Forever After at the ogre triplets ' birthday party . Snow White ( edit ) Snow White ( voiced by Amy Poehler , singing voice provided by Megan Hilty ) is one of Princess Fiona 's friends . She has a talent for singing , which she uses to charm animals and make them follow her orders . She is shown to be very proud and vain , even boasting how she won Fairest In The Land from the Wicked Queen . In the first film , Snow White cameos as one of the fairytale creatures to be banished to Shrek 's swamp . She is shown sleeping inside her coffin and being handled by her seven dwarves . When Lord Farquaad is forced to choose a wife , Snow White , seen sleeping in the glass coffin , is his second choice . At Shrek and Fiona 's wedding , she fights with Cinderella to catch Fiona 's bouquet . In Shrek 2 , Snow White is briefly mentioned when the Fairy Godmother is explaining to Shrek that ogres do not live happily ever after . Snow White appears more prominently in Shrek the Third , dressed in red . She becomes friends with Princess Fiona , Queen Lillian , Doris , Cinderella and the Sleeping Beauty before the events of the film . Prince Charming interrupts Fiona 's baby shower after she gives her a dwarf as a gift to babysit the triplets , saying that she has six more at home . She escapes with Fiona , Queen Lillian , Doris and the other princesses . She is later betrayed by Rapunzel and imprisoned in a dungeon . She complains that they could just have stayed put and carried on with their normal routines ( having tea parties and similarly stereotypical `` girly '' behaviour ) , claiming to not care who is in charge . Later she is content just to wait to be rescued , as normal for fairytale princesses . Fiona encourages her and the others to show some initiative , and they manage to escape and head towards the castle . She tricks the guards ( talking trees ) by singing a high tone ( using the same voice as in the Disney film ) to charm the animals , and screaming ( the same scream as in `` The Immigrant Song '' by Led Zeppelin ) to command them to attack the trees . Her plan works and they enter the castle grounds , avoiding the knights guarding it . Snow White , along with the other princesses , Doris and Queen Lillian , arrives just in time to stop Prince Charming from killing Shrek . After Charming is defeated , she is seen in the background , talking to the other princesses , Doris and Queen Lillian . Although it is unclear whether Snow White is married , at one point she is seen with a tattoo on her upper arm with the name Dopey surrounded by a heart . Cinderella ( edit ) Cinderella ( voiced by Amy Sedaris ) is one of Princess Fiona 's friends . She wears her pair of glass slippers throughout the events of Shrek the Third . She uses her glass slipper as a weapon , somewhat like a boomerang . She is obsessed with cleanliness and tidiness after doing a great deal of housework for her stepmother and stepsisters ( revealed to be Doris and Mabel ) . In the Shrek 2 video game , however , she is portrayed as an absent - minded valley girl . When Lord Farquaad is forced to choose his wife so that he can become king , Cinderella is one of his choices . She is shown at number 1 in a painting , wearing a yellow dress and trying on her glass slipper . However , Farquaad chooses Princess Fiona , ranked number 3 . At Shrek and Fiona 's wedding , Cinderella is shown fighting with Snow White to catch Fiona 's bouquet . In Shrek 2 , Cinderella is briefly mentioned while the Fairy Godmother is explaining to Shrek that ogres do not live happily ever after . There is also a picture of her in Fairy Godmother 's factory . This can be seen more clearly in a behind - the - scenes guide . Thus Fairy Godmother appears to be the evil twin sister of Cinderella 's fairy godmother . Cinderella appears more prominently in Shrek the Third , now wearing a light blue - silver dress . She becomes friends with Princess Fiona , Queen Lillian , Doris , Snow White and the Sleeping Beauty prior to the events of the film . She first appears in Fiona 's baby shower , which Prince Charming interrupts when he takes over the throne . She escapes with Fiona , Queen Lillian , Doris , and the other princesses . She is later betrayed by Rapunzel and imprisoned with others in a dungeon . They escape and head towards the castle . After Snow White tricks the guards , they enter the castle 's grounds and avoid the knights on guard . While trying to get into the castle , Cinderella hurls her glass slipper like a boomerang at a knight , knocking him out . Cinderella , with the other princesses , Doris and Queen Lillian , arrives just in time to stop Prince Charming from killing Shrek . After Charming is defeated , she is seen talking to the other princesses , Doris and Queen Lillian in the background . Sleeping Beauty ( edit ) Sleeping Beauty ( voiced by Cheri Oteri ) is one of Princess Fiona 's friends . She likes to sleep a lot . Because she sleeps so much in the film , little is known about her personality , other than that she seems to be a pleasant person who is a little eccentric at times . In Shrek 2 , Sleeping Beauty is shown in a poorly drawn picture in Fiona 's diary , explaining that Sleeping Beauty is having a party with all the other princesses , but Princess Fiona is not allowed to go on account of the ogreish appearance she acquires every night . Later in the film , Sleeping Beauty appears without speaking when a coach - limousine pulls up at the red carpet to the Far Far Away Royal Ball . When the door opens , she falls to the ground , still sleeping . In the film , she wears a blue dress and a crown . Sleeping Beauty appears more prominently in Shrek the Third , now wearing a white - green dress , and with light brown hair . She becomes friends with Princess Fiona , Queen Lillian , Doris , Snow White and Cinderella before the events of the film . She first appears in Fiona 's baby shower , but Prince Charming interrupts it and takes over the throne . She escapes with Fiona , Queen Lillian , Doris , and the other princesses . She is later betrayed by Rapunzel and imprisoned with others in a dungeon . They escape and head towards the castle . After Snow White tricks the guards , they enter the castle 's grounds , avoiding the knights on guard . While trying to get into the castle , Sleeping Beauty yawns and falls to the ground , causing the knights to trip over her and fall , unconscious . With the other princesses , Doris and Queen Lillian , Sleeping Beauty arrives just in time to stop Prince Charming from killing Shrek . After Charming is defeated , she is seen talking to the other princesses , Doris and Queen Lillian in the background . Merlin ( edit ) Merlin ( voiced by Eric Idle ) is a retired wizard teacher from Artie 's high school , Worcestershire , in Shrek the Third . In Shrek the Third , after their ship crashes into sharp rocks , Shrek , Donkey , Puss and Artie get stranded on an island ( possibly Lovers ' Beach in Far Far Away ) . They meet Arthur 's retired teacher Merlin , after Artie tries to separate himself from Shrek . Since Merlin retired because of a nervous breakdown ( which he calls `` third - level fatigue '' ) , he seems rather eccentric , and his magic spells usually go wrong . At one point , when he prepares to teleport Shrek , Donkey , Puss and Artie to Far Far Away , he cracks his knuckles , only to fire a bolt that destroys a boulder . In order to help Shrek and Arthur be reconciled , he makes them look into a thick cloud of smoke to reveal their thoughts . Shrek sees a baby carriage , but lies and says that he sees a `` rainbow pony '' . Merlin is pleased and moves on to Arthur , who sees a bird and its father . The father bird abandons the chick , leaving it frightened and confused . Merlin is happy they decided to look into their soul , and as he retreats to his hut , Shrek takes the opportunity to show Arthur that they are not so different after all . They catch Merlin eavesdropping on their conversation when he plays the song `` That 's What Friends Are For '' on a phonograph to add to the mood . When Captain Hook and his cronies ambush Shrek , Donkey , Puss and Artie , he plays his piano , and Merlin is beside him playing it too until he is pushed away . After the villains retreat , Artie convinces Merlin to use a spell to teleport them to Far Far Away . But the spell causes Donkey and Puss to switch bodies ( probably because they took each other 's `` hands '' seconds before ) . After Prince Charming 's defeat , Merlin returns , and Puss and Donkey force him to put them back in their own bodies . The spell works , but causes their tails to switch . Merlin tries to tell them , but decides not to , though their tails have inexplicably returned to normal later . In the first he cameos as one of the fairy tale creatures banished to Shrek 's swamp . He appears standing with the Big Bad Wolf and when Shrek asks if anyone knows Farquaad , they both point at each other . In the video game to the first Shrek film , a different version of Merlin kidnaps Fiona . Brogan ( edit ) Brogan ( voiced by Jon Hamm ) is an ogre and the second - in - command of the Ogre Resistance in Shrek Forever After . He uses his nose as their horn to communicate music . He 's got really short , almost invisible , ginger hair and unshaven face . He 's nice , kind and loyal . He is taller , bigger , more muscular and much more handsome than Shrek . He 's possibly the strongest one of all ogres , because when the witches carry up all of the ogres with their Skull Chains , Brogan is too strong and he pulls the Skull Chains that are attached to him , so the Witches fall from their broomsticks . Brogan introduces Shrek into the resistance and is seen in the meeting with Fiona on how to fight against Rumpelstiltskin and the witches . When Pied Piper arrives and uses his flute , the song `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' is played , and Brogan can not stop dancing . Later , he and the other ogres are captured , but they fight in the castle and defeat Rumpelstiltskin . He is also seen at the party in the end of the film . In the audio commentary for the DVD release , Mike Mitchell states Brogan was originally meant to be Prince Charming , Fiona 's love interest with the same curse as her , called `` Gnimrahc '' , which is Charming spelled backwards . Cookie ( edit ) Cookie ( voiced by Craig Robinson ) is an ogre and a chef for the Ogre Resistance in Shrek Forever After . Food is his only weapon against the witches and Rumpelstiltskin . His signature dish is the chimichanga , of which he takes a cartful to the ambush of Rumplestiltskin . Cookie is very recognizable due to the garlic he has tied into his goatee and a chef hat . He 's a very outgoing and friendly ogre . He is the only ogre to enjoy dancing while Pied Piper plays his flute until he and the others are captured . He catapults his chimichangas at the witches during the final battle . He is also seen at the party in the end of the film . Gretched ( edit ) Gretched ( voiced by Jane Lynch ) is a female ogre who appears in the Shrek Forever After . She is a member of the Ogre Resistance . She is one of the strong soldiers and she plays an important role in the Ogre Resistance , because Fiona puts her right behind Brogan . She is n't kind and delicate like Fiona , she looks like the other male ogres , but she 's got brown hair . She is also seen at the party in the end of the film . Humpty Dumpty ( edit ) Humpty Alexander Dumpty ( voiced by Zach Galifianakis ) , in his childhood , was best friends with Puss and tried to find magic beans with him . However , their quest failed and Puss later became a revered hero in their hometown . Humpty grew jealous of Puss 's fame and later tricked him into helping him rob a bank , thus branding Puss an outlaw . They were pursued by the authorities ; Humpty was captured while Puss escaped . Seven years later , Humpty along with Kitty Softpaws convinced Puss to help him get magic beans from Jack and Jill to get the Golden Goose , but it was revealed that this was all a plot to just get Puss back home and arrested as revenge for abandoning him . But later Humpty had a change of heart and helped Puss and Kitty fight The Great Terror and ends up breaking and is revealed to be a golden egg himself . In Shrek Super Slam , he is known as Master Fu and is an unlockable character . In Shrek 4 - D , his grave can be seen in the cemetery . Puss in Boots mentions him in Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos . Kitty Softpaws ( edit ) Kitty ( voiced by Salma Hayek ) is a black tuxedo cat . She has a white chest , whiskers , muzzle , tail - tip , eyebrows and white paws . Her eyes are bright blue . She wears a brown belt in which she carries a short dagger / sword , along with dark brown boots . Her fur is very thick . She has no claws on her paws because they were removed by her former owners . That 's why she is a really good thief , she can take off Puss ' boots and he does n't know about it . She pretends to be Puss friend , but it is revealed later that she was in cahoots with Humpty and Jack and Jill to take the Golden Goose and trick Puss into being imprisoned in his home town . But during their adventures , she fell in love with him , so she saves him and they both give the Golden Goose back to the Giant Terror . At the end of the movie , they are dancing flamenco and kissing . It is uncertain whether they have become a couple . Main villains ( edit ) Lord Farquaad ( edit ) Main article : Lord Farquaad Lord Farquaad ( voiced by John Lithgow ) is the comically short , ruthless ruler of the huge castle of Duloc . In his pursuit of perfection , Farquaad attempts to rid his domain of fairy tale creatures , offering a bounty for their capture and then exiling them to Shrek 's swamp . Farquaad wants to become a king , but because he is not of royal stock , he can not until he marries a princess . He decides that Princess Fiona will be the perfect wife and queen , but first she must be rescued from her tower , which is guarded by a fire - breathing dragon . Unwilling to perform the feat himself , Farquaad holds a tournament to select the knight that will rescue Princess Fiona . But Shrek and Donkey turn up and defeat the knights , so Farquaad decides to send Shrek on the quest instead , agreeing to remove the fairytale creatures from his swamp if he rescues Fiona . Shrek delivers Fiona to Farquaad , who immediately proposes marriage , unaware that she becomes an ogress at sunset . Shrek disrupts the marriage ceremony , delaying a kiss between Farquaad and Fiona until after sunset . Fiona makes the transition from human to ogre form , upon which Farquaad rejects his new bride , banishing her to the tower , claiming the title of king and sentencing Shrek to death and making him regret the day they met . Before Farquaad finishes his claims to the kingdom , the dragon that had been guarding Fiona , who has since developed a relationship with Donkey , crashes through the window and devours the monologuing Farquaad , thanks to Shrek , who whistles for her . Moments later , Dragon burps and the crown comes out . Farquaad was apparently not well liked in Duloc : when Dragon eats him , the citizens laugh and cheer . He is confirmed to be dead when he enters as a ghost in the Shrek 4 - D ride at Universal Studios and the 30 - minute Shrek Special on the Nickelodeon TV channel , in which he tries to murder Shrek and Donkey and to kidnap and kill Fiona so that she can be his ghost queen . Princess Fiona is again rescued when Lord Farquaad is presumably killed by Dragon a second time . In Scared Shrekless , Farquaad is long dead , and his castle left in a decrepit state . Lord Farquaad does not appear , and is not mentioned in Shrek 2 . Lord Farquaad briefly appears in Gingy 's flashbacks in Shrek the Third . In Shrek the Musical , it is revealed that Lord Farquaad 's mother was the princess from the fairy tale The Princess and the Pea . Also , Lord Farquaad 's father was Grumpy of the Seven Dwarfs . Farquaad claimed earlier that Grumpy abandoned him in the woods as a child , but Grumpy reveals the true reason he kicked Farquaad out is that he was 28 years old and would n't move out of his basement as revealed when he and the other fairy tale characters raid Lord Farquaad 's wedding . Fairy Godmother ( edit ) The Fairy Godmother ( voiced by Jennifer Saunders ) is a scheming , conniving opportunist , loosely based on the fairy - tale Cinderella 's `` Fairy Godmother . '' She seeks to get the best for herself and her son Prince Charming , rather than others . She takes an instant dislike to Shrek , and when he tries to ask her why Fiona is not happy , she rudely points out that `` ogres do n't live happily ever after . '' She then briefly insults Shrek , calling his fingers `` dirty green sausages . '' She often resorts to blackmail and trickery through magic to get her way . She loves to eat whenever she is distressed ( `` someone get me something deep fried and smothered in chocolate , '' when Shrek makes a mess of her potion factory , and during her talk with Harold in the carriage about Shrek , it is shown that Harold ruined her diet , so she orders food from Friar 's Fat Boy ) . It is possible that she placed the spell on Fiona that makes her turn into an ogre at night as part of her plan to get Charming to marry her . Bubbles are her character 's main theme . When she first appears , she is surrounded by bubbles as she sings to Fiona . When Shrek uses her card to ask for help , a voice mail message of her appears with her saying `` Is it on ? Is it on ? '' she is again surrounded by a bubble , which then shows an image of the Fairy Godmother 's cottage . After the message ends , the bubble bursts . Finally when the Fairy Godmother `` dies , '' in an attempt to cast a spell to kill Shrek which is deflected onto her by King Harold 's armor , she bursts into a host of bubbles . Her death later influences Charming to get revenge by taking over Far Far Away . Even though The Fairy Godmother does not appear in Shrek the Third , she is mentioned by Prince Charming a lot . Fairy Godmother appears in Shrek : The Musical as one of the characters who gets evicted by Farquaad . The Fairy Godmother is briefly mentioned by Lillian and Harold in the opening scene of Shrek Forever After and makes a cameo during the end credits . Prince Charming ( edit ) Prince Charming ( voiced by Rupert Everett in the second and third movie , Sean Bishop in Scared Shrekless ) is the son of the Fairy Godmother . He is very handsome , and was supposed to rescue Princess Fiona from her dragon - guarded tower . In his first scene in Shrek 2 , he travels to the castle where Fiona had been imprisoned prior to the first film , only to discover that Shrek has already found and married her , and that the Big Bad Wolf has taken to sleeping in her tower ( without any explanation of how the wolf got there ) . His narration in this scene , as well as his conversation with the Wolf , recap the most important aspects of the plot of the first film . It is later revealed that Charming is in fact the son of the Fairy Godmother and that she wants him to marry Fiona so that he can become king ( similar to Lord Farquaad 's intentions in the first film ) . Thus , in contrast to his fairytale namesake , this Prince Charming plays a more villainous role , just like his mother . He is characterized as an arrogant , vain and spoiled mama 's boy , and she as his doting parent , as well as shallow about his appearance . He later deceives Fiona into believing that he is Shrek , having been turned human by a `` Happily Ever After '' potion . Nevertheless , his heartless attitude shows through the disguise and Fiona realizes the truth , knocking him unconscious with a headbutt before the end of the film . At the end , he is forcefully kissed by the ugly stepsister , Doris . He sings `` I 'm Too Sexy '' by `` Right Said Fred '' in Far Far Away Idol , but because of his horrible singing , Shrek and Fiona press a button that opens a trap door below him and he falls into it while he screams . He is voiced here by Randy Crenshaw . As the main villain of Shrek the Third , Charming gathers all the evil characters from fairy tales that were at the Poison Apple Bar to get their revenge and their `` Happily Ever Afters '' . After they invade the main castle of Far Far Away , Charming prepares a stage show in which he will kill Shrek in front of the entire kingdom . His plan almost works when Shrek takes part in the show , but eventually fails when Shrek 's allies come to the rescue . Arthur Pendragon then convinces the fairytale villains to give up their evil ways . Charming is furious and attempts to attack Artie only to be stopped by Shrek , who throws him towards the stone tower . Dragon then knocks over the stone tower from the stage and Charming looks at the tower and mutters out `` Mommy '' , it lands on him and he is presumably killed . However , he appears in Scared Shrekless , he is in the story `` Boots Motel '' ( presumably made up by Donkey and Puss ) alive and well . This time , he is voiced by Sean Bishop . He appears as a zombie and at the movie theater ( this proves he survived his ordeal and did n't get crushed by the stone tower after all ) in Thriller Night , a Shrek parody of the iconic Michael Jackson short film , Michael Jackson 's Thriller . While Charming 's final fate is left undetermined , Rupert Everett 's name was seen on the cast list for Shrek Forever After . This may have been a continuity error , because he was n't seen or heard in the film . Prince Charming does make a ( non-speaking ) cameo during the end credits for Shrek Forever After . Rumpelstiltskin ( edit ) Rumpelstiltskin ( voiced by Conrad Vernon in Shrek the Third , Walt Dohrn in subsequent media ) is a evil short con man who makes magical deals ( complete with contracts ) , but give them a horrible twist in fate for their lives . He has a giant pet goose named Fifi . In Shrek the Third , he decides to join Prince Charming as an attempt for the other villains to get their happily ever after . As with the other villains , Rumpelstiltskin decided to quit being a villain . In Shrek Forever After , King Harold and Queen Lillian are going to sign their kingdom over to Rumpelstiltskin to break Fiona 's curse , as Lilian believes that the Fairy Godmother can not be trusted . Harold believes that Rumpelstiltskin ca n't be trusted , but in a very fortunate moment , the deal is cancelled when they learn that Shrek has rescued Fiona from the tower ; Rumpelstiltskin then wishes Shrek was never born . Seeing Shrek regretting the life he has , Rumpelstiltskin makes a deal with him , taking away the day he was born . This deal enables Rumpelstiltskin to be the ruler of Far Far Away , by creating an alternate reality in which Shrek never existed and never rescued Fiona , thus the king and queen carried out their deal with him and then disappeared ( Rumpelstiltskin having twisted the deal ) . Shrek tries to reverse the deal using the exit clause ( a true love 's kiss , although in this reality Fiona intensely dislikes him ) before 24 hours elapse and he disappears forever , but Rumpelstiltskin has an army of witches to stop him and hires the Pied Piper to capture him and the other ogres . He succeeds in capturing all but Shrek . When he offers anything in return for the one who brings Shrek to him , Shrek turns himself in , and in exchange has Rumpelstiltskin set the ogres free ( though he keeps Fiona , as she is a princess by day ) . Rumpelstiltskin tries to feed Shrek and Fiona to Dragon ( who is still evil in this reality ) , but Puss , Donkey and the other ogres come to fight , and with Shrek and Fiona they defeat Rumpelstiltskin and his army of witches . By this time Shrek 's 24 hours are almost up , but at the last second , Fiona kisses the disintegrating Shrek , whom she now realizes that she loves , thus restoring the original reality . Rumpelstiltskin is last seen during the ending , imprisoned in a cage by Shrek , Fiona and the other ogres , while Fifi explodes at Fiona 's high - note singing , Rumpelstilskin is also tormented by the Pied Piper who make him dancing in his cage . In Donkey 's Christmas Shrektacular , Rumpelstiltskin is still imprisoned in a cage and receives coal for Christmas . He appears twice in Shrek 's Yule Log , out of his cage and unsuccessfully trying to put out the fireplace . Donkey 's Christmas Shrektacular shows him imprisoned once more . Rumplestiltskin combines features of the previous three main villains : he is short and rules an empire with an iron fist , like Farquaad ; he has magical powers to help others alter their fates , like the Fairy Godmother ; and his life is ruined by Shrek 's rescue of Fiona from the castle keep , like Prince Charming . It is ultimately implied by Donkey , when he is folding Shrek 's contract into origami , that the original way to break Rumpelstilskin 's contract is to call out his name correctly , which no longer works because everyone already knows who he is . Jack and Jill ( edit ) Jack and Jill ( voiced by Billy Bob Thornton and Amy Sedaris ) are a married couple . In Puss in Boots , Jack and Jill are in the possession of the magic beans from the Jack and the Beanstalk story , which Puss , Kitty Softpaws and Humpty Dumpty manage to steal to get into the giant 's keep . However , it is revealed later that Jack and Jill were in cahoots with Humpty and Kitty to take the Golden Goose and trick Puss into being imprisoned in his home town . But when the Great Terror arrives to retrieve Golden Goose , its baby , Jack and Jill try to steal the Goose when Humpty had a change of heart and tried to help Puss lure the Great Terror away from San Ricardo , only for the couple to be stomped on by the Terror . During the credits , Jack and Jill are seen in full body casts . Throughout the film , Jack tries convincing Jill that they should have a family but he assumes that they should be taking care of their piglets . Minor villains ( edit ) Thelonious ( edit ) Thelonious ( voiced by Christopher Knights ) appears as one of Lord Farquaad 's henchmen and possibly the executioner , as he 's the one who tortures Gingy by breaking his legs and melting him in the milk and threatens the Magic Mirror by suggesting Lord Farquaad to break it . His face is always covered by the hood , but he also wears really tight costume that emphasizes the size of his muscles and crotch . He has poor intelligence , as shown when Lord Farquaad is deciding between three princesses and Thelonious says `` Three ! Pick number three , my lord '' while holding up two fingers . He 's later seen at Fiona and Farquaad 's wedding and it is possible that he is n't really a villain , because when they kiss , he wrote `` Aawww '' on one of the signs that are telling people how should they react to different situations . He 's also seen in the ending , at Shrek and Fiona 's wedding , when he helps to play the music organ . He also makes a cameo appearance in Shrek Forever After , but only during the credits ( showing a slide show of clips from the last 3 Shrek films ) . He also appears in Shrek 4 - D , where he has kidnapped Fiona so the spirit of Farquaad can kill her and make her his spirit queen . But , when Thelonious released the raft to send Fiona over a waterfall , he has forgotten to get off of it first . He accepted Fiona punching his face multiply times . When she finds his face is too resistant , she kicks Thelonious really hard in the testicles by stepping on the wooden beam of the raft , so it goes up right in between his legs while he 's being astride . After he grabbed his groin , moaned , collapsed in pain and fell overboard , she apologizes him , so that means their relations are good . Then he fell from the waterfall but grabbed the branch . When Fiona , Shrek and Donkey fell from the waterfall as well , he proved he is good , because he caught them all in one hand while still held the branch only by the second hand until the branch broke . They are all falling down the waterfall , but the Dragon rescues all four of them and kills Lord Farquaad only . Thelonious becomes the first Shrek films villain to change to good . Rapunzel ( edit ) Rapunzel ( voiced by Maya Rudolph ) is one of Princess Fiona 's former friends . She is snobbish , opinionated , vain , and does not seem to get along with the bossy Snow White . In Shrek the Third , Rapunzel is first seen during Fiona 's baby shower , until Prince Charming invades the castle and the princesses , Doris and Queen Lillian escape secretly . Rapunzel pretends to find an exit and runs all the way to where Charming really is . The princesses , Doris and Lillian follow but are cornered by Charming 's knights . Rapunzel then betrays them and shows off her love and affection for the Prince , while the other women are imprisoned in a dungeon with Rapunzel telling Prince Charming not to have any harm come to them . While they are there , Rapunzel practices for her role in Prince Charming 's play . In the final performance , she sings and acts as a princess on top of a tower ( mimicking Princess Fiona , whose situation itself mimics Rapunzel 's ) . The play is interrupted by Shrek 's friends and Fiona . Gingy comes on stage by holding on to Rapunzel 's hair , which he accidentally pulls off . When it is revealed that she is actually bald , Rapunzel gasps in horror and runs from the stage out of embarrassment . Captain Hook ( edit ) Captain Hook ( voiced by Ian McShane in the third movie ) appears in Shrek 2 in the bar of the Poison Apple , where he plays the piano and sings `` Little Drop of Poison '' ( his singing voice during that song was provided by Tom Waits ) and `` People Just Ai n't No Good '' ( his singing voice during that song was provided by Nick Cave ) in the other . He appears in Shrek the Third , working for Prince Charming . When Artie convinces the villains to give up evil , Hook states that he grows daffodils and they are beautiful . Captain Hook is the first who throws his weapon down and becomes good . Captain Hook also appears as a contestant in the Far Far Away Idol feature on the Shrek 2 DVD with his singing voice provided by Matt Mahaffey . He begins to sing `` Hooked On A Feeling '' until Tinkerbell ( whom Hook poisons in the classic Peter Pan story ) prompts Simon Cowell to remove him from the stage . Captain Hook does not appear in Shrek Forever After , but his voice is heard in the soundtrack , and he makes a cameo in the book opening of the film holding some daffodils . Cyclops ( edit ) The Cyclops ( voiced by Mark Valley ) is the bouncer for the Poison Apple as seen in Shrek 2 . He appears in Shrek Super Slam , and his slam is `` Eye in the Sky '' . In Shrek the Third , the Cyclops is seen on a Bucking Bronco at the Poison Apple Bar when Prince Charming comes in . The Cyclops is among the villains that help Prince Charming take over Far Far Away . He has a daughter , a cute little cyclops girl who also has only one eye who he brings with him as part of `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day . '' He is a family man and does not really want to be evil . He even apologizes to Shrek when he hits him too hard . His idea of `` pillaging '' during the attack on Far , Far Away is n't exactly the most evil either , as he is only seen ripping the stamps off the letters in a mailbox . Various Cyclopes like him appear in the Shrek the Third video game , but it is unknown if he is there or not . Mabel the ugly stepsister ( edit ) Mabel ( voiced by Regis Philbin ) is the sister of Doris and the stepsister of Cinderella . She first appears in Shrek the Third , where she assists Prince Charming in his plan to take over Far Far Away . She is chubby and wears green - themed clothes . Like Doris , she is a kind - hearted person . Mabel is first seen when , at the bar of the Poison Apple , Prince Charming asks her where Doris is . Mabel , who has taken Doris 's place as bartender , replies `` She 's not welcome here . '' ( In fact , Doris is now friends with Shrek and Princess Fiona ) . Like Doris , Mabel has a crush on Prince Charming . At the film 's climax , she meets Doris on stage after the tower prop falls on Prince Charming and they reconcile . Mabel appears two times in Shrek Forever After , first time at the ogre triplets ' birthday party where she tells Shrek that he forgot the candles for the birthday cake and second time where she grew old as one of the viewers of Rumpelstiltskin 's message in the alternate reality . The evil trees ( edit ) Appearing briefly in the second film and more prominently in the third . In Shrek 2 the two Evil Trees has been seen doing `` branch wrestling '' while one breaks the branch of the other . In Shrek the Third the two Evil Trees ( played by Andrew Birch and Christopher Knights ) help Prince Charming . In one scene of the third film , their names are revealed to be Ed and Steve . In the same scene , they explain that it is hard to find work since most of the world is against them . The trees are possibly two of the living trees from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . The evil trees appear in the Shrek Forever After video game . The evil Queen ( edit ) The Evil Queen ( voiced by Susan Blakeslee ) appears in the third Shrek film where she assists Prince Charming in taking over Far Far Away when Prince Charming visits the Poison Apple bar . Prince Charming refers to her as the `` Wicked Witch . '' When she is about to kill Queen Lillian ( with a sword to her neck ) , Artie asserts they all can all stop being evil if they are willing to make a better choice . The Evil Queen happily says that she always wants to open a spa in France . The puppet Master ( edit ) The Puppet Master ( voiced by Chris Miller ) appears in Shrek the Third where Prince Charming convinces him to join his brigade by describing how Pinocchio has gone to look for his `` real '' father and never writes . His only line is `` I hate that little wooden puppet '' . He is loosely based on Mangiafuoco in the Carlo Collodi 's book The Adventures of Pinocchio and more based on Stromboli in the Disney film ( bearing that name in the video game ) . Headless Horseman ( edit ) Headless Horseman ( voiced by Conrad Vernon ) makes a cameo appearance in the Poisoned Apple during the second film and appears in the third film with Prince Charming in his invasion of villains . He seems to be a good friend of Captain Hook . He reveals that he has `` always wanted to play the flute '' ( which would be difficult at best since he has no head ) . Fifi ( edit ) Fifi is Rumpelstiltskin 's giant pet goose . She is also his bodyguard and carriage puller and attacks Shrek and Donkey at one point . During the ending credits , Fiona sings a high note , causing Fifi to explode alongside the bluebird , a homage to a scene from the first movie . Fifi does not appear in Puss in Boots , but The Great Terror looks a lot like her . Witches ( edit ) In Shrek the Third , some Witches are shown as patrons at the bar of the Poison Apple ( one of them was seen singing at the Poison Apple Bar ) when Prince Charming rallies the fairytale villains to take over Far Far Away . The witches carry out an air raid , dropping the evil trees from there to attack the citizens . Some witches are among Rumpelstiltskin 's main assistants in Shrek Forever After , wearing black coats and having long noses and greenish faces . They ride their broomsticks and use pumpkins as bombs . They can be killed by water , as Rumpelstiltskin does to one of them , who cries `` Oh , what a world ! What a world ! '' , like the Wicked Witch of the West from The Wizard of Oz . Some of them are seen dancing modern hip hop moves to the Pied Piper 's flute after they ridicule him . They are defeated in the final battle . Although most of them display vicious behavior for most of the film , they passively surrender once Rumpelstiltskin is captured and are even shown to be sorry for Fiona when Shrek disappears . Near the end , they have reformed and made a rainbow out of clouds . Baba and Griselda are the only witches whose names are mentioned . The witches in Shrek Forever After are voiced by Billie Hayes , Kristen Schaal , Mary Kay Place , Meredith Vieira , Kathy Griffin , Mike Mitchell and Lake Bell . Monsieur Robin Hood ( edit ) `` Monsieur Robin Hood '' ( voiced by Vincent Cassel ) is a French - accented version of Robin Hood who appears in the first Shrek film . Believing Shrek to be kidnapping Princess Fiona , he tries to save her with the aid of his Merry Men . They are defeated by Princess Fiona , who uses her kung - fu skills . Robin is portrayed as more of a misunderstanding nuisance than a threatening villain , as he genuinely believes that Shrek was going to harm Fiona . He and the Merry Men attend Shrek and Fiona 's wedding proving that there was no malice . Robin Hood and his Merry Men appear in Shrek Super Slam as unlockable characters . They also appear in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party in the end of the film , joining with Shrek , Princess Fiona , Donkey , Snow White , Pinocchio , Thelonius , Papa Bear , Cinderella , the Big Bad Wolf , and others for a huge dance ( they sing `` Y.M.C.A. '' ) . Sir Lancelot ( edit ) Sir Lancelot ( voiced by John Krasinski ) is one of Arthur 's classmates in high school . The captain of the school 's jousting team . He 's got thick black hair and square jaw . He 's very handsome , well - built and sexy , but also really rude , arrogant and narcissistic . He is the quintessential Big Man on Campus and a typical jock -- he loves sport , he has got many fans and he tends to abuse his popularity . Lancelot is portrayed as more of a bully than a threatening villain . He takes every opportunity to assert his superiority over his classmates , whether through a sarcastic comeback or a beating on the jousting field . The main recipient of such thrashings is Artie , because Lancelot is much more muscular , handsome and stronger than him . He wins with him during jousting , so Shrek mistakes him for Artie , which does n't look like a king . He is possibly Guinevere 's boyfriend . The black knight ( edit ) The gibberish - speaking Black Knight appears in black armor and a red cape in Shrek Super Slam . He is available as a standard character and his slam is the `` Seismic Smash '' . In `` Shrek the Third , '' there were some black knights that helped Prince Charming in a plot to kill Shrek The Pied Piper ( edit ) The Pied Piper appears briefly in the first film , among the fairy tale creatures exiled in Shrek 's swamp , where he rallies many rats with his enchanted flute . In Shrek Forever After , he is hired by Rumpelstiltskin to capture the ogres by forcing them to dance and follow him with his enchanted flute . He can handle different species ( rats , ogres , witches ... ) or even objects ( Rumpelstiltskin 's socks ) by setting the `` target '' dial of his flute . He never speaks and only using his flute to communicate . The Piper has no real voice , but the flute performance was done by Jeremy Steig ( original author William Steig 's son ) . In Shrek Forever After he is seen playing two pop culture songs : at first he plays Sure Shot , to make the witches dance after their mocked him , and later he plays Shake Your Groove Thing , in order to make the ogres dance directly to Rumpelstiltskin 's castle Raoul ( edit ) Raoul ( voiced by Conrad Vernon ) appears in Puss in Boots . He is a hairy thief and thug . He has got some tattoos : three beans on his arm , beanstalk reaching the castle in the sky on his chest , golden goose on his back and golden eggs probably on his genitals ( when he offered Puss to show that tattoo , he unzipped his trousers ) . He is firstly seen in the bar where he is drinking and laughing at the cat along with the other thieves . He tells Puss the story about the Golden Goose and Jack and Jill and illustrates his tale by taking off his shirt and revealing his tattoos . He also tries to rob him , but then Puss cuts off half of his beard . Later , we can see that he was in cahoots with Humpty to take the Golden Goose and trick Puss into being imprisoned in his home town . After the Giant Terror went down to take the Golden Goose back , he is bathing and playing the rubber duck . The tattoos on his body makes the Giant Terror angry and she throws the bathtub where he was bathing into the air . It is unknown did he died or survived . Minor characters ( edit ) Magic Mirror ( edit ) The Magic Mirror ( voiced by Chris Miller ) is a mirror with a live spirit communicating through it , and with magical displaying abilities . It is first brought to Lord Farquaad who asks it if Duloc is not the most perfect kingdom , exactly the same way the Evil Queen used to ask it if she was not the fairest of all . The magic mirror then presents Lord Farquaad with three princesses that he can marry ( from which he chooses Fiona ) . It is later seen to be with Shrek 's posse , who in Shrek 2 use it as a television set such as announcing that the show will be back after commercials . In Shrek Forever After , Rumpelstiltskin has it and uses it on television broadcasting purposes . In the ending he is seen shining a light on a giant disco ball . Mongo ( edit ) Mongo , the giant gingerbread man was created by the Muffin Man . He is based on the character Mongo from Blazing Saddles and the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man from Ghostbusters . At one point , he also roars like Godzilla . In Shrek 2 , Shrek and Gingy go to visit the Muffin Man , and they tell him ' they have a big order to fill . ' Shrek and Gingy ride Mongo through Far Far Away to the castle . When they get there , Mongo tries to rip open the drawbridge . The guards fire at him with a catapult , striking one of his gumdrop buttons , which catches fire and falls off him ; enraged , he kicks it back , destroying the catapult . As he tries to lower the drawbridge , the guards poor hot milk over Mongo to soften his arms so that they break off and he falls into the moat , succeeding with their second attempt . However , just before his arms break , Shrek jumps through into the castle . Gingy tries to go back for Mongo , but has to abandon him to carry on with the plan . Mongo 's last words to Gingy are `` Be good ! '' , a reference to E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . At the end of the movie , he sings a section of `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' . It is unknown what happens to him after . He is a background character of the arena `` Mongo '' in Shrek Super Slam , where he is carrying a giant birthday cake . Mongo also makes a cameo in Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing where he roams in the suburbs of Far Far Away track and if any racers make contact with him , they will spin out . Mr. moore ( edit ) Jero the Muffin Man ( voiced by Conrad Vernon ) is a baker who lives in Far Far Away . He is mentioned briefly in the first Shrek film when Gingy and Lord Farquaad discuss their knowledge of him , speaking in the words of the nursery rhyme . He first appears in Shrek 2 , when Shrek and Gingy persuade him to bake an enormous gingerbread man named Mongo . Mongo helps the heroes to storm King Harold 's castle during the Wedding Ball . In Shrek the Third , the Muffin Man is revealed to be a father figure to Gingy , who calls him `` Papa '' . As in the nursery rhyme , he lives on Drury Lane . He appears in Shrek Forever After as a baker on birthday party . In the reality in which Shrek was n't born , Gingy is seen fighting Animal Crackers and the Muffin Man is seen as a bookie saying `` Place your bets ! '' He also appears in the scene when Rumplestiltskin promises anyone 's heart 's desire if they give him Shrek . Furniture ( edit ) The Furniture that are in Fiona 's bedroom first appeared in Shrek 2 . They are brought to life by Fairy Godmother 's magic to sing and dance with her and provide Fiona with the needs of being a princess but to Fairy Godmother and their surprise , she did n't need the requirements and are more shocked to learn that she 's married to an ogre named Shrek . Later , they temporally come back to life and ( under Fairy Godmother 's orders ) block the exits to prevent Shrek from escaping Fiona 's room . Afterwards , they no longer speak or move . They return in Shrek 3 , but are no longer alive ( presumably due to Fairy Godmother 's death ) ; however , they still play a specific role in the film . Guinevere ( edit ) Guinevere ( voiced by Latifa Ouaou ) is a love interest of Arthur 's . When he reveals this , she replies with `` ew '' . She 's possibly Lancelot 's girlfriend . She chews bubble gum . Imelda ( edit ) Imelda ( voiced by Constance Marie ) was Puss ' surrogate mother who appears in Puss in Boots . Golden Goose ( edit ) The Golden Goose in Puss in Boots looks more like a giant gosling even being titled as the golden goose and even when she 's too young , she lays solid golden eggs and is determined to fly as she flaps her wings . Great Terror ( edit ) Even being called so , the Great Terror is a giant white goose with golden wing feathers . She is also the mother of the Golden Goose who used to be owned by Giants . She is very similar to Fifi from Shrek Forever After . Suzie ( edit ) Suzie was a gingerbread girl and Gingy 's girlfriend that appears briefly in Gingy 's flashbacks in the third film and also in Gingy 's flashback story in Shrek the Halls ( voiced by Susan Fitzer ) . In Shrek the Third , she has been seen kissing with Gingy in a car at a drive - in cinema . In Shrek the Halls in Gingy 's Christmas story , he recounts a Christmas winter night he spent with her . The two were in a car made of bread and candies parked on a table , which made them seem like cookies left out for Santa Claus , who later tries to eat them . The gingerbread couple attempted to run , but Suzy was caught by Santa , and she was eaten after letting out a scream . Her death was shown to be the cause of Gingy 's fear of Santa Sugar ( edit ) Sugar is a gingerbread girl made up as Gingy 's love interest in Gingy 's ( fictional ) story `` The Bride of Gingy . '' in Scared Shrekless . She is voiced by Kristen Schaal . She became Gingy 's girlfriend when Gingy explains to the Muffin Man that his other girlfriend kicked him out because he only cared about himself . To that , he makes Gingy a new girlfriend . Gingy thought of adding lots of sugar to the gingerbread batter to make his girlfriend really sweet , despite the Muffin Man 's objections . Once Sugar is born , she falls in love with Gingy . At first , Gingy is overjoyed , but gets uncomfortable with Sugar becoming overly attached to him . He finally escapes and gets over it by knocking her into the mixer which created thousands of zombie clones of herself that attacked Gingy and ate him . Other characters ( edit ) Cyclops girl ( edit ) She is Cyclops 's beautiful little daughter who appears briefly in Shrek the Third and loves her father . Her father brings his sweet little cyclops to work on `` Bring Your Kids To Work Day '' , where Shrek is surprised to see her , but then gives the little cyclops a rub on the head and a compliment , telling her dad `` She 's got your eye '' . Hansel and Gretel ( edit ) Hansel and Gretel appear in the second film 's royal ball , walking on the red carpet and happy about Fiona 's wedding . They appear to throw bread on the ground , puzzling the Joan Rivers - like commentator at the ball . They are also mentioned by the Fairy Godmother while she finds that ogres do n't live happily ever after . Little boy blue ( edit ) He grew up alongside Puss in Boots and Humpty Dumpty in the San Ricardo Orphanage and bullied the latter . His skin is blue . He looks very similar to Butter Pants from Shrek Forever After . Little red Riding Hood ( edit ) Little Red Riding Hood is shown at the beginning of Shrek 2 , coming to the gingerbread and cake house ( from Hansel and Gretel ) and running away leaving her basket behind after seeing Shrek and Fiona as ogres . She also appears in Shrek 2 the game being voiced by Tara Strong , and as a professional softball pitcher . Her slam is Basket of Utter Destruction . She has a different appearance in the two productions . She makes a cameo in Shrek the Third , where she picks a dwarf 's pockets while cloaked in her red hood . In Shrek the Third , someone that might be Little Red Riding Hood was seen pickpocketing someone . She appears as a racer in the game Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing . Her name in it is simply `` Red Riding Hood '' , but her appearance is the same as in Shrek 2 . Her kart is the Big Bad Wolf , and her personal item is a picnic basket . Mister Geppetto ( edit ) ( voiced by Chris Miller in Shrek and Shrek Forever After and by Sean Bishop in Scared Shrekless ) Mr. Gepetto is Pinocchio 's father . He is seen selling Pinocchio to Farquaad 's army in the first film . In Shrek Forever After Pinocchio tries to pass him off to Rumpelstiltskin as Shrek . Miss toad ( edit ) ( voiced by Wendy Bilanski ) -- Miss Toad is seen at the Poison Apple Bar in the second film . She could be the toad that kidnapped Thumbelina . Seven Dwarfs ( edit ) Snow White 's seven dwarves appear in the first film carrying Snow White 's coffin . When the place the coffin on the table , Shrek says `` Oh no ! Dead girl off the table . '' One of the Dwarfs says `` Where else are we supposed to put it ? The bed 's already been taken '' as Shrek finds the Big Bad Wolf in his bed . They are seen again in Shrek 2 , when they give Shrek a ring engraved with `` I love you '' in flaming letters for Fiona ( in an allusion to the One Ring from The Lord of the Rings ) . In `` Shrek the Third '' , one of them ( Grumpy ) is given to Fiona at her baby shower ( as a babysitter ) from Snow White who says she has six more at home . He is later seen again after the birth to babysit , only to be turned away by Shrek . They are seen at the end of Scared Shrekless when Shrek and Fiona celebrate by egging them . They have been voiced by various actors including Elisa Gabrielli , David P. Smith , Walt Dohrn , and Sean Bishop . In Shrek The Musical , it is revealed that Grumpy was the father of Lord Farquaad who kicked him out of his house because he was 28 and living in his basement . The little mermaid ( edit ) A mermaid resembling Ariel from the Disney film The Little Mermaid makes a cameo appearance during the `` Accidentally in Love '' scene in Shrek 2 , when Shrek and Fiona are on the beach during their honeymoon . A wave comes in and then goes back out , leaving her on top of Shrek , kissing him . Fiona throws her back into the sea , where she is eaten by sharks ( though it is not certain whether she is eaten by sharks or merely attacked ) . The old lady in the shoe ( edit ) Her house is seen when Lord Farquaad consigns all the fairytale characters to Shrek 's swamp . She was under the shoe with her children . Peter Pan ( edit ) ( voiced by Michael Galasso ) -- Peter Pan is seen in the first film waiting in line to sell Tinkerbell . His only line in the film is `` He can fly ! '' ( delivered when Tinkerbell inadvertently sprinkles fairy dust on Donkey ) . In Shrek the Third , Captain Hook mistakes a small boy in Far Far Away for Peter Pan . Peter Pan is also a character in Shrek The Musical , that is banished to Shrek 's swamp . Tinker Bell ( edit ) Tinker Bell is almost sold by Peter Pan in the first film , and it is her `` fairy dust '' that allows Donkey to fly temporarily . In Shrek 2 she dances with Gingy during the Far Far Away Idol and is used as lighting for a mud bath . She uses her magic to turn Puss 's boots into dancing ones during the Far Far Away Idols . She is also a player in Shrek 2 the video game , helping to rescue Shrek , Donkey , Puss , Little Red Riding Hood , the Big Bad Wolf and the Gingerbread Man . In the game Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing , she makes a cameo in the Potion Factory Exterior Track . She is the purple fairy that flies across the track , and if any character hits her , they will spin out . The three bears ( edit ) Papa Bear , Mama Bear , and Baby Bear ( voiced by Bobby Block ) appear in the first film among the fairytale characters captured by Lord Farquaad 's troops as Baby Bear tells his parents `` This cage is too small . '' They are among the fairy tale character that are sent to Shrek 's swamp , and in the party at the end of the film . In Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing , Papa Bear is used as a kart for Goldilocks , but is not a playable character . In Shrek Superslam , there is a bearskin rug ( most likely Mama Bear , as there was a bow on her head ) in one of the secret arenas . They also appear in Shrek the Musical , and are banished to Shrek 's swamp . Tom Thumb and Thumbelina ( edit ) Tom Thumb and Thumbelina walk together on the red carpet at Fiona and Shrek 's wedding ball . They are both ignominiously swept up with the debris cluttering the red carpet , and they fail to attend the ball . Tom Thumb pushes Thumbelina in front of him as they are swept up . Wendy Darling ( edit ) ( voiced by Latifa Ouaou ) -- While approaching the small boy in Far Far Away , Captain Hook also calls his mother and says `` Shut it Wendy '' where he mistook her for Wendy Darling . Captain of the guards ( edit ) ( voiced by Jim Cummings in Shrek and Andrew Adamson in Shrek 2 ) . In the first film he appears as the commander of Farquaad 's army and his personal aide . A similar character reappears in Shrek 2 but is now the head of King Harold 's army . Appearing in Shrek the Musical ( edit ) The following characters appear in Shrek the Musical : Shrek 's parents ( edit ) Shrek 's ogre parents appear at the beginning of the musical . They send Shrek out of their home at his seventh birthday , for him to live by himself . Shrek 's father was mentioned in Shrek the Third when Shrek talks with Artie about their fathers , according to Shrek in that scene , his father tried to eat him . It is unknown what their fates are as they never appear in the films . Fairy Godmother ( edit ) A Fairy Godmother appears in Shrek the Musical and is banished to Shrek 's swamp . Gnome ( edit ) The Gnome appears in the Seattle Try - out & Broadway Line - Up of Shrek the Musical amongst the fairy tale characters that are banished to Shrek 's swamp . Mad Hatter ( edit ) The Mad Hatter appears in the West End Line - Up version of Shrek the Musical amongst the fairy tale character that are banished to Shrek 's swamp . Shoemaker 's elf ( edit ) Based on one of the elves from The Elves and the Shoemaker , it appears in the Seattle Try - out & Broadway Line - Up and US National Tour Line - Up versions of Shrek the Musical amongst the fairy tale characters that are banished to Shrek 's swamp . Sugarplum Fairy ( edit ) Based on the Sugarplum Fairies from The Nutcracker , the Sugarplum Fairy appears in all three versions of Shrek the Musical amongst the fairy tale characters that are banished to Shrek 's swamp . The ugly Duckling ( edit ) The Ugly Duckling appeared in all three versions of Shrek the Musical amongst the fairy tale characters that are banished to Shrek 's swamp . Tweedledum and Tweedledee ( edit ) Tweedledum and Tweedledee appear in the West End Line - Up version of Shrek the Musical amongst the fairy tale characters that are banished to Shrek 's swamp . White Rabbit ( edit ) The White Rabbit appeared in the Seattle Try - out & Broadway Line - Up and West End Line - Up versions of Shrek the Musical amongst the fairy tale characters that are banished to Shrek 's swamp . The Cow who jumped over the moon ( edit ) She appears in the Travel Song where she jumps over the moon as Shrek and Donkey walk on their way to rescue Fiona . The character is mentioned in `` The Pig Who Cried Werewolf '' when The Three Little Pigs remember when Heimlich claimed that he has seen an OVNI , but Dieter says that was just the Cow who jumped over the moon The dish and the Spoon ( edit ) They appear in the Travel Song where they run away as Shrek and Donkey walk on their way to rescue Fiona . The Dish and the Spoon are having a conversation and somehow being pursued by the police , it is unknown if they escaped or got arrested . Recurring characters ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : This graph is possibly inaccurate . Please help improve this section if you can . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Character Shrek Shrek 2 Shrek the Third Shrek Forever After Shrek the Musical Shrek 3D Shrek the Halls Scared Shrekless Puss in Boots Shrek Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Donkey Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Princess Fiona Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Puss in Boots No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Farquaad Yes No Flashback ( footage from the first film ; hands and voice only ) No Yes Yes No Mentioned No Fairy Godmother No Yes Photograph Cameo Yes No No No No Prince Charming No Yes Yes Cameo No No No Yes No Rumpelstiltskin No No Yes Yes No No No No No Queen Lillian No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No King Harold No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Dragon Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Artie No No Yes Deleted scenes No No No No No Gingy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Pinocchio Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Three Pigs Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Big Bad Wolf Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Blind Mice Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Ogre Triplets No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Dronkeys No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Doris No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Mabel No No Yes Yes No No No No No Robin Hood Yes Video game only No No No No No No No Captain Hook No Yes Yes Soundtrack No No No No No Headless Horseman No Yes Yes No No No No No No Snow White Yes No Yes No No No No No No Cinderella Yes No Yes No No No No No No Sleeping Beauty No Yes Yes No No No No No No Rapunzel No No Yes No No No No No No Gepetto Yes No No Yes No No No Yes No Muffin Man Mentioned Yes Yes Yes Mentioned No No Yes No Merlin Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No Thelonious Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No Magic Mirror Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Pied Piper Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No Cyclops No Yes Yes No No No No No No Captain of the Guard Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No Evil Trees No Yes Yes Video game only No No No No No Witches Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Three Bears Yes Video game only No No Yes Yes No No No Red Riding Hood No Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Seven Dwarfs Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Tinkerbell Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Peter Pan Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No References ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Cartoon portal Fictional characters portal Jump up ^ Andrew Adamson , Kelly Asbury ( 2004 ) . Shrek 2 ( DVD ) . DreamWorks Animation . Jump up ^ asin B002ZG9904 Shrek Ever After DVD Extras Director Commentary ^ Jump up to : `` Queen Lillian ( Julie Andrews ) and King Harold ( John Cleese ) learn that they may rule the kingdom , but they do n't rule their daughter 's heart '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen Lillian ( Julie Andrews ) and King Harold ( John Cleese ) '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Susan Wloszczyna , `` Here comes the judge : Simon 's a ' Shrek ' extra , '' USA Today ( 10 / 6 / 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` Eric Idle voices Merlin in DreamWorks ' `` Shrek the Third , '' to be released by Paramount Pictures in May 2007 `` . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Behind the Actors : Prince Charming Behind the Voice Actors , Retrieved April 16 , 2016 hide Shrek Films Main films Shrek ( 2001 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Shrek 5 ( 2019 ) Spin - off films Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Shorts Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) TV series The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 2018 ) Attractions Shrek 4 - D Donkey 's Photo Finish Enchanted Airways Shrek 's Faire Faire Away Characters Shrek Donkey Princess Fiona Puss in Boots Lord Farquaad Video games Shrek Treasure Hunt Hassle at the Castle Shrek Super Party Shrek 2 Shrek SuperSlam Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing Shrek the Third Shrek Forever After DreamWorks Super Star Kartz Puss in Boots Miscellaneous Shrek ! by William Steig Shrek The Musical Music Fandom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Shrek_characters&oldid=850482712 '' Categories : Shrek characters Lists of animated film characters Fictional characters introduced in 2001 Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Fictional characters introduced in 2007 Fictional characters introduced in 2010 Fictional characters introduced in 2011 Universal Studios cartoons and characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2013 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from May 2013 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2011 Articles needing cleanup from November 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from November 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 04 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | whos married to the muffin man in shrek | [
"Sugar is a gingerbread girl made up as Gingy's love interest in Gingy's (fictional) story \"The Bride of Gingy.\" in Scared Shrekless. She is voiced by Kristen Schaal. She became Gingy's girlfriend when Gingy explains to the Muffin Man that his other girlfriend kicked him out because he only cared about himself. To that, he makes Gingy a new girlfriend. Gingy thought of adding lots of sugar to the gingerbread batter to make his girlfriend really sweet, despite the Muffin Man's objections. Once Sugar is born, she falls in love with Gingy. At first, Gingy is overjoyed, but gets uncomfortable with Sugar becoming overly attached to him. He finally escapes and gets over it by knocking her into the mixer which created thousands of zombie clones of herself that attacked Gingy and ate him.\n"
] | [
"Sugar"
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1431051991553165358 | Jack P. Shepherd | Jack P Shepherd - wikipedia Jack P Shepherd Jack P. Shepherd Jack Peter Shepherd ( 1988 - 01 - 14 ) 14 January 1988 ( age 30 ) Occupation Actor Years active 1999 -- present Employer ITV Known for Role of David Platt Notable work David Platt in Coronation Street Height 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) Television Coronation Street ( 2000 -- ) Children Jack Peter Shepherd ( born 14 January 1988 ) is an English actor . He has portrayed the character of David Platt in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street since April 2000 . Contents 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 4 Awards and Nominations 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) Before taking on the role of David , Shepherd had appeared in episodes of TV 's Where the Heart Is , and Clocking Off where he starred with his future Coronation Street screen sister Tina O'Brien . Shepherd has taken time out of Coronation Street to do theatre work , including the role of Riff in a production of West Side Story as part of Stage 84 The Yorkshire School of Performing Arts He has also appeared in Oliver ! at Bradford 's Alhambra theatre . In 2008 , Shepherd appeared in Ghosthunting with Coronation Street on the Isle of Man . Shepherd uses his middle initial in his stage name as there is already a well - known British actor named Jack Shepherd . He is also a contributor to the topical show Grouchy Young Men , a spin - off of the show Grumpy Old Men , on the British version of Comedy Central . Personal life ( edit ) Shepherd and ex-girlfriend Lauren ( from 2002 to 2017 ) have two children , Nyla , born in 2009 and Reuben , born in 2013 . He had another child , Greyson , after a one night stand in 2010 . He is well known for his role as David Platt on Coronation Street along side co stars Helen Worth and Tina O'Brien . It has been revealed that Shepherd is being paid £ 200,000 a year for his role on Coronation Street , a much larger amount than co stars Simon Gregson and Sue Nicholls . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Where the Heart Is Carl Smith 1 Episode 2000 Clocking Off Charlie Kolakowski 1 Episode 2000 -- Coronation Street David Platt Series Regular The Jeremy Kyle Show David Platt 1 Episode 2011 -- The Big Quiz Himself 3 Episodes 2013 Tipping Point Himself 1 Episode 2014 The Chase Himself 1 Episode 2014 All Star Family Fortunes Himself 1 Episode 2015 / 2016 Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Himself / David Platt 1 Episode 2017 Saturday Mash - Up ! Himself 1 episode Awards and Nominations ( edit ) 2018 - British Soap Award for best actor - Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AncestryLibrary.com '' . Search.ancestrylibrary.com . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stage 84 - The Yorkshire School of Performing Arts : a success story '' . EdinburghGuide.com . Retrieved 24 March 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Corrie Net : Jack P , Shepherd '' . Retrieved 24 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Ghosthunting With ... Jump up ^ Jack Shepherd ( actor ) Jump up ^ `` Grouchy Young Men Season 1 '' . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ White , Vikki ( 13 October 2014 ) . `` Corrie 's Jack P Shepherd could live to regret ignoring his disabled son , warns mum '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Find out who 's won what at the British Soap Awards '' . The Sun . 2 June 2018 . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Jack P. Shepherd on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_P._Shepherd&oldid=854027035 '' Categories : 1988 births Living people English male child actors English male television actors English male soap opera actors People from Pudsey Male actors from Leeds 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 13 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | actor who plays david platt in coronation street | [
"Jack Peter Shepherd (born 14 January 1988)[1] is an English actor. He has portrayed the character of David Platt in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street since April 2000.\n"
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"Jack Peter Shepherd"
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-8302436839907560596 | Manhattan Project | Manhattan Project - wikipedia Manhattan Project This article is about the atomic bomb project . For other uses , see Manhattan Project ( disambiguation ) . Manhattan District The Trinity test of the Manhattan Project was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon . Active 1942 -- 1946 Disbanded 15 August 1947 Country United States United Kingdom Canada Branch U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Garrison / HQ Oak Ridge , Tennessee , U.S. Anniversaries 13 August 1942 Engagements Allied invasion of Italy Allied invasion of France Allied invasion of Germany Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Allied occupation of Japan Commanders Notable commanders James C. Marshall Kenneth Nichols Insignia Shoulder patch that was adopted in 1945 for the Manhattan District Manhattan Project emblem ( unofficial ) The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons . It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada . From 1942 to 1946 , the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs . The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District ; Manhattan gradually superseded the official codename , Development of Substitute Materials , for the entire project . Along the way , the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart , Tube Alloys . The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939 , but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US $2 billion ( about $22 billion in 2016 dollars ) . Over 90 % of the cost was for building factories and to produce fissile material , with less than 10 % for development and production of the weapons . Research and production took place at more than 30 sites across the United States , the United Kingdom , and Canada . Two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war : a relatively simple gun - type fission weapon and a more complex implosion - type nuclear weapon . The Thin Man gun - type design proved impractical to use with plutonium , and therefore a simpler gun - type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium - 235 , an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium . Chemically identical to the most common isotope , uranium - 238 , and with almost the same mass , it proved difficult to separate the two . Three methods were employed for uranium enrichment : electromagnetic , gaseous and thermal . Most of this work was performed at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium . After the feasibility of the world 's first artificial nuclear reactor was demonstrated in Chicago at the Metallurgical Laboratory , it designed the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge and the production reactors in Hanford , Washington , in which uranium was irradiated and transmuted into plutonium . The plutonium was then chemically separated from the uranium , using the bismuth phosphate process . The Fat Man plutonium implosion - type weapon was developed in a concerted design and development effort by the Los Alamos Laboratory . The project was also charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear weapon project . Through Operation Alsos , Manhattan Project personnel served in Europe , sometimes behind enemy lines , where they gathered nuclear materials and documents , and rounded up German scientists . Despite the Manhattan Project 's tight security , Soviet atomic spies successfully penetrated the program . The first nuclear device ever detonated was an implosion - type bomb at the Trinity test , conducted at New Mexico 's Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on 16 July 1945 . Little Boy and Fat Man bombs were used a month later in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , respectively . In the immediate postwar years , the Manhattan Project conducted weapons testing at Bikini Atoll as part of Operation Crossroads , developed new weapons , promoted the development of the network of national laboratories , supported medical research into radiology and laid the foundations for the nuclear navy . It maintained control over American atomic weapons research and production until the formation of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in January 1947 . Contents 1 Origins 2 Feasibility 2.1 Proposals 2.2 Bomb design concepts 3 Organization 3.1 Manhattan District 3.2 Military Policy Committee 3.3 Collaboration with the United Kingdom 4 Project sites 4.1 Oak Ridge 4.2 Los Alamos 4.3 Chicago 4.4 Hanford 4.5 Canadian sites 4.5. 1 British Columbia 4.5. 2 Ontario 4.5. 3 Northwest Territories 4.6 Heavy water sites 5 Uranium 5.1 Ore 5.2 Isotope separation 5.2. 1 Centrifuges 5.2. 2 Electromagnetic separation 5.2. 3 Gaseous diffusion 5.2. 4 Thermal diffusion 5.3 Aggregate U-235 production 6 Plutonium 6.1 X-10 Graphite Reactor 6.2 Hanford reactors 6.3 Separation process 6.4 Weapon design 6.5 Trinity 7 Personnel 8 Secrecy 8.1 Censorship 8.2 Soviet spies 9 Foreign intelligence 10 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 10.1 Preparations 10.2 Bombings 11 After the war 12 Cost 13 Legacy 14 Notes 15 References 15.1 General , administrative , and diplomatic histories 15.2 Technical histories 15.3 Participant accounts 16 External links Origins ( edit ) The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility . There were fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop one first , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries . In August 1939 , Hungarian - born physicists Leó Szilárd and Eugene Wigner drafted the Einstein -- Szilárd letter , which warned of the potential development of `` extremely powerful bombs of a new type '' . It urged the United States to take steps to acquire stockpiles of uranium ore and accelerate the research of Enrico Fermi and others into nuclear chain reactions . They had it signed by Albert Einstein and delivered to President Franklin D. Roosevelt . Roosevelt called on Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards to head the Advisory Committee on Uranium to investigate the issues raised by the letter . Briggs held a meeting on 21 October 1939 , which was attended by Szilárd , Wigner and Edward Teller . The committee reported back to Roosevelt in November that uranium `` would provide a possible source of bombs with a destructiveness vastly greater than anything now known . '' The Advisory Committee on Uranium became the National Defense Research Committee ( NDRC ) Committee on Uranium when that organization was formed on 27 June 1940 . Briggs proposed spending $167,000 on research into uranium , particularly the uranium - 235 isotope , and the recently discovered plutonium . On 28 June 1941 , Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8807 , which created the Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) , with Vannevar Bush as its director . The office was empowered to engage in large engineering projects in addition to research . The NDRC Committee on Uranium became the S - 1 Section of the OSRD ; the word `` uranium '' was dropped for security reasons . In Britain , Frisch and Rudolf Peierls at the University of Birmingham had made a breakthrough investigating the critical mass of uranium - 235 in June 1939 . Their calculations indicated that it was within an order of magnitude of 10 kilograms ( 22 lb ) , which was small enough to be carried by a bomber of the day . Their March 1940 Frisch -- Peierls memorandum initiated the British atomic bomb project and its Maud Committee , which unanimously recommended pursuing the development of an atomic bomb . In July 1940 , Britain had offered to give the United States access to its scientific research , and the Tizard Mission 's John Cockcroft briefed American scientists on British developments . He discovered that the American project was smaller than the British , and not as far advanced . As part of the scientific exchange , the Maud Committee 's findings were conveyed to the United States . One of its members , the Australian physicist Mark Oliphant , flew to the United States in late August 1941 and discovered that data provided by the Maud Committee had not reached key American physicists . Oliphant then set out to find out why the committee 's findings were apparently being ignored . He met with the Uranium Committee and visited Berkeley , California , where he spoke persuasively to Ernest O. Lawrence . Lawrence was sufficiently impressed to commence his own research into uranium . He in turn spoke to James B. Conant , Arthur H. Compton and George B. Pegram . Oliphant 's mission was therefore a success ; key American physicists were now aware of the potential power of an atomic bomb . On 9 October 1941 , President Roosevelt approved the atomic program after he convened a meeting with Vannevar Bush and Vice President Henry A. Wallace . To control the program , he created a Top Policy Group consisting of himself -- although he never attended a meeting -- Wallace , Bush , Conant , Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , and the Chief of Staff of the Army , General George C. Marshall . Roosevelt chose the Army to run the project rather than the Navy , because the Army had more experience with management of large - scale construction projects . He also agreed to coordinate the effort with that of the British , and on 11 October he sent a message to Prime Minister Winston Churchill , suggesting that they correspond on atomic matters . Feasibility ( edit ) Proposals ( edit ) A 1940 meeting at Berkeley , California : Ernest O. Lawrence , Arthur H. Compton , Vannevar Bush , James B. Conant , Karl T. Compton , and Alfred L. Loomis The S - 1 Committee held its meeting on 18 December 1941 `` pervaded by an atmosphere of enthusiasm and urgency '' in the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent United States declaration of war upon Japan and then on Germany . Work was proceeding on three different techniques for isotope separation to separate uranium - 235 from the more abundant uranium - 238 . Lawrence and his team at the University of California , Berkeley , investigated electromagnetic separation , while Eger Murphree and Jesse Wakefield Beams 's team looked into gaseous diffusion at Columbia University , and Philip Abelson directed research into thermal diffusion at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and later the Naval Research Laboratory . Murphree was also the head of an unsuccessful separation project using gas centrifuges . Meanwhile , there were two lines of research into nuclear reactor technology , with Harold Urey continuing research into heavy water at Columbia , while Arthur Compton brought the scientists working under his supervision from Columbia , California and Princeton University to join his team at the University of Chicago , where he organized the Metallurgical Laboratory in early 1942 to study plutonium and reactors using graphite as a neutron moderator. Briggs , Compton , Lawrence , Murphree , and Urey met on 23 May 1942 to finalize the S - 1 Committee recommendations , which called for all five technologies to be pursued . This was approved by Bush , Conant , and Brigadier General Wilhelm D. Styer , the chief of staff of Major General Brehon B. Somervell 's Services of Supply , who had been designated the Army 's representative on nuclear matters . Bush and Conant then took the recommendation to the Top Policy Group with a budget proposal for $54 million for construction by the United States Army Corps of Engineers , $31 million for research and development by OSRD and $5 million for contingencies in fiscal year 1943 . The Top Policy Group in turn sent it to the President on 17 June 1942 and he approved it by writing `` OK FDR '' on the document . Bomb design concepts ( edit ) Different fission bomb assembly methods explored during the July 1942 conference Compton asked theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer of the University of California , Berkeley , to take over research into fast neutron calculations -- the key to calculations of critical mass and weapon detonation -- from Gregory Breit , who had quit on 18 May 1942 because of concerns over lax operational security . John H. Manley , a physicist at the Metallurgical Laboratory , was assigned to assist Oppenheimer by contacting and coordinating experimental physics groups scattered across the country . Oppenheimer and Robert Serber of the University of Illinois examined the problems of neutron diffusion -- how neutrons moved in a nuclear chain reaction -- and hydrodynamics -- how the explosion produced by a chain reaction might behave . To review this work and the general theory of fission reactions , Oppenheimer and Fermi convened meetings at the University of Chicago in June and at the University of California , Berkeley , in July 1942 with theoretical physicists Hans Bethe , John Van Vleck , Edward Teller , Emil Konopinski , Robert Serber , Stan Frankel , and Eldred C. Nelson , the latter three former students of Oppenheimer , and experimental physicists Emilio Segrè , Felix Bloch , Franco Rasetti , John Henry Manley , and Edwin McMillan . They tentatively confirmed that a fission bomb was theoretically possible . There were still many unknown factors . The properties of pure uranium - 235 were relatively unknown , as were those of plutonium , an element that had only been discovered in February 1941 by Glenn Seaborg and his team . The scientists at the Berkeley conference envisioned creating plutonium in nuclear reactors where uranium - 238 atoms absorbed neutrons that had been emitted from fissioning uranium - 235 atoms . At this point no reactor had been built , and only tiny quantities of plutonium were available from cyclotrons . Even by December 1943 , only two milligrams had been produced . There were many ways of arranging the fissile material into a critical mass . The simplest was shooting a `` cylindrical plug '' into a sphere of `` active material '' with a `` tamper '' -- dense material that would focus neutrons inward and keep the reacting mass together to increase its efficiency . They also explored designs involving spheroids , a primitive form of `` implosion '' suggested by Richard C. Tolman , and the possibility of autocatalytic methods , which would increase the efficiency of the bomb as it exploded . Considering the idea of the fission bomb theoretically settled -- at least until more experimental data was available -- the Berkeley conference then turned in a different direction . Edward Teller pushed for discussion of a more powerful bomb : the `` super '' , now usually referred to as a `` hydrogen bomb '' , which would use the explosive force of a detonating fission bomb to ignite a nuclear fusion reaction in deuterium and tritium . Teller proposed scheme after scheme , but Bethe refused each one . The fusion idea was put aside to concentrate on producing fission bombs . Teller also raised the speculative possibility that an atomic bomb might `` ignite '' the atmosphere because of a hypothetical fusion reaction of nitrogen nuclei . Bethe calculated that it could not happen , and a report co-authored by Teller showed that `` no self - propagating chain of nuclear reactions is likely to be started . '' In Serber 's account , Oppenheimer mentioned the possibility of this scenario to Arthur Compton , who `` did n't have enough sense to shut up about it . It somehow got into a document that went to Washington '' and was `` never laid to rest '' . Organization ( edit ) Manhattan District ( edit ) The Chief of Engineers , Major General Eugene Reybold , selected Colonel James C. Marshall to head the Army 's part of the project in June 1942 . Marshall created a liaison office in Washington , D.C. , but established his temporary headquarters on the 18th floor of 270 Broadway in New York , where he could draw on administrative support from the Corps of Engineers ' North Atlantic Division . It was close to the Manhattan office of Stone & Webster , the principal project contractor , and to Columbia University . He had permission to draw on his former command , the Syracuse District , for staff , and he started with Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Nichols , who became his deputy . Manhattan Project Organization Chart , 1 May 1946 Because most of his task involved construction , Marshall worked in cooperation with the head of the Corps of Engineers Construction Division , Major General Thomas M. Robbins , and his deputy , Colonel Leslie Groves . Reybold , Somervell , and Styer decided to call the project `` Development of Substitute Materials '' , but Groves felt that this would draw attention . Since engineer districts normally carried the name of the city where they were located , Marshall and Groves agreed to name the Army 's component of the project the Manhattan District . This became official on 13 August , when Reybold issued the order creating the new district . Informally , it was known as the Manhattan Engineer District , or MED . Unlike other districts , it had no geographic boundaries , and Marshall had the authority of a division engineer . Development of Substitute Materials remained as the official codename of the project as a whole , but was supplanted over time by `` Manhattan '' . Marshall later conceded that , `` I had never heard of atomic fission but I did know that you could not build much of a plant , much less four of them for $90 million . '' A single TNT plant that Nichols had recently built in Pennsylvania had cost $128 million . Nor were they impressed with estimates to the nearest order of magnitude , which Groves compared with telling a caterer to prepare for between ten and a thousand guests . A survey team from Stone & Webster had already scouted a site for the production plants . The War Production Board recommended sites around Knoxville , Tennessee , an isolated area where the Tennessee Valley Authority could supply ample electric power and the rivers could provide cooling water for the reactors . After examining several sites , the survey team selected one near Elza , Tennessee . Conant advised that it be acquired at once and Styer agreed but Marshall temporized , awaiting the results of Conant 's reactor experiments before taking action . Of the prospective processes , only Lawrence 's electromagnetic separation appeared sufficiently advanced for construction to commence . Marshall and Nichols began assembling the resources they would need . The first step was to obtain a high priority rating for the project . The top ratings were AA - 1 through AA - 4 in descending order , although there was also a special AAA rating reserved for emergencies . Ratings AA - 1 and AA - 2 were for essential weapons and equipment , so Colonel Lucius D. Clay , the deputy chief of staff at Services and Supply for requirements and resources , felt that the highest rating he could assign was AA - 3 , although he was willing to provide a AAA rating on request for critical materials if the need arose . Nichols and Marshall were disappointed ; AA - 3 was the same priority as Nichols ' TNT plant in Pennsylvania . Military Policy Committee ( edit ) Oppenheimer and Groves at the remains of the Trinity test in September 1945 , two months after the test blast and just after the end of World War II . The white overshoes prevented fallout from sticking to the soles of their shoes . Bush became dissatisfied with Colonel Marshall 's failure to get the project moving forward expeditiously , specifically the failure to acquire the Tennessee site , the low priority allocated to the project by the Army and the location of his headquarters in New York City . Bush felt that more aggressive leadership was required , and spoke to Harvey Bundy and Generals Marshall , Somervell , and Styer about his concerns . He wanted the project placed under a senior policy committee , with a prestigious officer , preferably Styer , as overall director . Somervell and Styer selected Groves for the post , informing him on 17 September of this decision , and that General Marshall ordered that he be promoted to brigadier general , as it was felt that the title `` general '' would hold more sway with the academic scientists working on the Manhattan Project . Groves ' orders placed him directly under Somervell rather than Reybold , with Colonel Marshall now answerable to Groves . Groves established his headquarters in Washington , D.C. , on the fifth floor of the New War Department Building , where Colonel Marshall had his liaison office . He assumed command of the Manhattan Project on 23 September . Later that day , he attended a meeting called by Stimson , which established a Military Policy Committee , responsible to the Top Policy Group , consisting of Bush ( with Conant as an alternate ) , Styer and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell . Tolman and Conant were later appointed as Groves ' scientific advisers . On 19 September , Groves went to Donald Nelson , the chairman of the War Production Board , and asked for broad authority to issue a AAA rating whenever it was required . Nelson initially balked but quickly caved in when Groves threatened to go to the President . Groves promised not to use the AAA rating unless it was necessary . It soon transpired that for the routine requirements of the project the AAA rating was too high but the AA - 3 rating was too low . After a long campaign , Groves finally received AA - 1 authority on 1 July 1944 . According to Groves , `` In Washington you became aware of the importance of top priority . Most everything proposed in the Roosevelt administration would have top priority . That would last for about a week or two and then something else would get top priority '' . One of Groves ' early problems was to find a director for Project Y , the group that would design and build the bomb . The obvious choice was one of the three laboratory heads , Urey , Lawrence , or Compton , but they could not be spared . Compton recommended Oppenheimer , who was already intimately familiar with the bomb design concepts . However , Oppenheimer had little administrative experience , and , unlike Urey , Lawrence , and Compton , had not won a Nobel Prize , which many scientists felt that the head of such an important laboratory should have . There were also concerns about Oppenheimer 's security status , as many of his associates were Communists , including his brother , Frank Oppenheimer ; his wife , Kitty ; and his girlfriend , Jean Tatlock . A long conversation on a train in October 1942 convinced Groves and Nichols that Oppenheimer thoroughly understood the issues involved in setting up a laboratory in a remote area and should be appointed as its director . Groves personally waived the security requirements and issued Oppenheimer a clearance on 20 July 1943 . Collaboration with the United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : British contribution to the Manhattan Project The British and Americans exchanged nuclear information but did not initially combine their efforts . Britain rebuffed attempts by Bush and Conant in 1941 to strengthen cooperation with its own project , codenamed Tube Alloys , because it was reluctant to share its technological lead and help the United States develop its own atomic bomb . An American scientist who brought a personal letter from Roosevelt to Churchill offering to pay for all research and development in an Anglo - American project was poorly treated , and Churchill did not reply to the letter . The United States as a result decided as early as April 1942 that if its offer was rejected , they should proceed alone . The British , who had made significant contributions early in the war , did not have the resources to carry through such a research program while fighting for their survival . As a result , Tube Alloys soon fell behind its American counterpart . and on 30 July 1942 , Sir John Anderson , the minister responsible for Tube Alloys , advised Churchill that : `` We must face the fact that ... ( our ) pioneering work ... is a dwindling asset and that , unless we capitalise it quickly , we shall be outstripped . We now have a real contribution to make to a ' merger . ' Soon we shall have little or none . '' That month Churchill and Roosevelt made an informal , unwritten agreement for atomic collaboration . Groves confers with James Chadwick , the head of the British Mission . The opportunity for an equal partnership no longer existed , however , as shown in August 1942 when the British unsuccessfully demanded substantial control over the project while paying none of the costs . By 1943 the roles of the two countries had reversed from late 1941 ; in January Conant notified the British that they would no longer receive atomic information except in certain areas . While the British were shocked by the abrogation of the Churchill - Roosevelt agreement , head of the Canadian National Research Council C.J. Mackenzie was less surprised , writing `` I ca n't help feeling that the United Kingdom group ( over ) emphasizes the importance of their contribution as compared with the Americans . '' As Conant and Bush told the British , the order came `` from the top '' . The British bargaining position had worsened ; the American scientists had decided that the United States no longer needed outside help , and they wanted to prevent Britain exploiting post-war commercial applications of atomic energy . The committee supported , and Roosevelt agreed to , restricting the flow of information to what Britain could use during the war -- especially not bomb design -- even if doing so slowed down the American project . By early 1943 the British stopped sending research and scientists to America , and as a result the Americans stopped all information sharing . The British considered ending the supply of Canadian uranium and heavy water to force the Americans to again share , but Canada needed American supplies to produce them . They investigated the possibility of an independent nuclear program , but determined that it could not be ready in time to affect the outcome of the war in Europe . By March 1943 Conant decided that British help would benefit some areas of the project . James Chadwick and one or two other British scientists were important enough that the bomb design team at Los Alamos needed them , despite the risk of revealing weapon design secrets . In August 1943 Churchill and Roosevelt negotiated the Quebec Agreement , which resulted in a resumption of cooperation between scientists working on the same problem . Britain , however , agreed to restrictions on data on the building of large - scale production plants necessary for the bomb . The subsequent Hyde Park Agreement in September 1944 extended this cooperation to the postwar period . The Quebec Agreement established the Combined Policy Committee to coordinate the efforts of the United States , United Kingdom and Canada . Stimson , Bush and Conant served as the American members of the Combined Policy Committee , Field Marshal Sir John Dill and Colonel J.J. Llewellin were the British members , and C.D. Howe was the Canadian member . Llewellin returned to the United Kingdom at the end of 1943 and was replaced on the committee by Sir Ronald Ian Campbell , who in turn was replaced by the British Ambassador to the United States , Lord Halifax , in early 1945 . Sir John Dill died in Washington , D.C. , in November 1944 and was replaced both as Chief of the British Joint Staff Mission and as a member of the Combined Policy Committee by Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson . When cooperation resumed after the Quebec agreement , the Americans ' progress and expenditures amazed the British . The United States had already spent more than $1 billion ( $11,400,000,000 today ) , while in 1943 , the United Kingdom had spent about £ 0.5 million . Chadwick thus pressed for British involvement in the Manhattan Project to the fullest extent and abandon any hopes of a British project during the war . With Churchill 's backing , he attempted to ensure that every request from Groves for assistance was honored . The British Mission that arrived in the United States in December 1943 included Niels Bohr , Otto Frisch , Klaus Fuchs , Rudolf Peierls , and Ernest Titterton . More scientists arrived in early 1944 . While those assigned to gaseous diffusion left by the fall of 1944 , the 35 working with Lawrence at Berkeley were assigned to existing laboratory groups and stayed until the end of the war . The 19 sent to Los Alamos also joined existing groups , primarily related to implosion and bomb assembly , but not the plutonium - related ones . Part of the Quebec Agreement specified that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . In June 1945 , Wilson agreed that the use of nuclear weapons against Japan would be recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee . The Combined Policy Committee created the Combined Development Trust in June 1944 , with Groves as its chairman , to procure uranium and thorium ores on international markets . The Belgian Congo and Canada held much of the world 's uranium outside Eastern Europe , and the Belgian government in exile was in London . Britain agreed to give the United States most of the Belgian ore , as it could not use most of the supply without restricted American research . In 1944 , the Trust purchased 3,440,000 pounds ( 1,560,000 kg ) of uranium oxide ore from companies operating mines in the Belgian Congo . In order to avoid briefing US Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. on the project , a special account not subject to the usual auditing and controls was used to hold Trust monies . Between 1944 and the time he resigned from the Trust in 1947 , Groves deposited a total of $37.5 million into the Trust 's account . Groves appreciated the early British atomic research and the British scientists ' contributions to the Manhattan Project , but stated that the United States would have succeeded without them . He also said that Churchill was `` the best friend the atomic bomb project had ( as ) he kept Roosevelt 's interest up ... He just stirred him up all the time by telling him how important he thought the project was . '' The British wartime participation was crucial to the success of the United Kingdom 's independent nuclear weapons program after the war when the McMahon Act of 1946 temporarily ended American nuclear cooperation . Project sites ( edit ) A selection of US and Canadian sites important to the Manhattan Project . Click on the location for more information . Oak Ridge ( edit ) Main article : Clinton Engineer Works Shift change at the Y - 12 uranium enrichment facility at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge , Tennessee on 11 August 1945 . By May 1945 , 82,000 people were employed at the Clinton Engineer Works . Photograph by the Manhattan District photographer Ed Westcott . The day after he took over the project , Groves took a train to Tennessee with Colonel Marshall to inspect the proposed site there , and Groves was impressed . On 29 September 1942 , United States Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson authorized the Corps of Engineers to acquire 56,000 acres ( 23,000 ha ) of land by eminent domain at a cost of $3.5 million . An additional 3,000 acres ( 1,200 ha ) was subsequently acquired . About 1,000 families were affected by the condemnation order , which came into effect on 7 October . Protests , legal appeals , and a 1943 Congressional inquiry were to no avail . By mid-November U.S. Marshals were tacking notices to vacate on farmhouse doors , and construction contractors were moving in . Some families were given two weeks ' notice to vacate farms that had been their homes for generations ; others had settled there after being evicted to make way for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the 1920s or the Norris Dam in the 1930s . The ultimate cost of land acquisition in the area , which was not completed until March 1945 , was only about $2.6 million , which worked out to around $47 an acre . When presented with Public Proclamation Number Two , which declared Oak Ridge a total exclusion area that no one could enter without military permission , the Governor of Tennessee , Prentice Cooper , angrily tore it up . Initially known as the Kingston Demolition Range , the site was officially renamed the Clinton Engineer Works ( CEW ) in early 1943 . While Stone & Webster concentrated on the production facilities , the architectural and engineering firm Skidmore , Owings & Merrill designed and built a residential community for 13,000 . The community was located on the slopes of Black Oak Ridge , from which the new town of Oak Ridge got its name . The Army presence at Oak Ridge increased in August 1943 when Nichols replaced Marshall as head of the Manhattan Engineer District . One of his first tasks was to move the district headquarters to Oak Ridge although the name of the district did not change . In September 1943 the administration of community facilities was outsourced to Turner Construction Company through a subsidiary , the Roane - Anderson Company ( for Roane and Anderson Counties , in which Oak Ridge was located ) . Chemical engineers , including William J. Wilcox Jr. and Warren Fuchs , were part of `` frantic efforts '' to make 10 % to 12 % enriched uranium 235 , known as the code name `` tuballoy tetroxide '' , with tight security and fast approvals for supplies and materials . The population of Oak Ridge soon expanded well beyond the initial plans , and peaked at 75,000 in May 1945 , by which time 82,000 people were employed at the Clinton Engineer Works , and 10,000 by Roane - Anderson . Fine - arts photographer , Josephine Herrick , and her colleague , Mary Steers , helped document the work at Oak Ridge . Los Alamos ( edit ) Main article : Project Y Wikisource has original text related to this article : Los Alamos Ranch School Seizure Letter The idea of locating Project Y at Oak Ridge was considered , but in the end it was decided that it should be in a remote location . On Oppenheimer 's recommendation , the search for a suitable site was narrowed to the vicinity of Albuquerque , New Mexico , where Oppenheimer owned a ranch . In October 1942 , Major John H. Dudley of the Manhattan Project was sent to survey the area , and he recommended a site near Jemez Springs , New Mexico . On 16 November , Oppenheimer , Groves , Dudley and others toured the site . Oppenheimer feared that the high cliffs surrounding the site would make his people feel claustrophobic , while the engineers were concerned with the possibility of flooding . The party then moved on to the vicinity of the Los Alamos Ranch School . Oppenheimer was impressed and expressed a strong preference for the site , citing its natural beauty and views of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains , which , it was hoped , would inspire those who would work on the project . The engineers were concerned about the poor access road , and whether the water supply would be adequate , but otherwise felt that it was ideal . Physicists at a Manhattan District - sponsored colloquium at the Los Alamos Laboratory on the Super in April 1946 . In the front row are Norris Bradbury , John Manley , Enrico Fermi and J.M.B. Kellogg . Robert Oppenheimer , in dark coat , is behind Manley ; to Oppenheimer 's left is Richard Feynman . The Army officer on the left is Colonel Oliver Haywood . Patterson approved the acquisition of the site on 25 November 1942 , authorizing $440,000 for the purchase of the site of 54,000 acres ( 22,000 ha ) , all but 8,900 acres ( 3,600 ha ) of which were already owned by the Federal Government . Secretary of Agriculture Claude R. Wickard granted use of some 45,100 acres ( 18,300 ha ) of United States Forest Service land to the War Department `` for so long as the military necessity continues '' . The need for land , for a new road , and later for a right of way for a 25 - mile ( 40 km ) power line , eventually brought wartime land purchases to 45,737 acres ( 18,509.1 ha ) , but only $414,971 was spent . Construction was contracted to the M.M. Sundt Company of Tucson , Arizona , with Willard C. Kruger and Associates of Santa Fe , New Mexico , as architect and engineer . Work commenced in December 1942 . Groves initially allocated $300,000 for construction , three times Oppenheimer 's estimate , with a planned completion date of 15 March 1943 . It soon became clear that the scope of Project Y was greater than expected , and by the time Sundt finished on 30 November 1943 , over $7 million had been spent . Map of Los Alamos site , New Mexico , 1943 -- 45 Because it was secret , Los Alamos was referred to as `` Site Y '' or `` the Hill '' . Birth certificates of babies born in Los Alamos during the war listed their place of birth as PO Box 1663 in Santa Fe . Initially Los Alamos was to have been a military laboratory with Oppenheimer and other researchers commissioned into the Army . Oppenheimer went so far as to order himself a lieutenant colonel 's uniform , but two key physicists , Robert Bacher and Isidor Rabi , balked at the idea . Conant , Groves and Oppenheimer then devised a compromise whereby the laboratory was operated by the University of California under contract to the War Department . Chicago ( edit ) Main article : Metallurgical Laboratory An Army - OSRD council on 25 June 1942 decided to build a pilot plant for plutonium production in Red Gate Woods southwest of Chicago . In July , Nichols arranged for a lease of 1,025 acres ( 415 ha ) from the Cook County Forest Preserve District , and Captain James F. Grafton was appointed Chicago area engineer . It soon became apparent that the scale of operations was too great for the area , and it was decided to build the plant at Oak Ridge , and keep a research and testing facility in Chicago . Delays in establishing the plant in Red Gate Woods led Compton to authorize the Metallurgical Laboratory to construct the first nuclear reactor beneath the bleachers of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago . The reactor required an enormous amount of graphite blocks and uranium pellets . At the time , there was a limited source of pure uranium . Frank Spedding of Iowa State University were able to produce only two short tons of pure uranium . Additional three short tons of uranium metal was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp Plant which was produced in a rush with makeshift process . A large square balloon was constructed by Goodyear Tire to encase the reactor . On 2 December 1942 , a team led by Enrico Fermi initiated the first artificial self - sustaining nuclear chain reaction in an experimental reactor known as Chicago Pile - 1 . The point at which a reaction becomes self - sustaining became known as `` going critical '' . Compton reported the success to Conant in Washington , D.C. , by a coded phone call , saying , `` The Italian navigator ( Fermi ) has just landed in the new world . '' In January 1943 , Grafton 's successor , Major Arthur V. Peterson , ordered Chicago Pile - 1 dismantled and reassembled at Red Gate Woods , as he regarded the operation of a reactor as too hazardous for a densely populated area . At the Argonne site , Chicago Pile - 3 , the first heavy water reactor , went critical on 15 May 1944 . After the war , the operations that remained at Red Gate moved to the new site of the Argonne National Laboratory about 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) away . Hanford ( edit ) Main article : Hanford Site By December 1942 there were concerns that even Oak Ridge was too close to a major population center ( Knoxville ) in the unlikely event of a major nuclear accident . Groves recruited DuPont in November 1942 to be the prime contractor for the construction of the plutonium production complex . DuPont was offered a standard cost plus fixed - fee contract , but the President of the company , Walter S. Carpenter , Jr. , wanted no profit of any kind , and asked for the proposed contract to be amended to explicitly exclude the company from acquiring any patent rights . This was accepted , but for legal reasons a nominal fee of one dollar was agreed upon . After the war , DuPont asked to be released from the contract early , and had to return 33 cents . Hanford workers collect their paychecks at the Western Union office . DuPont recommended that the site be located far from the existing uranium production facility at Oak Ridge . In December 1942 , Groves dispatched Colonel Franklin Matthias and DuPont engineers to scout potential sites . Matthias reported that Hanford Site near Richland , Washington , was `` ideal in virtually all respects '' . It was isolated and near the Columbia River , which could supply sufficient water to cool the reactors that would produce the plutonium . Groves visited the site in January and established the Hanford Engineer Works ( HEW ) , codenamed `` Site W '' . Under Secretary Patterson gave his approval on 9 February , allocating $5 million for the acquisition of 40,000 acres ( 16,000 ha ) of land in the area . The federal government relocated some 1,500 residents of White Bluffs and Hanford , and nearby settlements , as well as the Wanapum and other tribes using the area . A dispute arose with farmers over compensation for crops , which had already been planted before the land was acquired . Where schedules allowed , the Army allowed the crops to be harvested , but this was not always possible . The land acquisition process dragged on and was not completed before the end of the Manhattan Project in December 1946 . The dispute did not delay work . Although progress on the reactor design at Metallurgical Laboratory and DuPont was not sufficiently advanced to accurately predict the scope of the project , a start was made in April 1943 on facilities for an estimated 25,000 workers , half of whom were expected to live on - site . By July 1944 , some 1,200 buildings had been erected and nearly 51,000 people were living in the construction camp . As area engineer , Matthias exercised overall control of the site . At its peak , the construction camp was the third most populous town in Washington state . Hanford operated a fleet of over 900 buses , more than the city of Chicago . Like Los Alamos and Oak Ridge , Richland was a gated community with restricted access , but it looked more like a typical wartime American boomtown : the military profile was lower , and physical security elements like high fences , towers , and guard dogs were less evident . Canadian sites ( edit ) Main article : Montreal Laboratory British Columbia ( edit ) Cominco had produced electrolytic hydrogen at Trail , British Columbia , since 1930 . Urey suggested in 1941 that it could produce heavy water . To the existing $10 million plant consisting of 3,215 cells consuming 75 MW of hydroelectric power , secondary electrolysis cells were added to increase the deuterium concentration in the water from 2.3 % to 99.8 % . For this process , Hugh Taylor of Princeton developed a platinum - on - carbon catalyst for the first three stages while Urey developed a nickel - chromia one for the fourth stage tower . The final cost was $2.8 million . The Canadian Government did not officially learn of the project until August 1942 . Trail 's heavy water production started in January 1944 and continued until 1956 . Heavy water from Trail was used for Chicago Pile 3 , the first reactor using heavy water and natural uranium , which went critical on 15 May 1944 . Ontario ( edit ) The Chalk River , Ontario , site was established to rehouse the Allied effort at the Montreal Laboratory away from an urban area . A new community was built at Deep River , Ontario , to provide residences and facilities for the team members . The site was chosen for its proximity to the industrial manufacturing area of Ontario and Quebec , and proximity to a rail head adjacent to a large military base , Camp Petawawa . Located on the Ottawa River , it had access to abundant water . The first director of the new laboratory was Hans von Halban . He was replaced by John Cockcroft in May 1944 , who in turn was succeeded by Bennett Lewis in September 1946 . A pilot reactor known as ZEEP ( zero - energy experimental pile ) became the first Canadian reactor , and the first to be completed outside the United States , when it went critical in September 1945 , ZEEP remained in use by researchers until 1970 . A larger 10 MW NRX reactor , which was designed during the war , was completed and went critical in July 1947 . Northwest territories ( edit ) The Eldorado Mine at Port Radium was a source of uranium ore . Heavy water sites ( edit ) Main article : P - 9 Project Although DuPont 's preferred designs for the nuclear reactors were helium cooled and used graphite as a moderator , DuPont still expressed an interest in using heavy water as a backup , in case the graphite reactor design proved infeasible for some reason . For this purpose , it was estimated that 3 short tons ( 2.7 t ) of heavy water would be required per month . The P - 9 Project was the government 's code name for the heavy water production program . As the plant at Trail , which was then under construction , could produce 0.5 short tons ( 0.45 t ) per month , additional capacity was required . Groves therefore authorized DuPont to establish heavy water facilities at the Morgantown Ordnance Works , near Morgantown , West Virginia ; at the Wabash River Ordnance Works , near Dana and Newport , Indiana ; and at the Alabama Ordnance Works , near Childersburg and Sylacauga , Alabama . Although known as Ordnance Works and paid for under Ordnance Department contracts , they were built and operated by the Army Corps of Engineers . The American plants used a process different from Trail 's ; heavy water was extracted by distillation , taking advantage of the slightly higher boiling point of heavy water . Uranium ( edit ) Ore ( edit ) The key raw material for the project was uranium , which was used as fuel for the reactors , as feed that was transformed into plutonium , and , in its enriched form , in the atomic bomb itself . There were four known major deposits of uranium in 1940 : in Colorado , in northern Canada , in Joachimsthal in Czechoslovakia , and in the Belgian Congo . All but Joachimstal were in allied hands . A November 1942 survey determined that sufficient quantities of uranium were available to satisfy the project 's requirements . Nichols arranged with the State Department for export controls to be placed on uranium oxide and negotiated for the purchase of 1,200 short tons ( 1,100 t ) of uranium ore from the Belgian Congo that was being stored in a warehouse on Staten Island and the remaining stocks of mined ore stored in the Congo . He negotiated with Eldorado Gold Mines for the purchase of ore from its refinery in Port Hope , Ontario , and its shipment in 100 - ton lots . The Canadian government subsequently bought up the company 's stock until it acquired a controlling interest . While these purchases assured a sufficient supply to meet wartime needs , the American and British leaders concluded that it was in their countries ' interest to gain control of as much of the world 's uranium deposits as possible . The richest source of ore was the Shinkolobwe mine in the Belgian Congo , but it was flooded and closed . Nichols unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate its reopening and the sale of the entire future output to the United States with Edgar Sengier , the director of the company that owned the mine , Union Minière du Haut Katanga . The matter was then taken up by the Combined Policy Committee . As 30 percent of Union Minière 's stock was controlled by British interests , the British took the lead in negotiations . Sir John Anderson and Ambassador John Winant hammered out a deal with Sengier and the Belgian government in May 1944 for the mine to be reopened and 1,720 short tons ( 1,560 t ) of ore to be purchased at $1.45 a pound . To avoid dependence on the British and Canadians for ore , Groves also arranged for the purchase of US Vanadium Corporation 's stockpile in Uravan , Colorado . Uranium mining in Colorado yielded about 800 short tons ( 730 t ) of ore . Mallinckrodt Incorporated in St. Louis , Missouri , took the raw ore and dissolved it in nitric acid to produce uranyl nitrate . Ether was then added in a liquid -- liquid extraction process to separate the impurities from the uranyl nitrate . This was then heated to form uranium trioxide , which was reduced to highly pure uranium dioxide . By July 1942 , Mallinckrodt was producing a ton of highly pure oxide a day , but turning this into uranium metal initially proved more difficult for contractors Westinghouse and Metal Hydrides . Production was too slow and quality was unacceptably low . A special branch of the Metallurgical Laboratory was established at Iowa State College in Ames , Iowa , under Frank Spedding to investigate alternatives . This became known as the Ames Project , and its Ames process became available in 1943 . Uranium refining at Ames A `` bomb '' ( pressure vessel ) containing uranium halide and sacrificial metal , probably magnesium , being lowered into a furnace After the reaction , the interior of a bomb coated with remnant slag A uranium metal `` biscuit '' from the reduction reaction Isotope separation ( edit ) Natural uranium consists of 99.3 % uranium - 238 and 0.7 % uranium - 235 , but only the latter is fissile . The chemically identical uranium - 235 has to be physically separated from the more plentiful isotope . Various methods were considered for uranium enrichment , most of which was carried out at Oak Ridge . The most obvious technology , the centrifuge , failed , but electromagnetic separation , gaseous diffusion , and thermal diffusion technologies were all successful and contributed to the project . In February 1943 , Groves came up with the idea of using the output of some plants as the input for others . Oak Ridge hosted several uranium separation technologies . The Y - 12 electromagnetic separation plant is in the upper right . The K - 25 and K - 27 gaseous diffusion plants are in the lower left , near the S - 50 thermal diffusion plant . ( The X-10 was for plutonium production . ) Centrifuges ( edit ) The centrifuge process was regarded as the only promising separation method in April 1942 . Jesse Beams had developed such a process at the University of Virginia during the 1930s , but had encountered technical difficulties . The process required high rotational speeds , but at certain speeds harmonic vibrations developed that threatened to tear the machinery apart . It was therefore necessary to accelerate quickly through these speeds . In 1941 he began working with uranium hexafluoride , the only known gaseous compound of uranium , and was able to separate uranium - 235 . At Columbia , Urey had Karl Cohen investigate the process , and he produced a body of mathematical theory making it possible to design a centrifugal separation unit , which Westinghouse undertook to construct . Scaling this up to a production plant presented a formidable technical challenge . Urey and Cohen estimated that producing a kilogram ( 2.2 lb ) of uranium - 235 per day would require up to 50,000 centrifuges with 1 - meter ( 3 ft 3 in ) rotors , or 10,000 centrifuges with 4 - meter ( 13 ft ) rotors , assuming that 4 - meter rotors could be built . The prospect of keeping so many rotors operating continuously at high speed appeared daunting , and when Beams ran his experimental apparatus , he obtained only 60 % of the predicted yield , indicating that more centrifuges would be required . Beams , Urey and Cohen then began work on a series of improvements which promised to increase the efficiency of the process . However , frequent failures of motors , shafts and bearings at high speeds delayed work on the pilot plant . In November 1942 the centrifuge process was abandoned by the Military Policy Committee following a recommendation by Conant , Nichols and August C. Klein of Stone & Webster . Electromagnetic separation ( edit ) Main article : Y - 12 Project Electromagnetic isotope separation was developed by Lawrence at the University of California Radiation Laboratory . This method employed devices known as calutrons , a hybrid of the standard laboratory mass spectrometer and cyclotron . The name was derived from the words California , university and cyclotron . In the electromagnetic process , a magnetic field deflected charged particles according to mass . The process was neither scientifically elegant nor industrially efficient . Compared with a gaseous diffusion plant or a nuclear reactor , an electromagnetic separation plant would consume more scarce materials , require more manpower to operate , and cost more to build . Nonetheless , the process was approved because it was based on proven technology and therefore represented less risk . Moreover , it could be built in stages , and rapidly reach industrial capacity . Alpha I racetrack at Y - 12 Marshall and Nichols discovered that the electromagnetic isotope separation process would require 5,000 short tons ( 4,500 tonnes ) of copper , which was in desperately short supply . However , silver could be substituted , in an 11 : 10 ratio . On 3 August 1942 , Nichols met with Under Secretary of the Treasury Daniel W. Bell and asked for the transfer of 6,000 tons of silver bullion from the West Point Bullion Depository . `` Young man , '' Bell told him , `` you may think of silver in tons but the Treasury will always think of silver in troy ounces ! '' Eventually , 14,700 short tons ( 13,300 tonnes ; 430,000,000 troy ounces ) were used . The 1,000 - troy - ounce ( 31 kg ) silver bars were cast into cylindrical billets and taken to Phelps Dodge in Bayway , New Jersey , where they were extruded into strips 0.625 inches ( 15.9 mm ) thick , 3 inches ( 76 mm ) wide and 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . These were wound onto magnetic coils by Allis - Chalmers in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . After the war , all the machinery was dismantled and cleaned and the floorboards beneath the machinery were ripped up and burned to recover minute amounts of silver . In the end , only 1 / 3,600,000 th was lost . The last silver was returned in May 1970 . Responsibility for the design and construction of the electromagnetic separation plant , which came to be called Y - 12 , was assigned to Stone & Webster by the S - 1 Committee in June 1942 . The design called for five first - stage processing units , known as Alpha racetracks , and two units for final processing , known as Beta racetracks . In September 1943 Groves authorized construction of four more racetracks , known as Alpha II . Construction began in February 1943 . When the plant was started up for testing on schedule in October , the 14 - ton vacuum tanks crept out of alignment because of the power of the magnets , and had to be fastened more securely . A more serious problem arose when the magnetic coils started shorting out . In December Groves ordered a magnet to be broken open , and handfuls of rust were found inside . Groves then ordered the racetracks to be torn down and the magnets sent back to the factory to be cleaned . A pickling plant was established on - site to clean the pipes and fittings . The second Alpha I was not operational until the end of January 1944 , the first Beta and first and third Alpha I 's came online in March , and the fourth Alpha I was operational in April . The four Alpha II racetracks were completed between July and October 1944 . Calutron Girls were young women who monitored calutron control panels at Y - 12 . Gladys Owens , seated in the foreground , was unaware of what she had been involved with until seeing this photo on a public tour of the facility 50 years later . Photo by Ed Westcott . Tennessee Eastman was contracted to manage Y - 12 on the usual cost plus fixed - fee basis , with a fee of $22,500 per month plus $7,500 per racetrack for the first seven racetracks and $4,000 per additional racetrack . The calutrons were initially operated by scientists from Berkeley to remove bugs and achieve a reasonable operating rate . They were then turned over to trained Tennessee Eastman operators who had only a high school education . Nichols compared unit production data , and pointed out to Lawrence that the young `` hillbilly '' girl operators were outperforming his PhDs . They agreed to a production race and Lawrence lost , a morale boost for the Tennessee Eastman workers and supervisors . The girls were `` trained like soldiers not to reason why '' , while `` the scientists could not refrain from time - consuming investigation of the cause of even minor fluctuations of the dials . '' Y - 12 initially enriched the uranium - 235 content to between 13 % and 15 % , and shipped the first few hundred grams of this to Los Alamos in March 1944 . Only 1 part in 5,825 of the uranium feed emerged as final product . Much of the rest was splattered over equipment in the process . Strenuous recovery efforts helped raise production to 10 % of the uranium - 235 feed by January 1945 . In February the Alpha racetracks began receiving slightly enriched ( 1.4 % ) feed from the new S - 50 thermal diffusion plant . The next month it received enhanced ( 5 % ) feed from the K - 25 gaseous diffusion plant . By August K - 25 was producing uranium sufficiently enriched to feed directly into the Beta tracks . Gaseous diffusion ( edit ) Main article : K - 25 The most promising but also the most challenging method of isotope separation was gaseous diffusion . Graham 's law states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass , so in a box containing a semi-permeable membrane and a mixture of two gases , the lighter molecules will pass out of the container more rapidly than the heavier molecules . The gas leaving the container is somewhat enriched in the lighter molecules , while the residual gas is somewhat depleted . The idea was that such boxes could be formed into a cascade of pumps and membranes , with each successive stage containing a slightly more enriched mixture . Research into the process was carried out at Columbia University by a group that included Harold Urey , Karl P. Cohen , and John R. Dunning . Oak Ridge K - 25 plant In November 1942 the Military Policy Committee approved the construction of a 600 - stage gaseous diffusion plant . On 14 December , M.W. Kellogg accepted an offer to construct the plant , which was codenamed K - 25 . A cost plus fixed - fee contract was negotiated , eventually totaling $2.5 million . A separate corporate entity called Kellex was created for the project , headed by Percival C. Keith , one of Kellogg 's vice presidents . The process faced formidable technical difficulties . The highly corrosive gas uranium hexafluoride would have to be used , as no substitute could be found , and the motors and pumps would have to be vacuum tight and enclosed in inert gas . The biggest problem was the design of the barrier , which would have to be strong , porous and resistant to corrosion by uranium hexafluoride . The best choice for this seemed to be nickel . Edward Adler and Edward Norris created a mesh barrier from electroplated nickel . A six - stage pilot plant was built at Columbia to test the process , but the Norris - Adler prototype proved to be too brittle . A rival barrier was developed from powdered nickel by Kellex , the Bell Telephone Laboratories and the Bakelite Corporation . In January 1944 , Groves ordered the Kellex barrier into production . Kellex 's design for K - 25 called for a four - story 0.5 - mile ( 0.80 km ) long U-shaped structure containing 54 contiguous buildings . These were divided into nine sections . Within these were cells of six stages . The cells could be operated independently , or consecutively within a section . Similarly , the sections could be operated separately or as part of a single cascade . A survey party began construction by marking out the 500 - acre ( 2.0 km ) site in May 1943 . Work on the main building began in October 1943 , and the six - stage pilot plant was ready for operation on 17 April 1944 . In 1945 Groves canceled the upper stages of the plant , directing Kellex to instead design and build a 540 - stage side feed unit , which became known as K - 27 . Kellex transferred the last unit to the operating contractor , Union Carbide and Carbon , on 11 September 1945 . The total cost , including the K - 27 plant completed after the war , came to $480 million . The production plant commenced operation in February 1945 , and as cascade after cascade came online , the quality of the product increased . By April 1945 , K - 25 had attained a 1.1 % enrichment and the output of the S - 50 thermal diffusion plant began being used as feed . Some product produced the next month reached nearly 7 % enrichment . In August , the last of the 2,892 stages commenced operation . K - 25 and K - 27 achieved their full potential in the early postwar period , when they eclipsed the other production plants and became the prototypes for a new generation of plants . Thermal diffusion ( edit ) Main article : S - 50 Project The thermal diffusion process was based on Sydney Chapman and David Enskog 's theory , which explained that when a mixed gas passes through a temperature gradient , the heavier one tends to concentrate at the cold end and the lighter one at the warm end . Since hot gases tend to rise and cool ones tend to fall , this can be used as a means of isotope separation . This process was first demonstrated by Klaus Clusius and Gerhard Dickel in Germany in 1938 . It was developed by US Navy scientists , but was not one of the enrichment technologies initially selected for use in the Manhattan Project . This was primarily due to doubts about its technical feasibility , but the inter-service rivalry between the Army and Navy also played a part . The S - 50 plant is the dark building to the upper left behind the Oak Ridge powerhouse ( with smoke stacks ) . The Naval Research Laboratory continued the research under Philip Abelson 's direction , but there was little contact with the Manhattan Project until April 1944 , when Captain William S. Parsons , the naval officer in charge of ordnance development at Los Alamos , brought Oppenheimer news of encouraging progress in the Navy 's experiments on thermal diffusion . Oppenheimer wrote to Groves suggesting that the output of a thermal diffusion plant could be fed into Y - 12 . Groves set up a committee consisting of Warren K. Lewis , Eger Murphree and Richard Tolman to investigate the idea , and they estimated that a thermal diffusion plant costing $3.5 million could enrich 50 kilograms ( 110 lb ) of uranium per week to nearly 0.9 % uranium - 235 . Groves approved its construction on 24 June 1944 . Groves contracted with the H.K. Ferguson Company of Cleveland , Ohio , to build the thermal diffusion plant , which was designated S - 50 . Groves 's advisers , Karl Cohen and W.I. Thompson from Standard Oil , estimated that it would take six months to build . Groves gave Ferguson just four . Plans called for the installation of 2,142 48 - foot - tall ( 15 m ) diffusion columns arranged in 21 racks . Inside each column were three concentric tubes . Steam , obtained from the nearby K - 25 powerhouse at a pressure of 1,000 pounds per square inch ( 6,900 kPa ) and temperature of 545 ° F ( 285 ° C ) , flowed downward through the innermost 1.25 - inch ( 32 mm ) nickel pipe , while water at 155 ° F ( 68 ° C ) flowed upward through the outermost iron pipe . Isotope separation occurred in the uranium hexafluoride gas between the nickel and copper pipes . Work commenced on 9 July 1944 , and S - 50 began partial operation in September . Ferguson operated the plant through a subsidiary known as Fercleve . The plant produced just 10.5 pounds ( 4.8 kg ) of 0.852 % uranium - 235 in October . Leaks limited production and forced shutdowns over the next few months , but in June 1945 it produced 12,730 pounds ( 5,770 kg ) . By March 1945 , all 21 production racks were operating . Initially the output of S - 50 was fed into Y - 12 , but starting in March 1945 all three enrichment processes were run in series . S - 50 became the first stage , enriching from 0.71 % to 0.89 % . This material was fed into the gaseous diffusion process in the K - 25 plant , which produced a product enriched to about 23 % . This was , in turn , fed into Y - 12 , which boosted it to about 89 % , sufficient for nuclear weapons . Aggregate u-235 production ( edit ) About 50 kilograms ( 110 lb ) of uranium enriched to 89 % uranium - 235 was delivered to Los Alamos by July 1945 . The entire 50 kg , along with some 50 % - enriched , averaging out to about 85 % enriched , were used in Little Boy . Plutonium ( edit ) The second line of development pursued by the Manhattan Project used the fissile element plutonium . Although small amounts of plutonium exist in nature , the best way to obtain large quantities of the element is in a nuclear reactor , in which natural uranium is bombarded by neutrons . The uranium - 238 is transmuted into uranium - 239 , which rapidly decays , first into neptunium - 239 and then into plutonium - 239 . Only a small amount of the uranium - 238 will be transformed , so the plutonium must be chemically separated from the remaining uranium , from any initial impurities , and from fission products . X-10 graphite reactor ( edit ) Main article : X-10 Graphite Reactor Workers load uranium slugs into the X-10 Graphite Reactor . In March 1943 , DuPont began construction of a plutonium plant on a 112 - acre ( 0.5 km ) site at Oak Ridge . Intended as a pilot plant for the larger production facilities at Hanford , it included the air - cooled X-10 Graphite Reactor , a chemical separation plant , and support facilities . Because of the subsequent decision to construct water - cooled reactors at Hanford , only the chemical separation plant operated as a true pilot . The X-10 Graphite Reactor consisted of a huge block of graphite , 24 feet ( 7.3 m ) long on each side , weighing around 1,500 short tons ( 1,400 t ) , surrounded by 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) of high - density concrete as a radiation shield . The greatest difficulty was encountered with the uranium slugs produced by Mallinckrodt and Metal Hydrides . These somehow had to be coated in aluminum to avoid corrosion and the escape of fission products into the cooling system . The Grasselli Chemical Company attempted to develop a hot dipping process without success . Meanwhile , Alcoa tried canning . A new process for flux-less welding was developed , and 97 % of the cans passed a standard vacuum test , but high temperature tests indicated a failure rate of more than 50 % . Nonetheless , production began in June 1943 . The Metallurgical Laboratory eventually developed an improved welding technique with the help of General Electric , which was incorporated into the production process in October 1943 . Watched by Fermi and Compton , the X-10 Graphite Reactor went critical on 4 November 1943 with about 30 short tons ( 27 t ) of uranium . A week later the load was increased to 36 short tons ( 33 t ) , raising its power generation to 500 kW , and by the end of the month the first 500 mg of plutonium was created . Modifications over time raised the power to 4,000 kW in July 1944 . X-10 operated as a production plant until January 1945 , when it was turned over to research activities . Hanford reactors ( edit ) Main article : Hanford Site Although an air - cooled design was chosen for the reactor at Oak Ridge to facilitate rapid construction , it was recognized that this would be impractical for the much larger production reactors . Initial designs by the Metallurgical Laboratory and DuPont used helium for cooling , before they determined that a water - cooled reactor would be simpler , cheaper and quicker to build . The design did not become available until 4 October 1943 ; in the meantime , Matthias concentrated on improving the Hanford Site by erecting accommodations , improving the roads , building a railway switch line , and upgrading the electricity , water and telephone lines . Aerial view of Hanford B - Reactor site , June 1944 As at Oak Ridge , the most difficulty was encountered while canning the uranium slugs , which commenced at Hanford in March 1944 . They were pickled to remove dirt and impurities , dipped in molten bronze , tin , and aluminum - silicon alloy , canned using hydraulic presses , and then capped using arc welding under an argon atmosphere . Finally , they were subjected to a series of tests to detect holes or faulty welds . Disappointingly , most canned slugs initially failed the tests , resulting in an output of only a handful of canned slugs per day . But steady progress was made and by June 1944 production increased to the point where it appeared that enough canned slugs would be available to start Reactor B on schedule in August 1944 . Work began on Reactor B , the first of six planned 250 MW reactors , on 10 October 1943 . The reactor complexes were given letter designations A through F , with B , D and F sites chosen to be developed first , as this maximised the distance between the reactors . They would be the only ones constructed during the Manhattan Project . Some 390 short tons ( 350 t ) of steel , 17,400 cubic yards ( 13,300 m ) of concrete , 50,000 concrete blocks and 71,000 concrete bricks were used to construct the 120 - foot ( 37 m ) high building . Construction of the reactor itself commenced in February 1944 . Watched by Compton , Matthias , DuPont 's Crawford Greenewalt , Leona Woods and Fermi , who inserted the first slug , the reactor was powered up beginning on 13 September 1944 . Over the next few days , 838 tubes were loaded and the reactor went critical . Shortly after midnight on 27 September , the operators began to withdraw the control rods to initiate production . At first all appeared well but around 03 : 00 the power level started to drop and by 06 : 30 the reactor had shut down completely . The cooling water was investigated to see if there was a leak or contamination . The next day the reactor started up again , only to shut down once more . Fermi contacted Chien - Shiung Wu , who identified the cause of the problem as neutron poisoning from xenon - 135 , which has a half - life of 9.2 hours . Fermi , Woods , Donald J. Hughes and John Archibald Wheeler then calculated the nuclear cross section of xenon - 135 , which turned out to be 30,000 times that of uranium . Fortunately , DuPont engineer George Graves had deviated from the Metallurgical Laboratory 's original design in which the reactor had 1,500 tubes arranged in a circle , and had added an additional 504 tubes to fill in the corners . The scientists had originally considered this overengineering a waste of time and money , but Fermi realized that by loading all 2,004 tubes , the reactor could reach the required power level and efficiently produce plutonium . Reactor D was started on 17 December 1944 and Reactor F on 25 February 1945 . Separation process ( edit ) Map of the Hanford Site . Railroads flank the plants to the north and south . Reactors are the three northernmost red squares , along the Columbia River . The separation plants are the lower two red squares from the grouping south of the reactors . The bottom red square is the 300 area . Meanwhile , the chemists considered the problem of how plutonium could be separated from uranium when its chemical properties were not known . Working with the minute quantities of plutonium available at the Metallurgical Laboratory in 1942 , a team under Charles M. Cooper developed a lanthanum fluoride process for separating uranium and plutonium , which was chosen for the pilot separation plant . A second separation process , the bismuth phosphate process , was subsequently developed by Seaborg and Stanly G. Thomson . This process worked by toggling plutonium between its + 4 and + 6 oxidation states in solutions of bismuth phosphate . In the former state , the plutonium was precipitated ; in the latter , it stayed in solution and the other products were precipitated . Greenewalt favored the bismuth phosphate process due to the corrosive nature of lanthanum fluoride , and it was selected for the Hanford separation plants . Once X-10 began producing plutonium , the pilot separation plant was put to the test . The first batch was processed at 40 % efficiency but over the next few months this was raised to 90 % . At Hanford , top priority was initially given to the installations in the 300 area . This contained buildings for testing materials , preparing uranium , and assembling and calibrating instrumentation . One of the buildings housed the canning equipment for the uranium slugs , while another contained a small test reactor . Notwithstanding the high priority allocated to it , work on the 300 area fell behind schedule due to the unique and complex nature of the 300 area facilities , and wartime shortages of labor and materials . Early plans called for the construction of two separation plants in each of the areas known as 200 - West and 200 - East . This was subsequently reduced to two , the T and U plants , in 200 - West and one , the B plant , at 200 - East . Each separation plant consisted of four buildings : a process cell building or `` canyon '' ( known as 221 ) , a concentration building ( 224 ) , a purification building ( 231 ) and a magazine store ( 213 ) . The canyons were each 800 feet ( 240 m ) long and 65 feet ( 20 m ) wide . Each consisted of forty 17.7 - by - 13 - by - 20 - foot ( 5.4 by 4.0 by 6.1 m ) cells . Work began on 221 - T and 221 - U in January 1944 , with the former completed in September and the latter in December . The 221 - B building followed in March 1945 . Because of the high levels of radioactivity involved , all work in the separation plants had to be conducted by remote control using closed - circuit television , something unheard of in 1943 . Maintenance was carried out with the aid of an overhead crane and specially designed tools . The 224 buildings were smaller because they had less material to process , and it was less radioactive . The 224 - T and 224 - U buildings were completed on 8 October 1944 , and 224 - B followed on 10 February 1945 . The purification methods that were eventually used in 231 - W were still unknown when construction commenced on 8 April 1944 , but the plant was complete and the methods were selected by the end of the year . On 5 February 1945 , Matthias hand - delivered the first shipment of 80 g of 95 % - pure plutonium nitrate to a Los Alamos courier in Los Angeles . Weapon design ( edit ) Main article : Project Y A row of Thin Man casings . Fat Man casings are visible in the background . In 1943 , development efforts were directed to a gun - type fission weapon with plutonium called Thin Man . Initial research on the properties of plutonium was done using cyclotron - generated plutonium - 239 , which was extremely pure , but could only be created in very small amounts . Los Alamos received the first sample of plutonium from the Clinton X-10 reactor in April 1944 and within days Emilio Segrè discovered a problem : the reactor - bred plutonium had a higher concentration of plutonium - 240 , resulting in up to five times the spontaneous fission rate of cyclotron plutonium . Seaborg had correctly predicted in March 1943 that some of the plutonium - 239 would absorb a neutron and become plutonium - 240 . This made reactor plutonium unsuitable for use in a gun - type weapon . The plutonium - 240 would start the chain reaction too quickly , causing a predetonation that would release enough energy to disperse the critical mass with a minimal amount of plutonium reacted ( a fizzle ) . A faster gun was suggested but found to be impractical . The possibility of separating the isotopes was considered and rejected , as plutonium - 240 is even harder to separate from plutonium - 239 than uranium - 235 from uranium - 238 . Work on an alternative method of bomb design , known as implosion , had begun earlier under the direction of the physicist Seth Neddermeyer . Implosion used explosives to crush a subcritical sphere of fissile material into a smaller and denser form . When the fissile atoms are packed closer together , the rate of neutron capture increases , and the mass becomes a critical mass . The metal needs to travel only a very short distance , so the critical mass is assembled in much less time than it would take with the gun method . Neddermeyer 's 1943 and early 1944 investigations into implosion showed promise , but also made it clear that the problem would be much more difficult from a theoretical and engineering perspective than the gun design . In September 1943 , John von Neumann , who had experience with shaped charges used in armor - piercing shells , argued that not only would implosion reduce the danger of predetonation and fizzle , but would make more efficient use of the fissionable material . He proposed using a spherical configuration instead of the cylindrical one that Neddermeyer was working on . An implosion - type nuclear bomb By July 1944 , Oppenheimer had concluded plutonium could not be used in a gun design , and opted for implosion . The accelerated effort on an implosion design , codenamed Fat Man , began in August 1944 when Oppenheimer implemented a sweeping reorganization of the Los Alamos laboratory to focus on implosion . Two new groups were created at Los Alamos to develop the implosion weapon , X ( for explosives ) Division headed by explosives expert George Kistiakowsky and G ( for gadget ) Division under Robert Bacher . The new design that von Neumann and T ( for theoretical ) Division , most notably Rudolf Peierls , had devised used explosive lenses to focus the explosion onto a spherical shape using a combination of both slow and fast high explosives . The design of lenses that detonated with the proper shape and velocity turned out to be slow , difficult and frustrating . Various explosives were tested before settling on composition B as the fast explosive and baratol as the slow explosive . The final design resembled a soccer ball , with 20 hexagonal and 12 pentagonal lenses , each weighing about 80 pounds ( 36 kg ) . Getting the detonation just right required fast , reliable and safe electrical detonators , of which there were two for each lens for reliability . It was therefore decided to use exploding - bridgewire detonators , a new invention developed at Los Alamos by a group led by Luis Alvarez . A contract for their manufacture was given to Raytheon . To study the behavior of converging shock waves , Robert Serber devised the RaLa Experiment , which used the short - lived radioisotope lanthanum - 140 , a potent source of gamma radiation . The gamma ray source was placed in the center of a metal sphere surrounded by the explosive lenses , which in turn were inside in an ionization chamber . This allowed the taking of an X-ray movie of the implosion . The lenses were designed primarily using this series of tests . In his history of the Los Alamos project , David Hawkins wrote : `` RaLa became the most important single experiment affecting the final bomb design '' . Within the explosives was the 4.5 - inch ( 110 mm ) thick aluminum pusher , which provided a smooth transition from the relatively low density explosive to the next layer , the 3 - inch ( 76 mm ) thick tamper of natural uranium . Its main job was to hold the critical mass together as long as possible , but it would also reflect neutrons back into the core . Some part of it might fission as well . To prevent predetonation by an external neutron , the tamper was coated in a thin layer of boron . A polonium - beryllium modulated neutron initiator , known as an `` urchin '' because its shape resembled a sea urchin , was developed to start the chain reaction at precisely the right moment . This work with the chemistry and metallurgy of radioactive polonium was directed by Charles Allen Thomas of the Monsanto Company and became known as the Dayton Project . Testing required up to 500 curies per month of polonium , which Monsanto was able to deliver . The whole assembly was encased in a duralumin bomb casing to protect it from bullets and flak . Remote handling of a kilocurie source of radiolanthanum for a RaLa Experiment at Los Alamos The ultimate task of the metallurgists was to determine how to cast plutonium into a sphere . The difficulties became apparent when attempts to measure the density of plutonium gave inconsistent results . At first contamination was believed to be the cause , but it was soon determined that there were multiple allotropes of plutonium . The brittle α phase that exists at room temperature changes to the plastic β phase at higher temperatures . Attention then shifted to the even more malleable δ phase that normally exists in the 300 ° C to 450 ° C range . It was found that this was stable at room temperature when alloyed with aluminum , but aluminum emits neutrons when bombarded with alpha particles , which would exacerbate the pre-ignition problem . The metallurgists then hit upon a plutonium - gallium alloy , which stabilized the δ phase and could be hot pressed into the desired spherical shape . As plutonium was found to corrode readily , the sphere was coated with nickel . The work proved dangerous . By the end of the war , half the experienced chemists and metallurgists had to be removed from work with plutonium when unacceptably high levels of the element appeared in their urine . A minor fire at Los Alamos in January 1945 led to a fear that a fire in the plutonium laboratory might contaminate the whole town , and Groves authorized the construction of a new facility for plutonium chemistry and metallurgy , which became known as the DP - site . The hemispheres for the first plutonium pit ( or core ) were produced and delivered on 2 July 1945 . Three more hemispheres followed on 23 July and were delivered three days later . Trinity ( edit ) Main article : Trinity ( nuclear test ) Because of the complexity of an implosion - style weapon , it was decided that , despite the waste of fissile material , an initial test would be required . Groves approved the test , subject to the active material being recovered . Consideration was therefore given to a controlled fizzle , but Oppenheimer opted instead for a full - scale nuclear test , codenamed `` Trinity '' . The explosives of `` the gadget '' were raised to the top of the tower for the final assembly . In March 1944 , planning for the test was assigned to Kenneth Bainbridge , a professor of physics at Harvard , working under Kistiakowsky . Bainbridge selected the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield as the site for the test . Bainbridge worked with Captain Samuel P. Davalos on the construction of the Trinity Base Camp and its facilities , which included barracks , warehouses , workshops , an explosive magazine and a commissary . Groves did not relish the prospect of explaining the loss of a billion dollars worth of plutonium to a Senate committee , so a cylindrical containment vessel codenamed `` Jumbo '' was constructed to recover the active material in the event of a failure . Measuring 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) long and 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) wide , it was fabricated at great expense from 214 short tons ( 194 t ) of iron and steel by Babcock & Wilcox in Barberton , Ohio . Brought in a special railroad car to a siding in Pope , New Mexico , it was transported the last 25 miles ( 40 km ) to the test site on a trailer pulled by two tractors . By the time it arrived , however , confidence in the implosion method was high enough , and the availability of plutonium was sufficient , that Oppenheimer decided not to use it . Instead , it was placed atop a steel tower 800 yards ( 730 m ) from the weapon as a rough measure of how powerful the explosion would be . In the end , Jumbo survived , although its tower did not , adding credence to the belief that Jumbo would have successfully contained a fizzled explosion . A pre-test explosion was conducted on 7 May 1945 to calibrate the instruments . A wooden test platform was erected 800 yards ( 730 m ) from Ground Zero and piled with 100 short tons ( 91 t ) of TNT spiked with nuclear fission products in the form of an irradiated uranium slug from Hanford , which was dissolved and poured into tubing inside the explosive . This explosion was observed by Oppenheimer and Groves 's new deputy commander , Brigadier General Thomas Farrell . The pre-test produced data that proved vital for the Trinity test . For the actual test , the weapon , nicknamed `` the gadget '' , was hoisted to the top of a 100 - foot ( 30 m ) steel tower , as detonation at that height would give a better indication of how the weapon would behave when dropped from a bomber . Detonation in the air maximized the energy applied directly to the target , and generated less nuclear fallout . The gadget was assembled under the supervision of Norris Bradbury at the nearby McDonald Ranch House on 13 July , and precariously winched up the tower the following day . Observers included Bush , Chadwick , Conant , Farrell , Fermi , Groves , Lawrence , Oppenheimer and Tolman . At 05 : 30 on 16 July 1945 the gadget exploded with an energy equivalent of around 20 kilotons of TNT , leaving a crater of Trinitite ( radioactive glass ) in the desert 250 feet ( 76 m ) wide . The shock wave was felt over 100 miles ( 160 km ) away , and the mushroom cloud reached 7.5 miles ( 12.1 km ) in height . It was heard as far away as El Paso , Texas , so Groves issued a cover story about an ammunition magazine explosion at Alamogordo Field . The Trinity test of the Manhattan Project was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon . Oppenheimer later recalled that , while witnessing the explosion , he thought of a verse from the Hindu holy book , the Bhagavad Gita ( XI , 12 ) : कालोऽस्मि लोकक्षयकृत्प्रवृद्धो लोकान्समाहर्तुमिह प्रवृत्तः । ऋतेऽपि त्वां न भविष्यन्ति सर्वे येऽवस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु योधाः ॥ ११ - ३२ ॥ If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky , that would be like the splendor of the mighty one ... Years later he would explain that another verse had also entered his head at that time : We knew the world would not be the same . A few people laughed , a few people cried . Most people were silent . I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture , the Bhagavad Gita ; Vishnu is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty and , to impress him , takes on his multi-armed form and says , ' Now I am become Death , the destroyer of worlds . ' I suppose we all thought that , one way or another . Personnel ( edit ) In June 1944 , the Manhattan Project employed some 129,000 workers , of whom 84,500 were construction workers , 40,500 were plant operators and 1,800 were military personnel . As construction activity fell off , the workforce declined to 100,000 a year later , but the number of military personnel increased to 5,600 . Procuring the required numbers of workers , especially highly skilled workers , in competition with other vital wartime programs proved very difficult . In 1943 , Groves obtained a special temporary priority for labor from the War Manpower Commission . In March 1944 , both the War Production Board and the War Manpower Commission gave the project their highest priority . Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr. , speaks to service personnel Oak Ridge Tennessee in August 1945 . Tolman and Conant , in their role as the project 's scientific advisers , drew up a list of candidate scientists and had them rated by scientists already working on the project . Groves then sent a personal letter to the head of their university or company asking for them to be released for essential war work . At the University of Wisconsin -- Madison , Stanislaw Ulam gave one of his students , Joan Hinton , an exam early , so she could leave to do war work . A few weeks later , Ulam received a letter from Hans Bethe , inviting him to join the project . Conant personally persuaded Kistiakowsky to join the project . One source of skilled personnel was the Army itself , particularly the Army Specialized Training Program . In 1943 , the MED created the Special Engineer Detachment ( SED ) , with an authorized strength of 675 . Technicians and skilled workers drafted into the Army were assigned to the SED . Another source was the Women 's Army Corps ( WAC ) . Initially intended for clerical tasks handling classified material , the WACs were soon tapped for technical and scientific tasks as well . On 1 February 1945 , all military personnel assigned to the MED , including all SED detachments , were assigned to the 9812th Technical Service Unit , except at Los Alamos , where military personnel other than SED , including the WACs and Military Police , were assigned to the 4817th Service Command Unit . An Associate Professor of Radiology at the University of Rochester School of Medicine , Stafford L. Warren , was commissioned as a colonel in the United States Army Medical Corps , and appointed as chief of the MED 's Medical Section and Groves ' medical advisor . Warren 's initial task was to staff hospitals at Oak Ridge , Richland and Los Alamos . The Medical Section was responsible for medical research , but also for the MED 's health and safety programs . This presented an enormous challenge , because workers were handling a variety of toxic chemicals , using hazardous liquids and gases under high pressures , working with high voltages , and performing experiments involving explosives , not to mention the largely unknown dangers presented by radioactivity and handling fissile materials . Yet in December 1945 , the National Safety Council presented the Manhattan Project with the Award of Honor for Distinguished Service to Safety in recognition of its safety record . Between January 1943 and June 1945 , there were 62 fatalities and 3,879 disabling injuries , which was about 62 percent below the rate of private industry . Secrecy ( edit ) A 1945 Life article estimated that before the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings `` probably no more than a few dozen men in the entire country knew the full meaning of the Manhattan Project , and perhaps only a thousand others even were aware that work on atoms was involved . '' The magazine wrote that the more than 100,000 others employed with the project `` worked like moles in the dark '' . Warned that disclosing the project 's secrets was punishable by 10 years in prison or a $10,000 ( $108,000 today ) fine , they saw enormous quantities of raw materials enter factories with nothing coming out , and monitored `` dials and switches while behind thick concrete walls mysterious reactions took place '' without knowing the purpose of their jobs . A billboard encouraging secrecy among Oak Ridge workers Oak Ridge security personnel considered any private party with more than seven people as suspicious , and residents -- who believed that US government agents were secretly among them -- avoided repeatedly inviting the same guests . Although original residents of the area could be buried in existing cemeteries , every coffin was reportedly opened for inspection . Everyone , including top military officials , and their automobiles were searched when entering and exiting project facilities . One Oak Ridge worker stated that `` if you got inquisitive , you were called on the carpet within two hours by government secret agents . Usually those summoned to explain were then escorted bag and baggage to the gate and ordered to keep going . '' Nonetheless , despite being told that their work would help end the war and perhaps all future wars , not seeing or understanding the results of their often tedious duties -- or even typical side effects of factory work such as smoke from smokestacks -- and the war in Europe ending without the use of their work , caused serious morale problems among workers and caused many rumors to spread . One manager stated after the war : Well it was n't that the job was tough ... it was confusing . You see , no one knew what was being made in Oak Ridge , not even me , and a lot of the people thought they were wasting their time here . It was up to me to explain to the dissatisfied workers that they were doing a very important job . When they asked me what , I 'd have to tell them it was a secret . But I almost went crazy myself trying to figure out what was going on . Another worker told of how , working in a laundry , she every day held `` a special instrument '' to uniforms and listened for `` a clicking noise '' . She learned only after the war that she had been performing the important task of checking for radiation with a geiger counter . To improve morale among such workers Oak Ridge created an extensive system of intramural sports leagues , including 10 baseball teams , 81 softball teams , and 26 football teams . Censorship ( edit ) Security poster , warning office workers to close drawers and put documents in safes when not being used Voluntary censorship of atomic information began before the Manhattan Project . After the start of the European war in 1939 American scientists began avoiding publishing military - related research , and in 1940 scientific journals began asking the National Academy of Sciences to clear articles . William L. Laurence of The New York Times , who wrote an article on atomic fission in The Saturday Evening Post of 7 September 1940 , later learned that government officials asked librarians nationwide in 1943 to withdraw the issue . The Soviets noticed the silence , however . In April 1942 nuclear physicist Georgy Flyorov wrote to Josef Stalin on the absence of articles on nuclear fission in American journals ; this resulted in the Soviet Union establishing its own atomic bomb project . The Manhattan Project operated under tight security lest its discovery induce Axis powers , especially Germany , to accelerate their own nuclear projects or undertake covert operations against the project . The government 's Office of Censorship , by contrast , relied on the press to comply with a voluntary code of conduct it published , and the project at first avoided notifying the office . By early 1943 newspapers began publishing reports of large construction in Tennessee and Washington based on public records , and the office began discussing with the project how to maintain secrecy . In June the Office of Censorship asked newspapers and broadcasters to avoid discussing `` atom smashing , atomic energy , atomic fission , atomic splitting , or any of their equivalents . The use for military purposes of radium or radioactive materials , heavy water , high voltage discharge equipment , cyclotrons . '' The office also asked to avoid discussion of `` polonium , uranium , ytterbium , hafnium , protactinium , radium , rhenium , thorium , deuterium '' ; only uranium was sensitive , but was listed with other elements to hide its importance . Soviet spies ( edit ) Main article : Atomic spies The prospect of sabotage was always present , and sometimes suspected when there were equipment failures . While there were some problems believed to be the result of careless or disgruntled employees , there were no confirmed instances of Axis - instigated sabotage . However , on 10 March 1945 , a Japanese fire balloon struck a power line , and the resulting power surge caused the three reactors at Hanford to be temporarily shut down . With so many people involved , security was a difficult task . A special Counter Intelligence Corps detachment was formed to handle the project 's security issues . By 1943 , it was clear that the Soviet Union was attempting to penetrate the project . Lieutenant Colonel Boris T. Pash , the head of the Counter Intelligence Branch of the Western Defense Command , investigated suspected Soviet espionage at the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley . Oppenheimer informed Pash that he had been approached by a fellow professor at Berkeley , Haakon Chevalier , about passing information to the Soviet Union . The most successful Soviet spy was Klaus Fuchs , a member of the British Mission who played an important part at Los Alamos . The 1950 revelation of his espionage activities damaged the United States ' nuclear cooperation with Britain and Canada . Subsequently , other instances of espionage were uncovered , leading to the arrest of Harry Gold , David Greenglass , and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg . Other spies like George Koval and Theodore Hall remained unknown for decades . The value of the espionage is difficult to quantify , as the principal constraint on the Soviet atomic bomb project was a shortage of uranium ore . The consensus is that espionage saved the Soviets one or two years of effort . Foreign Intelligence ( edit ) Main article : Alsos Mission In addition to developing the atomic bomb , the Manhattan Project was charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear energy project . It was believed that the Japanese nuclear weapons program was not far advanced because Japan had little access to uranium ore , but it was initially feared that Germany was very close to developing its own weapons . At the instigation of the Manhattan Project , a bombing and sabotage campaign was carried out against heavy water plants in German - occupied Norway . A small mission was created , jointly staffed by the Office of Naval Intelligence , OSRD , the Manhattan Project , and Army Intelligence ( G - 2 ) , to investigate enemy scientific developments . It was not restricted to those involving nuclear weapons . The Chief of Army Intelligence , Major General George V. Strong , appointed Boris Pash to command the unit , which was codenamed `` Alsos '' , a Greek word meaning `` grove '' . Allied soldiers dismantle the German experimental nuclear reactor at Haigerloch . The Alsos Mission to Italy questioned staff of the physics laboratory at the University of Rome following the capture of the city in June 1944 . Meanwhile , Pash formed a combined British and American Alsos mission in London under the command of Captain Horace K. Calvert to participate in Operation Overlord . Groves considered the risk that the Germans might attempt to disrupt the Normandy landings with radioactive poisons was sufficient to warn General Dwight D. Eisenhower and send an officer to brief his chief of staff , Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith . Under the codename Operation Peppermint , special equipment was prepared and Chemical Warfare Service teams were trained in its use . Following in the wake of the advancing Allied armies , Pash and Calvert interviewed Frédéric Joliot - Curie about the activities of German scientists . They spoke to officials at Union Minière du Haut Katanga about uranium shipments to Germany . They tracked down 68 tons of ore in Belgium and 30 tons in France . The interrogation of German prisoners indicated that uranium and thorium were being processed in Oranienburg , 20 miles north of Berlin , so Groves arranged for it to be bombed on 15 March 1945 . An Alsos team went to Stassfurt in the Soviet Occupation Zone and retrieved 11 tons of ore from WIFO . In April 1945 , Pash , in command of a composite force known as T - Force , conducted Operation Harborage , a sweep behind enemy lines of the cities of Hechingen , Bisingen , and Haigerloch that were the heart of the German nuclear effort . T - Force captured the nuclear laboratories , documents , equipment and supplies , including heavy water and 1.5 tons of metallic uranium . Alsos teams rounded up German scientists including Kurt Diebner , Otto Hahn , Walther Gerlach , Werner Heisenberg , and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker , who were taken to England where they were interned at Farm Hall , a bugged house in Godmanchester . After the bombs were detonated in Japan , the Germans were forced to confront the fact that the Allies had done what they could not . Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( edit ) Main article : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Preparations ( edit ) Starting in November 1943 , the Army Air Forces Materiel Command at Wright Field , Ohio , began Silverplate , the codename modification of B - 29s to carry the bombs . Test drops were carried out at Muroc Army Air Field , California , and the Naval Ordnance Test Station at Inyokern , California . Groves met with the Chief of United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) , General Henry H. Arnold , in March 1944 to discuss the delivery of the finished bombs to their targets . The only Allied aircraft capable of carrying the 17 - foot ( 5.2 m ) long Thin Man or the 59 - inch ( 150 cm ) wide Fat Man was the British Avro Lancaster , but using a British aircraft would have caused difficulties with maintenance . Groves hoped that the American Boeing B - 29 Superfortress could be modified to carry Thin Man by joining its two bomb bays together . Arnold promised that no effort would be spared to modify B - 29s to do the job , and designated Major General Oliver P. Echols as the USAAF liaison to the Manhattan Project . In turn , Echols named Colonel Roscoe C. Wilson as his alternate , and Wilson became Manhattan Project 's main USAAF contact . President Roosevelt instructed Groves that if the atomic bombs were ready before the war with Germany ended , he should be ready to drop them on Germany . Silverplate B - 29 Straight Flush . The tail code of the 444th Bombardment Group is painted on for security reasons . The 509th Composite Group was activated on 17 December 1944 at Wendover Army Air Field , Utah , under the command of Colonel Paul W. Tibbets . This base , close to the border with Nevada , was codenamed `` Kingman '' or `` W - 47 '' . Training was conducted at Wendover and at Batista Army Airfield , Cuba , where the 393d Bombardment Squadron practiced long - distance flights over water , and dropping dummy pumpkin bombs . A special unit known as Project Alberta was formed at Los Alamos under Navy Captain William S. Parsons from Project Y as part of the Manhattan Project to assist in preparing and delivering the bombs . Commander Frederick L. Ashworth from Alberta met with Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz on Guam in February 1945 to inform him of the project . While he was there , Ashworth selected North Field on the Pacific Island Tinian as a base for the 509th Composite Group , and reserved space for the group and its buildings . The group deployed there in July 1945 . Farrell arrived at Tinian on 30 July as the Manhattan Project representative . Most of the components for Little Boy left San Francisco on the cruiser USS Indianapolis on 16 July and arrived on Tinian on 26 July . Four days later the ship was sunk by a Japanese submarine . The remaining components , which included six uranium - 235 rings , were delivered by three C - 54 Skymasters of the 509th Group 's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron . Two Fat Man assemblies travelled to Tinian in specially modified 509th Composite Group B - 29s . The first plutonium core went in a special C - 54 . A joint targeting committee of the Manhattan District and USAAF was established to determine which cities in Japan should be targets , and recommended Kokura , Hiroshima , Niigata , and Kyoto . At this point , Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson intervened , announcing that he would be making the targeting decision , and that he would not authorize the bombing of Kyoto on the grounds of its historical and religious significance . Groves therefore asked Arnold to remove Kyoto not just from the list of nuclear targets , but from targets for conventional bombing as well . One of Kyoto 's substitutes was Nagasaki . Bombings ( edit ) In May 1945 , the Interim Committee was created to advise on wartime and postwar use of nuclear energy . The committee was chaired by Stimson , with James F. Byrnes , a former US Senator soon to be Secretary of State , as President Harry S. Truman 's personal representative ; Ralph A. Bard , the Under Secretary of the Navy ; William L. Clayton , the Assistant Secretary of State ; Vannevar Bush ; Karl T. Compton ; James B. Conant ; and George L. Harrison , an assistant to Stimson and president of New York Life Insurance Company . The Interim Committee in turn established a scientific panel consisting of Arthur Compton , Fermi , Lawrence and Oppenheimer to advise it on scientific issues . In its presentation to the Interim Committee , the scientific panel offered its opinion not just on the likely physical effects of an atomic bomb , but on its probable military and political impact . At the Potsdam Conference in Germany , Truman was informed that the Trinity test had been successful . He told Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , that the US had a new superweapon , without giving any details . This was the first official communication to the Soviet Union about the bomb , but Stalin already knew about it from spies . With the authorization to use the bomb against Japan already given , no alternatives were considered after the Japanese rejection of the Potsdam Declaration . Little Boy explodes over Hiroshima , Japan , 6 August 1945 ( left ) ; Fat Man explodes over Nagasaki , Japan , 9 August 1945 ( right ) . On 6 August 1945 , a Boeing B - 29 Superfortress ( Enola Gay ) of the 393d Bombardment Squadron , piloted by Tibbets , lifted off from North Field , and Little Boy in its bomb bay . Hiroshima , the headquarters of the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division and a port of embarkation , was the primary target of the mission , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternatives . With Farrell 's permission , Parsons , the weaponeer in charge of the mission , completed the bomb assembly in the air to minimize the risks during takeoff . The bomb detonated at an altitude of 1,750 feet ( 530 m ) with a blast that was later estimated to be the equivalent of 13 kilotons of TNT . An area of approximately 4.7 square miles ( 12 km ) was destroyed . Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 -- 7 % damaged . About 70,000 to 80,000 people , of whom 20,000 were Japanese combatants and 20,000 were Korean slave laborers , or some 30 % of the population of Hiroshima , were killed immediately , and another 70,000 injured . On the morning of 9 August 1945 , a second B - 29 ( Bockscar ) , piloted by the 393d Bombardment Squadron 's commander , Major Charles W. Sweeney , lifted off with Fat Man on board . This time , Ashworth served as weaponeer and Kokura was the primary target . Sweeney took off with the weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged . When they reached Kokura , they found cloud cover had obscured the city , prohibiting the visual attack required by orders . After three runs over the city , and with fuel running low , they headed for the secondary target , Nagasaki . Ashworth decided that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured , but a last - minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed a visual approach as ordered . The Fat Man was dropped over the city 's industrial valley midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Mitsubishi - Urakami Ordnance Works in the north . The resulting explosion had a blast yield equivalent to 21 kilotons of TNT , roughly the same as the Trinity blast , but was confined to the Urakami Valley , and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills , resulting in the destruction of about 44 % of the city . The bombing also crippled the city 's industrial production extensively and killed 23,200 -- 28,200 Japanese industrial workers and 150 Japanese soldiers . Overall , an estimated 35,000 -- 40,000 people were killed and 60,000 injured . Groves expected to have another atomic bomb ready for use on 19 August , with three more in September and a further three in October . Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied , and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on 11 and 14 August . At Los Alamos , technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core . Although cast , it still needed to be pressed and coated , which would take until 16 August . It could therefore have been ready for use on 19 August . On 10 August , Truman secretly requested that additional atomic bombs not be dropped on Japan without his express authority . Groves suspended the third core 's shipment on his own authority on 13 August . On 11 August , Groves phoned Warren with orders to organize a survey team to report on the damage and radioactivity at Hiroshima and Nagasaki . A party equipped with portable Geiger counters arrived in Hiroshima on 8 September headed by Farrell and Warren , with Japanese Rear Admiral Masao Tsuzuki , who acted as a translator . They remained in Hiroshima until 14 September and then surveyed Nagasaki from 19 September to 8 October . This and other scientific missions to Japan would provide valuable scientific and historical data . The necessity of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki became a subject of controversy among historians . Some questioned whether an `` atomic diplomacy '' would not have attained the same goals and disputed whether the bombings or the Soviet declaration of war on Japan was decisive . The Franck Report was the most notable effort pushing for a demonstration but was turned down by the Interim Committee 's scientific panel . The Szilárd petition , drafted in July 1945 and signed by dozens of scientists working on the Manhattan Project , was a late attempt at warning President Harry S. Truman about his responsibility in using such weapons . After the War ( edit ) Presentation of the Army -- Navy `` E '' Award at Los Alamos on 16 October 1945 . Standing , left to right : J. Robert Oppenheimer , unidentified , unidentified , Kenneth Nichols , Leslie Groves , Robert Gordon Sproul , William Sterling Parsons . Seeing the work they had not understood produce the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs amazed the workers of the Manhattan Project as much as the rest of the world ; newspapers in Oak Ridge announcing the Hiroshima bomb sold for $1 ( $11 today ) . Although the bombs ' existence was public , secrecy continued , and many workers remained ignorant of their jobs ; one stated in 1946 , `` I do n't know what the hell I 'm doing besides looking into a -- -- -- and turning a -- -- -- alongside a -- -- -- . I do n't know anything about it , and there 's nothing to say '' . Many residents continued to avoid discussion of `` the stuff '' in ordinary conversation despite it being the reason for their town 's existence . In anticipation of the bombings , Groves had Henry DeWolf Smyth prepare a history for public consumption . Atomic Energy for Military Purposes , better known as the `` Smyth Report '' , was released to the public on 12 August 1945 . Groves and Nichols presented Army -- Navy `` E '' Awards to key contractors , whose involvement had hitherto been secret . Over 20 awards of the Presidential Medal for Merit were made to key contractors and scientists , including Bush and Oppenheimer . Military personnel received the Legion of Merit , including the commander of the Women 's Army Corps detachment , Captain Arlene G. Scheidenhelm . At Hanford , plutonium production fell off as Reactors B , D and F wore out , poisoned by fission products and swelling of the graphite moderator known as the Wigner effect . The swelling damaged the charging tubes where the uranium was irradiated to produce plutonium , rendering them unusable . In order to maintain the supply of polonium for the urchin initiators , production was curtailed and the oldest unit , B pile , was closed down so at least one reactor would be available in the future . Research continued , with DuPont and the Metallurgical Laboratory developing a redox solvent extraction process as an alternative plutonium extraction technique to the bismuth phosphate process , which left unspent uranium in a state from which it could not easily be recovered . Bomb engineering was carried out by the Z Division , named for its director , Dr. Jerrold R. Zacharias from Los Alamos . Z Division was initially located at Wendover Field but moved to Oxnard Field , New Mexico , in September 1945 to be closer to Los Alamos . This marked the beginning of Sandia Base . Nearby Kirtland Field was used as a B - 29 base for aircraft compatibility and drop tests . By October , all the staff and facilities at Wendover had been transferred to Sandia . As reservist officers were demobilized , they were replaced by about fifty hand - picked regular officers . Nichols recommended that S - 50 and the Alpha tracks at Y - 12 be closed down . This was done in September . Although performing better than ever , the Alpha tracks could not compete with K - 25 and the new K - 27 , which had commenced operation in January 1946 . In December , the Y - 12 plant was closed , thereby cutting the Tennessee Eastman payroll from 8,600 to 1,500 and saving $2 million a month . President Harry S. Truman signs the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 , establishing the United States Atomic Energy Commission . Nowhere was demobilization more of a problem than at Los Alamos , where there was an exodus of talent . Much remained to be done . The bombs used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were like laboratory pieces ; work would be required to make them simpler , safer and more reliable . Implosion methods needed to be developed for uranium in place of the wasteful gun method , and composite uranium - plutonium cores were needed now that plutonium was in short supply because of the problems with the reactors . However , uncertainty about the future of the laboratory made it hard to induce people to stay . Oppenheimer returned to his job at the University of California and Groves appointed Norris Bradbury as an interim replacement . In fact , Bradbury would remain in the post for the next 25 years . Groves attempted to combat the dissatisfaction caused by the lack of amenities with a construction program that included an improved water supply , three hundred houses , and recreation facilities . Two Fat Man -- type detonations were conducted at Bikini Atoll in July 1946 as part of Operation Crossroads to investigate the effect of nuclear weapons on warships . Able was detonated on 1 July 1946 . The more spectacular Baker was detonated underwater on 25 July 1946 . After the bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki , a number of Manhattan Project physicists founded the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , which began as an emergency action undertaken by scientists who saw urgent need for an immediate educational program about atomic weapons . In the face of the destructiveness of the new weapons and in anticipation of the nuclear arms race several project members including Bohr , Bush and Conant expressed the view that it was necessary to reach agreement on international control of nuclear research and atomic weapons . The Baruch Plan , unveiled in a speech to the newly formed United Nations Atomic Energy Commission ( UNAEC ) in June 1946 , proposed the establishment of an international atomic development authority , but was not adopted . Following a domestic debate over the permanent management of the nuclear program , the United States Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) was created by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 to take over the functions and assets of the Manhattan Project . It established civilian control over atomic development , and separated the development , production and control of atomic weapons from the military . Military aspects were taken over by the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project ( AFSWP ) . Although the Manhattan Project ceased to exist on 31 December 1946 , the Manhattan District was not abolished until 15 August 1947 . Cost ( edit ) Manhattan Project costs through 31 December 1945 Site Cost ( 1945 USD ) Cost ( 2017 USD ) % of total Oak Ridge $1.19 billion $12.9 billion 7001629000000000000 ♠ 62.9 % Hanford $390 million $4.22 billion 7001206000000000000 ♠ 20.6 % Special operating materials $103 million $1.12 billion 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 % Los Alamos $74.1 million $802 million 7000390000000000000 ♠ 3.9 % Research and development $69.7 million $755 million 7000370000000000000 ♠ 3.7 % Government overhead $37.3 million $403 million 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 % Heavy water plants $26.8 million $290 million 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 % Total $1.89 billion $20.5 billion The project expenditure through 1 October 1945 was $1.845 billion , equivalent to less than nine days of wartime spending , and was $2.191 billion when the AEC assumed control on 1 January 1947 . Total allocation was $2.4 billion . Over 90 % of the cost was for building plants and producing the fissionable materials , and less than 10 % for development and production of the weapons . A total of four weapons ( the Trinity gadget , Little Boy , Fat Man , and an unused bomb ) were produced by the end of 1945 , making the average cost per bomb around $500 million in 1945 dollars . By comparison , the project 's total cost by the end of 1945 was about 90 % of the total spent on the production of US small arms ( not including ammunition ) and 34 % of the total spent on US tanks during the same period . Overall , it was the second most expensive weapons project undertaken by the United States in World War II , behind only the design and production of the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress . Legacy ( edit ) See also : Nuclear weapons in popular culture The political and cultural impacts of the development of nuclear weapons were profound and far - reaching . William Laurence of The New York Times , the first to use the phrase `` Atomic Age '' , became the official correspondent for the Manhattan Project in spring 1945 . In 1943 and 1944 he unsuccessfully attempted to persuade the Office of Censorship to permit writing about the explosive potential of uranium , and government officials felt that he had earned the right to report on the biggest secret of the war . Laurence witnessed both the Trinity test and the bombing of Nagasaki and wrote the official press releases prepared for them . He went on to write a series of articles extolling the virtues of the new weapon . His reporting before and after the bombings helped to spur public awareness of the potential of nuclear technology and motivated its development in the United States and the Soviet Union . The Lake Ontario Ordnance Works ( LOOW ) near Niagara Falls became a principal repository for Manhattan Project waste for the Eastern United States . All of the radioactive materials stored at the LOOW site -- including thorium , uranium , and the world 's largest concentration of radium - 226 -- were buried in an `` Interim Waste Containment Structure '' ( in the foreground ) in 1991 . The wartime Manhattan Project left a legacy in the form of the network of national laboratories : the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Argonne National Laboratory , and Ames Laboratory . Two more were established by Groves soon after the war , the Brookhaven National Laboratory at Upton , New York , and the Sandia National Laboratories at Albuquerque , New Mexico . Groves allocated $72 million to them for research activities in fiscal year 1946 -- 1947 . They would be in the vanguard of the kind of large - scale research that Alvin Weinberg , the director of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory , would call Big Science . The Naval Research Laboratory had long been interested in the prospect of using nuclear power for warship propulsion , and sought to create its own nuclear project . In May 1946 , Nimitz , now Chief of Naval Operations , decided that the Navy should instead work with the Manhattan Project . A group of naval officers were assigned to Oak Ridge , the most senior of whom was Captain Hyman G. Rickover , who became assistant director there . They immersed themselves in the study of nuclear energy , laying the foundations for a nuclear - powered navy . A similar group of Air Force personnel arrived at Oak Ridge in September 1946 with the aim of developing nuclear aircraft . Their Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft ( NEPA ) project ran into formidable technical difficulties , and was ultimately cancelled . The ability of the new reactors to create radioactive isotopes in previously unheard - of quantities sparked a revolution in nuclear medicine in the immediate postwar years . Starting in mid-1946 , Oak Ridge began distributing radioisotopes to hospitals and universities . Most of the orders were for iodine - 131 and phosphorus - 32 , which were used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer . In addition to medicine , isotopes were also used in biological , industrial and agricultural research . On handing over control to the Atomic Energy Commission , Groves bid farewell to the people who had worked on the Manhattan Project : Five years ago , the idea of Atomic Power was only a dream . You have made that dream a reality . You have seized upon the most nebulous of ideas and translated them into actualities . You have built cities where none were known before . You have constructed industrial plants of a magnitude and to a precision heretofore deemed impossible . You built the weapon which ended the War and thereby saved countless American lives . With regard to peacetime applications , you have raised the curtain on vistas of a new world . In 2014 , the United States Congress passed a law providing for a national park dedicated to the history of the Manhattan Project . The Manhattan Project National Historical Park was established on 10 November 2015 . Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ The reaction Teller was most concerned with was : N + → Mg + He ( alpha particle ) + 17.7 MeV . Jump up ^ In Bethe 's account , the possibility of this ultimate catastrophe came up again in 1975 when it appeared in a magazine article by H.C. Dudley , who got the idea from a report by Pearl Buck of an interview she had with Arthur Compton in 1959 . The worry was not entirely extinguished in some people 's minds until the Trinity test . Jump up ^ Natural self - sustaining nuclear reactions have occurred in the distant past . Jump up ^ The allusion here is to the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus , who reached the Caribbean in 1492 . Citations ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. 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Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 187 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 194 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 200 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 283 -- 285 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 286 -- 288 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 289 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Goudsmit 1947 , pp. 174 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 333 -- 340 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 380 -- 381 ^ Jump up to : Groves 1962 , pp. 253 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 379 -- 380 Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 259 -- 262 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 386 -- 388 Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 268 -- 276 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 530 -- 532 . Jump up ^ Holloway 1994 , pp. 116 -- 117 . Jump up ^ `` Potsdam and the Final Decision to Use the Bomb '' . The Manhattan Project : An Interactive History . US Department of Energy , Office of History and Heritage Resources . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 315 -- 319 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 392 -- 393 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' ( PDF ) . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . 19 June 1946 : 9 , 36 . Retrieved 15 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Buttry , Daniel . `` Life Arises from Hiroshima : Legacy of slavery still haunts Japan '' . Our Values . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing -- Facts about the Atomic Bomb '' . Hiroshimacommittee.org . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nuke - Rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons ( The Contemporary anthology series ) . The Spirit That Moves Us Press . 1 May 1984 . pp. 22 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 343 -- 346 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 396 -- 397 ^ Jump up to : `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II , A Collection of Primary Sources '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162 . George Washington University . 13 August 1945 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Litz 's Interview ( 2012 ) '' . Manhattan Project Voices . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Wellerstein , Alex ( 16 August 2013 ) . `` The Third Core 's Revenge '' . Restricted Data . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Barton J. ( Spring 1991 ) . `` Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki : Early Thinking about Tactical Nuclear Weapons '' . International Security . 15 ( 4 ) : 149 -- 173 . ISSN 0162 - 2889 . JSTOR 2539014 . Jump up ^ Ahnfeldt 1966 , pp. 886 -- 889 . Jump up ^ Home & Low 1993 , p. 537 . Jump up ^ Frisch 1970 , pp. 107 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 399 -- 400 . Jump up ^ `` Petition to the President of the United States , 17 July 1945 . Miscellaneous Historical Documents Collection '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 348 -- 362 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , pp. 592 -- 593 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1995b , p . V - 152 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 625 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , pp. 225 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , pp. 216 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 624 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 630 , 646 Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 594 . Jump up ^ Grodzins & Rabinowitch 1963 , p. vii . Jump up ^ Gosling 1994 , pp. 55 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 394 -- 398 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 600 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 723 -- 724 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Bomb Seen as Cheap at Price '' . Edmonton Journal . 7 August 1945 . p. 1 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Brien 2015 , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Laurence , William L. ( 26 September 1945 ) . `` Drama of the Atomic Bomb Found Climax in July 16 Test '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Sweeney 2001 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Holloway 1994 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ `` The Community LOOW Project : A Review of Environmental Investigations and Remediation at the Former Lake Ontario Ordnance Works '' ( PDF ) . King Groundwater Science , Inc . September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls Storage Site , New York '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . 31 August 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenks , Andrew ( July 2002 ) . `` Model City USA : The Environmental Cost of Victory in World War II and the Cold War '' . Environmental History . 12 ( 77 ) : 552 . Jump up ^ DePalma , Anthony ( 10 March 2004 ) . `` A Toxic Waste Capital Looks to Spread it Around ; Upstate Dump is the Last in the Northeast '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 633 -- 637 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1961 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969 , pp. 72 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969 , pp. 490 -- 493 , 514 -- 515 Jump up ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969 , pp. 252 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 655 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Project National Historical Park '' . United States Department of Energy . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Project National Historical Park '' . Department of Energy . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Notes 2 Jump up ^ Oppenheimer spoke these words in the television documentary The Decision to Drop the Bomb ( 1965 ) . Oppenheimer read the original text in Sanskrit , `` kālo'smi lokakṣayakṛtpravṛddho lokānsamāhartumiha pravṛttaḥ '' ( XI , 32 ) , which he translated as `` I am become Death , the destroyer of worlds '' . In the literature , the quote usually appears in the form shatterer of worlds , because this was the form in which it first appeared in print , in Time magazine on November 8 , 1948 . It later appeared in Robert Jungk 's Brighter than a Thousand Suns : A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists ( 1958 ) , which was based on an interview with Oppenheimer . See Hijiya , The Gita of Robert Oppenheimer References ( edit ) General , administrative , and diplomatic Histories ( edit ) Bernstein , Barton J. ( June 1976 ) . `` The Uneasy Alliance : Roosevelt , Churchill , and the Atomic Bomb , 1940 -- 1945 '' . The Western Political Quarterly . University of Utah . 29 ( 2 ) : 202 -- 230 . doi : 10.2307 / 448105 . JSTOR 448105 . Campbell , Richard H. ( 2005 ) . The Silverplate Bombers : A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B - 29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2139 - 8 . OCLC 58554961 . Fine , Lenore ; Remington , Jesse A. ( 1972 ) . The Corps of Engineers : Construction in the United States ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . OCLC 834187 . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . Freeman Lindsey A. ( 2015 ) . Longing for the Bomb : Oak Ridge and Atomic Nostalgia . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . Frisch , David H. ( June 1970 ) . `` Scientists and the Decision to Bomb Japan '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science . 26 ( 6 ) : 107 -- 115 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Gilbert , Keith V. ( 1969 ) . History of the Dayton Project ( PDF ) . Miamisburg , Ohio : Mound Laboratory , Atomic Energy Commission . OCLC 650540359 . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Gosling , Francis George ( 1994 ) . The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb . Washington , DC : United States Department of Energy , History Division . OCLC 637052193 . Gowing , Margaret ( 1964 ) . Britain and Atomic Energy , 1935 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan Publishing . OCLC 3195209 . Grodzins , Morton ; Rabinowitch , Eugene , eds. ( 1963 ) . The Atomic Age : Scientists in National and World Affairs . New York : Basic Book Publishing . OCLC 15058256 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Anderson , Oscar E. ( 1962 ) . The New World , 1939 -- 1946 ( PDF ) . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07186 - 7 . OCLC 637004643 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Duncan , Francis ( 1969 ) . Atomic Shield , 1947 -- 1952 . A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07187 - 5 . OCLC 3717478 . Holl , Jack M. ; Hewlett , Richard G. ; Harris , Ruth R. ( 1997 ) . Argonne National Laboratory , 1946 -- 96 . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02341 - 5 . Holloway , David ( 1994 ) . Stalin and the Bomb : The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy , 1939 -- 1956 . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06056 - 4 . OCLC 29911222 . Howes , Ruth H. ; Herzenberg , Caroline L. ( 1999 ) . Their Day in the Sun : Women of the Manhattan Project . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 56639 - 719 - 7 . OCLC 49569088 . Hunner , Jon ( 2004 ) . Inventing Los Alamos : The Growth of an Atomic Community . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3891 - 6 . OCLC 154690200 . Johnson , Charles ; Jackson , Charles ( 1981 ) . City Behind a Fence : Oak Ridge , Tennessee , 1942 -- 1946 . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 303 - 5 . OCLC 6331350 . Jones , Vincent ( 1985 ) . Manhattan : The Army and the Atomic Bomb ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . OCLC 10913875 . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . O'Brien , Phillips Payson ( 2015 ) . How the War was Won . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 01475 - 6 . OCLC 907550561 . Phelps , Stephen ( 2010 ) . The Tizard Mission : the Top - Secret Operation that Changed the Course of World War II . Yardley , Pennsylvania : Westholme . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59416 - 116 - 2 . OCLC 642846903 . Rhodes , Richard ( 1986 ) . The Making of the Atomic Bomb . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 44133 - 7 . OCLC 13793436 . Stacey , C.P. ( 1970 ) . Arms , Men and Government : The War Policies of Canada , 1939 -- 1945 ( PDF ) . The Queen 's Printer by authority of the Minister of National Defence . OCLC 610317261 . Sweeney , Michael S. ( 2001 ) . Secrets of Victory : The Office of Censorship and the American Press and Radio in World War II . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2598 - 0 . Villa , Brian L. ( 1981 ) . `` Chapter 11 : Alliance Politics and Atomic Collaboration , 1941 -- 1943 '' . In Sidney , Aster . The Second World War as a National Experience : Canada . The Canadian Committee for the History of the Second World War , Department of National Defence . OCLC 11646807 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Williams , Mary H. ( 1960 ) . Chronology 1941 -- 1945 . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 1358166 . Technical Histories ( edit ) Ahnfeldt , Arnold Lorentz , ed. ( 1966 ) . Radiology in World War II . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Surgeon General , Department of the Army . OCLC 630225 . Baker , Richard D. ; Hecker , Siegfried S. ; Harbur , Delbert R. ( 1983 ) . Plutonium : A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist 's Dream ( PDF ) . Los Alamos Science . Los Alamos National Laboratory . pp. 142 -- 151 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . Ermenc , Joseph J. , ed. ( 1989 ) . Atomic Bomb Scientists : Memoirs , 1939 -- 1945 . Westport , Connecticut and London : Meckler . ISBN 0 - 88736 - 267 - 2 . ( 1967 interview with Groves ) Hanford Cultural and Historic Resources Program , U.S. Department of Energy ( 2002 ) . History of the Plutonium Production Facilities , 1943 -- 1990 . Richland , Washington : Hanford Site Historic District . OCLC 52282810 . Hansen , Chuck ( 1995a ) . Volume I : The Development of US Nuclear Weapons . Swords of Armageddon : US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945 . Sunnyvale , California : Chukelea Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791915 - 1 - 0 . OCLC 231585284 . Hansen , Chuck ( 1995b ) . Volume V : US Nuclear Weapons Histories . Swords of Armageddon : US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945 . Sunnyvale , California : Chukelea Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791915 - 0 - 3 . OCLC 231585284 . Hawkins , David ; Truslow , Edith C. ; Smith , Ralph Carlisle ( 1961 ) . Manhattan District history , Project Y , the Los Alamos story ( PDF ) . Los Angeles : Tomash Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 938228 - 08 - 0 . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Originally published as Los Alamos Report LAMS - 2532 Hoddeson , Lillian ; Henriksen , Paul W. ; Meade , Roger A. ; Westfall , Catherine L. ( 1993 ) . Critical Assembly : A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years , 1943 -- 1945 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44132 - 3 . OCLC 26764320 . Home , R.W. ; Low , Morris F. ( September 1993 ) . `` Postwar Scientific Intelligence Missions to Japan '' . Isis . University of Chicago Press on behalf of History of Science Society . 84 ( 3 ) : 527 -- 537 . doi : 10.1086 / 356550 . JSTOR 235645 . Ruhoff , John ; Fain , Pat ( June 1962 ) . The First Fifty Critical days . Mallinckrodt Uranium Division News . Vol. 7 . St. Louis : Mallinckrodt Incorporated . Archived from the original on 30 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Serber , Robert ; Rhodes , Richard ( 1992 ) . The Los Alamos Primer : The First Lectures on How to Build an Atomic Bomb . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07576 - 5 . OCLC 23693470 . ( Available on Wikimedia Commons ) Smyth , Henry DeWolf ( 1945 ) . Atomic Energy for Military Purposes : the Official Report on the Development of the Atomic Bomb under the Auspices of the United States Government , 1940 -- 1945 . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . OCLC 770285 . Thayer , Harry ( 1996 ) . Management of the Hanford Engineer Works In World War II : How the Corps , DuPont and the Metallurgical Laboratory Fast Tracked the Original Plutonium Works . New York : American Society of Civil Engineers Press . ISBN 0 - 7844 - 0160 - 8 . OCLC 34323402 . Waltham , Chris ( 20 June 2002 ) . An Early History of Heavy Water ( PDF ) . Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of British Columbia . arXiv : physics / 0206076 . Bibcode : 2002physics ... 6076W . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Weinberg , Alvin M. ( 21 July 1961 ) . `` Impact of Large - Scale Science on the United States '' . Science , New Series . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 134 ( 3473 ) : 161 -- 164 . Bibcode : 1961Sci ... 134 ... 161W . doi : 10.1126 / science. 134.3473. 161 . JSTOR 1708292 . Participant accounts ( edit ) Bethe , Hans A. ( 1991 ) . The Road from Los Alamos . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 74012 - 1 . OCLC 22661282 . Compton , Arthur ( 1956 ) . Atomic Quest . New York : Oxford University Press . OCLC 173307 . Goudsmit , Samuel A. ( 1947 ) . Alsos . New York : Henry Schuman . ISBN 0 - 938228 - 09 - 9 . OCLC 8805725 . Groves , Leslie ( 1962 ) . Now it Can be Told : The Story of the Manhattan Project . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 306 - 70738 - 1 . OCLC 537684 . Libby , Leona Marshall ( 1979 ) . Uranium People . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 16242 - 3 . OCLC 4665032 . Nichols , Kenneth David ( 1987 ) . The Road to Trinity : A Personal Account of How America 's Nuclear Policies Were Made . New York : William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 06910 - X . OCLC 15223648 . Ulam , Stanislaw ( 1976 ) . Adventures of a Mathematician . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07154 - 9 . OCLC 1528346 . External links ( edit ) `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II , A Collection of Primary Sources '' . George Washington University . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . `` Atomic Heritage Foundation '' . Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . `` Voices of the Manhattan Project '' . Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Features hundreds of audio / visual interviews with Manhattan Project veterans . `` History Center : Los Alamos National Laboratory '' . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . `` ORNL : The first 50 Years : History of ORNL '' . ORNL Review . 25 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Manhattan Project Timeline Sites Ames Berkeley Chicago Dayton Hanford Inyokern Los Alamos Montreal New York Oak Ridge Trinity Wendover Heavy water sites Administrators Vannevar Bush Arthur Compton James Conant Priscilla Duffield Thomas Farrell Leslie Groves John Lansdale Ernest Lawrence James Marshall Franklin Matthias Dorothy McKibbin Kenneth Nichols Robert Oppenheimer Deak Parsons William Purnell Frank Spedding Charles Thomas Paul Tibbets Bud Uanna Harold Urey Stafford Warren Ed Westcott Roscoe Wilson Scientists Luis Alvarez Robert Bacher Hans Bethe Aage Bohr Niels Bohr Norris Bradbury James Chadwick John Cockcroft Harry Daghlian Enrico Fermi Richard Feynman Val Fitch James Franck Klaus Fuchs Maria Goeppert - Mayer George Kistiakowsky George Koval Willard Libby Edwin McMillan Mark Oliphant Norman Ramsey Isidor Isaac Rabi James Rainwater Bruno Rossi Glenn Seaborg Emilio Segrè Louis Slotin Henry DeWolf Smyth Leo Szilard Edward Teller Stanisław Ulam John von Neumann John Wheeler Eugene Wigner Robert Wilson Leona Woods Operations Alsos Mission Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Operation Crossroads Operation Peppermint Project Alberta Silverplate 509th Composite Group Enola Gay Bockscar The Great Artiste Weapons Fat Man Little Boy Pumpkin bomb Thin Man Related topics Atomic Energy Act of 1946 British contribution Chicago Pile - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the us get uranium for the atomic bomb | [
"The key raw material for the project was uranium, which was used as fuel for the reactors, as feed that was transformed into plutonium, and, in its enriched form, in the atomic bomb itself. There were four known major deposits of uranium in 1940: in Colorado, in northern Canada, in Joachimsthal in Czechoslovakia, and in the Belgian Congo.[122] All but Joachimstal were in allied hands. A November 1942 survey determined that sufficient quantities of uranium were available to satisfy the project's requirements.[123] Nichols arranged with the State Department for export controls to be placed on uranium oxide and negotiated for the purchase of 1,200 short tons (1,100 t) of uranium ore from the Belgian Congo that was being stored in a warehouse on Staten Island and the remaining stocks of mined ore stored in the Congo. He negotiated with Eldorado Gold Mines for the purchase of ore from its refinery in Port Hope, Ontario, and its shipment in 100-ton lots. The Canadian government subsequently bought up the company's stock until it acquired a controlling interest.[124]\n"
] | [
"the Belgian Congo"
] |
6132402320978367051 | List of Fairy Tail episodes (season 6) | List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 6 ) - wikipedia List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Fairy Tail ( season 6 ) Cover of the forty - forth and last DVD volume of the first series of Fairy Tail released by Pony Canyon in Japan on September 4 , 2013 , featuring Lucy Heartfilia and Natsu Dragneel . Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 25 Release Original network TV Tokyo Original release October 6 , 2012 -- March 30 , 2013 Season chronology ← Previous Fairy Tail ( season 5 ) Next → Fairy Tail ( season 7 ) The sixth season of the Fairy Tail anime series was directed by Shinji Ishihira and produced by A-1 Pictures and Satelight . Like the rest of the series , it follows the adventures of Natsu Dragneel and Lucy Heartfilia of the fictional guild , Fairy Tail . It contains a single story arc , titled `` Dai Matō Enbu '' ( 大 魔 闘 演武 , lit `` Grand Magic Games '' ) , which adapts material from the beginning of the 31st through the ending of the 35th volumes of Hiro Mashima 's Fairy Tail manga over 24 episodes . Focusing on Natsu and the others who were frozen in time for seven years on Tenrou Island , the members return to Magnolia and discover that Saber Tooth is the strongest guild in the Fiore Kingdom . Having become the weakest guild during the absence of its core members , Fairy Tail decides to enter the Grand Magic Games , an annual competition to decide Fiore 's strongest guild . The season began airing on October 6 , 2012 on TV Tokyo in Japan and concluded its run on March 30 , 2013 . The first DVD compilation , containing the last two episodes of the fifth season and the first two episodes of the sixth season , was released by Pony Canyon on March 6 , 2013 . The subsequent episodes of the sixth season were later included in five DVD compilations , each containing four episodes , which were also released by Pony Canyon between April 3 , 2013 and August 7 , 2013 , and the final DVD compilation containing the last three episodes of the season was released on September 4 , 2013 . It was licensed for a dubbed broadcast in English by Animax Asia , which aired from March 6 to April 9 , 2014 . Four pieces of theme music are used during the season . The first opening theme , titled `` Break Through '' and performed by Going Under Ground , was used for the first sixteen episodes of the season . The second opening theme , used for the remainder of the season , is `` Fairy Tail : Yakusoku no Hi '' ( フェアリー テイル ~ 约束 の 日 ~ , `` Fairy Tail : The Promised Day '' ) , performed by Chihiro Yonekura . The ending themes respectively used with the opening themes are `` Kimi ga Kureta Mono '' ( キミ が くれ た もの , `` What You Gave Me '' ) , performed by Shizuka Kudō , and `` We 're the Stars '' , performed by Aimi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 2 Notes 3 References Episode list ( edit ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 151 `` Sabertooth '' `` Seibātūsu '' ( 剣 咬 の 虎 ( セイバー トゥース ) ) October 6 , 2012 November 17 , 2015 The Legion Platoon is tasked by Zentopia 's archbishop to retrieve the missing pieces of the Infinity Clock and seal them again . Before embarking on their mission , they visit Fairy Tail and make amends with the guild for their previous hostility against them . It is later discovered that Fairy Tail has lost their title as the strongest guild in Fiore to the Saber Tooth guild over the past seven years . Two of the strongest wizards in the guild include a pair of Dragon Slayers named Sting and Rogue , who are obsessed with fighting Natsu and Gajeel , respectively . Meanwhile , Makarov brings Gildarts to their abandoned guildhall and shows him Lumen Histoire , a light that Makarov says is Fairy Tail 's greatest secret . Makarov then tells Gildarts that he has been chosen to become the next master of Fairy Tail . 152 `` And So We Aim for the Top '' `` Soshite Ore - tachi wa Chōjō o Mezasu '' ( そして オレ たち は 顶 上 を 目指す ) October 13 , 2012 November 24 , 2015 Natsu and his friends discover that a power gap has developed between them and the rest of the guild members who were not on Tenrou Island . The group meets with Poluchka for medicine to strengthen their magic , but are unsuccessful . Wendy recognizes Poluchka 's voice and scent as those of Grandine , the dragon who raised her . Poluchka reveals herself as the Edolas counterpart of Grandine , and gives Wendy written instructions for two advanced spells that Grandine failed to teach her . Meanwhile , Makarov announces Gildarts ' succession as master to the rest of the guild , only to find he has gone on a journey , leaving a letter of resignation behind . In the letter , Gildarts reinstates Laxus into the guild , returns mastership to Makarov , and tells him to make Fairy Tail the strongest guild in Fiore again . Romeo suggests they participate in the Grand Magic Games , an annual festival designed to determine the guild rankings in Fiore . 153 `` Song of the Stars '' `` Hoshiboshi no Uta '' ( 星々 の 歌 ) October 20 , 2012 December 1 , 2015 With the Grand Magic Games occurring in three months time , Natsu and his friends train at a beach resort . On their second day of training , Virgo appears and tells the wizards that the Celestial Spirit World is in danger of destruction . When the wizards arrive , they instead find a surprise party held by the Celestial Spirit King celebrating their return from Sirius Island after seven years . They spend the day in the spirit world partying with the spirits . Before they leave , however , Virgo informs them that one day in the spirit world equals three months in the human world , and they find the Grand Magic Games are upon them . 154 `` For All the Time We Missed Each Other '' `` Surechigatta Jikan no Bun dake '' ( すれ 违 っ た 时间 の 分 だけ ) October 27 , 2012 December 8 , 2015 While mulling over their lost training time , the Fairy Tail wizards receive a message via carrier pigeon requesting a private meeting in the forest nearby . There they meet a runaway Jellal , Ultear , and Merudy , who have formed their own guild , Crime Sorcière , to defeat Zeref and any dark guilds that try to use his power . The three ask Fairy Tail for their help in determining the source of a magical anomaly similar to Zeref 's magic that they have sensed around the Grand Magic Games arena , Domus Flau . In exchange , Ultear uses her magic to invoke their Second Origin in order to double their magic power . As the others undergo the painful process of awakening their Second Origin , Erza talks with Jellal over his regained memories . The two nearly kiss , but Jellal decides that he and Erza can not be together and lies to her that he has a fiancée . Erza quickly picks up on this and respects his decision , seeing Crime Sorcière off as they leave . 155 `` Crocus , the Flower - Blooming Capital '' `` Hanasaku Miyako : Kurokkasu '' ( 花 笑 く 都 ・ クロッカス ) November 3 , 2012 December 15 , 2015 Natsu , Lucy , Gray , Erza , and Wendy are chosen to represent their guild in the Grand Magic Games , which are to be held in Fiore 's capital , Crocus . As they tour the city , Natsu and Happy encounter the twin dragon slayers , Sting and Rogue , who mock Natsu for not being able to kill Acnologia , and boast of becoming true dragon slayers by killing the dragons who raised them . At midnight , Fairy Tail and the other participating guilds are put through a preliminary event -- a race through a massive floating labyrinth -- designed to narrow the number of participating guilds down to eight teams . 156 `` Sky Labyrinth '' `` Sukai Rabirinsu '' ( 空中 迷宮 ( スカイ ラビリンス ) ) November 10 , 2012 December 22 , 2015 Natsu 's team notices that Wendy has gone missing , so Elfman replaces her to keep them from being eliminated . As they make their way through the enchanted labyrinth , the five encounter various other guilds and steal the maps made by the other guilds to better navigate the maze . They manage to reach the end of the maze and pass the elimination round , confident they have arrived first , only to discover they have barely taken last place . Meanwhile , Happy , Lisanna , and the rest of the guild search for Wendy and Carla . They eventually find the two in the garden of the king 's palace , Mercurius , with their magic power depleted . 157 `` New Guild '' `` Shinki Girudo '' ( 新 规 ギルド ) November 17 , 2012 December 29 , 2015 Wendy 's body is weakened as a result of losing her magic power . As Poluchka helps her recover , she formally requests Elfman to take her place in the Grand Magic Games . Fairy Tail steps into the arena with a negative audience reception , but they are bolstered by their guild mates and the spirit of Mavis , whom only the Fairy Tail guild members can see . The next four participating teams are revealed to be Quatro Cerberus , Mermaid Heel , Blue Pegasus , and Lamia Scale . Following them is Raven Tail , a former dark guild led by Makarov 's son Ivan , who confess to attacking Wendy and Carla . To everyone 's shock , the next team is revealed to be a second team from Fairy Tail composed of Gajeel , Juvia , Mirajane , Laxus , and Jellal ( disguised as Mystogan to help investigate the arena ) . The final guild to be announced is Saber Tooth , much to the joy of the audience . With all eight teams announced , they each send out one member to participate in the first contest of the games , with Gray and Juvia representing their teams . 158 `` Night of Shooting Stars '' `` Hoshi Furu Yoru ni '' ( 星 降 ル 夜 ニ ) November 24 , 2012 January 5 , 2016 The games ' first contest , `` Hidden '' , requires the eight participants to score points by finding and attacking each other in a virtual city filled with copies of themselves . Raven Tail member Nalpudding repeatedly targets Gray , who scores last place in the contest while Saber Tooth 's Rufus scores first by using his Memory - Make magic to attack all the other participants at once . Humiliated , Gray swears revenge against Raven Tail and Saber Tooth . Afterwards , Lucy is chosen to fight Raven Tail member Flare in the tournament 's first battle round . 159 `` Lucy vs. Flare '' `` Rūshii vs. Furea '' ( ルーシィ vs. フレア ) December 1 , 2012 January 12 , 2016 Lucy displays tremendous skill in her battle against Flare by being able to summon two spirits simultaneously . As Lucy gains the upper hand , Flare cheats by using her magic hair to hold Alzack and Bisca 's daughter Asuka as a hostage , blackmailing Lucy into not fighting back to keep her from harming Asuka . As Lucy tearfully speaks of Asuka 's danger , Natsu is able to hear it and rushes to Asuka to incinerate Flare 's hair , allowing Lucy to counterattack with her Urano Metoria spell in combination with Gemini . However , before the spell fully activates , Flare 's teammate Obra nullifies Lucy 's magic , causing her to collapse and lose the match . 160 `` Portent '' `` Kyōzui '' ( 凶 瑞 ) December 8 , 2012 January 19 , 2016 Blue Pegasus ' Ren defeats Mermaid Heel 's Araña during the games ' second match , while Saber Tooth 's Orga effortlessly defeats Quatro Cerberus ' War Cry in the third match . For the day 's fourth and final match , Jellal is pitted against Lamia Scale 's Jura , intending to avenge the humiliated Fairy Tail members . He mimics Mystogan 's magic to keep up his disguise , but he finds it ineffective to use against Jura and is forced to use his own magic instead . Before he can cast a spell that will expose his true identity , Ultear uses Merudy 's sensory to force Jellal into submission . Meanwhile , the hospitalized Carla awakens after having a troubling premonition of the future . 161 `` Chariots '' `` Chariotto '' ( 战 车 ( チャリオット ) ) December 15 , 2012 January 26 , 2016 Fairy Tail is undaunted by their poor performance on the first day . As the guild celebrates , they are visited and taunted by Bacchus , Erza 's rival from Quatro Cerberus , who has come to replace War Cry . Carla relays her premonition to Poluchka , saying that she saw Mercurius collapsing around what appeared to be a tearfully singing Lucy . The second day of the tournament begins with a footrace atop a train of moving chariots , causing the participants Natsu , Gajeel , and Sting to suffer from motion sickness as a side effect of their Dragon Slayer magic . As Natsu and Gajeel force themselves forward , Sting inquires about their determination to which Natsu responds that it is as a result of the strength of Fairy Tail 's bonds . Sting eventually throws the race while Natsu and Gajeel manage to finish as sixth and seventh placers , respectively , earning Fairy Tail the audience 's respect . 162 `` Elfman vs. Bacchus '' `` Erufuman vs. Bakkasu '' ( エルフマン vs. バッカス ) December 22 , 2012 September 1 , 2015 Due to a miscomunnication between the king and his knight Arcadios , Elfman is chosen as Bacchus ' opponent instead of Erza . Before the match commences , the two opponents make a wager : if Bacchus wins , he will court Elfman 's sisters , and if Elfman wins , Bacchus ' team name will be changed to `` Quatro Puppy '' for the rest of the games . Bacchus ruthlessly attacks Elfman with his bare palms , who manages to damage Bacchus with his defensive Lizardman transformation . Elfman manages to outlast Bacchus as he exhausts himself , winning the match and forcing Bacchus ' team to be renamed . Meanwhile , Natsu finds Wendy , Carla , and Poluchka being kidnapped by a group of masked men . Upon being caught , the men claim they were hired to kidnap Lucy by Raven Tail . They are soon revealed to have actually been sent by Arcadios , who intends to sow discord between the guilds as he plots to use Lucy for his `` Eclipse Project '' . 163 `` Mirajane vs. Jenny '' `` Mirajēn vs. Jenī '' ( ミラ ジェーン vs. ジェニー ) January 5 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 The second day of the Grand Magic Games continues , with Mirajane of Fairy Tail Team B fighting against Jenny Realight of Team Blue Pegasus . Since the two competitors are well - known for being magazine models , their battle consists almost entirely of a fashion showdown , much to the pleasure of the audience . Eventually as the showdown becomes redundant , Jenny proposes a wager : the loser must pose nude for the Sorcerer Magazine , which Mirajane accepts . Jenny then transforms into her battle armor while Mirajane shifts into her Satan Soul `` Sitri '' form and easily defeats Jenny . The final match of the day is announced , with Kagura Mikazuchi of Mermaid Heel pitted against Yukino Aguria of Saber Tooth . Yukino proposes to Kagura that they wager their lives on their battle . Meanwhile , Arcadios is confronted by Darton , the kingdom 's defense minister , about his `` Eclipse Project '' . 164 `` Kagura vs. Yukino '' `` Kagura vs. Yukino '' ( カグラ vs. ユキノ ) January 12 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 Yukino is revealed to be a celestial spirit wizard when she summons Libra and Pisces to attack Kagura . Using her gravity - altering magic , Kagura defeats the two spirits , thus forcing Yukino to use a Gatekey that summons Ophiuchus , which is regarded as the strongest among the Celestial Spirits . However , Kagura slays Ophiuchus with her sword still sheathed and easily defeats Yukino . Later , Jellal discusses the fact that he has not sensed the evil power similar to Zeref 's even though the second day of the Grand Magic Games has ended . Erza reunites with Milliana , who is revealed to be a member of Mermaid Heel . Meanwhile , Saber Tooth 's master Jiemma is dissatisfied with his guild 's performance . Though Sting is given another chance , Jiemma humiliates Yukino for her failure . 165 `` Hatred at Nightfall '' `` Urami wa Yoru no Tobari ni Tsutsumarete '' ( 怨み は 夜 の 帐 に 包 まれ て ) January 19 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 After Yukino is expelled from Saber Tooth , she offers her two golden Gatekeys to Lucy to complete the latter 's collection of the Zodiac Gatekeys , stating that when the twelve Zodiac Gatekeys are all gathered , a gateway that changes the world will open ; however , Lucy turns down the offer . Meanwhile , Milliana tells Erza that Kagura 's sword , Archenemy , is intended to kill Jellal , and that she and Kagura share the same resentment towards Jellal . Natsu and Happy run after Yukino in an attempt to apologize ; however , Natsu realizes that Yukino had been expelled , and infiltrates the Crocus Garden to fight Jiemma . 166 `` Pandemonium '' `` Pandemoniumu '' ( 伏魔殿 ( パンデモニウム ) ) January 26 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 After Natsu punches out Dobengal , the guild member summoned to fight him , he and Jiemma engage in a duel . However , the guild master 's daughter Minerva appears , ends their duel and , taking Happy hostage , convinces Natsu to settle their dispute in the Grand Magic Games . As Natsu leaves , he states that Saber Tooth will never surpass Fairy Tail because they care for their friends , words that are echoed by Rogue , while Sting is left in awe at Natsu 's strength . The following day as the Grand Magic Games continue , an event called `` Pandemonium '' begins . It involves the participants entering a magical citadel filled with 100 monsters of varying strengths and individually doing battle with any number of monsters they choose . Representing Fairy Tail Team A , Erza requests the 100 monsters as her opponents . 167 `` 100 Against 1 '' `` Hyaku tai Ichi '' ( 100 対 1 ) February 2 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 Erza kills the 100 monsters using various types of armor to match their strength and weaknesses . As a result , the crowd praises Fairy Tail , and the guild is awarded with 10 points . Moreover , the game officials decided to determine the ranks of the remaining participants by means of a device called `` Magic Power Finder '' ( sometimes abbreviated as MPF ) . Using this tool , participants must attack it with their magic power , which will , in turn , calculate and display their equivalent scores depending on the extent of power used . In the end , Cana of Fairy Tail Team B dominates the event by using the Fairy Glitter spell lent to her by Mavis , much to Makarov 's surprise . With Cana 's victory , Fairy Tail Team B receives 8 points , and the audience began to burst once more into a resounding swarm of cheers and claps due to the finish of the two Fairy Tail teams . Meanwhile , the Raven Tail team somehow managed to get an insider information regarding the battle matchups for the day , so the masked leader Alexei tells his subordinates Flare , Obra , Nalpudding , and Kurohebi that it 's about time to proceed with their true mission . 168 `` Laxus vs. Alexei '' `` Rakusasu vs. Arekusei '' ( ラクサス vs. アレクセイ ) February 9 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 In the battle portion of the Grand Magic Games ' third day , Milliana of Mermaid Heel beats Semmes of Quatro Puppy while Saber Tooth 's Rufus swiftly defeats Blue Pegasus ' Eve . For the third match , Laxus of Fairy Tail Team B is chosen to battle against Alexei of Team Raven Tail . Since the opponent is from a suspicious guild , the Fairy Tail members take extra precautions by watching the actions of Ivan Dreyar as well as the other four Raven Tail members . However , as the match commences , the spectators are shocked to see Laxus being beaten by Alexei , although no cautious movements can be seen from the Raven Tail team . It turns out that the two dueling people are just illusions created by Alexei in order for him to have a talk with Laxus . Also , the other Raven Tail members being monitored by Fairy Tail are just lifelike illusions , for in reality they are with Alexei in the battlefield . Alexei reveals himself to be Ivan Dreyar . Unable to interrogate Laxus of the Lumen Histoire 's location , Ivan and the Raven Tail members are forced to fight him . Before their battle begins , Ivan declares that Raven Tail is an anti-Fairy Tail guild . 169 `` Wendy vs. Shelia '' `` Wendi vs. Sheria '' ( ウェンディ vs. シェリア ) February 16 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 After Laxus defeats Ivan and the four Raven Tail elite members , Ivan 's illusions disappear to the shock of everyone in the stadium . The game officials declare Laxus the victor , and Ivan tells him that Lumen Histoire is Fairy Tail 's ' darkness ' . Due to the infraction of the rules , the Raven Tail team is disqualified for the remainder of the Games , and its members are captured by the soldiers . Later , Wendy of Fairy Tail Team A and Sherria Blendy of Team Lamia Scale face off to compete for the final match of the day . As the two exchange attacks , gusts of wind surround the arena since Sherria is revealed to be a Sky God Slayer . Wendy employs an advanced Sky Dragon Slayer attack much to Poluchka 's astonishment , causing Sherria to fall on the ground . Wendy is about to be announced as the winner of the bout when Sherria suddenly stands up with her wounds fully healed . Meanwhile , the Crime Sorcière guild senses the nefarious aura , and Jellal proceeds to the Domus Flau audience , oblivious that he bumped into Doranbolt , who , in turn , wonders what is Mystogan doing in Earthland . 170 `` Small Fists '' `` Chiisana Kobushi '' ( 小さな 拳 ) February 23 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 With Cheria being fully healed and Wendy being almost depleted of magic power , their battle continues , with the former casting a high - level spell towards the latter . However , it seems that Wendy enhances Cheria 's physical strength , causing the attack to gain much force and thus missing Wendy . The two competitors then engage in a hand - to - hand combat , but due to the time limit and neither side is giving up , their battle resulted in a draw , giving both teams with 5 points . Meanwhile , Jellal manages to track the sinister aura among the crowd in the form of a mysterious , hooded person . Jellal is about to confront the aura source , but he is abruptly cornered by Doranbolt , Lahar , and other Rune Knights . Doranbalt then interrogates Jellal , and as his cover was blown , the Rune Knights , as well as Kagura and Milliana glancing nearby , are startled to see the true identity of Mystogan . Yajima convinces the Rune Knights that Mystogan is Jellal 's Edolas counterpart , prompting Lahar to release the fugitive . Meanwhile , Laxus and Makarov have a small conversation regarding Lumen Histoire when Mavis appears and explains that Lumen Histoire is the ' light ' of Fairy Tail . 171 `` Naval Battle '' `` Nabaru Batoru '' ( 海战 ( ナバルバトル ) ) March 2 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 As the jubilant Fairy Tail members celebrate their victories , the other people , such as Sting , Kagura , and Milliana , are contemplating on their own concerns , while Yukino is enlisted as a sergeant under Arcadios ' command . Meanwhile , the fourth day of the competitions comes to a start with an event , `` Naval Battle '' , which involves the participants swimming in a giant water sphere and knocking the other competitors out . After the other participants fall out of the aquatic sphere , a five - minute battle between Lucy and Minerva ensues . However , Minerva quickly attacks Lucy , and she manages to steal the keys of the Celestial Spirit mage . Regardless of this , Lucy refuses to surrender . After hearing Lucy 's intentions , Minerva stops from attacking up to the extent that the five - minute mark was reached . However , Minerva resumes attacking Lucy until the game officials decide to halt the match . The Fairy Tail members snap , and Minerva dangles Lucy out of the sphere while the others rush to her aid . 172 `` A Parfum for You '' `` Kimi ni Sasageru Parufamu '' ( 君 に 捧げる 香り ( パルファム ) ) March 9 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 While Lucy is hospitalized and taken to the infirmary , the Fairy Tail members warn Saber Tooth that they have angered the worst possible guild to do so . Later , Makarov announces that the two Fairy Tail teams must merge as a result of the disqualification of Raven Tail and to compensate for the odd number of teams for the battle round . He also reveals that the new team will have the former Team A 's 35 points to start with . The new Fairy Tail team , consisting of Natsu , Gray , Erza , Gajeel , and Laxus , are well - received as they enter the field . The second part of the tournament begins with a tag battle between Blue Pegasus ' Ichiya and `` Rabbit '' and Quatro Puppy 's Rocker and Bacchus . To everyone 's shock , it is revealed that `` Rabbit '' is actually Nichiya in disguise , and after the Exceed is punched by Bacchus , Ichiya bulks up to defeat the Quatro Puppy opponents , awarding Blue Pegasus with 10 points . 173 `` Battle of Dragon Slayers ! '' `` Batoru obu Doragon Sureiyā '' ( バトル ・ オブ ・ ドラゴン スレイヤー ) March 16 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 Mermaid Heel 's Kagura and Milliana and Lamia Scale 's Lyon and Yuka face off for the second tag battle of the games . The two teams struggle to earn a victory , only to have their battle ending in a draw due to the time limit . For the third and final match of the day , the spectators look on in silence as Natsu and Gajeel of Team Fairy Tail and Sting and Rogue of Team Saber Tooth enter the field . As the battle commences , Sting and Rogue were about to take the initiative when they were suddenly attacked by Natsu and Gajeel . The four mages then exchange attacks ; however , the audience watches in shock as the Fairy Tail Dragon Slayers overpower the Saber Tooth Dragon Slayers . Unable to keep themselves on par with their adversaries , Sting activates ' White Drive ' while Rogue powers up using ' Shadow Drive ' . 174 `` Four Dragons '' `` Yonin no Doragon '' ( 四 人 の 竜 ( ドラゴン ) ) March 23 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 The tag battle continues , with Sting and Rogue beginning to attack Natsu and Gajeel with their powers being increased . After receiving heavy blows from the Saber Tooth Dragon Slayers , Natsu and Gajeel manages to hold them off , thus forcing Sting and Rogue to activate `` Dragon Force '' on their own will , to the shock of the Fairy Tail audience . Sting decides to finish the Fairy Tail Dragon Slayers alone , for he held a promise to his Exceed friend Lector many years ago . As the three mages fight , the tide turns in favor of Sting as he unleashes a powerful attack on Natsu and Gajeel , resulting in the collapse of the arena floor , and after a hand - to - hand combat underground , Sting was seemingly the victor of the match . However , the Fairy Tail duo stands up , comments on Sting 's strength , and argues about his position while attacking , thereby causing Natsu to drag Gajeel on a mining cart and send it away . While Gajeel is left incapacitated due to motion sickness , Natsu challenges the Twin Dragons of Saber Tooth alone , in retribution to what Sting did earlier on them . 175 `` Natsu vs. the Twin Dragons '' `` Natsu vs. Sōryū '' ( ナツ vs. 双竜 ) March 30 , 2013 September 1 , 2015 The tag battle of the Dragon Slayers comes to a close , with Natsu overpowering the combined attacks of Sting and Rogue . The Saber Tooth members watch in dismay , while Jiemma seethes in anger over the defeat of the Twin Dragons , frightening the nearby spectators away . The rest of Fairy Tail celebrates in joy as its team receives 10 points , finally surpassing Team Saber Tooth by a single point . Meanwhile , Gajeel , back to his senses after being dragged by Natsu into a cart earlier , stumbles upon a cave full of dragon skeletons . During that night , Jellal manages to corner the source of the dark aura , standing in disbelief at the identity of the mysterious , hooded person . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub . References ( edit ) General `` Episodes 151 - 162 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . `` Episodes 163 - 175 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Specific Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : FAIRY TAIL '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail Anime 's TV Run to End on March 30 '' . Anime News Network . March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニ オン - FAIRY TAIL ( 38 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニ オン - FAIRY TAIL ( 39 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニ オン - FAIRY TAIL ( 43 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニ オン - FAIRY TAIL ( 44 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail ( Season 4 ) '' . Animax Asia . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ( hide ) Works by Hiro Mashima Fairy Tail Media Volumes 1 -- 15 16 -- 30 31 -- 45 46 -- 63 Spin - offs Fairy Tail Zero Episodes Season 1 6 7 Zero Characters Films Phoenix Priestess Dragon Cry Rave Master Chapters Episodes Characters Other series Monster Soul Monster Hunter Orage Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fairy_Tail_episodes_(season_6)&oldid=792309252 '' Categories : Fairy Tail episode lists 2012 Japanese television seasons 2013 Japanese television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2017 , at 19 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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"\n\nNo.\nOfficial English title[a]\nOriginal Japanese title\nOriginal air date[b]\nEnglish air date[c]\n\n\n151\n\"Sabertooth\"\n\"Seibātūsu\" (剣咬の虎 (セイバートゥース)) \nOctober 6, 2012\nNovember 17, 2015\n\n\nThe Legion Platoon is tasked by Zentopia's archbishop to retrieve the missing pieces of the Infinity Clock and seal them again. Before embarking on their mission, they visit Fairy Tail and make amends with the guild for their previous hostility against them. It is later discovered that Fairy Tail has lost their title as the strongest guild in Fiore to the Saber Tooth guild over the past seven years. Two of the strongest wizards in the guild include a pair of Dragon Slayers named Sting and Rogue, who are obsessed with fighting Natsu and Gajeel, respectively. Meanwhile, Makarov brings Gildarts to their abandoned guildhall and shows him Lumen Histoire, a light that Makarov says is Fairy Tail's greatest secret. Makarov then tells Gildarts that he has been chosen to become the next master of Fairy Tail. \n\n\n152\n\"And So We Aim for the Top\"\n\"Soshite Ore-tachi wa Chōjō o Mezasu\" (そしてオレたちは顶上を目指す) \nOctober 13, 2012\nNovember 24, 2015\n\n\nNatsu and his friends discover that a power gap has developed between them and the rest of the guild members who were not on Tenrou Island. The group meets with Poluchka for medicine to strengthen their magic, but are unsuccessful. Wendy recognizes Poluchka's voice and scent as those of Grandine, the dragon who raised her. Poluchka reveals herself as the Edolas counterpart of Grandine, and gives Wendy written instructions for two advanced spells that Grandine failed to teach her. Meanwhile, Makarov announces Gildarts' succession as master to the rest of the guild, only to find he has gone on a journey, leaving a letter of resignation behind. In the letter, Gildarts reinstates Laxus into the guild, returns mastership to Makarov, and tells him to make Fairy Tail the strongest guild in Fiore again. Romeo suggests they participate in the Grand Magic Games, an annual festival designed to determine the guild rankings in Fiore. \n\n\n153\n\"Song of the Stars\"\n\"Hoshiboshi no Uta\" (星々の歌) \nOctober 20, 2012\nDecember 1, 2015\n\n\nWith the Grand Magic Games occurring in three months time, Natsu and his friends train at a beach resort. On their second day of training, Virgo appears and tells the wizards that the Celestial Spirit World is in danger of destruction. When the wizards arrive, they instead find a surprise party held by the Celestial Spirit King celebrating their return from Sirius Island after seven years. They spend the day in the spirit world partying with the spirits. Before they leave, however, Virgo informs them that one day in the spirit world equals three months in the human world, and they find the Grand Magic Games are upon them. \n\n\n154\n\"For All the Time We Missed Each Other\"\n\"Surechigatta Jikan no Bun dake\" (すれ违った时间の分だけ) \nOctober 27, 2012\nDecember 8, 2015\n\n\nWhile mulling over their lost training time, the Fairy Tail wizards receive a message via carrier pigeon requesting a private meeting in the forest nearby. There they meet a runaway Jellal, Ultear, and Merudy, who have formed their own guild, Crime Sorcière, to defeat Zeref and any dark guilds that try to use his power. The three ask Fairy Tail for their help in determining the source of a magical anomaly similar to Zeref's magic that they have sensed around the Grand Magic Games arena, Domus Flau. In exchange, Ultear uses her magic to invoke their Second Origin in order to double their magic power. As the others undergo the painful process of awakening their Second Origin, Erza talks with Jellal over his regained memories. The two nearly kiss, but Jellal decides that he and Erza cannot be together and lies to her that he has a fiancée. Erza quickly picks up on this and respects his decision, seeing Crime Sorcière off as they leave. \n\n\n155\n\"Crocus, the Flower-Blooming Capital\"\n\"Hanasaku Miyako: Kurokkasu\" (花笑く都・クロッカス) \nNovember 3, 2012\nDecember 15, 2015\n\n\nNatsu, Lucy, Gray, Erza, and Wendy are chosen to represent their guild in the Grand Magic Games, which are to be held in Fiore's capital, Crocus. As they tour the city, Natsu and Happy encounter the twin dragon slayers, Sting and Rogue, who mock Natsu for not being able to kill Acnologia, and boast of becoming true dragon slayers by killing the dragons who raised them. At midnight, Fairy Tail and the other participating guilds are put through a preliminary event—a race through a massive floating labyrinth—designed to narrow the number of participating guilds down to eight teams. \n\n\n156\n\"Sky Labyrinth\"\n\"Sukai Rabirinsu\" (空中迷宮 (スカイラビリンス)) \nNovember 10, 2012\nDecember 22, 2015\n\n\nNatsu's team notices that Wendy has gone missing, so Elfman replaces her to keep them from being eliminated. As they make their way through the enchanted labyrinth, the five encounter various other guilds and steal the maps made by the other guilds to better navigate the maze. They manage to reach the end of the maze and pass the elimination round, confident they have arrived first, only to discover they have barely taken last place. Meanwhile, Happy, Lisanna, and the rest of the guild search for Wendy and Carla. They eventually find the two in the garden of the king's palace, Mercurius, with their magic power depleted. \n\n\n157\n\"New Guild\"\n\"Shinki Girudo\" (新规ギルド) \nNovember 17, 2012\nDecember 29, 2015\n\n\nWendy's body is weakened as a result of losing her magic power. As Poluchka helps her recover, she formally requests Elfman to take her place in the Grand Magic Games. Fairy Tail steps into the arena with a negative audience reception, but they are bolstered by their guild mates and the spirit of Mavis, whom only the Fairy Tail guild members can see. The next four participating teams are revealed to be Quatro Cerberus, Mermaid Heel, Blue Pegasus, and Lamia Scale. Following them is Raven Tail, a former dark guild led by Makarov's son Ivan, who confess to attacking Wendy and Carla. To everyone's shock, the next team is revealed to be a second team from Fairy Tail composed of Gajeel, Juvia, Mirajane, Laxus, and Jellal (disguised as Mystogan to help investigate the arena). The final guild to be announced is Saber Tooth, much to the joy of the audience. With all eight teams announced, they each send out one member to participate in the first contest of the games, with Gray and Juvia representing their teams. \n\n\n158\n\"Night of Shooting Stars\"\n\"Hoshi Furu Yoru ni\" (星降ル夜ニ) \nNovember 24, 2012\nJanuary 5, 2016\n\n\nThe games' first contest, \"Hidden\", requires the eight participants to score points by finding and attacking each other in a virtual city filled with copies of themselves. Raven Tail member Nalpudding repeatedly targets Gray, who scores last place in the contest while Saber Tooth's Rufus scores first by using his Memory-Make magic to attack all the other participants at once. Humiliated, Gray swears revenge against Raven Tail and Saber Tooth. Afterwards, Lucy is chosen to fight Raven Tail member Flare in the tournament's first battle round. \n\n\n159\n\"Lucy vs. Flare\"\n\"Rūshii vs. Furea\" (ルーシィ vs. フレア) \nDecember 1, 2012\nJanuary 12, 2016\n\n\nLucy displays tremendous skill in her battle against Flare by being able to summon two spirits simultaneously. As Lucy gains the upper hand, Flare cheats by using her magic hair to hold Alzack and Bisca's daughter Asuka as a hostage, blackmailing Lucy into not fighting back to keep her from harming Asuka. As Lucy tearfully speaks of Asuka's danger, Natsu is able to hear it and rushes to Asuka to incinerate Flare's hair, allowing Lucy to counterattack with her Urano Metoria spell in combination with Gemini. However, before the spell fully activates, Flare's teammate Obra nullifies Lucy's magic, causing her to collapse and lose the match. \n\n\n160\n\"Portent\"\n\"Kyōzui\" (凶瑞) \nDecember 8, 2012\nJanuary 19, 2016\n\n\nBlue Pegasus' Ren defeats Mermaid Heel's Araña during the games' second match, while Saber Tooth's Orga effortlessly defeats Quatro Cerberus' War Cry in the third match. For the day's fourth and final match, Jellal is pitted against Lamia Scale's Jura, intending to avenge the humiliated Fairy Tail members. He mimics Mystogan's magic to keep up his disguise, but he finds it ineffective to use against Jura and is forced to use his own magic instead. Before he can cast a spell that will expose his true identity, Ultear uses Merudy's sensory to force Jellal into submission. Meanwhile, the hospitalized Carla awakens after having a troubling premonition of the future. \n\n\n161\n\"Chariots\"\n\"Chariotto\" (战车 (チャリオット)) \nDecember 15, 2012\nJanuary 26, 2016\n\n\nFairy Tail is undaunted by their poor performance on the first day. As the guild celebrates, they are visited and taunted by Bacchus, Erza's rival from Quatro Cerberus, who has come to replace War Cry. Carla relays her premonition to Poluchka, saying that she saw Mercurius collapsing around what appeared to be a tearfully singing Lucy. The second day of the tournament begins with a footrace atop a train of moving chariots, causing the participants Natsu, Gajeel, and Sting to suffer from motion sickness as a side effect of their Dragon Slayer magic. As Natsu and Gajeel force themselves forward, Sting inquires about their determination to which Natsu responds that it is as a result of the strength of Fairy Tail's bonds. Sting eventually throws the race while Natsu and Gajeel manage to finish as sixth and seventh placers, respectively, earning Fairy Tail the audience's respect. \n\n\n162\n\"Elfman vs. Bacchus\"\n\"Erufuman vs. Bakkasu\" (エルフマン vs. バッカス) \nDecember 22, 2012\nSeptember 1, 2015\n\n\nDue to a miscomunnication between the king and his knight Arcadios, Elfman is chosen as Bacchus' opponent instead of Erza. Before the match commences, the two opponents make a wager: if Bacchus wins, he will court Elfman's sisters, and if Elfman wins, Bacchus' team name will be changed to \"Quatro Puppy\" for the rest of the games. Bacchus ruthlessly attacks Elfman with his bare palms, who manages to damage Bacchus with his defensive Lizardman transformation. Elfman manages to outlast Bacchus as he exhausts himself, winning the match and forcing Bacchus' team to be renamed. Meanwhile, Natsu finds Wendy, Carla, and Poluchka being kidnapped by a group of masked men. Upon being caught, the men claim they were hired to kidnap Lucy by Raven Tail. They are soon revealed to have actually been sent by Arcadios, who intends to sow discord between the guilds as he plots to use Lucy for his \"Eclipse Project\". \n\n\n163\n\"Mirajane vs. Jenny\"\n\"Mirajēn vs. Jenī\" (ミラジェーン vs. ジェニー) \nJanuary 5, 2013\nSeptember 1, 2015\n\n\nThe second day of the Grand Magic Games continues, with Mirajane of Fairy Tail Team B fighting against Jenny Realight of Team Blue Pegasus. Since the two competitors are well-known for being magazine models, their battle consists almost entirely of a fashion showdown, much to the pleasure of the audience. Eventually as the showdown becomes redundant, Jenny proposes a wager: the loser must pose nude for the Sorcerer Magazine, which Mirajane accepts. Jenny then transforms into her battle armor while Mirajane shifts into her Satan Soul \"Sitri\" form and easily defeats Jenny. The final match of the day is announced, with Kagura Mikazuchi of Mermaid Heel pitted against Yukino Aguria of Saber Tooth. Yukino proposes to Kagura that they wager their lives on their battle. Meanwhile, Arcadios is confronted by Darton, the kingdom's defense minister, about his \"Eclipse Project\". \n\n\n164\n\"Kagura vs. Yukino\"\n\"Kagura vs. Yukino\" (カグラ vs. ユキノ) \nJanuary 12, 2013\nSeptember 1, 2015\n\n\nYukino is revealed to be a celestial spirit wizard when she summons Libra and Pisces to attack Kagura. Using her gravity-altering magic, Kagura defeats the two spirits, thus forcing Yukino to use a Gatekey that summons Ophiuchus, which is regarded as the strongest among the Celestial Spirits. However, Kagura slays Ophiuchus with her sword still sheathed and easily defeats Yukino. Later, Jellal discusses the fact that he has not sensed the evil power similar to Zeref's even though the second day of the Grand Magic Games has ended. Erza reunites with Milliana, who is revealed to be a member of Mermaid Heel. Meanwhile, Saber Tooth's master Jiemma is dissatisfied with his guild's performance. Though Sting is given another chance, Jiemma humiliates Yukino for her failure. \n\n\n165\n\"Hatred at Nightfall\"\n\"Urami wa Yoru no Tobari ni Tsutsumarete\" (怨みは夜の帐に包まれて) \nJanuary 19, 2013\nSeptember 1, 2015\n\n\nAfter Yukino is expelled from Saber Tooth, she offers her two golden Gatekeys to Lucy to complete the latter's collection of the Zodiac Gatekeys, stating that when the twelve Zodiac Gatekeys are all gathered, a gateway that changes the world will open; however, Lucy turns down the offer. Meanwhile, Milliana tells Erza that Kagura's sword, Archenemy, is intended to kill Jellal, and that she and Kagura share the same resentment towards Jellal. Natsu and Happy run after Yukino in an attempt to apologize; however, Natsu realizes that Yukino had been expelled, and infiltrates the Crocus Garden to fight Jiemma. \n\n\n166\n\"Pandemonium\"\n\"Pandemoniumu\" (伏魔殿 (パンデモニウム)) \nJanuary 26, 2013\nSeptember 1, 2015\n\n\nAfter Natsu punches out Dobengal, the guild member summoned to fight him, he and Jiemma engage in a duel. However, the guild master's daughter Minerva appears, ends their duel and, taking Happy hostage, convinces Natsu to settle their dispute in the Grand Magic Games. As Natsu leaves, he states that Saber Tooth will never surpass Fairy Tail because they care for their friends, words that are echoed by Rogue, while Sting is left in awe at Natsu's strength. The following day as the Grand Magic Games continue, an event called \"Pandemonium\" begins. It involves the participants entering a magical citadel filled with 100 monsters of varying strengths and individually doing battle with any number of monsters they choose. Representing Fairy Tail Team A, Erza requests the 100 monsters as her opponents. \n\n\n167\n\"100 Against 1\"\n\"Hyaku tai Ichi\" (100対1) \nFebruary 2, 2013\nSeptember 1, 2015\n\n\nErza kills the 100 monsters using various types of armor to match their strength and weaknesses. As a result, the crowd praises Fairy Tail, and the guild is awarded with 10 points. Moreover, the game officials decided to determine the ranks of the remaining participants by means of a device called \"Magic Power Finder\" (sometimes abbreviated as MPF). Using this tool, participants must attack it with their magic power, which will, in turn, calculate and display their equivalent scores depending on the extent of power used. In the end, Cana of Fairy Tail Team B dominates the event by using the Fairy Glitter spell lent to her by Mavis, much to Makarov's surprise. With Cana's victory, Fairy Tail Team B receives 8 points, and the audience began to burst once more into a resounding swarm of cheers and claps due to the finish of the two Fairy Tail teams. Meanwhile, the Raven Tail team somehow managed to get an insider information regarding the battle matchups for the day, so the masked leader Alexei tells his subordinates Flare, Obra, Nalpudding, and Kurohebi that it's about time to proceed with their true mission. \n\n\n168\n\"Laxus vs. Alexei\"\n\"Rakusasu vs. Arekusei\" (ラクサス vs. アレクセイ) \nFebruary 9, 2013\nSeptember 1, 2015\n\n\nIn the battle portion of the Grand Magic Games' third day, Milliana of Mermaid Heel beats Semmes of Quatro Puppy while Saber Tooth's Rufus swiftly defeats Blue Pegasus' Eve. For the third match, Laxus of Fairy Tail Team B is chosen to battle against Alexei of Team Raven Tail. Since the opponent is from a suspicious guild, the Fairy Tail members take extra precautions by watching the actions of Ivan Dreyar as well as the other four Raven Tail members. However, as the match commences, the spectators are shocked to see Laxus being beaten by Alexei, although no cautious movements can be seen from the Raven Tail team. It turns out that the two dueling people are just illusions created by Alexei in order for him to have a talk with Laxus. Also, the other Raven Tail members being monitored by Fairy Tail are just lifelike illusions, for in reality they are with Alexei in the battlefield. Alexei reveals himself to be Ivan Dreyar. Unable to interrogate Laxus of the Lumen Histoire's location, Ivan and the Raven Tail members are forced to fight him. Before their battle begins, Ivan declares that Raven Tail is an anti-Fairy Tail guild. \n\n\n169\n\"Wendy vs. Shelia\"\n\"Wendi vs. Sheria\" (ウェンディ vs. シェリア) \nFebruary 16, 2013\nSeptember 1, 2015\n\n\nAfter Laxus defeats Ivan and the four Raven Tail elite members, Ivan's illusions disappear to the shock of everyone in the stadium. The game officials declare Laxus the victor, and Ivan tells him that Lumen Histoire is Fairy Tail’s 'darkness'. Due to the infraction of the rules, the Raven Tail team is disqualified for the remainder of the Games, and its members are captured by the soldiers. Later, Wendy of Fairy Tail Team A and Sherria Blendy of Team Lamia Scale face off to compete for the final match of the day. As the two exchange attacks, gusts of wind surround the arena since Sherria is revealed to be a Sky God Slayer. Wendy employs an advanced Sky Dragon Slayer attack much to Poluchka's astonishment, causing Sherria to fall on the ground. Wendy is about to be announced as the winner of the bout when Sherria suddenly stands up with her wounds fully healed. Meanwhile, the Crime Sorcière guild senses the nefarious aura, and Jellal proceeds to the Domus Flau audience, oblivious that he bumped into Doranbolt, who, in turn, wonders what is Mystogan doing in Earthland. \n\n\n170\n\"Small Fists\"\n\"Chiisana Kobushi\" (小さな拳) \nFebruary 23, 2013\nSeptember 1, 2015\n\n\nWith Cheria being fully healed and Wendy being almost depleted of magic power, their battle continues, with the former casting a high-level spell towards the latter. However, it seems that Wendy enhances Cheria's physical strength, causing the attack to gain much force and thus missing Wendy. The two competitors then engage in a hand-to-hand combat, but due to the time limit and neither side is giving up, their battle resulted in a draw, giving both teams with 5 points. Meanwhile, Jellal manages to track the sinister aura among the crowd in the form of a mysterious, hooded person. Jellal is about to confront the aura source, but he is abruptly cornered by Doranbolt, Lahar, and other Rune Knights. Doranbalt then interrogates Jellal, and as his cover was blown, the Rune Knights, as well as Kagura and Milliana glancing nearby, are startled to see the true identity of Mystogan. Yajima convinces the Rune Knights that Mystogan is Jellal’s Edolas counterpart, prompting Lahar to release the fugitive. Meanwhile, Laxus and Makarov have a small conversation regarding Lumen Histoire when Mavis appears and explains that Lumen Histoire is the ‘light’ of Fairy Tail. \n\n\n171\n\"Naval Battle\"\n\"Nabaru Batoru\" (海战 (ナバルバトル)) \nMarch 2, 2013\nSeptember 1, 2015\n\n\nAs the jubilant Fairy Tail members celebrate their victories, the other people, such as Sting, Kagura, and Milliana, are contemplating on their own concerns, while Yukino is enlisted as a sergeant under Arcadios' command. Meanwhile, the fourth day of the competitions comes to a start with an event, \"Naval Battle\", which involves the participants swimming in a giant water sphere and knocking the other competitors out. After the other participants fall out of the aquatic sphere, a five-minute battle between Lucy and Minerva ensues. However, Minerva quickly attacks Lucy, and she manages to steal the keys of the Celestial Spirit mage. Regardless of this, Lucy refuses to surrender. After hearing Lucy's intentions, Minerva stops from attacking up to the extent that the five-minute mark was reached. However, Minerva resumes attacking Lucy until the game officials decide to halt the match. The Fairy Tail members snap, and Minerva dangles Lucy out of the sphere while the others rush to her aid. \n\n\n172\n\"A Parfum for You\"\n\"Kimi ni Sasageru Parufamu\" (君に捧げる香り (パルファム)) \nMarch 9, 2013\nSeptember 1, 2015\n\n\nWhile Lucy is hospitalized and taken to the infirmary, the Fairy Tail members warn Saber Tooth that they have angered the worst possible guild to do so. Later, Makarov announces that the two Fairy Tail teams must merge as a result of the disqualification of Raven Tail and to compensate for the odd number of teams for the battle round. He also reveals that the new team will have the former Team A's 35 points to start with. The new Fairy Tail team, consisting of Natsu, Gray, Erza, Gajeel, and Laxus, are well-received as they enter the field. The second part of the tournament begins with a tag battle between Blue Pegasus' Ichiya and \"Rabbit\" and Quatro Puppy's Rocker and Bacchus. To everyone's shock, it is revealed that \"Rabbit\" is actually Nichiya in disguise, and after the Exceed is punched by Bacchus, Ichiya bulks up to defeat the Quatro Puppy opponents, awarding Blue Pegasus with 10 points. \n\n\n173\n\"Battle of Dragon Slayers!\"\n\"Batoru obu Doragon Sureiyā\" (バトル・オブ・ドラゴンスレイヤー) \nMarch 16, 2013\nSeptember 1, 2015\n\n\nMermaid Heel's Kagura and Milliana and Lamia Scale's Lyon and Yuka face off for the second tag battle of the games. The two teams struggle to earn a victory, only to have their battle ending in a draw due to the time limit. For the third and final match of the day, the spectators look on in silence as Natsu and Gajeel of Team Fairy Tail and Sting and Rogue of Team Saber Tooth enter the field. As the battle commences, Sting and Rogue were about to take the initiative when they were suddenly attacked by Natsu and Gajeel. The four mages then exchange attacks; however, the audience watches in shock as the Fairy Tail Dragon Slayers overpower the Saber Tooth Dragon Slayers. Unable to keep themselves on par with their adversaries, Sting activates 'White Drive' while Rogue powers up using 'Shadow Drive'. \n\n\n174\n\"Four Dragons\"\n\"Yonin no Doragon\" (四人の竜 (ドラゴン)) \nMarch 23, 2013\nSeptember 1, 2015\n\n\nThe tag battle continues, with Sting and Rogue beginning to attack Natsu and Gajeel with their powers being increased. After receiving heavy blows from the Saber Tooth Dragon Slayers, Natsu and Gajeel manages to hold them off, thus forcing Sting and Rogue to activate \"Dragon Force\" on their own will, to the shock of the Fairy Tail audience. Sting decides to finish the Fairy Tail Dragon Slayers alone, for he held a promise to his Exceed friend Lector many years ago. As the three mages fight, the tide turns in favor of Sting as he unleashes a powerful attack on Natsu and Gajeel, resulting in the collapse of the arena floor, and after a hand-to-hand combat underground, Sting was seemingly the victor of the match. However, the Fairy Tail duo stands up, comments on Sting’s strength, and argues about his position while attacking, thereby causing Natsu to drag Gajeel on a mining cart and send it away. While Gajeel is left incapacitated due to motion sickness, Natsu challenges the Twin Dragons of Saber Tooth alone, in retribution to what Sting did earlier on them. \n\n\n175\n\"Natsu vs. the Twin Dragons\"\n\"Natsu vs. Sōryū\" (ナツ vs. 双竜) \nMarch 30, 2013\nSeptember 1, 2015\n\n\nThe tag battle of the Dragon Slayers comes to a close, with Natsu overpowering the combined attacks of Sting and Rogue. The Saber Tooth members watch in dismay, while Jiemma seethes in anger over the defeat of the Twin Dragons, frightening the nearby spectators away. The rest of Fairy Tail celebrates in joy as its team receives 10 points, finally surpassing Team Saber Tooth by a single point. Meanwhile, Gajeel, back to his senses after being dragged by Natsu into a cart earlier, stumbles upon a cave full of dragon skeletons. During that night, Jellal manages to corner the source of the dark aura, standing in disbelief at the identity of the mysterious, hooded person. \n\n"
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"Natsu vs. the Twin Dragons"
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8605194696782366426 | Z-line | Z - line - wikipedia Z - line Jump to : navigation , search Z - line can refer to : the borders that separate and link sarcomeres within a skeletal muscle a ban on a user 's IP address for the purposes of blocking their access to Internet Relay Chat . See Z - line . the gastroesophageal junction that joins the esophagus to the stomach . Z , a New York City Subway service . This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Z - line . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z-line&oldid=558613057 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 June 2013 , at 14 : 57 . About Wikipedia | what is the z line in the stomach | [
"the gastroesophageal junction that joins the esophagus to the stomach."
] | [
"gastroesophageal junction that joins the esophagus to the stomach"
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-777021796599922166 | Bring It on Home to Me | Bring it on Home to Me - wikipedia Bring it on Home to Me Jump to : navigation , search `` Bring It on Home to Me '' Single by Sam Cooke from the album The Best of Sam Cooke A-side `` Having a Party '' Released May 8 , 1962 Format 7 '' Recorded April 26 , 1962 RCA Studio 1 ( Hollywood , California ) Genre Rhythm and blues , soul Length 2 : 37 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Hugo & Luigi Sam Cooke singles chronology `` Twistin ' in the Kitchen with Dinah '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1962 ) `` Somebody Have Mercy '' ( 1962 ) `` Twistin ' in the Kitchen with Dinah '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1962 ) `` Somebody Have Mercy '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' is a song by American soul singer Sam Cooke , released on May 8 , 1962 by RCA Victor . Produced by Hugo & Luigi and arranged and conducted by René Hall , the song was the B - side to `` Having a Party '' . The song peaked at number two on Billboard 's Hot R&B Sides chart , and also charted at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song has become a pop standard , covered by numerous artists of different genres . It is one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Personnel 3 Cover versions 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Original version 4.2 The Animals version 4.3 Eddie Floyd version 4.4 Lou Rawls version 4.5 Mickey Gilley version 5 Cultural references 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' , like its A-side , `` Having a Party '' , was written while Cooke was on tour for Henry Wynn . The song was initially offered to fellow singer Dee Clark , who turned it down . While in Atlanta , Cooke called co-producer Luigi Creatore and pitched both numbers ; he was sold and booked an immediate recording session in Los Angeles scheduled for two weeks later . The session 's mood `` matched the title '' of the song , according to biographer Peter Guralnick , as many friends had been invited . `` It was a very happy session , '' recalled engineer Al Schmitt . `` Everybody was just having a ball . We were getting people out there ( on the floor ) , and some of the outtakes were hilarious , there was so much ad lib that went on . '' René Hall assembled an eighteen - piece backing group , `` composed of six violins , two violas , two cellos , and a sax , plus a seven - piece rhythm section that included two percussionists , two bassists , two guitars , and a piano . '' The song is a significant reworking of Charles Brown 's 1959 single `` I Want to Go Home '' , and it retains the gospel flavor and call - and - response format ; the song differs significantly in that its refrain ( `` Bring it to me , bring your sweet lovin ' , bring it on home to me '' ) is overtly secular . The song was the first serious nod to his gospel roots ( `` ( He ) felt that he needed more weight , that that light shit would n't sustain him , '' said J.W. Alexander ) . The song was aiming for a sound similar to Cooke 's former group , the Soul Stirrers . The original , unreleased first take includes vocals from Lou Rawls , J.W. Alexander , Fred Smith ( former assistant A&R rep at Keen Records ) , and `` probably '' the Sims Twins . A second , final take leaves Lou Rawls as the only echoing voice . Personnel ( edit ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' was recorded on April 26 , 1962 , at RCA Studio 1 in Hollywood , California . The engineer present was Al Schmitt , and the session was conducted and arranged by René Hall . The musicians also recorded `` Having a Party '' the same day . Credits adapted from the liner notes to the 2003 compilation Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 . Sam Cooke -- vocals Lou Rawls -- backing vocals Clifton White -- guitar Tommy Tedesco -- guitar René Hall -- guitar Adolphus Asbrook -- bass guitar Ray Pohlman -- bass guitar Ernie Freeman -- piano Frank Capp -- drums , percussion William Green -- saxophone Cecil Figelski -- cello Armand Kaproff -- cello Wilbert Nuttycombe -- viola Irving Weinper -- viola Myron Sandler -- violin Joseph Saxon -- violin Ralph Schaeffer -- violin Marshall Sosson -- violin Elliot Fisher -- violin Marvin Limonick -- violin Cover versions ( edit ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' Single by The Animals from the album Animal Tracks ( American album ) B - side `` For Miss Caulker '' Released March 1965 Format 7 '' single Recorded March 1965 Genre Rock , blues , pop , soul Length 2 : 43 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Mickie Most The Animals singles chronology `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' ( 1965 ) `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' ( 1965 ) `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It On Home To Me '' ( 1965 ) `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' Single by Mickey Gilley B - side `` How 's My Ex Treating You '' Released June 1976 Format 7 '' Recorded May 1976 Genre Country Length 2 : 23 Label Playboy 6075 Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Eddie Kilroy Mickey Gilley singles chronology `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' ( 1976 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1976 ) `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' ( 1976 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1976 ) `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' ( 1976 ) The most significant cover versions of the song include versions by : The Animals ( their last single to include original organist Alan Price ) . Mickey Gilley hit number one on the country chart in 1976 with his cover . Eddie Floyd hit # 4 on the R&B charts and # 17 on the Hot 100 in 1968 . Rod Stewart released this song as part of a medley with `` You Send Me '' and charted it on the UK Singles Chart at # 7 as a double A-side with `` Farewell '' . Rita MacNeil covered the song on her 1992 album Thinking of You . It was released as the album 's first single and charted on the RPM pop and country charts . Otis Redding and Carla Thomas Dave Mason American country singer Martina McBride covered this song as a duet with Gavin DeGraw on her 2014 studio album Everlasting , which features covers of famous soul , pop , and R&B songs . Van Morrison included a cover version of the song on his 1974 live album , It 's Too Late to Stop Now , and again on his 2017 album , Roll with the Punches . Mandy Moore covered the song alongside Sam Trammell in a 2017 episode of the American drama series , This Is Us Paul McCartney in his CHOBA B CCCP album . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Original version ( edit ) Chart ( 1962 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Hot R&B Sides ( Billboard ) The Animals version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1965 Pop Singles Chart # 32 1965 UK Singles Chart # 7 1965 Canada # 7 1965 Netherlands # 3 1965 Sweden # 1 Eddie Floyd version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1968 Black Singles Chart # 4 1968 Pop Singles Chart # 17 1968 Canada # 24 Lou Rawls version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1970 Black Singles Chart # 45 1970 Pop Singles Chart # 96 Mickey Gilley version ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Cultural references ( edit ) The song was featured in the 2017 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Preceded by `` Say It Again '' by Don Williams Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single August 21 , 1976 Succeeded by `` ( I 'm A ) Stand by My Woman Man '' by Ronnie Milsap Preceded by `` Rocky Mountain Music '' by Eddie Rabbitt RPM Country Tracks number - one single September 11 , 1976 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 ( liner notes ) . Sam Cooke . US : ABKCO Records . 2003 . 92642 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick , Peter ( 2014 ) . Dream Boogie : The Triumph of Sam Cooke. Little , Brown . pp. 404 -- 406 . ISBN 9780316210973 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Peter ( 14 December 2008 ) . `` Dream Boogie : The Triumph of Sam Cooke '' . Little , Brown -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Anatomy of a Classic : Bring It On Home To Me - The Adios Lounge '' . www.adioslounge.com . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 136 . ISBN 9780823074990 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Cooke -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tracklist for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Awesome Mixtape Vol. 2 revealed '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sam Cooke Studio albums Keen Songs by Sam Cooke Encore Tribute to the Lady The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke RCA Victor Cooke 's Tour Hits of the 50 's Swing Low My Kind of Blues Twistin ' the Night Away Mr. Soul Night Beat Ai n't That Good News Posthumous releases Shake Try a Little Love Live albums Sam Cooke at the Copa Live at the Harlem Square Club , 1963 Collaboration albums 3 Great Guys Compilations Hit Kit I Thank God The Best of Sam Cooke The Man and His Music Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 Singles `` You Send Me '' / `` Summertime '' `` I 'll Come Running Back to You '' `` ( I Love You ) For Sentimental Reasons '' `` You Were Made for Me '' / `` Lonely Island '' `` Everybody Loves to Cha Cha Cha '' `` Only Sixteen '' `` There ! I 've Said It Again '' `` Wonderful World '' `` Chain Gang '' `` Sad Mood '' `` That 's It , I Quit , I 'm Movin ' On '' `` Cupid '' `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' / `` Having a Party '' `` Somebody Have Mercy '' / `` Nothing Can Change This Love '' `` Send Me Some Lovin ' '' `` Another Saturday Night '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` ( Ai n't That ) Good News '' `` Good Times '' / `` Tennessee Waltz '' `` That 's Where It 's At '' `` Shake '' / `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Related articles Discography The Soul Stirrers René Hall Linda Womack We Remember Sam Cooke IAMSAM Book : Sam Cooke Category : Sam Cooke Portal : R&B and Soul Music Wikiquote : Sam Cooke Lou Rawls Albums Stormy Monday All Things in Time Unmistakably Lou When You Hear Lou , You 've Heard It All Let Me Be Good to You Sit Down and Talk to Me Singles `` Love Is a Hurtin ' Thing '' `` Your Good Thing ( Is About to End ) '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine '' `` Lady Love '' Mickey Gilley Albums Too Good to Stop Now Invitation Only Notable singles `` Room Full of Roses '' `` I Overlooked an Orchid '' `` City Lights '' `` Window Up Above '' `` Bouquet of Roses '' `` Overnight Sensation '' `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` She 's Pulling Me Back Again '' `` Honky Tonk Memories '' `` Chains of Song '' `` The Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' `` The Song We Made Love To '' `` Just Long Enough to Say Goodbye '' `` My Silver Lining '' `` True Love Ways '' `` Stand by Me '' `` That 's All That Matters '' `` A Headache Tomorrow ( Or a Heartache Tonight ) '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Lonely Nights '' `` Tears of the Lonely '' `` Put Your Dreams Away '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Fool for Your Love '' `` Your Love Shines Through '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Too Good to Stop Now '' `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' `` Your Memory Ai n't What It Used to Be '' `` Doo - Wah Days '' `` Full Grown Fool '' `` She Reminded Me of You '' `` There I 've Said It Again '' Guest singles `` Paradise Tonight '' ( with Charly McClain ) Related articles Discography Playboy Records Epic Records Jerry Lee Lewis Jimmy Swaggart Barbi Benton Ray Charles Gilley 's Club Carla Thomas Albums King & Queen Singles `` Night Time Is the Right Time '' `` Tramp '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` Lovey Dovey '' Songs `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` When Something Is Wrong with My Baby '' `` It Takes Two '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' Related articles Rufus and Carla Rufus Thomas Marvell Thomas Otis Redding Stax Records Book : Carla Thomas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It_on_Home_to_Me&oldid=829017019 '' Categories : 1962 singles Sam Cooke songs Rhythm and blues songs Lou Rawls songs Mickey Gilley songs Songs written by Sam Cooke 1962 songs Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi Song recordings produced by Eddie Kilroy Soul ballads Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RCA Victor singles Columbia Graphophone Company singles Playboy Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 03 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song bring it on home to me | [
"\"Bring It on Home to Me\" is a song by American soul singer Sam Cooke, released on May 8, 1962 by RCA Victor. Produced by Hugo & Luigi and arranged and conducted by René Hall, the song was the B-side to \"Having a Party\". The song peaked at number two on Billboard's Hot R&B Sides chart, and also charted at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100."
] | [
"Sam Cooke"
] |
-2315773116001280591 | List of countries with McDonald's restaurants | List of countries with McDonald 's restaurants - wikipedia List of countries with McDonald 's restaurants McDonald 's Corporation Countries with McDonald 's stores Type Public Traded as NYSE : MCD DJIA component S&P 100 component S&P 500 component ISIN US5801351017 Industry Restaurants Genre Fast food restaurant Founded McDonald 's : May 15 , 1940 ; 78 years ago ( 1940 - 05 - 15 ) San Bernardino , California McDonald 's Corporation : April 15 , 1955 ; 63 years ago ( 1955 - 04 - 15 ) Des Plaines , Illinois Founders McDonald 's : Richard and Maurice McDonald McDonald 's Corporation : Ray Kroc Headquarters Chicago , Illinois ( originally Oak Brook , Illinois ) Number of locations About 36,900 ( December 31 , 2016 ) Area served Worldwide Key people Enrique Hernandez , Jr. ( Chairman ) Steve Easterbrook ( President and CEO ) Products Hamburgers chicken french fries soft drinks milkshakes salads desserts coffee breakfast wraps Revenue US $24.622 billion ( 2016 ) Operating income US $7.745 billion ( 2016 ) Net income US $4.686 billion ( 2016 ) Total assets US $31.024 billion ( 2016 ) Total equity US $2.2043 billion ( 2016 ) Number of employees 235,000 ( 2017 ) Website corporate.mcdonalds.com/mcd.html www.mcdonalds.com/us/en-us.html This box : view talk edit This is a listing of countries with McDonald 's restaurants . McDonald 's is the largest chain of fast food restaurants in the world . It has more than 35,000 outlets worldwide . The majority of McDonald 's outlets outside of the United States are franchises . The biggest temporary McDonald 's restaurant in the world was opened during 2012 Summer Olympics in London , which had 3,000 square metres ( 32,000 sq ft ) . The biggest still standing one is probably that at Will Rogers Turnpike . The list of countries follows the company 's own calculation , and contains several non-sovereign territories . Contents 1 Countries and territories with a McDonald 's outlet 2 Former locations 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Countries and territories with a McDonald 's outlet ( edit ) 1 # Name of country Date of first store First outlet location Number of currently operating outlets Source and date of source People per outlet Notes United States May 15 , 1940 Franchise : April 13 , 1955 San Bernardino , California Des Plaines , Illinois ( Franchise ) 14,146 ( source : Statista 2016 ) 22,985 See McDonald 's USA Canada ( details ) June 3 , 1967 Richmond , British Columbia 1,450 ( source : Statista 2016 ) 24,242 See McDonald 's Canada Puerto Rico December 6 , 1967 San Juan 108 ( source : McDonald 's 2013 ) 31,583 First McDonald 's in Latin America and in the Caribbean . See McDonald 's Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands September 5 , 1970 St. Croix 6 ( source : McDonald 's 2013 ) 17,666 5 Costa Rica December 8 , 1970 San Jose , 4th street , between 1st and Central Avenue . 54 ( source : McDonald 's 2013 ) 84,925 Third country ( not U.S. possession ) and first outlet outside Northern America where McDonald 's opened . See McDonald 's Costa Rica 6 Australia May 30 , 1971 Yagoona , New South Wales 920 ( source : McDonald 's 2013 ) 26,613 First outlet in Oceania and first outlet outside the Americas . See McDonald 's Australia . 7 Guam June 10 , 1971 Dededo 6 ( source : Statista 2016 ) 27,166 8 Japan July 21 , 1971 Tokyo 2,975 ( source : McDonald 's 2015 ) 42,598 First outlet in Asia , see McDonald 's Japan ; McDonald 's Holdings Company Japan , Inc . 9 Netherlands August 21 , 1971 Zaandam 245 ( source : McDonald 's 2016 ) 69,797 This was the first outlet in Europe . Opened in 1971 by European Master Franchisees Jan Sybesma & Diet de Wolff ( Brother & Sister ) - McDonald 's Europe is now run by the Dutch Sybesma family & Australian de Wolff family who also own in excess of 80 Stores Worldwide . Sybesma & de Wolff ATF McDonald 's Europe - Plan to open 15 more stores in the next 4 years . See McDonald 's Netherlands 10 Panama September 1 , 1971 Panama City 57 ( source : McDonald 's 2013 ) 71,192 See McDonald 's Panama 11 Germany November 22 , 1971 ( West Germany ) December 21 , 1990 ( former East Germany ) Munich ( West Germany ) Plauen ( former East Germany ) 1,476 ( source : McDonald 's Germany 2018 ) 56,098 First outlet in West Germany . First outlet in the new states of Germany opened in 1990 following reunification . See McDonald 's Germany 12 France June 30 , 1972 Créteil 1,419 ( source : McDonald 's December 2016 ) 45,708 First outlet in Creteil in 1972 even though McDonald 's officially recognizes the first outlet in Strasbourg in 1979 . See McDonald 's France . 13 El Salvador July 20 , 1972 San Salvador 20 ( source : 2018 ) 490,538 Left in 1980 during the Salvadorian Civil War , but returned after the war in 1992 . 14 Sweden October 27 , 1973 Kungsgatan 4 , Stockholm 202 ( source : 2018 ) 44,546 First outlet in Scandinavia . See McDonald 's Sweden 15 Guatemala June 6 , 1974 Guatemala City 94 ( source : 2018 ) 197,268 See McDonald 's Guatemala 16 Curacao August 16 , 1974 Willemstad 5 ( source : McDonald 's 2013 ) 31,800 See McDonald 's Aruba and Curaçao 17 United Kingdom England : 13 November 1974 Wales : 3 December 1984 Scotland : 23 November 1987 Northern Ireland : 12 October 1991 Woolwich , London ( England ) Cardiff ( Wales ) Dundee ( Scotland ) Belfast ( Northern Ireland ) 1,274 ( source : McDonald 's December 2016 ) 51,106 Includes Isle of Man and Jersey ( 1 each ) England : 1,038 Scotland : 95 Wales : 62 Northern Ireland : 26 See McDonald 's UK 18 Hong Kong ( British Hong Kong at the time ) January 8 , 1975 Paterson Street , Causeway Bay , Hong Kong Island . 237 R ( source : McDonald 's 2013 ) 31,118 Then a British Crown colony / Dependent Territory . See McDonald 's Hong Kong 19 Bahamas August 4 , 1975 Nassau ( source : Dec. 2012 ) 131,000 First outlet in an independent country of the Caribbean . 20 New Zealand ( details ) June 7 , 1976 Porirua Central , Wellington 166 ( source : 2018 ) 29,574 Founded in New Zealand by Wally and Hugh Morris First South Island restaurants opened at Linwood and Merivale , both Christchurch , on 3 November 1987 . See McDonald 's New Zealand . 21 Switzerland October 20 , 1976 Geneva 167 ( source : 2018 ) 51,858 see McDonald 's Switzerland 22 Ireland May 9 , 1977 Grafton Street , Dublin 89 ( source : McDonald 's 2013 ) 53,505 First drive - thru in Europe opened in Nutgrove , Dublin and first McCafé in Europe Grafton Street , Dublin , see McDonald 's Ireland 23 Austria July 21 , 1977 Schwarzenbergplatz , Vienna 195 ( source : McDonald 's 2018 ) 45,246 see McDonald 's Austria 24 Belgium March 21 , 1978 Brussels 74 ( source : McDonald 's 2015 ) 152,027 A division of Sybesma & de Wolff ( Master Franchisees McDonald 's Europe ) , with most stores being owned by S&DW . See McDonald 's Belgium 25 Brazil February 13 , 1979 Rio de Janeiro 812 ( source : McDonald 's 2013 ) 255,357 First outlet in South America and first outlet in a lusophone country . See McDonald 's Brazil 26 Singapore October 20 , 1979 Liat Towers , Orchard Road 136 ( source : Dec. 2012 ) 44,856 First outlet in Southeast Asia . See McDonald 's Singapore 27 Spain March 10 , 1981 Gran Vía , Madrid 507 ( source : July 2018 ) 93,406 First outlet in the Iberian Peninsula , see McDonald 's Spain 28 Denmark April 15 , 1981 Vesterbrogade 2D , Copenhagen 88 ( source : 2018 ) 64,595 See McDonald 's Denmark 29 Philippines September 27 , 1981 Morayta , Sampaloc , Manila 572 ( source : February 2018 ) 183,423 See McDonald 's Philippines 30 Malaysia April 29 , 1982 Jalan Bukit Bintang , Kuala Lumpur 271 ( source : 2018 ) 100,417 First outlet in a Muslim - majority country . See McDonald 's Malaysia 31 Norway November 18 , 1983 Nedre Slottsgate , Oslo 73 ( source : Jun. 2017 ) 72,150 see McDonald 's Norway 32 Taiwan January 28 , 1984 Minsheng East Road , Taipei 413 ( source : 2015 ) 56,949 Left in 1992 during investigations of restaurant bombings in Taiwan , but returned that same year after investigations concluded . See McDonald 's Taiwan 33 Andorra June 29 , 1984 Andorra la Vella 5 ( source : 2018 ) 17,000 34 Finland December 14 , 1984 Hämeenkatu 17 , Tampere 65 ( source : June 2017 ( 2 ) ) 84,676 see McDonald 's Finland 35 Thailand February 23 , 1985 Bangkok 240 ( source : 2017 ) 283,162 see McDonald 's Thailand 36 Aruba April 4 , 1985 Oranjestad ( source : 2016 ) 25,750 See McDonald 's Aruba and Curaçao 37 Luxembourg July 17 , 1985 Luxembourg City 10 ( source : 2013 ) 57,600 see McDonald 's Luxembourg 38 Venezuela August 31 , 1985 Caracas 140 ( source : 2013 website ) 226,964 see McDonald 's Venezuela 39 Italy March 20 , 1985 Piazza di Spagna , Rome 571 ( source : 2018 ) 106,296 see McDonald 's Italy 40 Mexico October 29 , 1985 Mexico City 402 ( source : Dec. 2012 ) 297,340 see McDonald 's Mexico 41 Cuba April 24 , 1986 Guantanamo Bay ( source : Dec. 2012 ) 11,239,000 Guantanamo Bay -- Open only to base personnel . 42 Turkey October 24 , 1986 Istanbul 250 ( source : 2018 ) 313,000 see McDonald 's Turkey . First outlet in West Asia . 43 Argentina November 24 , 1986 Belgrano , Buenos Aires 222 ( source : Jun. 2018 ) 207,736 see McDonald 's Argentina . 44 Macau ( Portuguese Macau at the time ) April 11 , 1987 Rua do Campo , Cathedral Parish , Macau Peninsula 27 ( source : Dec. 2012 ) 24,111 Then Portuguese territory ; McDonald 's would only open a restaurant in Portugal itself 4 years later . see List of restaurants . 45 Serbia ( part of Yugoslavia at the time ) March 24 , 1988 Slavija Square , Belgrade 30 ( source : October 2016 ) 271,461 First outlet in a communist country and first outlet in the Balkans . See McDonald 's Serbia 46 South Korea March 29 , 1988 Gangnam District , Seoul 450 ( source : June 2017 ) 113,888 See McDonald 's South Korea 47 Hungary ( HPR at the time ) April 13 , 1988 Budapest 89 ( source : 2018 ) 109,222 Second communist country , first Warsaw Pact member , thus first outlet behind the Iron Curtain . See McDonald 's Hungary 48 Russia ( part of Soviet Union at the time ) January 31 , 1990 Pushkin Square , Moscow 645 ( source : January 2017 ) 223,255 See McDonald 's Russia 49 PR of China October 8 , 1990 Shenzhen 2,391 ( source : December 2016 ) 624,336 > See McDonald 's China . 50 Chile November 19 , 1990 Santiago de Chile 77 ( source : Dec. 2012 ) 233,844 See McDonald 's Chile 51 Indonesia February 23 , 1991 Sarinah , Jakarta 170 ( source : 2016 ) 1,550,058 See McDonald 's Indonesia 52 Portugal May 23 , 1991 CascaiShopping , Cascais 148 ( source : Sep. 2015 ) 69,871 See McDonald 's Portugal 53 Greece November 12 , 1991 Athens Syntagma Sq . 23 ( source : 2018 ) 456,458 See McDonald 's Greece 54 Uruguay November 18 , 1991 Montevideo 21 ( source : 2014 ) 163,190 See McDonald 's Uruguay 55 Martinique December 16 , 1991 Fort - de-France 9 ( source : 2016 ) 42,888 See McDonald 's French Antilles 56 Czech Republic ( part of Czechoslovakia at the time ) March 20 , 1992 Vodičkova street , Prague 95 ( source : Feb. 2015 ) 111,094 See McDonald 's Czech Republic 57 Guadeloupe April 8 , 1992 8 ( source : 2016 ) 50,250 See McDonald 's French Antilles 58 Poland June 16 , 1992 Marszałkowska Street , Warsaw in department store `` Sezam '' 403 ( source : 2018 ) 94,875 See McDonald 's Poland 59 Monaco November 20 , 1992 Monte Carlo 19,000 60 Brunei December 12 , 1992 Bandar Seri Begawan ( source : 2016 ) 208,500 61 Morocco December 18 , 1992 Casablanca 41 ( source : 2018 ) 846,200 First outlet in Africa -- McDonald 's is now present in all continents except Antarctica . See McDonald 's Morocco 62 Northern Marianas March 18 , 1993 Saipan ( source : August 2011 ) 26,500 First outlet opened on the island of Saipan -- Along with a second outlet in 1997 63 Israel ( details ) October 14 , 1993 Ayalon Mall , Ramat Gan 185 ( source : 2016 ) 47,021 First outlet in the Middle East . See McDonald 's Israel 64 Slovenia December 2 , 1993 In Čopova Street , Ljubljana 20 ( source : 2016 ) 103,300 See McDonald 's Slovenia 65 Saudi Arabia December 8 , 1993 Riyadh 263 ( source : 2018 ) 147,321 See McDonald 's Saudi Arabia McDonald 's Saudi Arabia 66 Kuwait June 15 , 1994 72 ( source : 2018 ) 57,973 See McDonald 's Kuwait 67 New Caledonia July 26 , 1994 Nouméa ( source : 2012 ) 134,500 68 Oman July 30 , 1994 23 ( source : 2018 ) 304,866 See McDonald 's Oman 69 Egypt October 20 , 1994 Cairo 100 ( source : 2017 ) 1,260,621 See McDonald 's Egypt 70 Bulgaria December 10 , 1994 Plovdiv 42 ( source : 2011 ) 169,095 See ( 3 ) 71 Bahrain December 15 , 1994 Muharraq City 23 ( source : 2018 ) 68,900 See McDonald 's Bahrain 72 Latvia December 15 , 1994 Riga 12 ( source : June 2012 ) 162,750 First outlet in the Baltics . See McDonald 's Latvia 73 United Arab Emirates December 21 , 1994 Abu Dhabi 165 ( source : 2018 ) 88,938 See McDonald 's UAE 74 Estonia April 29 , 1995 Tallinn 10 ( source : June 2015 ) 131,600 See McDonald 's Estonia 75 Romania June 16 , 1995 Bucharest 70 ( source : 2017 ) 280,543 See McDonald 's Romania 76 Malta July 7 , 1995 Valletta 10 ( source : McDonald 's 2016 , 9 in Malta , 1 in Gozo ) 44,500 See McDonald 's Malta 77 Colombia July 14 , 1995 Centro Andino , Bogota 81 ( source : July 2013 ) 607,530 See McDonald 's Colombia 78 Slovakia October 14 , 1995 Banská Bystrica 30 ( source : 2015 ) 180,866 See McDonald 's Slovakia 79 South Africa November 11 , 1995 Blackheath , Gauteng 252 ( source : 2018 ) 244,253 See McDonald 's South Africa 80 Qatar December 13 , 1995 42 ( source : 2018 ) 107,040 See McDonald 's Qatar 81 Honduras December 14 , 1995 Tegucigalpa 8 1,031,250 See McDonald 's Honduras 82 Sint Maarten December 15 , 1995 Philipsburg ( source : December 2013 ) 11,333 83 Croatia February 2 , 1996 Zagreb 30 ( source : 2018 ) 139,033 See McDonald 's Croatia 84 Samoa ( named Western Samoa at the time ) March 2 , 1996 Apia 192,000 85 Fiji May 1 , 1996 Suva ( source : 2001 ) 224,690 As of April 2012 , Fiji is the only country in the world to still use the 2003 `` i 'm lovin ' it '' packaging , even though the other countries are using the 2008 packaging for meals and items . See McDonald 's Fiji 86 Liechtenstein May 3 , 1996 Triesen ( source : 2018 ) 38,111 See McDonald 's Switzerland 87 Lithuania May 31 , 1996 Vilnius 13 ( source : 2018 ) 257,090 See McDonald 's Lithuania 88 India October 13 , 1996 Delhi 290 + ( source : 2017 ) 5,306,288 > First outlet in South Asia . See McDonald 's India 89 Peru October 18 , 1996 Lima 40 ( source : 2014 ) 778,800 See McDonald 's Peru 90 Jordan November 7 , 1996 Amman 31 ( source : 2018 ) 352,928 91 Paraguay November 21 , 1996 Asuncion 11 ( source : 2011 ) 616,636 See McDonald 's Paraguay 92 Dominican Republic November 30 , 1996 Santo Domingo 31 325,000 Country with the second most locations of McDonald 's in the Caribbean , after Puerto Rico . See McDonald 's Dominican Republic 93 French Polynesia December 10 , 1996 Tahiti 6 47,666 94 Belarus December 10 , 1996 Minsk 13 ( source : 2017 ) 864,272 First McDonald 's in a non-Baltic former Soviet republic ( not including Russia ) The company claimed this as McDonald 's `` 100th country '' although this calculation included many non-sovereign territories . See McDonald 's Belarus . 95 Trinidad and Tobago May 6 , 1997 6 225,000 McDonald 's previously had stores in Trinidad ( May 6 , 1997 -- October 25 , 2003 ) but closed due to low sales . Re-opened at The Falls At West Mall in 2011 and has expanded to 5 other locations . 96 Ukraine May 24 , 1997 Kyiv 80 ( source : October 2017 ) 545,410 All three restaurants in the peninsula of Crimea were closed in 2014 . See McDonald 's Ukraine 97 Cyprus June 12 , 1997 Larnaca 18 ( source : 2016 ) 63,388 See McDonald 's Cyprus 98 Jersey August 1 , 1997 Saint Helier 100,080 99 Ecuador October 9 , 1997 6 de Diciembre Avenue , Quito 27 ( source : 2014 ) 597,925 See McDonald 's Ecuador 100 Bolivia October 24 , 1997 La Paz 10,980,000 McDonald 's was open in Bolivia from October 24 , 1997 to September 30 , 2002 , when it closed due to slow sales and cost . A new restaurant opened on October 10 , 2017 after fifteen years of absence . 101 Reunion December 14 , 1997 Saint - Denis ( source : 2018 ) 210,904 102 Isle of Man December 15 , 1997 Douglas 84,000 103 Suriname December 18 , 1997 Paramaribo ( source : 2010 ) 293,000 104 Moldova April 30 , 1998 Chișinău 5 ( source : 2018 ) 599,647 See McDonald 's Moldova 105 Nicaragua July 11 , 1998 Managua 6 ( source : June 2010 ) 1,027,833 McDonald 's outlets ceased operation during the Nicaraguan civil war and re-established a presence in 1998 after an absence of two decades . During the civil war one continued operating as `` Donald 's '' . See McDonald 's Nicaragua 106 Lebanon September 18 , 1998 Beirut 33 ( source : 2013 ) 187,424 107 Pakistan September 19 , 1998 Karachi 60 ( source : 2018 ) 2,885,757 McDonald 's Pakistan 108 Sri Lanka October 16 , 1998 Colombo 7 ( source : March 4 , 2013 ) 2,896,857 see McDonald 's Sri Lanka 109 Georgia February 5 , 1999 Rustaveli Avenue , Tbilisi 14 ( source : 2018 ) 338,181 First outlet in the Caucasus . See McDonald 's Georgia 110 San Marino July 6 , 1999 Borgo Maggiore ( source : 2018 ) 33,328 See McDonald 's Italy 111 Gibraltar August 13 , 1999 Westside ( source : 2018 ) 32,194 See McDonald 's Spain 112 Azerbaijan November 6 , 1999 Fountains Square , Baku 12 ( source : 2016 ) 818,666 See McDonald 's Azerbaijan 113 French Guiana February 22 , 2000 Cayenne ( source : 2016 ) 125,000 See McDonald 's French Antilles 114 American Samoa September 29 , 2000 ( source : 2008 ) 27,000 115 Mauritius July 4 , 2001 Port Louis 7 192,571 117 Iraq August 10 , 2006 Baghdad ( source : 2006 ) 38,146,000 One location in Baghdad for the U.S. Army , but there is also a knockoff called MaDonal . 118 Bosnia and Herzegovina July 21 , 2011 Sarajevo ( source : 2015 ) 882,790 After some 10 years of trying to enter the Bosnian market with no success , McDonald 's opened its first restaurant in BiH on 20 July 2011 . See McDonald 's Bosnia and Herzegovina 119 Vietnam February 8 , 2014 Ho Chi Minh City 17 ( source : 2017 ) 6,180,000 See McDonald 's Vietnam 120 Kazakhstan March 8 , 2016 Astana 9 1,778,844 First outlet in Central Asia . See McDonald 's Kazakhstan 121 Tunisia Tunis Coming Soon 122 Kenya Coming Soon Nairobi ( source : 2017 ) 49,125,325 Announced on December 10 , 2017 . McDonald 's is still yet to open in Kenya . Countries with McDonald 's restaurants , showing their first year with its first restaurant Former locations ( edit ) One of the three McDonald 's restaurants in Iceland before their closing 1 # Name of country Date of first store Date of closing Reason to closing Iran circa 1971 / 1972 1979 Closed due to the Islamic Revolution . A lot of foreign companies , specifically American , were forced to leave . McDonald 's attempted to re-enter the Iranian market in 1994 , but this failed due to a hostile anti-American fundamentalist attack on the building which was under construction where the planned franchise would be opened . McDonald 's does not plan on opening any restaurants in Iran at this time . Barbados August 25 , 1989 December 13 , 1990 Closed due to extremely slow sales . Bermuda November 10 , 1985 March 9 , 1995 Closed due to a government law that bans franchised restaurants in the country . The McDonald 's restaurant was located on a US Naval Air Station and was thus exempt from the law . When the base closed in 1995 the restaurant was required to do likewise . Jamaica April 15 , 1995 October 14 , 2005 Closed due to governmental problems and declining sales . 5 Montenegro June 1 , 2004 2007 A seasonal McDonald 's restaurant was opened in Budva , but it was closed due to the lack of location . 6 Iceland September 1 , 1993 October 31 , 2009 Closed down by Icelandic affiliate due to both prohibitive costs of importing foreign food products as required by McDonald 's and the collapse of the Icelandic krona . Its three former outlets were re-branded as its own chain of Metro restaurants , which offer similar service and menus with domestically produced ingredients . 7 Macedonia September 6 , 1997 May 15 , 2013 Closed due to dispute in contract and contractual obligations with the franchise owner Sveto Janevski . See also ( edit ) Companies portal Food portal Big Mac Index Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention International availability of McDonald 's products List of countries with Burger King franchises List of countries Lists of restaurants MaDonal McDonaldization McWorld References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bomkamp , Samantha ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Mcdonald 's HQ Move Is Boldest Step Yet in Effort to Transform Itself '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Form 10 - K : McDonald 's Corporation ( McDonald 's Corporation 2017 Annual Report ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Securities and Exchange Commission . Commission File Number 1 - 5231 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Enrique Hernandez , Jr '' . McDonalds.com . Jump up ^ 2007 R&I Top 400 Chain Restaurants Archived 2011 - 07 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved August 18 , 2008 Jump up ^ McDonald 's : : About Us : : FAQ Archived 2008 - 09 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved August 18 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` A VERY Big Mac ! World 's biggest McDonald 's with 1,500 seats to be built for games '' . Daily Mail . April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Laurie ( 25 June 2012 ) . `` Fast food takeaway : Inside the world 's biggest McDonald 's which will be open for just six weeks '' . mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Tepper , Rachel ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` PHOTOS : World 's Largest McDonald 's Coming To London Olympics '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Addley , Esther ( July 28 , 2012 ) . `` Olympic Games 2012 olympics olys , McDonald 's ( business ) , Sport , Food and drink industry ( Business sector ) , Business , Fast food ( life and style ) , Food and drink ( Life and style ) , Life and style '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Eccles , Louise ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` McDonald 's , supersized : First pictures inside the world 's biggest fast food restaurant ... yards from Olympic stadium '' . Daily Mail . London . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Nicky . `` Top 10 : Stylish McDonald 's '' . askmen.com . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Store Finder -- McDonald 's Australia '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Matsuda , Kiyotaka ; Yui , Monami ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` McDonald 's Japan Reports More Past Incidents of Objects in Food '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ `` Erstes McDonald 's in Ostdeutschland feiert Jubiläum '' . Voigtland - Anzeiger. 2010 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` McDonald 's Germany '' . www.mcdonalds.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Fascinating facts about McDonald 's in UK '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years of Big Macs as McDonald 's marks Scottish anniversary '' . scotsman.com . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Us : : McDonald 's Hong Kong '' . mcdonalds.com.hk . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Organisation - Mcdonald 's New Zealand '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's New Zealand founder dies '' . National Business Review . 2010 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hepozden , Rosemary ( 2011 ) . O'Flaherty , Brian , ed . Golden Arches under Southern Skies : Celebrating 35 years of McDonald 's in New Zealand . in co-op with McDonald 's Restaurants ( NZ ) Ltd . Auckland : Renaissance Publishing . pp. 112 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9864521 - 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Tu Restaurante McDonald 's España '' . McDonald 's España . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/business/2017/01/19/mcdonalds-ph-poised-sustain-double-digit-growth-2017-520958 Jump up ^ http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/645108/mcdonald-rsquo-s-philippines-posts-double-digit-sales-growth-in-2017/story/ Jump up ^ `` 500 McDonald 's outlets by 2020 - Business News - The Star Online '' . thestar.com.my . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tu Restaurante - McDonald 's España '' . mcdonalds.es . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's - Le nostre cifre '' . McDonald 's Italia . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Türkiye '' . mcdonalds.com.tr . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ 26st McDonald 's in Serbia opens in Shoppi Retail Park Borca Jump up ^ http://news.hankyung.com/article/2017060762501?nv =o Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Magyarország '' . mcdonalds.hu . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Győrben nyílik a McDonald 's 100 . magyar étterme ( 100th McDonald 's in Hungary opens in Győr ) Kisalfold.hu Jump up ^ `` Найти ресторан Макдоналдс '' . mcdonalds.ru . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Growth Equals More Fast Food For McDonald 's In China '' . corporate.mcdonalds.com . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Les restaurants McDONALD 's McDONALD 's Maroc '' . Jump up ^ `` Restorani Latvija '' . mcdonalds.lv . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ettevõte arvudes '' . mcdonalds.ee ( in Estonian ) . 10 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sisak dobiva prvi McDonald 's '' ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapinytė , Jurgita ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Vilniuje netrukus bus atidarytas dar vienas `` McDonald 's '' restoranas `` . 15 min . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McDonald 's Official website India -- About McDonald 's Archived 2011 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 126 McDonald 's outlets in north , east India still open : Bakshi '' . The Economic Times . September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Big Mac plans to change Indian food habits '' . business.rediff.com . Retrieved 27 Oct 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Why you ca n't ( legally ) buy a Big Mac in El Salvador '' . miamiherald . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's '' . mcdonalds.com.pk . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McDonalds Azerbaijan '' . mcdonalds.az . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Komsic and Moon opened McDonald 's '' ( in English ( translated ) ) . Retrieved 19 July 2011 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Press Articles - Big Mac To Be Grilled In JA '' . mcspotlight.org . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McD 's Banned In British Colony '' . hartford-hwp.com . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2005 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Vísir - McDonalds hættir á Íslandi '' . visir.is . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) McDonald 's countries Another chronology of openings Alternate chronology McDonald 's History Advertising ad programs Countries with franchises Legal cases Product list International availability People Richard and Maurice McDonald Ray Kroc Joan Kroc Ralph Alvarez Charlie Bell Al Bernardin Jim Cantalupo George Cohon Dan Coudreaut Steve Easterbrook Janice L. Fields Den Fujita Don Gorske Jack M. Greenberg Eikō Harada June Martino Herb Peterson Michael R. Quinlan Ed Rensi Willard Scott James A. Skinner Donald N. Smith Harry J. Sonneborn Don Thompson Fred L. 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The World 's 50 Best Restaurants By type Buffet restaurants Cafeterias Casual dining restaurant chains Delicatessens Diners Dinner theaters Drive - in restaurants Floating restaurants Kosher restaurants Restaurant chains Fast food restaurant chains Defunct fast - food restaurant chains Revolving restaurants Supper clubs Theme restaurants See also List of restaurateurs List of American restaurateurs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_with_McDonald%27s_restaurants&oldid=854635986 '' Categories : McDonald 's Lists of countries Lists of restaurants Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Italiano Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 19 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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"\n\n\n1#\n\nName of country\n\nDate of first store\n\nFirst outlet location\n\nNumber of currently operating outlets\n\nSource and date of source\n\nPeople per outlet\n\nNotes\n\n\n1\n\n United States\n\nMay 15, 1940Franchise: April 13, 1955\n\nSan Bernardino, CaliforniaDes Plaines, Illinois (Franchise)\n\n14,146\n\n(source: Statista 2016)\n\n22,985\n\nSee McDonald's USA\n\n\n2\n\n Canada (details)\n\nJune 3, 1967\n\nRichmond, British Columbia\n\n1,450\n\n(source: Statista 2016)\n\n24,242\n\nSee McDonald's Canada\n\n\n3\n\n Puerto Rico\n\nDecember 6, 1967\n\nSan Juan\n\n108\n\n(source: McDonald's 2013)\n\n31,583\n\nFirst McDonald's in Latin America and in the Caribbean. See McDonald's Puerto Rico\n\n\n4\n\n U.S. Virgin Islands\n\nSeptember 5, 1970\n\nSt. Croix\n\n6\n\n(source: McDonald's 2013)\n\n17,666\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n Costa Rica\n\nDecember 8, 1970\n\nSan Jose, 4th street, between 1st and Central Avenue.\n\n54\n\n(source: McDonald's 2013)\n\n84,925\n\nThird country (not U.S. possession) and first outlet outside Northern America where McDonald's opened. See McDonald's Costa Rica\n\n\n6\n\n Australia\n\nMay 30, 1971\n\nYagoona, New South Wales[12]\n\n920\n\n(source: McDonald's 2013)\n\n26,613\n\nFirst outlet in Oceania and first outlet outside the Americas. See McDonald's Australia.\n\n\n7\n\n Guam\n\nJune 10, 1971\n\nDededo\n\n6\n\n(source: Statista 2016)\n\n27,166\n\n\n\n\n8\n\n Japan\n\nJuly 21, 1971\n\nTokyo\n\n2,975\n\n(source: McDonald's 2015)\n\n42,598\n\nFirst outlet in Asia, see McDonald's Japan; McDonald's Holdings Company Japan, Inc.[13]\n\n\n9\n\n Netherlands\n\nAugust 21, 1971\n\nZaandam\n\n245\n\n(source: McDonald's 2016)\n\n69,797\n\nThis was the first outlet in Europe. Opened in 1971 by European Master Franchisees Jan Sybesma & Diet de Wolff (Brother & Sister) - McDonald's Europe is now run by the Dutch Sybesma family & Australian de Wolff family who also own in excess of 80 Stores Worldwide. Sybesma & de Wolff ATF McDonald's Europe - Plan to open 15 more stores in the next 4 years. See McDonald's Netherlands\n\n\n10\n\n Panama\n\nSeptember 1, 1971\n\nPanama City\n\n57\n\n(source: McDonald's 2013)\n\n71,192\n\nSee McDonald's Panama\n\n\n11\n\n Germany\n\nNovember 22, 1971( West Germany)December 21, 1990(former East Germany)[14]\n\nMunich( West Germany)Plauen(former East Germany)\n\n1,476\n\n(source: McDonald's Germany 2018)[15]\n\n56,098\n\nFirst outlet in West Germany. First outlet in the new states of Germany opened in 1990 following reunification. See McDonald's Germany\n\n\n12\n\n France\n\nJune 30, 1972\n\nCréteil\n\n1,419\n\n(source: McDonald's December 2016)[15]\n\n45,708\n\nFirst outlet in Creteil in 1972 even though McDonald's officially recognizes the first outlet in Strasbourg in 1979. See McDonald's France.\n\n\n13\n\n El Salvador\n\nJuly 20, 1972\n\nSan Salvador\n\n20\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n490,538\n\nLeft in 1980 during the Salvadorian Civil War, but returned after the war in 1992.\n\n\n14\n\n Sweden\n\nOctober 27, 1973\n\nKungsgatan 4, Stockholm\n\n202\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n44,546\n\nFirst outlet in Scandinavia. See McDonald's Sweden\n\n\n15\n\n Guatemala\n\nJune 6, 1974\n\nGuatemala City\n\n94\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n197,268\n\nSee McDonald's Guatemala\n\n\n16\n\n Curacao\n\nAugust 16, 1974\n\nWillemstad\n\n5\n\n(source: McDonald's 2013)\n\n31,800\n\nSee McDonald's Aruba and Curaçao\n\n\n17\n\n United Kingdom\n\nEngland: 13 November 1974[16]Wales: 3 December 1984Scotland: 23 November 1987[17]Northern Ireland: 12 October 1991\n\nWoolwich, London (England)Cardiff (Wales)Dundee (Scotland)Belfast (Northern Ireland)\n\n1,274\n\n(source: McDonald's December 2016)[15]\n\n51,106\n\nIncludes Isle of Man and Jersey (1 each)England: 1,038Scotland: 95Wales: 62Northern Ireland: 26See McDonald's UK\n\n\n18\n\n Hong Kong( British Hong Kong at the time)\n\nJanuary 8, 1975\n\nPaterson Street, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong Island.[18]\n\n237\n\nR(source: McDonald's 2013)\n\n31,118\n\nThen a British Crown colony/Dependent Territory. See McDonald's Hong Kong\n\n\n19\n\n Bahamas\n\nAugust 4, 1975\n\nNassau\n\n3\n\n(source: Dec. 2012)\n\n131,000\n\nFirst outlet in an independent country of the Caribbean.\n\n\n20\n\n New Zealand (details)\n\nJune 7, 1976\n\nPorirua Central, Wellington[19]\n\n166\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n29,574\n\nFounded in New Zealand by Wally and Hugh Morris[20]First South Island restaurants opened at Linwood and Merivale, both Christchurch, on 3 November 1987.[21] See McDonald's New Zealand.\n\n\n21\n\n Switzerland\n\nOctober 20, 1976\n\nGeneva\n\n167\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n51,858\n\nsee McDonald's Switzerland\n\n\n22\n\n Ireland\n\nMay 9, 1977\n\nGrafton Street, Dublin\n\n89\n\n(source: McDonald's 2013)\n\n53,505\n\nFirst drive-thru in Europe opened in Nutgrove, Dublin and first McCafé in Europe Grafton Street, Dublin, see McDonald's Ireland\n\n\n23\n\n Austria\n\nJuly 21, 1977\n\nSchwarzenbergplatz, Vienna\n\n195\n\n(source: McDonald's 2018)\n\n45,246\n\nsee McDonald's Austria\n\n\n24\n\n Belgium\n\nMarch 21, 1978\n\nBrussels\n\n74\n\n(source: McDonald's 2015)\n\n152,027\n\nA division of Sybesma & de Wolff (Master Franchisees McDonald's Europe), with most stores being owned by S&DW. See McDonald's Belgium\n\n\n25\n\n Brazil\n\nFebruary 13, 1979\n\nRio de Janeiro\n\n812\n\n(source: McDonald's 2013)\n\n255,357\n\nFirst outlet in South America and first outlet in a lusophone country. See McDonald's Brazil\n\n\n26\n\n Singapore\n\nOctober 20, 1979\n\nLiat Towers, Orchard Road\n\n136\n\n(source: Dec. 2012)\n\n44,856\n\nFirst outlet in Southeast Asia. See McDonald's Singapore\n\n\n27\n\n Spain\n\nMarch 10, 1981\n\nGran Vía, Madrid\n\n507[22]\n\n(source: July 2018)\n\n93,406\n\nFirst outlet in the Iberian Peninsula, see McDonald's Spain\n\n\n28\n\n Denmark\n\nApril 15, 1981\n\nVesterbrogade 2D, Copenhagen\n\n88\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n64,595\n\nSee McDonald's Denmark\n\n\n29\n\n Philippines\n\nSeptember 27, 1981\n\nMorayta, Sampaloc, Manila\n\n572\n\n(source: February 2018)[23][24]\n\n183,423\n\nSee McDonald's Philippines\n\n\n30\n\n Malaysia\n\nApril 29, 1982\n\nJalan Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur[25]\n\n271\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n100,417\n\nFirst outlet in a Muslim-majority country. See McDonald's Malaysia\n\n\n31\n\n Norway\n\nNovember 18, 1983\n\nNedre Slottsgate, Oslo\n\n73\n\n(source: Jun. 2017)\n\n72,150\n\nsee McDonald's Norway\n\n\n32\n\n Taiwan\n\nJanuary 28, 1984\n\nMinsheng East Road, Taipei\n\n413\n\n(source: 2015)\n\n56,949\n\nLeft in 1992 during investigations of restaurant bombings in Taiwan, but returned that same year after investigations concluded.\nSee McDonald's Taiwan\n\n\n\n33\n\n Andorra\n\nJune 29, 1984\n\nAndorra la Vella\n\n5\n\n(source: 2018)[26]\n\n17,000\n\n\n\n\n34\n\n Finland\n\nDecember 14, 1984\n\nHämeenkatu 17, Tampere\n\n65\n\n(source: June 2017 [2])\n\n84,676\n\nsee McDonald's Finland\n\n\n35\n\n Thailand\n\nFebruary 23, 1985\n\nBangkok\n\n240\n\n(source: 2017)\n\n283,162\n\nsee McDonald's Thailand\n\n\n36\n\n Aruba\n\nApril 4, 1985\n\nOranjestad\n\n4\n\n(source: 2016)\n\n25,750\n\nSee McDonald's Aruba and Curaçao\n\n\n37\n\n Luxembourg\n\nJuly 17, 1985\n\nLuxembourg City\n\n10\n\n(source: 2013)\n\n57,600\n\nsee McDonald's Luxembourg\n\n\n38\n\n Venezuela\n\nAugust 31, 1985\n\nCaracas\n\n140\n\n(source: 2013 website)\n\n226,964\n\nsee McDonald's Venezuela\n\n\n39\n\n Italy\n\nMarch 20, 1985\n\nPiazza di Spagna, Rome\n\n571\n\n(source: 2018)[27]\n\n106,296\n\nsee McDonald's Italy\n\n\n40\n\n Mexico\n\nOctober 29, 1985\n\nMexico City\n\n402\n\n(source: Dec. 2012)\n\n297,340\n\nsee McDonald's Mexico\n\n\n41\n\n Cuba\n\nApril 24, 1986\n\nGuantanamo Bay\n\n1\n\n(source: Dec. 2012)\n\n11,239,000\n\nGuantanamo Bay – Open only to base personnel.\n\n\n42\n\n Turkey\n\nOctober 24, 1986\n\nIstanbul\n\n250\n\n(source: 2018)[28]\n\n313,000\n\nsee McDonald's Turkey. First outlet in West Asia.\n\n\n43\n\n Argentina\n\nNovember 24, 1986\n\nBelgrano, Buenos Aires\n\n222\n\n(source: Jun. 2018)\n\n207,736\n\nsee McDonald's Argentina.\n\n\n44\n\n Macau( Portuguese Macau at the time)\n\nApril 11, 1987\n\nRua do Campo, Cathedral Parish, Macau Peninsula\n\n27\n\n(source: Dec. 2012)\n\n24,111\n\nThen Portuguese territory; McDonald's would only open a restaurant in Portugal itself 4 years later. see List of restaurants.\n\n\n45\n\n Serbia(part of Yugoslavia at the time)\n\nMarch 24, 1988\n\nSlavija Square, Belgrade\n\n30\n\n(source: October 2016)[29]\n\n271,461\n\nFirst outlet in a communist country and first outlet in the Balkans. See McDonald's Serbia\n\n\n46\n\n South Korea\n\nMarch 29, 1988\n\nGangnam District, Seoul\n\n450[30]\n\n(source: June 2017)\n\n113,888\n\nSee McDonald's South Korea\n\n\n47\n\n Hungary( HPR at the time)\n\nApril 13, 1988\n\nBudapest[31]\n\n89\n\n(source: 2018)[32]\n\n109,222\n\nSecond communist country, first Warsaw Pact member, thus first outlet behind the Iron Curtain. See McDonald's Hungary\n\n\n48\n\n Russia(part of Soviet Union at the time)\n\nJanuary 31, 1990\n\nPushkin Square, Moscow\n\n645\n\n(source: January 2017)[33]\n\n223,255\n\nSee McDonald's Russia\n\n\n49\n\n PR of China\n\nOctober 8, 1990\n\nShenzhen\n\n2,391\n\n(source: December 2016)[34]\n\n624,336>\n\nSee McDonald's China.\n\n\n50\n\n Chile\n\nNovember 19, 1990\n\nSantiago de Chile\n\n77\n\n(source: Dec. 2012)\n\n233,844\n\nSee McDonald's Chile\n\n\n51\n\n Indonesia\n\nFebruary 23, 1991\n\nSarinah, Jakarta\n\n170\n\n(source: 2016)\n\n1,550,058\n\nSee McDonald's Indonesia\n\n\n52\n\n Portugal\n\nMay 23, 1991\n\nCascaiShopping, Cascais\n\n148\n\n(source: Sep. 2015)\n\n69,871\n\nSee McDonald's Portugal\n\n\n53\n\n Greece\n\nNovember 12, 1991\n\nAthens Syntagma Sq.\n\n23\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n456,458\n\nSee McDonald's Greece\n\n\n54\n\n Uruguay\n\nNovember 18, 1991\n\nMontevideo\n\n21\n\n(source: 2014)\n\n163,190\n\nSee McDonald's Uruguay\n\n\n55\n\n Martinique\n\nDecember 16, 1991\n\nFort-de-France\n\n9\n\n(source: 2016)\n\n42,888\n\nSee McDonald's French Antilles\n\n\n56\n\n Czech Republic(part of Czechoslovakia at the time)\n\nMarch 20, 1992\n\nVodičkova street, Prague\n\n95\n\n(source: Feb. 2015)\n\n111,094\n\nSee McDonald's Czech Republic\n\n\n57\n\n Guadeloupe\n\nApril 8, 1992\n\n\n\n8\n\n(source: 2016)\n\n50,250\n\nSee McDonald's French Antilles\n\n\n58\n\n Poland\n\nJune 16, 1992\n\nMarszałkowska Street, Warsaw in department store \"Sezam\"\n\n403\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n94,875\n\nSee McDonald's Poland\n\n\n59\n\n Monaco\n\nNovember 20, 1992\n\nMonte Carlo\n\n2\n\n\n\n19,000\n\n\n\n\n60\n\n Brunei\n\nDecember 12, 1992\n\nBandar Seri Begawan\n\n2\n\n(source: 2016)\n\n208,500\n\n\n\n\n61\n\n Morocco\n\nDecember 18, 1992\n\nCasablanca\n\n41\n\n(source: 2018)[35]\n\n846,200\n\nFirst outlet in Africa – McDonald's is now present in all continents except Antarctica. See McDonald's Morocco\n\n\n62\n\n Northern Marianas\n\nMarch 18, 1993\n\nSaipan\n\n2\n\n(source:August 2011)\n\n26,500\n\nFirst outlet opened on the island of Saipan – Along with a second outlet in 1997\n\n\n63\n\n Israel (details)\n\nOctober 14, 1993\n\nAyalon Mall, Ramat Gan\n\n185\n\n(source: 2016)\n\n47,021\n\nFirst outlet in the Middle East. See McDonald's Israel\n\n\n64\n\n Slovenia\n\nDecember 2, 1993\n\nIn Čopova Street, Ljubljana\n\n20\n\n(source: 2016)\n\n103,300\n\nSee McDonald's Slovenia\n\n\n65\n\n Saudi Arabia\n\nDecember 8, 1993\n\nRiyadh\n\n263\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n147,321\n\nSee McDonald's Saudi Arabia McDonald's Saudi Arabia\n\n\n66\n\n Kuwait\n\nJune 15, 1994\n\n\n\n72\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n57,973\n\nSee McDonald's Kuwait\n\n\n67\n\n New Caledonia\n\nJuly 26, 1994\n\nNouméa\n\n2\n\n(source: 2012)\n\n134,500\n\n\n\n\n68\n\n Oman\n\nJuly 30, 1994\n\n\n\n23\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n304,866\n\nSee McDonald's Oman\n\n\n69\n\n Egypt\n\nOctober 20, 1994\n\nCairo\n\n100\n\n(source: 2017)\n\n1,260,621\n\nSee McDonald's Egypt\n\n\n70\n\n Bulgaria\n\nDecember 10, 1994\n\nPlovdiv\n\n42\n\n(source: 2011)\n\n169,095\n\nSee [3]\n\n\n71\n\n Bahrain\n\nDecember 15, 1994\n\nMuharraq City\n\n23\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n68,900\n\nSee McDonald's Bahrain\n\n\n72\n\n Latvia\n\nDecember 15, 1994\n\nRiga\n\n12\n\n(source: June 2012)[36]\n\n162,750\n\nFirst outlet in the Baltics. See McDonald's Latvia\n\n\n73\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\nDecember 21, 1994\n\nAbu Dhabi\n\n165\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n88,938\n\nSee McDonald's UAE\n\n\n74\n\n Estonia\n\nApril 29, 1995\n\nTallinn\n\n10\n\n(source: June 2015)[37]\n\n131,600\n\nSee McDonald's Estonia\n\n\n75\n\n Romania\n\nJune 16, 1995\n\nBucharest\n\n70\n\n(source: 2017)\n\n280,543\n\nSee McDonald's Romania\n\n\n76\n\n Malta\n\nJuly 7, 1995\n\nValletta\n\n10\n\n(source: McDonald's 2016, 9 in Malta, 1 in Gozo)\n\n44,500\n\nSee McDonald's Malta\n\n\n77\n\n Colombia\n\nJuly 14, 1995\n\nCentro Andino, Bogota\n\n81\n\n(source: July 2013)\n\n607,530\n\nSee McDonald's Colombia\n\n\n78\n\n Slovakia\n\nOctober 14, 1995\n\nBanská Bystrica\n\n30\n\n(source: 2015)\n\n180,866\n\nSee McDonald's Slovakia\n\n\n79\n\n South Africa\n\nNovember 11, 1995\n\nBlackheath, Gauteng\n\n252\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n244,253\n\nSee McDonald's South Africa\n\n\n80\n\n Qatar\n\nDecember 13, 1995\n\n\n\n42\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n107,040\n\nSee McDonald's Qatar\n\n\n81\n\n Honduras\n\nDecember 14, 1995\n\nTegucigalpa\n\n8\n\n\n\n1,031,250\n\nSee McDonald's Honduras\n\n\n82\n\n Sint Maarten\n\nDecember 15, 1995\n\nPhilipsburg\n\n3\n\n(source: December 2013)\n\n11,333\n\n\n\n\n83\n\n Croatia\n\nFebruary 2, 1996\n\nZagreb\n\n30\n\n(source: 2018)[38]\n\n139,033\n\nSee McDonald's Croatia\n\n\n84\n\n Samoa(named Western Samoa at the time)\n\nMarch 2, 1996\n\nApia\n\n1\n\n\n\n192,000\n\n\n\n\n85\n\n Fiji\n\nMay 1, 1996\n\nSuva\n\n4\n\n(source: 2001)\n\n224,690\n\nAs of April 2012, Fiji is the only country in the world to still use the 2003 \"i'm lovin' it\" packaging, even though the other countries are using the 2008 packaging for meals and items. See McDonald's Fiji\n\n\n86\n\n Liechtenstein\n\nMay 3, 1996\n\nTriesen\n\n1\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n38,111\n\nSee McDonald's Switzerland\n\n\n87\n\n Lithuania\n\nMay 31, 1996\n\nVilnius\n\n13\n\n(source: 2018)[39]\n\n257,090\n\nSee McDonald's Lithuania\n\n\n88\n\n India\n\nOctober 13, 1996[40]\n\nDelhi\n\n290+\n\n(source: 2017)[41][42]\n\n5,306,288>\n\nFirst outlet in South Asia. See McDonald's India\n\n\n89\n\n Peru\n\nOctober 18, 1996\n\nLima\n\n40\n\n(source: 2014)\n\n778,800\n\nSee McDonald's Peru\n\n\n90\n\n Jordan\n\nNovember 7, 1996\n\nAmman\n\n31\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n352,928\n\n\n\n\n91\n\n Paraguay\n\nNovember 21, 1996\n\nAsuncion\n\n11\n\n(source: 2011)\n\n616,636\n\nSee McDonald's Paraguay\n\n\n92\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nNovember 30, 1996\n\nSanto Domingo\n\n31\n\n\n\n325,000\n\nCountry with the second most locations of McDonald's in the Caribbean, after Puerto Rico. See McDonald's Dominican Republic\n\n\n93\n\n French Polynesia\n\nDecember 10, 1996\n\nTahiti\n\n6\n\n\n\n47,666\n\n\n\n\n94\n\n Belarus\n\nDecember 10, 1996\n\nMinsk\n\n13\n\n(source: 2017)\n\n864,272\n\n\nFirst McDonald's in a non-Baltic former Soviet republic (not including Russia)\nThe company claimed this as McDonald's \"100th country\" although this calculation included many non-sovereign territories. See McDonald's Belarus.\n\n\n95\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n\nMay 6, 1997\n\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n225,000\n\nMcDonald's previously had stores in Trinidad (May 6, 1997 – October 25, 2003) but closed due to low sales. Re-opened at The Falls At West Mall in 2011 and has expanded to 5 other locations.[43]\n\n\n96\n\n Ukraine\n\nMay 24, 1997\n\nKyiv\n\n80\n\n(source: October 2017)\n\n545,410\n\nAll three restaurants in the peninsula of Crimea were closed in 2014. See McDonald's Ukraine\n\n\n97\n\n Cyprus\n\nJune 12, 1997\n\nLarnaca\n\n18\n\n(source: 2016)\n\n63,388\n\nSee McDonald's Cyprus\n\n\n98\n\n Jersey\n\nAugust 1, 1997\n\nSaint Helier\n\n1\n\n\n\n100,080\n\n\n\n\n99\n\n Ecuador\n\nOctober 9, 1997\n\n6 de Diciembre Avenue, Quito\n\n27\n\n(source: 2014)\n\n597,925\n\nSee McDonald's Ecuador\n\n\n100\n\n Bolivia\n\nOctober 24, 1997\n\nLa Paz\n\n1\n\n\n\n10,980,000\n\nMcDonald's was open in Bolivia from October 24, 1997 to September 30, 2002, when it closed due to slow sales and cost. A new restaurant opened on October 10, 2017 after fifteen years of absence.\n\n\n101\n\n Reunion\n\nDecember 14, 1997\n\nSaint-Denis\n\n4\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n210,904\n\n\n\n\n102\n\n Isle of Man\n\nDecember 15, 1997\n\nDouglas\n\n1\n\n\n\n84,000\n\n\n\n\n103\n\n Suriname\n\nDecember 18, 1997\n\nParamaribo\n\n2\n\n(source: 2010)\n\n293,000\n\n\n\n\n104\n\n Moldova\n\nApril 30, 1998\n\nChișinău\n\n5\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n599,647\n\nSee McDonald's Moldova\n\n\n105\n\n Nicaragua\n\nJuly 11, 1998\n\nManagua\n\n6\n\n(source: June 2010)\n\n1,027,833\n\nMcDonald's outlets ceased operation during the Nicaraguan civil war and re-established a presence in 1998 after an absence of two decades. During the civil war one continued operating as \"Donald's\".[44] See McDonald's Nicaragua\n\n\n106\n\n Lebanon\n\nSeptember 18, 1998\n\nBeirut\n\n33\n\n(source: 2013)\n\n187,424\n\n\n\n\n107\n\n Pakistan\n\nSeptember 19, 1998[45]\n\nKarachi\n\n60\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n2,885,757\n\nMcDonald's Pakistan\n\n\n108\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nOctober 16, 1998\n\nColombo\n\n7\n\n(source: March 4, 2013)\n\n2,896,857\n\nsee McDonald's Sri Lanka\n\n\n109\n\n Georgia\n\nFebruary 5, 1999\n\nRustaveli Avenue, Tbilisi\n\n14\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n338,181\n\nFirst outlet in the Caucasus. See McDonald's Georgia\n\n\n110\n\n San Marino\n\nJuly 6, 1999\n\nBorgo Maggiore\n\n1\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n33,328\n\nSee McDonald's Italy\n\n\n111\n\n Gibraltar\n\nAugust 13, 1999\n\nWestside\n\n1\n\n(source: 2018)\n\n32,194\n\nSee McDonald's Spain\n\n\n112\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nNovember 6, 1999\n\nFountains Square, Baku\n\n12\n\n(source: 2016)[46]\n\n818,666\n\nSee McDonald's Azerbaijan\n\n\n113\n\n French Guiana\n\nFebruary 22, 2000\n\nCayenne\n\n2\n\n(source: 2016)\n\n125,000\n\nSee McDonald's French Antilles\n\n\n114\n\n American Samoa\n\nSeptember 29, 2000\n\n\n\n2\n\n(source: 2008)\n\n27,000\n\n\n\n\n115\n\n Mauritius\n\nJuly 4, 2001\n\nPort Louis\n\n7\n\n\n\n192,571\n\n\n\n\n117\n\n Iraq\n\nAugust 10, 2006\n\nBaghdad\n\n1\n\n(source: 2006)\n\n38,146,000\n\nOne location in Baghdad for the U.S. Army, but there is also a knockoff called MaDonal.\n\n\n118\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nJuly 21, 2011[47]\n\nSarajevo\n\n4\n\n(source: 2015)\n\n882,790\n\nAfter some 10 years of trying to enter the Bosnian market with no success, McDonald's opened its first restaurant in BiH on 20 July 2011. See McDonald's Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\n\n119\n\n Vietnam\n\nFebruary 8, 2014\n\nHo Chi Minh City\n\n17\n\n(source: 2017)\n\n6,180,000\n\nSee McDonald's Vietnam\n\n\n120\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nMarch 8, 2016\n\nAstana\n\n9\n\n\n\n1,778,844\n\nFirst outlet in Central Asia. See McDonald's Kazakhstan\n\n\n121\n\n Tunisia\n\n\n\nTunis\n\n\n\nComing Soon\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n122\n\n Kenya\n\nComing Soon\n\nNairobi\n\n\n\n(source: 2017)\n\n49,125,325\n\nAnnounced on December 10, 2017. McDonald's is still yet to open in Kenya.\n\n"
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"920"
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8620106205487572296 | Amanita muscaria | Amanita muscaria - wikipedia Amanita muscaria Species of fungus in the genus Amanita Amanita muscaria Showing three stages as the mushroom expands Scientific classification Kingdom : Fungi Division : Basidiomycota Class : Agaricomycetes Order : Agaricales Family : Amanitaceae Genus : Amanita Species : A. muscaria Binomial name Amanita muscaria ( L . ) Lam. ( 1783 ) Subspecies and varieties A. muscaria subsp . flavivolvata Singer A. muscaria var . guessowii Veselý A. muscaria var . inzengae Neville & Poumarat Amanita muscaria Mycological characteristics gills on hymenium cap is flat or convex hymenium is free stipe has a ring and volva spore print is white ecology is mycorrhizal edibility : poisonous or psychoactive Amanita muscaria , commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita , is a basidiomycete mushroom , one of many in the genus Amanita . It is also a muscimol mushroom . Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere , Amanita muscaria has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere , generally as a symbiont with pine and birch plantations , and is now a true cosmopolitan species . It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees . Arguably the most iconic toadstool species , the fly agaric is a large white - gilled , white - spotted , usually red mushroom , and is one of the most recognisable and widely encountered in popular culture . Although classified as poisonous , reports of human deaths resulting from its ingestion are extremely rare . After parboiling -- which weakens its toxicity and breaks down the mushroom 's psychoactive substances -- it is eaten in parts of Europe , Asia , and North America . Amanita muscaria is noted for its hallucinogenic properties , with its main psychoactive constituents being the compounds ibotenic acid and muscimol . The mushroom was used as an intoxicant and entheogen by the peoples of Siberia , and has a religious significance in these cultures . There has been much speculation on possible traditional use of this mushroom as an intoxicant in other places such as the Middle East , Eurasia , North America , and Scandinavia . Contents 1 Taxonomy and naming 1.1 Classification 1.1. 1 Controversy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Toxicity 4.1 Pharmacology 4.2 Symptoms 4.3 Treatment 4.4 Psychoactive use 4.5 Siberia 4.6 Other reports of use 4.7 Vikings 5 Fly trap 6 In religion 6.1 Soma 6.2 Christianity 7 Culinary use 8 Legal status 9 Cultural depictions 9.1 Literature 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Works cited 12 External links Taxonomy and naming ( edit ) The name of the mushroom in many European languages is thought to be derived from its use as an insecticide when sprinkled in milk . This practice has been recorded from Germanic - and Slavic - speaking parts of Europe , as well as the Vosges region and pockets elsewhere in France , and Romania . Albertus Magnus was the first to record it in his work De vegetabilibus some time before 1256 , commenting vocatur fungus muscarum , eo quod in lacte pulverizatus interficit muscas , `` it is called the fly mushroom because it is powdered in milk to kill flies . '' Showing the partial veil under the cap dropping away to form a ring around the stipe The 16th - century Flemish botanist Carolus Clusius traced the practice of sprinkling it into milk to Frankfurt in Germany , while Carl Linnaeus , the `` father of taxonomy '' , reported it from Småland in southern Sweden , where he had lived as a child . He described it in volume two of his Species Plantarum in 1753 , giving it the name Agaricus muscarius , the specific epithet deriving from Latin musca meaning `` fly '' . It gained its current name in 1783 , when placed in the genus Amanita by Jean - Baptiste Lamarck , a name sanctioned in 1821 by the `` father of mycology '' , Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries . The starting date for all the mycota had been set by general agreement as January 1 , 1821 , the date of Fries 's work , and so the full name was then Amanita muscaria ( L. : Fr . ) Hook . The 1987 edition of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature changed the rules on the starting date and primary work for names of fungi , and names can now be considered valid as far back as May 1 , 1753 , the date of publication of Linnaeus 's work . Hence , Linnaeus and Lamarck are now taken as the namers of Amanita muscaria ( L . ) Lam ... The English mycologist John Ramsbottom reported that Amanita muscaria was used for getting rid of bugs in England and Sweden , and bug agaric was an old alternative name for the species . French mycologist Pierre Bulliard reported having tried without success to replicate its fly - killing properties in his work Histoire des plantes vénéneuses et suspectes de la France ( 1784 ) , and proposed a new binomial name Agaricus pseudo-aurantiacus because of this . One compound isolated from the fungus is 1 , 3 - diolein ( 1 , 3 - Di ( cis - 9 - octadecenoyl ) glycerol ) , which attracts insects . It has been hypothesised that the flies intentionally seek out the fly agaric for its intoxicating properties . An alternative derivation proposes that the term fly - refers not to insects as such but rather the delirium resulting from consumption of the fungus . This is based on the medieval belief that flies could enter a person 's head and cause mental illness . Several regional names appear to be linked with this connotation , meaning the `` mad '' or `` fool 's '' version of the highly regarded edible mushroom Amanita caesarea . Hence there is oriol foll `` mad oriol '' in Catalan , mujolo folo from Toulouse , concourlo fouolo from the Aveyron department in Southern France , ovolo matto from Trentino in Italy . A local dialect name in Fribourg in Switzerland is tsapi de diablhou , which translates as `` Devil 's hat '' . Classification ( edit ) Amanita muscaria is the type species of the genus . By extension , it is also the type species of Amanita subgenus Amanita , as well as section Amanita within this subgenus . Amanita subgenus Amanita includes all Amanita with inamyloid spores . Amanita section Amanita includes the species which have very patchy universal veil remnants , including a volva that is reduced to a series of concentric rings and the veil remnants on the cap to a series of patches or warts . Most species in this group also have a bulbous base . Amanita section Amanita consists of A. muscaria and its close relatives , including A. pantherina ( the panther cap ) , A. gemmata , A. farinosa , and A. xanthocephala . Modern fungal taxonomists have classified Amanita muscaria and its allies this way based on gross morphology and spore inamyloidy . Two recent molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed this classification as natural . Controversy ( edit ) Amanita muscaria var . formosa is now a synonym for Amanita muscaria var . guessowii . Amanita muscaria varies considerably in its morphology , and many authorities recognize several subspecies or varieties within the species . In The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy , German mycologist Rolf Singer listed three subspecies , though without description : A. muscaria ssp . muscaria , A. muscaria ssp . americana , and A. muscaria ssp . flavivolvata . However , a 2006 molecular phylogenetic study of different regional populations of A. muscaria by mycologist József Geml and colleagues found three distinct clades within this species representing , roughly , Eurasian , Eurasian `` subalpine '' , and North American populations . Specimens belonging to all three clades have been found in Alaska ; this has led to the hypothesis that this was the centre of diversification for this species . The study also looked at four named varieties of the species : var . alba , var . flavivolvata , var . formosa ( including var . guessowii ) , and var . regalis from both areas . All four varieties were found within both the Eurasian and North American clades , evidence that these morphological forms are polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies or varieties . Further molecular study by Geml and colleagues published in 2008 show that these three genetic groups , plus a fourth associated with oak -- hickory -- pine forest in the southeastern United States and two more on Santa Cruz Island in California , are delineated from each other enough genetically to be considered separate species ; thus A. muscaria as it stands currently is evidently a species complex . The complex also includes at least three other closely related taxa that are currently regarded as species : A. breckonii is a buff - capped mushroom associated with conifers from the Pacific Northwest , and the brown - capped A. gioiosa and A. heterochroma from the Mediterranean Basin and from Sardinia respectively . Both of these last two are found with Eucalyptus and Cistus trees , and it is unclear whether they are native or introduced from Australia . Amanitaceae.org now only recognize three varieties but says that they will be segregated into their own taxa in the near future , the varieties are : Image Reference name Common name Synonym Description Amanita muscaria var . flavivolvata American fly agaric red , with yellow to yellowish - white warts . It is found from southern Alaska down through the Rocky Mountains , through Central America , all the way to Andean Colombia . Rodham Tulloss uses this name to describe all `` typical '' A. muscaria from indigenous New World populations . Amanita muscaria var . guessowii American fly agaric ( yellow variant ) Amanita muscaria var . formosa has a yellow to orange cap , with the centre more orange or perhaps even reddish orange . It is found most commonly in northeastern North America , from Newfoundland and Quebec south all the way to the state of Tennessee . Some authorities ( cf . Jenkins ) treat these populations as A. muscaria var . formosa , while others ( cf . Tulloss ) recognise them as a distinct variety . Amanita muscaria var . inzengae Inzenga 's fly agaric it has a yellow to orange - yellow cap with yellowish warts and stem which may be tan . Description ( edit ) Cross section of fruiting body , showing pigment under skin and free gills A large , conspicuous mushroom , Amanita muscaria is generally common and numerous where it grows , and is often found in groups with basidiocarps in all stages of development . Fly agaric fruiting bodies emerge from the soil looking like white eggs . After emerging from the ground , the cap is covered with numerous small white to yellow pyramid - shaped warts . These are remnants of the universal veil , a membrane that encloses the entire mushroom when it is still very young . Dissecting the mushroom at this stage will reveal a characteristic yellowish layer of skin under the veil ; this is helpful in identification . As the fungus grows , the red colour appears through the broken veil and the warts become less prominent ; they do not change in size , but are reduced relative to the expanding skin area . The cap changes from globose to hemispherical , and finally to plate - like and flat in mature specimens . Fully grown , the bright red cap is usually around 8 -- 20 cm ( 3 -- 8 in ) in diameter , although larger specimens have been found . The red colour may fade after rain and in older mushrooms . The free gills are white , as is the spore print . The oval spores measure 9 -- 13 by 6.5 -- 9 μm ; they do not turn blue with the application of iodine . The stipe is white , 5 -- 20 cm ( 2.0 -- 7.9 in ) high by 1 -- 2 cm ( 0.5 -- 1 in ) wide , and has the slightly brittle , fibrous texture typical of many large mushrooms . At the base is a bulb that bears universal veil remnants in the form of two to four distinct rings or ruffs . Between the basal universal veil remnants and gills are remnants of the partial veil ( which covers the gills during development ) in the form of a white ring . It can be quite wide and flaccid with age . There is generally no associated smell other than a mild earthiness . Although very distinctive in appearance , the fly agaric has been mistaken for other yellow to red mushroom species in the Americas , such as Armillaria cf . mellea and the edible Amanita basii -- a Mexican species similar to A. caesarea of Europe . Poison control centres in the U.S. and Canada have become aware that amarill ( Spanish for ' yellow ' ) is a common name for the A. caesarea - like species in Mexico . Amanita caesarea can be distinguished by its entirely orange to red cap which lacks the numerous white warty spots of the fly agaric . Furthermore , the stem , gills and ring of A. caesarea are bright yellow , not white . The volva is a distinct white bag , not broken into scales . In Australia , the introduced fly agaric may be confused with the native vermilion grisette ( Amanita xanthocephala ) , which grows in association with eucalypts . The latter species generally lacks the white warts of A. muscaria and bears no ring . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) A. muscaria in a Pinus radiata plantation , near Mount Field National Park , Tasmania Amanita muscaria is a cosmopolitan mushroom , native to conifer and deciduous woodlands throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere , including higher elevations of warmer latitudes in regions such as Hindu Kush , the Mediterranean and also Central America . A recent molecular study proposes that it had an ancestral origin in the Siberian -- Beringian region in the Tertiary period , before radiating outwards across Asia , Europe and North America . The season for fruiting varies in different climates : fruiting occurs in summer and autumn across most of North America , but later in autumn and early winter on the Pacific coast . This species is often found in similar locations to Boletus edulis , and may appear in fairy rings . Conveyed with pine seedlings , it has been widely transported into the southern hemisphere , including Australia , New Zealand , South Africa and South America , where it can be found in the southern Brazilian states of Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul . Ectomycorrhizal , Amanita muscaria forms symbiotic relationships with many trees , including pine , spruce , fir , birch , and cedar . Commonly seen under introduced trees , A. muscaria is the fungal equivalent of a weed in New Zealand , Tasmania and Victoria , forming new associations with southern beech ( Nothofagus ) . The species is also invading a rainforest in Australia , where it may be displacing the native species . It appears to be spreading northwards , with recent reports placing it near Port Macquarie on the New South Wales north coast . It was recorded under silver birch ( Betula pendula ) in Manjimup , Western Australia in 2010 . Although it has apparently not spread to eucalypts in Australia , it has been recorded associating with them in Portugal . Toxicity ( edit ) Mature . The white spots may wash off with heavy rainfall Amanita muscaria poisoning has occurred in young children and in people who ingested the mushrooms for a hallucinogenic experience . Occasionally it has been ingested in error , because immature button forms resemble puffballs . The white spots sometimes wash away during heavy rain and the mushrooms then may appear to be the edible A. caesarea . Amanita muscaria contains several biologically active agents , at least one of which , muscimol , is known to be psychoactive . Ibotenic acid , a neurotoxin , serves as a prodrug to muscimol , with approximately 10 -- 20 % converting to muscimol after ingestion . An active dose in adults is approximately 6 mg muscimol or 30 to 60 mg ibotenic acid ; this is typically about the amount found in one cap of Amanita muscaria . The amount and ratio of chemical compounds per mushroom varies widely from region to region and season to season , which can further confuse the issue . Spring and summer mushrooms have been reported to contain up to 10 times more ibotenic acid and muscimol than autumn fruitings . A fatal dose has been calculated as 15 caps . Deaths from this fungus A. muscaria have been reported in historical journal articles and newspaper reports , but with modern medical treatment , fatal poisoning from ingesting this mushroom is extremely rare . Many older books list Amanita muscaria as `` deadly '' , but this is an error that implies the mushroom is more toxic than it is . The North American Mycological Association has stated that there were : `` no reliably documented cases of death from toxins in these mushrooms in the past 100 years '' . The active constituents of this species are water - soluble , and boiling and then discarding the cooking water at least partly detoxifies A. muscaria . Drying may increase potency , as the process facilitates the conversion of ibotenic acid to the more potent muscimol . According to some sources , once detoxified , the mushroom becomes edible . Pharmacology ( edit ) Muscimol , the principal psychoactive constituent of A. muscaria Ibotenic acid , a prodrug to muscimol found in A. muscaria Muscarine , discovered in 1869 , was long thought to be the active hallucinogenic agent in A. muscaria . Muscarine binds with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors leading to the excitation of neurons bearing these receptors . The levels of muscarine in Amanita muscaria are minute when compared with other poisonous fungi such as Inocybe erubescens , the small white Clitocybe species C. dealbata and C. rivulosa . The level of muscarine in A. muscaria is too low to play a role in the symptoms of poisoning . The major toxins involved in A. muscaria poisoning are muscimol ( 3 - hydroxy - 5 - aminomethyl - 1 - isoxazole , an unsaturated cyclic hydroxamic acid ) and the related amino acid ibotenic acid . Muscimol is the product of the decarboxylation ( usually by drying ) of ibotenic acid . Muscimol and ibotenic acid were discovered in the mid-20th century . Researchers in England , Japan , and Switzerland showed that the effects produced were due mainly to ibotenic acid and muscimol , not muscarine . These toxins are not distributed uniformly in the mushroom . Most are detected in the cap of the fruit , a moderate amount in the base , with the smallest amount in the stalk . Quite rapidly , between 20 and 90 minutes after ingestion , a substantial fraction of ibotenic acid is excreted unmetabolised in the urine of the consumer . Almost no muscimol is excreted when pure ibotenic acid is eaten , but muscimol is detectable in the urine after eating A. muscaria , which contains both ibotenic acid and muscimol . Ibotenic acid and muscimol are structurally related to each other and to two major neurotransmitters of the central nervous system : glutamic acid and GABA respectively . Ibotenic acid and muscimol act like these neurotransmitters , muscimol being a potent GABA agonist , while ibotenic acid is an agonist of NMDA glutamate receptors and certain metabotropic glutamate receptors which are involved in the control of neuronal activity . It is these interactions which are thought to cause the psychoactive effects found in intoxication . Muscazone is another compound that has more recently been isolated from European specimens of the fly agaric . It is a product of the breakdown of ibotenic acid by ultra-violet radiation . Muscazone is of minor pharmacological activity compared with the other agents . Amanita muscaria and related species are known as effective bioaccumulators of vanadium ; some species concentrate vanadium to levels of up to 400 times those typically found in plants . Vanadium is present in fruit - bodies as an organometallic compound called amavadine . The biological importance of the accumulation process is unknown . Symptoms ( edit ) Fly agarics are known for the unpredictability of their effects . Depending on habitat and the amount ingested per body weight , effects can range from nausea and twitching to drowsiness , cholinergic crisis - like effects ( low blood pressure , sweating and salivation ) , auditory and visual distortions , mood changes , euphoria , relaxation , ataxia , and loss of equilibrium . In cases of serious poisoning the mushroom causes delirium , somewhat similar in effect to anticholinergic poisoning ( such as that caused by Datura stramonium ) , characterised by bouts of marked agitation with confusion , hallucinations , and irritability followed by periods of central nervous system depression . Seizures and coma may also occur in severe poisonings . Symptoms typically appear after around 30 to 90 minutes and peak within three hours , but certain effects can last for several days . In the majority of cases recovery is complete within 12 to 24 hours . The effect is highly variable between individuals , with similar doses potentially causing quite different reactions . Some people suffering intoxication have exhibited headaches up to ten hours afterwards . Retrograde amnesia and somnolence can result following recovery . Treatment ( edit ) Medical attention should be sought in cases of suspected poisoning . If the delay between ingestion and treatment is less than four hours , activated charcoal is given . Gastric lavage can be considered if the patient presents within one hour of ingestion . Inducing vomiting with syrup of ipecac is no longer recommended in any poisoning situation . There is no antidote , and supportive care is the mainstay of further treatment for intoxication . Though sometimes referred to as a deliriant and while muscarine was first isolated from A. muscaria and as such is its namesake , muscimol does not have action , either as an agonist or antagonist , at the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor site , and therefore atropine or physostigmine as an antidote is not recommended . If a patient is delirious or agitated , this can usually be treated by reassurance and , if necessary , physical restraints . A benzodiazepine such as diazepam or lorazepam can be used to control combativeness , agitation , muscular overactivity , and seizures . Only small doses should be used , as they may worsen the respiratory depressant effects of muscimol . Recurrent vomiting is rare , but if present may lead to fluid and electrolyte imbalances ; intravenous rehydration or electrolyte replacement may be required . Serious cases may develop loss of consciousness or coma , and may need intubation and artificial ventilation . Hemodialysis can remove the toxins , although this intervention is generally considered unnecessary . With modern medical treatment the prognosis is typically good following supportive treatment . Psychoactive use ( edit ) Photographed in Mount Lofty Botanic Gardens , Adelaide Hills , South Australia The wide range of psychoactive effects have been variously described as depressant , sedative - hypnotic , psychedelic , dissociative , and or deliriant ; paradoxical effects such as stimulation may occur however . Perceptual phenomena such as synesthesia , macropsia , and micropsia may occur ; the latter two effects may occur simultaneously and or alternatingly as part of Alice in Wonderland syndrome , collectively known as dysmetropsia , along with related distortions pelopsia and teleopsia . Some users report lucid dreaming under the influence of its hypnotic effects . Unlike Psilocybe cubensis , A. muscaria can not be commercially cultivated , due to its mycorrhizal relationship with the roots of pine trees . However , following the outlawing of psilocybin mushrooms in the United Kingdom in 2006 , the sale of the still legal A. muscaria began increasing . Professor Marija Gimbutienė , a renowned Lithuanian historian , reported to R. Gordon Wasson on the use of this mushroom in Lithuania . In remote areas of Lithuania Amanita muscaria has been consumed at wedding feasts , in which mushrooms were mixed with vodka . The professor also reported that the Lithuanians used to export A. muscaria to the Lapps in the Far North for use in shamanic rituals . The Lithuanian festivities are the only report that Wasson received of ingestion of fly agaric for religious use in Eastern Europe . Siberia ( edit ) Amanita muscaria was widely used as an entheogen by many of the indigenous peoples of Siberia . Its use was known among almost all of the Uralic - speaking peoples of western Siberia and the Paleosiberian - speaking peoples of the Russian Far East . There are only isolated reports of A. muscaria use among the Tungusic and Turkic peoples of central Siberia and it is believed that on the whole entheogenic use of A. muscaria was not practised by these peoples . In western Siberia , the use of A. muscaria was restricted to shamans , who used it as an alternative method of achieving a trance state . ( Normally , Siberian shamans achieve trance by prolonged drumming and dancing . ) In eastern Siberia , A. muscaria was used by both shamans and laypeople alike , and was used recreationally as well as religiously . In eastern Siberia , the shaman would take the mushrooms , and others would drink his urine . This urine , still containing psychoactive elements , may be more potent than the A. muscaria mushrooms with fewer negative effects such as sweating and twitching , suggesting that the initial user may act as a screening filter for other components in the mushroom . The Koryak of eastern Siberia have a story about the fly agaric ( wapaq ) which enabled Big Raven to carry a whale to its home . In the story , the deity Vahiyinin ( `` Existence '' ) spat onto earth , and his spittle became the wapaq , and his saliva becomes the warts . After experiencing the power of the wapaq , Raven was so exhilarated that he told it to grow forever on earth so his children , the people , could learn from it . Among the Koryaks , one report said that the poor would consume the urine of the wealthy , who could afford to buy the mushrooms . Other reports of use ( edit ) The Finnish historian T.I. Itkonen mentions that A. muscaria was once used among the Sami people : sorcerers in Inari would consume fly agarics with seven spots . In 1979 , Said Gholam Mochtar and Hartmut Geerken published an article in which they claim to have discovered a tradition of medicinal and recreational use of this mushroom among a Parachi - speaking group in Afghanistan . There are also unconfirmed reports of religious use of A. muscaria among two Subarctic Native American tribes . Ojibwa ethnobotanist Keewaydinoquay Peschel reported its use among her people , where it was known as the miskwedo . This information was enthusiastically received by Wasson , although evidence from other sources was lacking . There is also one account of a Euro - American who claims to have been initiated into traditional Tlicho use of Amanita muscaria . Vikings ( edit ) The notion that Vikings used A. muscaria to produce their berserker rages was first suggested by the Swedish professor Samuel Ödmann in 1784 . Ödmann based his theories on reports about the use of fly agaric among Siberian shamans . The notion has become widespread since the 19th century , but no contemporary sources mention this use or anything similar in their description of berserkers . Muscimol is generally a mild relaxant , but it can create a range of different reactions within a group of people . It is possible that it could make a person angry , or cause them to be `` very jolly or sad , jump about , dance , sing or give way to great fright '' . Fly trap ( edit ) Amanita muscaria is traditionally used for catching flies possibly due to its content of ibotenic acid and muscimol . Recently , an analysis of nine different methods for preparing A. muscaria for catching flies in Slovenia have shown that the release of ibotenic acid and muscimol did not depend on the solvent ( milk or water ) and that thermal and mechanical processing led to faster extraction of ibotenic acid and muscimol . In religion ( edit ) Soma ( edit ) See also : Botanical identity of Soma - Haoma In 1968 , R. Gordon Wasson proposed that A. muscaria was the Soma talked about in the Rig Veda of India , a claim which received widespread publicity and popular support at the time . He noted that descriptions of Soma omitted any description of roots , stems or seeds , which suggested a mushroom , and used the adjective hári `` dazzling '' or `` flaming '' which the author interprets as meaning red . One line described men urinating Soma ; this recalled the practice of recycling urine in Siberia . Soma is mentioned as coming `` from the mountains '' , which Wasson interpreted as the mushroom having been brought in with the Aryan invaders from the north . Indian scholars Santosh Kumar Dash and Sachinanda Padhy pointed out that both eating of mushrooms and drinking of urine were proscribed , using as a source the Manusmṛti . In 1971 , Vedic scholar John Brough from Cambridge University rejected Wasson 's theory and noted that the language was too vague to determine a description of Soma . In his 1976 survey , Hallucinogens and Culture , anthropologist Peter T. Furst evaluated the evidence for and against the identification of the fly agaric mushroom as the Vedic Soma , concluding cautiously in its favour . Christianity ( edit ) Mosaic of red mushrooms , found in the Christian Basilica of Aquileia in northern Italy , dating to before 330 AD Philologist , archeologist , and Dead Sea Scrolls scholar John Marco Allegro postulated that early Christian theology was derived from a fertility cult revolving around the entheogenic consumption of A. muscaria in his 1970 book The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross , but his theory has found little support by scholars outside the field of ethnomycology . The book was roundly discredited by academics and theologians , including Sir Godfrey Driver , Emeritus Professor of Semitic Philology at Oxford University , and Henry Chadwick , the Dean of Christ Church , Oxford . Christian author John C. King wrote a detailed rebuttal of Allegro 's theory in the 1970 book A Christian View of the Mushroom Myth ; he notes that neither fly agarics nor their host trees are found in the Middle East , even though cedars and pines are found there , and highlights the tenuous nature of the links between biblical and Sumerian names coined by Allegro . He concludes that if the theory were true , the use of the mushroom must have been `` the best kept secret in the world '' as it was so well concealed for two thousand years . Culinary use ( edit ) The toxins in A. muscaria are water - soluble . When sliced thinly , or finely diced and boiled in plentiful water until thoroughly cooked , it seems to be detoxified . Although its consumption as a food has never been widespread , the consumption of detoxified A. muscaria has been practiced in some parts of Europe ( notably by Russian settlers in Siberia ) since at least the 19th century , and likely earlier . The German physician and naturalist Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff wrote the earliest published account on how to detoxify this mushroom in 1823 . In the late 19th century , the French physician Félix Archimède Pouchet was a populariser and advocate of A. muscaria consumption , comparing it to manioc , an important food source in tropical South America that must be detoxified before consumption . Use of this mushroom as a food source also seems to have existed in North America . A classic description of this use of A. muscaria by an African - American mushroom seller in Washington , D.C. , in the late 19th century is described by American botanist Frederick Vernon Coville . In this case , the mushroom , after parboiling , and soaking in vinegar , is made into a mushroom sauce for steak . It is also consumed as a food in parts of Japan . The most well - known current use as an edible mushroom is in Nagano Prefecture , Japan . There , it is primarily salted and pickled . A 2008 paper by food historian William Rubel and mycologist David Arora gives a history of consumption of A. muscaria as a food and describes detoxification methods . They advocate that Amanita muscaria be described in field guides as an edible mushroom , though accompanied by a description on how to detoxify it . The authors state that the widespread descriptions in field guides of this mushroom as poisonous is a reflection of cultural bias , as several other popular edible species , notably morels , are toxic unless properly cooked . This mushroom has been widely consumed in Nagano , Japan , and is mainly pickled for consumption there . This mushroom also widely appears on the Central Coast of the United States in California and author Hank Shaw filled four grocery bags ' worth of them . Legal status ( edit ) Main article : Legal status of psychoactive Amanita mushrooms Cultural depictions ( edit ) Moritz von Schwind 's 1851 painting of Rübezahl features fly agarics . The red - and - white spotted toadstool is a common image in many aspects of popular culture . Garden ornaments and children 's picture books depicting gnomes and fairies , such as the Smurfs , often show fly agarics used as seats , or homes . Fly agarics have been featured in paintings since the Renaissance , albeit in a subtle manner . In the Victorian era they became more visible , becoming the main topic of some fairy paintings . Two of the most famous uses of the mushroom are in the video game series Super Mario Bros. ( specifically two of the power - up items and the platforms in several stages ) , and the dancing mushroom sequence in the 1940 Disney film Fantasia . Literature ( edit ) Jose de Creeft 's sculpture Alice in Wonderland in Eastern Central Park , New York . Alice sits on a mushroom , inviting children to climb up and join her . The mushroom in the sculpture is not a faithfully reproduced Amanita muscaria ; the reference within Lewis Carroll 's original literary work upon which the sculpture is based is often discussed . An account of the journeys of Philip von Strahlenberg to Siberia and his descriptions of the use of the mukhomor there was published in English in 1736 . The drinking of urine of those who had consumed the mushroom was commented on by Anglo - Irish writer Oliver Goldsmith in his widely read 1762 novel , Citizen of the World . The mushroom had been identified as the fly agaric by this time . Other authors recorded the distortions of the size of perceived objects while intoxicated by the fungus , including naturalist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke in his books The Seven Sisters of Sleep and A Plain and Easy Account of British Fungi . This observation is thought to have formed the basis of the effects of eating the mushroom in the 1865 popular story Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . A hallucinogenic `` scarlet toadstool '' from Lappland is featured as a plot element in Charles Kingsley 's 1866 novel Hereward the Wake based on the medieval figure of the same name . Thomas Pynchon 's 1973 novel Gravity 's Rainbow describes the fungus as a `` relative of the poisonous Destroying Angel '' and presents a detailed description of a character preparing a cookie bake mixture from harvested Amanita muscaria . Fly agaric shamanism is also explored in the 2003 novel Thursbitch by Alan Garner . See also ( edit ) Fungi portal List of Amanita species References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tulloss RE ; Yang Z-L ( 2012 ) . `` Amanita muscaria subsp . flavivolvata Singer '' . Studies in the Genus Amanita Pers . ( Agaricales , Fungi ) . 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Jump up ^ Benjamin , Mushrooms : poisons and panaceas , p 310 . ^ Jump up to : Rubel , W. ; Arora , D. ( 2008 ) . `` A Study of Cultural Bias in Field Guide Determinations of Mushroom Edibility Using the Iconic Mushroom , Amanita Muscaria , as an Example '' ( PDF ) . Economic Botany. 62 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 43 . doi : 10.1007 / s12231 - 008 - 9040 - 9 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Hank ( 2011 - 12 - 24 ) . `` How to Safely Eat Amanita Muscaia '' . honest-food.net . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Schmiedeberg O. ; Koppe R. ( 1869 ) . Das Muscarin , das giftige Alkaloid des Fliegenpilzes ( in German ) . Leipzig : F.C.W. Vogel . OCLC 6699630 . Jump up ^ Eugster , C.H. ( July 1968 ) . `` ( Active substances from the toadstool ) '' . Naturwissenschaften ( in German ) . 55 ( 7 ) : 305 -- 13 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00600445 . PMID 4878064 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Mushrooms : poisons and panaceas , p 306 . ^ Jump up to : Bowden , K. ; Drysdale , A.C. ; Mogey , G.A. ( June 1965 ) . `` Constituents of Amanita muscaria '' . Nature . 206 ( 991 ) : 1359 -- 60 . doi : 10.1038 / 2061359a0 . PMID 5891274 . ^ Jump up to : Eugster , C.H. ; Müller , G.F. ; Good , R. ( June 1965 ) . `` ( The active ingredients from Amanita muscaria : ibotenic acid and muscazone ) '' . Tetrahedron Lett. ( in German ) . 6 ( 23 ) : 1813 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / S0040 - 4039 ( 00 ) 90133 - 3 . PMID 5891631 . Jump up ^ Bowden , K. ; Drysdale , A.C. ( March 1965 ) . `` A novel constituent of Amanita muscaria '' . Tetrahedron Lett. 6 ( 12 ) : 727 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / S0040 - 4039 ( 01 ) 83973 - 3 . PMID 14291871 . Jump up ^ Takemoto , T. ; Nakajima , T. ; Yokobe , T. ( December 1964 ) . `` ( Structure of ibotenic acid ) '' . Yakugaku Zasshi ( in Japanese ) . 84 : 1232 -- 33 . PMID 14266560 . Jump up ^ Lampe , K.F. , 1978 . `` Pharmacology and therapy of mushroom intoxications '' . In : Rumack , B.H. , Salzman , E. ( Eds . ) , Mushroom Poisoning : Diagnosis and Treatment . CRC Press , Boca Raton , FL , pp. 125 -- 169 Jump up ^ Tsunoda , K. ; Inoue , N. ; Aoyagi , Y. ; Sugahara , T. ( 1993 ) . `` Changes in concentration of ibotenic acid and muscimol in the fruit body of Amanita muscaria during the reproduction stage : Food hygienic studies of toxigenic basidiomycotina : II '' ( pdf ) . J Food Hyg Soc Jpn. 34 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 24 . doi : 10.3358 / shokueishi. 34.18 . Jump up ^ Jørgensen , C.G. ; Bräuner - Osborne , H. ; Nielsen , B. ; et al. ( May 2007 ) . `` Novel 5 - substituted 1 - pyrazolol analogues of ibotenic acid : synthesis and pharmacology at glutamate receptors '' . Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry . 15 ( 10 ) : 3524 -- 38 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bmc. 2007.02. 047 . PMID 17376693 . Jump up ^ Fritz , H. ; Gagneux , A.R. ; Zbinden , R. ; Eugster , C.H. ( 1965 ) . `` The structure of muscazone '' . Tetrahedron Letters. 6 ( 25 ) : 2075 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / S0040 - 4039 ( 00 ) 90156 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Garner , C.D. ; Armstrong , E.M. ; Berry , R.E. ; et al. ( May 2000 ) . `` Investigations of Amavadin '' . Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry . 80 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 17 -- 20 . doi : 10.1016 / S0162 - 0134 ( 00 ) 00034 - 9 . PMID 10885458 . Jump up ^ Hubregtse , T. ; Neeleman , E. ; Maschmeyer , T. ; Sheldon , R.A. ; Hanefeld , U. ; Arends , I.W. ( May 2005 ) . `` The first enantioselective synthesis of the amavadin ligand and its complexation to vanadium '' . Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry . 99 ( 5 ) : 1264 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jinorgbio. 2005.02. 004 . PMID 15833352 . Jump up ^ Ott , J. ( 1976 ) . Hallucinogenic Plants of North America . Berkeley , CA : Wingbow Press . ISBN 0 - 914728 - 15 - 6 . Jump up ^ Vale , J.A. ; Kulig , K. ; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology ( 2004 ) . European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists . `` Position paper : gastric lavage '' . Journal of Toxicology : Clinical Toxicology. 42 ( 7 ) : 933 -- 43 . doi : 10.1081 / CLT - 200045006 . PMID 15641639 . Jump up ^ American Academy Of Clinical Toxico ; European Association Of Poisons Cen ( 2004 ) . `` Position paper : Ipecac syrup '' . Journal of Toxicology : Clinical Toxicology. 42 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 43 . doi : 10.1081 / CLT - 120037421 . PMID 15214617 . Jump up ^ Dart , R.C. ( 2004 ) . Medical toxicology . Philadelphia , PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 1719 -- 35 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 2845 - 2 . Jump up ^ Brent , J. ; Wallace , K.L. ; Burkhart , K.K. ; Phillips , S.D. ; Donovan , J.W. ( 2005 ) . Critical care toxicology : diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient . Philadelphia , PA : Elsevier Mosby . pp. 1263 -- 75 . ISBN 0 - 8151 - 4387 - 7 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Mushrooms : poisons and panaceas , p 313 . Jump up ^ Bosman , C.K. ; Berman , L. ; Isaacson , M. ; Wolfowitz , B. ; Parkes , J. ( October 1965 ) . `` Mushroom poisoning caused by Amanita pantherina . Report of 4 cases '' . South African Medical Journal . 39 ( 39 ) : 983 -- 86 . PMID 5892794 . Jump up ^ Hallucinogenic mushrooms an emerging trend case study ( PDF ) . Lisbon : European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 2006 . ISBN 92 - 9168 - 249 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wasson , R. Gordon ( 1980 ) . The Wondrous Mushroom : Mycolatry in Mesoamerica . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 068443 - X . ^ Jump up to : Nyberg , H. ( 1992 ) . `` Religious use of hallucinogenic fungi : A comparison between Siberian and Mesoamerican Cultures '' ( PDF ) . Karstenia. 32 ( 71 -- 80 ) . Jump up ^ Diaz , J. ( 1996 ) . How Drugs Influence Behavior : A Neurobehavioral Approach . Upper Saddle River , N.J. : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 02 - 328764 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ramsbottom , p 45 . Jump up ^ `` Several Shutulis asserted that Amanita - extract was administered orally as a medicine for treatment of psychotic conditions , as well as externally as a therapy for localised frostbite . '' Mochtar , S.G. ; Geerken , H. ( 1979 ) . Translated by P.G. Werner . `` The Hallucinogens Muscarine and Ibotenic Acid in the Middle Hindu Kush : A contribution on traditional medicinal mycology in Afghanistan '' . Afghanistan Journal ( in German ) . 6 : 62 -- 65 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Peschel , Keewaydinoquay ( 1978 ) . Puhpohwee for the people : a narrative account of some uses of fungi among the Ahnishinaubeg . Cambridge , MA : Botanical Museum of Harvard University . ISBN 1 - 879528 - 18 - 5 . Jump up ^ Navet , E. ( 1988 ) . `` Les Ojibway et l'Amanite tue - mouche ( Amanita muscaria ) . Pour une éthnomycologie des Indiens d'Amérique du Nord '' ( PDF ) . Journal de la Société des Américanistes ( in French ) . 74 ( 1 ) : 163 -- 80 . doi : 10.3406 / jsa. 1988.1334 . Jump up ^ Letcher , p 149 . Jump up ^ Larsen , S. ( 1976 ) . The Shaman 's Doorway . New York , NY : Station Hill Press . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 672 - 4 . Jump up ^ ( in Swedish ) Ödmann S. ( 1784 ) Försök at utur Naturens Historia förklara de nordiska gamla Kämpars Berserka - gang ( An attempt to Explain the Berserk - raging of Ancient Nordic Warriors through Natural History ) . Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens nya Handlingar 5 : 240 -- 247 ( In : Wasson , 1968 ) ^ Jump up to : Hoffer , A. ; Osmond , H. ( 1967 ) . The Hallucinogens . Academic Press . pp. 443 -- 54 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 351850 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lumpert ( 2016 ) . `` Catching flies with Amanita muscaria : traditional recipes from Slovenia and their efficacy in the extraction of ibotenic acid '' . Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 187 : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jep. 2016.04. 009 . PMID 27063872 . Jump up ^ Letcher , p 145 . Jump up ^ Letcher , p 146 . Jump up ^ Brough , J. ( 1971 ) . `` Soma and Amanita muscaria '' . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies ( BSOAS ) . 34 ( 02 ) : 331 -- 62 . doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X0012957X . Jump up ^ Furst , Peter T. ( 1976 ) . Hallucinogens and Culture . Chandler & Sharp . pp. 96 -- 108 . ISBN 0 - 88316 - 517 - 1 . Jump up ^ Allegro , J. ( 1970 ) . The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross : A Study of the Nature and Origins of Roman Theology within the Fertility Cults of the Ancient Near East . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 0 - 340 - 12875 - 5 . Jump up ^ Letcher , p 160 . Jump up ^ King , J.C. ( 1970 ) . A Christian View of the Mushroom Myth . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 0 - 340 - 12597 - 7 . Jump up ^ Letcher , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Viess , Debbie . `` Further Reflections on Amanita muscaria as an Edible Species '' Archived 2015 - 10 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , Mushroom : The Journal of Wild Mushrooming , Idaho , Fall 2011 - Winter 2012 . Retrieved on 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Coville , F.V. 1898 . Observations on Recent Cases of Mushroom Poisoning in the District of Columbia . United States Department of Agriculture , Division of Botany . U.S. Government Printing office , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Phipps , A.G. ; Bennett , B.C. ; Downum , K.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Japanese use of Beni - tengu - dake ( Amanita muscaria ) and the efficacy of traditional detoxification methods '' . Florida International University , Miami , Florida . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Safelty Eat Amanita Muscaria '' . Honest-food.net . Jump up ^ `` Art Registry : 1750 -- 1850 '' . Mykoweb . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Mushrooms : poisons and panaceas , p 295 . Jump up ^ `` The Registry of Mushrooms in Works of Art '' . Mykoweb . Archived from the original on 1 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mushrooms in Victorian Fairy Paintings , by Elio Schachter '' . Mushroom , the Journal of Wild Mushrooming . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Li , C. ; Oberlies , N.H. ( December 2005 ) . `` The most widely recognized mushroom : chemistry of the genus Amanita '' . Life Sciences . 78 ( 5 ) : 532 -- 38 . doi : 10.1016 / j. lfs. 2005.09. 003 . PMID 16203016 . Jump up ^ Ramsbottom , p 43 . ^ Jump up to : Letcher , p 126 . Jump up ^ Sacred Weeds : Fly Agaric , BBC documentary presented by Dr Andrew Sherratt , The Reader in European Pre-History at the University of Oxford ( prior to his resignation , formerly Professor of Archaeology , University of Oxford ) . Documentary released 1998 - 08 - 10 . Relevant material about 06 : 30 -- 07 : 00 minutes . Transcription : I then moved on to the appearance of the fly agaric mushroom in our own culture . This is the famous example from Lewis Carroll 's Alice in Wonderland , the caterpillar sitting on the mushroom . Alice bites a little piece of this to get larger / smaller . So there is some evidence that Lewis Carroll himself was aware of some of the properties of eating these mushrooms , and the way in which it altered perception . And so the image of the fly agaric became very common in Victorian literature , especially associated with faeries and little people sitting on mushrooms and toadstools . Jump up ^ Letcher , p 122 . Jump up ^ Letcher , p 123 . Jump up ^ Letcher , p 125 . Jump up ^ Letcher , p 127 . Jump up ^ Pynchon , T. ( 1995 ) . Gravity 's Rainbow . New York : Penguin Books . pp. 92 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 953321 - 4 . Jump up ^ Letcher , p 129 . Works cited ( edit ) Allegro , John ( 2009 ) . The sacred mushroom and the cross ( 40th anniversary ed . ) . Crestline , CA : Gnostic Media . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9825562 - 7 - 6 . Arora , David ( 1986 ) . Mushrooms demystified : a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley : Ten Speed Press . ISBN 0 - 89815 - 169 - 4 . Benjamin , Denis R. ( 1995 ) . Mushrooms : poisons and panaceas -- a handbook for naturalists , mycologists and physicians . New York : WH Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 2600 - 9 . Letcher , Andy ( 2006 ) . Shroom : A Cultural history of the magic mushroom . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22770 - 8 . Ramsbottom , J. ( 1953 ) . Mushrooms & Toadstools . Collins . ISBN 1 - 870630 - 09 - 2 . Furst , Peter T. ( 1976 ) . Hallucinogens and Culture . Chandler & Sharp . pp. 98 -- 106 . ISBN 0 - 88316 - 517 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amanita muscaria . Wikispecies has information related to Amanita muscaria Webpages on Amanita species by Tulloss and Yang Zhuliang Amanita on erowid.org Aminita muscaria , Amanita pantherina and others ( Group PIM G026 ) by IPCS INCHEM Amanita species Subgenus Amanita Section Amanita A. albocreata A. altipes A. aprica A. armeniaca A. augusta A. breckonii A. eliae A. farinosa A. frostiana A. gemmata A. ibotengutake A. multisquamosa A. muscaria A. nehuta A. parcivolvata A. pantherina A. parvipantherina A. regalis A. roseotincta A. rubrovolvata A. velatipes A. virgineoides A. viscidolutea A. wellsii A. xanthocephala Section Caesareae A. basii A. caesarea A. caesareoides A. chepangiana A. hemibapha A. jacksonii A. lanei A. spreta A. zambiana Section Vaginatae A. battarrae A. beckeri A. ceciliae A. crocea A. fulva A. liquii A. lividopallescens A. nivalis A. orientifulva A. pachycolea A. pekeoides A. umbrinolutea A. vaginata A. velosa Subgenus Amanitina Section Amidella A. curtipes A. ovoidea A. proxima A. volvata Section Phalloideae A. arocheae A. bisporigera A. exitialis A. fuliginea A. griseorosea A. magnivelaris A. marmorata subsp . myrtacearum A. manginiana A. molliuscula A. ocreata A. pallidorosea A. parviexitialis A. pseudoporphyria A. phalloides A. rimosa A. subfuliginea A. subjunquillea A. subpallidorosea A. verna A. virosa A. virosiformis Section Roanokenses A. abrupta A. atkinsoniana A. austroviridis A. ananaeceps A. cokeri A. daucipes A. echinocephala A. magniverrucata A. ochrophylla A. ochrophylloides A. onusta A. ravenelii A. rhopalopus A. smithiana A. solitaria Section Validae A. aestivalis A. australis A. brunnescens A. brunneolocularis A. citrina A. excelsa A. excelsa v. spissa A. flavella A. flavoconia A. flavorubens A. franchetii A. luteofusca A. nothofagi A. novinupta A. porphyria A. rubescens Subgenus Lepidella ( = Saproamanita ) Section Lepidella ( = Saproamanita ) A. nauseosa A. thiersii A. vittadinii Hallucinogenic mushrooms Mushroom hunting mushroom poisoning list of deadly fungus species list of poisonous fungus species list of psilocybin mushrooms legal status isoxazole mushrooms psilocybin mushrooms Psychoactive Amanita mushrooms Amanita A. muscaria A. muscaria var . guessowii A. pantherina Psilocybin mushrooms Conocybe C. cyanopus C. kuehneriana C. siligineoides Galerina G. steglichii Gymnopilus G. aeruginosus G. braendlei G. junonius G. liquiritiae G. luteofolius G. luteoviridis G. luteus G. purpuratus G. sapineus G. validipes G. viridans Inocybe I. aeruginascens I. corydalina var . corydalina I. tricolor Mycena M. cyanorrhiza M. pura Panaeolus P. africanus P. bisporus P. cambodginiensis P. cinctulus P. cyanescens P. fimicola P. olivaceus P. tropicalis Pholiotina P. cyanopus P. smithii Pluteus P. americanus P. brunneidiscus P. cyanopus P. glaucus P. nigroviridis P. phaeocyanopus P. salicinus P. villosus Psilocybe P. allenii P. atlantis P. aucklandii P. aztecorum P. azurescens P. baeocystis P. banderillensis P. caerulescens var . caerulescens P. caerulipes P. cubensis P. cyanescens P. cyanofibrillosa P. fimetaria P. graveolens P. hispanica P. hoogshagenii P. liniformans var . americana P. makarorae P. meridionalis P. mescaleroensis P. mexicana P. ovoideocystidiata P. pelliculosa P. plutonia P. quebecensis P. samuiensis P. semilanceata P. silvatica P. strictipes P. stuntzii P. subaeruginascens P. subaeruginosa P. tampanensis P. villarrealiae P. weraroa P. zapotecorum Poisonous Amanita mushrooms Subgenus Amanita Section Amanita Species A. albocreata A. crenulata A. farinosa A. frostiana A. gemmata A. multisquamosa A. muscaria A. pantherina A. porphyria A. regalis A. strobiliformis A. xanthocephala Compounds Toxins : Ibotenic Acid Muscimol Other compounds : Muscarine Muscazone Amavadine Subgenus Amanitina Subgenus Lepidella ( = Saproamanita ) Species A. thiersii Compounds unknown toxin Section Phalloideae Species Destroying angels A. bisporigera A. exitialis A. magnivelaris A. ocreata A. verna A. virosa A. virosiformis Other members A. arocheae A. phalloides A. subjunquilea Compounds Amatoxins Amanitins alpha - beta - gamma - epsilon - Amanullin Amanullinic acid Amaninamide Amanin Proamanullin Phallotoxins Phallacidin Phallacin Phallisacin Phallisin Phalloidin Phalloin Prophalloin Virotoxins Alaviroidin Viroisin Deoxoviroisin Viroidin Deoxoviroidin Other compounds Antamanide Phallolysin Toxophallin Section Roanokenses Species A. proxima A. smithiana A. sphaerobulbosa Compounds Allenic norleucine ( 2 - amino - 4 , 5 - hexadienoic acid ) Propargylglycine Section Validae Species A. rubescens ( A. amerirubescens nom . prov . ) Compounds Rubescenslysin Taxon identifiers Amanita muscaria Wikidata : Q131227 Wikispecies : Amanita muscaria ARKive : amanita - muscaria EoL : 2866150 EPPO : AMANMU Fungorum : 161267 GBIF : 3329049 iNaturalist : 48715 IRMNG : 10522246 MycoBank : 161267 NBN : NHMSYS0001474455 NCBI : 41956 NZOR : f82dee32 - cb5c - 4401 - ae81 - 7458987e5167 Agaricus muscarius Wikidata : Q21870095 Fungorum : 375287 GBIF : 5451774 IRMNG : 10646234 MycoBank : 375287 NZOR : a92842f8 - 1e65 - 442e - 97bc - 61f99898ad48 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amanita_muscaria&oldid=854484188 '' Categories : Amanita Entheogens Fungi of Asia Fungi of Europe Fungi of North America Fungi of South America Invasive fungus species Oneirogens Poisonous fungi Psychoactive fungi Fungi described in 1753 Fungi naturalized in Australia Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with Swedish - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with short description Use British English from March 2013 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Catalan - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Featured articles Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray Žemaitėška 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 18 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the red mushroom with white dots | [
"Arguably the most iconic toadstool species, the fly agaric is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually red mushroom, and is one of the most recognisable and widely encountered in popular culture.\n"
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"fly agaric"
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-8464128717790784810 | Biomass | Biomass - wikipedia Biomass This article is about biomass as a renewable energy source . For the use of the term in ecology , see Biomass ( ecology ) . Biomass briquettes are an example fuel for production of dendrothermal energy Biomass is an industry term for getting energy by burning wood , and other organic matter . Burning biomass releases carbon emissions , but has been classed as a renewable energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks , because plant stocks can be replaced with new growth . It has become popular among coal power stations , which switch from coal to biomass in order to convert to renewable energy generation without wasting existing generating plant and infrastructure . Biomass most often refers to plants or plant - based materials that are not used for food or feed , and are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass . As an energy source , biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat , or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel . Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into : thermal , chemical , and biochemical . Some chemical constituents of plant biomass include lignins , cellulose , and hemicellulose . IUPAC definition Biomass : Material produced by the growth of microorganisms , plants or animals . Contents 1 Sources 2 Comparison of total plant biomass yields ( dry basis ) 2.1 World resources 2.2 Common commodity food crops 2.3 Woody crops 2.4 Not yet in commercial planting 2.5 Genetically modified varieties 3 Biomass conversion 3.1 Thermal conversions 3.2 Chemical conversion 3.3 Biochemical conversion 3.4 Electrochemical conversion 3.5 In the United States 3.6 Second - generation biofuels 4 Environmental damage 5 Supply chain issues 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Sources ( edit ) A cogeneration plant in Metz , France . The station uses waste wood biomass as an energy source , and provides electricity and heat for 30,000 dwellings . Stump harvesting increases the recovery of biomass from a forest . Sugarcane plantation in Brazil . Sugarcane bagasse is a type of biomass . Eucalyptus in Brazil . In terms of how biomass is used as fuel , percentages were gathered in the United States of 2016 . 5 % is considered primary energy in the U.S. Making up that 5 % of primary energy , about 48 % comes from biofuels ( mostly ethanol ) , 41 % from wood based biomass , and around 11 % from municipal waste . Historically , humans have harnessed biomass - derived energy since the time when people began burning wood to make fire . Even in 2018 , biomass is the only source of fuel for domestic use in many developing countries . Biomass is all biologically - produced matter based in carbon , hydrogen and oxygen . The estimated biomass production in the world is 104.9 petagrams ( 104.9 × 10 g -- about 105 billion metric tons ) of carbon per year , about half in the ocean and half on land . Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today ; examples include forest residues ( such as dead trees , branches and tree stumps ) , yard clippings , wood chips and even municipal solid waste . Wood energy is derived by using lignocellulosic biomass ( second - generation biofuels ) as fuel . Harvested wood may be used directly as a fuel or collected from wood waste streams to be processed into pellet fuel or other forms of fuels . Biomass also includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or other industrial chemicals , including biofuels . Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plants , including miscanthus , switchgrass , hemp , corn , poplar , willow , sorghum , sugarcane , bamboo , and a variety of tree species , ranging from eucalyptus to oil palm ( palm oil ) . Based on the source of biomass , biofuels are classified broadly into two major categories . First - generation biofuels are derived from sources such as sugarcane and corn starch . Sugars present in this biomass are fermented to produce bioethanol , an alcohol fuel which can be used directly in a fuel cell to produce electricity or serve as an additive to gasoline . However , utilizing food - based resources for fuel production only aggravates the food shortage problem . Second - generation biofuels , on the other hand , utilize non-food - based biomass sources such as agriculture and municipal waste . These biofuels mostly consist of lignocellulosic biomass , which is not edible and is a low - value waste for many industries . Despite being the favored alternative , economical production of second - generation biofuel is not yet achieved due to technological issues . These issues arise mainly due to chemical inertness and structural rigidity of lignocellulosic biomass . Plant energy is produced by crops specifically grown for use as fuel that offer high biomass output per hectare with low input energy . Some examples of these plants are wheat , which typically yields 7.5 -- 8 tonnes of grain per hectare , and straw , which typically yields 3.5 -- 5 tonnes per hectare in the UK . The grain can be used for liquid transportation fuels while the straw can be burned to produce heat or electricity . Plant biomass can also be degraded from cellulose to glucose through a series of chemical treatments , and the resulting sugar can then be used as a first - generation biofuel . The main contributors of waste energy are municipal solid waste , manufacturing waste , and landfill gas . Energy derived from biomass is projected to be the largest non-hydroelectric renewable resource of electricity in the US between 2000 and 2020 . Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel . Rotting garbage , and agricultural and human waste , all release methane gas , also called landfill gas or biogas . Crops such as corn and sugarcane can be fermented to produce the transportation fuel ethanol . Biodiesel , another transportation fuel , can be produced from leftover food products like vegetable oils and animal fats . Several biodiesel companies simply collect used restaurant cooking oil and convert it into biodiesel . Also , biomass - to - liquids ( called `` BTLs '' ) and cellulosic ethanol are still under research . There is research involving algae or algae - derived biomass , as this non-food resource can be produced at rates five to ten times those of other types of land - based agriculture , such as corn and soy . Once harvested , it can be fermented to produce biofuels such as ethanol , butanol , and methane , as well as biodiesel and hydrogen . Efforts are being made to identify which species of algae are most suitable for energy production . Genetic engineering approaches could also be utilized to improve microalgae as a source of biofuel . The biomass used for electricity generation varies by region . Forest by - products , such as wood residues , are common in the US . Agricultural waste is common in Mauritius ( sugar cane residue ) and Southeast Asia ( rice husks ) . Animal husbandry residues , such as poultry litter , are common in the UK . Sewage sludge can be another source of biomass . For example , the Omni Processor is a process which uses sewage sludge as fuel in a process of sewage sludge treatment , with surplus electrical energy being generated for export . Comparison of total plant biomass yields ( dry basis ) ( edit ) World resources ( edit ) If the total annual primary production of biomass is just over 100 billion ( 1.0 E + 11 ) tonnes of carbon / yr , and the energy reserve per tonne of biomass is between about 1.5 × 10 and 3 × 10 kilowatt hours ( 5 × 10 and 10 × 10 BTU ) , or 24.8 TW average , then biomass could in principle provide 1.4 times the approximate annual 150 × 10 terawatt - hours required for current world energy consumption . For reference , the total solar power on Earth is 174 PW . The biomass equivalent to solar energy ratio is 143 ppm ( parts per million ) , given current living system coverage on Earth . The best currently attainable solar cell efficiency is 20 -- 40 % . Additionally , Earth 's internal radioactive energy production , largely the driver for volcanic activity , continental drift , etc. , is in the same range of power , 20 TW . At around 50 % carbon mass content in biomass , annual production , this corresponds to about 6 % atmospheric carbon content in the form of CO ( for the current 400 ppm ) . ( 1 × 10 tonnes biomass annually produced approximately 25 TW h ) Annual world biomass energy equivalent = 16.7 -- 33.4 TW h . Annual world energy consumption = 17.7 TW h . On average , biomass production is 1.4 times larger than world energy consumption . Common commodity food crops ( edit ) Agave : 1 -- 21 tons / acre Alfalfa : 4 -- 6 tons / acre Barley : grains -- 1.6 -- 2.8 tons / acre , straw -- 0.9 -- 2.5 tons / acre , total -- 2.5 -- 5.3 tons / acre Corn : grains -- 3.2 -- 4.9 tons / acre , stalks and stovers -- 2.3 -- 3.4 tons / acre , total -- 5.5 -- 8.3 tons / acre Jerusalem artichokes : tubers 1 -- 8 tons / acre , tops 2 -- 13 tons / acre , total 9 -- 13 tons / acre Oats : grains -- 1.4 -- 5.4 tons / acre , straw -- 1.9 -- 3.2 tons / acre , total -- 3.3 -- 8.6 tons / acre Rye : grains -- 2.1 -- 2.4 tons / acre , straw -- 2.4 -- 3.4 tons / acre , total -- 4.5 -- 5.8 tons / acre Wheat : grains -- 1.2 -- 4.1 tons / acre , straw -- 1.6 -- 3.8 tons / acre , total -- 2.8 -- 7.9 tons / acre Woody crops ( edit ) Oil palm : fronds 11 ton / acre , whole fruit bunches 1 ton / acre , trunks 30 ton / acre Not yet in commercial planting ( edit ) Giant miscanthus : 5 -- 15 tons / acre Sunn hemp : 4.5 tons / acre Switchgrass : 4 -- 6 tons / acre Genetically modified varieties ( edit ) Energy Sorghum Biomass conversion ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Thermal conversions ( edit ) Trends in the top five countries generating electricity from biomass Thermal conversion processes use heat as the dominant mechanism to convert biomass into another chemical form . Also known as thermal oil heating , it is a type of indirect heating in which a liquid phase heat transfer medium is heated and circulated to one or more heat energy users within a closed loop system . The basic alternatives of combustion ( torrefaction , pyrolysis , and gasification ) are separated principally by the extent to which the chemical reactions involved are allowed to proceed ( mainly controlled by the availability of oxygen and conversion temperature ) . Energy created by burning biomass is particularly suited for countries where the fuel wood grows more rapidly , e.g. tropical countries . There are a number of other less common , more experimental or proprietary thermal processes that may offer benefits such as hydrothermal upgrading ( HTU ) and hydroprocessing . Some have been developed for use on high moisture content biomass , including aqueous slurries , and allow them to be converted into more convenient forms . Some of the applications of thermal conversion are combined heat and power ( CHP ) and co-firing . In a typical dedicated biomass power plant , efficiencies range from 20 -- 27 % ( higher heating value basis ) . Biomass cofiring with coal , by contrast , typically occurs at efficiencies near those of the coal combustor ( 30 -- 40 % , higher heating value basis ) . Chemical conversion ( edit ) A range of chemical processes may be used to convert biomass into other forms , such as to produce a fuel that is more conveniently used , transported or stored , or to exploit some property of the process itself . Many of these processes are based in large part on similar coal - based processes , such as Fischer - Tropsch synthesis , methanol production , olefins ( ethylene and propylene ) , and similar chemical or fuel feedstocks . In most cases , the first step involves gasification , which step generally is the most expensive and involves the greatest technical risk . Biomass is more difficult to feed into a pressure vessel than coal or any liquid . Therefore , biomass gasification is frequently done at atmospheric pressure and causes combustion of biomass to produce a combustible gas consisting of carbon monoxide , hydrogen , and traces of methane . This gas mixture , called a producer gas , can provide fuel for various vital processes , such as internal combustion engines , as well as substitute for furnace oil in direct heat applications . Because any biomass material can undergo gasification , this process is far more attractive than ethanol or biomass production , where only particular biomass materials can be used to produce a fuel . In addition , biomass gasification is a desirable process due to the ease at which it can convert solid waste ( such as wastes available on a farm ) into producer gas , which is a very usable fuel . Conversion of biomass to biofuel can also be achieved via selective conversion of individual components of biomass . For example , cellulose can be converted to intermediate platform chemical such a sorbitol , glucose , hydroxymethylfurfural etc . These chemical are then further reacted to produce hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuels . Biomass also has the potential to be converted to multiple commodity chemicals . Halomethanes have successfully been by produced using a combination of A. fermentans and engineered S. cerevisiae . This method converts NaX salts and unprocessed biomass such as switchgrass , sugarcane , corn stover , or poplar into halomethanes . S - adenosylmethionine which is naturally occurring in S. cerevisiae allows a methyl group to be transferred . Production levels of 150 mg L - 1H - 1 iodomethane were achieved . At these levels roughly 173000 L of capacity would need to be operated just to replace the United States ' need for iodomethane . However , an advantage of this method is that it uses NaI rather than I2 ; NaI is significantly less hazardous than I2 . This method may be applied to produce ethylene in the future . Other chemical processes such as converting straight and waste vegetable oils into biodiesel is transesterification . Biochemical conversion ( edit ) As biomass is a natural material , many highly efficient biochemical processes have developed in nature to break down the molecules of which biomass is composed , and many of these biochemical conversion processes can be harnessed . Biochemical conversion makes use of the enzymes of bacteria and other microorganisms to break down biomass into gaseous or liquid fuels , such a biogas or bioethanol . In most cases , microorganisms are used to perform the conversion process : anaerobic digestion , fermentation , and composting . Glycoside hydrolases are the enzymes involved in the degradation of the major fraction of biomass , such as polysaccharides present in starch and lignocellulose . Thermostable variants are gaining increasing roles as catalysts in biorefining applications in the future bioeconomy , since recalcitrant biomass often needs thermal treatment for more efficient degradation . Some examples in today _́ s processing include production of monosaccharides for food applications as well as use as carbon source for microbial conversion into metabolites such as bioethanol and chemical intermediates , oligocaccharide production for prebiotic ( nutrition ) applications and production of surfactants alkyl glycoside type . Electrochemical conversion ( edit ) In addition to combustion , biomass / biofuels can be directly converted to electrical energy via electrochemical ( electrocatalytic ) oxidation of the material . This can be performed directly in a direct carbon fuel cell , direct liquid fuel cells such as direct ethanol fuel cell , a direct methanol fuel cell , a direct formic acid fuel cell , a L - ascorbic Acid Fuel Cell ( vitamin C fuel cell ) , and a microbial fuel cell . The fuel can also be consumed indirectly via a fuel cell system containing a reformer which converts the biomass into a mixture of CO and H2 before it is consumed in the fuel cell . In the United States ( edit ) The biomass power generating industry in the United States consists of approximately 11,000 MW of summer operating capacity actively supplying power to the grid , and produces about 1.4 percent of the U.S. electricity supply . Public Service of New Hampshire ( later merged with other companies into Eversource ) in 2006 replaced a 50 MW coal boiler with a new 50 MW biomass boiler at its Schiller Station facility in Portsmouth , NH . The boiler 's biomass fuel is from sources in NH , Massachusetts and Maine . Currently , the New Hope Power Partnership in Palm Beach County , Florida is the largest biomass power plant in the U.S . The 140 MW facility uses sugarcane fiber ( bagasse ) and recycled urban wood as fuel to generate enough power for its large milling and refining operations as well as to supply electricity for nearly 60,000 homes . In Vermont in 2017 , biomass cost $85 per megawatt , and wholesale electricity was about $25 a megawatt , making biomass more expensive , particularly when compared to fracked natural gas . Second - generation biofuels ( edit ) Second - generation biofuels were not ( in 2010 ) produced commercially , but a considerable number of research activities were taking place mainly in North America , Europe and also in some emerging countries . These tend to use feedstock produced by rapidly reproducing enzymes or bacteria from various sources including excrement grown in cell cultures or hydroponics . There is huge potential for second generation biofuels but non-edible feedstock resources are highly under - utilized . Environmental damage ( edit ) Using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide , NOx ( nitrogen oxides ) , VOCs ( volatile organic compounds ) , particulates and other pollutants at levels above those from traditional fuel sources such as coal or natural gas in some cases ( such as with indoor heating and cooking ) . Use of wood biomass as a fuel can also produce fewer particulate and other pollutants than open burning as seen in wildfires or direct heat applications . Black carbon -- a pollutant created by combustion of fossil fuels , biofuels , and biomass -- is possibly the second largest contributor to global warming . In 2009 a Swedish study of the giant brown haze that periodically covers large areas in South Asia determined that it had been principally produced by open burning of biomass , and to a lesser extent by fossil - fuel burning . Researchers measured a significant concentration of C ( Carbon - 14 ) , which is associated with recent plant life rather than with fossil fuels . Biomass power plant size is often driven by biomass availability in close proximity as transport costs of the ( bulky ) fuel play a key factor in the plant 's economics . Rail and especially shipping on waterways can reduce transport costs significantly , which has led to a global biomass market . To make small plants of 1 MW economically profitable those power plants need to be equipped with technology that is able to convert biomass to useful electricity with high efficiency such as ORC technology , a cycle similar to the water steam power process just with an organic working medium . Such small power plants can be found in Europe . On combustion , the carbon from biomass is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide ( CO ) . The amount of carbon stored in dry wood is approximately 50 % by weight . However , according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , plant matter used as a fuel can be replaced by planting for new growth . When the biomass is from forests , the time to recapture the carbon stored is generally longer , and the carbon storage capacity of the forest may be reduced overall if destructive forestry techniques are employed . Industry professionals claim that a range of issues can affect a plant 's ability to comply with emissions standards . Some of these challenges , unique to biomass plants , include inconsistent fuel supplies and age . The type and amount of the fuel supply are completely reliant factors ; the fuel can be in the form of building debris or agricultural waste ( such as removal of invasive species or orchard trimmings ) . Furthermore , many of the biomass plants are old , use outdated technology and were not built to comply with today 's stringent standards . In fact , many are based on technologies developed during the term of U.S. President Jimmy Carter , who created the United States Department of Energy in 1977 . The U.S. Energy Information Administration projected that by 2017 , biomass is expected to be about twice as expensive as natural gas , slightly more expensive than nuclear power , and much less expensive than solar panels . In another EIA study released , concerning the government 's plan to implement a 25 % renewable energy standard by 2025 , the agency assumed that 598 million tons of biomass would be available , accounting for 12 % of the renewable energy in the plan . The adoption of biomass - based energy plants has been a slow but steady process . Between the years of 2002 and 2012 the production of these plants has increased 14 % . In the United States , alternative electricity - production sources on the whole generate about 13 % of power ; of this fraction , biomass contributes approximately 11 % of the alternative production . According to a study conducted in early 2012 , of the 107 operating biomass plants in the United States , 85 have been cited by federal or state regulators for the violation of clean air or water standards laws over the past 5 years . This data also includes minor infractions . Despite harvesting , biomass crops may sequester carbon . For example , soil organic carbon has been observed to be greater in switchgrass stands than in cultivated cropland soil , especially at depths below 30 cm ( 12 in ) . The grass sequesters the carbon in its increased root biomass . Typically , perennial crops sequester much more carbon than annual crops due to much greater non-harvested living biomass , both living and dead , built up over years , and much less soil disruption in cultivation . The proposal that biomass is carbon - neutral put forward in the early 1990s has been superseded by more recent science that recognizes that mature , intact forests sequester carbon more effectively than cut - over areas . When a tree 's carbon is released into the atmosphere in a single pulse , it contributes to climate change much more than woodland timber rotting slowly over decades . Current studies indicate that `` even after 50 years the forest has not recovered to its initial carbon storage '' and `` the optimal strategy is likely to be protection of the standing forest '' . The pros and cons of biomass usage regarding carbon emissions may be quantified with the ILUC factor . There is controversy surrounding the usage of the ILUC factor . Forest - based biomass has recently come under fire from a number of environmental organizations , including Greenpeace and the Natural Resources Defense Council , for the harmful impacts it can have on forests and the climate . Greenpeace recently released a report entitled `` Fuelling a BioMess '' which outlines their concerns around forest - based biomass . Because any part of the tree can be burned , the harvesting of trees for energy production encourages whole - tree harvesting , which removes more nutrients and soil cover than regular harvesting , and can be harmful to the long - term health of the forest . In some jurisdictions , forest biomass removal is increasingly involving elements essential to functioning forest ecosystems , including standing trees , naturally disturbed forests and remains of traditional logging operations that were previously left in the forest . Environmental groups also cite recent scientific research which has found that it can take many decades for the carbon released by burning biomass to be recaptured by regrowing trees , and even longer in low productivity areas ; furthermore , logging operations may disturb forest soils and cause them to release stored carbon . In light of the pressing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the short term in order to mitigate the effects of climate change , a number of environmental groups are opposing the large - scale use of forest biomass in energy production . Supply chain issues ( edit ) With the seasonality of biomass supply and a great variability in sources , supply chains play a key role in cost - effective delivery of bioenergy . There are several potential challenges unique to bioenergy supply chains : Technical issues Inefficiencies of the conversion processes Storage methods for seasonal availability Complex multi-component constituents incompatible with maximizing efficiency of single purpose use High water content of many biomass feedstock Conflicting decisions ( technologies , locations , and routes ) Complex location analysis ( source points , inventory facilities , and production plants ) Logistic issues Seasonal availability leading to storage challenges and / or seasonally idle facilities Low bulk - density and / or high water content making transportation of biomass less economical Finite productivity per area and / or time incompatible with conventional approach to economy of scale focusing on maximizing facility size Financial issues The limits for the traditional approach to economy of scale which focuses on maximizing single facility size Unavailability and complexity of life cycle costing data Lack of required transport infrastructure Limited flexibility or inflexibility to energy demand Risks associated with new technologies ( insurability , performance , rate of return ) Extended market volatilities ( conflicts with alternative markets for biomass ) Difficult or impossible to use financial hedging methods to control cost Social issues Lack of participatory decision making Lack of public / community awareness Local supply chain impacts vs. global benefits Health and safety risks Extra pressure on transport sector Decreasing the esthetics of rural areas Policy and regulatory issues Impact of fossil fuel tax on biomass transport Lack of incentives to create competition among bioenergy producers Focus on technology options and less attention to selection of biomass materials Lack of support for sustainable supply chain solutions Institutional and organizational issues Varied ownership arrangements and priorities among supply chain parties Lack of supply chain standards Impact of organizational norms and rules on decision making and supply chain coordination Immaturity of change management practices in biomass supply chains See also ( edit ) Part of a series on Renewable energy Biofuel Biomass Biogas Geothermal Hydropower Solar energy Tidal power Wave power Wind power Topics by country 100 % renewable energy Marketing and policy trends Energy portal Renewable energy portal Ecology portal Sustainable development portal Biochar Bioenergy Biofact ( biology ) Biofuel Biomass ( ecology ) Biomass gasification Biomass heating systems Biomass to liquid Bioproduct Biorefinery Carbon European Biomass Association Carbon footprint Cow dung Energy crop Energy forestry Firewood Microgeneration Microbial electrolysis cell generates hydrogen or methane Pellet fuel Permaculture Thermal mass Wood fuel ( a traditional biomass fuel ) Woodchips References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See M Le Page , ' The Great Carbon Scam ' ( 21 September 2016 ) 231 New Scientist 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Biomass Energy Center . 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Jump up ^ Biomass burning leads to Asian brown cloud , Chemical & Engineering News , 87 , 4 , 31 Jump up ^ Heinimö , J. ; Junginger , M. ( 2009 ) . `` Production and trading of biomass for energy -- an overview of the global status '' ( PDF ) . Biomass and Bioenergy. 33 ( 9 ) : 1310 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biombioe. 2009.05. 017 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Use of biomass by help of the ORC process Archived July 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Gmk.info . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ How False Solutions to Climate Change Will Worsen Global Warming . globaljusticeecology.org Jump up ^ Biofuel crops may worsen global warming : study . Ctv.ca ( 2008 - 02 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Biodiesel Will Not Drive Down Global Warming . Energy-daily.com ( 2007 - 04 - 24 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Forest volume - to - biomass models and estimates of mass for live and standing dead trees of U.S. forests Archived July 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Prasad , Ram . `` SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT FOR DRY FORESTS OF SOUTH ASIA '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Treetrouble : Testimonies on the Negative Impact of Large - scale Tree Plantations prepared for the sixth Conference of the Parties of the Framework Convention on Climate Change '' . Friends of the Earth International . Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Laiho , Raija ; Sanchez , Felipe ; Tiarks , Allan ; Dougherty , Phillip M. ; Trettin , Carl C. `` Impacts of intensive forestry on early rotation trends in site carbon pools in the southeastern US '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE FINANCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FEASIBILITY OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ U.S. Energy Information Administration ( April 2010 ) . Annual Energy Outlook 2010 ( PDF ) ( report no . DOE / EIA - 0383 ( 2010 ) ) . Washington , DC . National Energy Information Center . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Biomass Energy Works '' . Union of Concerned Scientists . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Scheck , Justin ; et al. ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` Wood - Fired Plants Generate Violations '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Learning About Renewable Energy '' . NREL 's vision is to develop technology . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Soil Carbon under Switchgrass Stands and Cultivated Cropland ( Interpretive Summary and Technical Abstract ) . USDA Agricultural Research Service , April 1 , 2005 Jump up ^ Jobs and Energy . Jobs and Energy . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Edmunds , Joe ; Richard Richets ; Marshall Wise , `` Future Fossil Fuel Carbon Emissions without Policy Intervention : A Review '' . In T.M.L. Wigley , David Steven Schimel , The Carbon Cycle . Cambridge University Press , 2000 , pp. 171 -- 189 Jump up ^ Luyssaert , Sebastiaan ; - Detlef Schulze , E. ; Börner , Annett ; Knohl , Alexander ; Hessenmöller , Dominik ; Law , Beverly E. ; Ciais , Philippe ; Grace , John ( 11 September 2008 ) . `` Old - growth forests as global carbon sinks '' . Nature . 455 ( 7210 ) : 213 -- 215 . Bibcode : 2008Natur. 455 ... 213L . doi : 10.1038 / nature07276 . PMID 18784722 . Jump up ^ `` Biofuel Companies Question ARB 's Inclusion of Indirect Effects in Low Carbon Fuel Standard '' . Green Car Congress . 2008 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fuelling a BioMess '' ( PDF ) . Greenpeace . October 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ NRDC fact sheet lays out biomass basics , campaign calls for action to tell EPA our forests are n't fuel Sasha Lyutse 's Blog Switchboard , from NRDC . Switchboard.nrdc.org ( 2011 - 05 - 02 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mafakheri , F. ; Nasiri , F. ( 2014 ) . `` Modeling of biomass - to - energy supply chain operations : Applications , challenges and research directions '' . Energy Policy . 67 : 116 -- 126 . doi : 10.1016 / j. enpol. 2013.11. 071 . External links ( edit ) Look up biomass in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biomass . Biomass interactive by PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Forest , Nature and Biomass GA Mansoori , N Enayati , LB Agyarko ( 2016 ) , Energy : Sources , Utilization , Legislation , Sustainability , Illinois as Model State , World Sci. Pub. Co. , ISBN 978 - 981 - 4704 - 00 - 7 Solid biomass EurObserv'ER barometer -- 2012 PDF Bioenergy Biofuels Alcohol Algae fuel Bagasse Babassu oil Biobutanol Biodiesel Biogas Biogasoline Corn stover Ethanol cellulosic mixtures Methanol Stover Corn stover Straw Cooking oil Vegetable oil Water hyacinth Wood gas Energy from foodstock Barley Cassava Coconut oil Grape Hemp Maize Oat Palm oil Potato Rapeseed Rice Sorghum bicolor Soybean Sugarcane Sugar beet Sunflower Wheat Yam Camelina sativa Non-food energy crops Arundo Big bluestem Camelina Chinese tallow Duckweed Jatropha curcas Millettia pinnata Miscanthus giganteus Switchgrass Salicornia Wood fuel Technology BECCS Bioconversion Biomass heating systems Biorefinery Fischer -- Tropsch process Industrial biotechnology Pellets mill stove Thermal depolymerization Concepts Cellulosic ethanol commercialization Energy content of biofuel Energy crop Energy forestry EROEI Food vs. fuel Issues Sustainable biofuel Forestry Outline Index Forest areas Ministries Research institutes Colleges Journals Arbor Day Types Agroforestry dehesa Analog forestry Bamboo forestry Close to nature forestry Community forestry Ecoforestry Energy forestry Mycoforestry Permaforestry Plantation forestry Social forestry Sustainable forestry Urban forestry Ecology and management Arboriculture Controlled burn Dendrology Ecological thinning Even - aged management Fire ecology Forest informatics IPM inventory governance law old - growth pathology protection restoration secondary transition Forest certification ATFS CFS FSC PEFC SFI SmartWood Woodland Carbon Code Forestation afforestation reforestation Growth and yield modelling Horticulture GM trees i - Tree urban Silviculture Sustainable management Tree allometry breeding Tree measurement crown girth height volume Environmental topics Acid rain Carbon sequestration Clearcutting Deforestation Ecological services Forest dieback Forest fragmentation High grading Illegal logging Invasive species REDD Shifting cultivation chitemene slash - and - burn slash - and - char svedjebruk Timber recycling Wildfire Wilding Industries Coppicing Forest farming Forest gardening Logging Manufacturing lumber plywood pulp and paper sawmilling Products biochar biomass charcoal non-timber palm oil rayon rubber tanbark Rail transport Tree farm Christmas trees Wood engineered fuel mahogany teak Woodworking Occupations Forester Arborist Bucker Choker setter Ecologist Feller Firefighter handcrew hotshot lookout smokejumper River driver Truck driver Log scaler Lumberjack Ranger Resin tapper Rubber tapper Shingle weaver Timber cruiser Tree planter Wood process engineer Portal GND : 4006877 - 8 NARA : 10639638 NDL : 01165461 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biomass&oldid=853259261 '' Categories : Biomass Renewable energy Bioenergy Alternative energy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 13 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | land conversion through burning of biomass releases which gas | [
"A range of chemical processes may be used to convert biomass into other forms, such as to produce a fuel that is more conveniently used, transported or stored, or to exploit some property of the process itself. Many of these processes are based in large part on similar coal-based processes, such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, methanol production, olefins (ethylene and propylene), and similar chemical or fuel feedstocks. In most cases, the first step involves gasification, which step generally is the most expensive and involves the greatest technical risk.[36]\nBiomass is more difficult to feed into a pressure vessel than coal or any liquid. Therefore, biomass gasification is frequently done at atmospheric pressure and causes combustion of biomass to produce a combustible gas consisting of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and traces of methane. This gas mixture, called a producer gas, can provide fuel for various vital processes, such as internal combustion engines, as well as substitute for furnace oil in direct heat applications.[37] Because any biomass material can undergo gasification, this process is far more attractive than ethanol or biomass production, where only particular biomass materials can be used to produce a fuel. In addition, biomass gasification is a desirable process due to the ease at which it can convert solid waste (such as wastes available on a farm) into producer gas, which is a very usable fuel.[37]\n",
"A range of chemical processes may be used to convert biomass into other forms, such as to produce a fuel that is more conveniently used, transported or stored, or to exploit some property of the process itself. Many of these processes are based in large part on similar coal-based processes, such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, methanol production, olefins (ethylene and propylene), and similar chemical or fuel feedstocks. In most cases, the first step involves gasification, which step generally is the most expensive and involves the greatest technical risk.[36]\nBiomass is more difficult to feed into a pressure vessel than coal or any liquid. Therefore, biomass gasification is frequently done at atmospheric pressure and causes combustion of biomass to produce a combustible gas consisting of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and traces of methane. This gas mixture, called a producer gas, can provide fuel for various vital processes, such as internal combustion engines, as well as substitute for furnace oil in direct heat applications.[37] Because any biomass material can undergo gasification, this process is far more attractive than ethanol or biomass production, where only particular biomass materials can be used to produce a fuel. In addition, biomass gasification is a desirable process due to the ease at which it can convert solid waste (such as wastes available on a farm) into producer gas, which is a very usable fuel.[37]\n",
"A range of chemical processes may be used to convert biomass into other forms, such as to produce a fuel that is more conveniently used, transported or stored, or to exploit some property of the process itself. Many of these processes are based in large part on similar coal-based processes, such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, methanol production, olefins (ethylene and propylene), and similar chemical or fuel feedstocks. In most cases, the first step involves gasification, which step generally is the most expensive and involves the greatest technical risk.[36]\nBiomass is more difficult to feed into a pressure vessel than coal or any liquid. Therefore, biomass gasification is frequently done at atmospheric pressure and causes combustion of biomass to produce a combustible gas consisting of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and traces of methane. This gas mixture, called a producer gas, can provide fuel for various vital processes, such as internal combustion engines, as well as substitute for furnace oil in direct heat applications.[37] Because any biomass material can undergo gasification, this process is far more attractive than ethanol or biomass production, where only particular biomass materials can be used to produce a fuel. In addition, biomass gasification is a desirable process due to the ease at which it can convert solid waste (such as wastes available on a farm) into producer gas, which is a very usable fuel.[37]\n"
] | [
"carbon monoxide",
"hydrogen",
"traces of methane"
] |
341178288042718416 | Boyz n the Hood | Boyz n the Hood - wikipedia Boyz n the Hood Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1991 film . For works with similar titles , see Boyz n da Hood ( disambiguation ) . For the Eazy - E song , see Boyz - n - the - Hood . Boyz n the Hood Theatrical release poster Directed by John Singleton Produced by Steve Nicolaides Written by John Singleton Starring Ice Cube Cuba Gooding Jr . Morris Chestnut Larry Fishburne Music by Stanley Clarke Cinematography Charles Mills Edited by Bruce Cannon Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date July 2 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 02 ) ( Los Angeles ) July 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 12 ) ( United States ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6.5 million Box office $57.5 million ( North America ) Boyz n the Hood is a 1991 American teen hood drama film written and directed by John Singleton in his directorial debut , and starring Ice Cube , Cuba Gooding Jr. , Morris Chestnut , Laurence Fishburne , Nia Long , Regina King and Angela Bassett . This film was the acting debut for both Ice Cube and Morris Chestnut . Boyz n the Hood was filmed in ( the - then district of ) South Central Los Angeles , California from October 1 to November 28 , 1990 and was released cinematically in the United States on July 12 , 1991 . It was nominated for both Best Director and Best Original Screenplay during the 64th Academy Awards , making Singleton the youngest person ever nominated for Best Director and the first African - American to be nominated for the award . The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival . In 2002 , the United States Library of Congress deemed the film `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 1984 1.2 1991 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception and legacy 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Cultural impact 5 Awards and accolades 6 Soundtrack 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) 1984 ( edit ) Ten - year old Tre Styles lives with his single mother , Reva in Watts , Los Angeles . After Tre gets into a fight at school , his teacher informs Reva that Tre is highly intelligent but has a volatile temper and lacks respect . Worried about Tre 's future , Reva sends him to live in the Crenshaw neighborhood of South Central Los Angeles with his father , Jason `` Furious '' Styles , from whom she hopes Tre will learn valuable life lessons and to be able to mature , but assures him he will be permitted to return to her one day . In Crenshaw , Tre reunites with his friends , Darrin `` Doughboy '' Baker , Doughboy 's maternal half - brother Ricky , and Chris , their mutual friend . After chatting for a bit , Furious immediately has Tre rake the leaves off the front lawn . That night , Furious tells Tre that he has him work to teach him how to be responsible . That night , Tre hears his father shooting at a burglar who tries to rob the house . Two policemen arrive an hour later , and while the white officer is civil and courteous , the black one is disrespectful towards Furious . The next day , Tre and his friends go out with Chris who shows them a dead body . While there , a group of older boys in the Watts Crip gang steal Ricky 's football and Doughboy tries to retrieve it , but is defeated . While the older boys walk away , one of them gives Ricky his ball back . Later in the day , Furious spends father / son bonding time with Tre , taking him fishing by the seaside and tells the boy more about his life prior to having him , including his military experience in the Vietnam War , in hopes of making his son proud of him . He concludes his story by advising Tre to never join the army , stating that a black man has no place in the army . When returning home , they see Doughboy and Chris being arrested for shoplifting ( Doughboy had said earlier on that they were going to the store , but had no money ) , while Ricky and Tre look on . 1991 ( edit ) At a barbecue , Doughboy is now a Crip gang member and is celebrating his recent release from jail , along with most of his friends , including Chris , who is now paralysed and uses a wheelchair as a result of a gun wound , and new friends Dooky and Monster , also Crip members . Ricky , now a star running back for Crenshaw High School , lives with his single mother Brenda , girlfriend Shanice , and their infant son . Tre has grown into a mature and responsible teenager , works at a clothes shop at the Fox Hills Mall , and aspires to attend college with his girlfriend , Brandi , but their relationship is somehow deteriorating over Tre 's desire to have sex , while Brandi , a devout Catholic , wishes to wait until after marriage . Ricky hopes to win a scholarship from USC . After a visit from a recruiter , a mildly embarrassing experience for Ricky due to his unkempt home and his brother 's rudeness , he is informed that he must score a 700 or higher on the SATs test in order to qualify . Ricky and Tre sit the test on the same day . Afterwards , they go to see Furious at his office to unwind . Furious takes Tre and Ricky to Compton , California to talk about the dangers of decreasing property values in the black community . That night , during a local street racing gathering , Ricky is provoked by Ferris , a member of the Crenshaw Mafia Gangsters . In response , Doughboy brandishes his handgun , leading to a brief argument between the two gangs . When the two gangs are finished arguing , Ferris fires his own gun in the air causing everyone to leave . While Tre talks about leaving Los Angeles , he and Ricky are pulled over by the police . The cop is the exact same one who was disrespectful towards his father seven years earlier ; he intimidates and threatens Tre with his gun , knowing he ca n't do anything . Distraught , Tre goes to Brandi 's house , where he finally breaks down . After she consoles him , they have sex for the first time . The following day , Ricky has a fight with Doughboy . While Ricky and Tre walk to a nearby store , they see Ferris and his gang driving around the neighborhood and in an attempt to avoid them , the pair cut through back alleyways and split up . As Tre turns back to Ricky , Ferris ' car pulls up . Ricky turns to run but one of Ferris ' men shoots Ricky in the leg with a shotgun . A second shot hits Ricky in the back through the chest , killing him . Doughboy and his gang , who had sensed that Tre and Ricky were in trouble , catch up with them , but are too late . Devastated and helpless , the boys carry Ricky 's lifeless body back home . When Brenda and Shanice see Ricky 's corpse , they break down in tears and blame Doughboy , who unsuccessfully tries to comfort them and explain the truth . That night , a distraught Brenda reads Ricky 's SAT results , discovering he scored a 710 , enough to qualify for the scholarship he wanted . The remaining boys vow vengeance on Ferris and his crew . Furious finds Tre preparing to take his . 357 Magnum , but convinces Tre to abandon his plans for revenge . However , Brandi and Furious catch Tre sneaking out of his bedroom window to join Doughboy . That night , as the gang drives across the city , Tre asks to be let out of the car and returns home , realizing that his father was right to keep him from falling into an endless cycle of violence . When Tre gets home , Furious is waiting for him . They both look at each other without saying a word , and Furious retreats into his bedroom . Meanwhile , Doughboy finds Ferris ' gang at a local fast - food outlet , and Monster opens fire on them , killing the one who shot Ricky and wounding the other two . Doughboy gets out and kills the other wounded gang member and executes Ferris . The next day , Doughboy visits Tre , now understanding Tre 's reasons for leaving the gang . Doughboy knows that he will soon face retaliation for Ferris ' death , and accepts the consequences of his crime - ridden lifestyle . He plaintively questions why America does n't care about the life in the ghetto . He sorrowfully says that he has no family left now after Ricky 's death and Brenda 's disownment of him , but is embraced by Tre , who says to Doughboy that he has a brother in him . The epilogue reveals that Doughboy saw Ricky buried the next day and was murdered two weeks later . Tre and Brandi resume their relationship , and go on to attend Morehouse and Spelman Colleges in Atlanta , respectively . Cast ( edit ) Cuba Gooding Jr. as Tre Styles Desi Arnez Hines II as Tre age 10 Ice Cube as Darrin `` Doughboy '' Baker Baha Jackson as Doughboy age 10 Morris Chestnut as Ricky Baker Donovan McCrary as Ricky age 10 Laurence Fishburne ( credited as Larry Fishburne ) as Jason `` Furious '' Styles Jr . Nia Long as Brandi Nicole Brown as Brandi age 10 Angela Bassett as Reva Styles Tyra Ferrell as Brenda Baker Redge Green as Chris Kenneth A. Brown as Chris age 10 Dedrick D. Gobert as Dooky Baldwin C. Sykes as Monster Tracey Lewis - Sinclair as Shaniqua Alysia Rogers as Shanice Regina King as Shalika Lexie Bigham as Mad Dog Raymond Turner as Ferris Lloyd Avery II as Ferris ' Triggerman ( Knucklehead # 2 ) Production ( edit ) Singleton wrote the film based around his life growing up and events that either happened to him , or people he knew . When applying for film school , one of the questions on the application form was to describe `` three ideas for films '' . One of the ideas Singleton wrote was a movie to be titled Summer of 84 , which would later evolve into Boyz n the Hood . Singleton was protective of his script , insisting that he be the one to direct the project , later explaining at a retrospective screening of the film , `` I was n't going to have somebody from Idaho or Encino direct this movie . '' The role of Doughboy was specifically written for Ice Cube whom Singleton met while working as an intern at The Arsenio Hall Show . Singleton claims that the other two leads , Cuba Gooding Jr. and Morris Chestnut , were cast simply because they were the first ones who showed up to the casting auditions . Despite having a member of one of the best - selling rap groups , N.W.A , this , at least according to Singleton , was not a selling point to the studio who were not aware of them . Rather , Singleton opined , the studio greenlit the film in the interest of making a film similar to the Spike Lee film Do the Right Thing . The film was shot in sequence , with Singleton later noting that , as the film goes on , the camera work gets better as Singleton was finding his foothold as a director . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 96 % based on 61 reviews and an average score of 8.3 / 10 . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film received an average score of 73 out of 100 based on 18 reviews , which indicates `` Generally favorable reviews '' . Cultural impact ( edit ) The film has been referenced many times in other works , including works by Lupe Fiasco , Game , and Ice Cube himself . In 1994 , British jungle DJ duo Remarc and Lewi produced a song titled `` Ricky '' . The song itself is built up of various sound bites from the movie , particularly the scene where Ricky is murdered . Ice Cube 's song , `` Check Yo Self '' , also references the film . On the July 12 , 2011 episode of her self - titled talk show , Mo'Nique celebrated the 20th anniversary of the release of Boyz n the Hood with director John Singleton , Cuba Gooding Jr. , Yo - Yo , and Regina King . In Vince Staple 's hit song ' Norf Norf ' ( 2016 ) , Staples references the scene where Ricky gets shot in the back , letting the listener know how much of an impact the movie had on his upbringing . In the 2015 American comedy film ' Get Hard ' , Kevin Hart 's character is asked to talk about the reason for his fabricated incarceration years earlier . Fumbling for a story , he describes the final scene of ' Boyz n the Hood ' , passing it off as his own experience to Will Farrell 's character . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Academy Awards : 1992 Nominee , Best Director , John Singleton Nominee , Best Original Screenplay , John Singleton BMI Film Music Award : 1992 Winner , Stanley Clarke Image Award : 1993 Winner , Outstanding Motion Picture , Boyz n the Hood MTV Movie Award : 1992 Nominee , Best Movie , Boyz n the Hood Winner , Best New Filmmaker , John Singleton National Film Preservation Board , USA : 2002 National Film Registry , Boyz n the Hood New York Film Critics Circle Award : 1991 Winner , Best New Director , John Singleton Political Film Society , USA : 1992 Winner , PFS Award , Peace Nominee , PFS Award , Exposé Nominee , PFS Award , Human Rights Writers Guild of America , USA : 1992 Nominee , WGA Award ( Screen ) , Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen , John Singleton Young Artist Awards : 1992 Winner , Young Artist Award , Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture In 2007 , Boyz n the Hood was selected as one of the 50 Films To See in your lifetime by Channel 4 . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Year Album Peak chart positions Certifications U.S. U.S. R&B 1991 Boyz n the Hood Released : July 9 , 1991 Label : Qwest / Warner Bros. Records 12 US : Gold References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Boyz N the Hood ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Boyz n the Hood '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Films Selected to The National Film Registry , Library of Congress 1989 -- 2008 '' . Loc . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Will . `` Talking ' Boyz N the Hood ' with Its Director John Singleton '' . Vice UK . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Nigel M. `` John Singleton reflects on Boyz N the Hood : ' I did n't know anything ' '' . Guardian . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boyz n the Hood '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Boyz n the Hood Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual Awards '' . Youngartistawards.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 06 . External links ( edit ) African American portal 1990s portal Film in the United States portal Greater Los Angeles portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Boyz n the Hood Boyz n the Hood on IMDb Boyz n the Hood at AllMovie Boyz n the Hood at Box Office Mojo Boyz n the Hood at Rotten Tomatoes Boyz n the Hood at Metacritic Films directed by John Singleton Boyz n the Hood ( 1991 ) Poetic Justice ( 1993 ) Higher Learning ( 1995 ) Rosewood ( 1997 ) Shaft ( 2000 ) Baby Boy ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) Four Brothers ( 2005 ) Abduction ( 2011 ) NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture 1972 -- 2000 Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) Let 's Do It Again ( 1976 ) The Greatest ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Bustin ' Loose ( 1981 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) A Soldier 's Story ( 1985 ) The Color Purple ( 1986 ) Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) Coming to America ( 1988 ) Lean on Me ( 1989 ) Glory ( 1990 ) Boyz n the Hood ( 1992 ) Sister Act ( 1993 ) Malcolm X ( 1994 ) Waiting to Exhale ( 1996 ) A Time to Kill ( 1997 ) Soul Food ( 1998 ) How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1999 ) The Best Man ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Remember the Titans ( 2001 ) Ali ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 ) Crash ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) The Great Debaters ( 2008 ) The Secret Life of Bees ( 2009 ) Precious ( 2010 ) For Colored Girls ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Red Tails ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2016 ) Hidden Figures ( 2017 ) Girls Trip ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boyz_n_the_Hood&oldid=834211416 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s crime drama films 1990s gang films 1990s romance films 1990s teen drama films American films American coming - of - age films American crime drama films American gang films American teen drama films American teen romance films African - American films Bloods Crips Directorial debut films Films about families Films about racism Films set in 1984 Films set in 1991 Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Hip hop films Hood films United States National Film Registry films Columbia Pictures films Films scored by Stanley Clarke Films directed by John Singleton Screenplays by John Singleton Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 14 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the movie boyz in the hood come out | [
"Boyz n the Hood was filmed in (the-then district of) South Central Los Angeles, California from October 1 to November 28, 1990 and was released cinematically in the United States on July 12, 1991. It was nominated for both Best Director and Best Original Screenplay during the 64th Academy Awards, making Singleton the youngest person ever nominated for Best Director and the first African-American to be nominated for the award."
] | [
"July 12, 1991"
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739970686714936941 | Kunekune | Kunekune - wikipedia Kunekune Jump to : navigation , search For the Japanese urban legend , see Kunekune ( urban legend ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kunekune Kunekune at the Hamilton Zoo Conservation status Rare Country of origin New Zealand Traits Pig Sus scrofa domesticus The kunekune / ˈkuːnɪkuːnɪ / , / ˈkuːnɛkuːnɛ / is a small breed of domestic pig from New Zealand . Kunekune are hairy , with a rotund build and may bear wattles ( or piri piri ) hanging from their lower jaws . Their colour ranges from black and white , to ginger , cream , gold - tip , black , brown and tricoloured . They have a docile , friendly nature , and -- like the pot - bellied pig -- are now often kept as pets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Rarity 3 Appearance 4 Personality 5 Habitat 6 Diet 7 Breeding 8 References 9 External links Origin ( edit ) The kunekune is believed to have descended from an Asian domestic breed introduced to New Zealand in the early 19th century by whalers or traders . They differ markedly from the feral pig of European origin known in New Zealand as a `` Captain Cooker '' . The native Māori people of New Zealand adopted kunekune : the word kunekune means `` fat and round '' in the Māori language . Rarity ( edit ) By the 1980s , only an estimated 50 purebred kunekune remained . Michael Willis and John Simister , wildlife - park owners , started a breeding recovery program , which in turn encouraged other recovery efforts . As of 2010 , the breed no longer faces extinction , with breed societies in both New Zealand and the United Kingdom . In 1993 two were imported into the United States from the UK . Appearance ( edit ) The kunekune is covered in hair which can be long or short , and straight or curly . Hair colours include black , brown , ginger , gold , cream , and spotted combinations . It has a medium to short snout , that is black and either semilopped or pricked ears . It has a short , round body with short legs and may have two tassels ( called piri piri ) under its chin . The kunekune stands about 60 cm ( 24 in ) tall , making it one of the smallest domesticated breeds of pig . An adult kunekune can weigh between 60 and 200 kg , well below the 400 kg of commercial pigs . Personality ( edit ) Kunekune are suitable for a novice owner , as they are placid , friendly , and love human company . They are easy to train and intelligent . Habitat ( edit ) The natural habitat for kunekune is woodland and pasture . They love being outdoors and are suitable for a range of climates , in addition to being ideal for large gardens . For keeping them as pets , it is best to buy an arc ( a house for the pigs ) at least 2 m in size , depending on the number of pigs . Diet ( edit ) Kunekune are very easy to manage as they have the ability to fatten on little more than grass . They are the only true grazing pig and can be maintained with grass alone without supplementary feeding . An acre of grass can sustain as many as 5 kunekune . Breeding ( edit ) Kunekune boars are fertile at 6 to 7 months and the gilts ( young females ) can become pregnant at 5 months . However , gilts are not normally put to the boar until they are a year old . The sows are good mothers and the litters vary in size averaging around seven piglets . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Captain Cooker '' , Te Ara Jump up ^ About Kunekunes Jump up ^ The New Zealand Kunekune Association . `` '' Miniature '' kunekune pigs `` . The New Zealand Kunekune Association . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kunekune . The New Zealand Kunekune Breeders ' Association The Dutch Kunekune Breeders Association The British Kunekune Pig Society The American KuneKune Pig Registry The American KuneKune Pig Society DNA studies Dutch Breeder of Kunekune Pigs De Zwijnenborgh in Lattrop Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunekune&oldid=799190822 '' Categories : Pig breeds Mammals of New Zealand Pig breeds originating in New Zealand Māori words and phrases Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch עברית Magyar 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 05 : 42 . About Wikipedia | where do kune kune pigs come from originally | [
"The kunekune is believed to have descended from an Asian domestic breed introduced to New Zealand in the early 19th century by whalers or traders. They differ markedly from the feral pig of European origin known in New Zealand as a \"Captain Cooker\".[3] The native Māori people of New Zealand adopted kunekune: the word kunekune means \"fat and round\" in the Māori language.[4]"
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"an Asian domestic breed introduced to New Zealand in the early 19th century by whalers or traders"
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-6170801866163792020 | Minecraft: Story Mode | Minecraft : Story Mode - wikipedia Minecraft : Story Mode Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that portions of this article be split out into another article titled Minecraft : Story Mode - Season Two . ( Discuss ) ( July 2017 ) `` MCSM '' redirects here . For the high school in New York City with this abbreviation , see Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics . This article is about the game made by Telltale Games . For other uses , see Minecraft ( disambiguation ) . Minecraft : Story Mode Developer ( s ) Telltale Games Mojang Publisher ( s ) Telltale Games Mojang Series Minecraft Engine Telltale Tool Platform ( s ) Android iOS Apple TV Microsoft Windows Nintendo Switch macOS PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Wii U Xbox 360 Xbox One Release Season 1 Episode 1 ( show ) Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : October 13 , 2015 Android , iOS WW : October 15 , 2015 Wii U WW : January 21 , 2016 PS Vita WW : 2016 Episode 2 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : October 27 , 2015 Episode 3 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : November 24 , 2015 Episode 4 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : December 22 , 2015 Episode 5 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : March 29 , 2016 Episode 6 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : June 7 , 2016 Episode 7 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : July 26 , 2016 Episode 8 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : September 13 , 2016 The Complete Adventure ( show ) Xbox 360 , Xbox One , Playstation 3 , Playstation 4 , PC NA : October 25 , 2016 EU : October 28 , 2016 Wii U EU : December 16 , 2016 NA : December 13 , 2016 AU : December 16 , 2016 Nintendo Switch WW : August 22 , 2017 Season 2 Episode 1 ( show ) PC , PS4 , Xbox One , iOS , Windows 10 WW : July 11 , 2017 Android WW : July 12 , 2017 Xbox 360 WW : July 14 , 2017 Episode 2 ( show ) August 15 , 2017 Episode 3 ( show ) September 19 , 2017 Episode 4 ( show ) TBA Episode 5 ( show ) TBA Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Minecraft : Story Mode is an episodic point - and - click graphic adventure video game developed and published by Telltale Games , based on the sandbox video game Minecraft in association with Mojang . The first five episodes of the game were released between October 2015 through March 2016 , and an additional three episodes were released as downloadable content in mid-2016 . The game was released for Microsoft Windows , macOS , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Wii U , Nintendo Switch , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , Android , iOS , and Apple TV . The game was developed in association with Mojang , the original developer of Minecraft . A retail version was released in December 2016 . The game follows the episodic format that Telltale Games used for its titles : The Walking Dead , The Wolf Among Us , Tales from the Borderlands , and Game of Thrones . The game centers around a new character named Jesse , who can be either male or female , as they and their allies attempt to save their world by defeating the Wither Storm . A second five - episode season was released by Telltale in July 2017 , continuing the story from the first season and influenced by players ' choices made during that season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Plot 2.3. 1 Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) 2.3. 1.1 The Order of the Stone ( Episode 1 ) 2.3. 1.2 Assembly Required ( Episode 2 ) 2.3. 1.3 The Last Place You Look ( Episode 3 ) 2.3. 1.4 A Block and a Hard Place ( Episode 4 ) 2.3. 1.5 Order Up ! ( Episode 5 ) 2.3. 1.6 A Portal to Mystery ( Episode 6 ) 2.3. 1.7 Access Denied ( Episode 7 ) 2.3. 1.8 A Journey 's End ? ( Episode 8 ) 2.3. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.3. 2.1 Hero in Residence ( Episode 1 ) 2.3. 2.2 Giant Consequences ( Episode 2 ) 2.3. 2.3 Jailhouse Block ( Episode 3 ) 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Development and releases 4.1 Sequel 5 Reception 5.1 Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) 5.1. 1 Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone 5.1. 2 Episode 2 : Assembly Required 5.1. 3 Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look 5.1. 4 Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place 5.1. 5 Episode 5 : Order Up ! 5.1. 6 Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery 5.1. 7 Episode 7 : Access Denied 5.1. 8 Episode 8 : A Journey 's End ? 5.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 5.2. 1 Episode 1 : Hero in Residence 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Minecraft : Story Mode is a episodic interactive comedy - drama point - and - click graphic adventure video game . Similar to Telltale Games 's other games , it was released as a number of episodes . Players can collect items , solve puzzles , and talk to non-player characters through conversation trees to learn about the story and determine what to do next . Like other ones of Telltale Games 's games , decisions that the player makes will impact events in both the current episode and later episodes . However , unlike Telltale Games 's previous games , which tend to carry more mature or emotional overtones ( including the death of major characters ) , Minecraft : Story Mode is intended to be a family - friendly title . As such , the decisions are intended to be pivotal and emotional , but not involve mature imagery or themes . Elements of crafting and building , central to Minecraft , were included in the gameplay . The game includes combat and other action sequences , carried out through both quick time events , similarly to Telltale Games 's other episodic games , and more arcade - like controls , such as steering around debris on a road . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) Minecraft : Story Mode takes place in an interpretation of the world of Minecraft . The main character , Jesse , is a passionate newbie Minecraft player who sets out on a journey with their friends within the world of Minecraft to find The Order of the Stone ( Gabriel , Ellegaard , Magnus , Soren ) -- four legendary adventurers who saved the Minecraft world . The game includes settings that are normally difficult to access from within Minecraft , including the Nether , The End , and the Far Lands . Characters ( edit ) The player can customize Jesse , including choice of gender and skin tone . Jesse is voiced by Patton Oswalt if male and by Catherine Taber if female . Other characters within the Minecraft world include the humans Petra ( voiced by Ashley Johnson ) Axel ( Brian Posehn ) , Olivia ( Martha Plimpton ) , Lukas ( Scott Porter ) , Maya , Ivy , Fangirl ( GK Bowes ) , Owen ( Owen Hill ) , Gill ( Phil LaMarr ) , Aiden , Otis ( Matthew Mercer ) , Ivor Sigge ( Paul Reubens ) , Usher ( Jason ' jtop ' Topolski ) , Fanboy ( Billy West ) , Lydia ( Lydia Winters ) , the Announcer ( Erin Yvette ) , Jesse 's pet pig Reuben ( Dee Bradley Baker ) and the four Order of the Stone members : Gabriel the Warrior ( Dave Fennoy ) , Magnus the Rogue ( Corey Feldman ) , Ellegaard the Redstone Engineer ( Grey Griffin ) , and Soren the Architect ( John Hodgman ) . Stauffer said that the human characters as a whole represent the different types of gamers who play Minecraft . Billy West narrates the story . Plot ( edit ) This is a broad overview of the plot . Certain decisions made by the player will alter details of specific events . Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) ( edit ) The Order of the Stone ( Episode 1 ) ( edit ) Young builder Jesse , his friends Olivia and Axel , and their pet pig Reuben go to the Endercon building competition , which they lose every year to a rival team called the Ocelots . Despite this , they manage to build an impressive contraption ( determined by the player ) , which Ocelot member Aiden jealously sabotages , scaring off Reuben . Jesse goes after Reuben , and the two are saved from mobs by their friend Petra , who convinces Jesse to help her with a business deal : selling a Wither skull for a diamond . Back at the competition ( which the group either wins or loses , depending on whether Jesse let his friends help them search for Reuben ) the deal goes bad when Ivor , the man Petra sells the skull to , rips her off and flees . Jesse and Petra , joined by Axel , Olivia and the sympathetic Ocelot leader , Lukas , follow Ivor into an underground laboratory . There , they discover him making a Wither , an incredibly dangerous creature , but are unable to stop him . The creature attacks the event and targets Gabriel , a member of the legendary Order of the Stone , whom Ivor seems to know . Ivor loses control of the Wither , which , with the power of the special ' command block ' implanted in the Wither 's chest , transforms into an advanced , more horrific version of itself , called ' The Wither Storm ' . It then destroys the town , forcing the group to escape into Gabriel 's fortress , where Gabriel sends Jesse 's group to find Order members Magnus and Ellegaard , and gives them an amulet to guide them . They head into the dangerous Nether , leaving Petra and Gabriel behind in the process ( one of them being sucked into the Wither Storm , depending on your choices ) . In the Nether , Jesse 's group finds a train track left by the Order , and goes to the Overworld , where the group decides to bunk for the night . Axel has an unexplained bitterness towards Lukas , and Jesse must choose who he will side with . The next morning , the group arrives at the Order Fortress , where they discover that Ivor had actually been a member of the Order , but had been inexplicably kicked out . They later find a contraption that , when hooked up to the amulet , shows on a map the current locations of the members of the Order . Lukas decides to stay and fortify the fortress , and asks that one of the four stay with him . The player then has a choice : to go with Axel to get Magnus , or with Olivia to get Ellegaard . As Jesse and Axel / Olivia prepare to leave , the Wither Storm approaches . Assembly Required ( Episode 2 ) ( edit ) Jesse and Axel / Olivia head to Boom Town / Redstonia to recruit Magnus / Ellegaard to help them . After successfully getting Magnus / Ellegaard to join them ( with different mishaps ) , they return to the temple to discover that Olivia / Axel ( whoever did n't accompany Jesse ) has subsequently retrieved Ellegaard / Magnus ( whichever one Jesse did not personally find ) , and are now reunited with either Petra or Gabriel ( depending on who Jesse saved before entering the Nether ) . Returning to the machine , they discover that it now shows the location of the last , long thought lost member , Soren , as well as Ivor , who is heading towards him . Ellegaard reveals that she and Soren had been building a `` Formidi Bomb '' ( an incredibly powerful explosive ) , and proposes this as a solution to the problem of the Wither Storm . The group leaves to find Soren and his secret lab . There , Jesse , Lukas and Reuben find a massive herd of endermen . Magnus and Ellegaard ( who clearly do n't get along well ) depart in two different directions to find the `` F - Bomb '' . Jesse and Petra / Gabriel follow Jesse , while Lukas , Olivia and Axel follow the others . As they walk , Petra / Gabriel reveals to Jesse that , despite his saving him / her , they have `` Wither Sickness '' , which gets worse by the minute . Eventually , they confront Ivor , but he taunts them , saying that the Order will be unable to do anything to stop him , then escapes . The Last Place you Look ( Episode 3 ) ( edit ) The group is trapped ( Ivor 's doing in the prior episode ) . They manage to escape , but end up in the foreboding End . There , they spot Soren and follow him into his massive house , where Jesse finds him researching the dangerous Endermen . Jesse convinces Soren to help destroy the Wither Storm using the incredibly powerful Formidi Bomb , just as the Wither Storm attacks . They return to the surface , where they reunite with Magnus and Ellegaard . Soren asks for a volunteer to set off the Formidi - Bomb , reminding them that the bomb will go off seconds after being made . This task falls on Jesse 's shoulders . Accepting either Magnus or Ellegaard 's armor , Jesse constructs and uses the Formidi - Bomb , and survives , but Magnus / Ellegaard ( whoever gave Jesse the armor ) is killed by an attack from the Wither Storm . The Formidi - Bomb destroys the Wither Storm , freeing the citizens it ate , including a now amnesiac Gabriel or Petra . Unfortunately , due to the bomb not reaching the Command Block keeping it alive , the Wither Storm reforms , having split apart to make three Wither Storms , forcing everyone to flee . A Block and a Hard Place ( Episode 4 ) ( edit ) The group is forced to flee the new Storms . They then encounter Ivor , who wants to fix his mistake and offers a solution : using a book of enchantments he has at his house in the Far Lands that can enchant a weapon so powerful it can destroy the command block . The group ( possibly Axel , Lukas and the sick member ) goes to Ivor 's house , where they learn that the story of the Ender Dragon battle that made the Order famous was n't entirely true : Soren just used the Command Block to glitch the Ender Dragon out of existence . Ivor left the Order in disgust and summoned the Wither Storm to show the world who the Order really are : liars and frauds . Despite this shocking truth , Jesse constructs the weapon which , with the unwitting help of the Endermen , they use to enter the Wither Storm and destroy the Command Block , though Reuben is fatally wounded in the process and dies shortly after . As the world praises the new heroes , Jesse convinces Gabriel , who now cured ( same with Petra ) , to either tell the truth about the Order 's past or continue keeping it a secret . Either way , Jesse and their friends are then made the famous New Order of the Stone . Order up ! ( Episode 5 ) ( edit ) Sometime later , the New Order goes , on a tip from Ivor , to a temple where they discover a mysterious enchanted flint and steel . Outside the temple , they 're accosted by Aiden , who usurped Lukas as the new leader of the Ocelots ( now going by the `` Blaze Rods '' ) and is bitter towards the fame the New Order has attained , though they manage to chase him and his lackeys away . Back in town , the group shows their found loot to Ivor , who reveals the enchanted flint and steel to be the key to the Eversource , a source of unlimited building power . Returning to the temple , Jesse , Petra , Lukas and Ivor find a portal , which Jesse activates with the flint and steel . Unfortunately , the Blaze Rods surprise them and enter the portal first . Pursuing them , the group ends up in a sky dimension , where they have to build a bridge with dirt . They come to Sky City , a metropolis island in the clouds , where building is strictly regulated by the town 's stern Founder . Unluckily for the group , Aiden gets to the Founder first and tricks her into turning the whole town against the Order . Though Ivor and Lukas are captured , Petra is saved by Milo , a barman and the leader of an underground resistance called Build Club ( Jesse 's decisions choose who he goes with ) . They are quickly reunited , and soon find the Eversource , revealed to be a chicken which lays spawn eggs . The group is then attacked by the Founder and Aiden , only for him to betray her and knock her , Jesse and possibly Lukas over the side . They land safely on land below , which is surprising to the Founder , as she thought there was nothing but an abyss . She and Jesse ( Lukas will sit this out , feeling weak from fighting Aiden in the palace ) build a tower back to Sky City , which is now overrun with monsters Aiden summoned from spawn eggs laid by the Eversource chicken . Though Jesse defeats Aiden and his crownies , the city is lost and the remaining townsfolk get into a waterfall and flow safely down to the land below . After deciding what to do with Aiden and the Eversource and how the new government should be run , Jesse and the group use a portal they and the Founder discovered while building the tower to return home , only to find themselves in a corridor filled with portals . A portal to Mystery ( Episode 6 ) ( edit ) After entering one of the portals , Jesse , Lukas , Petra and Ivor end up in a world very similar to their own , except there are two moons , and everything appears swampy . After reading an invitation and escaping a massive horde of zombies , they end up in the mansion of other invitees , who end up to be five well - known Minecraft YouTubers : CaptainSparklez , StampyCat , DanTDM , LDShadowLady and StacyPlays , as well as two other fictional ones : TorqueDawg and Cassie Rose . They are revealed to be just as oblivious to this place as the New Order , since portraits of the Youtubers and the Order somehow appeared in the house . While meeting Sparklez and TorqueDawg , all lights go out and TorqueDawg is mysteriously killed by a trap with poisoned arrows . Through a series of investigation , causing the death trap of CaptainSparklez , right after his announcement of the fact that the murderer ( who referred to him / herself as the ' White Pumpkin ' ) was killing them off for the enchanted flint and steel ( such as the one as Jesse has ) , as well as the death of Lizzie / Dan , the majority of the Youtubers point the evidence at Lukas , but Petra and Jesse fiercely disagree . The two , along with Stampy , ( who then reveals that he had an enchanted flint and steel ) , prove that Cassie Rose was the White Pumpkin , who then accidentally sets off one of her own traps and dies . Jesse , Petra , Ivor , and Lukas peacefully depart with the remaining Youtubers . The New Order walks over to an unlit portal frame , and attempt to use the flint and steel on it , and open another portal back to their home . Though the flint and steel had the power to send them back to their world , it is revealed that the portal was a trap from Rose , who was not dead . While she threatens them with Endermites , Jesse is able to defeat her with his sword and his own collection of Ender pearls and leaves her to be eaten by the Endermites , while Jesse and his friends return through the real portal , although it is unknown whether they return home or not . Access Denied ( Episode 7 ) ( edit ) Back in the portal hallway , Petra , who is bitter towards Jesse for leading to nowhere in multiple worlds and portals , flees into a redstone portal , concluding that redstone meant `` smart people '' . Jesse , Lukas and Ivor , having no choice , follow her into the portal . Upon arrival , they are taken hostage by a population of players controlled with redstone chips by the psychopathy artificial intelligence computer screen PAMA ( Prototype : Autonomous Management Agent ) , who was created by redstone user Harper but , against Harper 's will , controlled the population in order to `` make them useful '' . Wanting to invade Jesse 's territory and world , PAMA questions him and takes over Petra and Lukas , allowing it to see what they know . Jesse and Ivor escape PAMA with the help of Harper , who shows them her laboratory , where she reveals that she is an `` old builder '' . They are soon attacked by PAMA controlled monsters , alongside the mind controlled Lukas and Petra . Through a stroke of luck , Jesse manages to destroy the redstone chips controlling some spiders , and either Lukas or Petra . Harper is captured by whoever Jesse did n't free by orders of PAMA , and Harper tells Jesse to find the ' headset ' . Eventually , after solving Harper 's puzzle , Jesse finds the headset , and wears it . It allows Jesse to take control over and migrate into PAMA - controlled mobs . Eventually finding Harper being captured by PAMA , Jesse is able to free her , only for her to be recaptured , but finds out from her that PAMA 's internal redstone heart is supposed to be destroyed . Using one of Ivor 's potions , Jesse is able to break into PAMA but is engaged in a fight with either Lukas or Petra before destroying PAMA 's heart . After the townspeople are freed from PAMA 's possession , they discover that Harper had created PAMA , and immediately hate her for it . Harper accompanies the group to the portal hallway , where she unlocks a stairway with the redstone heart leading to where the ' Old Builders ' live , who might be able to help them find their way home , via a `` Portal Atlas '' . A journey 's end ? ( Episode 8 ) ( edit ) Arriving at the Old Builder 's village , the five accidentally interrupt a game of spleef hosted by the Old Builders ; Hadrian , Mevia and Otto . Lukas and either Ivor or Petra ( whoever Jesse does n't choose to help ) are seemingly killed , but respawn to be sent to the Nether mines , where other losers of the Old Builder 's games are sent . Jesse strikes a deal with Hadrian : if Jesse wins the games , they get the Portal Atlas and go home . In the village , Harper explains to Jesse that Hadrian and Mevia began to force players from other worlds to play the games - they would only be free if they won the games , which was virtually rigged . After freeing Lukas and his other companion from the mines , Jesse successfully completes the second game , despite Hadrian sending the green team to eliminate Jesse . Ivor / Petra ( whoever Jesse saved ) are killed , but quickly respawn. Harper convinces sympathetic Old Builder Otto to help Jesse . Hadrian reveals to Jesse that he kept Olivia and Axel captive using the Atlas , and makes another deal : If Jesse loses the games , Olivia , Axel , Petra , Lukas , Ivor and Reuben ( Hadrian confused the latter with the EnderCon Usher ) can go free while Jesse stays imprisoned . Otherwise , everyone stays imprisoned . The next day , on the third task , Jesse eventually convinces the other teams to cooperate and rebel against Hadrian and Mevia by all winning . Otto accepts this victory , but Hadrian and Mevia trap him and most players , and kill Jesse , and the player respawns in the respawn area , where Emily , leader of the green team , Olivia , Axel , Petra , Lukas , Harper , and Ivor have stolen items for Jesse to defeat the Old Builders . The plan is successful , and they eventually receive the Atlas from Otto . Back in the Portal Hallway , Otto plans to work on making the games fun again . Harper and Emily either return home , stay in the games , or leave with the Order ( Jesse 's suggestion ) , and the Order of the Stone return home . There , after Jesse shows Axel and Olivia their cool new artifacts ( the Flint and Steel , the Eversource Crown , the White Pumpkin Head , the Redstone Heart , and the Atlas ) . Ivor takes the enchanted flint and steel and the Atlas , in which Jesse either decides to go after him or trust him with their new treasure . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Hero in Residence ( Episode 1 ) ( edit ) Lukas narrates a novel about Jesse and their friends ' adventures and their popularity . As he finishes , Jesse , Axel , and Olivia provide feedback for the novel . Along with Radar , Jesse 's new assistant , the five leave the Order 's palace to prepare for Founding Day celebrations throughout the world . Radar stays with Jesse to help with various tasks in Beacontown . Afterwards , Jesse heads to the mines to meet Petra , who has been sent to find a mystery monster by Stella , who has Petra 's golden sword . In the mines , Jesse and Petra fight off zombies , then race through the mine shaft to find the `` mystery monster '' , which turns out to be a llama named Lluna . They capture the llama , and also find a strange glove on top of a pyramid that whispers Jesse 's name . The pyramid collapses and reveals a bottomless pit . They close off the pit and escape . Back on the surface , Jesse leaves a warning sign , and they head to Champion City to take the llama to Stella . The two meet Stella and give the llama back to her . Stella informs Petra that the `` adventure '' was a scam and does n't return the sword . The two decide to `` steal '' the golden sword back . Once they reach Stella 's treasure room , they find that the sword is missing . Stella shows up , accepts `` defeat '' , and gives the sword back . As they head back to Beacontown , the bottomless pit blows open and spews out charged creepers . They fight them off with ease before sealing it again . They head straight to Beacontown to meet Jack , a former treasure hunter . Jack talks to Jesse about the glove , and introduces them to Nurm , who makes Jack 's maps . The four get some armor from the Order 's palace , and head to the ocean temple . As they travel , Jack informs them how the ocean monument is ran by `` the Admin '' , a creature that plays by its own rules . They suit up in water helmets , and swim to the ocean monument . Jesse completes a door frame , which frees Vos . Jack is surprised that Vos is alive , and the five reach the main part of the temple . They find the two structure blocks , and must pick one . After fighting off stone guards , including `` the Admin '' , the player can choose to help either Petra or Jack . The five then escape back to Beacontown . After closing the pit with the structure block , everyone celebrates Founding Day . As the celebrations start , `` the Admin '' goes after Jesse , vowing to demolish them . While Lukas is at his house writing his novel with his pet ocelot , he sees the Colossus approaching Beacontown , he proceeds to dress up in his armor and ride to help Jesse . Giant Consequences ( Episode 2 ) ( edit ) `` The Admin '' meets Jesse at Beacontown , and the two fight against each other , destroying part of Beacontown in the process , He uses a giant clock to turn day into night so that monsters would invade the city . `` The Admin '' also takes the structure block away from Jesse and swallows it whole . Just as `` The Admin '' is about to swallow Jesse whole , Lukas distracts him with a bow to the eye , and saves Jesse from certain death . Jesse then realizes that the symbol on `` The Admin 's '' head was the same symbol shown on the back of the Prismarine Golem at the ocean temple , and Jesse realizes that destroying the symbol is the only way of destroying `` the Admin '' . With no time to spare , Jesse takes Lukas ' horse , climbs up `` the Admin '' , and kills it , dropping a giant clock in the process , which Jesse uses to make the sun come up . In the aftermath , Jesse and others are doing all they can to rebuild Beacontown , and Jesse can choose whether to give Lukas or Radar the title of `` Clockmaster '' , which basically involves watching a giant clock all day . Jesse then meets up with Jack and Vos , who unintentionally spill that they are about to go on a new adventure with Nurm and Petra , much to the disgust of Jesse . Suddenly , Jesse and Petra see snowflakes falling in Beacontown , and one of them ends up melting inside the glove , revealing `` the Admin '' to be a snowman . The snowman then gives Jesse a challenge : Beacontown will remain dark and huddled with hostile mobs until Jesse reclaims the giant clock , which the snowman says is `` at the tippy top of my awesome , fantastic , super-deadly icy palace of despair '' . Jesse and numerous others fight off numerous strays and zombies , and the group ( consisting of Jesse , Petra , Lukas , Radar , Jack , and Vos ) head toward the ice palace . On the way to the ice palace , the group encounter Lluna and Stella , once again talking about their `` rivalry '' . The group ignore her , and she eventually tags along with them in order to `` keep an eye on them '' . Stella then reveals that Radar was originally part of Stella 's inventory management team . At the ice palace , the snowman drops the group into the pit , and Jesse can choose whether to go with Lukas or Petra in order to find the clock . The group eventually end up in a roller - coaster - like maze , and meet the snowman once more , giving the group ( consisting of Jesse , Lukas , and Radar or Jesse , Petra , Jack , and Vos ) several challenges , such as a shooting gallery , parkour , and a fight with a giant snow golem . Nonetheless , the Admin insists that only one person is supposed to win , and throws Radar / Jack into another challenge , with Vos randomly disappearing . The group then mine their way out with a diamond pickaxe and face numerous Snow Endercreepers . Jesse can then choose whether Petra or Jack should get the clock , and whether Stella should come along or leave her be . Petra / Jack makes it up to the clock and destroys it , turning the world back to normal time . Jack insists on finding Vos , and the group help Jack find him . Suddenly , it is revealed that Vos is indeed the Admin the entire time as the real Vos died years ago , and he is convinced on partnering up by Stella . The Admin then transports the Glove to whoever destroyed the clock & proceeds to teleport Jesse to a jailhouse . Jailhouse Block ( Episode 3 ) ( edit ) Jesse arrives at the `` Sunshine Institute '' , a place where the Admin likes to keep people that he detests as well as people meant to control the people who he detests . Jesse immediately tries to escape with help from Jack / Petra ( who was not chosen as a champion ) where they discover that the prison is in the middle of a labyrinth filled with dangerous monsters , they are immediately apprehended and sent back to the prison . Jesse meets the Warden a former `` Guest '' ( prisoner ) who was promoted who proceeds to torture Radar in order to coerce Jesse into becoming an `` Associate '' ( Guard ) , Jesse can either accept this new role or refuse . If he accepts the role he will be an Associate , if not the Warden will break Radar 's Glasses & give him a black - eye . They also discover that Stella is also there as an Associate of the deeper floor . After an attempted escape from Prisoner X , they discover that they need her help in order for them to get out of there . As an Associate / Guest you will find another Guest 's Secret Stash , a Mooshroom , once the Warden finds out you will be asked to shear the mushrooms from the Mooshroom to change it back to a regular cow promising a promotion to the lower depths if you obey . If you shear the cow you will be promoted to an associate in the lower depths ( Jack / Petra , Nurm & Radar will cause trouble to be demoted to follow you ) , but if you refuse you and your friends will be demoted to the lower depths as guests . Once in the lower levels you ask assistance from Stella to make a lever to open Prisoner X 's cell , you can either promise to help her escape as well or not , after successfully opening the gate to Prisoner X 's Cell the Admin shows up and forces Jesse & Jack / Petra ( Who became the champion in the previous episode ) to fight to the death , but they instead cooperate to try and attack the Admin , annoyed by this he abandons the Sunshine Institute and fires the Warden . The Admin comes up with a New plan to impersonate Jesse and take over his perfect life in Beacontown and proceeds to take Stella with him . They proceed to Prisoner X 's isolated cell , the cell is booby trapped to explode if no one is standing on at least one pressure plate which means that either Nurm or Lluna need to be left behind so that they can escape . After their escape they learn that Prisoner X whose name is Xara is a former Admin . They were told that Xara & another Admin named Fred fought with Romeo ( The Admin 's Real Name ) for control of the world but Fred was killed & Xara 's powers was taken away . After fighting through the monster labyrinth you are asked to choose to help Xara when she ditches you or to leave her to fend for herself . Whatever you choose you will meet up with her at the base of a Diamond Tower . Xara explains that there is a passageway beneath the tower and they need to dig into the bedrock to escape , she also explains that the secret to rid Romeo of his abilities also lie there as well . They enter the passageway , but we see that there is an Enderman in the passageway . Romeo in Jesse 's form proceeds to give the Order of the Stone 's Amulet to an armored assailant to try and hunt down Jesse & his friends . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 5 October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) 5 July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) TBA Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) ( edit ) The main Minecraft : Story Mode game was separated into five episodes for Season 1 , released in one month intervals . Three additional episodes were later released . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Main `` The Order of the Stone '' Dennis Lenart and Graham Ross Michael Choung and Laura Jacqmin October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) While at Endercon , Jesse , Olivia , Axel , Reuben , Petra , and Lukas instantly face a creature named the Wither Storm , a world - threatening monster . It is up to Jesse and his / her friends to reassemble the Order of the Stone , a group of adventurers and so - called slayers of the Ender Dragon . `` Assembly Required '' Jason Latino Joshua Rubin , Eric Stirpe and Timothy Williams October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) Jesse and his / her friends must recruit Magnus / Ellegaard and find Soren , the final member of the Order of the Stone . `` The Last Place You Look '' Jonathan Stauder Michael Choung , Laura Jacqmin , Eric Stirpe and Timothy Williams November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) Trapped at Soren 's fortress , Jesse and his / her friends must find Soren to build the Formidi - Bomb , which might destroy the Wither Storm . `` A Block and a Hard Place '' Graham Ross and Rebekah Gamin Arcovitch Brad Kane and Laura Jacqmin December 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) After the Formidi - Bomb failed to destroy the witherstorm when the command block is still there , Jesse and his / her friends must go on a long journey to the Far Lands , to find Ivor 's laboratory and use his help to not only destroy the Wither Storm , but the Command Block . 5 5 `` Order Up ! '' Jonathan Stauder Eric Stirpe and Timothy Williams March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) Jesse , Petra , Lukas , and Ivor find a mysterious portal and wind themselves up in a strange place called Sky City . After being framed , Jesse and his / her friends must clear their names and stop an old enemy from destroying an innocent world . Downloaded content 6 6 `` A Portal to Mystery '' Sean Manning Eric Stirpe and Timothy Williams June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) Jesse and his / her friends end up in a room full of portals and must find a portal leading to the overworld . The episode features five well - known YouTube players of Minecraft , as their avatars in the game : Joseph Garrett , Stacy Hinojosa , Dan Middleton , Lizzie Dwyer , and Jordan Maron . 7 7 `` Access Denied '' Rebekah Gamin Arcovitch and Jason Pyke Luke McMullen and Eric Stirpe July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) Continuing their portal journey in search of home , Jesse and crew land in a world entirely controlled by PAMA - a sinister `` thinking machine '' determined to command everyone and everything with red stone mind control `` chips '' in pursuit of optimal usefulness and efficiency . Forced on the run to avoid capture and assimilation , you 'll need to work with a new ally to defeat the corrupted computer and free the population it has enslaved . 8 8 `` A Journey 's End ? '' Vahram Antonian Eric Stirpe , Yale Hannon , and Erica Harrell September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) Jesse , Petra , Lukas , and Ivor try to find The Atlas , which can supposedly find their way home . They meet The Old Builders who turned out to be a group of people who have many tricks up their sleeves , But still manage to help them find their way home , and along the way , they make a new friend , Em . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) In July 2017 , the first trailer was released for season 2 revealing a release date of July 11 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Hero in Residence '' Jonathan Stauder Eric Stirpe July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) As old friends and new responsibilities pull Jesse in different directions , the discovery of a strange Prismarine Gauntlet leads our hero into a whole new world of mystery and danger . 10 `` Giant Consequences '' Jonathan Stauder Eric Stirpe August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) A powerful foe emerges in Beacontown and subjects Jesse to some bizarre ( and deadly ) challenges . Friendships will be tested and new alliances formed as Jesse fights to save the world from this mighty enemy . 11 `` Jailhouse Block '' Chris Reiser Adam Douglas September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) Jesse and the gang must brave a dangerous prison and its even more dangerous inmates to reach the secret at the prison 's heart ... But when the enemy to recruit Jesse 's friends , will they all be able to resist the call ? Development and releases ( edit ) The idea for Minecraft : Story Mode came around the end of 2012 when Telltale Games was engaged in work for Tales from the Borderlands , an episodic series based on the Borderlands series . The idea of developing stories around other established video game franchises led the team to brainstorm the idea for a Minecraft - related game , given that the game was essentially a `` blank canvas '' for storytelling , according to Job Stauffer , and would create an interesting challenge . The two groups recognized the amount of fan - generated narrative content that existed in the way of YouTube videos and other media forms that demonstrated the potential for storytelling in the game . Many on Telltale 's staff were also already fans of Minecraft , with a private server that they played on , with some of the incidents that occurred on there becoming ideas for the game 's story . Telltale began negotiations with Mojang in early 2013 , and began work on the title shortly thereafter . Stauffer noted that Microsoft 's acquisition of Mojang was not a factor in the game 's development , as their interaction with Mojang began well before Microsoft 's negotiations . Telltale opted to create a new main character of Jesse for Minecraft : Story Mode instead of using default `` Steve '' character from Minecraft , feeling that they did not want to attempt to rewrite how players already saw this character in the game . Other primary characters in the game are loosely designed around archetypes of common player - characters for Minecraft , such that those that engage in building , fighting , or griefing other players . The game will not attempt to provide any background for some concepts in Minecraft , such as the creepers , as to avoid the various interpretations that fans have done for these elements , though they are elements of the game 's story . Stauffer stated that the game 's story would be aimed as family - friendly , similar to the films The Goonies or Ghostbusters ; their intended content would be equivalent to a PG - 13 or PEGI - 12 rating . A number of the voice actors are alumni of such films of the 1980s such as Corey Feldman who starred in The Goonies , and the game includes various references to these types of films . Stauffer reflected that while Telltale 's more recent games like The Walking Dead were more mature stories , their original adventure games like Sam & Max and Strong Bad 's Cool Game for Attractive People were written as family - friendly , and that they consider their approach to Minecraft : Story Mode as `` part of our DNA '' . The story was aimed to be accessible to both existing players of Minecraft - both novice and advanced players - and to new audiences outside of the game . Minecraft : Story Mode was formally announced in December 2014 as a collaboration project between Mojang and Telltale ; the announcement was presented as an interactive adventure game named `` Info Quest II '' . Its first trailer was released during the Minecon 2015 convention in early July . The game is planned for a five - episode series for release on Android , iOS , Microsoft Windows , OS X , PlayStation and Xbox consoles by late 2015 ; Telltale has confirmed that they will release the game for the Wii U , representing the first time a Minecraft game has been released on a Nintendo platform , as well as the first time a Telltale 's title has been released on a Nintendo platform since Back to the Future : The Game . Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure , incorporating both the main episodes and downloadable content , was also announced for the Nintendo Switch . The series released for most systems on October 13 , 2015 , with the PlayStation Vita and Wii U versions to follow at a later date . A season pass of the game was available for purchase on October 27 , 2015 , which allows the player to access the other four episodes once they are released . Retail versions of the game were released on October 27 , 2015 . Sequel ( edit ) Minecraft : Story Mode -- Season Two was released on July 11 , 2017 across five episodes , for Windows , macOS , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , iOS and Android . It continues the story from the first season , with the player 's choices affecting elements within Season 2 . Patton Oswalt , Catherine Taber , Ashley Johnson , and Scott Porter are confirmed to continue voicework for the new season . The game supports the new Crowd Play feature that Telltale introduced in Batman : The Telltale Series , allowing up to 2,000 audience members to vote on decisions for player using Twitch or other streaming services . On August 3 , 2017 , Telltale announced that Episode 2 , `` Giant Consequences '' , was released on August 15 . On September 19 , 2017 , Episode 3 `` Jailhouse Block '' was released . Reception ( edit ) Season 1 Aggregate Reviews Game Metacritic Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone ( PC ) 71 ( PS4 ) 71 ( XONE ) 77 Episode 2 : Assembly Required ( PC ) 59 ( PS4 ) 53 ( XONE ) 61 Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look ( PC ) 73 ( PS4 ) 73 ( XONE ) 75 Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place ( PC ) 68 ( PS4 ) 72 ( XONE ) 71 Episode 5 : Order Up ! ( PC ) 70 ( PS4 ) 72 ( XONE ) 69 Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery ( PC ) 64 ( PS4 ) 69 ( XONE ) 71 Episode 7 : Access Denied ( PC ) 69 ( PS4 ) 68 ( XONE ) 71 Episode 8 : A Journey 's End ? ( PS4 ) 69 Season 2 Aggregate Reviews Game Metacritic Episode 1 : Hero in Residence ( PC ) 71 ( PS4 ) 67 ( XONE ) 76 Minecraft : Story Mode received mixed reviews from critics . It received praise for its humor , faithfulness to its source material , action sequences and light hearted tone compared to some of Telltale 's previous works although the presence of technical issues was criticized . Critical reception to the story and characters was widely polarized . Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) ( edit ) Episode 1 : the Order of the Stone ( edit ) Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone received `` mixed or average '' reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 71 / 100 based on 25 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 71 / 100 based on 23 reviews and the Xbox One version 77 / 100 based on 13 reviews . Episode 2 : Assembly Required ( edit ) Episode 2 : Assembly Required received `` mixed or average '' reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 59 / 100 based on 13 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 53 / 100 based on 7 reviews and the Xbox One version 61 / 100 based on 8 reviews . Episode 3 : the Last Place you Look ( edit ) Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look received `` mixed or average '' reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 73 / 100 based on 10 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 73 / 100 based on 7 reviews and the Xbox One version 75 / 100 based on 9 reviews . Episode 4 : a Block and a Hard Place ( edit ) Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place received `` mixed or average '' reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 68 / 100 based on 8 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 72 / 100 based on 8 reviews and the Xbox One version 71 / 100 based on 8 reviews . Episode 5 : Order up ! ( edit ) Episode 5 : Order Up ! received `` mixed or average '' reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 70 / 100 based on 6 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 72 / 100 based on 9 reviews and the Xbox One version 69 / 100 based on 6 reviews . Episode 6 : a portal to Mystery ( edit ) Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 64 / 100 based on 5 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 69 / 100 based on 6 reviews and the Xbox One version 71 / 100 based on 5 reviews . Episode 7 : Access Denied ( edit ) Episode 7 : Access Denied received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 69 / 100 based on 4 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 68 / 100 based on 6 reviews and the Xbox One version 71 / 100 based on 5 reviews . Episode 8 : a journey 's end ? ( edit ) Episode 8 : A Journey 's End ? received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PlayStation 4 version 69 / 100 based on 6 reviews . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Episode 1 : Hero in Residence ( edit ) Episode 1 : Hero in Residence received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version 71 / 100 based on 8 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 67 / 100 based on 8 reviews , and the Xbox One version 76 / 100 based on 4 reviews . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nunneley , Stephany ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode Epelease date set for October '' . VG247 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Karmali , Luke ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Episode 2 Release Date Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Lucy ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` New Minecraft : Story Mode Episode 3 Trailer Reveals Release Date '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Luke ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Episode 4 Release Date Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode Episode 5 Date Revealed , Getting 3 Extra Episodes '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nunneley , Stephany ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 6 has a release date and additional cast members '' . VG247.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode 's seventh episode rolls out next week '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Craft , Scott ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Minecraft : Story Mode ' Episode 8 Release Date Confirmed For Next Week '' . IDigitalTimes . Newsweek Media Group . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US : Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure For Switch Pre-Orders Available for Amazon - My Nintendo News '' . My Nintendo News . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-order Minecraft : Story Mode for the Nintendo Switch right now on Amazon and save 20 % '' . BGR . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Switch keeps getting pricier third - party games '' . Polygon . Vox Media . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure - Nintendo Switch '' . Amazon . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jesse 's adventure continues in Minecraft : # StoryMode - Season 2 , premiering July 11 on Xbox One , PS4 , PC , Mac , iOS , and Android devices ! ( June 7 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Russell . `` Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure comes to retail this month '' . Gaming Nexus . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Marsh ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Story Mode Season 2 : Coming Soon ! '' . Minecraft . Microsoft . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , Andrew ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Giving Minecraft a story '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McCaffrey , Ryan ; Petty , Jared ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` PAX 2015 : MINECRAFT VET , ROOKIE EACH PLAY TELLTALE 'S MINECRAFT : STORY MODE '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Matulef , Jeffrey ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode : A chip off the old block '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dredge , Stuart ( July 4 , 2015 ) . `` New Minecraft : Story Mode details revealed at Minecon 2015 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode '' . Game Informer . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Albert , Brian ( July 4 , 2015 ) . `` First Minecraft : Story Mode Details Revealed at Minecon '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` John Hodgman to star in Minecraft : Story Mode '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perusco , Laura ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Attend the Minecraft : Story Mode Premiere in Hollywood , New Cast Details '' . PlayStation Blog US . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Faller , Patrick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` First Minecraft : Story Mode - Season Two Trailer Released '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The second episode of @ Minecraft : # StoryMode - Season Two , `` Giant Consequences , '' will premiere August 15 ! `` . Twitter . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Richard ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` The unlikely creative relationship behind Minecraft : Story Mode '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Keith ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode spin - off game announced by Mojang '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Murphy , David ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Telltale Games , Mojang Team Up for ' Minecraft : Story Mode ' '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Wesley ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Telltale and Mojang Announce Minecraft : Story Mode '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode is an episodic series from Telltale '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Miranda ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure is coming to Nintendo Switch '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode returns for a second season in July '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 2 : Assembly Required '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 2 : Assembly Required '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 2 : Assembly Required '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 5 : Order Up ! '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 5 : Order Up ! '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 5 : Order Up ! '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 7 : Access Denied '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 7 : Access Denied '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 7 : Access Denied '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 8 : A Journey 's End ? '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 1 : Hero in Residence '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 1 : Hero in Residence '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 1 : Hero in Residence '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . 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4829691411461345124 | Photosynthesis | Photosynthesis - wikipedia Photosynthesis Jump to : navigation , search Schematic of photosynthesis in plants . The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant . Overall equation for the type of photosynthesis that occurs in plants Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis , including both oceanic phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation . Dark red and blue - green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land , respectively . Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms ' activities ( energy transformation ) . This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules , such as sugars , which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water -- hence the name photosynthesis , from the Greek φῶς , phōs , `` light '' , and σύνθεσις , synthesis , `` putting together '' . In most cases , oxygen is also released as a waste product . Most plants , most algae , and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis ; such organisms are called photoautotrophs . Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth 's atmosphere , and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth . Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species , the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments . In plants , these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts , which are most abundant in leaf cells , while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane . In these light - dependent reactions , some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances , such as water , producing oxygen gas . The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that act as an immediate energy storage means : reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , the `` energy currency '' of cells . In plants , algae and cyanobacteria , long - term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of light - independent reactions called the Calvin cycle ; some bacteria use different mechanisms , such as the reverse Krebs cycle , to achieve the same end . In the Calvin cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds , such as ribulose bisphosphate ( RuBP ) . Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light - dependent reactions , the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates , such as glucose . The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide , rather than water , as sources of electrons . Cyanobacteria appeared later ; the excess oxygen they produced contributed directly to the oxygenation of the Earth , which rendered the evolution of complex life possible . Today , the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts , which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization . Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100 -- 115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Photosynthetic membranes and organelles 3 Light - dependent reactions 3.1 Z scheme 3.2 Water photolysis 4 Light - independent reactions 4.1 Calvin cycle 4.2 Carbon concentrating mechanisms 4.2. 1 On land 4.2. 2 In water 5 Order and kinetics 6 Efficiency 7 Evolution 7.1 Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts 7.2 Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis 8 Discovery 8.1 Development of the concept 8.2 C3 : C4 photosynthesis research 9 Factors 9.1 Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature 9.2 Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Books 12.2 Papers 13 External links Overview Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy , splits water to liberate O , and fixes CO into sugar . Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs , which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light . However , not all organisms that use light as a source of energy carry out photosynthesis ; photoheterotrophs use organic compounds , rather than carbon dioxide , as a source of carbon . In plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , photosynthesis releases oxygen . This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms . Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , the overall process is quite similar in these organisms . There are also many varieties of anoxygenic photosynthesis , used mostly by certain types of bacteria , which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen . Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation . Photosynthesis provides the energy in the form of free electrons that are used to split carbon from carbon dioxide that is then used to fix that carbon once again as carbohydrate . Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction , so photosynthesis supplies the energy that drives both process . In general outline , photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration , in which glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water , and to release chemical energy ( an exothermic reaction ) to drive the organism 's metabolism . The two processes , reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate and then later oxidation of the carbohydrate , are distinct : photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments . The general equation for photosynthesis as first proposed by Cornelius van Niel is therefore : CO + 2H A + photons → ( CH O ) + 2A + H O carbon dioxide + electron donor + light energy → carbohydrate + oxidized electron donor + water Since water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis , the equation for this process is : CO + 2H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O + H O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen + water This equation emphasizes that water is both a reactant in the light - dependent reaction and a product of the light - independent reaction , but canceling n water molecules from each side gives the net equation : CO + H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen Other processes substitute other compounds ( such as arsenite ) for water in the electron - supply role ; for example some microbes use sunlight to oxidize arsenite to arsenate : The equation for this reaction is : CO + ( AsO 3 − 3 ) + photons → ( AsO 3 − 4 ) + CO carbon dioxide + arsenite + light energy → arsenate + carbon monoxide ( used to build other compounds in subsequent reactions ) Photosynthesis occurs in two stages . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions or light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage molecules ATP and NADPH . During the second stage , the light - independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide . Most organisms that utilize oxygenic photosynthesis use visible light for the light - dependent reactions , although at least three use shortwave infrared or , more specifically , far - red radiation . Some organisms employ even more radical variants of photosynthesis . Some archea use a simpler method that employs a pigment similar to those used for vision in animals . The bacteriorhodopsin changes its configuration in response to sunlight , acting as a proton pump . This produces a proton gradient more directly , which is then converted to chemical energy . The process does not involve carbon dioxide fixation and does not release oxygen , and seems to have evolved separately from the more common types of photosynthesis . Photosynthetic membranes and organelles Chloroplast ultrastructure : 1 . outer membrane 2 . intermembrane space 3 . inner membrane ( 1 + 2 + 3 : envelope ) 4 . stroma ( aqueous fluid ) 5 . thylakoid lumen ( inside of thylakoid ) 6 . thylakoid membrane 7 . granum ( stack of thylakoids ) 8 . thylakoid ( lamella ) 9 . starch 10 . ribosome 11 . plastidial DNA 12 . plastoglobule ( drop of lipids ) Main articles : Chloroplast and Thylakoid In photosynthetic bacteria , the proteins that gather light for photosynthesis are embedded in cell membranes . In its simplest form , this involves the membrane surrounding the cell itself . However , the membrane may be tightly folded into cylindrical sheets called thylakoids , or bunched up into round vesicles called intracytoplasmic membranes . These structures can fill most of the interior of a cell , giving the membrane a very large surface area and therefore increasing the amount of light that the bacteria can absorb . In plants and algae , photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts . A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts . The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane . This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane , a phospholipid outer membrane , and an intermembrane space . Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma . Embedded within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids ( grana ) , which are the site of photosynthesis . The thylakoids appear as flattened disks . The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid membrane , and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space . Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes of the photosynthetic system . Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll . The green part of the light spectrum is not absorbed but is reflected which is the reason that most plants have a green color . Besides chlorophyll , plants also use pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls . Algae also use chlorophyll , but various other pigments are present , such as phycocyanin , carotenes , and xanthophylls in green algae , phycoerythrin in red algae ( rhodophytes ) and fucoxanthin in brown algae and diatoms resulting in a wide variety of colors . These pigments are embedded in plants and algae in complexes called antenna proteins . In such proteins , the pigments are arranged to work together . Such a combination of proteins is also called a light - harvesting complex . Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts , the majority of those are found in specially adapted structures called leaves . Certain species adapted to conditions of strong sunlight and aridity , such as many Euphorbia and cactus species , have their main photosynthetic organs in their stems . The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf , called the mesophyll , can contain between 450,000 and 800,000 chloroplasts for every square millimeter of leaf . The surface of the leaf is coated with a water - resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating . The transparent epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the palisade mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place . Light - dependent reactions Light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane Main article : Light - dependent reactions In the light - dependent reactions , one molecule of the pigment chlorophyll absorbs one photon and loses one electron . This electron is passed to a modified form of chlorophyll called pheophytin , which passes the electron to a quinone molecule , starting the flow of electrons down an electron transport chain that leads to the ultimate reduction of NADP to NADPH . In addition , this creates a proton gradient ( energy gradient ) across the chloroplast membrane , which is used by ATP synthase in the synthesis of ATP . The chlorophyll molecule ultimately regains the electron it lost when a water molecule is split in a process called photolysis , which releases a dioxygen ( O ) molecule as a waste product . The overall equation for the light - dependent reactions under the conditions of non-cyclic electron flow in green plants is : 2 H O + 2 NADP + 3 ADP + 3 P + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H + 3 ATP + O Not all wavelengths of light can support photosynthesis . The photosynthetic action spectrum depends on the type of accessory pigments present . For example , in green plants , the action spectrum resembles the absorption spectrum for chlorophylls and carotenoids with absorption peaks in violet - blue and red light . In red algae , the action spectrum is blue - green light , which allows these algae to use the blue end of the spectrum to grow in the deeper waters that filter out the longer wavelengths ( red light ) used by above ground green plants . The non-absorbed part of the light spectrum is what gives photosynthetic organisms their color ( e.g. , green plants , red algae , purple bacteria ) and is the least effective for photosynthesis in the respective organisms . Z scheme The `` Z scheme '' In plants , light - dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts where they drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH . The light - dependent reactions are of two forms : cyclic and non-cyclic . In the non-cyclic reaction , the photons are captured in the light - harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem II by chlorophyll and other accessory pigments ( see diagram at right ) . The absorption of a photon by the antenna complex frees an electron by a process called photoinduced charge separation . The antenna system is at the core of the chlorophyll molecule of the photosystem II reaction center . That freed electron is transferred to the primary electron - acceptor molecule , pheophytin . As the electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain ( the so - called Z - scheme shown in the diagram ) , it initially functions to generate a chemiosmotic potential by pumping proton cations ( H ) across the membrane and into the thylakoid space . An ATP synthase enzyme uses that chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation , whereas NADPH is a product of the terminal redox reaction in the Z - scheme . The electron enters a chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem I . There it is further excited by the light absorbed by that photosystem . The electron is then passed along a chain of electron acceptors to which it transfers some of its energy . The energy delivered to the electron acceptors is used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen . The electron is eventually used to reduce the co-enzyme NADP with a H to NADPH ( which has functions in the light - independent reaction ) ; at that point , the path of that electron ends . The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic , but differs in that it generates only ATP , and no reduced NADP ( NADPH ) is created . The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem , the electron is passed down the electron acceptor molecules and returns to photosystem I , from where it was emitted , hence the name cyclic reaction . Water photolysis Main articles : Photodissociation and Oxygen evolution The NADPH is the main reducing agent produced by chloroplasts , which then goes on to provide a source of energetic electrons in other cellular reactions . Its production leaves chlorophyll in photosystem I with a deficit of electrons ( chlorophyll has been oxidized ) , which must be balanced by some other reducing agent that will supply the missing electron . The excited electrons lost from chlorophyll from photosystem I are supplied from the electron transport chain by plastocyanin . However , since photosystem II is the first step of the Z - scheme , an external source of electrons is required to reduce its oxidized chlorophyll a molecules . The source of electrons in green - plant and cyanobacterial photosynthesis is water . Two water molecules are oxidized by four successive charge - separation reactions by photosystem II to yield a molecule of diatomic oxygen and four hydrogen ions ; the electrons yielded are transferred to a redox - active tyrosine residue that then reduces the oxidized chlorophyll a ( called P680 ) that serves as the primary light - driven electron donor in the photosystem II reaction center . That photo receptor is in effect reset and is then able to repeat the absorption of another photon and the release of another photo - dissociated electron . The oxidation of water is catalyzed in photosystem II by a redox - active structure that contains four manganese ions and a calcium ion ; this oxygen - evolving complex binds two water molecules and contains the four oxidizing equivalents that are used to drive the water - oxidizing reaction . Photosystem II is the only known biological enzyme that carries out this oxidation of water . The hydrogen ions released contribute to the transmembrane chemiosmotic potential that leads to ATP synthesis . Oxygen is a waste product of light - dependent reactions , but the majority of organisms on Earth use oxygen for cellular respiration , including photosynthetic organisms . Light - independent reactions Calvin cycle Main articles : Calvin cycle , Carbon fixation , and Light - independent reactions In the light - independent ( or `` dark '' ) reactions , the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO from the atmosphere and , in a process called the Calvin - Benson cycle , it uses the newly formed NADPH and releases three - carbon sugars , which are later combined to form sucrose and starch . The overall equation for the light - independent reactions in green plants is 3 CO + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H → C H O - phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 P + 6 NADP + 3 H O Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation Carbon fixation produces the intermediate three - carbon sugar product , which is then converted to the final carbohydrate products . The simple carbon sugars produced by photosynthesis are then used in the forming of other organic compounds , such as the building material cellulose , the precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis , or as a fuel in cellular respiration . The latter occurs not only in plants but also in animals when the energy from plants is passed through a food chain . The fixation or reduction of carbon dioxide is a process in which carbon dioxide combines with a five - carbon sugar , ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , to yield two molecules of a three - carbon compound , glycerate 3 - phosphate , also known as 3 - phosphoglycerate . Glycerate 3 - phosphate , in the presence of ATP and NADPH produced during the light - dependent stages , is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate . This product is also referred to as 3 - phosphoglyceraldehyde ( PGAL ) or , more generically , as triose phosphate . Most ( 5 out of 6 molecules ) of the glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate produced is used to regenerate ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate so the process can continue . The triose phosphates not thus `` recycled '' often condense to form hexose phosphates , which ultimately yield sucrose , starch and cellulose . The sugars produced during carbon metabolism yield carbon skeletons that can be used for other metabolic reactions like the production of amino acids and lipids . Carbon concentrating mechanisms On land Overview of C4 carbon fixation In hot and dry conditions , plants close their stomata to prevent water loss . Under these conditions , CO will decrease and oxygen gas , produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis , will increase , causing an increase of photorespiration by the oxygenase activity of ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase and decrease in carbon fixation . Some plants have evolved mechanisms to increase the CO concentration in the leaves under these conditions . Main article : C4 carbon fixation Plants that use the C carbon fixation process chemically fix carbon dioxide in the cells of the mesophyll by adding it to the three - carbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP ) , a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme called PEP carboxylase , creating the four - carbon organic acid oxaloacetic acid . Oxaloacetic acid or malate synthesized by this process is then translocated to specialized bundle sheath cells where the enzyme RuBisCO and other Calvin cycle enzymes are located , and where CO released by decarboxylation of the four - carbon acids is then fixed by RuBisCO activity to the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids . The physical separation of RuBisCO from the oxygen - generating light reactions reduces photorespiration and increases CO fixation and , thus , the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf . C plants can produce more sugar than C plants in conditions of high light and temperature . Many important crop plants are C plants , including maize , sorghum , sugarcane , and millet . Plants that do not use PEP - carboxylase in carbon fixation are called C plants because the primary carboxylation reaction , catalyzed by RuBisCO , produces the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids directly in the Calvin - Benson cycle . Over 90 % of plants use C carbon fixation , compared to 3 % that use C carbon fixation ; however , the evolution of C in over 60 plant lineages makes it a striking example of convergent evolution . Main article : CAM photosynthesis Xerophytes , such as cacti and most succulents , also use PEP carboxylase to capture carbon dioxide in a process called Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) . In contrast to C metabolism , which spatially separates the CO fixation to PEP from the Calvin cycle , CAM temporally separates these two processes . CAM plants have a different leaf anatomy from C plants , and fix the CO at night , when their stomata are open . CAM plants store the CO mostly in the form of malic acid via carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate , which is then reduced to malate . Decarboxylation of malate during the day releases CO inside the leaves , thus allowing carbon fixation to 3 - phosphoglycerate by RuBisCO . Sixteen thousand species of plants use CAM . In water Cyanobacteria possess carboxysomes , which increase the concentration of CO around RuBisCO to increase the rate of photosynthesis . An enzyme , carbonic anhydrase , located within the carboxysome releases CO from the dissolved hydrocarbonate ions ( HCO − 3 ) . Before the CO diffuses out it is quickly sponged up by RuBisCO , which is concentrated within the carboxysomes . HCO − 3 ions are made from CO outside the cell by another carbonic anhydrase and are actively pumped into the cell by a membrane protein . They can not cross the membrane as they are charged , and within the cytosol they turn back into CO very slowly without the help of carbonic anhydrase . This causes the HCO − 3 ions to accumulate within the cell from where they diffuse into the carboxysomes . Pyrenoids in algae and hornworts also act to concentrate CO around rubisco . Order and kinetics The overall process of photosynthesis takes place in four stages : Stage Description Time scale Energy transfer in antenna chlorophyll ( thylakoid membranes ) femtosecond to picosecond Transfer of electrons in photochemical reactions ( thylakoid membranes ) picosecond to nanosecond Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis ( thylakoid membranes ) microsecond to millisecond Carbon fixation and export of stable products millisecond to second Efficiency Probability distribution resulting from one - dimensional discrete time random walks . The quantum walk created using the Hadamard coin is plotted ( blue ) vs a classical walk ( red ) after 50 time steps . Main article : Photosynthetic efficiency Plants usually convert light into chemical energy with a photosynthetic efficiency of 3 -- 6 % . Absorbed light that is unconverted is dissipated primarily as heat , with a small fraction ( 1 -- 2 % ) re-emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence at longer ( redder ) wavelengths . A fact that allows measurement of the light reaction of photosynthesis by using chlorophyll fluorometers . Actual plants ' photosynthetic efficiency varies with the frequency of the light being converted , light intensity , temperature and proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , and can vary from 0.1 % to 8 % . By comparison , solar panels convert light into electric energy at an efficiency of approximately 6 -- 20 % for mass - produced panels , and above 40 % in laboratory devices . The efficiency of both light and dark reactions can be measured but the relationship between the two can be complex . For example , the ATP and NADPH energy molecules , created by the light reaction , can be used for carbon fixation or for photorespiration in C plants . Electrons may also flow to other electron sinks . For this reason , it is not uncommon for authors to differentiate between work done under non-photorespiratory conditions and under photorespiratory conditions . Chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II can measure the light reaction , and Infrared gas analyzers can measure the dark reaction . It is also possible to investigate both at the same time using an integrated chlorophyll fluorometer and gas exchange system , or by using two separate systems together . Infrared gas analyzers and some moisture sensors are sensitive enough to measure the photosynthetic assimilation of CO , and of ΔH O using reliable methods CO is commonly measured in μmols / m / s , parts per million or volume per million and H 0 is commonly measured in mmol / m / s or in mbars . By measuring CO assimilation , ΔH O , leaf temperature , barometric pressure , leaf area , and photosynthetically active radiation or PAR , it becomes possible to estimate , `` A '' or carbon assimilation , `` E '' or transpiration , `` gs '' or stomatal conductance , and Ci or intracellular CO . However , it is more common to used chlorophyll fluorescence for plant stress measurement , where appropriate , because the most commonly used measuring parameters FV / FM and Y ( II ) or F / FM ' can be made in a few seconds , allowing the measurement of larger plant populations . Gas exchange systems that offer control of CO levels , above and below ambient , allow the common practice of measurement of A / Ci curves , at different CO levels , to characterize a plant 's photosynthetic response . Integrated chlorophyll fluorometer -- gas exchange systems allow a more precise measure of photosynthetic response and mechanisms . While standard gas exchange photosynthesis systems can measure Ci , or substomatal CO levels , the addition of integrated chlorophyll fluorescence measurements allows a more precise measurement of C to replace Ci . The estimation of CO at the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast , or C , becomes possible with the measurement of mesophyll conductance or g using an integrated system . Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light absorbed by the leaf . But analysis of chlorophyll - fluorescence , P700 - and P515 - absorbance and gas exchange measurements reveal detailed information about e.g. the photosystems , quantum efficiency and the CO assimilation rates . With some instruments even wavelength - dependency of the photosynthetic efficiency can be analyzed . A phenomenon known as quantum walk increases the efficiency of the energy transport of light significantly . In the photosynthetic cell of an algae , bacterium , or plant , there are light - sensitive molecules called chromophores arranged in an antenna - shaped structure named a photocomplex . When a photon is absorbed by a chromophore , it is converted into a quasiparticle referred to as an exciton , which jumps from chromophore to chromophore towards the reaction center of the photocomplex , a collection of molecules that traps its energy in a chemical form that makes it accessible for the cell 's metabolism . The exciton 's wave properties enable it to cover a wider area and try out several possible paths simultaneously , allowing it to instantaneously `` choose '' the most efficient route , where it will have the highest probability of arriving at its destination in the minimum possible time . Because that quantum walking takes place at temperatures far higher than quantum phenomena usually occur , it is only possible over very short distances , due to obstacles in the form of destructive interference that come into play . These obstacles cause the particle to lose its wave properties for an instant before it regains them once again after it is freed from its locked position through a classic `` hop '' . The movement of the electron towards the photo center is therefore covered in a series of conventional hops and quantum walks . Evolution Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years . Orange labels : known ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main article : Evolution of photosynthesis Early photosynthetic systems , such as those in green and purple sulfur and green and purple nonsulfur bacteria , are thought to have been anoxygenic , and used various other molecules as electron donors rather than water . Green and purple sulfur bacteria are thought to have used hydrogen and sulfur as electron donors . Green nonsulfur bacteria used various amino and other organic acids as an electron donor . Purple nonsulfur bacteria used a variety of nonspecific organic molecules . The use of these molecules is consistent with the geological evidence that Earth 's early atmosphere was highly reducing at that time . Fossils of what are thought to be filamentous photosynthetic organisms have been dated at 3.4 billion years old . The main source of oxygen in the Earth 's atmosphere derives from oxygenic photosynthesis , and its first appearance is sometimes referred to as the oxygen catastrophe . Geological evidence suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis , such as that in cyanobacteria , became important during the Paleoproterozoic era around 2 billion years ago . Modern photosynthesis in plants and most photosynthetic prokaryotes is oxygenic . Oxygenic photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor , which is oxidized to molecular oxygen ( O 2 ) in the photosynthetic reaction center . Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts Plant cells with visible chloroplasts ( from a moss , Plagiomnium affine ) Several groups of animals have formed symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae . These are most common in corals , sponges and sea anemones . It is presumed that this is due to the particularly simple body plans and large surface areas of these animals compared to their volumes . In addition , a few marine mollusks Elysia viridis and Elysia chlorotica also maintain a symbiotic relationship with chloroplasts they capture from the algae in their diet and then store in their bodies . This allows the mollusks to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time . Some of the genes from the plant cell nucleus have even been transferred to the slugs , so that the chloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive . An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts . Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria , including a circular chromosome , prokaryotic - type ribosome , and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center . The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired ( by endocytosis ) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells . Therefore , chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells . Like mitochondria , chloroplasts possess their own DNA , separate from the nuclear DNA of their plant host cells and the genes in this chloroplast DNA resemble those found in cyanobacteria . DNA in chloroplasts codes for redox proteins such as those found in the photosynthetic reaction centers . The CoRR Hypothesis proposes that this Co-location is required for Redox Regulation . Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis The biochemical capacity to use water as the source for electrons in photosynthesis evolved once , in a common ancestor of extant cyanobacteria . The geological record indicates that this transforming event took place early in Earth 's history , at least 2450 -- 2320 million years ago ( Ma ) , and , it is speculated , much earlier . Because the Earth 's atmosphere contained almost no oxygen during the estimated development of photosynthesis , it is believed that the first photosynthetic cyanobacteria did not generate oxygen . Available evidence from geobiological studies of Archean ( > 2500 Ma ) sedimentary rocks indicates that life existed 3500 Ma , but the question of when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved is still unanswered . A clear paleontological window on cyanobacterial evolution opened about 2000 Ma , revealing an already - diverse biota of blue - green algae . Cyanobacteria remained the principal primary producers of oxygen throughout the Proterozoic Eon ( 2500 -- 543 Ma ) , in part because the redox structure of the oceans favored photoautotrophs capable of nitrogen fixation . Green algae joined blue - green algae as the major primary producers of oxygen on continental shelves near the end of the Proterozoic , but it was only with the Mesozoic ( 251 -- 65 Ma ) radiations of dinoflagellates , coccolithophorids , and diatoms did the primary production of oxygen in marine shelf waters take modern form . Cyanobacteria remain critical to marine ecosystems as primary producers of oxygen in oceanic gyres , as agents of biological nitrogen fixation , and , in modified form , as the plastids of marine algae . Discovery Although some of the steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood , the overall photosynthetic equation has been known since the 19th century . Jan van Helmont began the research of the process in the mid-17th century when he carefully measured the mass of the soil used by a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew . After noticing that the soil mass changed very little , he hypothesized that the mass of the growing plant must come from the water , the only substance he added to the potted plant . His hypothesis was partially accurate -- much of the gained mass also comes from carbon dioxide as well as water . However , this was a signaling point to the idea that the bulk of a plant 's biomass comes from the inputs of photosynthesis , not the soil itself . Joseph Priestley , a chemist and minister , discovered that , when he isolated a volume of air under an inverted jar , and burned a candle in it , the candle would burn out very quickly , much before it ran out of wax . He further discovered that a mouse could similarly `` injure '' air . He then showed that the air that had been `` injured '' by the candle and the mouse could be restored by a plant . In 1778 , Jan Ingenhousz , repeated Priestley 's experiments . He discovered that it was the influence of sunlight on the plant that could cause it to revive a mouse in a matter of hours . In 1796 , Jean Senebier , a Swiss pastor , botanist , and naturalist , demonstrated that green plants consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen under the influence of light . Soon afterward , Nicolas - Théodore de Saussure showed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not be due only to uptake of CO but also to the incorporation of water . Thus , the basic reaction by which photosynthesis is used to produce food ( such as glucose ) was outlined . Cornelis Van Niel made key discoveries explaining the chemistry of photosynthesis . By studying purple sulfur bacteria and green bacteria he was the first to demonstrate that photosynthesis is a light - dependent redox reaction , in which hydrogen reduces carbon dioxide . Robert Emerson discovered two light reactions by testing plant productivity using different wavelengths of light . With the red alone , the light reactions were suppressed . When blue and red were combined , the output was much more substantial . Thus , there were two photosystems , one absorbing up to 600 nm wavelengths , the other up to 700 nm . The former is known as PSII , the latter is PSI . PSI contains only chlorophyll `` a '' , PSII contains primarily chlorophyll `` a '' with most of the available chlorophyll `` b '' , among other pigment . These include phycobilins , which are the red and blue pigments of red and blue algae respectively , and fucoxanthol for brown algae and diatoms . The process is most productive when the absorption of quanta are equal in both the PSII and PSI , assuring that input energy from the antenna complex is divided between the PSI and PSII system , which in turn powers the photochemistry . Melvin Calvin works in his photosynthesis laboratory . Robert Hill thought that a complex of reactions consisting of an intermediate to cytochrome b ( now a plastoquinone ) , another is from cytochrome f to a step in the carbohydrate - generating mechanisms . These are linked by plastoquinone , which does require energy to reduce cytochrome f for it is a sufficient reductant . Further experiments to prove that the oxygen developed during the photosynthesis of green plants came from water , were performed by Hill in 1937 and 1939 . He showed that isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen in the presence of unnatural reducing agents like iron oxalate , ferricyanide or benzoquinone after exposure to light . The Hill reaction is as follows : 2 H O + 2 A + ( light , chloroplasts ) → 2 AH + O where A is the electron acceptor . Therefore , in light , the electron acceptor is reduced and oxygen is evolved . Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen used radioactive isotopes to determine that the oxygen liberated in photosynthesis came from the water . Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson , along with James Bassham , elucidated the path of carbon assimilation ( the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle ) in plants . The carbon reduction cycle is known as the Calvin cycle , which ignores the contribution of Bassham and Benson . Many scientists refer to the cycle as the Calvin - Benson Cycle , Benson - Calvin , and some even call it the Calvin - Benson - Bassham ( or CBB ) Cycle . Nobel Prize - winning scientist Rudolph A. Marcus was able to discover the function and significance of the electron transport chain . Otto Heinrich Warburg and Dean Burk discovered the I - quantum photosynthesis reaction that splits the CO , activated by the respiration . Louis N.M. Duysens and Jan Amesz discovered that chlorophyll a will absorb one light , oxidize cytochrome f , chlorophyll a ( and other pigments ) will absorb another light , but will reduce this same oxidized cytochrome , stating the two light reactions are in series . Development of the concept In 1893 , Charles Reid Barnes proposed two terms , photosyntax and photosynthesis , for the biological process of synthesis of complex carbon compounds out of carbonic acid , in the presence of chlorophyll , under the influence of light . Over time , the term photosynthesis came into common usage as the term of choice . Later discovery of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and photophosphorylation necessitated redefinition of the term . C3 : C4 photosynthesis Research After WWII at late 1940 at the University of California , Berkeley , the details of photosynthetic carbon metabolism were sorted out by the chemists Melvin Calvin , Andrew Benson , James Bassham and a score of students and researchers utilizing the carbon - 14 isotope and paper chromatography techniques . The pathway of CO2 fixation by the algae Chlorella in a fraction of a second in light resulted in a 3 carbon molecule called phosphoglyceric acid ( PGA ) . For that original and ground - breaking work , a Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Melvin Calvin 1961 . In parallel , plant physiologists studied leaf gas exchanges using the new method of infrared gas analysis and a leaf chamber where the net photosynthetic rates ranged from 10 to 13 u mole CO2 / square metere. sec. , with the conclusion that all terrestrial plants having the same photosynthetic capacities that were light saturated at less than 50 % of sunlight . These rates were determined in potted plants grown indoors under low light intensity . Later in 1958 - 1963 at Cornell University , field grown maize was reported to have much greater leaf photosynthetic rates of 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec and was not saturated at near full sunlight . This higher rate in maize was almost double those observed in other species such as wheat and soybean , indicating that large differences in photosynthesis exist among higher plants . At the University of Arizona , detailed gas exchange research on more than 15 species of monocot and dicot uncovered for the first time that differences in leaf anatomy are crucial factors in differentiating photosynthetic capacities among species . In tropical grasses , including maize , sorghum , sugarcane , Bermuda grass and in the dicot amaranthus , leaf photosynthetic rates were around 38 − 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec. , and the leaves have two types of green cells , i.e. outer layer of mesophyll cells surrounding a tightly packed cholorophyllous vascular bundle sheath cells . This type of anatomy was termed Kranz anatomy in the 19th century by the botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt while studying leaf anatomy of sugarcane . Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration , very low CO2 compensation point , high optimum temperature , high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light . The research at Arizona was designated Citation Classic by the ISI 1986 . These species was later termed C4 plants as the first stable compound of CO2 fixation in light has 4 carbon as malate and aspartate . Other species that lack Kranz anatomy were termed C3 type such as cotton and sunflower , as the first stable carbon compound is the 3 - carbon PGA acid . At 1000 ppm CO2 in measuring air , both the C3 and C4 plants had similar leaf photosynthetic rates around 60 u mole CO2 / square meter. sec . indicating the suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants . Factors The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants . There are three main factors affecting photosynthesis and several corollary factors . The three main are : Light irradiance and wavelength Carbon dioxide concentration Temperature . Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature See also : PI ( photosynthesis - irradiance ) curve Absorbance spectra of free chlorophyll a ( green ) and b ( red ) in a solvent . The action spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified in vivo depending on specific pigment - protein interactions . The process of photosynthesis provides the main input of free energy into the biosphere , and is one of four main ways in which radiation is important for plant life . The radiation climate within plant communities is extremely variable , with both time and space . In the early 20th century , Frederick Blackman and Gabrielle Matthaei investigated the effects of light intensity ( irradiance ) and temperature on the rate of carbon assimilation . At constant temperature , the rate of carbon assimilation varies with irradiance , increasing as the irradiance increases , but reaching a plateau at higher irradiance . At low irradiance , increasing the temperature has little influence on the rate of carbon assimilation . At constant high irradiance , the rate of carbon assimilation increases as the temperature is increased . These two experiments illustrate several important points : First , it is known that , in general , photochemical reactions are not affected by temperature . However , these experiments clearly show that temperature affects the rate of carbon assimilation , so there must be two sets of reactions in the full process of carbon assimilation . These are , of course , the light - dependent ' photochemical ' temperature - independent stage , and the light - independent , temperature - dependent stage . Second , Blackman 's experiments illustrate the concept of limiting factors . Another limiting factor is the wavelength of light . Cyanobacteria , which reside several meters underwater , can not receive the correct wavelengths required to cause photoinduced charge separation in conventional photosynthetic pigments . To combat this problem , a series of proteins with different pigments surround the reaction center . This unit is called a phycobilisome . Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration Photorespiration As carbon dioxide concentrations rise , the rate at which sugars are made by the light - independent reactions increases until limited by other factors . RuBisCO , the enzyme that captures carbon dioxide in the light - independent reactions , has a binding affinity for both carbon dioxide and oxygen . When the concentration of carbon dioxide is high , RuBisCO will fix carbon dioxide . However , if the carbon dioxide concentration is low , RuBisCO will bind oxygen instead of carbon dioxide . This process , called photorespiration , uses energy , but does not produce sugars . RuBisCO oxygenase activity is disadvantageous to plants for several reasons : One product of oxygenase activity is phosphoglycolate ( 2 carbon ) instead of 3 - phosphoglycerate ( 3 carbon ) . Phosphoglycolate can not be metabolized by the Calvin - Benson cycle and represents carbon lost from the cycle . A high oxygenase activity , therefore , drains the sugars that are required to recycle ribulose 5 - bisphosphate and for the continuation of the Calvin - Benson cycle . Phosphoglycolate is quickly metabolized to glycolate that is toxic to a plant at a high concentration ; it inhibits photosynthesis . Salvaging glycolate is an energetically expensive process that uses the glycolate pathway , and only 75 % of the carbon is returned to the Calvin - Benson cycle as 3 - phosphoglycerate . The reactions also produce ammonia ( NH ) , which is able to diffuse out of the plant , leading to a loss of nitrogen . A highly simplified summary is : 2 glycolate + ATP → 3 - phosphoglycerate + carbon dioxide + ADP + NH The salvaging pathway for the products of RuBisCO oxygenase activity is more commonly known as photorespiration , since it is characterized by light - dependent oxygen consumption and the release of carbon dioxide . See also Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portal Jan Anderson ( scientist ) Artificial photosynthesis Calvin - Benson cycle Carbon fixation Cellular respiration Chemosynthesis Integrated fluorometer Light - dependent reaction Organic reaction Photobiology Photoinhibition Photosynthetic reaction center Photosynthetically active radiation Photosystem Photosystem I Photosystem II Quantum biology Red edge Vitamin D Hill reaction References Jump up ^ `` photosynthesis '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ φῶς . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ σύνθεσις . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project ^ Jump up to : Bryant DA , Frigaard NU ( Nov 2006 ) . `` Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated '' . Trends in Microbiology. 14 ( 11 ) : 488 -- 96 . PMID 16997562 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2006.09. 001 . 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Citation Classic - Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances . Curr . Cont. / Agr. Biol. Environ. 27 : 14 - 14 . Online http://www.library.upenn/edu/classics1986/A1986C691300001.pdf . Jump up ^ Haberlandt , G. 1904. Physiologische Pflanzanatomie . Engelmann , Leipzig . Jump up ^ El - Sharkawy , M.A. 1965. Factors Limiting Photosynthetic Rates of Different Plant Species . Ph. D. Dissertation , The University of Arizona , Tucson , USA . Jump up ^ Karpilov YS ( 1960 ) . `` The distribution of radioactvity in carbon - 14 among the products of photosynthesis in maize '' . Proc. Kazan Agric . Inst. 14 : 15 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Kortschak HP , Hart CE , Burr GO ( 1965 ) . `` Carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane leaves '' . Plant Physiol. 40 : 209 -- 213 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 40.2. 209 . Jump up ^ Hatch MD , Slack CR ( 1966 ) . `` Photosynthesis by sugar - cane leaves . A new carboxylation reaction and the pathway of sugar formation '' . Biochem. J. 101 : 103 -- 111 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1010103 . Jump up ^ Jones HG ( 2014 ) . Plants and Microclimate : a Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology ( Third ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27959 - 8 . Further reading Books Bidlack JE , Stern KR , Jansky S ( 2003 ) . Introductory plant biology . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 290941 - 2 . Blankenship RE ( 2014 ) . Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8975 - 0 . Govindjee , Beatty JT , Gest H , Allen JF ( 2006 ) . Discoveries in Photosynthesis . Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 20 . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3323 - 0 . Reece JB , et al. ( 2013 ) . Campbell Biology . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 978 - 0321775658 . Papers Gupta RS , Mukhtar T , Singh B ( Jun 1999 ) . `` Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes ( Heliobacterium chlorum , Chloroflexus aurantiacus , cyanobacteria , Chlorobium tepidum and proteobacteria ) : implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis '' . Molecular Microbiology. 32 ( 5 ) : 893 -- 906 . PMID 10361294 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2958.1999. 01417. x . Rutherford AW , Faller P ( Jan 2003 ) . `` Photosystem II : evolutionary perspectives '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1429 ) : 245 -- 53 . PMC 1693113 . PMID 12594932 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1186 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Photosynthesis . A collection of photosynthesis pages for all levels from a renowned expert ( Govindjee ) In depth , advanced treatment of photosynthesis , also from Govindjee Science Aid : Photosynthesis Article appropriate for high school science Metabolism , Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis -- The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Overall examination of Photosynthesis at an intermediate level Overall Energetics of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Discovery Milestones -- experiments and background The source of oxygen produced by photosynthesis Interactive animation , a textbook tutorial Marshall J ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) . `` First practical artificial leaf makes debut '' . Discovery News . Photosynthesis -- Light Dependent & Light Independent Stages Khan Academy , video introduction `` The template below ( Library resources box ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Library resources about Photosynthesis Resources in your library ( hide ) Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesmata Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Commons Portal WikiProject Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - 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6 NDL : 00566168 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosynthesis&oldid=804085587 '' Categories : Agronomy Biological processes Botany Cellular respiration Metabolism Photosynthesis Plant physiology Ecosystems Quantum biology Plant nutrition Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Luganda Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 16 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the main product of photosynthesis used by plants is | [
"Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation). This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, \"light\", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, \"putting together\".[1][2][3] In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.[4]"
] | [
"carbohydrate molecules"
] |
-6685705513662021501 | United States presidential approval rating | United States Presidential Approval rating - wikipedia United States Presidential Approval rating Jump to : navigation , search Approval ratings of Barack Obama by state in 2015 -- approval of the president was highest in Hawaii ( at 58 percent ) and lowest in West Virginia ( at 24 percent ) > 50 % 40 -- 49 % 30 -- 39 % < 30 % In the United States , presidential job approval ratings were introduced by George Gallup in the late 1930s ( probably 1937 ) to gauge public support for the President of the United States during his term . An approval rating is a percentage determined by a polling which indicates the percentage of respondents to an opinion poll who approve of a particular person or program . Typically , an approval rating is given to a political figure based on responses to a poll in which a sample of people are asked whether they approve or disapprove of that particular political figure . A typical question might ask : Do you approve or disapprove of the way ( Donald Trump ) is handling his job as president ? Like most surveys that predict public opinion , the approval rating is subjective . Many unscientific approval rating systems exist that skew popular opinion . However , the approval rating is generally accepted as a statistically valid indicator of the comparative changes in the popular United States mood regarding a president . Contents ( hide ) 1 President Donald Trump 2 Historical comparison 2.1 Graphs 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links President Donald Trump ( edit ) Main article : Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration Most recent polls for President Donald Trump : Polling group Date Approval Disapproval Unsure Net + / - Sample size Population Rasmussen Reports May 7 -- 9 , 2018 48 % 50 % 2 % - 2 % 1500 ! ≈ 1,500 Likely voters Ipsos / Reuters May 3 -- 7 , 2018 44 % 54 % 2 % - 10 % 1,387 All adults CBS News May 3 -- 6 , 2018 40 % 55 % 6 % - 15 % 1,101 All adults Gallup Poll May 7 -- May 13 , 2018 43 % 52 % 5 % - 9 % 1500 ! ≈ 1,500 All adults CNN May 2 -- 5 , 2018 41 % 53 % 6 % - 12 % 1015 ! 1,015 All adults Investor 's Business Daily / TIPP April 26 -- May 4 , 2018 38 % 56 % 1 % - 18 % 900 All adults Pew Research Center April 25 -- May 1 , 2018 39 % 54 % 6 % - 15 % 1503 ! 1,503 All adults Monmouth University April 26 -- 30 , 2018 41 % 50 % 9 % - 9 % 803 All adults Kaiser Family Foundation April 20 -- 30 , 2018 40 % 55 % 5 % - 15 % 2,000 All adults Fox News April 22 -- 24 , 2018 44 % 53 % 3 % - 9 % 1,014 Registered voters Quinnipiac University April 20 -- 24 , 2018 39 % 54 % 7 % - 15 % 1,193 Registered voters NPR / PBS NewsHour / Marist April 10 -- 13 , 2018 38 % 54 % 8 % - 16 % 1,011 All adults ABC News / Washington Post April 8 -- 11 , 2018 40 % 56 % 4 % - 16 % 1,002 All adults NBC News / Wall Street Journal April 8 -- 11 , 2018 39 % 57 % 4 % - 18 % 900 All adults CNBC March 17 -- 20 , 2018 39 % 50 % 11 % - 11 % 801 All adults George Washington University March 4 -- 8 , 2018 42 % 55 % 4 % - 13 % 1,000 Likely voters Suffolk University / USA Today February 20 -- 24 , 2018 38 % 60 % 3 % - 22 % 1000 ! 1,000 Registered voters Public Policy Polling February 9 -- 11 , 2018 44 % 50 % 6 % - 6 % 0687 ! 687 Registered voters Public Religion Research Institute October 18 -- 30 , 2017 41 % 54 % 5 % - 13 % 2019 ! 2,019 All adults Washington Post / University of Maryland September 27 -- October 5 , 2017 37 % 63 % 1 % - 26 % 1663 ! 1,663 All adults Bloomberg News July 8 -- 12 , 2017 40 % 56 % 4 % - 16 % 1001 ! 1,001 All adults Historical comparison ( edit ) Historical Gallup Poll approval highs and lows for each president since 1937 : Order President Highest approval Lowest approval High -- Low Highest disapproval Highest margin Lowest margin Final poll Approval average Polls per year 45 Trump 45 ( 01 / 24 / 17 ) 33 ( 10 / 29 / 17 , 12 / 01 / 17 ) 13 62 ( 10 / 29 / 17 , 10 / 30 / 17 , 12 / 01 / 17 ) 1 ( 01 / 24 / 17 ) − 31 ( 10 / 29 / 17 , 12 / 01 / 17 ) 39.1 44 Obama 69 ( 01 / 24 / 09 ) 38 ( 09 / 05 / 14 ) 31 57 ( 10 / 10 / 14 ) 56 ( 01 / 23 - 24 / 09 ) − 18 ( 10 / 10 / 14 ) 59 ( 01 / 19 / 17 ) 47.9 348.4 43 G.W. Bush 90 ( 9 / 21 / 01 ) 25 ( 10 / 05 / 08 , 10 / 12 / 08 , 11 / 02 / 08 ) 65 71 ( 10 / 10 / 08 ) 83 ( 09 / 22 / 01 ) − 46 ( 10 / 12 / 08 ) 34 ( 01 / 11 / 09 ) 49.4 33.7 42 Clinton 73 ( 12 / 19 / 98 ) 37 ( 06 / 06 / 93 ) 36 54 ( 09 / 07 / 94 ) 45 ( 12 / 17 / 00 ) − 14 ( 09 / 07 / 94 ) 66 ( 01 / 14 / 01 ) 55.1 28.5 41 G.H.W. Bush 89 ( 02 / 28 / 91 ) 29 ( 08 / 02 / 92 , 10 / 13 / 92 ) 60 60 ( 07 / 31 / 92 ) 82 ( 03 / 03 / 91 ) − 30 ( 08 / 02 / 92 , 10 / 13 / 92 ) 56 ( 01 / 11 / 93 ) 60.9 39.5 40 Reagan 71 ( 01 / 30 / 86 ) 35 ( 01 / 31 / 83 ) 36 56 ( 01 / 28 / 83 ) 52 ( 01 / 30 / 86 ) − 21 ( 01 / 31 / 83 ) 63 ( 12 / 29 / 88 ) 52.8 37.0 39 Carter 74 ( 03 / 15 / 77 ) 28 ( 06 / 26 / 79 , 10 / 02 / 79 ) 46 59 ( 06 / 26 / 79 ) 66 ( 03 / 15 / 77 ) − 31 ( 06 / 26 / 79 ) 34 ( 12 / 08 / 80 ) 45.5 22.7 38 Ford 70 ( 08 / 13 / 74 ) 36 ( 03 / 25 / 75 ) 34 46 ( 04 / 15 / 75 , 11 / 18 / 75 ) 26 ( 08 / 13 / 74 ) − 7 ( 02 / 25 / 75 , 03 / 25 / 75 , 04 / 15 / 75 ) 53 ( 12 / 13 / 76 ) 47.2 14.7 37 Nixon 66 ( 01 / 23 / 73 ) 24 ( 01 / 02 / 74 ) 42 66 ( 08 / 05 / 74 ) 57 ( 03 / 17 / 69 ) − 42 ( 08 / 05 / 74 ) 24 ( 08 / 05 / 74 ) 49.1 17.7 36 Johnson 79 ( 03 / 05 / 64 ) 34 ( 08 / 12 / 68 ) 45 52 ( 08 / 12 / 68 ) 75 ( 12 / 10 / 63 ) − 18 ( 08 / 12 / 68 ) 49 ( 01 / 06 / 69 ) 55.1 15.3 35 Kennedy 83 ( 03 / 05 / 62 ) 56 ( 09 / 10 / 63 ) 27 30 ( 09 / 12 / 63 , 11 / 08 / 63 ) 78 ( 03 / 05 / 62 ) 27 ( 09 / 10 / 63 ) 58 ( 11 / 13 / 63 ) 70.1 13.7 34 Eisenhower 77 ( 11 / 22 / 55 , 12 / 19 / 56 ) 47 ( 03 / 25 / 58 ) 30 36 ( 03 / 25 / 58 ) 66 ( 04 / 02 / 53 , 12 / 19 / 56 ) 12 ( 03 / 25 / 58 ) 59 ( 12 / 13 / 60 ) 65.0 14.4 33 Truman 87 ( 08 / 22 / 45 ) 22 ( 11 / 16 / 51 , 02 / 14 / 52 ) 65 67 ( 01 / 06 / 52 ) 85 ( 08 / 22 / 45 ) − 43 ( 01 / 04 / 52 ) 32 ( 12 / 16 / 52 ) 45.4 8.4 32 F.D. Roosevelt 83 ( 01 / 08 / 42 ) 48 ( 08 / 18 / 39 ) 35 46 ( 05 / 22 / 38 , 05 / 29 / 38 , 11 / 07 / 38 ) 73 ( 01 / 23 / 42 ) 65 ( 12 / 15 / 43 ) 63 Graphs ( edit ) Gallup Poll graphs of approval ratings for Presidents of the United States : Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush Bill Clinton George W. Bush Barack Obama Donald Trump See also ( edit ) Historical rankings of Presidents of the United States Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rolling 3 - day average of 500 likely voters each day ; no neutral / unsure choice . Jump up ^ Conducted by SSRS of Glen Mills , Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ Weekly averages . Jump up ^ Conducted by SSRS . Jump up ^ Conducted by SSRS of Glen Mills , PA . Jump up ^ Conducted by Anderson Robbins Research ( D ) and Shaw & Company Research ( R ) . Jump up ^ Conducted by Langer Research Associates and Abt Associates of Rockville , MD . Jump up ^ Conducted by Hart Research Associates ( D ) and Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) . Jump up ^ Conducted by Hart Research Associates ( D ) and Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) . Jump up ^ Conducted by The Tarrance Group ( R ) and Lake Research Partners ( D ) . Jump up ^ Conducted by SSRS . Jump up ^ Conducted by Selzer & Company . Jump up ^ Only the results of Gallup polls are included as no other poll results exist for presidents before President Clinton . Jump up ^ Last of eight , sometimes overlapping , 3 - day averages . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Presidential Approval Ratings -- Donald Trump '' . Gallup . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump - Polling Report '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President Trump Job Approval '' . RealClearPolitics . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How ( un ) popular is Donald Trump ? '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Approval Index History '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trump approval at reuters.com '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump 's Job Approval Ticks Up '' . May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Job Approval ( Weekly ) '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CNN May 2018 '' ( PDF ) . May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Investor 's Business Daily / TIPP Poll - May 2018 '' ( PDF ) . May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MAY 2018 POLITICAL SURVEY '' ( PDF ) . May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Public Not Fazed by Unconventional Presidency ; Trump Ratings Stable '' . May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kaiser Health Tracking Poll : Preview of the Role of Health Care in the 2018 Midterm Campaigns '' . May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News Poll '' . April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Gets Better Grades On North Korea , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds ; But Voters Say Trump Is Making World Less Safe '' . April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NPR / PBS NewsHour / Marist Poll of 1,011 National Adults '' ( PDF ) . April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Post-ABC News poll April 8 - 11 , 2018 '' . April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBC News / Wall Street Journal Survey '' ( PDF ) . April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CNBC AAES First Quarter Survey '' ( PDF ) . March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GW Battleground ( LXIII ) '' ( PDF ) . March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suffolk University / USA TODAY FINAL '' ( PDF ) . March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Democrats Lead by 8 Points On Generic House Ballot Nationally '' ( PDF ) . February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PRRI 2017 American Values Survey '' ( PDF ) . December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Post-University of Maryland Democracy Poll , Sept. 27 - Oct. 5 , 2017 '' . October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg News National Poll '' . July 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Approval Ratings -- Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends '' . Gallup . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lydia Saad ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's Approval Rating Unusually Low , Unusually Early '' . Gallup . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The American Presidency Project at UC Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ `` Gallup Daily : Trump Job Approval '' . Gallup . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trump Job Approval ( Weekly ) '' . Gallup . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey M. Jones ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Trump 's Fifth - Quarter Job Approval Up ; Still Historically Low '' . Gallup . Jump up ^ Graphical display and numbers of Gallup `` daily tracking '' polls Jump up ^ `` Presidential Approval Ratings -- Barack Obama '' . Jump up ^ `` Gallup.com '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Presidential Approval Ratings -- Bill Clinton '' . gallup.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for George Bush at the American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Ronald Reagan at the American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Jimmy Carter at the American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Gerald Ford at the American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Richard Nixon at the American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Lyndon B. Johnson at the American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for John F. Kennedy at the American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Dwight Eisenhower at the American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Harry Truman at the American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Presidential Job Approval for Franklin D. Roosevelt at the American Presidency Project . External links ( edit ) Historical Presidential Job Performance Ratings -- Roper Center Trump approval ratings at fivethirtyeight.com Historical Midterm Presidential Approval Ratings Data from Data360 President Job Approval Ratings Historical Presidential Approval Ratings 1945 -- 2009 from the Wall Street Journal President Obama 's Ongoing Job Approval ( CongressRatings ) ( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_approval_rating&oldid=841850595 '' Categories : Opinion polling in the United States United States presidential history Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 13 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the lowest approval rating as president | [
"\n\nOrder\nPresident\nHighest approval\nLowest approval\nHigh –\nLow\nHighest disapproval\nHighest margin\nLowest margin\nFinal poll\nApproval\naverage[26]\nPolls\nper year\n\n\n45[29][30]\nTrump\n45 (01/24/17)\n33 (10/29/17, 12/01/17)\n13\n62 (10/29/17, 10/30/17, 12/01/17)\n1 (01/24/17)\n−31 (10/29/17, 12/01/17)\n\n39.1[30][31]\n\n\n\n44[32][33]\nObama\n69 (01/24/09)\n38 (09/05/14)[n]\n31\n57 (10/10/14)\n56 (01/23-24/09)\n−18 (10/10/14)\n59 (01/19/17)\n47.9\n348.4\n\n\n43[34]\nG.W. Bush\n90 (9/21/01)\n25 (10/05/08, 10/12/08, 11/02/08)\n65\n71 (10/10/08)\n83 (09/22/01)\n−46 (10/12/08)\n34 (01/11/09)\n49.4\n33.7\n\n\n42[35]\nClinton\n73 (12/19/98)\n37 (06/06/93)\n36\n54 (09/07/94)\n45 (12/17/00)\n−14 (09/07/94)\n66 (01/14/01)\n55.1\n28.5\n\n\n41[36]\nG.H.W. Bush\n89 (02/28/91)\n29 (08/02/92, 10/13/92)\n60\n60 (07/31/92)\n82 (03/03/91)\n−30 (08/02/92, 10/13/92)\n56 (01/11/93)\n60.9\n39.5\n\n\n40[37]\nReagan\n71 (01/30/86)\n35 (01/31/83)\n36\n56 (01/28/83)\n52 (01/30/86)\n−21(01/31/83)\n63 (12/29/88)\n52.8\n37.0\n\n\n39[38]\nCarter\n74 (03/15/77)\n28 (06/26/79, 10/02/79)\n46\n59 (06/26/79)\n66 (03/15/77)\n−31 (06/26/79)\n34 (12/08/80)\n45.5\n22.7\n\n\n38[39]\nFord\n70 (08/13/74)\n36 (03/25/75)\n34\n46 (04/15/75, 11/18/75)\n26 (08/13/74)\n−7 (02/25/75, 03/25/75, 04/15/75)\n53 (12/13/76)\n47.2\n14.7\n\n\n37[40]\nNixon\n66 (01/23/73)\n24 (01/02/74)\n42\n66 (08/05/74)\n57 (03/17/69)\n−42 (08/05/74)\n24 (08/05/74)\n49.1\n17.7\n\n\n36[41]\nJohnson\n79 (03/05/64)\n34 (08/12/68)\n45\n52 (08/12/68)\n75 (12/10/63)\n−18 (08/12/68)\n49 (01/06/69)\n55.1\n15.3\n\n\n35[42]\nKennedy\n83 (03/05/62)\n56 (09/10/63)\n27\n30 (09/12/63, 11/08/63)\n78 (03/05/62)\n27 (09/10/63)\n58 (11/13/63)\n70.1\n13.7\n\n\n34[43]\nEisenhower\n77 (11/22/55, 12/19/56)\n47 (03/25/58)\n30\n36 (03/25/58)\n66 (04/02/53, 12/19/56)\n12 (03/25/58)\n59 (12/13/60)\n65.0\n14.4\n\n\n33[44]\nTruman\n87 (08/22/45)\n22 (11/16/51, 02/14/52)\n65\n67 (01/06/52)\n85(08/22/45)\n−43 (01/04/52)\n32 (12/16/52)\n45.4\n8.4\n\n\n32[45]\nF. D. Roosevelt\n83 (01/08/42)\n48 (08/18/39)\n35\n46 (05/22/38, 05/29/38, 11/07/38)\n73 (01/23/42)\n\n65 (12/15/43)\n63\n\n\n"
] | [
"Truman"
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-6675553594650952578 | California Club | California Club - wikipedia California Club Jump to : navigation , search For the casino , see California Club ( casino ) . This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The California Club U.S. National Register of Historic Places Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument # 43 Location 538 S Flower St , Los Angeles , California Coordinates 34 ° 3 ′ 1 '' N 118 ° 15 ′ 23.1 '' W / 34.05028 ° N 118.256417 ° W / 34.05028 ; - 118.256417 Coordinates : 34 ° 3 ′ 1 '' N 118 ° 15 ′ 23.1 '' W / 34.05028 ° N 118.256417 ° W / 34.05028 ; - 118.256417 Area Less than 1 acre ( 0.40 ha ) Built 1929 -- 1930 Architect Robert D. Farquhar Architectural style Italian Renaissance Revival NRHP reference # 10000425 LAHCM # 43 Significant dates Added to NRHP July 6 , 2010 Designated LAHCM November 2 , 1966 The California Club is a prestigious members - only private social club established in 1888 in downtown Los Angeles , the second - oldest such club in Southern California . Its building was erected in 1930 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 . There is an old adage that goes `` The people who ' run ' Los Angeles belong to The Jonathan Club ; the people who ' own ' Los Angeles belong to The California Club . '' The membership is by invitation only . The new members must be invited by at least six existing members of the Club , and pass series of interviews by the Club 's Membership Committee . The club has ranked # 13 in the `` Centrality Rankings '' by G. William Domhoff in his book `` Social clubs , policy - planning groups , and corporations : A network study of ruling - class cohesiveness '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Present clubhouse 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The California Club was incorporated on December 24 , 1888 . The first organizational meeting was held September 24 , 1887 , `` in Justice Austin 's courtroom '' , with N.C. Coleman as chairman and H.T. DeWilson as secretary . The constitution and bylaws of the Union Social Club , of San Francisco , was reported and accepted without any change by the body of gentlemen assembled . There was considerable discussion on the ... name of the club , and ... it was decided to call it the California Club , of Los Angeles . The section in the bylaws granting army and navy officers all the privileges of members upon half - rate caused considerable feeling among the members . Four votes were taken on the question , and at last it was decided to allow the bylaws to read as they have for twenty - five years in the Union Club . The club 's first location was in the second - floor rooms over the Tally - Ho Stables on the northwest corner of First and Fort ( Broadway ) streets , where the Los Angeles County Law Library now stands . It moved to the Wilcox Building on the southeast corner of Second and Spring streets in 1895 , occupying the two top floors , the fourth and fifth . The building was distinguished as the first in Los Angeles to have two elevators -- one for the public and the other for members . The men 's dining room , reading room , bar and lounge were on the top floor . On the floor below was the ladies ' dining room . The club remained at the Wilcox Building for ten years . Increased membership impelled the club to seek a new location in the southward and westward direction of the expansion of the city . In 1904 the club 's headquarters were moved to a new five - story building with a basement and a roof garden on the northwest corner of Fifth and Hill streets . In a vote taken in June 1987 , 90 percent of the voting members favored admitting women . Since that time , the Club has maintained a non-discriminatory policy for admission to membership . Among other features , the club is noted for its architecture , furnishings , fine cuisine , extraordinary wine list and impeccable service . Present clubhouse ( edit ) In the late 1920s , purchase of land at 538 South Flower Street was negotiated , and in 1929 the present structure was begun . Construction on the current clubhouse at 538 South Flower Street , Los Angeles , California , began in late 1928 and was formally completed on August 25 , 1930 . The building was designed by Robert D. Farquhar , an architect trained at the Ecole Nationale des Beaux Arts in Paris . The American Institute of Architects awarded Farquhar its Distinguished Honor Award for the design of the California Club building . According to the National Park Service : The structure is considered one of the most important buildings of the architect Robert D. Farquhar . Built in 1930 , The Italian Renaissance Revival style building , with its setbacks and tower , was among the largest buildings in the immediate area when the site was chosen . Elements like the private forecourt , which partially shields the front entrance and first floor , provides the club with a sense of privacy and understated design . The building was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on July 6 , 2010 . The listing was featured in the National Park Service 's weekly list of July 16 , 2010 . In addition to fine antiques and handcrafted furniture , the clubhouse is decorated with a collection of Western - themed , plein air paintings by such American landscape painters as J. Bond Francisco , Elmer Wachtel , Franz A. Bischoff , George Kennedy Brandriff , William Wendt and Paul Lauritz . See also ( edit ) List of American gentlemen 's clubs Membership discrimination in California social clubs Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Announcements and actions on properties for the National Register of Historic Places for July 16 , 2010 '' . Weekly Listings . National Park Service . July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Architectural Resources Group , Jennifer Trotoux ( December 28 , 2009 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Registration : The California Club '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 14 . ( 46 pages , with exterior and interior photos ) Jump up ^ Los Angeles Department of City Planning ( 2007 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Historic - Cultural Monuments ( HCM ) Listing : City Declared Monuments '' ( PDF ) . City of Los Angeles . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www2.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/bohemian_grove.html Jump up ^ `` Gentlemen 's Club '' . Los Angeles Times . September 25 , 1887 . p. 1 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Library card required . Jump up ^ https://dornsife.usc.edu/la-walking-tour/california-club/ Jump up ^ http://www.pgtla.org/map/california.html Jump up ^ Reich , Kenneth ( October 24 , 1987 ) . `` Foe of Women in Club Claims Support '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Reich , Kenneth ( March 17 , 1988 ) . `` California Club Reconfirms Its Vote to Admit Women '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Driving Directions '' . California Club . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1 Jump up ^ `` Weekly Highlight : The California Club , Los Angeles , California '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Weekly List Actions '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 14 . References ( edit ) David L. Clark , A History of the California Club , 1887 -- 1997 . Maynard McFie , The History of the California Club . External links ( edit ) The California Club website Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monuments Downtown Los Angeles East and Northeast Sides Harbor Area Hollywood San Fernando Valley Silver Lake , Angelino Heights and Echo Park South Los Angeles Westside Wilshire and Westlake Areas Downtown Los Angeles Districts and neighborhoods Arts District Bunker Hill Chinatown Civic Center Fashion District Financial District Gallery Row Historic Core Jewelry District Little Tokyo Naud Junction Old Bank District Skid Row South Park Spring Street Financial District Toy District Wholesale District Points of interest Angels Flight The Broad Broadway Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels City Hall Convention Center Grand Park L.A. Live MOCA Music Center Olvera Street Pershing Square Staples Center Union Station LA Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Wilshire Mid-City West Mid-Wilshire National Register of Historic Places in California Lists by county Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles County Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Lists by city Los Angeles Pasadena San Francisco Other lists Bridges California Historical Landmarks National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property VIAF : 145880440 LCCN : nr2004004238 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Club&oldid=806021552 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Downtown Los Angeles Clubs and societies in California Culture of Los Angeles Organizations based in Los Angeles Traditional gentlemen 's clubs in California Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monuments Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles Organizations established in 1887 1887 establishments in California 19th century in Los Angeles Buildings and structures completed in 1930 1930 establishments in California 1930s architecture in the United States Italian Renaissance Revival architecture in the United States Renaissance Revival architecture in California Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with a promotional tone from October 2017 All articles with a promotional tone Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 04 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how to become a member of the california club | [
"There is an old adage that goes \"The people who 'run' Los Angeles belong to The Jonathan Club; the people who 'own' Los Angeles belong to The California Club.\" The membership is by invitation only. The new members must be invited by at least six existing members of the Club, and pass series of interviews by the Club's Membership Committee."
] | [
"invitation only"
] |
-5100289276805658514 | National Examination Council (Nigeria) | National examination Council ( Nigeria ) - Wikipedia National examination Council ( Nigeria ) Jump to : navigation , search National Examinations Council Abbreviation NECO Formation April 1999 ; 18 years ago ( 1999 - 04 ) Type Examination body Purpose Educational Region served Nigeria Services SSCE , JSCE , and NCEE examinations Chairman Dr. Paddy Njoku Website ( 1 ) The National Examinations Council ( also known as NECO ) is an examination body in Nigeria that conducts the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination and the General Certificate in Education in June / July and December / January respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Mandates 2 Administration 2.1 Senior Secondary Certificate Examination ( internal and external ) 2.2 Junior Secondary Certificate Examination ( JSCE ) 2.3 National Common Entrance Examination 3 External links 4 References History ( edit ) NECO was created by former Head of State Abdulsalami Abubakar in April 1999 . It was the first Federal organization to offer subsidized registration to academic candidates in Nigeria . Mandates ( edit ) NECO was mandated to take over the responsibilities of the National Board of Education Measurement ( NBEM ) . Its maiden examination took place in mid-2000 . Administration ( edit ) It is headed by a Registrar , Charles Uwakwe , appointed by the President under section 9 ( 1 ) of its establishing Act . It has six departments , each headed by a director . Each Department has divisions , composed of units . A team of directors and a registrar are the governing body , which is headed by chair Paddy Njoku . Senior secondary Certificate examination ( internal and external ) ( edit ) Nigeria offers six years of basic education , three years of junior secondary education , three years of senior secondary education , and four years of tertiary education . Mathematics and English language are compulsory though Mathematics may not be required for some courses in higher institutions . Junior secondary Certificate examination ( JSCE ) ( edit ) Junior Secondary Certificate exams are intended for candidates in the 3rd year of their junior secondary education in Federal Unity College and other Federal secondary schools . Private secondary schools also take part in JSCE . In state secondary schools , JSCE examinations are conducted by the state government . National Common Entrance examination ( edit ) The National Common Entrance Examination is administered to pupils in their 6th year of basic education for admission into Federal Unity Colleges . Two examinations are held annually . On 15 July 2013 , Some plans where made by the federal government of Nigeria to remove the National Examination Council ( NECO ) From the Nigeria Education System due to low and average passing percentage from candidates across the state in Nigeria External links ( edit ) Official website NECO time table References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Article in This Day Newspaper '' . thisdaylive.com . ^ Jump up to : `` National Examinations Council ( NECO ) : Introduction '' . Neconigeria.org. 2003 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ NECO official website Jump up ^ Powered by DMflex WebGen -- - www.dmflex.com ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` FG Constitutes Boards of FMBN , FCDA , NECO , SON , Others , Articles '' . Thisday Live . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` NECO Administrative Structure '' . Neconigeria.org. 2003 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jamb , Utme , Napep and Neco to be Eradicated '' . myedu.com.ng. 2013 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Examination_Council_(Nigeria)&oldid=799051071 '' Categories : Education in Nigeria 1999 establishments in Nigeria Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 10 : 03 . About Wikipedia | what are the role and function of neco | [
"The National Examinations Council (also known as NECO) is an examination body in Nigeria that conducts the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination and the General Certificate in Education in June/July and December/January respectively."
] | [
"an examination body in Nigeria that conducts the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination and the General Certificate in Education in June/July and December/January respectively"
] |
3001446101298156159 | La Liga | La Liga - Wikipedia La Liga Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the top Spanish football league . For the Spanish association , see Liga de Fútbol Profesional . La Liga Organising body Liga de Fútbol Profesional Founded 1929 ; 89 years ago ( 1929 ) Country Spain Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 ( from 1997 -- 98 ) Level on pyramid Relegation to Segunda División Domestic cup ( s ) Copa del Rey Supercopa de España International cup ( s ) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Barcelona ( 25th title ) Most championships Real Madrid ( 33 titles ) Most appearances Andoni Zubizarreta ( 622 ) Top goalscorer Lionel Messi ( 383 goals ) TV partners List of broadcasters Website www.laliga.es/en 2017 -- 18 La Liga The Primera División , commonly known as La Liga and as La Liga Santander for sponsorship reasons with Santander , is the men 's top professional association football division of the Spanish football league system . Administrated by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) , La Liga is contested by 20 teams , with the three lowest - placed teams relegated to the Segunda División and replaced by the top two teams in that division plus the winner of a play - off . A total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception . Nine teams have been crowned champions , with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 25 times . After Athletic Bilbao claimed several titles in the league 's early years , Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through to the 1980s , when Athletic and neighbours Real Sociedad each won the league twice . From the 1990s onwards , Barcelona ( 15 titles ) and Real Madrid ( 9 titles ) were both prominent , though La Liga also saw other champions , including Atlético Madrid , Valencia , and Deportivo de La Coruña . In the 2010s , Atlético Madrid became increasingly strong , forming a trio alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona which occupied the podium places exclusively . According to UEFA 's league coefficient , La Liga has been the top league in Europe over the last five years and has led Europe for more years ( 13 ) than any other country . It has also produced the continent 's top - rated club more times ( 21 ) than any other league , more than double that of second - placed Serie A. Its clubs have won the most UEFA Champions League ( 18 ) , UEFA Europa League ( 11 ) , UEFA Super Cup ( 14 ) , and FIFA Club World Cup ( 6 ) titles , and its players have accumulated the highest number of ( FIFA ) Ballon d'Or awards ( 19 ) . La Liga is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world , with an average attendance of 26,741 for league matches in the 2014 -- 15 season . This is the sixth - highest of any domestic professional sports league in the world and the fourth - highest of any professional association football league in the world , behind the Bundesliga , the Premier League , and the Indian Super League . Contents ( hide ) 1 Competition format 1.1 Promotion and relegation 1.2 Ranking of clubs on equal points 1.3 Qualifying for European competitions 2 History 2.1 Foundation 2.2 The 1930s 2.3 The 1940s 2.4 Alfredo Di Stéfano , Puskás , Kubala and Suárez 2.5 The Madrid years 2.6 The 1980s 2.7 The 1990s 2.8 The 2000s 2.9 The 2010s 3 Teams 3.1 Stadiums and locations 4 La Liga clubs in Europe 5 Champions 5.1 Performance by club 6 Performance comparison 7 All - time La Liga table 8 Players 8.1 Eligibility of non-EU players 8.2 Individual awards 8.3 Transfers 9 Player records 9.1 Top scorers 9.2 Most appearances 10 Sponsors 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Competition format ( edit ) The competition format follows the usual double round - robin format . During the course of a season , which lasts from August to May , each club plays every other club twice , once at home and once away , for a total of 38 matchdays . Teams receive three points for a win , one point for a draw , and no points for a loss . Teams are ranked by total points , with the highest - ranked club at the end of the season crowned champion . Promotion and relegation ( edit ) A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Primera División and the Segunda División . The three lowest placed teams in La Liga are relegated to the Segunda División , and the top two teams from the Segunda División promoted to La Liga , with an additional club promoted after a series of play - offs involving the third , fourth , fifth and sixth placed clubs . Below is a complete record of how many teams played in each season throughout the league 's history ; 1929 -- 1934 : 10 clubs 1934 -- 1941 : 12 clubs 1941 -- 1950 : 14 clubs 1950 -- 1971 : 16 clubs 1971 -- 1987 : 18 clubs 1987 -- 1995 : 20 clubs 1995 -- 1997 : 22 clubs 1997 -- present : 20 clubs Ranking of clubs on equal points ( edit ) If points are equal between two or more clubs , the rules are : If all clubs involved have played each other twice : If the tie is between two clubs , then the tie is broken using the goal difference for the two matches those clubs have played against each other ( without away goals rule ) If the tie is between more than two clubs , then the tie is broken using the games the clubs have played against each other : a ) head - to - head points b ) head - to - head goal difference c ) total goal difference If two legged games between all clubs involved have not been played , or the tie is not broken by the rules above , it is broken using : a ) total goal difference b ) total goals scored If the tie is still not broken , the winner will be determined by Fair Play scales . These are : yellow card , 1 point doubled yellow card / ejection , 2 points direct red card , 3 points suspension or disqualification of coach , executive or other club personnel ( outside referees ' decisions ) , 5 points misconduct of the supporters : mild 5 points , serious 6 points , very serious 7 points stadium closure , 10 points if the Competition Committee removes a penalty , the points are also removed If the tie is still not broken , it will be resolved with a tie - break match in a neutral stadium . Qualifying for European competitions ( edit ) Barcelona against Schalke 04 in the 2008 UEFA Champions League The top teams in La Liga qualify for the UEFA Champions League . The first , second , third and fourth placed teams directly enter the group stage of UEFA Champions League . Teams placed fifth and sixth play in the UEFA Europa League , along with the cup winners . If the cup winners finish in the top six , an additional berth in the Europa League is given to the team that finishes in seventh . History ( edit ) Foundation ( edit ) In April 1929 , José María Acha , a director at Arenas Club de Getxo , first proposed the idea of a national league in Spain . After much debate about the size of the league and who would take part , the Real Federación Española de Fútbol eventually agreed on the ten teams who would form the first Primera División in 1929 . Real Madrid , Barcelona , Athletic Bilbao , Real Sociedad , Arenas Club de Getxo and Real Unión were all selected as previous winners of the Copa del Rey . Atlético Madrid , Espanyol and Europa qualified as Copa del Rey runners - up and Racing de Santander qualified through a knockout competition . Only three of the founding clubs , Real Madrid , Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao , have never been relegated from the Primera División . The 1930s ( edit ) Although Barcelona won the very first Liga in 1929 and Real Madrid won their first titles in 1932 and 1933 , it was Athletic Bilbao that set the early pace winning Primera División in 1930 , 1931 , 1934 and 1936 . They were also runners - up in 1932 and 1933 . In 1935 , Real Betis , then known as Betis Balompié , won their only title to date . Primera División was suspended during the Spanish Civil War . In 1937 , the teams in the Republican area of Spain , with the notable exception of the two Madrid clubs , competed in the Mediterranean League and Barcelona emerged as champions . Seventy years later , on 28 September 2007 , Barcelona requested the RFEF to recognise that title as a Liga title . This action was taken after RFEF was asked to recognise Levante FC 's Copa de la España Libre win as equivalent to Copa del Rey trophy . Nevertheless , the governing body of Spanish football has not made an outright decision yet . The 1940s ( edit ) When the Primera División resumed after the Spanish Civil War , it was Atlético Aviación ( nowadays Atlético Madrid ) , Valencia , and Sevilla that initially emerged as the strongest clubs . Atlético were only awarded a place during the 1939 -- 40 season as a replacement for Real Oviedo , whose ground had been damaged during the war . The club subsequently won their first Liga title and retained it in 1941 . While other clubs lost players to exile , execution , and as casualties of the war , the Atlético team was reinforced by a merger . The young , pre-war squad of Valencia had also remained intact and in the post-war years matured into champions , gaining three Liga titles in 1942 , 1944 , and 1947 . They were also runners - up in 1948 and 1949 . Sevilla also enjoyed a brief golden era , finishing as runners - up in 1940 and 1942 before winning their only title to date in 1946 . By the latter part of the decade , Barcelona began to emerge as a force when they were crowned champions in 1945 , 1948 and 1949 . Alfredo di Stéfano , Puskás , Kubala and Suárez ( edit ) Naturalised Argentine Alfredo Di Stéfano was part of a dominant Real Madrid side in the 1950s Although Atlético Madrid , previously known as Atlético Aviación , were champions in 1950 and 1951 under catenaccio mastermind Helenio Herrera , the 1950s saw the beginning of the Barcelona / Real Madrid dominance . During the 1930s , 1940s , and 1950s , there were strict limits imposed on foreign players . In most cases , clubs could only have three foreign players in their squads , meaning that at least eight local players had to play in every game . During the 1950s , however , these rules were circumvented by Real Madrid and Barcelona , who naturalized Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , and László Kubala . Inspired by Kubala , Barça won the title in 1952 and 1953 . Di Stéfano , Puskás , Raymond Kopa and Francisco Gento formed the nucleus of the Real Madrid team that dominated the second half of the 1950s . Madrid won the first division for the first time as Real Madrid in 1954 and retained its title in 1955 . They were winners again in 1957 and 1958 , with only Athletic Bilbao interrupting their sequence . During this period , Real Madrid also won an unprecedented five consecutive European Cups . Barcelona , with a team coached by Helenio Herrera and featuring Luis Suárez , won the title in 1959 and 1960 . The Madrid years ( edit ) Between 1961 and 1980 , Real Madrid dominated the Primera División , being crowned champions 14 times , although their only European Cup triumph during this era came in 1966 , a sharp contrast to their five successive victories in the competition starting with the first final in 1956 . This included a five - in - a-row sequence from 1961 to 1965 and two three - in - a-row sequences ( 1967 -- 1969 and 1978 -- 1980 ) . During this era , only Atlético Madrid offered Real Madrid any serious challenge , adding four more titles to their tally in 1966 , 1970 , 1973 , and 1977 . Of the other clubs , only Valencia in 1971 and the Johan Cruyff - inspired Barcelona of 1974 managed to break the dominance of Real Madrid . The 1980s ( edit ) The Madrid winning sequence was ended more significantly in 1981 when Real Sociedad won their first - ever title . They retained it in 1982 and their two in a row was followed by another by their fellow Basques Athletic Bilbao , who won back - to - back titles in 1983 and 1984 . Terry Venables led Barcelona to a solitary title in 1985 before Real Madrid won again another five in a row sequence ( 1986 -- 1990 ) with a team guided by Leo Beenhakker and including Hugo Sánchez and the legendary La Quinta del Buitre -- Emilio Butragueño , Manolo Sanchís , Martín Vázquez , Míchel and Miguel Pardeza . The 1990s ( edit ) Johan Cruyff returned to Barcelona as manager in 1988 , and assembled the legendary Dream Team . Cruyff introduced players like Pep Guardiola , José Mari Bakero , Txiki Begiristain , Ion Andoni Goikoetxea , Ronald Koeman , Michael Laudrup , Romário and Hristo Stoichkov . This team won Primera División four times between 1991 and 1994 and won the European Cup in 1992 . Laudrup then moved to arch - rivals Real Madrid , and helped them end Barcelona 's run in 1995 . Atlético Madrid won their ninth Primera División title in 1996 before Real Madrid added another Liga trophy to their cabinet in 1997 . After the success of Cruyff , another Dutchman -- Ajax manager Louis van Gaal -- arrived at the Camp Nou , and with the talents of Luís Figo , Luis Enrique , and Rivaldo , Barcelona again won the title in 1998 and 1999 . The 2000s ( edit ) As Primera División entered a new century , the Big Two of Real Madrid and Barcelona found themselves facing new challengers . Between 1993 and 2004 , Deportivo La Coruña finished in the top three on ten occasions , a better record than either Real Madrid or Barcelona , and in 2000 , under Javier Irureta , they became the ninth team to be crowned champions . Real Madrid won two more Liga titles in 2001 and 2003 and also the UEFA Champions League in 2000 and 2002 , and won their 30th league title in 2007 after a three - year drought . They were challenged by a re-emerging Valencia in both competitions . Under the management of Héctor Cúper , Valencia finished as Champions League runners - up in 2000 and 2001 . His successor , Rafael Benítez , built on this and led the club to a Liga title in 2002 and winning the double with a league title and the UEFA Cup in 2004 . The 2004 -- 05 season saw a resurgent Barcelona , inspired by the brilliant Ronaldinho , win their first title of the new century , in addition to the Liga - Champions League double in 2005 -- 06 . With world - class players like Raúl , Ruud van Nistelrooy and Gonzalo Higuaín , Real Madrid won back - to - back La Liga titles in 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 season . Under Pep Guardiola 's Dream Team , powered by La Masia talents such as Lionel Messi , Xavi and Andrés Iniesta , Barcelona added three straight Liga titles ( 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 and 2010 -- 11 ) . The 2010s ( edit ) Match between Deportivo de La Coruña and FC Barcelona in 2016 -- 17 season . In the 2011 -- 12 season , Real Madrid won its 32nd title under the management of José Mourinho with a record - breaking points tally of 100 , a record 121 number of goals scored , most overall ( 32 ) and away ( 16 ) wins in a single season in La Liga history . Barcelona coach Tito Vilanova matched the 100 - point record a year later in 2012 -- 13 while battling terminal cancer . Atlético Madrid won the 2013 -- 14 title , their first in 18 years , and the first title in ten years that Real Madrid or Barcelona had not won . Barcelona won the 2014 -- 15 season as well as the 2015 -- 16 season resulting in 6 titles in 8 years . Real Madrid have brought back the La Liga title under the management of Zinedine Zidane for the 2016 -- 17 season . Barcelona completed the double for the 2017 - 2018 season , which resulted in 7 La Liga titles in 10 years . Teams ( edit ) Alavés Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid Barcelona Celta Vigo Deportivo Eibar Espanyol Getafe Girona Leganés Las Palmas Levante Málaga Betis Real Madrid Real Sociedad Sevilla Valencia Villarreal Location of teams in 2017 -- 18 La Liga A total of 20 teams contest the league in its current season , including the top 17 sides from the 2016 -- 17 season and three promoted from the 2016 -- 17 Segunda División . These are two clubs promoted directly from that division ( Levante and Girona ) , and the winner of the play - offs , Getafe . Stadiums and locations ( edit ) Team Location Stadium Capacity Alavés Vitoria - Gasteiz Mendizorrotza 7004198400000000000 ♠ 19,840 Athletic Bilbao Bilbao San Mamés 7004532890000000000 ♠ 53,289 Atlético Madrid Madrid Wanda Metropolitano 7004677030000000000 ♠ 67,703 Barcelona Barcelona Camp Nou 7004993540000000000 ♠ 99,354 Celta Vigo Vigo Balaídos 7004290000000000000 ♠ 29,000 Deportivo La Coruña A Coruña Abanca - Riazor 7004329120000000000 ♠ 32,912 Eibar Eibar Ipurua 7003708300000000000 ♠ 7,083 Espanyol Barcelona RCDE Stadium 7004405000000000000 ♠ 40,500 Getafe Getafe Coliseum Alfonso Pérez 7004173930000000000 ♠ 17,393 Girona Girona Montilivi 7004135000000000000 ♠ 13,500 Las Palmas Las Palmas Gran Canaria 7004324000000000000 ♠ 32,400 Leganés Leganés Butarque 7004114540000000000 ♠ 11,454 Levante Valencia Ciutat de València 7004263540000000000 ♠ 26,354 Málaga Málaga La Rosaleda 7004300440000000000 ♠ 30,044 Real Betis Seville Benito Villamarín 7004607200000000000 ♠ 60,720 Real Madrid Madrid Santiago Bernabéu 7004810440000000000 ♠ 81,044 Real Sociedad San Sebastián Anoeta 7004250000000000000 ♠ 25,000 Sevilla Seville Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán 7004425000000000000 ♠ 42,500 Valencia Valencia Mestalla 7004550000000000000 ♠ 55,000 Villarreal Villarreal Estadio de la Cerámica 7004235000000000000 ♠ 23,500 La Liga clubs in Europe ( edit ) Main article : Spanish football clubs in international competitions Real Madrid against Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League in 2013 The Primera División is currently first in the UEFA rankings of European leagues based on their performances in European competitions over a five - year period , ahead of England 's Premier League , Italy 's Serie A , and Germany 's Bundesliga in fourth . Real Madrid , Barcelona and Valencia are in the top ten most successful clubs in European football in terms of total European trophies . These three clubs , along with Sevilla and Atlético Madrid , are five of the most successful teams in European competition history ; these five are the only Spanish clubs to have won five or more international trophies . Deportivo La Coruña are the sixth-most participating Spanish team in the Champions League -- after Real Madrid , Barcelona , Valencia , Atletico Madrid and Sevilla FC -- with five Champions League appearances in a row , including a semifinal appearance in 2003 -- 04 . In 2005 -- 06 , Barcelona won the Champions League and Sevilla won the UEFA Cup , making the La Liga the first league to do the European `` double '' since 1997 . On 25 August 2015 , La Liga became the first league to classify five teams for the UEFA Champions League group stage ( Atlético Madrid , Barcelona , Real Madrid , Sevilla and Valencia ) . Champions ( edit ) Main article : List of Spanish football champions Performance by club ( edit ) Teams Winners Runners - up Winning seasons Real Madrid 33 23 1931 -- 32 , 1932 -- 33 , 1953 -- 54 , 1954 -- 55 , 1956 -- 57 , 1957 -- 58 , 1960 -- 61 , 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 , 1971 -- 72 , 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1988 -- 89 , 1989 -- 90 , 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17 Barcelona 25 25 1929 , 1944 -- 45 , 1947 -- 48 , 1948 -- 49 , 1951 -- 52 , 1952 -- 53 , 1958 -- 59 , 1959 -- 60 , 1973 -- 74 , 1984 -- 85 , 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Atlético Madrid 10 10 1939 -- 40 , 1940 -- 41 , 1949 -- 50 , 1950 -- 51 , 1965 -- 66 , 1969 -- 70 , 1972 -- 73 , 1976 -- 77 , 1995 -- 96 , 2013 -- 14 Athletic Bilbao 8 7 1929 -- 30 , 1930 -- 31 , 1933 -- 34 , 1935 -- 36 , 1942 -- 43 , 1955 -- 56 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 Valencia 6 6 1941 -- 42 , 1943 -- 44 , 1946 -- 47 , 1970 -- 71 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Real Sociedad 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 Deportivo La Coruña 5 1999 -- 00 Sevilla 1945 -- 46 Real Betis 0 1934 -- 35 Performance comparison ( edit ) Teams 99 -- 00 00 -- 01 01 -- 02 02 -- 03 03 -- 04 04 -- 05 05 -- 06 06 -- 07 07 -- 08 08 -- 09 09 -- 10 10 -- 11 11 -- 12 12 -- 13 13 -- 14 14 -- 15 15 -- 16 16 -- 17 17 -- 18 RMA 5 BAR 6 ATH 11 12 9 7 5 9 12 17 11 13 8 6 10 12 7 5 7 16 ATM 19 - - 12 7 11 10 7 9 7 5 VAL 5 5 7 10 6 5 8 12 12 ESP 14 9 14 17 16 5 15 11 12 10 11 8 14 13 14 10 13 8 11 SEV 20 - 8 10 6 6 5 5 5 9 9 5 5 7 7 RSO 13 13 13 15 14 16 19 - - - 15 12 7 12 9 6 12 ZAR 17 20 - 12 12 11 6 18 - 14 13 16 20 - - - - - BET 18 - 6 8 9 14 16 13 18 - - 13 7 20 - 10 15 6 DEP 8 8 13 9 7 10 18 - 19 - 16 15 16 18 League champions Champions League Europa League Relegation All - time La Liga table ( edit ) The All - time La Liga table is an overall record of all match results , points , and goals of every team that has played in La Liga since its inception in 1929 . The table is accurate as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . Teams in bold are part of the 2018 -- 19 La Liga . Pos Team Pts GP GF GA 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Debut Since / Last App Best Real Madrid 86 4461 2800 1669 562 569 6041 3184 33 23 9 8 80 1929 1929 Barcelona 86 4355 2800 1609 582 609 5999 3143 25 25 12 12 6 84 1929 1929 Atlético Madrid 81 3521 2652 1264 608 780 4592 3331 10 10 16 9 7 6 57 1929 2002 -- 03 Valencia 83 3459 2702 1209 623 870 4463 3507 6 6 10 12 10 7 51 1931 -- 32 1987 -- 88 5 Athletic Bilbao 86 3411 2800 1219 646 935 4672 3749 8 7 10 5 8 10 49 1929 1929 6 Sevilla 74 2877 2446 1007 538 901 3729 3431 5 12 6 32 1934 -- 35 2001 -- 02 7 Espanyol 83 2841 2664 960 621 1083 3645 3926 -- -- 5 5 16 1929 1994 -- 95 8 Real Sociedad 71 2622 2340 878 584 878 3294 3289 5 19 1929 2010 -- 11 9 Zaragoza 58 2109 1986 698 522 766 2683 2847 -- 5 18 1939 -- 40 2012 -- 13 10 Real Betis 52 1945 1766 624 446 696 2222 2552 -- 5 15 1932 -- 33 2015 -- 16 11 Deportivo La Coruña 46 1843 1568 569 403 596 2090 2269 5 -- 12 1941 -- 42 2017 -- 18 12 Celta Vigo 52 1838 1736 599 399 738 2337 2685 -- -- -- 5 11 1939 -- 40 2012 -- 13 13 Valladolid 42 1471 1466 463 384 619 1767 2180 -- -- -- 1948 -- 49 2013 -- 14 14 Racing Santander 44 1416 1428 453 336 639 1843 2368 -- -- 5 1929 2011 -- 12 15 Sporting Gijón 43 1389 1458 471 358 629 1753 2152 -- 7 1944 -- 45 2016 -- 17 16 Osasuna 37 1351 1318 426 327 565 1497 1833 -- -- -- 6 1935 -- 36 2016 -- 17 17 Málaga 37 1334 1293 395 335 563 1445 1824 -- -- -- -- 1949 -- 50 2017 -- 18 18 Oviedo 38 1174 1192 408 292 492 1642 1951 -- -- 11 1933 -- 34 2000 -- 01 19 Mallorca 27 1148 988 333 256 399 1182 1371 -- -- -- 5 1960 -- 61 2012 -- 13 20 Las Palmas 34 1042 1134 372 249 513 1371 1820 -- 5 1951 -- 52 2017 -- 18 21 Villarreal 18 1031 684 284 179 221 949 839 -- 10 1998 -- 99 2013 -- 14 22 Granada 23 667 742 218 175 349 819 1158 -- -- -- -- -- 1941 -- 42 2016 -- 17 6 23 Rayo Vallecano 17 662 652 189 148 305 760 1088 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1977 -- 78 2015 -- 16 8 24 Getafe 13 608 494 162 122 210 562 662 -- -- -- -- -- 2004 -- 05 2017 -- 18 6 25 Elche 21 606 678 203 180 295 750 1022 -- -- -- -- 1959 -- 60 2014 -- 15 5 26 Hércules 20 538 628 184 149 295 716 1050 -- -- -- -- 5 1935 -- 36 2010 -- 11 5 27 Tenerife 13 510 494 155 128 211 619 744 -- -- -- -- -- 1961 -- 62 2009 -- 10 5 28 Alavés 13 468 418 140 83 195 498 673 -- -- -- -- -- 1930 -- 31 2016 -- 17 6 29 Levante 12 462 440 124 108 208 474 690 -- -- -- -- -- 1963 -- 64 2017 -- 18 6 30 Murcia 18 445 586 145 143 298 607 992 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1940 -- 41 2007 -- 08 11 31 Salamanca 12 375 423 123 102 198 422 581 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1974 -- 75 1998 -- 99 7 32 Sabadell 14 353 426 129 95 202 492 720 -- -- -- -- 1943 -- 44 1987 -- 88 33 Cádiz 12 343 448 104 127 217 393 662 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1977 -- 78 2005 -- 06 12 34 Logroñés 9 293 346 96 92 158 291 489 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1987 -- 88 1996 -- 97 7 35 Castellón 11 285 334 103 79 152 419 588 -- -- -- -- 1941 -- 42 1990 -- 91 36 Albacete 7 277 270 76 76 118 320 410 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1991 -- 92 2004 -- 05 7 37 Almería 6 242 228 62 56 110 244 366 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2007 -- 08 2014 -- 15 8 38 Córdoba 9 230 282 82 63 137 285 430 -- -- -- -- -- 1962 -- 63 2014 -- 15 5 39 Compostela 190 160 52 45 63 199 241 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1994 -- 95 1997 -- 98 10 40 Recreativo 5 188 186 50 46 90 202 296 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1978 -- 79 2008 -- 09 8 41 Eibar 183 152 49 36 67 183 217 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2014 -- 15 2014 -- 15 9 42 Burgos CF 6 168 204 59 50 95 216 310 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1971 -- 72 1979 -- 80 12 43 Pontevedra 6 150 180 53 44 83 165 221 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1963 -- 64 1969 -- 70 7 44 Numancia 148 152 37 37 78 155 253 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1999 -- 00 2008 -- 09 17 45 Arenas 7 107 130 43 21 66 227 308 -- -- -- -- 1929 1934 -- 35 46 Real Burgos 96 114 26 44 44 101 139 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1990 -- 91 1992 -- 93 9 47 Gimnàstic 91 116 34 16 66 181 295 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1947 -- 48 2006 -- 07 7 48 Extremadura 83 80 20 23 37 62 117 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1996 -- 97 1998 -- 99 17 49 Mérida 81 80 19 24 37 70 115 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1995 -- 96 1997 -- 98 19 50 Leganés 78 76 20 18 38 70 106 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2016 -- 17 2016 -- 17 17 51 Alcoyano 76 108 30 16 62 145 252 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1945 -- 46 1950 -- 51 10 52 Jaén 71 90 29 13 48 121 183 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1953 -- 54 1957 -- 58 14 53 Real Unión 56 72 21 14 37 153 184 -- -- -- -- -- 1929 1931 -- 32 6 54 AD Almería 52 68 17 18 33 71 116 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 10 55 Girona 51 38 14 9 15 50 59 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 9 56 Europa 42 54 18 6 30 97 131 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1929 1930 -- 31 8 57 Lleida 40 68 13 14 41 70 182 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1950 -- 51 1993 -- 94 16 58 Xerez 34 38 8 10 20 38 66 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2009 -- 10 2009 -- 10 20 59 Condal 22 30 7 8 15 37 57 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1956 -- 57 1956 -- 57 16 60 Atlético Tetuán 19 30 7 5 18 51 85 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1951 -- 52 1951 -- 52 16 61 Cultural Leonesa 14 30 5 21 34 65 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1955 -- 56 1955 -- 56 15 62 Huesca -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2018 -- 19 2018 -- 19 -- League or status at 2017 -- 18 : 2017 -- 18 La Liga 2017 -- 18 Segunda División 2017 -- 18 Segunda División B 2017 -- 18 Tercera División 2017 -- 18 Divisiones Regionales To be determined Clubs that no longer exist Players ( edit ) Eligibility of non-EU players ( edit ) In La Liga , players can claim citizenship from the nation their ancestors came from . If a player does not have European ancestry , he can claim Spanish citizenship after playing in Spain for five years . Sometimes , this can lead to a triple - citizenship situation ; for example , Leo Franco , who was born in Argentina , is of Italian heritage yet can claim a Spanish passport , having played in La Liga for over five years . In addition , players from the ACP countries -- countries in Africa , the Caribbean , and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement -- are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling . Individual awards ( edit ) Until the season 2008 -- 09 , no official awards for individuals in La Liga existed . Following the 2008 -- 09 season , the Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) governing body sanctioned LFP Awards to player individuals . Additional awards relating to La Liga are distributed , some are sanctioned by the LFP or the Royal Spanish Football Federation ( RFEF ) and therefore not regarded as official . The most notable of these are four awarded by Spain 's biggest sports paper , Marca , namely the Pichichi Trophy , awarded to the top scorer of the season ; the Ricardo Zamora Trophy for the goalkeeper with the least `` goals - to - games '' ratio ; the Trofeo Alfredo di Stéfano , for the player judged to be the best overall player in the division ; and the Zarra Trophy , awarded to the Spanish domestic player with the highest goal total in La Liga . Since the 2013 -- 14 season , La Liga also awards the monthly Manager of the Month and Player of the Month awards . Transfers ( edit ) The first La Liga player to be involved in a transfer which broke the world record was Luis Suárez in 1961 , who moved from Barcelona to Internazionale for £ 152,000 . Twelve years later , Johan Cruyff was the first player to join a La Liga club for a record fee , £ 922,000 from Ajax to Barcelona . In 1982 , Barcelona again set the record by signing Diego Maradona from Boca Juniors for £ 5 million . Real Betis set the world record in 1998 when they signed Denílson from São Paulo for £ 21.5 million . Four of the last six world transfer records ( in euro ) have been set by Real Madrid , signing Luís Figo , Zinedine Zidane , Cristiano Ronaldo ( plus a deal for Kaká days before Ronaldo which fell just below a world record due to the way the fee was calculated ) and finally Gareth Bale , who was bought for £ 85.3 million ( € 103.4 million / $140 million ) from Tottenham Hotspur in 2013 . The Brazilian forward Neymar was the subject of an expensive and complicated transfer arrangement when he joined Barcelona from Santos in 2013 , and his outgoing transfer to Paris Saint - Germain in 2017 set a new world record fee at € 222m ( via his ' buyout clause ' ) . Barcelona soon invested a large chunk of this money in a replacement , Ousmane Dembélé , whose deal -- € 105m -- was the second most expensive ever before Philippe Coutinho 's transfer to Barcelona for € 142m . Player records ( edit ) Top scorers ( edit ) As of matches played 29 April 2018 Rank Nat Name Club Years Goals Apps Ratio Lionel Messi Barcelona 2004 -- 383 418 0.92 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 2009 -- 311 292 1.07 Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 1940 -- 1955 251 278 0.9 Hugo Sánchez Atlético Madrid , Real Madrid & Rayo Vallecano 1981 -- 1994 234 347 0.67 5 Raúl Real Madrid 1994 -- 2010 228 550 0.41 6 Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid & Espanyol 1953 -- 1966 227 329 0.69 7 César Rodríguez Granada , Barcelona , Cultural Leonesa & Elche 1939 -- 1955 223 353 0.63 8 Quini Sporting Gijón & Barcelona 1970 -- 1987 219 448 0.49 9 Pahiño Celta , Real Madrid & Deportivo 1943 -- 1956 210 278 0.76 10 Edmundo Suárez Valencia & Alcoyano 1939 -- 1950 195 231 0.84 Most appearances ( edit ) See also : List of La Liga players As of 16 May 2016 Rank Nat Name Years Apps Goals Andoni Zubizarreta 1981 -- 1998 622 0 Raúl 1994 -- 2010 550 228 Eusebio Sacristán 1983 -- 2002 543 36 Francisco Buyo 1980 -- 1997 542 0 5 Manuel Sanchís 1983 -- 2001 523 32 6 Iker Casillas 1999 -- 2015 510 0 7 Xavi 1998 -- 2015 505 58 8 Miquel Soler 1983 -- 2003 504 12 9 Fernando Hierro 1987 -- 2003 497 104 10 José Mari Bakero 1980 -- 1997 483 139 Sponsors ( edit ) Banco Santander Nike , Inc El Corte Inglés TAG Heuer EA Sports Samsung Sportium STIHL Mazda Mahou Allianz Groupe Danone Marqués del Atrio Kalise Menorquina Solán de Cabras See also ( edit ) Association football portal Spain portal Football records in Spain List of football clubs in Spain List of foreign La Liga players List of La Liga broadcasters List of La Liga stadiums List of attendance figures at domestic professional sports leagues Sports broadcasting contracts in Spain Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spanish : ( pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ) ; `` First Division '' Jump up ^ / læ ˈliːɡə / , Spanish : ( la ˈliɣa ) ; `` The League '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LaLiga and Santander strike title sponsorship deal '' . LaLiga. 21 July 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attendances in India , China and the USA catching up with the major European leagues '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ . worldfootball.net '' Attendance '' overall http://www.worldfootball.net/attendance/ '' Attendance '' overall Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` European football statistics '' . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Reglamento General de la RFEF 2010 ( Artículo 201.2 ) ( page 138 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 7 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Criterios de puntuación del juego limpio '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 30 October 1998 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Instalaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Deportivo Alavés . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club - San Mamés ( 2013 ) '' . Athletic Club . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wanda Metropolitano '' . StadiumDB . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Camp Nou - FC Barcelona '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celta de Vigo - CLUB '' . Real Club Celta de Vigo . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Riazor '' . Deportivo de La Coruña . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capacity of Ipurua stands at 7,083 '' . SD Eibar. 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCDE Stadium - Ficha Técnica '' . RCD Espanyol . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Datos Generales '' . Getafe CF . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Campanya abonats 17 / 18 '' ( in Catalan ) . Girona FC . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio de Gran Canaria '' . UD Las Palmas . Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instalaciones - Leganés - web oficial '' ( in Spanish ) . CD Leganés . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Superdeporte . `` El Ciutat de Valencia estrena lavado de cara para Europa - Superdeporte '' . www.superdeporte.es . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ESTADIO LA ROSALEDA '' . Málaga CF . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New features for Benito Villamarín Stadium '' . www.realbetisbalompie.es . Archived from the original on 4 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Santiago Bernabéu Stadium '' . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El estadio - Real Sociedad de Fútbol '' . Real Sociedad . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla Fútbol Club - La entidad '' . Sevilla FC . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Camp de Mestalla '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 / 12 UEFA Champions League statistics handbook - Clubs continued '' ( PDF ) . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` UEFA ranking of European leagues '' . Bert Kassies . November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA club competitions press kit (. PDF archive , page 23 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Official Website . Retrieved 25 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Clasificación Histórica Liga BBVA '' . LFP. 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ All Time Table of Spanish team in La Liga Rsssf.com Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale : The history of the world transfer record '' . BBC Sport. 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup winner Denilson on trial at Bolton Wanderers '' . Daily Mail . 6 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Nash , Elizabeth ( 25 July 2000 ) . `` Figo defects to Real Madrid for record £ 36.2 m '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane al Real '' . Juventus F.C. ( in Italian ) . 9 July 2001 . Archived from the original on 6 August 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo transfer : Real Madrid agree £ 80 million fee with Manchester United '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeremy ( 7 June 2009 ) . `` Real Madrid to confirm world record £ 56m signing of Kaka '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kaka completes Real Madrid switch '' . BBC . 9 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid - and agent 's fury '' ( 21 January 2016 ) . The Telegraph . 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona : Neymar deal has damaged brand of La Liga club '' . BBC Sport. 10 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona reveal details of deal to sign Brazil star Neymar '' . Sky Sports . 24 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar : Paris St - Germain sign Barcelona forward for world record 222m euros '' . BBC . The British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona signs Ousmane Dembele , its Neymar replacement in more ways than one '' . 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2018/01/08/watch-live-philippe-coutinho-unveiled-barcelona-142million-transfer/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Liga . ( in English ) Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional ( in Spanish ) Royal Spanish Football Federation La Liga 2017 -- 18 clubs Alavés Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid Barcelona Betis Celta Vigo Deportivo La Coruña Eibar Espanyol Getafe Girona Las Palmas Leganés Levante Málaga Real Madrid Real Sociedad Sevilla Valencia Villarreal Former clubs Albacete Alcoyano AD Almería UD Almería Arenas Getxo Atlético Tetuán Burgos Cádiz Castellón Compostela Condal Córdoba Cultural Leonesa Elche Europa Extremadura Gimnàstic Granada Hércules Jaén Lleida CD Logroñés CD Málaga Mallorca CP Mérida Rayo Vallecano Murcia Numancia Osasuna Oviedo Pontevedra Racing Santander Real Burgos Real Unión Recreativo Huelva Sabadell Salamanca Sporting Gijón Tenerife Valladolid Xerez Zaragoza Competition Clubs Seasons & winners Relegation play - offs Players foreign Managers Winners Stadia Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table LFP Awards Top Scorer ( LFP ) Top Scorer ( Pichichi ) Spanish Top Scorer ( Zarra ) Best Goalkeeper ( Zamora ) Best Manager ( Miguel Muñoz ) Best referee ( Guruceta ) Don Balón Award Player of the Month Manager of the Month Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Associated competitions Supercopa de España Copa del Rey UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League laliga.es facebook.com/LaLiga twitter.com/LaLiga youtube.com/laliga La Liga seasons 1929 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2017 -- 18 La Liga venues Anoeta Balaídos Benito Villamarín Butarque Camp Nou Ciutat de València Coliseum Alfonso Pérez Gran Canaria Ipurua La Cerámica La Rosaleda Mendizorrotza Montilivi Mestalla RCDE Stadium Riazor San Mamés Sánchez Pizjuán Santiago Bernabéu Wanda Metropolitano 2018 -- 19 La Liga managers Abelardo ( Alavés ) Bordalás ( Getafe ) Calleja ( Villarreal ) Franco ( Huesca ) Garitano ( Real Sociedad ) López ( Levante ) Marcelino ( Valencia ) Machín ( Sevilla ) Míchel ( Rayo Vallecano ) Mendilibar ( Eibar ) Mohamed ( Celta ) Setién ( Betis ) Simeone ( Atlético Madrid ) Valverde ( Barcelona ) Zidane ( Real Madrid ) Vacant ( Athletic Bilbao ) Vacant ( Espanyol ) Vacant ( Girona ) Vacant ( Leganés ) TBA Football in Spain AFE ANEF CTA CSD COE LFP RFEF National teams Men 's National team U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Women 's National team U-20 U-19 U-17 League system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División Level 3 Segunda División B ( 4 groups ) Level 4 Tercera División ( 18 groups ) Levels 5 -- 10 Divisiones Regionales ( Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Basque Canary Cantabria Castile - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has more league titles real madrid or barcelona | [
"A total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception. Nine teams have been crowned champions, with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 25 times. After Athletic Bilbao claimed several titles in the league's early years, Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through to the 1980s, when Athletic and neighbours Real Sociedad each won the league twice. From the 1990s onwards, Barcelona (15 titles) and Real Madrid (9 titles) were both prominent, though La Liga also saw other champions, including Atlético Madrid, Valencia, and Deportivo de La Coruña. In the 2010s, Atlético Madrid became increasingly strong, forming a trio alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona which occupied the podium places exclusively."
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"Real Madrid"
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-6573844035920916526 | Correlation does not imply causation | Correlation does not imply causation - wikipedia Correlation does not imply causation Jump to : navigation , search See also : Illusory correlation In statistics , many statistical tests calculate correlations between variables and when two variables are found to be correlated , it is tempting to assume that this shows that one variable causes the other . That `` correlation proves causation , '' is considered a questionable cause logical fallacy when two events occurring together are taken to have established a cause - and - effect relationship . This fallacy is also known as cum hoc ergo propter hoc , Latin for `` with this , therefore because of this , '' and `` false cause . '' A similar fallacy , that an event that followed another was necessarily a consequence of the first event , is the post hoc ergo propter hoc ( Latin for `` after this , therefore because of this . '' ) fallacy . For example , in a widely studied case , numerous epidemiological studies showed that women taking combined hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) also had a lower - than - average incidence of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) , leading doctors to propose that HRT was protective against CHD . But randomized controlled trials showed that HRT caused a small but statistically significant increase in risk of CHD . Re-analysis of the data from the epidemiological studies showed that women undertaking HRT were more likely to be from higher socio - economic groups ( ABC1 ) , with better - than - average diet and exercise regimens . The use of HRT and decreased incidence of coronary heart disease were coincident effects of a common cause ( i.e. the benefits associated with a higher socioeconomic status ) , rather than a direct cause and effect , as had been supposed . As with any logical fallacy , identifying that the reasoning behind an argument is flawed does not imply that the resulting conclusion is false . In the instance above , if the trials had found that hormone replacement therapy does in fact have a negative incidence on the likelihood of coronary heart disease the assumption of causality would have been correct , although the logic behind the assumption would still have been flawed . Indeed , a few go further , using correlation as a basis for testing a hypothesis to try to establish a true causal relationship ; examples are the Granger causality test and convergent cross mapping . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 2 General pattern 3 Examples of illogically inferring causation from correlation 3.1 B causes A ( reverse causation or reverse causality ) 3.2 Third factor C ( the common - causal variable ) causes both A and B 3.3 Bidirectional causation : A causes B , and B causes A 3.4 The relationship between A and B is coincidental 4 Determining causation 4.1 In academia 4.2 Causality construed from counterfactual states 4.3 Causality predicted by an extrapolation of trends 5 Use of correlation as scientific evidence 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links Usage ( edit ) In logic , the technical use of the word `` implies '' means `` is a sufficient circumstance for '' . This is the meaning intended by statisticians when they say causation is not certain . Indeed , p implies q has the technical meaning of the material conditional : if p then q symbolized as p → q . That is `` if circumstance p is true , then q follows . '' In this sense , it is always correct to say `` Correlation does not imply causation . '' However , in casual use , the word `` implies '' loosely means suggests rather than requires . The idea that correlation and causation are connected is certainly true ; where there is causation , there is a likely correlation . Indeed , correlation is used when inferring causation ; the important point is that such inferences are made after correlations are confirmed as real and all causational relationship are systematically explored using large enough data sets . General pattern ( edit ) For any two correlated events , A and B , the different possible relationships include : A causes B ( direct causation ) ; B causes A ( reverse causation ) ; A and B are consequences of a common cause , but do not cause each other ; A and B both cause C , which is ( explicitly or implicitly ) conditioned on . If A and B cause C , why do A and B have to be correlated ? ; A causes B and B causes A ( bidirectional or cyclic causation ) ; A causes C which causes B ( indirect causation ) ; There is no connection between A and B ; the correlation is a coincidence . Thus there can be no conclusion made regarding the existence or the direction of a cause - and - effect relationship only from the fact that A and B are correlated . Determining whether there is an actual cause - and - effect relationship requires further investigation , even when the relationship between A and B is statistically significant , a large effect size is observed , or a large part of the variance is explained . Examples of illogically inferring causation from correlation ( edit ) B causes a ( reverse causation or reverse causality ) ( edit ) Reverse causation or reverse causality or wrong direction is an informal fallacy of questionable cause where cause and effect are reversed . The cause is said to be the effect and vice versa . Example 1 The faster windmills are observed to rotate , the more wind is observed to be . Therefore wind is caused by the rotation of windmills . ( Or , simply put : windmills , as their name indicates , are machines used to produce wind . ) In this example , the correlation ( simultaneity ) between windmill activity and wind velocity does not imply that wind is caused by windmills . It is rather the other way around , as suggested by the fact that wind does n't need windmills to exist , while windmills need wind to rotate . Wind can be observed in places where there are no windmills or non-rotating windmills -- and there are good reasons to believe that wind existed before the invention of windmills . Example 2 When a country 's debt rises above 90 % of GDP , growth slows . Therefore , high debt causes slow growth . This argument by Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff was refuted by Paul Krugman on the basis that they got the causality backwards : in actuality , slow growth causes debt to increase . Example 3 Driving a wheelchair is dangerous , because most people who drive them have had an accident . Example 4 In other cases it may simply be unclear which is the cause and which is the effect . For example : Children that watch a lot of TV are the most violent . Clearly , TV makes children more violent . This could easily be the other way round ; that is , violent children like watching more TV than less violent ones . Example 5 A correlation between recreational drug use and psychiatric disorders might be either way around : perhaps the drugs cause the disorders , or perhaps people use drugs to self medicate for preexisting conditions . Gateway drug theory may argue that marijuana usage leads to usage of harder drugs , but hard drug usage may lead to marijuana usage ( see also confusion of the inverse ) . Indeed , in the social sciences where controlled experiments often can not be used to discern the direction of causation , this fallacy can fuel long - standing scientific arguments . One such example can be found in education economics , between the screening / signaling and human capital models : it could either be that having innate ability enables one to complete an education , or that completing an education builds one 's ability . Example 6 A historical example of this is that Europeans in the Middle Ages believed that lice were beneficial to your health , since there would rarely be any lice on sick people . The reasoning was that the people got sick because the lice left . The real reason however is that lice are extremely sensitive to body temperature . A small increase of body temperature , such as in a fever , will make the lice look for another host . The medical thermometer had not yet been invented , so this increase in temperature was rarely noticed . Noticeable symptoms came later , giving the impression that the lice left before the person got sick . In other cases , two phenomena can each be a partial cause of the other ; consider poverty and lack of education , or procrastination and poor self - esteem . One making an argument based on these two phenomena must however be careful to avoid the fallacy of circular cause and consequence . Poverty is a cause of lack of education , but it is not the sole cause , and vice versa . Third factor C ( the common - causal variable ) causes both a and B ( edit ) Main article : Spurious relationship The third - cause fallacy ( also known as ignoring a common cause or questionable cause ) is a logical fallacy where a spurious relationship is confused for causation . It asserts that X causes Y when , in reality , X and Y are both caused by Z . It is a variation on the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy and a member of the questionable cause group of fallacies . All of these examples deal with a lurking variable , which is simply a hidden third variable that affects both causes of the correlation . A difficulty often also arises where the third factor , though fundamentally different from A and B , is so closely related to A and / or B as to be confused with them or very difficult to scientifically disentangle from them ( see Example 4 ) . Example 1 Sleeping with one 's shoes on is strongly correlated with waking up with a headache . Therefore , sleeping with one 's shoes on causes headache . The above example commits the correlation - implies - causation fallacy , as it prematurely concludes that sleeping with one 's shoes on causes headache . A more plausible explanation is that both are caused by a third factor , in this case going to bed drunk , which thereby gives rise to a correlation . So the conclusion is false . Example 2 Young children who sleep with the light on are much more likely to develop myopia in later life . Therefore , sleeping with the light on causes myopia . This is a scientific example that resulted from a study at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center . Published in the May 13 , 1999 issue of Nature , the study received much coverage at the time in the popular press . However , a later study at Ohio State University did not find that infants sleeping with the light on caused the development of myopia . It did find a strong link between parental myopia and the development of child myopia , also noting that myopic parents were more likely to leave a light on in their children 's bedroom . In this case , the cause of both conditions is parental myopia , and the above - stated conclusion is false . Example 3 As ice cream sales increase , the rate of drowning deaths increases sharply . Therefore , ice cream consumption causes drowning . This example fails to recognize the importance of time of year and temperature to ice cream sales . Ice cream is sold during the hot summer months at a much greater rate than during colder times , and it is during these hot summer months that people are more likely to engage in activities involving water , such as swimming . The increased drowning deaths are simply caused by more exposure to water - based activities , not ice cream . The stated conclusion is false . Example 4 A hypothetical study shows a relationship between test anxiety scores and shyness scores , with a statistical r value ( strength of correlation ) of +. 59 . Therefore , it may be simply concluded that shyness , in some part , causally influences test anxiety . However , as encountered in many psychological studies , another variable , a `` self - consciousness score '' , is discovered that has a sharper correlation ( +. 73 ) with shyness . This suggests a possible `` third variable '' problem , however , when three such closely related measures are found , it further suggests that each may have bidirectional tendencies ( see `` bidirectional variable '' , above ) , being a cluster of correlated values each influencing one another to some extent . Therefore , the simple conclusion above may be false . Example 5 Since the 1950s , both the atmospheric CO level and obesity levels have increased sharply . Hence , atmospheric CO causes obesity . Richer populations tend to eat more food and produce more CO . Example 6 HDL ( `` good '' ) cholesterol is negatively correlated with incidence of heart attack . Therefore , taking medication to raise HDL decreases the chance of having a heart attack . Further research has called this conclusion into question . Instead , it may be that other underlying factors , like genes , diet and exercise , affect both HDL levels and the likelihood of having a heart attack ; it is possible that medicines may affect the directly measurable factor , HDL levels , without affecting the chance of heart attack . Bidirectional causation : a causes B , and B causes a ( edit ) Causality is not necessarily one - way ; in a predator - prey relationship , predator numbers affect prey numbers , but prey numbers , i.e. food supply , also affect predator numbers . The relationship between a and B is coincidental ( edit ) The two variables are n't related at all , but correlate by chance . The more things are examined , the more likely it is that two unrelated variables will appear to be related . For example : The result of the last home game by the Washington Redskins prior to the presidential election predicted the outcome of every presidential election from 1936 to 2000 inclusive , despite the fact that the outcomes of football games had nothing to do with the outcome of the popular election . This streak was finally broken in 2004 ( or 2012 using an alternative formulation of the original rule ) . A collection of such coincidences finds that for example , there is a 99.79 % correlation for the period 1999 - 2009 between U.S. spending on science , space , and technology ; and the number of suicides by suffocation , strangulation , and hanging . The Mierscheid law , which correlates the Social Democratic Party of Germany 's share of the popular vote with the size of crude steel production in Western Germany . Alternating bald -- hairy Russian leaders : A bald ( or obviously balding ) state leader of Russia has succeeded a non-bald ( `` hairy '' ) one , and vice versa , for nearly 200 years . Determining causation ( edit ) In academia ( edit ) Main articles : Causality and Causality ( physics ) The nature of causality is systematically investigated in several academic disciplines , including philosophy and physics . In academia , there are a significant number of theories on causality ; The Oxford Handbook of Causation ( Beebee , Hitchcock & Menzies 2009 ) encompasses 770 pages . Among the more influential theories within philosophy are Aristotle 's Four causes and Al - Ghazali 's occasionalism . David Hume argued that beliefs about causality are based on experience , and experience similarly based on the assumption that the future models the past , which in turn can only be based on experience -- leading to circular logic . In conclusion , he asserted that causality is not based on actual reasoning : only correlation can actually be perceived . Immanuel Kant , according to Beebee , Hitchcock & Menzies ( 2009 ) , held that `` a causal principle according to which every event has a cause , or follows according to a causal law , can not be established through induction as a purely empirical claim , since it would then lack strict universality , or necessity '' . Outside the field of philosophy , theories of causation can be identified in classical mechanics , statistical mechanics , quantum mechanics , spacetime theories , biology , social sciences , and law . To establish a correlation as causal within physics , it is normally understood that the cause and the effect must connect through a local mechanism ( cf . for instance the concept of impact ) or a nonlocal mechanism ( cf . the concept of field ) , in accordance with known laws of nature . From the point of view of thermodynamics , universal properties of causes as compared to effects have been identified through the Second law of thermodynamics , confirming the ancient , medieval and Cartesian view that `` the cause is greater than the effect '' for the particular case of thermodynamic free energy . This , in turn , is challenged by popular interpretations of the concepts of nonlinear systems and the butterfly effect , in which small events cause large effects due to , respectively , unpredictability and an unlikely triggering of large amounts of potential energy . Causality construed from counterfactual states ( edit ) See also : Verificationism Intuitively , causation seems to require not just a correlation , but a counterfactual dependence . Suppose that a student performed poorly on a test and guesses that the cause was his not studying . To prove this , one thinks of the counterfactual -- the same student writing the same test under the same circumstances but having studied the night before . If one could rewind history , and change only one small thing ( making the student study for the exam ) , then causation could be observed ( by comparing version 1 to version 2 ) . Because one can not rewind history and replay events after making small controlled changes , causation can only be inferred , never exactly known . This is referred to as the Fundamental Problem of Causal Inference -- it is impossible to directly observe causal effects . A major goal of scientific experiments and statistical methods is to approximate as best possible the counterfactual state of the world . For example , one could run an experiment on identical twins who were known to consistently get the same grades on their tests . One twin is sent to study for six hours while the other is sent to the amusement park . If their test scores suddenly diverged by a large degree , this would be strong evidence that studying ( or going to the amusement park ) had a causal effect on test scores . In this case , correlation between studying and test scores would almost certainly imply causation . Well - designed experimental studies replace equality of individuals as in the previous example by equality of groups . The objective is to construct two groups that are similar except for the treatment that the groups receive . This is achieved by selecting subjects from a single population and randomly assigning them to two or more groups . The likelihood of the groups behaving similarly to one another ( on average ) rises with the number of subjects in each group . If the groups are essentially equivalent except for the treatment they receive , and a difference in the outcome for the groups is observed , then this constitutes evidence that the treatment is responsible for the outcome , or in other words the treatment causes the observed effect . However , an observed effect could also be caused `` by chance '' , for example as a result of random perturbations in the population . Statistical tests exist to quantify the likelihood of erroneously concluding that an observed difference exists when in fact it does not ( for example see P - value ) . Causality predicted by an extrapolation of trends ( edit ) See also : Inertia See also : Life - time of correlation When experimental studies are impossible and only pre-existing data are available , as is usually the case for example in economics , regression analysis can be used . Factors other than the potential causative variable of interest are controlled for by including them as regressors in addition to the regressor representing the variable of interest . False inferences of causation due to reverse causation ( or wrong estimates of the magnitude of causation due the presence of bidirectional causation ) can be avoided by using explanators ( regressors ) that are necessarily exogenous , such as physical explanators like rainfall amount ( as a determinant of , say , futures prices ) , lagged variables whose values were determined before the dependent variable 's value was determined , instrumental variables for the explanators ( chosen based on their known exogeneity ) , etc . See Causality # Statistics and economics . Spurious correlation due to mutual influence from a third , common , causative variable , is harder to avoid : the model must be specified such that there is a theoretical reason to believe that no such underlying causative variable has been omitted from the model . Use of correlation as scientific evidence ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Correlation does not imply causation . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Much of scientific evidence is based upon a correlation of variables -- they are observed to occur together . Scientists are careful to point out that correlation does not necessarily mean causation . The assumption that A causes B simply because A correlates with B is often not accepted as a legitimate form of argument . However , sometimes people commit the opposite fallacy -- dismissing correlation entirely . This would dismiss a large swath of important scientific evidence . Since it may be difficult or ethically impossible to run controlled double - blind studies , correlational evidence from several different angles may be useful for prediction despite failing to provide evidence for causation . For example , social workers might be interested in knowing how child abuse relates to academic performance . Although it would be unethical to perform an experiment in which children are randomly assigned to receive or not receive abuse , researchers can look at existing groups using a non-experimental correlational design . If in fact a negative correlation exists between abuse and academic performance , researchers could potentially use this knowledge of a statistical correlation to make predictions about children outside the study who experience abuse , even though the study failed to provide causal evidence that abuse decreases academic performance . The combination of limited available methodologies with the dismissing correlation fallacy has on occasion been used to counter a scientific finding . For example , the tobacco industry has historically relied on a dismissal of correlational evidence to reject a link between tobacco and lung cancer , as did biologist and statistician Ronald Fisher . Correlation is a valuable type of scientific evidence in fields such as medicine , psychology , and sociology . But first correlations must be confirmed as real , and then every possible causative relationship must be systematically explored . In the end correlation alone can not be used as evidence for a cause - and - effect relationship between a treatment and benefit , a risk factor and a disease , or a social or economic factor and various outcomes . It is one of the most abused types of evidence , because it is easy and even tempting to come to premature conclusions based upon the preliminary appearance of a correlation . See also ( edit ) Affirming the consequent Alignments of random points Apophenia : Post-hoc analysis Multiple comparisons problem Look - elsewhere effect Data dredging Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Bible code Coincidence # Coincidence and causality Confounding Confusion of the inverse French paradox Design of experiments Joint effect Normally distributed and uncorrelated does not imply independent Pirates and global warming Reproducibility Spurious relationship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tufte 2006 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Aldrich , John ( 1995 ) . `` Correlations Genuine and Spurious in Pearson and Yule '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Science . 10 ( 4 ) : 364 -- 376 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1177009870 . JSTOR 2246135 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Lawlor DA , Davey Smith G , Ebrahim S ( June 2004 ) . `` Commentary : the hormone replacement - coronary heart disease conundrum : is this the death of observational epidemiology ? '' . Int J Epidemiol. 33 ( 3 ) : 464 -- 467 . doi : 10.1093 / ije / dyh124 . PMID 15166201 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Reinhart - Rogoff , Continued '' . ^ Jump up to : Labossiere , M.C. , Dr. LaBossiere 's Philosophy Pages Jump up ^ Quinn , Graham E. ; Shin , Chai H. ; Maguire , Maureen G. ; Stone , Richard A. ( May 1999 ) . `` Myopia and ambient lighting at night '' . Nature . 399 ( 6732 ) : 113 -- 114 . doi : 10.1038 / 20094 . PMID 10335839 . Jump up ^ CNN , May 13 , 1999 . Night - light may lead to nearsightedness Jump up ^ Ohio State University Research News , March 9 , 2000 . Night lights do n't lead to nearsightedness , study suggests Jump up ^ Zadnik , Karla ; Jones , Lisa A. ; Irvin , Brett C. ; Kleinstein , Robert N. ; Manny , Ruth E. ; Shin , Julie A. ; Mutti , Donald O. ( 2000 ) . `` Vision : Myopia and ambient night - time lighting '' . Nature . 404 ( 6774 ) : 143 -- 144 . doi : 10.1038 / 35004661 . PMID 10724157 . Jump up ^ Gwiazda , J. ; Ong , E. ; Held , R. ; Thorn , F. ( 2000 ) . `` Vision : Myopia and ambient night - time lighting '' . Nature . 404 ( 6774 ) : 144 -- 144 . doi : 10.1038 / 35004663 . PMID 10724158 . Jump up ^ Stone , Richard A. ; Maguire , Maureen G. ; Quinn , Graham E. ( 2000 ) . `` Vision : reply : Myopia and ambient night - time lighting '' . Nature . 404 ( 6774 ) : 144 -- 144 . doi : 10.1038 / 35004665 . Jump up ^ Carducci , Bernardo J. ( 2009 ) . The Psychology of Personality : Viewpoints , Research , and Applications ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 3635 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ornish , Dean . `` Cholesterol : The good , the bad , and the truth '' ( 1 ) ( retrieved 3 June 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Spurious Correlations '' . Tylervigen.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Beebee , Hitchcock & Menzies 2009 Jump up ^ Morris , William Edward ( 2001 ) . `` David Hume '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Lloyd , A.C. ( 1976 ) . `` The principle that the cause is greater than its effect '' . Phronesis. 21 ( 2 ) : 146 -- 156 . doi : 10.1163 / 156852876x00101 . JSTOR 4181986 . Jump up ^ Holland , Paul W. ( 1986 ) . `` Statistics and Causal Inference '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association . 81 ( 396 ) : 945 -- 960 . doi : 10.1080 / 01621459.1986. 10478354 . Jump up ^ Pearl , Judea ( 2000 ) . Causality : Models , Reasoning , and Inference . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521773621 . ^ Jump up to : Novella . `` Evidence in Medicine : Correlation and Causation '' . Science and Medicine . Science - Based Medicine . Jump up ^ Nielsen , Michael ( 2012 - 01 - 23 ) . `` If correlation does n't imply causation , then what does ? DDI '' . Michaelnielsen.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Evidence in Medicine : Correlation and Causation -- Science - Based Medicine '' . Sciencebasedmedicine.org. 2009 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 2015 ) , The Signal and the Noise : Why So Many Predictions Fail -- But Some Do n't ( 2nd ed . ) , New York : Penguin Books , pp. 254 -- 255 Jump up ^ Fisher , Ronald ( July 6 , 1957 ) , `` Dangers Of Cigarette - Smoking '' , The British Medical Journal , London : British Medical Association , 2 : 43 , doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.5035. 43 , JSTOR 25383068 -- via JSTOR , ( Registration required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ Fisher , Ronald ( August 3 , 1957 ) , `` Dangers Of Cigarette - Smoking '' , The British Medical Journal , London : British Medical Association , 2 : 297 -- 298 , doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.5039. 297 - b , JSTOR 25383439 -- via JSTOR , ( Registration required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ Fisher , Ronald ( 1958 ) , `` Cigarettes , Cancer , and Statistics '' ( PDF ) , The Centennial Review of Arts & Science , East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press , 2 : 151 -- 166 Jump up ^ Fisher , Ronald ( 1958 ) , `` The Nature of Probability '' ( PDF ) , The Centennial Review of Arts & Science , East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press , 2 : 261 -- 274 Jump up ^ Fisher , Ronald ( July 12 , 1958 ) , `` Lung Cancer and Cigarettes '' ( PDF ) , Nature , London : Nature Publishing Group , 182 : 108 , doi : 10.1038 / 182108a0 Jump up ^ Fisher , Ronald ( August 30 , 1958 ) , `` Cancer and Smoking '' ( PDF ) , Nature , London : Nature Publishing Group , 182 : 596 , doi : 10.1038 / 182596a0 Bibliography ( edit ) Beebee , Helen ; Hitchcock , Christopher ; Menzies , Peter ( 2009 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Causation . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 162946 - 4 . Tufte , Edward R. ( 2006 ) . `` The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint : Pitching Out Corrupts Within '' ( 2nd ed . ) . Cheshire , Connecticut : Graphics Press . ISBN 0 - 9613921 - 5 - 0 . External links ( edit ) `` The Art and Science of cause and effect '' : a slide show and tutorial lecture by Judea Pearl Causal inference in statistics : An overview , by Judea Pearl ( September 2009 ) Spurious Correlations , site searching and showing such correlations . What Everyone Should Know about Statistical Correlation ( hide ) Informal fallacies Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Quoting out of context Loki 's Wager No true Scotsman Reification Question - begging fallacies Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language Leading question Compound question / Loaded question / Complex question No true Scotsman Correlative - based fallacies False dilemma Perfect solution Denying the correlative Suppressed correlative Illicit transference Composition Division Ecological Secundum quid ( ignoring qualifications ) Accident Converse accident Faulty generalization Anecdotal evidence Sampling bias Cherry picking McNamara Base rate / Conjunction Double counting False analogy Hasty generalization / Slothful induction Misleading vividness Overwhelming exception Vagueness / Ambiguity Accent Amphibology Continuum Sorites paradox False precision Moving the goalposts Slippery slope Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Third cause Wrong direction Gambler 's Inverse Regression Single cause Slippery slope Texas sharpshooter List of fallacies Other types of fallacy Philosophy portal Misuse of statistics Circular analysis Correlation does not imply causation How to Lie with Statistics ( 1954 ) Impression management `` Lies , damned lies , and statistics '' Misleading graph Sampling bias Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Correlation_does_not_imply_causation&oldid=841187464 '' Categories : Causal fallacies Causal inference Covariance and correlation English phrases Misuse of statistics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages with login required references or sources Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from November 2017 Accuracy disputes from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi ไทย Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 14 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does correlation allow you to infer causation | [
"However, in casual use, the word \"implies\" loosely means suggests rather than requires. The idea that correlation and causation are connected is certainly true; where there is causation, there is a likely correlation. Indeed, correlation is used when inferring causation; the important point is that such inferences are made after correlations are confirmed as real and all causational relationship are systematically explored using large enough data sets."
] | [
"after correlations are confirmed as real and all causational relationship are systematically explored using large enough data sets"
] |
556776607103483745 | First Transcontinental Railroad | First Transcontinental railroad - wikipedia First Transcontinental railroad Jump to : navigation , search First Transcontinental Railroad The ceremony for the driving of the `` Last Spike '' at Promontory Summit , Utah , May 10 , 1869 Overview Locale United States Termini Omaha , Nebraska ( Council Bluffs , Iowa ) Oakland Long Wharf ( San Francisco Bay ) Operation Opened May 10 , 1869 ; 149 years ago ( 1869 - 05 - 10 ) Owner U.S. Government Operator ( s ) Central Pacific Union Pacific Technical Line length 3,007 km ( 1,868 mi ) Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Map of the line Transcontinental Railroad 75th Anniversary Issue stamp of 1944 The First Transcontinental Railroad ( also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad , known originally as the `` Pacific Railroad '' and later as the `` Overland Route '' ) was a 1,912 - mile ( 3,077 km ) continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha , Nebraska / Council Bluffs , Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay . The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants . Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds . The Western Pacific Railroad Company built 132 mi ( 212 km ) of track from Oakland / Alameda to Sacramento , California . The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California ( CPRR ) constructed 690 mi ( 1,110 km ) eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit , Utah Territory ( U.T. ) . The Union Pacific built 1,085 mi ( 1,746 km ) from the road 's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha , Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit . The railroad opened for through traffic on May 10 , 1869 when CPRR President Leland Stanford ceremonially drove the gold `` Last Spike '' ( later often referred to as the `` Golden Spike '' ) with a silver hammer at Promontory Summit . The coast - to - coast railroad connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West . It brought the western states and territories into alignment with the northern Union states and made transporting passengers and goods coast - to - coast considerably quicker and less expensive . Paddle steamers linked Sacramento to the cities and their harbor facilities in the San Francisco Bay until 1869 , when the CPRR completed and opened the WP grade ( which the CPRR had acquired control of in 1867 -- 68 ) to Alameda and Oakland . The first transcontinental rail passengers arrived at the Pacific Railroad 's original western terminus at the Alameda Mole on September 6 , 1869 where they transferred to the steamer Alameda for transport across the Bay to San Francisco . The road 's rail terminus was moved two months later to the Oakland Long Wharf about a mile to the north . Service between San Francisco and Oakland Pier continued to be provided by ferry . The CPRR eventually purchased 53 miles of UPRR - built grade from Promontory Summit ( MP 828 ) to Ogden , U.T. ( MP 881 ) , which became the interchange point between trains of the two roads . The transcontinental line was popularly known as the Overland Route after the principal passenger rail service that operated over the length of the line until 1962 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Preliminary exploration 1.2 Possible routes 2 Key individuals 2.1 Asa Whitney 2.2 Theodore Judah 2.3 The Big Four 2.4 Thomas Durant 3 Authorization and funding 3.1 Federal financing 3.2 Union Pacific financing 3.3 Central Pacific financing 3.4 Land grants 3.5 Railroad self - dealing 3.6 Labor and wages 4 Transcontinental route 4.1 Construction begun 4.2 Rail standards 4.3 Time zones and telegraph usage 4.4 Union Pacific route 4.5 Central Pacific route 5 Construction 5.1 Labor 5.2 Central Pacific construction 5.3 Union Pacific construction 5.4 The `` Last Spike '' ceremony 6 Aftermath 6.1 Railroad developments 6.2 Crédit Mobilier 6.3 Visible remains 6.4 Current passenger service 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Origins ( edit ) Title page of Dr. Hartwell Carver 's 1847 Pacific Railroad proposal to Congress Building a railroad line that connected the United States coast - to - coast was advocated in 1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the New York Courier & Enquirer advocating building a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon . In 1847 he submitted to the U.S. Congress a `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' , seeking a congressional charter to support his idea . Preliminary exploration ( edit ) The official poster announcing the Pacific Railroad 's grand opening . Congress agreed to support the idea . Under the direction of the Department of War , the Pacific Railroad Surveys were conducted from 1853 through 1855 . These included an extensive series of expeditions of the American West seeking possible routes . A report on the explorations described alternative routes and included an immense amount of information about the American West , covering at least 400,000 sq mi ( 1,000,000 km ) . It included the region 's natural history and illustrations of reptiles , amphibians , birds , and mammals . The report failed however to include detailed topographic maps of potential routes needed to estimate the feasibility , cost and select the best route . The survey was detailed enough to determine that the best southern route lay south of the Gila River boundary with Mexico in mostly vacant desert , through the future territories of Arizona and New Mexico . This in part motivated the United States to complete the Gadsden Purchase . In 1856 the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph of the US House of Representatives published a report recommending support for a proposed Pacific railroad bill : The necessity that now exists for constructing lines of railroad and telegraphic communication between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of this continent is no longer a question for argument ; it is conceded by every one . In order to maintain our present position on the Pacific , we must have some more speedy and direct means of intercourse than is at present afforded by the route through the possessions of a foreign power . Possible routes ( edit ) The U.S. Congress was strongly divided on where the eastern terminus of the railroad should be -- in a southern or northern city . Three routes were considered : A northern route roughly along the Missouri River through present - day northern Montana to Oregon Territory . This was considered impractical due to the rough terrain and extensive winter snows . A central route following the Platte River in Nebraska through to the South Pass in Wyoming , following most of the Oregon Trail. Snow on this route remained a concern . A southern route across Texas , New Mexico Territory , the Sonora desert , connecting to Los Angeles , California . Surveyors found during a 1848 survey that the best route lay south of the border between the United States and Mexico . This was resolved by the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 . Once the central route was chosen , it was immediately obvious that the western terminus should be Sacramento . But there was considerable difference of opinion about the eastern terminus . Three locations along 250 miles ( 400 km ) of Missouri River were considered : St. Joseph , Missouri , accessed via the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad . Kansas City , Kansas / Leavenworth , Kansas accessed via the Leavenworth , Pawnee and Western Railroad , controlled by Thomas Ewing Jr. and later by John C. Fremont . Council Bluffs , Iowa / Omaha , Nebraska , accessed via an extension of Union Pacific financier Thomas C. Durant 's proposed Mississippi and Missouri Railroad and the new Union Pacific Railroad , also controlled by Durant . Council Bluffs had several advantages : It was well north of the Civil War fighting in Missouri ; it was the shortest route to South Pass in the Rockies in Wyoming ; and it would follow a fertile river that would encourage settlement . Durant had hired Lincoln in 1857 when he was an attorney to represent him in a business matter about a bridge over the Missouri . Now Lincoln was responsible for choosing the eastern terminus , and he relied on Durant 's counsel . Durant advocated for Omaha , and he was so confident of the choice that he began buying up land in Nebraska . Key individuals ( edit ) Leland Stanford and the officers of the CPRR in 1870 Asa Whitney ( edit ) One of the most prominent champions of the central route railroad was Asa Whitney . He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California , paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route . Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians , printed maps and pamphlets , and submitted several proposals to Congress , all at his own expense . In June 1845 , he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility . Legislation to begin construction of the Pacific Railroad ( called the Memorial of Asa Whitney ) was first introduced to Congress by Representative Zadock Pratt . Congress did not immediately act on Whitney 's proposal . Theodore Judah ( edit ) Main article : Theodore Judah Theodore Judah , architect of the Transcontinental Railroad and first chief engineer of the Central Pacific . Lewis M. Clement , Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track Theodore Judah was a fervent supporter of the central route railroad . He lobbied vigorously in favor of the project and undertook the survey of the route through the rugged Sierra Nevada , one of the chief obstacles of the project . In 1852 , Judah was chief engineer for the newly formed Sacramento Valley Railroad , the first railroad built west of the Mississippi River . Although the railroad later went bankrupt once the easy placer gold deposits around Placerville , California were depleted , Judah was convinced that a properly financed railroad could pass from Sacramento through the Sierra Nevada mountains to reach the Great Basin and hook up with rail lines coming from the East . In 1856 , Judah wrote a 13,000 - word proposal in support of a Pacific railroad and distributed it to Cabinet secretaries , congressmen and other influential people . In September 1859 , Judah was chosen to be the accredited lobbyist for the Pacific Railroad Convention , which indeed approved his plan to survey , finance and engineer the road . Judah returned to Washington in December 1859 . He had a lobbying office in the United States Capitol , received an audience with President James Buchanan , and represented the Convention before Congress . Judah returned to California in 1860 . He continued to search for a more practical route through the Sierra suitable for a railroad . In mid-1860 , local miner Daniel Strong had surveyed a route over the Sierra for a wagon toll road , which he realized would also suit a railroad . He described his discovery in a letter to Judah . Together , they formed an association to solicit subscriptions from local merchants and businessmen to support their proposed railroad . From January or February 1861 until July , Judah and Strong led a 10 - person expedition to survey the route for the railroad over the Sierra Nevada through Clipper Gap and Emigrant Gap , over Donner Pass , and south to Truckee . They discovered a way across the Sierras that was gradual enough to be made suitable for a railroad , although it still needed a lot of work . The Big four ( edit ) Main articles : The Big Four and Central Pacific Railroad Leland Stanford 's official gubernatorial portrait Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad : Leland Stanford , ( 1824 -- 1893 ) , President ; Collis Potter Huntington , ( 1821 -- 1900 ) , Vice President ; Mark Hopkins , ( 1813 -- 1878 ) , Treasurer ; Charles Crocker , ( 1822 -- 1888 ) , Construction Supervisor . All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad . Thomas Durant ( edit ) Main articles : Thomas C. Durant and Union Pacific Railroad Dr. Thomas C. Durant Former ophthalmologist Dr. Thomas Clark `` Doc '' Durant was nominally only a vice president of Union Pacific , so he installed a series of respected men like John Adams Dix as president of the railroad . Durant and its financing arrangements were , unlike those of the CPRR , mired in controversy and scandals . Authorization and funding ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Railroad Act In February 1860 , Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad . It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version due to opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel . Curtis tried and failed again in 1861 . After the southern states seceded from the Union , the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6 , 1862 , and the Senate on June 20 . Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 into law on July 1 . It authorized creation of two companies , the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west , to build the railroad . The legislation called for building and operating a new railroad from the Missouri River at Council Bluffs , Iowa , west to Sacramento , California , and on to San Francisco Bay . A second law to supplement the first was passed in 1864 . Federal financing ( edit ) To finance the project , the act authorized the federal government to issue 30 - year U.S. government bonds ( at 6 % interest ) . The railroad companies were paid $16,000 / mile ( approximately $436,000 today ) for track laid on a level grade , $32,000 / mile ( about $872,000 today ) for track laid in foothills , and $48,000 / mile ( or about $1,307,000 today ) for track laid in mountains . The two railroad companies sold similar amounts of company - backed bonds and stock . Union Pacific financing ( edit ) While the federal legislation for the Union Pacific required that no partner was to own more than 10 percent of the stock , the UP had problems selling its stock . One of the few subscribers was Mormon leader Brigham Young , who also supplied crews for building much of the railroad through Utah . Durant enticed other investors by offering to front money for the stock they purchased in their names . This scheme enabled Durant to control about half of the railroad stock . The initial construction of UP grade traversed land owned by Durant . Durant 's railroad was paid by the mile , and to further inflate its profits , the UP built oxbows of unneeded track , and by July 4 , 1865 , it had only reached 40 miles ( 64 km ) from Omaha after 21⁄2 years of construction . Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with the Union Pacific . First he touted rumors that his fledgling M&M Railroad had a deal in the works , while secretly buying stock in the depressed Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad . Then he circulated rumors that the CR&M had plans to connect to the Union Pacific , at which point he began buying back the M&M stock at depressed prices . It 's estimated his scams produced over $5 million in profits for him and his cohorts . Central Pacific financing ( edit ) Collis Huntington , a Sacramento hardware merchant , heard Judah 's presentation about the railroad at the St. Charles Hotel in November 1860 . He invited Judah to his office to hear his proposal in detail . Huntington persuaded Judah to accept financing from himself and four others : Mark Hopkins , his business partner ; James Bailey , a jeweler ; Leland Stanford , a grocer ; and Charles Crocker , a dry - goods merchant . They initially invested $1,500 each and formed a board of directors . These investors became known as The Big Four , and their railroad was called the Central Pacific Railroad . Each eventually made millions of dollars from their investments and control of the Central Pacific Railroad . Before major construction could begin , Judah traveled back to New York City to raise funds to buy out The Big Four . However , shortly after arriving in New York , Judah died on November 2 , 1863 , of yellow fever that he had contracted while traveling over the Panama Railroad 's transit of the Isthmus of Panama . The CPRR Engineering Department was taken over by his successor Samuel S. Montegue , as well as Canadian trained Chief Assistant Engineer ( later Acting Chief Engineer ) Lewis Metzler Clement who also became Superintendent of Track . Land grants ( edit ) To allow the companies to raise additional capital , Congress granted the railroads a 400 - foot ( 120 m ) right - of - way corridor , lands for additional facilities like sidings and maintenance yards . They were also granted alternate sections of government - owned lands -- 6,400 acres ( 2,600 ha ) per mile ( 1.6 km ) -- for 10 miles ( 16 km ) on both sides of the track , forming a checkerboard pattern , leaving federal land between those of the railroad . The exception was in cities , at rivers , or on non-government property . The railroads sold bonds based on the value of the lands , and in areas with good land like the Sacramento Valley and Nebraska sold the land to settlers , contributing to a rapid settlement of the West . The total area of the land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific was larger than the area of the state of Texas : federal government land grants totaled about 203,128,500 square miles , and state government land grants totaled about 76,565,000 square miles . It was far from a given that the railroads operating in the thinly - settled west would make enough money to repay their construction and operation . If the railroad companies failed to sell the land granted them within three years , they were required to sell it at prevailing government price for homesteads : $1.25 per 1 acre ( 0.40 ha ) . If they failed to repay the bonds , all remaining railroad property , including trains and tracks , would revert to the U.S. government . To encourage settlement in the west , Congress ( 1861 -- 1863 ) passed the Homestead Acts which granted an applicant 160 acres ( 65 ha ) of land with the requirement that the applicant improve the land . This incentive encouraged thousands of settlers to move west . Railroad self - dealing ( edit ) The federal legislation lacked adequate oversight and accountability . The two companies took advantage of these weaknesses in the legislation to manipulate the project and produce extra profit for themselves . Despite the generous subsidies offered by the federal government , the railroad capitalists knew they would not turn a profit on the railroad business for many months , possibly years . They determined to make a profit on the construction itself . Both groups of financiers formed independent companies to complete the project , and they controlled management of the new companies along with the railroad ventures . This self - dealing allowed them to build in generous profit margins paid out by the railroad companies . In the west , the four men heading the Central Pacific chose a simple name for their company , the `` Contract and Finance Company . '' In the east , the Union Pacific selected a foreign name , calling their construction firm `` Crédit Mobilier of America . '' The latter company was later implicated in a far - reaching scandal , described later . Labor and wages ( edit ) Most of the engineers and surveyors who were hired by the Union Pacific had been employed during the U.S. Civil War to repair and operate the over 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) of railroad line the U.S. Military Railroad controlled by the end of the war . The UP also utilized their experience repairing and building truss bridges during the war . Most of the semi-skilled workers on the Union Pacific were recruited from the many soldiers discharged from the Union and Confederate armies along with emigrant Irishmen . Pacific Railroad Bond , City and County of San Francisco , 1865 After 1864 , the Central Pacific Railroad received the same Federal financial incentives as the Union Pacific Railroad , along with some construction bonds granted by the state of California and the city of San Francisco . The Central Pacific hired some Canadian and British engineers and surveyors with extensive experience building railroads , but it had a difficult time finding semi-skilled labor . Most Caucasians in California preferred to work in the mines or agriculture . The railroad experimented by hiring local emigrant Chinese as manual laborers , many of whom were escaping the poverty and terrors of the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangdong province in China . When they proved themselves as workers , the CPRR from that point forward preferred to hire Chinese , and even set up recruiting efforts in Canton . Despite their small stature and lack of experience , the Chinese laborers were responsible for most of the heavy manual labor , since only a very limited amount of that work could be done by animals , simple machines , or black powder . The railroad also hired some black people escaping the aftermath of the American Civil War . Most of the black and white workers were paid $30 per month and given food and lodging . Most Chinese were initially paid $31 per month and provided lodging , but they preferred to cook their own meals . In 1867 the CPRR raised their wage to $35 ( equivalent to $610 in 2017 ) per month after a strike . Transcontinental route ( edit ) Profile of the Pacific Railroad from Council Bluffs / Omaha to San Francisco . Harper 's Weekly December 7 , 1867 Construction begun ( edit ) The Central Pacific broke ground on January 8 , 1863 . Due to the lack of transportation alternatives from the manufacturing centers on the east coast , virtually all of their tools and machinery including rails , railroad switches , railroad turntables , freight and passenger cars , and steam locomotives were transported first by train to east coast ports . They were then loaded on ships which either sailed around South America 's Cape Horn , or offloaded the cargo at the Isthmus of Panama , where it was sent across via paddle steamer and the Panama Railroad . The Panama Railroad gauge was 5 ft ( 1524 mm ) , which was incompatible with the 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1435mm ) gauge used by the CPRR equipment . The latter route was about twice as expensive per pound . Once the machinery and tools reached the San Francisco Bay area , they were put aboard river paddle steamers which transported them up the final 130 miles ( 210 km ) of the Sacramento River to the new state capital in Sacramento . Many of these steam engines , railroad cars , and other machinery were shipped dismantled and had to be reassembled . Wooden timbers for railroad ties , trestles , bridges , firewood , and telegraph poles were harvested in California and transported to the project site . The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865 . They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War . Their start point in the new city of Omaha , Nebraska was not yet connected via railroad to Council Bluffs , Iowa . Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the Missouri River . The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased . After the U.S. Civil War ended on June 22 , 1865 , the Union Pacific still competed for railroad supplies with companies who were building or repairing railroads in the south , and prices rose . Rail standards ( edit ) First Day Cover for the 75th Anniversary of the Driving of the Last Spike ( May 10 , 1944 ) At that time in the United States , there were two primary standards for track gauge , as defined by the distance between the two rails . In England , the standard gauge was 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1.435 m ) , and this had been adopted by the majority of northern railways . But much of the south had adopted a 5 - foot gauge . Transferring railway cars across a break of gauge required changing out the wheel trucks . Alternatively , cargo was offloaded and reloaded , a time - consuming effort that delayed cargo shipments . For the transcontinental railroad , the builders adopted the English standard , what is now called standard gauge . The Bessemer process and open hearth furnace steel - making were in use by 1865 , but the advantages of steel rails which lasted much longer than iron rails had not yet been demonstrated . The rails used initially in building the rail way were nearly all made of iron of a flat - bottomed modified I - beam profile weighing 56 pounds ( 25 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) or 66 pounds ( 30 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) . The railroad companies were intent on completing the project as rapidly as possible at a minimum cost . Within a few years , nearly all railroads converted to steel rails . Time zones and telegraph usage ( edit ) Time was not standardized across the United States until about 1883 . In 1865 , each railroad set its own time to minimize scheduling errors . To communicate easily up and down the line , the railroads built telegraph lines alongside the railroad . These lines eventually superseded the original First Transcontinental Telegraph which followed much of the Mormon Trail up the North Platte River and across the very thinly populated Central Nevada Route through central Utah and Nevada . The telegraph lines along the railroad were easier to protect and maintain . Many of the original telegraph lines were abandoned as the telegraph business was consolidated with the railroad telegraph lines . Union Pacific route ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Route of the first American transcontinental railroad from Sacramento , California , to Council Bluffs , Iowa . Other railroads connected at Council Bluffs to cities throughout the East and Midwest . The Union Pacific 's 1,087 miles ( 1,749 km ) of track started at MP 0.0 in Council Bluffs , Iowa , on the eastern side of the Missouri River . Omaha was chosen by President Abraham Lincoln as the location of its Transfer Depot where up to seven railroads could transfer mail and other goods to Union Pacific trains bound for the west . Trains were initially transported across the Missouri River by ferry before they could access the western tracks beginning in Omaha , Nebraska Territory . The river froze in the winter , and the ferries were replaced by sleighs . A bridge was not built until 1872 , when the 2,750 - foot - long ( 840 m ) Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was completed . After the rail line 's initial climb through the Missouri River bluffs west of Omaha and out of the Missouri River Valley , the route bridged the Elkhorn River and then crossed over the new 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) Loup River bridge as it followed the north side of the Platte River valley west through Nebraska along the general path of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails . By December 1865 , the Union Pacific had only completed 40 miles ( 64 km ) of track , reaching Fremont , Nebraska , and a further 10 miles ( 16 km ) of roadbed . At the end of 1865 , Peter A. Dey , Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific , resigned over a routing dispute with Thomas C. Durant , one of the chief financiers of the Union Pacific . With the end of the Civil War and increased government supervision in the offing , Durant hired his former M&M engineer Grenville M. Dodge to build the railroad , and the Union Pacific began a mad dash west . Former Union General John `` Jack '' Casement was hired as the new Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific . He equipped several railroad cars to serve as portable bunkhouses for the workers and gathered men and supplies to push the railroad rapidly west . Among the bunkhouses Casement added a galley car to prepare meals , and he even provided for a herd of cows to be moved with the railhead and bunk cars to provide fresh meat . Hunters were hired to provide buffalo meat from the large herds of American bison . The small survey parties who scouted ahead to locate the roadbed were sometimes attacked and killed by raiding Native Americans . In response , the U.S. Army instituted active cavalry patrols that grew larger as the Native Americans grew more aggressive . Temporary , `` Hell on wheels '' towns , made mostly of canvas tents , accompanied the railroad as construction headed west . The Platte River was too shallow and meandering to provide river transport , but the Platte river valley headed west and sloped up gradually at about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) per 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , often allowing to lay a mile ( 1.6 km ) of track a day or more in 1866 as the Union Pacific finally started moving rapidly west . Building bridges to cross creeks and rivers was the main source of delays . Near where the Platte River splits into the North Platte River and South Platte River , the railroad bridged the North Platte River over a 2,600 - foot - long ( 790 m ) bridge ( nicknamed 1⁄2 mile bridge ) . It was built across the shallow but wide North Platte resting on piles driven by steam pile drivers . Here they built the `` railroad '' town of North Platte , Nebraska in December 1866 after completing about 240 miles ( 390 km ) of track that year . In late 1866 , former Major General Grenville M. Dodge was appointed Chief Engineer on the Union Pacific , but hard working General `` Jack '' Casement continued to work as chief construction `` boss '' and his brother Daniel Casement continued as financial officer . The original emigrant route across Wyoming of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails , after progressing up the Platte River valley , went up the North Platte River valley through Casper , Wyoming , along the Sweetwater River and over the Continental Divide at 7,412 feet ( 2,259 m ) South Pass . The original westward travellers in their ox and mule pulled wagons tried to stick to river valleys to avoid as much road building as possible -- gradients and sharp corners were usually of little or no concern to them . The ox and mule pulled wagons were the original off - road vehicles in their day , since nearly all of the Emigrant Trails went cross country over rough , un-improved trails . The route over South Pass 's main advantage for wagons pulled by oxen or mules was a shorter elevation over an `` easy '' pass to cross and its `` easy '' connection to nearby river valleys on both sides of the continental divide for water and grass . The emigrant trails were closed in winter . The North Platte / South Pass route was far less beneficial for a railroad , as it was about 150 miles ( 240 km ) longer and much more expensive to construct up the narrow , steep and rocky canyons of the North Platte . The route along the North Platte was also further from Denver , Colorado , and went across difficult terrain , while a railroad connection to that City was already being planned for and surveyed . Efforts to survey a new , shorter , `` better '' route had been under way since 1864 . By 1867 , a new route was found and surveyed that went along part of the South Platte River in western Nebraska and after entering what is now the state of Wyoming , ascended a gradual sloping ridge between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek to 8,200 feet ( 2,500 m ) Evans pass ( also called Sherman 's Pass ) which was discovered by the Union Pacific employed English surveyor and engineer , James Evans , in about 1864 . This pass now is marked by the Ames Monument ( 41.131281 , - 105.398045 lat. , long . ) marking its significance and commemorating two of the main backers of the Union Pacific Railroad . From North Platte , Nebraska ( elevation 2,834 feet ( 864 m ) ) , the railroad proceeded westward and upward along a new path across the Nebraska Territory and Wyoming Territory ( then part of the Dakota Territory ) along the north bank of the South Platte River and into what would become the state of Wyoming at Lone Pine , Wyoming . Evans Pass was located between what would become the new `` railroad '' towns of Cheyenne and Laramie . Connecting to this pass , about 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Cheyenne , was the one place across the Laramie Mountains that had a narrow `` guitar neck '' of land that crossed the mountains without serious erosion at the so - called `` gangplank '' ( 41.099746 , - 105.153205 lat. , long . ) discovered by Major General Grenville Dodge in 1865 when he was in the U.S. Army . The new route surveyed across Wyoming was over 150 miles ( 240 km ) shorter , had a flatter profile , allowed for cheaper and easier railroad construction , and also went closer by Denver and the known coalfields in the Wasatch and Laramie Ranges . The railroad gained about 3,200 feet ( 980 m ) in the 220 miles ( 350 km ) climb to Cheyenne from North Platte , Nebraska -- about 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) per mile ( 1.6 km ) -- a very gentle slope of less than one degree average . This `` new '' route had never become an emigrant route because it lacked the water and grass to feed the emigrants ' oxen and mules . Steam locomotives did not need grass , and the railroad companies could drill wells for water if necessary . Coal had been discovered in Wyoming and reported on by John C. Frémont in his 1843 expedition across Wyoming , and was already being exploited by Utah residents from towns like Coalville , Utah and later Kemmerer , Wyoming by the time the Transcontinental railroad was built . Union Pacific needed coal to fuel its steam locomotives on the almost treeless plains across Nebraska and Wyoming . Coal shipments by rail were also looked on as a potentially major source of income -- this potential is still being realized . Dale Creek Bridge The Union Pacific reached the new railroad town of Cheyenne in December 1867 , having laid about 270 miles ( 430 km ) that year . They paused over the winter , preparing to push the track over Evans ( Sherman 's ) pass . At 8,247 feet ( 2,514 m ) , Evans / Sherman 's pass is the highest point reached on the transcontinental railroad . About 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) beyond Evans / Sherman 's pass , the railroad had to build an extensive bridge over the Dale Creek canyon ( 41.103803 , − 105.454797 , lat. , long . ) . The Dale Creek Crossing was one of their more difficult railroad engineering challenges . Dale Creek Bridge was 650 - foot ( 200 m ) long and 125 feet ( 38 m ) above Dale Creek . The bridge components were pre-built of timber in Chicago , Illinois and then shipped on rail cars to Dale Creek for assembly . The eastern and western approaches to the bridge site , near the highest elevation on the transcontinental railroad , required cutting through granite for nearly a mile on each side . The initial Dale Creek bridge had a train speed limit of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) per hour across the bridge . Beyond Dale Creek , railroad construction paused at what became the town of Laramie , Wyoming to build a bridge across the Laramie River . Located 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Evans pass , Union Pacific connected the new `` railroad '' town of Cheyenne to Denver and its Denver Pacific Railway and Telegraph Company railroad line in 1870 . Elevated 6,070 feet ( 1,850 m ) above sea level , and sitting on the new Union Pacific route with a connection to Denver , Cheyenne was chosen to become a major railroad center and was equipped with extensive railroad yards , maintenance facilities and a Union Pacific presence . Its location made it a good base for helper locomotives to couple to trains with snowplows to help clear the tracks of snow or help haul heavy freight over Evans pass . The Union Pacific 's junction with the Denver Railroad with its connection to Kansas City , Kansas , Kansas City , Missouri and the railroads east of the Missouri River again increased Cheyenne 's importance as the junction of two major railroads . Cheyenne later became Wyoming 's largest city and the capital of the new state of Wyoming . The railroad established many townships along the way : Fremont , Elkhorn , Grand Island , North Platte , Ogallala and Sidney as the railroad followed the Platte River across Nebraska territory . The railroad even dipped into what would become the new state of Colorado after crossing the North Platte River as it followed the South Platte River west into what would become Julesburg before turning northwest along Lodgepole Creek into Wyoming . In the Dakota Territory ( Wyoming ) the new towns of Cheyenne , Laramie , Rawlins ( named for Union General John Aaron Rawlins , who camped in the locality in 1867 . ) , Green River and Evanston ( named after James Evans ) were established , as well as many more fuel and water stops . The Green River was crossed with a new bridge , and the new `` railroad '' town of Green River constructed there after the tracks reached the Green River on October 1 , 1868 -- the last big river to cross . On December 4 , 1868 , the Union Pacific reached Evanston , having laid almost 360 miles ( 580 km ) of track over the Green River and the Laramie Plains that year . By 1871 , Evanston became a significant maintenance shop town equipped to carry out extensive repairs on the cars and steam locomotives . In the Utah Territory , the railroad once again diverted from the main emigrant trails to cross the Wasatch Mountains and went down the rugged Echo Canyon ( Summit County , Utah ) and Weber River canyon . To speed up construction as much as possible , Union Pacific contracted several thousand Mormon workers to cut , fill , trestle , bridge , blast and tunnel its way down the rugged Weber River Canyon to Ogden , Utah , ahead of the railroad construction . The Mormon and Union Pacific rail work was joined in the area of the present - day border between Utah and Wyoming . The longest of four tunnels built in Weber Canyon was 757 - foot - long ( 231 m ) Tunnel 2 . Work on this tunnel started in October 1868 and was completed six months later . Temporary tracks were laid around it and Tunnels 3 ( 508 feet ( 155 m ) ) , 4 ( 297 feet ( 91 m ) ) and 5 ( 579 feet ( 176 m ) ) to continue work on the tracks west of the tunnels . The tunnels were all made with the new dangerous nitroglycerine explosive , which expedited work but caused some fatal accidents . While building the railroad along the rugged Weber River Canyon , Mormon workers signed the Thousand Mile Tree which was lone tree alongside the track 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) from Omaha . A historic marker has been placed there . The tracks reached Ogden , Utah , on March 27 , 1869 , although finishing work would continue on the tracks , tunnels and bridges in Weber Canyon for over a year . From Ogden , the railroad went north of the Great Salt Lake to Brigham City and Corinne using Mormon workers , before finally connecting with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah territory on May 10 , 1869 . Some Union Pacific officers declined to pay the Mormons all of the agreed upon construction costs of the work through Weber Canyon , and beyond , claiming Union Pacific poverty despite the millions they had extracted through the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal . Only partial payment was secured through court actions against Union Pacific . The portion of the original railroad around the north shore of the Great Salt Lake is no longer used . In 1904 , the Lucin Cutoff , a causeway across the center of the Great Salt Lake to Promontory Point , bypassed Promontory Summit . The cutoff shortened the rail route by approximately 43 miles ( 69 km ) . Central Pacific route ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Central Pacific Rail road at Cape Horn circa 1880 The Central Pacific laid 690 miles ( 1,110 km ) of track , starting in Sacramento , California , in 1863 and continuing over the rugged 7,000 - foot ( 2,100 m ) Sierra Nevada mountains at Donner Pass into the new state of Nevada . The elevation change from Sacramento ( elev. 40 ft or 12 m ) to Donner Summit ( elev . 7,000 ft or 2,100 m ) had to be accomplished in about 90 miles ( 140 km ) with an average elevation change of 76 feet per mile ( 14 meters per km ) , and there were only a few places in the Sierra where this type of `` ramp '' existed . The discovery and detailed map survey with profiles and elevations of this route over the Sierra Nevada is credited to Theodore Judah , chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad until his death in 1863 . This route is up a ridge between the North fork of the American River on the south and Bear River ( Feather River ) and South Yuba River on the north . As the railroad climbed out of Sacramento up to Donner Summit , there was only one 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) section near `` Cape Horn CPRR '' where the railroad grade slightly exceeded two percent . 1864 advertisement for the opening of the Dutch Flat Wagon Road . In June 1864 , the Central Pacific railroad entrepreneurs opened Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road ( DFDLWR ) . Costing about $300,000 and a years worth of work , this toll road wagon route was opened over much of the route the Central Pacific railroad ( CPRR ) would use over Donner Summit to carry freight and passengers needed by the CPRR and to carry other cargo over their toll road to and from the ever advancing railhead and over the Sierra to the gold and silver mining towns of Nevada . As the railroad advanced , their freight rates with the combined rail and wagon shipments would become much more competitive . The volume of the toll road freight traffic to Nevada was estimated to be about $13,000,000 a year as the Comstock Lode boomed , and getting even part of this freight traffic would help pay for the railroad construction . When the railroad reached Reno , it had the majority of all Nevada freight shipments , and the price of goods in Nevada dropped significantly as the freight charges to Nevada dropped significantly . The rail route over the Sierras followed the general route of the Truckee branch of the California Trail , going east over Donner Pass and down the rugged Truckee River valley . The route over the Sierra had been plotted out by Judah in preliminary surveys before his death in 1863 . Judah 's deputy , Samuel S. Montague was appointed as Central Pacific 's new Chief Engineer , with Lewis M. Clement as Assistant Chief Engineer and Charles Cadwalader as second assistant . To build the new railroad , detailed surveys had to be run that showed where the cuts , fills , trestles , bridges and tunnels would have to be built . Work that was identified as taking a long time was started as soon as its projected track location could be ascertained and work crews , supplies and road work equipment found to be sent ahead . Tunnels , trestles and bridges were nearly all built this way . The spread - out nature of the work resulted in the work being split into two divisions , with L.M. Clement taking the upper division from Blue Cañon to Truckee and Cadwalader taking the lower division from Truckee to the Nevada border . Other assistant engineers were assigned to specific tasks such as building a bridge , tunnel or trestle which was done by the workers under experienced supervisors . The CPRR grade at Donner Summit as it appeared in 1869 and 2003 In total , the Central Pacific had eleven tunnel projects ( Nos. 3 through 13 ) under construction in the Sierra from 1865 -- 68 , with seven tunnels located in a 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) stretch on the east side of Donner Summit . The tunnels were usually built by drilling a series of holes in the tunnel face , filling them with black powder and detonating it to break the rock free . The black powder was provided by the California Powder Works near Santa Cruz , California . These works had started production in 1864 after the U.S. Civil War had cut off shipments of black powder from the East to the mining and railroad industry of California and Nevada . The Central Pacific was a prolific user of black powder , often using up to 500 kegs of 25 pounds ( 11 kg ) each per day . The summit tunnel ( Number 6 ) , 1,660 feet ( 510 m ) , was started in late 1865 , well ahead of the railhead . Through solid granite , the summit tunnel progressed at a rate of only about 0.98 feet ( 0.30 m ) per day per face as it was being worked by three eight - hour shifts of workers , hand drilling holes with a rock drill and hammer , filling them with black powder and trying to blast the granite loose . One crew worked drilling holes on the faces and another crew collected and removed the loosened rock after each explosion . The workers were pulled off the summit tunnel and the track grading east of Donner Pass in the winter of 1865 -- 66 as there was no way to supply them , nor quarters they could have lived in . The crews were transferred to work on bridges and track grading on the Truckee River canyon . The vertical central shaft of the CPRR `` Summit Tunnel '' ( Tunnel # 6 ) at Donner Summit which allowed drilling and excavation to be carried out on four faces at once In 1866 they put in a 125 - foot ( 38 m ) vertical shaft in the center of the summit tunnel and started work towards the east and west tunnel faces , giving four working faces on the summit tunnel to speed up progress . A steam engine off an old locomotive was brought up with much effort over the wagon road and used as a winch driver to help remove loosened rock from the vertical shaft and two working faces . By the winter of 1866 -- 67 , work had progressed sufficiently and a camp had been built for workers on the summit tunnel which allowed work to continue . The cross section of a tunnel face was a 16 - foot - wide ( 4.9 m ) , 16 - foot - high ( 4.9 m ) oval with an 11 - foot ( 3.4 m ) vertical wall . Progress on the tunnel sped up to over 1.5 feet ( 0.46 m ) per day per face when they started using the newly invented nitroglycerin -- manufactured near the tunnel . They used nitroglycerin to deepen the summit tunnel to the required 16 - foot ( 4.9 m ) height after the four tunnel faces met , and made even faster progress . Nearly all other tunnels were worked on both tunnel faces and met in the middle . Depending on the material the tunnels penetrated , they were left unlined or lined with brick , rock walls or timber and post . Some tunnels were designed to bend in the middle to align with the track bed curvature . Despite this potential complication , nearly all the different tunnel center lines met within 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) or so . The detailed survey work that made these tunnel digs as precise as required were nearly all done by the Canadian born and trained Lewis Clement , the CPRR 's Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track , and his assistants . Hills or ridges in front of the railroad road bed would have to have a flat - bottomed , V shaped `` cut '' made to get the railroad through the ridge or hill . The type of material determined the slope of the V and how much material would have to be removed . Ideally , these cuts would be matched with valley fills that could use the dug out material to bring the road bed up to grade -- cut and fill construction . In the 1860s there was no heavy equipment that could be used to make these cuts or haul it away to make the fills . The options were to dig it out by pick and shovel , haul the hillside material by wheelbarrow and / or horse or mule cart or blast it loose . To blast a V shaped cut out , they had to drill several holes up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) deep in the material , fill them with black powder , and blast the material away . Since the Central Pacific was in a hurry , they were profligate users of black powder to blast their way though the hills . The only disadvantage came when a nearby valley needed fill to get across it . The explosive technique often blew most of the potential fill material down the hillside , making it unavailable for fill . Initially , many valleys were bridged by `` temporary '' trestles that could be rapidly built and were later replaced by much lower maintenance and permanent solid fill . The existing railroad made transporting and putting material in valleys much easier -- load it on railway dump cars , haul where needed and dump it over the side of the trestle . The Summit Tunnel at Donner Summit , West Portal ( Composite image with the tracks removed in 1993 digitally restored ) The route down the eastern Sierras was done on the south side of Donner Lake with a series of switchbacks carved into the mountain . The Truckee River , which drains Lake Tahoe , had already found and scoured out the best route across the Carson Range of mountains east of the Sierras . The route down the rugged Truckee River Canyon , including required bridges , was done ahead of the main summit tunnel completion . To expedite the building of the railroad through the Truckee River canyon , the Central Pacific hauled two small locomotives , railcars , rails and other material on wagons and sleighs to what is now Truckee , California and worked the winter of 1867 -- 68 on their way down Truckee canyon ahead of the tracks being completed to Truckee . In Truckee canyon , five Howe truss bridges had to be built . This gave them a head start on getting to the `` easy '' miles across Nevada . In order to keep the higher portions of the Sierra grade open in the winter , 37 miles ( 60 km ) of timber snow sheds were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee in addition to utilizing snowplows pushed by locomotives , as well as manual shovelling . With the advent of more efficient oil fired steam and later diesel electric power to drive plows , flangers , spreaders , and rotary snow plows , most of the wooden snowsheds have long since been removed as obsolete . Tunnels 1 -- 5 and 13 of the original 1860s tunnels on Track 1 of the Sierra grade remain in use today , while additional new tunnels were later driven when the grade was double tracked over the first quarter of the twentieth century . In 1993 , the Southern Pacific Railroad ( which operated the CPRR - built Oakland -- Ogden line until its 1996 merger with the UP ) closed and pulled up the 6.7 - mile ( 10.8 km ) section of Track # 1 over the summit running between the Norden complex ( Shed 26 , MP 192.1 ) and the covered crossovers in Shed # 47 ( MP 198.8 ) about a mile east of the old flyover at Eder , bypassing and abandoning the tunnel 6 -- 8 complex , the concrete snowsheds just beyond them , and tunnels 9 -- 12 ending at MP 195.7 , all of which had been located on Track 1 within two miles of the summit . Since then all east - and westbound traffic has been run over the Track # 2 grade crossing the summit about one mile ( 1.6 km ) south of Donner Pass through the 10,322 - foot - long ( 3,146 m ) Tunnel # 41 ( aka `` The Big Hole '' ) running under Mt . Judah between Soda Springs and Eder , which was opened in 1925 when the summit section of the grade was double tracked . This routing change was made because the Track 2 and Tunnel 41 Summit crossing is far easier and less expensive to maintain and keep open in the harsh Sierra winters . On June 18 , 1868 , the Central Pacific reached Reno , Nevada , after completing 132 miles ( 212 km ) of railroad up and over the Sierras from Sacramento , California . By then the railroad had already been prebuilt down the Truckee River on the much flatter land from Reno to Wadsworth , Nevada , where they bridged the Truckee for the last time . From there , they struggled across a forty mile desert to the end of the Humboldt river at the Humboldt Sink . From the end of the Humboldt , they continued east over the Great Basin Desert bordering the Humboldt River to Wells , Nevada . One of the most troublesome problems found on this route along the Humboldt was at Palisade Canyon ( near Carlin , Nevada ) , where for 12 miles ( 19 km ) the line had to be built between the river and basalt cliffs . From Wells , Nevada to Promontory Summit , the Railroad left the Humboldt and proceeded across the Nevada and Utah desert . Water for the steam locomotives was provided by wells , springs , or pipelines to nearby water sources . Water was often pumped into the water tanks with windmills . Train fuel and water spots on the early trains with steam locomotives may have been as often as every 10 miles ( 16 km ) . On one memorable occasion , not far from Promontory , the Central Pacific crews organized an army of workers and five train loads of construction material , and laid 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track on a prepared rail bed in one day -- - a record that still stands today . The Central Pacific and Union Pacific raced to get as much track laid as possible , and the Central Pacific laid about 560 miles ( 900 km ) of track from Reno to Promontory Summit in the one year before the Last Spike was driven on May 10 , 1869 . Central Pacific had 1,694 freight cars available by May 1869 , with more under construction in their Sacramento yard . Major repairs and maintenance on the Central Pacific rolling stock was done in their Sacramento maintenance yard . Near the end of 1869 , Central Pacific had 162 locomotives , of which 2 had two drivers ( drive wheels ) , 110 had four drivers , and 50 had six drivers . The steam locomotives had been purchased in the eastern states and shipped to California by sea . Thirty - six additional locomotives were built and coming west , and twenty - eight more were under construction . There was a shortage of passenger cars and more had to be ordered . The first Central Pacific sleeper , the `` Silver Palace Sleeping Car '' , arrived at Sacramento on June 8 , 1868 . The CPRR route passed through Newcastle and Truckee in California , Reno , Wadsworth , Winnemucca , Battle Mountain , Elko and Wells in Nevada ( with many more fuel and water stops ) , before connecting with the Union Pacific line at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory . When the eastern end of the CPRR was extended to Ogden by purchasing the Union Pacific Railroad line from Promontory for about $2.8 million in 1870 , it ended the short period of a boom town for Promontory , extended the Central Pacific tracks about 60 miles ( 97 km ) and made Ogden a major terminus on the transcontinental railroad , as passengers and freight switched railroads there . CPRR issued ticket for passage from Reno to Virginia City , NV on the V&TRR , 1878 Subsequent to the railhead 's meeting at Promontory Summit , U.T. , the San Joaquin River Bridge at Mossdale Crossing ( near present - day Lathrop , California ) was completed on September 8 , 1869 . As a result , the western part of the route was extended from Sacramento to the Alameda Terminal in Alameda , California , and shortly thereafter , to the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point in Oakland , California , and on to San Jose , California . Train ferries transferred some railroad cars to and from the Oakland wharves and tracks to wharves and tracks in San Francisco . Before the CPRR was completed , developers were building other feeder railroads like the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to the Comstock Lode diggings in Virginia City , Nevada , and several different extensions in California and Nevada to reach other cities there . Some of their main cargo was the thousands of cords of firewood needed for the many steam engines and pumps , cooking stoves , heating stoves etc. in Comstock Lode towns and the tons of ice needed by the miners as they worked ever deeper into the `` hot '' Comstock Lode ore body . In the mines , temperatures could get above 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) at the work face and a miner often used over 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) of ice per shift . This new railroad connected to the Central Pacific near Reno , and went through Carson City , the new capital of Nevada . After the transcontinental railroads were completed , many other railroads were built to connect up to other population centers in Utah , Wyoming , Kansas , Colorado , Oregon , Washington territories , etc . In 1869 , the Kansas Pacific Railway started building the Hannibal Bridge , a swing bridge across the Missouri River between Kansas City , Missouri and Kansas City , Kansas which connected railroads on both sides of the Missouri while still allowing passage of paddle steamers on the river . After completion , this became another major east - west railroad . To speed completion of the Kansas Pacific Railroad to Denver , construction started east from Denver in March 1870 to meet the railroad coming west from Kansas city . The two crews met at a point called Comanche Crossing , Kansas Territory , on August 15 , 1870 . Denver was now firmly on track to becoming the largest city and the future capital of Colorado . The Kansas Pacific Railroad linked with the Denver Pacific Railway via Denver to Cheyenne in 1870 . The original transcontinental railroad route did not pass through the two biggest cities in the so - called Great American Desert -- Denver , Colorado , and Salt Lake City , Utah . Feeder railroad lines were soon built to service these two and other cities and states along the route . Modern - day Interstate 80 roughly follows the path of the railroad from Sacramento across modern day California , Nevada , Wyoming and Nebraska , with a few exceptions . Most significantly , the two routes are different between Wells , Nevada and Echo , Utah . In this area the freeway passes along the south shore of the Great Salt Lake and passes through Salt Lake City , cresting the Wasatch Mountains at Parley 's Summit . The railroad was originally routed along the north shore , and later with the Lucin Cutoff directly across the center of the Great Salt Lake , passing through the city of Ogden instead of Salt Lake City . The railroad crosses the Wasatch Mountains via a much gentler grade through Weber Canyon . Most of the other deviations are in mountainous areas where interstate highways allow for grades up to six - percent grades , which allows them to go many places the railroads had to go around , since their goal was to hold their grades to less than two percent . Construction ( edit ) The Jupiter , which carried Leland Stanford ( one of the `` Big Four '' owners of the Central Pacific ) and other railway officials to the Last Spike Ceremony . Most of the capital investment needed to build the railroad was generated by selling government - guaranteed bonds ( granted per mile of completed track ) to interested investors . The Federal donation of right - of - way saved money and time as it did not have to be purchased from others . The financial incentives and bonds would hopefully cover most of the initial capital investment needed to build the railroad . The bonds would be paid back by the sale of government - granted land , as well as prospective passenger and freight income . Most of the engineers and surveyors who figured out how and where to build the railroad on the Union Pacific were engineering college trained . Many of Union Pacific engineers and surveyors were Union Army veterans ( including two generals ) who had learned their railroad trade keeping the trains running and tracks maintained during the U.S. Civil War . After securing the finances and selecting the engineering team , the next step was to hire the key personnel and prospective supervisors . Nearly all key workers and supervisors were hired because they had previous railroad on - the - job training , knew what needed to be done and how to direct workers to get it done . After the key personnel were hired , the semi-skilled jobs could be filled if there was available labor . The engineering team 's main job was to tell the workers where to go , what to do , how to do it , and provide the construction material they would need to get it done . Survey teams were put out to produce detailed contour maps of the options on the different routes . The engineering team looked at the available surveys and chose what was the `` best '' route . Survey teams under the direction of the engineers closely led the work crews and marked where and by how much hills would have to be cut and depressions filled or bridged . Coordinators made sure that construction and other supplies were provided when and where needed , and additional supplies were ordered as the railroad construction consumed the supplies . Specialized bridging , explosive and tunneling teams were assigned to their specialized jobs . Some jobs like explosive work , tunneling , bridging , heavy cuts or fills were known to take longer than others , so the specialized teams were sent out ahead by wagon trains with the supplies and men to get these jobs done by the time the regular track - laying crews arrived . Finance officers made sure the supplies were paid for and men paid for their work . An army of men had to be coordinated and a seemingly never - ending chain of supplies had to be provided . The Central Pacific road crew set a track - laying record by laying 10 mi ( 16 km ) of track in a single day , commemorating the event with a signpost beside the track for passing trains to see . In addition to the track - laying crews , other crews were busy setting up stations with provisions for loading fuel , water and often also mail , passengers and freight . Personnel had to be hired to run these stations . Maintenance depots had to be built to keep all of the equipment repaired and operational . Telegraph operators had to be hired to man each station to keep track of where the trains were so that trains could run in each direction on the available single track without interference or accidents . Sidings had to be built to allow trains to pass . Provision had to be made to store and continually pay for coal or wood needed to run the steam locomotives . Water towers had to be built for refilling the water tanks on the engines , and provision made to keep them full . Labor ( edit ) The majority of the Union Pacific track across the Nebraska and Wyoming territories was built by veterans of the Union and Confederate armies , as well as many recent immigrants . Brigham Young , President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , landed contracts with the Union Pacific that offered jobs for around 2,000 members of the church with the hope that the railroad would support commerce in Utah . Church members built most of the road through Utah . Construction superintendent Durant repeatedly failed to pay the wages agreed upon . The Union Pacific train carrying him to the final spike ceremony was held up by a strike by unpaid workers in Piedmont , Wyoming until he paid them for their work . Representatives of Brigham Young had less success , and failed in court to force him to honor the contract . Chinese railroad workers greet a train on a snowy day . The manual labor to build the Central Pacific 's roadbed , bridges and tunnels was done primarily by many thousands of emigrant workers from China under the direction of skilled non-Chinese supervisors . The Chinese were commonly referred to at the time as `` Celestials '' and China as the `` Celestial Kingdom . '' Labor - saving devices in those days consisted primarily of wheelbarrows , horse or mule pulled carts , and a few railroad pulled gondolas . The construction work involved an immense amount of manual labor . Initially , Central Pacific had a hard time hiring and keeping unskilled workers on its line , as many would leave for the prospect of far more lucrative gold or silver mining options elsewhere . Despite the concerns expressed by Charles Crocker , one of the `` big four '' and a general contractor , that the Chinese were too small in stature and lacking previous experience with railroad work , they decided to try them anyway . After the first few days of trial with a few workers , with noticeably positive results , Crocker decided to hire as many as he could , looking primarily at the California labor force , where the majority of Chinese worked as independent gold miners or in the service industries ( e.g. : laundries and kitchens ) . Most of these Chinese workers were represented by a Chinese `` boss '' who translated , collected salaries for his crew , kept discipline and relayed orders from an American general supervisor . Most Chinese workers spoke only rudimentary or no English , and the supervisors typically only learned rudimentary Chinese . Many more workers were imported from the Guangdong Province of China , which at the time , beside great poverty , suffered from the violence of the Taiping Rebellion . Most Chinese workers were planning on returning with their new found `` wealth '' when the work was completed . Most of the men received between one and three dollars per day , the same as unskilled white workers ; but the workers imported directly from China sometimes received less . A diligent worker could save over $20 per month after paying for food and lodging -- a `` fortune '' by Chinese standards . A snapshot of workers in late 1865 showed about 3,000 Chinese and 1,700 white workers employed on the railroad . Nearly all of the white workers were in supervisory or skilled craft positions and made more money than the Chinese . Most of the early work on the Central Pacific consisted of constructing the railroad track bed , cutting and / or blasting through or around hills , filling in washes , building bridges or trestles , digging and blasting tunnels and then laying the rails over the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) mountains . Once the Central Pacific was out of the Sierras and the Carson Range , progress sped up considerably as the railroad bed could be built over nearly flat ground . In those days , the Central Pacific once did a section of 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in one day as a `` demonstration '' of what they could do on flat ground like most of the Union Pacific had in Wyoming and Nebraska . The track laying was divided up into various parts . In advance of the track layers , surveyors consulting with engineers determined where the track would go . Workers then built and prepared the roadbed , dug or blasted through hills , filled in washes , built trestles , bridges or culverts across streams or valleys , made tunnels if needed , and laid the ties . The actual track - laying gang would then lay rails on the previously laid ties positioned on the roadbed , drive the spikes , and bolt the fishplate bars to each rail . At the same time , another gang would distribute telegraph poles and wire along the grade , while the cooks prepared dinner and the clerks busied themselves with accounts , records , using the telegraph line to relay requests for more materials and supplies or communicate with supervisors . Usually the workers lived in camps built near their work site . Supplies were ordered by the engineers and hauled by rail , possibly then to be loaded on wagons if they were needed ahead of the railhead . Camps were moved when the railhead moved a significant distance . Later , as the railroad started moving long distances every few days , some railroad cars had bunkhouses built in them that moved with the workers -- the Union Pacific had used this technique since 1866 . Almost all of the roadbed work had to be done manually , using shovels , picks , axes , two - wheeled dump carts , wheelbarrows , ropes , scrapers , etc. , with initially only black powder available for blasting . Carts pulled by mules , and horses were about the only labor saving devices available then . Lumber and ties were usually provided by independent contractors who cut , hauled and sawed the timber as required . CPRR Tunnel # 3 near Cisco , California ( MP 180.1 ) opened in 1866 and remains in daily use today . Tunnels were blasted through hard rock by drilling holes in the rock face by hand and filling them with black powder . Sometimes cracks were found which could be filled with powder and blasted loose . The loosened rock would be collected and hauled out of the tunnel for use in a fill area or as roadbed , or else dumped over the side as waste . A foot or so advance on a tunnel face was a typical day 's work . Some tunnels took almost a year to finish and the Summit Tunnel , the longest , took almost two years . In the final days of working in the Sierras , the recently invented nitroglycerin explosive was introduced and used on the last tunnels including Summit Tunnel . Supply trains carried all the necessary material for the construction up to the railhead , with mule or horse - drawn wagons carrying it the rest of the ways if required . Ties were typically unloaded from horse - drawn or mule - drawn wagons and then placed on the track ballast and levelled to get ready for the rails . Rails , which weighed the most , were often kicked off the flatcars and carried by gangs of men on each side of the rail to where needed . The rails just in front of the rail car would be placed first , measured for the correct gauge with gauge sticks and then nailed down on the ties with spike mauls . The fishplates connecting the ends of the rails would be bolted on and then the car pushed by hand to the end of the rail and rail installation repeated . Track ballast was put between the ties as they progressed . Where a proper railbed had already been prepared , the work progressed rapidly . Constantly needed supplies included `` food , water , ties , rails , spikes , fishplates , nuts and bolts , track ballast , telegraph poles , wire , fire wood ( or coal on the UP ) and water for the steam train locomotives , etc . '' After a flatcar was unloaded , it would usually be hooked to a small locomotive and pulled back to a siding , so another flatcar with rails etc. could be advanced to the railhead . Since juggling railroad cars took time on flat ground , where wagon transport was easier , the rail cars would be brought to the end of the line by steam locomotive , unloaded , and the flat car returned immediately to a siding for another loaded car of either ballast or rails . Temporary sidings were often installed where it could be easily done to expedite getting needed supplies to the railhead . The railroad tracks , spikes , telegraph wire , locomotives , railroad cars , supplies etc. were imported from the east on sailing ships that sailed the about 18,000 miles ( 29,000 km ) and about 200 day trip around Cape Horn . Some freight was put on Clipper ships which could do the trip in about 120 days . Some passengers and high priority freight were shipped over the newly ( 1855 ) completed Panama Railroad across the Isthmus of Panama . Using paddle steamers to and from Panama , this short cut could be done in as little as 40 days . Supplies were normally offloaded at the Sacramento , California docks where the railroad started . Central Pacific construction ( edit ) On January 8 , 1863 , Governor Leland Stanford ceremoniously broke ground in Sacramento , California , to begin construction of the Central Pacific Railroad . After great initial progress along the Sacramento Valley , construction was slowed , first by the foothills of the Sierra Nevada , then by cutting a railroad bed up the mountains themselves . As they progressed higher in the mountains , winter snowstorms and a shortage of reliable labor compounded the problems . Consequently , after a trial crew of Chinese workers was hired and found to work successfully , the Central Pacific expanded its efforts to hire more emigrant laborers -- mostly Chinese . Emigrants from poverty stricken regions of China , many of which suffered from the strife of the Taiping Rebellion , seemed to be more willing to tolerate the living and working conditions on the railroad construction , and progress on the railroad continued . The increasing necessity for tunneling as they proceeded up the mountains then began to slow progress of the line yet again . Example of hand drilled granite from within Tunnel # 6 , the `` Summit Tunnel '' . The first step of construction was to survey the route and determine the locations where large excavations , tunnels and bridges would be needed . Crews could then start work in advance of the railroad reaching these locations . Supplies and workers were brought up to the work locations by wagon teams and work on several different sections proceeded simultaneously . One advantage of working on tunnels in winter was that tunnel work could often proceed since the work was nearly all `` inside '' . Unfortunately , living quarters would have to be built outside and getting new supplies was difficult . Working and living in winter in the presence of snow slides and avalanches caused some deaths . To carve a tunnel , one worker held a rock drill on the granite face while one to two other workers swung eighteen - pound sledgehammers to sequentially hit the drill which slowly advanced into the rock . Once the hole was about 10 inches ( 25 cm ) deep , it would be filled with black powder , a fuse set and then ignited from a safe distance . Nitroglycerin , which had been invented less than two decades before the construction of the first transcontinental railroad , was used in relatively large quantities during its construction . This was especially true on the Central Pacific Railroad , which owned its own nitroglycerin plant to ensure it had a steady supply of the volatile explosive . This plant was operated by Chinese laborers as they were willing workers even under the most trying and dangerous of conditions . However , Chinese laborers did far more than mix the volatile ingredients of nitroglycerin for the Central Pacific . Their hard work was also crucial in the construction of 15 tunnels along the railroad 's line through the Sierra Nevada mountains . These tunnels were about 32 feet ( 10 m ) high and 16 feet ( 5 m ) wide . When tunnels with vertical shafts were dug to increase construction speed , and tunneling began in the middle of the tunnel , at first hand - powered derricks were used to help remove loose rocks up the vertical shafts . These derricks were later replaced with steam hoists as work progressed . By using vertical shafts , four faces of the tunnel could be worked at the same time , two in the middle and one at each end . The average daily progress in some tunnels was only 0.85 feet ( 26 cm ) a day per face , which was very slow , or 1.18 feet ( 36 cm ) daily according to historian George Kraus . J.O. Wilder , a Central Pacific - Southern Pacific employee , commented that `` The Chinese were as steady , hard - working a set of men as could be found . With the exception of a few whites at the west end of Tunnel No. 6 , the laboring force was entirely composed of Chinamen with white foremen and a `` boss / translator '' . A single foreman ( often Irish ) with a gang of 30 to 40 Chinese men generally constituted the force at work at each end of a tunnel ; of these , 12 to 15 men worked on the heading , and the rest on the bottom , removing blasted material . When a gang was small or the men were needed elsewhere , the bottoms were worked with fewer men or stopped so as to keep the headings going . '' The laborers usually worked three shifts of 8 hours each per day , while the foremen worked in two shifts of 12 hours each , managing the laborers . Once out of the Sierras , construction was much easier and faster . Horace Hamilton Minkler , track foreman for the Central Pacific , laid the last rail and tie before the Last Spike was driven . CPRR snow gallery under construction in 1868 . In order to keep the CPRR 's Sierra grade open during the winter months , beginning in 1867 , 37 miles of massive wooden snow sheds and galleries were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee , covering cuts and other points where there was danger of avalanches . 2,500 men and six material trains were employed in this work , which was completed in 1869 . The sheds were built with two sides and a steep peaked roof , mostly of locally cut hewn timber and round logs. Snow galleries had one side and a roof that sloped upward until it met the mountain side , thus permitting avalanches to slide over the galleries , some of which extended up the mountainside as much as two hundred feet ( 60 m ) . Masonry walls such as the `` Chinese Walls '' at Donner Summit were built across canyons to prevent avalanches from striking the side of the vulnerable wooden construction . A few concrete sheds ( mostly at crossovers ) are still in use today . Union Pacific construction ( edit ) Grenville M. Dodge wearing a major general 's uniform The major investor in the Union Pacific was Thomas Clark Durant , who had made his stake money by smuggling Confederate cotton with the aid of Grenville M. Dodge . Durant chose routes that would favor places where he held land , and he announced connections to other lines at times that suited his share dealings . He paid an associate to submit the construction bid to another company he controlled , Crédit Mobilier , manipulating the finances and government subsidies and making himself another fortune . Durant hired Dodge as chief engineer and Jack Casement as construction boss . In the East , the progress started in Omaha , Nebraska , by the Union Pacific Railroad which initially proceeded very quickly because of the open terrain of the Great Plains . This changed , however , as the work entered Indian - held lands . The Native Americans saw the railroad as a violation of their treaties with the United States . War parties began to raid the moving labor camps that followed the progress of the line . Union Pacific responded by increasing security and hiring marksmen to kill American Bison , which were both a physical threat to trains and the primary food source for many of the Plains Indians . The Native Americans then began killing laborers when they realized that the so - called `` Iron Horse '' threatened their existence . Security measures were further strengthened , and progress on the railroad continued . The `` Last Spike '' ceremony ( edit ) Main article : Golden spike Golden spike , one of four ceremonial spikes driven at the completion ( but not the final one ) The Last Spike by Thomas Hill ( 1881 ) Six years after the groundbreaking , laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit , Utah Territory . It was here on May 10 , 1869 , that Leland Stanford drove The Last Spike ( or golden spike ) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad . The spike is now on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University , while a second `` Last '' Golden Spike is also on display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento . In perhaps the world 's first live mass - media event , the hammers and spike were wired to the telegraph line so that each hammer stroke would be heard as a click at telegraph stations nationwide -- the hammer strokes were missed , so the clicks were sent by the telegraph operator . As soon as the ceremonial `` Last Spike '' had been replaced by an ordinary iron spike , a message was transmitted to both the East Coast and West Coast that simply read , `` DONE . '' Travel from coast to coast was reduced from six months or more to just one week . Aftermath ( edit ) Railroad developments ( edit ) Display ads for the CPRR and UPRR the week the rails were joined on May 10 , 1869 UPRR & CPRR `` Great American Over-Land Route '' Timetable cover 1881 When the last spike was driven , the rail network was not yet connected to the Atlantic or Pacific but merely connected Omaha to Sacramento . To get from Sacramento to the Pacific , the Central Pacific purchased the struggling Western Pacific Railroad ( unrelated to the railroad of the same name that would later parallel its route ) and resumed construction on it , which had halted in 1866 due to funding troubles . In November 1869 , the Central Pacific finally connected Sacramento to the east side of San Francisco Bay by rail at Oakland , California , where freight and passengers completed their transcontinental link to the city by ferry . The original route from the Central Valley to the Bay skirted the Delta by heading south out of Sacramento through Stockton and crossing the San Joaquin River at Mossdale , then climbed over the Altamont Pass and reached the East Bay through Niles Canyon . The Western Pacific was originally chartered to go to San Jose , but the Central Pacific decided to build along the East Bay instead , as going from San Jose up the Peninsula to San Francisco itself would have brought it into conflict with competing interests . The railroad entered Alameda and Oakland from the south , roughly paralleling what would later become U.S. Route 50 and later still Interstates 5 , 205 , and 580 . A more direct route was obtained with the purchase of the California Pacific Railroad , crossing the Sacramento River and proceeding southwest through Davis to Benicia , where it crossed the Carquinez Strait by means of an enormous train ferry , then followed the shores of the San Pablo and San Francisco bays to Richmond and the Port of Oakland ( paralleling U.S. Route 40 which ultimately became Interstate 80 ) . In 1930 , a rail bridge across the Carquinez replaced the Benicia ferries . Very early on , the Central Pacific learned that it would have trouble maintaining an open track in winter across the Sierras . At first they tried plowing the road with special snowplows mounted on their steam engines . When this was only partially successful , an extensive process of building snow sheds over some of the track was instituted to protect it from deep snows and avalanches . These eventually succeeded at keeping the tracks clear for all but a few days of the year . Both railroads soon instituted extensive upgrade projects to build better bridges , viaducts and dugways as well as install heavier duty rails , stronger ties , better road beds etc . The original track had often been laid as fast as possible with only secondary attention to maintenance and durability . The primary incentive had been getting the subsidies , which meant that upgrades of all kinds were routinely required in the following years . Frontispiece of Crofutt 's Great Trans - Continental Tourist 's Guide , 1870 The Union Pacific would not connect Omaha to Council Bluffs until completing the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in 1872 . Several years after the end of the Civil War , the competing railroads coming from Missouri finally realized their initial strategic advantage and a building boom ensued . In July 1869 , the H&SJ finished the Hannibal Bridge in Kansas City which was the first bridge to cross the Missouri River . This in turn connected to Kansas Pacific trains going from Kansas City to Denver , which in turn had built the Denver Pacific Railway connecting to the Union Pacific . In August 1870 , the Kansas Pacific drove the last spike connecting to the Denver Pacific line at Strasburg , Colorado and the first true Atlantic to Pacific United States railroad was completed . Kansas City 's head start in connecting to a true transcontinental railroad contributed to it rather than Omaha becoming the dominant rail center west of Chicago . The Kansas Pacific became part of the Union Pacific in 1880 . On June 4 , 1876 , an express train called the Transcontinental Express arrived in San Francisco via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after it had left New York City . Only ten years before , the same journey would have taken months over land or weeks on ship , possibly all the way around South America . The Central Pacific got a direct route to San Francisco when it was merged with the Southern Pacific Railroad to create the Southern Pacific Company in 1885 . The Union Pacific initially took over the Southern Pacific in 1901 but was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court to divest it because of monopoly concerns . The two railroads would once again unite in 1996 when the Southern Pacific was sold to the Union Pacific . Having been bypassed with the completion of the Lucin Cutoff in 1904 , the Promontory Summit rails were pulled up in 1942 to be recycled for the World War II effort . This process began with a ceremonial `` undriving '' at the Last Spike location . In 1957 , Congress authorized the Golden Spike National Historic Site . On May 10 , 2006 , on the anniversary of the driving of the spike , Utah announced that its state quarter design would be a representation of the driving of the Last ( Golden ) Spike . Crédit Mobilier ( edit ) Oakes Ames Main article : Crédit Mobilier of America scandal Despite the transcontinental success and millions in government subsidies , the Union Pacific faced bankruptcy less than three years after the Last Spike as details surfaced about overcharges that Crédit Mobilier had billed Union Pacific for the formal building of the railroad . The scandal hit epic proportions in the United States presidential election , 1872 , which saw the re-election of Ulysses S. Grant and became the biggest scandal of the Gilded Age . It would not be resolved until the death of the congressman who was supposed to have reined in its excesses but instead wound up profiting from it . Durant had initially come up with the scheme to have Crédit Mobilier subcontract to do the actual track work . Durant gained control of the company after buying out employee Herbert Hoxie for $10,000 . Under Durant 's guidance , Crédit Mobilier was charging Union Pacific often twice or more the customary cost for track work ( thus in effect paying himself to build the railroad ) . The process mired down Union Pacific work . Lincoln asked Massachusetts Congressman Oakes Ames , who was on the railroad committee , to clean things up and get the railroad moving . Ames got his brother Oliver Ames Jr. named president of the Union Pacific , while he himself became president of Crédit Mobilier . Ames then in turn gave stock options to other politicians while at the same time continuing the lucrative overcharges . The scandal was to implicate Vice President Schuyler Colfax ( who was cleared ) and future President James Garfield among others . The scandal broke in 1872 when the New York Sun published correspondence detailing the scheme between Henry S. McComb and Ames . In the ensuing Congressional investigation , it was recommended that Ames be expelled from Congress , but this was reduced to a censure and Ames died within three months . Durant later left the Union Pacific and a new rail baron Jay Gould became the dominant stockholder . As a result of the Panic of 1873 , Gould was able to pick up bargains , among them the control of the Union Pacific Railroad and Western Union . Visible remains ( edit ) Visible remains of the historic line are still easily located -- hundreds of miles are still in service today , especially through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and canyons in Utah and Wyoming . While the original rail has long since been replaced because of age and wear , and the roadbed upgraded and repaired , the lines generally run on top of the original , handmade grade . Vista points on Interstate 80 through California 's Truckee Canyon provide a panoramic view of many miles of the original Central Pacific line and of the snow sheds which made winter train travel safe and practical . In areas where the original line has been bypassed and abandoned , primarily in Utah , the road grade is still obvious , as are numerous cuts and fills , especially the Big Fill a few miles east of Promontory . The sweeping curve which connected to the east end of the Big Fill now passes a Thiokol rocket research and development facility . The Last Spike site is preserved as a National Historical Site , with replica engines of Union Pacific No. 119 and Central Pacific Jupiter having been built by O'Connor Engineering Laboratories . The engines are fired up periodically by the National Park Service for the public . Current passenger service ( edit ) Amtrak 's California Zephyr , a daily passenger service from Emeryville , California ( San Francisco Bay Area ) to Chicago , uses the First Transcontinental Railroad from Sacramento to central Nevada . Because this rail line currently operates in a directional running setup across most of Nevada , the California Zephyr will switch to the Central Corridor at either Winnemucca or Wells . In popular culture ( edit ) The joining of the Union Pacific line with the Central Pacific line in May 1869 at Promontory Summit , Utah , was one of the major inspirations for French writer Jules Verne 's book entitled Around the World in Eighty Days , published in 1873 . While not exactly accurate , John Ford 's 1924 silent movie The Iron Horse captures the fervent nationalism that drove public support for the project . Among the cooks serving the film 's cast and crew between shots were some of the Chinese laborers who worked on the Central Pacific section of the railroad . Poster for the film Union Pacific . The feat is depicted in various movies , including the 1939 film Union Pacific , starring Joel McCrea and Barbara Stanwyck and directed by Cecil B. DeMille , which depicts the fictional Central Pacific investor Asa Barrows obstructing attempts of the Union Pacific to reach Ogden , Utah . The 1939 movie is said to have inspired the Union Pacific Western television series starring Jeff Morrow , Judson Pratt and Susan Cummings which aired in syndication from 1958 until 1959 . The 1962 film How the West Was Won has a whole segment devoted to the construction ; one of the movie 's most famous scenes , filmed in Cinerama , is of a buffalo stampede over the railroad . The construction of what presumably is -- or is suggested to be -- the Transcontinental Railroad provides the backdrop of the 1968 epic spaghetti western Once Upon a Time in the West , directed by Italian director Sergio Leone . Kristiana Gregory 's book The Great Railroad Race ( part of the `` Dear America '' series ) is written as the fictional diary of Libby West , who chronicles the end of the railroad construction and the excitement which engulfed the country at the time . Graham Masterton 's 1981 novel A Man of Destiny ( published in the UK as Railroad ) is a fictionalized account of the line 's construction . In the 1999 Will Smith film , Wild Wild West , the joining ceremony is the setting of an assassination attempt on then U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant by the film 's antagonist Dr. Miguelito Quixote Loveless . The building of the railway is covered by the 2004 BBC documentary series Seven Wonders of the Industrial World in episode 6 , `` The Line '' . The series American Experience also documents the railway in the episode titled `` Transcontinental Railroad '' . The main character in The Claim ( 2000 ) is a surveyor for the Central Pacific Railroad , and the film is partially about the efforts of a frontier mayor to have the railroad routed through his town . The popular British television show Doctor Who featured the Transcontinental Railroad in a BBC audio book entitled The Runaway Train , read by Matt Smith and written for audio by Oli Smith . The children 's book Ten Mile Day by Mary Ann Fraser tells the story of the record setting push by the Central Pacific in which they set a record by laying 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in a single day on April 28 , 1869 , to settle a $10,000 bet . The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad provides the setting for the AMC television series Hell on Wheels . Thomas Durant is a regular character in the series and is portrayed by actor Colm Meaney . In 2015 , a Lego model depicting the Golden Spike Ceremony , the event that symbolically marked the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad , was submitted to the Lego Ideas website . In the 2002 DreamWorks Animation movie , Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron , the main character , the horse Spirit , is delivered with other horses to pull a steam locomotive at a work site for the Transcontinental Railroad . Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Transcontinental Railroad . See also ( edit ) History portal Trains portal United States portal History of rail transportation in California Chin Lin Sou Interstate 80 -- contemporary New York - to - San Francisco transport link ( highway ) List of heritage railroads in the United States Overland Route ( Union Pacific Railroad ) Transcontinental railroad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The total value of the thirty year 6 % US Government subsidy bonds issued to the three companies was $55,092,192 and the amount of federal lands specified by Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864 to which the UPRR , CPRR and WPRR were entitled was 21,100,000 acres ( 8,500,000 hectares ) of which 2,390,009 acres ( 967,202 hectares ) had been patented as of March 1876 . Jump up ^ `` The charter of the last - named Company ( Western Pacific Railroad ) contemplated a line from Sacramento toward San Francisco , making the circuit of the Bay of that name ( to San José ) . Their franchise has recently ( late 1867 ) been assigned to parties in the interest of the Central Pacific Railroad Company ; and it is probable that this line will be formally incorporated with the Central Pacific Railroad , and the road extended from Sacramento to San Francisco by the `` best , most direct and practicable route '' so soon as the overland connection is completed . In the meantime the travel is abundantly accommodated by first - class steamers . '' -- Central Pacific Railroad Company of California `` Railroad Across the Continent , with an account of the Central Pacific Railroad of California '' , pp. 9 - 10 , New York : Brown & Hewitt , Printers . September 1868 . Jump up ^ The legal `` date of completion '' of the WPRR grade was subsequently designated to be January 22 , 1870 . The formal consolidation of the Central Pacific Railroad of California with the Western Pacific Railroad Co. , San Joaquin Valley Railroad Co. , and San Francisco , Oakland & Alameda Railroad Co. under the name of the Central Pacific Railroad Company became effective on June 22 , 1870 with the filing of Articles of Consolidation drawn under the laws of California with the California Secretary of State . Jump up ^ The new terminus opened on November 8 , later deemed to be two days after the official `` completion date '' of the Pacific Railroad . Section 6 of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , et seq . required that an official date of completion be determined for the purpose of determining how other provisions of the Acts would be carried out . November 6 , 1869 was confirmed as being that date by the US Supreme Court in Part I of the Court 's Opinion and Order dated January 27 , 1879 , in re Union Pacific Railroad vs. United States ( 99 U.S. 402 ) . Jump up ^ Later , the Northern Pacific Railway ( NP ) found and built a better route across the northern tier of the western United States from Minnesota to the Pacific Coast . It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly 40 million acres ( 160,000 km ) of land grants , which it used to raise money in Europe . Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Ocean on September 8 , 1883 . Jump up ^ The southern route was constructed in 1880 when the Southern Pacific Railroad crossed Arizona territory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vernon , Edward ( Ed ) `` Travelers ' Official Railway Guide of the United States and Canada '' Philadelphia : The National General Ticket Agents ' Association . June , 1870 , Tables 215 , 216 Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , § 2 & § 3 Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , § 5 & § 6 Jump up ^ `` FIRST MORTGAGE BONDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD , Business Prospects and Operations of the Company . Remarkable Exhibit of Earnings , &c. , for Quarter Ending Sept. 30 , 1867 CPRR.org Jump up ^ $1,000 Pacific Railroad Bond , City and County of San Francisco , June 24 , 1864 CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Report on the Pacific Railroads '' , US House of Representatives , Committee on the Judiciary , House Ex . Doc . # 440 , 44th Congress , First Session , April 25 , 1876 , pp. 3 , 6 ^ Jump up to : Executive Order of Abraham Lincoln , President of the United States , Fixing the Point of Commencement of the Union Pacific Railroad at Council Bluffs , Iowa , dated March 7 , 1864 ( 38th Congress , 1st Session SENATE Ex . Doc . No. 27 ) . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. , `` Riding the Transcontinental Rails : Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 -- 1881 '' ( 2005 ) , Polyglot Press , Philadelphia , ISBN 1 - 4115 - 9993 - 4 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Appleton 's Railway and Steam Navigation Guide '' . New York : D. Appleton & Co. , December 1870 . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Bowman , J.N. `` Driving the Last Spike at Promontory , 1869 California Historical Society Quarterly , Vol . XXXVI , No. 2 , June 1957 , pp. 96 -- 106 , and Vol . XXXVI , No. 3 , September 1957 , pp. 263 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Hill , Thomas `` The Last Spike '' San Francisco : Thomas Hill ( privately published ) . January 1881 . Jump up ^ Letter from Charles F. Conant , Assistant Secretary , US Department of the Treasury , to US Rep. William Lawrence ( R - OH8 ) , March 9 , 1876 Jump up ^ Letter from Z.B. Sturgus , Chief , Lands and Railroad Division , Office of the Secretary , US Department of the Interior , to US Rep. William Lawrence ( R - OH8 ) , April 28 , 1876 Jump up ^ Speech by Rep. William A. Piper ( D - CA1 ) in the US House of Representatives , April 8 , 1876 Jump up ^ Works Progress Administration ( 2001 ) . San Francisco in the 1930s : The WPA Guide to the City by the Bay . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780520948877 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mel ( 1985 ) . The San Francisco Bay Area : A Metropolis in Perspective ( second ed . ) . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780520055124 . Jump up ^ The Official `` Date of Completion '' of the Transcontinental Railroad under the Provisions of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , et seq. , as Established by the Supreme Court of the United States to be November 6 , 1869 . ( 99 U.S. 402 ) 1879 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific R. Co. v. United States , 99 U.S. 402 , 25 L. Ed . 274 , 1878 U.S. LEXIS 1556 -- CourtListener.com '' . CourtListener . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce Clement ( Ed ) , The Classic Western American Railroad Routes . New York : Chartwell Books ( US ) / Bassingbourn : Worth Press ( UK ) ; 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 8 ; BINC : 3099794 . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Carver , Dr. Hartwell `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' Washington , DC , January 18 , 1847 Centpacrr.com Jump up ^ `` Dr. Hartwell Carver 's Proposal to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Reports of Explorations and Surveys , to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean , made under the direction of the Secretary of War , in 1853 - 4 . '' 12 Volumes . Washington , DC : US Government Printing Office , 1855 -- 61 Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann `` Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction '' . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 1991 ) p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Report of the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph '' US House of Representatives , 36th Congress , 1st Session , No. 358 . August 16 , 1856 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , Julian E. ( Ed ) `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Kerr , K. Austin , Chapter 17 : Railroad Policy ( pp. 286 - 297 ) . New York : Houghton Mifflin Co. ( 2004 ) . p. 288 Jump up ^ Gadsden Purchase , 1853 -- 1854 U.S. Department of State , Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ Whitney , Asa `` A project for a railroad to the Pacific '' . New York : George W. Wood ( 1849 ) p. 55 Jump up ^ `` PBS American Experience -- Transcontinental Railroad -- Whitney Biography '' . Jump up ^ Markham , Edwin `` The Romance of the ' C.P. ' '' SUCCESS ( magazine ) . New York : The Success Company , Vol . VI , Number 106 , March , 1903 . pp. 127 - 130 ^ Jump up to : `` A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California : Illustrated . Containing a History of This Important Section of the Pacific Coast from the Earliest Period of Its Occupancyand Biographical Mention of Many of Its Most Eminent Pioneers and Also of Prominent Citizens of Today '' . Chicago : Lewis Publishing Company . ( 1891 ) pp. 214 - 221 Jump up ^ `` An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean , and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal , military , and other purposes 12 Stat. 489 , July 1 , 1862 . Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Acts accessed March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Maury . `` Financing the Transcontinental Railroad '' . New York City , New York : The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , John J. `` The Iron Trail to the Golden Spike '' Chapter 7 `` Utah 's Role in the Pacific Railroad '' p. 175 , Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Co. ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ `` PBS American Experience -- Transcontinental Railroad -- Durant Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` In Memoriam , Theodore D. Judah , Died November 2 , 1863 '' . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Bruce C. Lewis Metzler Clement : A Pioneer of the Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Photographic History Museum . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen , 2000 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Map of Land Grants to Railroads accessed January 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ The Silent Spikes : Chinese Laborers and the Construction of North American Railroads , comp. and ed . Huang Annian , trans . Zhang Juguo ( n.p. : China Intercontinental Press , 2006 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Military Bridges : With Suggestions for New Expedients and Constructions for Crossing Streams and Chasms ; Including , Also , Designs for Trestle and Truss Bridges for Military Railroads , Adapted Especially to the Wants of the Service in the United States . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Workers of the Union Pacific Railroad accessed March 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kraus , George ( 1969 ) . `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific '' ( PDF ) . Utah Historical Quarterly . 37 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Reef , Catherine `` Working in America '' , p. 79 . New York : Infobase Publishing , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of black workers on the CPR '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Robert L. , `` THE PACIFIC RAILROAD -- UNOPEN '' . The Overland Monthly , September 1869 . pp. 244 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Central Pacific Railroad : Statement Made to the President of the United States , and Secretary of the Interior , of the Progress of the Work . Sacramento : H.S. Crocker & Company . October 10 , 1865 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Daspit , Tom . `` The Days They Changed the Gauge '' . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transcontinental Telegraph Line ( U.S. ) '' . Engineering and Technology History Wiki . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Union Pacific Timeline accessed March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klein , Maury ( 2006 ) ( 1987 ) . Union Pacific : Volume I , 1862 -- 1893 . U of Minnesota press . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 1452908737 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2000 ) . Nothing Like It In the World . pp. 217 -- 219 . Jump up ^ North Platte Bridge accessed March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Discovery of Evans Pass accessed March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gankplank discovery accessed March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pride and pitfalls along a coast to coast track , by Michael Kenney . Boston Globe . January 10 , 2000 . A book review : Empire Express : Building the First Transcontinental Railroad , by David Haward Bain . Jump up ^ `` UP construction '' . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E ( 2001 ) . Nothing like it in the world : the men who built the transcontinental railroad , 1863 -- 1869 . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 0317 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George R. ( 1970 ) American Place - Names , p. 401 , New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Mormon workers on UP transcontinental tracks ( 1 ) accessed August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Construction on Echo and Weber Canyon ( 2 ) accessed March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ F.V. Hayden & Daniel M. Davis . `` Sun Pictures of Rocky Mountain Scenery , Photographic Collection '' . Utah State University Special Collections and Archives . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific Map '' . Central Pacific Railroad Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Promotory Summit - NPS ( 3 ) accessed February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cape Horn CPRR ( 4 ) accessed March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road ( 5 ) Accessed July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ California Powder Works ( 6 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Use of Black Powder and Nitroglycerine on the Transcontinental Railroad ( 7 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ California Newspapers , 1865 -- 66 ( 8 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Norden at 39 ° 19 ′ 03 '' N 120 ° 21 ′ 30 '' W / 39.3176 ° N 120.3584 ° W / 39.3176 ; - 120.3584 Jump up ^ Shed 47 visible at 39 ° 18 ′ 42 '' N 120 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W / 39.3116 ° N 120.269 ° W / 39.3116 ; - 120.269 Jump up ^ East end of Tunnel 41 at 39 ° 18 ′ 04 '' N 120 ° 18 ′ 01 '' W / 39.301 ° N 120.3003 ° W / 39.301 ; - 120.3003 with former track 1 passing above . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. ( August 2003 ) . `` Summit Tunnel & Donner Pass '' . CPRR.org . Jump up ^ Constructing the Central Pacific Railroad ( 9 ) accessed March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Railroad Map '' . Central Pacific Railroad Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` PBS -- General Article : Workers of the Central Pacific Railroad '' . Jump up ^ Arrington , Leonard J. ( 2005 ) . Great Basin Kingdom : An Economic History of the Latter - day Saints , 1830 - 1900 ( New ed . ) . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07283 - 3 . LCCN 2004015281 . Under the terms of the contract the Mormons were to do all the grading , tunneling , and bridge masonry on the U.P. line for the 150 - odd miles from the head of Echo Canyon through Weber Canyon to the shores of the Great Salt Lake . Jump up ^ Allen , James B. ; Glen M. Leonard ( 1976 ) . The Story of the Latter - day Saints . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company . pp. 328 -- 329 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Griswold , Wesley A Work of Giants . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1962 . pg. 109 - 111 ^ Jump up to : Alta California ( San Francisco ) , November 9 , 1868 . Jump up ^ Kraus , High Road to Promontory , p. 110. ; Robert West Howard , The Great Iron Trail : The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad ( New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 ) , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Nothing Like It in the World , pp. 160 , 201 . Jump up ^ Howard , Robert The Great Iron Trail . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 . pg. 222 Jump up ^ Howard , Robert The Great Iron Trail . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 . pg. 222 ^ Jump up to : Tzu - Kuei , `` Chinese Workers and the First Transcontinental Railroad of the United States of America '' , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Kraus , `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific , '' p. 49 . Jump up ^ John R. Gillis , `` TUNNELS OF THE PACIFIC RAILROAD . '' Van Nostrand 's Eclectic Engineering Magazine , January 5 , 1870 , pp. 418 -- 423 . Jump up ^ Galloway , C.E. , John Debo The First Transcontinental Railroad . New York : Simmons - Boardman , ( 1950 ) . Ch. 7 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. `` CPRR Summit Tunnel ( # 6 ) , Tunnels # 7 & # 8 , Snowsheds , `` Chinese '' Walls , Donner Trail , and Dutch Flat Donner - Lake Wagon Road at Donner Pass '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Period construction images of snowsheds at Cisco and Donner Summit '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` People & Events : Thomas Clark Durant ( 1820 -- 1885 ) '' . American Experience : Transcontinental Railroad . PBS . 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` See the `` Lost '' Golden Spike at the Museum '' California State Railroad Museum . Jump up ^ Central Pacific snow sheds ( 10 ) accessed January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha '' . The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer . Wheeling , West Virginia . March 26 , 1872 . p. 1 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ United States National Park Service ( 2002 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Promontory After May 10 , 1869 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` People & Events : Oakes Ames ( 1804 -- 1873 ) -- American Experience Transcontinental Railroad '' . Jump up ^ Panic on Wall Street : A History of America 's Financial Disasters , p. 193 , Robert Sobel , Beard Books , 1999 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 893122 - 46 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pentrex , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Colored Steam Locomotives , '' SteamLocomotive.com ( http://www.steamlocomotive.com/colored/ ) Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Question : Engineering Drawings for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' CPRR Discussion Group ( http://discussion.cprr.net/2005/10/question-engineering-drawings-for.html ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike , '' National Park Service , Dept. of the Interior , Golden Spike National Historic Site , Brigham City , UT ( http://www.nps.gov/gosp/historyculture/upload/jupiter%202.pdf ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific 's 119 '' Golden Spike Pictures ( `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ Gest , Gerald M. , Promontory 's Locomotives , pp. 12 -- 43 , Golden West Books , San Marino , CA , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Jupiter and Union Pacific 119 at Promontory , UT , 6 - 8 - 09 '' . video . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 24 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Dowty , Robert R. , Rebirth of the Jupiter and the 119 : Building the Replica Locomotives at Golden Spike , pp. 5 -- 46 , Southwest Parks & Monuments Ass'n. , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Promontory Locomotive Project : Plans for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' DVD , Western National Parks Ass'n . Jump up ^ `` Eureka County , Yucca Mountain Existing Transportation Corridor Study '' . Eureka County -- Yucca Mountain Project . 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ William Butcher ( translation and introduction ) . Around the World in Eighty Days , Oxford Worlds Classics , 1995 , Introduction . Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike Ceremony '' . Jump up ^ `` Man wants Utah railroad moment to get the Lego treatment '' . Further reading ( edit ) External video Booknotes interview with David Haward Bain on Empire Express : Building the First Transcontinental Railroad , March 5 , 2000 , C - SPAN Allen , James B. ; Glen M. Leonard ( 1976 ) . The Story of the Latter - day Saints . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company . Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2000 ) . Nothing Like It In The World ; The men who built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863 -- 1869 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84609 - 8 . Bain , David Haward ( 1999 ) . Empire Express ; Building the first Transcontinental Railroad . Viking Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 80889 - X . Beebe , Lucius ( 1969 ) . The Central Pacific & The Southern Pacific Railroads : Centennial Edition . Howell - North . ISBN 0 - 8310 - 7034 - X . Cooper , Bruce C. , `` Riding the Transcontinental Rails : Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 -- 1881 '' ( 2005 ) , Polyglot Press , Philadelphia ISBN 1 - 4115 - 9993 - 4 Cooper , Bruce Clement ( Ed ) , `` The Classic Western American Railroad Routes '' . New York : Chartwell Books / Worth Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 8 ; BINC : 3099794 . Duran , Xavier , `` The First U.S. Transcontinental Railroad : Expected Profits and Government Intervention , '' Journal of Economic History , 73 ( March 2013 ) , 177 -- 200 . Lee , Willis T. ; Ralph W. Stone & Hoyt S. Gale ( 1916 ) . Guidebook of the Western United States , Part B . The Overland Route . USGS Bulletin 612 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . White , Richard . Railroaded : The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America ( 2010 ) Willumson , Glenn . Iron Muse : Photographing the Transcontinental Railroad ( University of California Press ; 2013 ) 242 pages ; studies the production , distribution , and publication of images of the railroad in the 19th and early 20th centuries . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Transcontinental Railroad . For maps and railroad pictures of this era shortly after the advent of photography see : Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum CPRR Railroad Map collection / museum 1871 CPRR & UPRR Overland Railroad Map `` Map of the Central Pacific Railroad and its Connections '' published in the California Mail Bag San Francisco News Letter and California Advertiser , Vol. 1 , No. 4 , Oct -- Nov. 1871 . accessed May 1 , 2013 . Union Pacific Railroad picture Museum Excursion to the 100th Meridian -- 1866 accessed March 1 , 2013 . The Pacific Tourist Williams , Henry T. ; published by Adams & Bishop , New York , 1881 ed . Gives insights to travel in the late 1880s on the transcontinental railroad . `` I Hear the Locomotives : The Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad '' Golden Spike National Historical Site in Utah Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Union Pacific Railroad History The Transcontinental Railroad Pacific Railway Act and related resources at the Library of Congress Chinese - American Contribution to transcontinental railroad Linda Hall Library 's Transcontinental Railroad educational site with free , full - text access to 19th century American railroad periodicals Maps Route map at the Library of Congress Map of Union Pacific Railroad with Dates Abandoned route of the transcontinental railroad in Utah ( with map ) Rail transport in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands List of United States railroads by political division Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico Railroads in Omaha Depots 34th Street Station Amtrak Station Burlington Station Florence Depot Gibson Station Omaha Quartermaster Depot Ralston Station Union Station Webster Street Station Major carriers Union Pacific Burlington North Western Missouri Pacific Rock Island Milwaukee Illinois Central Great Western Wabash Minor carriers Brandon Railroad Amtrak Omaha Traction Company Omaha Belt Line Omaha Zoo Railroad Omaha Road Omaha and Republican Valley Railway South Omaha Terminal Railway Omaha Southern Railway Chicago Great Western Railway Omaha , Lincoln and Beatrice Railway Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Facilities First Transcontinental Railroad Original Union Pacific Headquarters Union Pacific Center Union Pacific Harriman Dispatch Center Union Pacific Shops Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District Kenefick Park Burlington Headquarters Building Public transportation Omaha and Council Bluffs Street Railway Omaha and Southern Interurban Railway Omaha Cable Tramway Omaha Horse Railway Omaha Traction Company Bridges Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge East Omaha Bridge O Street Viaduct Manufacturing McKeen Motor Car Company Nebraska Rail Car Related templates Transportation Boulevards Bridges Streetcars Streets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Transcontinental_Railroad&oldid=843637864 '' Categories : First Transcontinental Railroad History of rail transportation in the United States Railway lines in the United States Southern Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad American Old West History of United States expansionism History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Rail lines receiving land grants Rail transportation in California Rail transportation in Nevada Railway lines in Omaha , Nebraska Rail transportation in Utah 1869 in the United States 1860s in California Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 13 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the central pacific begin building the transcontinental railroad | [
"The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865. They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War. Their start point in the new city of Omaha, Nebraska was not yet connected via railroad to Council Bluffs, Iowa. Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the Missouri River. The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased.[citation needed]"
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"Omaha, Nebraska"
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7824081783264571701 | Paul McCartney | Paul McCartney - wikipedia Paul McCartney `` McCartney '' redirects here . For other uses , see McCartney ( disambiguation ) . Sir Paul McCartney CH MBE McCartney in 2014 James Paul McCartney ( 1942 - 06 - 18 ) 18 June 1942 ( age 76 ) Liverpool , England , United Kingdom Nationality British Occupation Singer - songwriter music and film producer businessman Years active 1957 -- present Spouse ( s ) Linda Eastman ( m . 1969 ; d . 1998 ) Heather Mills ( m . 2002 ; div. 2008 ) Nancy Shevell ( m . 2011 ) Children 5 , including Heather , Mary , Stella , James Parent ( s ) Jim and Mary McCartney Relatives Mike McGear ( brother ) Musical career Genres Rock pop classical electronic Instruments Vocals bass guitar guitar keyboards Labels Apple Capitol Columbia Decca Hear Music Parlophone Polydor Swan Vee - Jay Associated acts The Quarrymen The Beatles Wings The Fireman Michael Jackson Stevie Wonder Kanye West Paul McCartney 's voice from the BBC programme Front Row , 26 December 2012 . Website paulmccartney.com Sir James Paul McCartney CH MBE ( born 18 June 1942 ) is an English singer - songwriter , multi-instrumentalist , and composer . He gained worldwide fame as the bass guitarist and singer for the rock band the Beatles , widely considered the most popular and influential group in the history of pop music . His songwriting partnership with John Lennon was the most successful of the post-war era . After the group disbanded in 1970 , he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife , Linda , and Denny Laine . McCartney is one of the most successful composers and performers of all time . More than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song `` Yesterday '' , making it one of the most covered songs in popular music history . Wings ' 1977 release `` Mull of Kintyre '' is one of the all - time best - selling singles in the UK . A two - time inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( as a member of the Beatles in 1988 , and as a solo artist in 1999 ) , and an 18 - time Grammy Award winner , McCartney has written , or co-written , 32 songs that have reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , and as of 2009 he had 25.5 million RIAA - certified units in the United States . McCartney , Lennon , George Harrison and Ringo Starr all received appointment as Members of the Order of the British Empire in 1965 and , in 1997 , McCartney was knighted for services to music . McCartney is also one of the wealthiest musicians in the world , with an estimated net worth of US $1.2 billion . McCartney has released an extensive catalogue of songs as a solo artist and has composed classical and electronic music . He has taken part in projects to promote international charities related to such subjects as animal rights , seal hunting , land mines , vegetarianism , poverty , and music education . He has married three times and is the father of five children . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1957 -- 1960 : The Quarrymen 2.2 1960 -- 1970 : The Beatles 2.3 1970 -- 1981 : Wings 2.4 1982 -- 1990 2.5 1991 -- 1999 2.6 2000 -- 2009 2.7 2010 -- present 3 Musicianship 3.1 Bass guitar 3.2 Acoustic guitar 3.3 Electric guitar 3.4 Vocals 3.5 Keyboards 3.6 Drums 3.7 Tape loops 3.8 Early influences 4 Lifestyle 4.1 Creative outlets 4.2 Business 4.3 Drugs 4.4 Vegetarianism and activism 4.5 Meditation 4.6 Football 5 Personal relationships 5.1 Girlfriends 5.1. 1 Dot Rhone 5.1. 2 Jane Asher 5.2 Wives 5.2. 1 Linda Eastman 5.2. 2 Heather Mills 5.2. 3 Nancy Shevell 5.3 Beatles 5.3. 1 John Lennon 5.3. 1.1 Reaction to Lennon 's murder 5.3. 2 George Harrison 5.3. 3 Ringo Starr 6 Legacy 6.1 Achievements 6.2 Awards and honours 7 Discography 8 Filmography 8.1 Film 8.2 Television 9 Tours 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Citations 13 Sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Early Life See also : Jim and Mary McCartney McCartney 's home at 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton . The McCartney family moved into this residence in 1955 . James Paul McCartney was born on 18 June 1942 in Walton Hospital , Liverpool , England , where his mother , Mary Patricia ( née Mohin ) , had qualified to practice as a nurse . His father , James ( `` Jim '' ) McCartney , was absent from his son 's birth due to his work as a volunteer firefighter during World War II . McCartney has one younger brother named Michael and a stepsister , Ruth . The children were baptised in their mother 's Catholic faith , even though their father was a former Protestant turned agnostic . Religion was not emphasised in the household . McCartney attended Stockton Wood Road Primary School in Speke from 1947 until 1949 , when he transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School in Belle Vale because of overcrowding at Stockton . In 1953 , with only three others out of ninety examinees , he passed the 11 - Plus exam , meaning he could attend the Liverpool Institute , a grammar school rather than a secondary modern school . In 1954 , he met schoolmate George Harrison on the bus from his suburban home in Speke . The two quickly became friends ; McCartney later admitted : `` I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger . '' The type of people that I came from , I never saw better ! ... I mean , the Presidents , the Prime Minister , I never met anyone half as nice as some of the people I know from Liverpool who are nothing , who do nothing . They 're not important or famous . But they are smart , like my dad was smart . I mean , people who can just cut through problems like a hot knife through butter . The kind of people you need in life . Salt of the earth . -- Paul McCartney , Playboy interview , 1984 McCartney 's mother , Mary , was a midwife and the family 's primary wage earner ; her earnings enabled them to move into 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton , where they lived until 1964 . She rode a bicycle to her patients ; McCartney described an early memory of her leaving at `` about three in the morning ( the ) streets ... thick with snow '' . On 31 October 1956 , when McCartney was fourteen , his mother died of an embolism . McCartney 's loss later became a point of connection with John Lennon , whose mother , Julia , had died when he was seventeen . McCartney 's father was a trumpet player and pianist , who had led Jim Mac 's Jazz Band in the 1920s . He kept an upright piano in the front room , encouraged his sons to be musical and advised Paul to take piano lessons , but Paul preferred to learn by ear . At age 11 , he encouraged Paul to audition for the Liverpool Cathedral choir but he was not accepted . Paul then joined the choir at St Barnabas ' Church , Mossley Hill . He gave Paul a nickel - plated trumpet for his fourteenth birthday , but when rock and roll became popular on Radio Luxembourg , McCartney traded it for a £ 15 Framus Zenith ( model 17 ) acoustic guitar , since he wanted to be able to sing while playing . He found it difficult to play guitar right - handed , but after noticing a poster advertising a Slim Whitman concert and realising that Whitman played left - handed , he reversed the order of the strings . McCartney wrote his first song , `` I Lost My Little Girl '' , on the Zenith , and composed another early tune that would become `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' on the piano . American rhythm and blues influenced him , and Little Richard was his schoolboy idol ; `` Long Tall Sally '' was the first song McCartney performed in public , at a Butlin 's Filey holiday camp talent competition . Career 1957 -- 1960 : the Quarrymen Main article : The Quarrymen At the age of fifteen on 6 July 1957 , McCartney met John Lennon and his band , the Quarrymen , at the St Peter 's Church Hall fête in Woolton . The Quarrymen played a mix of rock and roll and skiffle , a type of popular music with jazz , blues and folk influences . Soon afterwards , the members of the band invited McCartney to join as a rhythm guitarist , and he formed a close working relationship with Lennon . Harrison joined in 1958 as lead guitarist , followed by Lennon 's art school friend Stuart Sutcliffe on bass , in 1960 . By May 1960 the band had tried several names , including Johnny and the Moondogs , Beatals and the Silver Beetles . They adopted the name the Beatles in August 1960 and recruited drummer Pete Best shortly before a five - engagement residency in Hamburg . 1960 -- 1970 : the Beatles Main article : The Beatles Lennon , McCartney , Harrison and Starr arrive at Kennedy International Airport to screaming fans , February 1964 . The Beatles were informally represented by Allan Williams ; in 1960 , the group booked its first performance at a residency in Hamburg . In 1961 , Sutcliffe left the band and McCartney reluctantly became their bass player . While in Hamburg , they recorded professionally for the first time and were credited as the Beat Brothers , who were the backing band for English singer Tony Sheridan on the single `` My Bonnie '' . This resulted in attention from Brian Epstein , who was a key figure in their subsequent development and success . He became their manager in January 1962 . Ringo Starr replaced Best in August , and the band had their first hit , `` Love Me Do '' , in October , becoming popular in the UK in 1963 , and in the US a year later . The fan hysteria became known as `` Beatlemania '' , and the press sometimes referred to McCartney as the `` cute Beatle '' . In August 1965 , the Beatles released the McCartney composition `` Yesterday '' , featuring a string quartet . Included on the Help ! LP , the song was the group 's first recorded use of classical music elements and their first recording that involved only a single band member . `` Yesterday '' became one of the most covered songs in popular music history . Later that year , during recording sessions for the album Rubber Soul , McCartney began to supplant Lennon as the dominant musical force in the band . Musicologist Ian MacDonald wrote , `` from ( 1965 ) ... ( McCartney ) would be in the ascendant not only as a songwriter , but also as instrumentalist , arranger , producer , and de facto musical director of the Beatles . '' Critics described Rubber Soul as a significant advance in the refinement and profundity of the band 's music and lyrics . Considered a high point in the Beatles catalogue , both Lennon and McCartney said they had written the music for the song `` In My Life '' . McCartney said of the album , `` we 'd had our cute period , and now it was time to expand . '' Recording engineer Norman Smith stated that the Rubber Soul sessions exposed indications of increasing contention within the band : `` the clash between John and Paul was becoming obvious ... ( and ) as far as Paul was concerned , George ( Harrison ) could do no right -- Paul was absolutely finicky . '' In 1966 , the Beatles released the album Revolver . Featuring sophisticated lyrics , studio experimentation , and an expanded repertoire of musical genres ranging from innovative string arrangements to psychedelic rock , the album marked an artistic leap for the Beatles . The first of three consecutive McCartney A-sides , the single `` Paperback Writer '' preceded the LP 's release . The Beatles produced a short promotional film for the song , and another for its B - side , `` Rain '' . The films , described by Harrison as `` the forerunner of videos '' , aired on The Ed Sullivan Show and Top of the Pops in June 1966 . Revolver also included McCartney 's `` Eleanor Rigby '' , which featured a string octet . According to Gould , the song is `` a neoclassical tour de force ... a true hybrid , conforming to no recognizable style or genre of song '' . Except for some backing vocals , the song included only McCartney 's lead vocal and the strings arranged by producer George Martin . Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , `` the most famous cover of any music album '' , wrote Beatles biographer Bill Harry . The band gave their final commercial concert at the end of their 1966 US tour . Later that year , McCartney completed his first musical project apart from the group -- a film score for the UK production The Family Way . The score was a collaboration with Martin , who used two McCartney themes to write thirteen variations . The soundtrack failed to chart , but it won McCartney an Ivor Novello Award for Best Instrumental Theme . Upon the end of the Beatles ' performing career , McCartney sensed unease in the band and wanted them to maintain creative productivity . He pressed them to start a new project , which became Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , widely regarded as rock 's first concept album . McCartney was inspired to create a new persona for the group , to serve as a vehicle for experimentation and to demonstrate to their fans that they had musically matured . He invented the fictional band of the album 's title track . As McCartney explained , `` We were fed up with being the Beatles . We really hated that fucking four little mop - top approach . We were not boys we were men ... and ( we ) thought of ourselves as artists rather than just performers . '' Starting in November 1966 , the band adopted an experimental attitude during recording sessions for the album . According to engineer Geoff Emerick , `` the Beatles were looking to go out on a limb , both musically and sonically ... we were utilising a lot of tape varispeeding and other manipulation techniques ... limiters and ... effects like flanging and ADT . '' Their recording of `` A Day in the Life '' required a forty - piece orchestra , which Martin and McCartney took turns conducting . The sessions produced the double A-side single `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' / `` Penny Lane '' in February 1967 , and the LP followed in June . McCartney 's `` She 's Leaving Home '' was an orchestral pop song . MacDonald described the track as `` ( among ) the finest work on Sgt . Pepper -- imperishable popular art of its time '' . Based on an ink drawing by McCartney , the LP 's cover included a collage designed by pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth , featuring the Beatles in costume as the Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , standing with a host of celebrities . The heavy moustaches worn by the Beatles reflected the growing influence of hippie style trends on the band , while their clothing `` spoofed the vogue in Britain for military fashions '' , wrote Gould . Scholar David Scott Kastan described Sgt . Pepper as `` the most important and influential rock - and - roll album ever recorded '' . After Brian died ... Paul took over and supposedly led us you know ... we went round in circles ... We broke up then . That was the disintegration . I thought , ' we 've fuckin ' had it . ' -- John Lennon , Rolling Stone magazine , 1970 Epstein 's death at age 32 in August 1967 created a void , which left the Beatles perplexed and concerned about their future . McCartney stepped in to fill that void and gradually became the de facto leader and business manager of the group that Lennon had once led . In his first creative suggestion after this change of leadership , McCartney proposed that the band move forward on their plans to produce a film for television , which was to become Magical Mystery Tour . According to Beatles ' historian Mark Lewisohn , the project was `` an administrative nightmare throughout '' . McCartney largely directed the film , which brought the group their first unfavourable critical response . However , the film 's soundtrack was more successful . It was released in the UK as a six - track double extended play disc ( EP ) , and as an identically titled LP in the US , filled out with five songs from the band 's recent singles . The only Capitol compilation later included in the group 's official canon of studio albums , the Magical Mystery Tour LP achieved $8 million in sales within three weeks of its release , higher initial sales than any other Capitol LP up to that point . The Beatles ' animated film Yellow Submarine , loosely based on the imaginary world evoked by McCartney 's 1966 composition , premiered in July 1968 . Though critics admired the film for its visual style , humour and music , the soundtrack album issued six months later received a less enthusiastic response . By late 1968 , relations within the band were deteriorating . The tension grew during the recording of their self - titled double album , also known as the `` White Album '' . Matters worsened the following year during the Let It Be sessions , when a camera crew filmed McCartney lecturing the group : `` We 've been very negative since Mr. Epstein passed away ... we were always fighting ( his ) discipline a bit , but it 's silly to fight that discipline if it 's our own '' . In March 1969 , McCartney married his first wife , Linda Eastman , and in August , the couple had their first child , Mary , named after his late mother . Abbey Road was the band 's last recorded album , and Martin suggested `` a continuously moving piece of music '' , urging the group to think symphonically . McCartney agreed , but Lennon did not . They eventually compromised , agreeing to McCartney 's suggestion : an LP featuring individual songs on side one , and a long medley on side two . In October 1969 , a rumour surfaced that McCartney had died in a car crash in 1966 and been replaced by a lookalike , but this was quickly refuted when a November Life magazine cover featured him and his family , accompanied by the caption `` Paul is still with us '' . McCartney was in the midst of business disagreements with his bandmates when he announced his departure from the group on 10 April 1970 . He filed a suit for the band 's formal dissolution on 31 December 1970 . More legal disputes followed as McCartney 's attorneys -- his in - laws John and Lee Eastman -- fought the three remaining Beatles ' business manager , Allen Klein , over royalties and creative control . An English court legally dissolved the Beatles on 9 January 1975 , though sporadic lawsuits against their record company EMI , Klein , and each other persisted until 1989 . McCartney was depressed after the group disbanded . His wife helped him pull out of that condition by praising his work as a songwriter and convincing him to continue writing and recording . In her honour , he wrote `` Maybe I 'm Amazed '' , explaining that with the Beatles breaking up , `` that was my feeling : Maybe I 'm amazed at what 's going on ... Maybe I 'm a man and maybe you 're the only woman who could ever help me ; Baby wo n't you help me understand ... Maybe I 'm amazed at the way you pulled me out of time , hung me on the line , Maybe I 'm amazed at the way I really need you . '' He added that `` every love song I write is for Linda . '' 1970 -- 1981 : Wings Main article : Wings ( band ) I did n't really want to keep going as a solo artist ... so it became obvious that I had to get a band together ... Linda and I talked it through and it was like , ' Yeah , but let 's not put together a supergroup , let 's go back to square one . ' -- McCartney After the Beatles broke up in 1970 , McCartney continued his musical career with his first solo release , McCartney , a US number - one album . Apart from some vocal contributions from Linda , McCartney is a one - man album , with McCartney providing compositions , instrumentation and vocals . In 1971 , he collaborated with Linda and drummer Denny Seiwell on a second album , Ram . A UK number one and a US top five , Ram included the co-written US number - one hit single `` Uncle Albert / Admiral Halsey '' . Later that year , ex-Moody Blues guitarist Denny Laine joined the McCartneys and Seiwell to form the band Wings . McCartney had this to say on the group 's formation : `` Wings were always a difficult idea ... any group having to follow ( the Beatles ' ) success would have a hard job ... I found myself in that very position . However , it was a choice between going on or finishing , and I loved music too much to think of stopping . '' In September 1971 , the McCartneys ' daughter Stella was born , named in honour of Linda 's grandmothers , both of whom were named Stella . Following the addition of guitarist Henry McCullough , Wings ' first concert tour began in 1972 with a debut performance in front of an audience of seven hundred at the University of Nottingham . Ten more gigs followed as they travelled across the UK in a van during an unannounced tour of universities , during which the band stayed in modest accommodation and received pay in coinage collected from students , while avoiding Beatles songs during their performances . McCartney later said , `` The main thing I did n't want was to come on stage , faced with the whole torment of five rows of press people with little pads , all looking at me and saying , ' Oh well , he is not as good as he was . ' So we decided to go out on that university tour which made me less nervous ... by the end of that tour I felt ready for something else , so we went into Europe . '' During the seven - week , 25 - show Wings Over Europe Tour , the band played almost solely Wings and McCartney solo material : the Little Richard cover `` Long Tall Sally '' was the only song that had previously been recorded by the Beatles . McCartney wanted the tour to avoid large venues ; most of the small halls they played had capacities of fewer than 3,000 people . In March 1973 , Wings achieved their first US number - one single , `` My Love '' , included on their second LP , Red Rose Speedway , a US number one and UK top five . McCartney 's collaboration with Linda and former Beatles producer Martin resulted in the song `` Live and Let Die '' , which was the theme song for the James Bond film of the same name . Nominated for an Academy Award , the song reached number two in the US and number nine in the UK . It also earned Martin a Grammy for his orchestral arrangement . Music professor and author Vincent Benitez described the track as `` symphonic rock at its best '' . After the departure of McCullough and Seiwell in 1973 , the McCartneys and Laine recorded Band on the Run . The album was the first of seven platinum Wings LPs . It was a US and UK number one , the band 's first to top the charts in both countries and the first ever to reach Billboard magazine 's charts on three separate occasions . One of the best - selling releases of the decade , it remained on the UK charts for 124 weeks . Rolling Stone named it one of the Best Albums of the Year for 1973 , and in 1975 Paul McCartney and Wings won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance for the song `` Band on the Run '' and Geoff Emerick won the Grammy for Best Engineered Recording for the album . In 1974 , Wings achieved a second US number - one single with the title track . The album also included the top - ten hits `` Jet '' and `` Helen Wheels '' , and earned the 413th spot on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . Wings followed Band on the Run with the chart - topping albums Venus and Mars ( 1975 ) and Wings at the Speed of Sound ( 1976 ) . In 1975 , they began the fourteen - month Wings Over the World Tour , which included stops in the UK , Australia , Europe and the US . The tour marked the first time McCartney performed Beatles songs live with Wings , with five in the two - hour set list : `` I 've Just Seen a Face '' , `` Yesterday '' , `` Blackbird '' , `` Lady Madonna '' and `` The Long and Winding Road '' . Following the second European leg of the tour and extensive rehearsals in London , the group undertook an ambitious US arena tour that yielded the US number - one live triple LP Wings over America . In September 1977 , the McCartneys had a third child , a son they named James . In November , the Wings song `` Mull of Kintyre '' , co-written with Laine , was quickly becoming one of the best - selling singles in UK chart history . The most successful single of McCartney 's solo career , it achieved double the sales of the previous record holder , `` She Loves You '' , and went on to sell 2.5 million copies and hold the UK sales record until the 1984 charity single , `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' London Town ( 1978 ) spawned a US number - one single ( `` With a Little Luck '' ) , and was Wings ' best - selling LP since Band on the Run , making the top five in both the US and the UK . Critical reception was unfavourable , and McCartney expressed disappointment with the album . Back to the Egg ( 1979 ) featured McCartney 's collaboration with a rock supergroup dubbed `` the Rockestra '' . Credited to Wings , the band included Pete Townshend , David Gilmour , Gary Brooker , John Paul Jones and John Bonham . Though certified platinum , critics panned the album . Wings completed their final concert tour in 1979 , with twenty shows in the UK that included the live debut of the Beatles songs `` Got to Get You into My Life '' , `` The Fool on the Hill '' and `` Let it Be '' . McCartney being interviewed at Amsterdam 's Schiphol Airport , January 1980 In 1980 , McCartney released his second solo LP , the self - produced McCartney II , which peaked at number one in the UK and number three in the US . As with his first album , he composed and performed it alone . The album contained the song `` Coming Up '' , the live version of which , recorded in Glasgow , Scotland , in 1979 by Wings , became the group 's last number - one hit . By 1981 , McCartney felt he had accomplished all he could creatively with Wings and decided he needed a change . The group disbanded in April 1981 after Laine quit following disagreements over royalties and salaries . 1982 -- 1990 In 1982 , McCartney collaborated with Stevie Wonder on the Martin - produced number - one hit `` Ebony and Ivory '' , included on McCartney 's Tug of War LP , and with Michael Jackson on `` The Girl Is Mine '' from Thriller . `` Ebony and Ivory '' was McCartney 's record 28th single to hit number one on the Billboard 100 . The following year , he and Jackson worked on `` Say Say Say '' , McCartney 's most recent US number one as of 2014 . McCartney earned his latest UK number one as of 2014 with the title track of his LP release that year , `` Pipes of Peace '' . In 1984 , McCartney starred in the musical Give My Regards to Broad Street , a feature film he also wrote and produced which included Starr in an acting role . Disparaged by critics , Variety described the film as `` characterless , bloodless , and pointless '' . Roger Ebert awarded it a single star and wrote , `` you can safely skip the movie and proceed directly to the soundtrack '' . The album fared much better , reaching number one in the UK and producing the US top - ten hit single `` No More Lonely Nights '' , featuring David Gilmour on lead guitar . In 1985 , Warner Brothers commissioned McCartney to write a song for the comedic feature film Spies Like Us . He composed and recorded the track in four days , with Phil Ramone co-producing . McCartney participated in Live Aid , performing `` Let it Be '' , but technical difficulties rendered his vocals and piano barely audible for the first two verses , punctuated by squeals of feedback . Equipment technicians resolved the problems and David Bowie , Alison Moyet , Pete Townshend and Bob Geldof joined McCartney on stage , receiving an enthusiastic crowd reaction . McCartney collaborated with Eric Stewart on Press to Play ( 1986 ) , with Stewart co-writing more than half the songs on the LP . In 1988 , McCartney released Снова в СССР , initially available only in the Soviet Union , which contained eighteen covers ; recorded over the course of two days . In 1989 , he joined forces with fellow Merseysiders Gerry Marsden and Holly Johnson to record an updated version of `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' , for the Hillsborough disaster appeal fund . That same year , he released Flowers in the Dirt ; a collaborative effort with Elvis Costello that included musical contributions from Gilmour and Nicky Hopkins . McCartney then formed a band consisting of himself and Linda , with Hamish Stuart and Robbie McIntosh on guitars , Paul `` Wix '' Wickens on keyboards and Chris Whitten on drums . In September 1989 , they launched the Paul McCartney World Tour , his first in over a decade . During the tour , McCartney performed for the largest paying stadium audience in history on 21 April 1990 , when 184,000 people attended his concert at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . That year , he released the triple album Tripping the Live Fantastic , which contained selected performances from the tour . 1991 -- 1999 McCartney ventured into orchestral music in 1991 , when the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society commissioned a musical piece by him to celebrate its sesquicentennial . He collaborated with composer Carl Davis , producing Liverpool Oratorio . The performance featured opera singers Kiri Te Kanawa , Sally Burgess , Jerry Hadley and Willard White , with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra and the choir of Liverpool Cathedral . Reviews were negative . The Guardian was especially critical , describing the music as `` afraid of anything approaching a fast tempo '' , and adding that the piece has `` little awareness of the need for recurrent ideas that will bind the work into a whole '' . The paper published a letter McCartney submitted in response in which he noted several of the work 's faster tempos and added , `` happily , history shows that many good pieces of music were not liked by the critics of the time so I am content to ... let people judge for themselves the merits of the work . '' The New York Times was slightly more generous , stating , `` There are moments of beauty and pleasure in this dramatic miscellany ... the music 's innocent sincerity makes it difficult to be put off by its ambitions '' . Performed around the world after its London premiere , the Liverpool Oratorio reached number one on the UK classical chart , Music Week . In 1991 , McCartney performed a selection of acoustic - only songs on MTV Unplugged and released a live album of the performance titled Unplugged ( The Official Bootleg ) . During the 1990s , McCartney collaborated twice with Youth of Killing Joke as the musical duo `` the Fireman '' . The two released their first electronica album together , Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest , in 1993 . McCartney released the rock album Off the Ground in 1993 . The subsequent New World Tour followed , which led to the release of the Paul Is Live album later that year . Starting in 1994 , McCartney took a four - year break from his solo career to work on Apple 's Beatles Anthology project with Harrison , Starr and Martin . He recorded a radio series called Oobu Joobu in 1995 for the American network Westwood One , which he described as `` widescreen radio '' . Also in 1995 , Prince Charles presented him with an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Music -- `` kind of amazing for somebody who does n't read a note of music '' , commented McCartney . In 1997 , McCartney released the rock album Flaming Pie . Starr appeared on drums and backing vocals in `` Beautiful Night '' . Later that year , he released the classical work Standing Stone , which topped the UK and US classical charts . In 1998 , he released Rushes , the second electronica album by the Fireman . In 1999 , McCartney released Run Devil Run . Recorded in one week , and featuring Ian Paice and David Gilmour , it was primarily an album of covers with three McCartney originals . He had been planning such an album for years , having been previously encouraged to do so by Linda , who had died of cancer in April 1998 . McCartney did an unannounced performance at the benefit tribute , `` Concert for Linda , '' his wife of 29 years who died a year earlier . It was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 10 April 1999 , and was organised by two of her close friends , Chrissie Hynde and Carla Lane . Also during 1999 , he continued his experimentation with orchestral music on Working Classical . 2000 -- 2009 In 2000 , he released the electronica album Liverpool Sound Collage with Super Furry Animals and Youth , using the sound collage and musique concrète techniques that had fascinated him in the mid-1960s . He contributed the song `` Nova '' to a tribute album of classical , choral music called A Garland for Linda ( 2000 ) , dedicated to his late wife . Having witnessed the 11 September 2001 attacks from the JFK airport tarmac , McCartney was inspired to take a leading role in organising the Concert for New York City . His studio album release in November that year , Driving Rain , included the song `` Freedom '' , written in response to the attacks . The following year , McCartney went out on tour with a band that included guitarists Rusty Anderson and Brian Ray , accompanied by Paul `` Wix '' Wickens on keyboards and Abe Laboriel , Jr. on drums . They began the Driving World Tour in April 2002 , which included stops in the US , Mexico and Japan . The tour resulted in the double live album Back in the US , released internationally in 2003 as Back in the World . The tour earned a reported $126.2 million , an average of over $2 million per night , and Billboard named it the top tour of the year . The group continues to play together ; McCartney has played live with Brian Ray , Rusty Anderson , Abe Laboriel Jr. and Wix Wickens longer than he played live with the Beatles . Coat of arms of Paul McCartney . In July 2002 , McCartney married Heather Mills . In November , on the first anniversary of George Harrison 's death , McCartney performed at the Concert for George . He participated in the National Football League 's Super Bowl , performing `` Freedom '' during the pre-game show for Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002 and headlining the halftime show at Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005 . The English College of Arms honoured McCartney in 2002 by granting him a coat of arms . His crest , featuring a Liver bird holding an acoustic guitar in its claw , reflects his background in Liverpool and his musical career . The shield includes four curved emblems which resemble beetles ' backs . The arms ' motto is Ecce Cor Meum , Latin for `` Behold My Heart '' . In 2003 , the McCartneys had a child , Beatrice Milly . Starr and McCartney promoting The Beatles : Rock Band in 2009 In July 2005 , he performed at the Live 8 event in Hyde Park , London , opening the show with `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' ( with U2 ) and closing it with `` Drive My Car '' ( with George Michael ) , `` Helter Skelter '' , and `` The Long and Winding Road '' . In September , he released the rock album Chaos and Creation in the Backyard , for which he provided most of the instrumentation . In 2006 , McCartney released the classical work Ecce Cor Meum . The rock album Memory Almost Full followed in 2007 . In 2008 , he released his third Fireman album , Electric Arguments . Also in 2008 , he performed at a concert in Liverpool to celebrate the city 's year as European Capital of Culture . In 2009 , after a four - year break , he returned to touring and has since performed over 80 shows . More than forty - five years after the Beatles first appeared on American television during The Ed Sullivan Show , he returned to the same New York theatre to perform on Late Show with David Letterman . On 9 September 2009 , EMI reissued the Beatles catalogue following a four - year digital remastering effort , releasing a music video game called The Beatles : Rock Band the same day . McCartney 's enduring fame has made him a popular choice to open new venues . In 2009 , he played to three sold - out concerts at the newly built Citi Field -- a venue constructed to replace Shea Stadium in Queens , New York . These performances yielded the double live album Good Evening New York City later that year . 2010 -- present Paul McCartney live in Dublin , 2010 In 2010 , McCartney opened the Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . In July 2011 , McCartney performed at two sold - out concerts at the new Yankee Stadium . A New York Times review of the first concert reported that McCartney was `` not saying goodbye but touring stadiums and playing marathon concerts . '' McCartney was commissioned by the New York City Ballet , and In September 2011 he released his first score for dance , a collaboration with Peter Martins called Ocean 's Kingdom . Also in 2011 , McCartney married Nancy Shevell . He released Kisses on the Bottom , a collection of standards , in February 2012 ; that same month the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences honoured him as the MusiCares Person of the Year , two days prior to his performance at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards . McCartney remains one of the world 's top draws . He played to over 100,000 people during two performances in Mexico City in May , with the shows grossing nearly $6 million . In June 2012 , McCartney closed Queen Elizabeth 's Diamond Jubilee Concert held outside Buckingham Palace , performing a set that included `` Let It Be '' and `` Live and Let Die '' . He closed the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London on 27 July , singing `` The End '' and `` Hey Jude '' and inviting the audience to join in on the coda . Having donated his time , he received £ 1 from the Olympic organisers . Paul McCartney performs live in Montevideo , Uruguay , April 2012 On 12 December , McCartney performed with three former members of Nirvana ( Krist Novoselic , Dave Grohl , and Pat Smear ) during the closing act of 12 - 12 - 12 : The Concert for Sandy Relief , seen by approximately two billion people worldwide . On 28 August 2013 , McCartney released the title track of his upcoming studio album New , which came out in October 2013 . A primetime entertainment special was taped 27 January 2014 at the Ed Sullivan Theater with a 9 February 2014 CBS airing . The show featured Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr , and celebrated the legacy of the seven - time Grammy - winning group the Beatles and their groundbreaking 1964 first performance on The Ed Sullivan Show . The show , titled The Night That Changed America : A Grammy Salute to The Beatles , featured 22 classic Beatles songs as performed by various artists , which included original Beatles McCartney and Starr . On 19 May 2014 , the news reported that McCartney had been bedridden on doctor 's orders due to an unspecified virus , which forced him to cancel a sold - out concert tour of Japan that was scheduled to begin later in the week . The tour would have included a stop at the famed Budokan Hall . McCartney also had to push his June US dates to October , as part of his doctor 's order to take it easy to make a full recovery . However , he resumed the tour with a high - energy three hour appearance in Albany , New York , on 5 July 2014 . On 14 August 2014 , McCartney performed the final concert at Candlestick Park in San Francisco , California before its demolition . It was the same venue that the Beatles played their final concert in 1966 . In 2014 , McCartney wrote and performed `` Hope for the Future , '' the ending song for the video game Destiny . In November 2014 , a 42 - song tribute album titled The Art of McCartney was released , which features a wide range of artists covering McCartney 's solo and Beatles work . Also that year , McCartney collaborated with American recording artist Kanye West on the single `` Only One '' , released on 31 December . In January 2015 , McCartney collaborated with West and Barbadian singer Rihanna on the single `` FourFiveSeconds '' . They released a music video for the song in January and performed it live at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards on 8 February 2015 . McCartney is a featured guest on West 's 2015 single `` All Day '' , which also features Theophilus London and Allan Kingdom . On 15 February 2015 , McCartney appeared and performed with Paul Simon for the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special . McCartney and Simon performed the first verse of `` I 've Just Seen a Face '' on acoustic guitars , and McCartney later performed `` Maybe I 'm Amazed '' . McCartney shared lead vocals on the Alice Cooper - led Hollywood Vampires supergroup 's cover of his song `` Come and Get It '' which appears on their debut album , released 11 September 2015 . On 10 June 2016 , McCartney released the career - spanning collection Pure McCartney . The set includes songs from throughout McCartney 's solo career and his work with Wings and the Fireman , and is available in three different formats ( 2 - CD , 4 - CD , 4 - LP and Digital ) . The 4 - CD version includes 67 tracks , the majority of which were top 40 hits . McCartney appeared in the adventure film Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales , which was released in 2017 . In January 2017 , McCartney filed a suit in United States district court against Sony / ATV Music Publishing seeking to reclaim ownership of his share of the Lennon -- McCartney song catalogue beginning in 2018 . Under US copyright law , for works published before 1978 the author can reclaim copyrights assigned to a publisher after 56 years . McCartney and Sony agreed to a confidential settlement in June 2017 . On 20 June 2018 , McCartney released two songs , `` I Do n't Know '' and `` Come On to Me '' , from his album Egypt Station , which was released on 7 September through Capitol Records . Egypt Station became McCartney 's first album in 36 years to top the Billboard 200 , and his first to debut at number one . Musicianship McCartney was largely a self - taught musician , and his approach was described by musicologist Ian MacDonald as `` by nature drawn to music 's formal aspects yet wholly untutored ... ( he ) produced technically ' finished ' work almost entirely by instinct , his harmonic judgement based mainly on perfect pitch and an acute pair of ears ... ( A ) natural melodist -- a creator of tunes capable of existing apart from their harmony '' . McCartney commented , `` I prefer to think of my approach to music as ... rather like the primitive cave artists , who drew without training . '' Bass guitar McCartney 's skill as a bass player has been acknowledged by other bassists , including Sting , Dr. Dre bassist Mike Elizondo , and Colin Moulding of XTC . Best known for primarily using a plectrum or pick , McCartney occasionally plays fingerstyle . He does not use slapping techniques . He was strongly influenced by Motown artists , in particular James Jamerson , whom McCartney called a hero for his melodic style . He was also influenced by Brian Wilson , as he commented : `` because he went to very unusual places '' . Another favourite bassist of his is Stanley Clarke . Paul is one of the most innovative bass players ... half the stuff that 's going on now is directly ripped off from his Beatles period ... He 's an egomaniac about everything else , but his bass playing he 'd always been a bit coy about . -- Lennon , Playboy magazine , January 1981 During McCartney 's early years with the Beatles , he primarily used a Höfner 500 / 1 bass , although from 1965 , he favoured his Rickenbacker 4001 S for recording . While typically using Vox amplifiers , by 1967 he had also begun using a Fender Bassman for amplification . During the late 1980s and early 1990s , he used a Wal 5 - String , which he said made him play more thick - sounding basslines , in contrast to the much lighter Höfner , which inspired him to play more sensitively , something he considers fundamental to his playing style . He changed back to the Höfner around 1990 for that reason . He uses Mesa Boogie bass amplifiers while performing live . MacDonald identified `` She 's a Woman '' as the turning point when McCartney 's bass playing began to evolve dramatically , and Beatles biographer Chris Ingham singled out Rubber Soul as the moment when McCartney 's playing exhibited significant progress , particularly on `` The Word '' . Bacon and Morgan agreed , calling McCartney 's groove on the track `` a high point in pop bass playing and ... the first proof on a recording of his serious technical ability on the instrument . '' MacDonald inferred the influence of James Brown 's `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Bag '' and Wilson Pickett 's `` In the Midnight Hour '' , American soul tracks from which McCartney absorbed elements and drew inspiration as he `` delivered his most spontaneous bass - part to date '' . Bacon and Morgan described his bassline for the Beatles song `` Rain '' as `` an astonishing piece of playing ... ( McCartney ) thinking in terms of both rhythm and ' lead bass ' ... ( choosing ) the area of the neck ... he correctly perceives will give him clarity for melody without rendering his sound too thin for groove . '' MacDonald identified the influence of Indian classical music in `` exotic melismas in the bass part '' on `` Rain '' and described the playing as `` so inventive that it threatens to overwhelm the track '' . By contrast , he recognised McCartney 's bass part on the Harrison - composed `` Something '' as creative but overly busy and `` too fussily extemporised '' . McCartney identified Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band as containing his strongest and most inventive bass playing , particularly on `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' . Acoustic guitar If I could n't have any other instrument , I would have to have an acoustic guitar . -- McCartney , Guitar Player , July 1990 McCartney primarily flatpicks while playing acoustic guitar , though he also uses elements of fingerpicking . Examples of his acoustic guitar playing on Beatles tracks include `` Yesterday '' , `` I 'm Looking Through You '' , `` Michelle '' , `` Blackbird '' , `` I Will '' , `` Mother Nature 's Son '' and `` Rocky Raccoon '' . McCartney singled out `` Blackbird '' as a personal favourite and described his technique for the guitar part in the following way : `` I got my own little sort of cheating way of ( fingerpicking ) ... I 'm actually sort of pulling two strings at a time ... I was trying to emulate those folk players . '' He employed a similar technique for `` Jenny Wren '' . He played an Epiphone Texan on many of his acoustic recordings , but also used a Martin D - 28 . Electric guitar Linda was a big fan of my guitar playing , whereas I 've got my doubts . I think there are proper guitar players and then there are guys like me who love playing it . -- McCartney , Guitar Player , July 1990 McCartney playing a Gibson Les Paul in concert , 2009 McCartney played lead guitar on several Beatles recordings , including what MacDonald described as a `` fiercely angular slide guitar solo '' on `` Drive My Car '' , which McCartney played on an Epiphone Casino . McCartney said of the instrument , `` if I had to pick one electric guitar it would be this . '' He contributed what MacDonald described as `` a startling guitar solo '' on the Harrison composition `` Taxman '' and the `` shrieking '' guitar on `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' and `` Helter Skelter '' . MacDonald also praised McCartney 's `` coruscating pseudo-Indian '' guitar solo on `` Good Morning Good Morning '' . McCartney also played lead guitar on `` Another Girl '' . During his years with Wings , McCartney tended to leave electric guitar work to other group members , though he played most of the lead guitar on Band on the Run . In 1990 , when asked who his favourite guitar players were he included Eddie Van Halen , Eric Clapton and David Gilmour , stating , `` but I still like Hendrix the best '' . He has primarily used a Gibson Les Paul for electric work , particularly during live performances . Vocals Often renowned as one of the greatest singers in pop music , McCartney was ranked the 11th greatest singer of all time by Rolling Stone , voted the 8th greatest singer ever by NME readers and number 10 by Music Radar readers in the list of `` the 30 greatest lead singers of all time '' . He is known for his belting power , versatility and wide tenor vocal range , spanning over four octaves . Heavily influenced by Little Richard , McCartney 's vocals would cross several musical genres throughout his career . On `` Call Me Back Again '' , according to Benitez , `` McCartney shines as a bluesy solo vocalist '' while MacDonald called `` I 'm Down '' `` a rock - and - roll classic '' that `` illustrates McCartney 's vocal and stylistic versatility '' . MacDonald described `` Helter Skelter '' as an early attempt at heavy metal , and `` Hey Jude '' as a `` pop / rock hybrid '' , pointing out McCartney 's `` use of gospel - style melismas '' in the song and his `` pseudo-soul shrieking in the fade - out '' . Benitez identified `` Hope of Deliverance '' and `` Put It There '' as examples of McCartney 's folk music efforts while musicologist Walter Everett considered `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' and `` Honey Pie '' attempts at vaudeville . MacDonald praised the `` swinging beat '' of the Beatles ' twenty - four bar blues song , `` She 's a Woman '' as `` the most extreme sound they had manufactured to date '' , with McCartney 's voice `` at the edge , squeezed to the upper limit of his chest register and threatening to crack at any moment . '' MacDonald described `` I 've Got a Feeling '' as a `` raunchy , mid-tempo rocker '' with a `` robust and soulful '' vocal performance and `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' as `` the last of ( the Beatles ' ) up - tempo rockers '' , McCartney 's `` belting '' vocals among his best since `` Drive My Car '' , recorded three years earlier . McCartney also teasingly tried out classical singing , namely singing various renditions of `` Besame Mucho '' with the Beatles . He continued experimenting with various musical and vocal styles throughout his post-Beatles career . `` Monkberry Moon Delight '' was described by Pitchfork 's Jayson Greene as `` an absolutely unhinged vocal take , Paul gulping and sobbing right next to your inner ear '' , adding that `` it could be a latter - day Tom Waits performance '' . Over the years , McCartney has been named a significant vocal influence by a number of renowned artists , including Chris Cornell , Billy Joel , Steven Tyler , Brad Delp and Axl Rose . Keyboards Paul McCartney performing in the East Room of the White House , 2010 McCartney played piano on several Beatles songs , including `` She 's a Woman '' , `` For No One '' , `` A Day in the Life '' , `` Hello , Goodbye '' , `` Lady Madonna '' , `` Hey Jude '' , `` Martha My Dear '' , `` Let It Be '' and `` The Long and Winding Road '' . MacDonald considered the piano part in `` Lady Madonna '' as reminiscent of Fats Domino , and `` Let It Be '' as having a gospel rhythm . MacDonald called McCartney 's Mellotron intro on `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' an integral feature of the song 's character . McCartney played a Moog synthesizer on the Beatles song `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' and the Wings track `` Loup ( 1st Indian on the Moon ) '' . Ingham described the Wings songs `` With a Little Luck '' and `` London Town '' as being `` full of the most sensitive pop synthesizer touches '' . Drums McCartney played drums on the Beatles ' songs `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' , `` Dear Prudence '' , `` Martha My Dear '' , `` Wild Honey Pie '' and `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' . He also played all the drum parts on his first and second solo albums McCartney and McCartney II , as well as on the Wings album Band on the Run and most of the drums on his solo LP Chaos and Creation in the Backyard . McCartney also played drums on Paul Jones ' rendition of `` And the Sun Will Shine '' in 1968 . Using the pseudonym Paul Ramon , which he had first used during the Beatles first tour in Scotland in 1960 , McCartney played drums on Steve Miller Band 's 1969 tracks `` Celebration Song '' and `` My Dark Hour '' . Tape loops In the mid-1960s , when visiting artist friend John Dunbar 's flat in London , McCartney brought tapes he had compiled at then - girlfriend Jane Asher 's home . They included mixes of various songs , musical pieces and comments made by McCartney that Dick James made into a demo for him . Heavily influenced by American avant - garde musician John Cage , McCartney made tape loops by recording voices , guitars and bongos on a Brenell tape recorder and splicing the various loops . He referred to the finished product as `` electronic symphonies '' . He reversed the tapes , sped them up , and slowed them down to create the desired effects , some of which the Beatles later used on the songs `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' and `` The Fool on the Hill '' . Early influences The Messiah has arrived ! -- McCartney on Presley , The Beatles Anthology , 2000 McCartney 's earliest musical influences include Little Richard , Elvis Presley , Buddy Holly , Carl Perkins , and Chuck Berry . When asked why the Beatles did not include Presley on the Sgt . Pepper cover , McCartney replied , `` Elvis was too important and too far above the rest even to mention ... so we did n't put him on the list because he was more than merely a ... pop singer , he was Elvis the King . '' McCartney stated that for his bassline for `` I Saw Her Standing There '' , he directly quoted Berry 's `` I 'm Talking About You '' . McCartney called Little Richard an idol , whose falsetto vocalisations inspired McCartney 's own vocal technique . McCartney said he wrote `` I 'm Down '' as a vehicle for his Little Richard impersonation . In 1971 , McCartney bought the publishing rights to Holly 's catalogue , and in 1976 , on the fortieth anniversary of Holly 's birth , McCartney inaugurated the annual `` Buddy Holly Week '' in England . The festival has included guest performances by famous musicians , songwriting competitions , drawing contests and special events featuring performances by the Crickets . Lifestyle Creative outlets While at school during the 1950s , McCartney thrived at art assignments , often earning top accolades for his visual work . However , his lack of discipline negatively affected his academic grades , preventing him from earning admission to art college . During the 1960s , he delved into the visual arts , explored experimental cinema , and regularly attended film , theatrical and classical music performances . His first contact with the London avant - garde scene was through artist John Dunbar , who introduced McCartney to art dealer Robert Fraser . At Fraser 's flat he first learned about art appreciation and met Andy Warhol , Claes Oldenburg , Peter Blake , and Richard Hamilton . McCartney later purchased works by Magritte , using his painting of an apple for the Apple Records logo . McCartney became involved in the renovation and publicising of the Indica Gallery in Mason 's Yard , London , which Barry Miles had co-founded and where Lennon first met Yoko Ono . Miles also co-founded International Times , an underground paper that McCartney helped to start with direct financial support and by providing interviews to attract advertiser income . Miles later wrote McCartney 's official biography , Many Years From Now ( 1997 ) . McCartney became interested in painting after watching artist Willem de Kooning work in de Kooning 's Long Island studio . McCartney took up painting in 1983 , and he first exhibited his work in Siegen , Germany , in 1999 . The 70 - painting show featured portraits of Lennon , Andy Warhol and David Bowie . Though initially reluctant to display his paintings publicly , McCartney chose the gallery because events organiser Wolfgang Suttner showed genuine interest in McCartney 's art . In September 2000 , the first UK exhibition of McCartney 's paintings opened , featuring 500 canvases at the Arnolfini Gallery in Bristol , England . In October 2000 , McCartney 's art debuted in his hometown of Liverpool . McCartney said , `` I 've been offered an exhibition of my paintings at the Walker Art Gallery ... where John and I used to spend many a pleasant afternoon . So I 'm really excited about it . I did n't tell anybody I painted for 15 years but now I 'm out of the closet '' . McCartney is lead patron of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts , a school in the building formerly occupied by the Liverpool Institute for Boys . When McCartney was a child , his mother read him poems and encouraged him to read books . His father invited Paul and his brother Michael to solve crosswords with him , to increase their `` word power '' , as McCartney said . In 2001 , McCartney published Blackbird Singing , a volume of poems and lyrics to his songs for which he gave readings in Liverpool and New York City . In the foreword of the book , he explains : `` When I was a teenager ... I had an overwhelming desire to have a poem published in the school magazine . I wrote something deep and meaningful -- which was promptly rejected -- and I suppose I have been trying to get my own back ever since '' . His first children 's book was published by Faber & Faber in 2005 , High in the Clouds : An Urban Furry Tail , a collaboration with writer Philip Ardagh and animator Geoff Dunbar . Featuring a squirrel whose woodland home is razed by developers , it had been scripted and sketched by McCartney and Dunbar over several years , as an animated film . The Observer labelled it an `` anti-capitalist children 's book '' . I think there 's an urge in us to stop the terrible fleetingness of time . Music . Paintings ... Try and capture one bloody moment please . -- McCartney In 1981 , McCartney asked Geoff Dunbar to direct a short animated film called Rupert and the Frog Song ; McCartney was the writer and producer , and he also added some of the character voices . His song `` We All Stand Together '' from the film 's soundtrack reached No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart . In 1992 , he worked with Dunbar on an animated film about the work of French artist Honoré Daumier , which won them a BAFTA award . In 2004 , they worked together on the animated short film Tropic Island Hum . The accompanying single , `` Tropic Island Hum '' / `` We All Stand Together '' , reached number 21 in the UK . McCartney also produced and hosted The Real Buddy Holly Story , a 1985 documentary featuring interviews with Keith Richards , Phil and Don Everly , the Holly family , and others . In 1995 , he made a guest appearance on the Simpsons episode `` Lisa the Vegetarian '' and directed a short documentary about the Grateful Dead . Business Since the Rich List began in 1989 , McCartney has been the UK 's wealthiest musician , with an estimated fortune of £ 730 million in 2015 . In addition to an interest in Apple Corps and MPL Communications , an umbrella company for his business interests , he owns a significant music publishing catalogue , with access to over 25,000 copyrights , including the publishing rights to the musicals Guys and Dolls , A Chorus Line , Annie and Grease . He earned £ 40 million in 2003 , the highest income that year within media professions in the UK . This rose to £ 48.5 million by 2005 . McCartney 's 18 - date On the Run Tour grossed £ 37 million in 2012 . McCartney signed his first recording contract , as a member of the Beatles , with Parlophone Records , an EMI subsidiary , in June 1962 . In the United States , the Beatles recordings were distributed by EMI subsidiary Capitol Records . The Beatles re-signed with EMI for another nine years in 1967 . After forming their own record label , Apple Records , in 1968 , the Beatles ' recordings would be released through Apple although the masters were still owned by EMI . Following the break - up of the Beatles , McCartney 's music continued to be released by Apple Records under the Beatles ' 1967 recording contract with EMI which ran until 1976 . Following the formal dissolution of the Beatles ' partnership in 1975 , McCartney re-signed with EMI worldwide and Capitol in the US , Canada and Japan , acquiring ownership of his solo catalogue from EMI as part of the deal . In 1979 , McCartney signed with Columbia Records in the US and Canada -- reportedly receiving the industry 's most lucrative recording contract to date , while remaining with EMI for distribution throughout the rest of the world . As part of the deal , CBS offered McCartney ownership of Frank Music , publisher of the catalogue of American songwriter Frank Loesser . McCartney 's album sales were below CBS ' expectations and reportedly the company lost at least $9 million on the contract . McCartney returned to Capitol in the US in 1985 , remaining with EMI until 2006 . In 2007 , McCartney signed with Hear Music , becoming the label 's first artist . He remains there as of 2012 's Kisses on the Bottom . In 1963 , Dick James established Northern Songs to publish the songs of Lennon -- McCartney . McCartney initially owned 20 % of Northern Songs , which became 15 % after a public stock offering in 1965 . In 1969 , James sold a controlling interest in Northern Songs to Lew Grade 's Associated Television ( ATV ) after which McCartney and John Lennon sold their remaining shares although they remained under contract to ATV until 1973 . In 1972 , McCartney re-signed with ATV for seven years in a joint publishing agreement between ATV and McCartney Music . Since 1979 , MPL Communications has published McCartney 's songs . McCartney and Yoko Ono attempted to purchase the Northern Songs catalogue in 1981 , but Grade declined their offer and decided to sell ATV in its entirety to businessman Robert Holmes à Court . Michael Jackson subsequently purchased ATV in 1985 . McCartney has criticised Jackson 's purchase and handling of Northern Songs over the years . In 1995 , Jackson merged his catalogue with Sony for a reported £ 59,052,000 ( $95 million ) , establishing Sony / ATV Music Publishing , in which he retained half - ownership . Northern Songs was formally dissolved in 1995 , and absorbed into the Sony / ATV catalogue . McCartney receives writers ' royalties which together are 331⁄3 percent of total commercial proceeds in the US , and which vary elsewhere between 50 and 55 percent . Two of the Beatles ' earliest songs -- `` Love Me Do '' and `` P.S. I Love You '' -- were published by an EMI subsidiary , Ardmore & Beechwood , before signing with James . McCartney acquired their publishing rights from Ardmore in the mid-1980s , and they are the only two Beatles songs owned by MPL Communications . Drugs McCartney first used drugs in the Beatles ' Hamburg days , when they often used Preludin to maintain their energy while performing for long periods . Bob Dylan introduced them to marijuana in a New York hotel room in 1964 ; McCartney recalls getting `` very high '' and `` giggling uncontrollably '' . His use of the drug soon became habitual , and according to Miles , McCartney wrote the lyrics `` another kind of mind '' in `` Got to Get You into My Life '' specifically as a reference to cannabis . During the filming of Help ! , McCartney occasionally smoked a joint in the car on the way to the studio during filming , and often forgot his lines . Director Richard Lester overheard two physically attractive women trying to persuade McCartney to use heroin , but he refused . Introduced to cocaine by Robert Fraser , McCartney used the drug regularly during the recording of Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , and for about a year total but stopped because of his dislike of the unpleasant melancholy he felt afterwards . Initially reluctant to try LSD , McCartney eventually did so in late 1966 , and took his second `` acid trip '' in March 1967 , with Lennon , after a Sgt . Pepper studio session . He later became the first Beatle to discuss the drug publicly , declaring , `` It opened my eyes ... ( and ) made me a better , more honest , more tolerant member of society . '' He made his attitude about cannabis public in 1967 , when he , along with the other Beatles and Epstein , added his name to a July advertisement in The Times , which called for its legalisation , the release of those imprisoned for possession , and research into marijuana 's medical uses . In 1972 , a Swedish court fined McCartney £ 1,000 for cannabis possession . Soon after , Scottish police found marijuana plants growing on his farm , leading to his 1973 conviction for illegal cultivation and a £ 100 fine . As a result of his drug convictions , the US government repeatedly denied him a visa until December 1973 . Arrested again for marijuana possession in 1975 , in Los Angeles , Linda took the blame , and the court soon dismissed the charges . In January 1980 , when Wings flew to Tokyo for a tour of Japan , customs officials found approximately 8 ounces ( 200 g ) of cannabis in his luggage . They arrested McCartney and brought him to a local jail while the Japanese government decided what to do . After ten days , they released and deported him without charge . In 1984 , while McCartney was on holiday in Barbados , authorities arrested him for possession of marijuana and fined him $200 . Upon his return to England , he stated : `` cannabis is ... less harmful than rum punch , whiskey , nicotine and glue , all of which are perfectly legal ... I do n't think ... I was doing anyone any harm whatsoever . '' In 1997 , he spoke out in support of decriminalisation of the drug : `` People are smoking pot anyway and to make them criminals is wrong . '' He did however , decide to quit cannabis in 2015 , citing a desire to set a good example for his grandchildren . Vegetarianism and Activism Vladimir Putin , McCartney , and Heather Mills in Moscow , 2003 Since 1975 , McCartney has been a vegetarian ; he and his wife Linda were vegetarians for most of their 29 - year marriage . They decided to stop consuming meat after Paul saw lambs in a field as they were eating a meal of lamb . Soon after , the couple became outspoken animal rights activists . In his first interview after Linda 's death , he promised to continue working for animal rights , and in 1999 he spent £ 3,000,000 to ensure Linda McCartney Foods remained free of genetically engineered ingredients . In 1995 , he narrated the documentary Devour the Earth , written by Tony Wardle . McCartney is a supporter of the animal - rights organisation People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals . He has appeared in the group 's campaigns , and in 2009 McCartney narrated a video for them titled `` Glass Walls '' , which was harshly critical of slaughterhouses , the meat industry , and their effect on animal welfare . McCartney has also supported campaigns headed by the Humane Society of the United States , Humane Society International , World Animal Protection , and the David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation . Following McCartney 's marriage to Mills , he joined her in a campaign against land mines , becoming a patron of Adopt - A-Minefield . In 2003 in a meeting at the Kremlin with Vladimir Putin , ahead of a concert in Red Square , McCartney and Mills urged Russia to join the anti-landmine campaign . In 2006 , the McCartneys travelled to Prince Edward Island to raise international awareness of seal hunting . The couple debated with Danny Williams , Newfoundland 's then Premier , on Larry King Live , stating that fishermen should stop hunting seals and start seal - watching businesses instead . McCartney also supports the Make Poverty History campaign . McCartney has participated in several charity recordings and performances , including the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea , Ferry Aid , Band Aid , Live Aid , Live 8 , and the recording of `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' . In 2004 , he donated a song to an album to aid the `` US Campaign for Burma '' , in support of Burmese Nobel Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi . In 2008 , he donated a song to Aid Still Required 's CD , organised as an effort to raise funds to assist with the recovery from the devastation caused in Southeast Asia by the 2004 tsunami . In 2009 , McCartney wrote to Tenzin Gyatso , the 14th Dalai Lama , asking him why he was not a vegetarian . As McCartney explained , `` He wrote back very kindly , saying , ' my doctors tell me that I must eat meat ' . And I wrote back again , saying , you know , I do n't think that 's right ... I think he 's now being told ... that he can get his protein somewhere else ... It just does n't seem right -- the Dalai Lama , on the one hand , saying , ' Hey guys , do n't harm sentient beings ... Oh , and by the way , I 'm having a steak . ' '' In 2012 , McCartney joined the anti-fracking campaign Artists Against Fracking . Save the Arctic is a campaign to protect the Arctic and an international outcry and a renewed focus concern on oil development in the Arctic , attracting the support of more than five million people . This includes McCartney , Archbishop Desmond Tutu and 11 Nobel Peace Prize winners . In 2015 , following British prime minister David Cameron 's decision to give Members of Parliament a free vote on amending the law against fox hunting , McCartney was quoted : `` The people of Britain are behind this Tory government on many things but the vast majority of us will be against them if hunting is reintroduced . It is cruel and unnecessary and will lose them support from ordinary people and animal lovers like myself . '' Meditation In August 1967 , McCartney met the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at the London Hilton and later went to Bangor in North Wales to attend a weekend initiation conference , where he and the other Beatles learned the basics of Transcendental Meditation . He said , `` The whole meditation experience was very good and I still use the mantra ... I find it soothing . '' In 2009 , McCartney and Starr headlined a benefit concert at Radio City Music Hall , raising three million dollars for the David Lynch Foundation to fund instruction in Transcendental Meditation for at - risk youth . Football McCartney has publicly professed support for Everton , and also shown favour for Liverpool . In 2008 , he ended speculation about his allegiance when he said , `` Here 's the deal : my father was born in Everton , my family are officially Evertonians , so if it comes down to a derby match or an FA Cup final between the two , I would have to support Everton . But after a concert at Wembley Arena I got a bit of a friendship with Kenny Dalglish , who had been to the gig and I thought ' You know what ? I am just going to support them both because it 's all Liverpool . ' '' Personal relationships Main article : Personal relationships of Paul McCartney Girlfriends Dot Rhone McCartney 's first serious girlfriend in Liverpool was Dot Rhone , whom he met at the Casbah club in 1959 . According to Spitz , Rhone felt that McCartney had a compulsion to control situations . He often chose clothes and make - up for her , encouraging her to grow her hair out like Brigitte Bardot 's , and at least once insisting she have it re-styled , to disappointing effect . When McCartney first went to Hamburg with the Beatles , he wrote to Rhone regularly , and she accompanied Cynthia Lennon to Hamburg when they played there again in 1962 . The couple had a two - and - a-half - year relationship , and were due to marry until Rhone 's miscarriage ; according to Spitz , McCartney , now `` free of obligation '' , ended the engagement . Jane Asher McCartney first met British actress Jane Asher on 18 April 1963 , when a photographer asked them to pose at a Beatles performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London . The two began a relationship , and in November of that year he took up residence with Asher at her parents ' home at 57 Wimpole Street , London . They had lived there for more than two years before the couple moved to McCartney 's own home in St. John 's Wood , in March 1966 . He wrote several songs while living at the Ashers ' , including `` Yesterday '' , `` And I Love Her '' , `` You Wo n't See Me '' and `` I 'm Looking Through You '' , the latter three having been inspired by their romance . They had a five - year relationship and planned to marry , but Asher broke off the engagement after she discovered he had become involved with Francie Schwartz . Wives Linda Eastman McCartney performing with wife Linda in 1976 Linda Eastman was a music fan who once commented , `` all my teen years were spent with an ear to the radio . '' At times , she played hookey to see artists such as Fabian , Bobby Darin and Chuck Berry . She became a popular photographer with several rock groups , including the Jimi Hendrix Experience , the Grateful Dead , the Doors and the Beatles , whom she first met at Shea Stadium in 1966 . She commented , `` It was John who interested me at the start . He was my Beatle hero . But when I met him the fascination faded fast , and I found it was Paul I liked . '' The pair first properly met in 1967 at a Georgie Fame concert at The Bag O'Nails club , during her UK assignment to photograph rock musicians in London . As Paul remembers , `` The night Linda and I met , I spotted her across a crowded club , and although I would normally have been nervous chatting her up , I realised I had to ... Pushiness worked for me that night ! '' Linda said this about their meeting : `` I was quite shameless really . I was with somebody else ( that night ) ... and I saw Paul at the other side of the room . He looked so beautiful that I made up my mind I would have to pick him up . '' The pair married in 1969 . About their relationship , Paul said , `` We had a lot of fun together ... just the nature of how we are , our favourite thing really is to just hang , to have fun . And Linda 's very big on just following the moment . '' He added , `` We were crazy . We had a big argument the night before we got married , and it was nearly called off ... ( it 's ) miraculous that we made it . But we did . '' After the Beatles ' break - up , the two collaborated musically and formed Wings in 1971 . They faced derision from some fans and critics , who questioned her inclusion . She was nervous about performing with Paul , who explained , `` she conquered those nerves , got on with it and was really gutsy . '' Paul defended her musical ability : `` I taught Linda the basics of the keyboard ... She took a couple of lessons and learned some bluesy things ... she did very well and made it look easier than it was ... The critics would say , ' She 's not really playing ' or ' Look at her -- she 's playing with one finger . ' But what they did n't know is that sometimes she was playing a thing called a Minimoog , which could only be played with one finger . It was monophonic . '' He went on to say , `` We thought we were in it for the fun ... it was just something we wanted to do , so if we got it wrong -- big deal . We did n't have to justify ourselves . '' Former Wings guitarist McCullough said of collaborating with Linda , `` trying to get things together with a learner in the group did n't work as far as I was concerned . '' They had four children -- Linda 's daughter Heather ( legally adopted by Paul ) , Mary , Stella and James -- and remained married until Linda 's death from breast cancer at age 56 in 1998 . After Linda died , Paul stated in the Daily Mail , `` I got a counsellor because I knew that I would need some help . He was great , particularly in helping me get rid of my guilt ( about wishing I 'd been ) perfect all the time ... a real bugger . But then I thought , hang on a minute . We 're just human . That was the beautiful thing about our marriage . We were just a boyfriend and girlfriend having babies . '' Heather Mills In 2002 , McCartney married Heather Mills , a former model and anti-landmines campaigner . In 2003 , the couple had a child , Beatrice Milly , named in honour of Mills ' late mother , and one of McCartney 's aunts . They separated in April 2006 and divorced acrimoniously in March 2008 . In 2004 , he commented on media animosity toward his partners : `` ( the British public ) did n't like me giving up on Jane Asher ... I married ( Linda ) , a New York divorcee with a child , and at the time they did n't like that '' . Nancy Shevell McCartney married New Yorker Nancy Shevell in a civil ceremony at Old Marylebone Town Hall , London , on 9 October 2011 . The wedding was a modest event attended by a group of about 30 relatives and friends . The couple had been together since November 2007 . Shevell is vice-president of a family - owned transportation conglomerate which owns New England Motor Freight . She is a former member of the board of the New York area 's Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Beatles This section is about social and other general interactions . For creative collaborations , see Collaborations between ex-Beatles . John Lennon Though McCartney had a strained relationship with Lennon , they briefly became close again in early 1974 , and played music together on one occasion . In later years , the two grew apart . While McCartney would often phone Lennon , he was apprehensive about the reception he would receive . During one call , Lennon told him , `` You 're all pizza and fairytales ! '' In an effort to avoid talking only about business , they often spoke of cats , babies , or baking bread . On 24 April 1976 , McCartney and Lennon were watching an episode of Saturday Night Live together at Lennon 's home in the Dakota , when Lorne Michaels made a $3,000 cash offer for the Beatles to reunite . While they seriously considered going to the SNL studio a few blocks away , they decided it was too late . This was their last time together . VH1 fictionalised this event in the 2000 television film Two of Us . McCartney 's last telephone call to Lennon , days before Lennon and Ono released Double Fantasy , was friendly ; he said this about the call : `` ( It is ) a consoling factor for me , because I do feel it was sad that we never actually sat down and straightened our differences out . But fortunately for me , the last phone conversation I ever had with him was really great , and we did n't have any kind of blow - up . '' Reaction to Lennon 's murder Main article : Death of John Lennon John is kinda like a constant ... always there in my being ... in my soul , so I always think of him `` . -- McCartney , Guitar World , January 2000 On 9 December 1980 , McCartney followed the news that Lennon had been murdered the previous night ; Lennon 's death created a media frenzy around the surviving members of the band . McCartney was leaving an Oxford Street recording studio that evening when he was surrounded by reporters who asked him for his reaction ; he responded : `` It 's a drag '' . The press quickly criticised him for what appeared to be a superficial response . He later explained , `` When John was killed somebody stuck a microphone at me and said : ' What do you think about it ? ' I said , ' It 's a dra - a-ag ' and meant it with every inch of melancholy I could muster . When you put that in print it says , ' McCartney in London today when asked for a comment on his dead friend said , `` It 's a drag '' . ' It seemed a very flippant comment to make . '' He described his first exchange with Ono after the murder , and his last conversation with Lennon : I talked to Yoko the day after he was killed , and the first thing she said was , `` John was really fond of you . '' The last telephone conversation I had with him we were still the best of mates . He was always a very warm guy , John . His bluff was all on the surface . He used to take his glasses down , those granny glasses , and say , `` it 's only me . '' They were like a wall you know ? A shield . Those are the moments I treasure . In 1983 , McCartney said , `` I would not have been as typically human and standoffish as I was if I knew John was going to die . I would have made more of an effort to try and get behind his `` mask '' and have a better relationship with him . '' He said that he went home that night , watched the news on television with his children and cried most of the evening . In 1997 , he said that Lennon 's death made the remaining ex-Beatles nervous that they might also be murdered . He told Mojo magazine in 2002 that Lennon was his greatest hero . In 1981 , McCartney sang backup on Harrison 's tribute to their ex-bandmate , `` All Those Years Ago '' , which featured Starr on drums . McCartney released `` Here Today '' in 1982 , a song Everett described as `` a haunting tribute '' to McCartney 's friendship with Lennon . George Harrison Discussing his relationship with McCartney , Harrison said , `` Paul would always help along when you 'd done his ten songs -- then when he got ' round to doing one of my songs , he would help . It was silly . It was very selfish , actually ... There were a lot of tracks , though , where I played bass ... because what Paul would do -- if he 'd written a song , he 'd learn all the parts for Paul and then come in the studio and say ( sometimes he was very difficult ) : ' Do this ' . He 'd never give you the opportunity to come out with something . '' After Harrison 's death in November 2001 , McCartney said he was `` a lovely guy and a very brave man who had a wonderful sense of humour '' . He went on to say , `` We grew up together and we just had so many beautiful times together -- that 's what I am going to remember . I 'll always love him , he 's my baby brother . '' On the first anniversary of his death , McCartney played Harrison 's `` Something '' on a ukulele at the Concert for George . He also performed `` For You Blue '' and `` All Things Must Pass '' , and played the piano on Eric Clapton 's rendition of `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . Ringo Starr During a recording session for The Beatles in 1968 , the two got into an argument over McCartney 's critique of Starr 's drum part for `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' , which contributed to Starr temporarily leaving the band . Starr later commented on working with McCartney : `` Paul is the greatest bass player in the world . But he is also very determined ... ( to ) get his own way ... ( thus ) musical disagreements inevitably arose from time to time . '' McCartney and Starr collaborated on several post-Beatles projects starting in 1973 , when McCartney contributed instrumentation and backing vocals for `` Six O'Clock '' , a song McCartney wrote for Starr 's album Ringo . McCartney played a kazoo solo on another track from the album `` You 're Sixteen '' . Starr appeared ( as a fictional version of himself ) in McCartney 's 1984 film Give My Regards to Broad Street , and played drums on most tracks of the soundtrack album , which includes re-recordings of several McCartney - penned Beatles songs . Starr played drums and sang backing vocals on `` Beautiful Night '' from McCartney 's 1997 album Flaming Pie . The pair collaborated again in 1998 , on Starr 's Vertical Man , which featured McCartney 's backing vocals on three songs , and instrumentation on one . In 2009 , the pair performed `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' at a benefit concert for the David Lynch Foundation . They collaborated on Starr 's album Y Not in 2010 . McCartney played bass on `` Peace Dream '' , and sang a duet with Starr on `` Walk with You '' . On 7 July 2010 , Starr was performing at Radio City Music Hall in New York with his All - Starr Band in a concert celebrating his seventieth birthday . After the encores , McCartney made a surprise appearance , performing the Beatles ' song `` Birthday '' with Starr 's band . On 26 January 2014 McCartney and Starr performed `` Queenie Eye '' from McCartney 's new album New at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . McCartney inducted Starr into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2015 , and plays bass on his 2017 album Give More Love . Legacy Achievements McCartney was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and again as a solo artist in 1999 . In 1979 , the Guinness Book of World Records recognised McCartney as the `` most honored composer and performer in music '' , with 60 gold discs ( 43 with the Beatles , 17 with Wings ) and , as a member of the Beatles , sales of over 100 million singles and 100 million albums , and as the `` most successful song writer '' , he wrote jointly or solo 43 songs which sold one million or more records between 1962 and 1978 . In 2009 , Guinness World Records again recognised McCartney as the `` most successful songwriter '' having written or co-written 188 charted records in the United Kingdom , of which 91 reached the top 10 and 33 made it to number one . McCartney has written , or co-written 32 number - one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 : twenty with the Beatles ; seven solo or with Wings ; one as a co-writer of `` A World Without Love '' , a number - one single for Peter and Gordon ; one as a co-writer on Elton John 's cover of `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ; one as a co-writer on Stars on 45 's `` Medley '' ; one as a co-writer with Michael Jackson on `` Say Say Say '' ; and one as writer on `` Ebony and Ivory '' performed with Stevie Wonder . As of 2009 , he has 15.5 million RIAA certified units in the United States as a solo artist plus another 10 million with Wings . Credited with more number ones in the UK than any other artist , McCartney has participated in twenty - four chart topping singles : seventeen with the Beatles , one solo , and one each with Wings , Stevie Wonder , Ferry Aid , Band Aid , Band Aid 20 and `` The Christians et al . '' He is the only artist to reach the UK number one as a soloist ( `` Pipes of Peace '' ) , duo ( `` Ebony and Ivory '' with Wonder ) , trio ( `` Mull of Kintyre '' , Wings ) , quartet ( `` She Loves You '' , the Beatles ) , quintet ( `` Get Back '' , the Beatles with Billy Preston ) and as part of a musical ensemble for charity ( Ferry Aid ) . `` Yesterday '' is one of the most covered songs in history with more than 2,200 recorded versions , and according to the BBC , `` the track is the only one by a UK writer to have been aired more than seven million times on American TV and radio and is third in the all - time list ... ( and ) is the most played song by a British writer ( last ) century in the US '' . His 1968 Beatles composition `` Hey Jude '' achieved the highest sales in the UK that year and topped the US charts for nine weeks , which is longer than any other Beatles single . It was also the longest single released by the band and , at seven minutes eleven seconds , was at that time the longest number one . `` Hey Jude '' is the best - selling Beatles single , achieving sales of over five million copies soon after its release . In July 2005 , McCartney 's performance of `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' with U2 at Live 8 became the fastest - released single in history . Available within forty - five minutes of its recording , hours later it had achieved number one on the UK Official Download Chart . Awards and Honours McCartney receiving the 2010 Gershwin Prize from US President Barack Obama . Main article : List of awards received by Paul McCartney 1971 : Academy Award winner ( as a member of the Beatles ) 18 - time Grammy Award winner : Nine as a member of the Beatles Six as a solo artist Two as a member of Wings One as part of a joint collaboration Two - time inductee -- Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : Class of 1988 as a member of the Beatles Class of 1999 as a solo artist Member of the Order of the British Empire . Planet 4148 named `` McCartney '' ( International Astronomical Union 's Minor Planet Center ) . 1988 : Honorary Doctor of the University degree from University of Sussex . 1997 : Knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for services to music . 2000 : Fellowship into the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors . 2008 : BRIT Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music 2008 : Honorary Doctor of Music degree from Yale University . 2010 : Gershwin Prize for his contributions to popular music . 2010 : Kennedy Center Honors . 2012 : Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . 2012 : Légion d'Honneur for his services to music . 2012 : MusiCares Person of the Year He was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to music . Discography Main article : Paul McCartney discography See also : The Beatles discography , Wings discography , and List of songs recorded by Paul McCartney Solo McCartney ( 1970 ) Ram ( 1971 ) ( with Linda McCartney ) McCartney II ( 1980 ) Tug of War ( 1982 ) Pipes of Peace ( 1983 ) Give My Regards to Broad Street ( 1984 ) Press to Play ( 1986 ) CHOBA B CCCP ( 1988 ) ( covers album ) Flowers in the Dirt ( 1989 ) Off the Ground ( 1993 ) Flaming Pie ( 1997 ) Run Devil Run ( 1999 ) ( covers album ) Driving Rain ( 2001 ) Chaos and Creation in the Backyard ( 2005 ) Memory Almost Full ( 2007 ) Kisses on the Bottom ( 2012 ) ( covers album ) New ( 2013 ) Egypt Station ( 2018 ) Wings Wild Life ( 1971 ) Red Rose Speedway ( 1973 ) Band on the Run ( 1973 ) Venus and Mars ( 1975 ) Wings at the Speed of Sound ( 1976 ) London Town ( 1978 ) Back to the Egg ( 1979 ) Classical Paul McCartney 's Liverpool Oratorio ( 1991 ) ( with Carl Davis ) Standing Stone ( 1997 ) Working Classical ( 1999 ) Ecce Cor Meum ( 2006 ) Ocean 's Kingdom ( 2011 ) ( dance score with Peter Martins ) Filmography See also : Paul McCartney discography § Videography , The Beatles in film , and The Beatles videos Film Year Title Role Notes 1964 A Hard Day 's Night Himself 1965 Help ! Himself 1967 Magical Mystery Tour Himself / Major McCartney / Red - Nosed Magician ( uncredited ) Director ( writer and producer uncredited ) 1968 Yellow Submarine Himself ( uncredited ) Animated , based upon a song by 1970 Let It Be Himself Documentary 1977 The Day the Music Died Himself Documentary 1980 Concert for Kampuchea Himself Documentary 1980 Rockshow Himself Documentary 1982 The Cooler Cowboy Short , executive producer 1982 The Compleat Beatles Himself Documentary 1984 Give My Regards to Broad Street Paul Screenplay , producer 1985 Rupert and the Frog Song Rupert / Edward / Bill / Boy Frog ( voice ) Animated short , writer , executive producer Eat the Rich Banquet Rich Cameo The Real Buddy Holly Story Himself Documentary , producer 1990 The Beatles : The First U.S. Visit Himself Documentary 1991 Get Back Himself Documentary 1992 Daumier 's Law none Animated short , music , writer , executive producer 1997 Tropic Island Hum Wirral / Froggo / Bison / Various ( voice ) Animated short , writer , executive producer 2000 Shadow Cycle none Animated short , writer 2001 Tuesday Himself ( voice ) Animated short , executive producer 2003 Mayor of the Sunset Strip Himself Documentary 2003 Concert for George Himself Documentary 2008 Tribute This ! Himself Documentary 2008 All Together Now Himself Documentary 2009 Brüno Himself Cameo 2009 Al 's Brain in 3 - D Man on the Street Short David Wants to Fly Himself Documentary The Last Play at Shea Himself Documentary 2011 The Love We Make Himself Documentary 2011 George Harrison : Living in the Material World Himself Documentary 2013 Sound City Himself Documentary 2013 12 - 12 - 12 Himself Documentary , Producer 2014 Finding Fela Himself Documentary 2014 Glen Campbell : I 'll Be Me Himself Documentary 2016 The Beatles : Eight Days a Week Himself Documentary 2017 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Uncle Jack Cameo 2018 Quincy Himself Documentary Television Year Title Role Notes 1963 - 64 Ready Steady Go ! Himself Music program , 3 episodes 1964 Around the Beatles Himself Concert special 1964 What 's Happening ! The Beatles in the U.S.A. Himself Documentary 1964 - 65 The Ed Sullivan Show Himself Variety show , 4 episodes 1965 The Music of Lennon & McCartney Himself Variety tribute special 1966 The Beatles at Shea Stadium Himself Concert special 1966 The Beatles in Japan Himself Concert special A Salute to the Beatles : Once upon a Time Himself Documentary 1977 All You Need Is Love : The Story of Popular Music Himself Documentary mini-series 1985 Live Aid Himself Benefit concert special It Was Twenty Years Ago Today Himself Documentary The Power of Music Himself , Narrator Documentary 1995 The Simpsons Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` Lisa the Vegetarian '' 1995 The Beatles Anthology Himself Documentary mini-series 1997 Music for Montserrat Himself Benefit concert special 2001 Wingspan Himself Documentary 2001 The Concert for New York City Himself Benefit concert special 2005 Live 8 Himself Benefit concert special 2005 Saturday Night Live Paul Simon Episode : `` Alec Baldwin / Christina Aguilera '' 2012 30 Rock Himself Episode : `` Live from Studio 6H '' ( East Coast airing only ) 2015 BoJack Horseman Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` After the Party '' Tours Main articles : List of Paul McCartney concert tours and List of the Beatles ' live performances Wings Wings University Tour -- 11 shows in the UK , 1972 Wings Over Europe Tour -- 25 shows , 1972 Wings 1973 UK Tour -- 21 shows , 1973 Wings Over the World tour -- 66 shows , 1975 -- 1976 Wings UK Tour 1979 -- 20 shows , 1979 Solo The Paul McCartney World Tour -- 104 shows , 1989 -- 1990 Unplugged Tour 1991 -- 6 shows in Europe , 1991 The New World Tour -- 79 shows , 1993 Driving World Tour -- 58 shows , 2002 Back in the World tour -- 33 shows , 2003 ' 04 Summer Tour -- 14 shows worldwide , 2004 The ' US ' Tour -- 37 shows , 2005 Secret Tour 2007 -- 6 shows in Europe and the US , 2007 Summer Live ' 09 -- 10 shows in North America , 2009 Good Evening Europe Tour -- 8 shows , 2009 Up and Coming Tour -- 38 shows worldwide , 2010 -- 2011 On the Run Tour -- 38 shows worldwide , 2011 -- 2012 Out There Tour -- 91 shows worldwide , 2013 -- 2015 One on One -- 78 shows worldwide , 2016 -- 2017 2018 Secret Gigs -- 5 shows , 2018 Freshen Up -- 2018 See also Book : Paul McCartney Paul is dead -- an urban legend alleging that McCartney died in 1966 and was replaced by a look - alike Paul McCartney portal The Beatles portal Guitar portal Pop music portal Rock music portal Notes Jump up ^ Jim McCartney 's father Joe played an E-flat tuba . Jim pointed out the bass parts in songs on the radio , and often took his sons to local brass band concerts . Jump up ^ During their extended stays there over the next two years , they performed as the resident group at the Indra , and later the Kaiserkeller , both owned by Bruno Koschmider . Periodically , the band received breaks from playing in Hamburg and returned to Liverpool , performing regularly at the Cavern Club . Jump up ^ In 1963 , the Beatles released two studio albums : Please Please Me and With the Beatles . Two more albums followed in 1964 : A Hard Day 's Night and Beatles for Sale . Jump up ^ McCartney co-wrote ( with Lennon ) several of their early hits , including `` I Saw Her Standing There '' , `` She Loves You '' , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' ( 1963 ) and `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Also included on Revolver was `` Here , There and Everywhere '' , a McCartney composition which is his second favourite after `` Yesterday '' . Jump up ^ Written by McCartney as a commentary on his childhood in Liverpool , `` Penny Lane '' featured a piccolo trumpet solo inspired by Bach 's second Brandenburg concerto . Jump up ^ The Sgt . Pepper cover piqued a frenzy of analysis . Jump up ^ The Beatles was the band 's first Apple Records LP release ; the label was a subsidiary of Apple Corps , a conglomerate formed as part of Epstein 's plan to reduce the group 's taxes . Jump up ^ When the Beatles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 , their first year of eligibility , McCartney did not attend the ceremony , stating that unresolved legal disputes would make him `` feel like a complete hypocrite waving and smiling with ( Harrison and Starr ) at a fake reunion '' . Jump up ^ The Beatles released twenty - two UK singles and twelve LPs , of which seventeen singles and eleven LPs reached number one on various charts . The band topped the US Billboard Hot 100 twenty times , and recorded fourteen number - one albums , as Lennon and McCartney became one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century . McCartney was the primary writer of five of their last six US number - one singles : `` Hello , Goodbye '' ( 1967 ) , `` Hey Jude '' ( 1968 ) , `` Get Back ( 1969 ) '' , `` Let It Be '' and `` The Long and Winding Road '' ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ McCartney peaked in the UK at number two , spending thirty - two weeks in the charts . Jump up ^ Wings ' first album together , Wild Life , reached the top ten in the US and the top twenty in the UK , staying on the UK charts for nine weeks . Jump up ^ In May 1973 , Wings began a 21 - show tour of the UK , this time with supporting act Brinsley Schwarz . Jump up ^ `` Live and Let Die '' became a staple of McCartney 's live shows , its modern sound well - suited for the pyrotechnics and laser light displays Wings employed during their 1970s stadium performances . Jump up ^ Band on the Run became the UK 's first platinum LP . Jump up ^ In 1974 , McCartney hired guitarist Jimmy McCulloch and drummer Geoff Britton to replace McCullough and Seiwell . Britton subsequently quit during recording sessions in 1975 and was replaced by Joe English . Jump up ^ Wings at the Speed of Sound peaked in the UK at number 2 , spending 35 weeks in the charts . In the UK , NME was alone in ranking the album number 1 . The LP reached number 1 on three charts in the US . Jump up ^ In 1977 , McCartney released the album Thrillington , an orchestral arrangement of Ram , under the pseudonym Percy `` Thrills '' Thrillington , with a cover designed by Hipgnosis . Jump up ^ During the production of London Town , McCulloch and English quit Wings ; they were replaced by guitarist Laurence Juber and drummer Steve Holly . Jump up ^ Other factors in Wings ' split included tension caused by the disappointment of their last effort , Back to the Egg , and McCartney 's 1980 marijuana bust in Japan , which resulted in the cancelling of the tour and caused a major loss of wages for the group . Laine claimed that a significant cause of their dissolution was McCartney 's reluctance to tour , fearing for his personal safety after the 1980 murder of Lennon . McCartney 's then - spokesman said , `` Paul is doing other things , that 's all '' . Jump up ^ Wings produced a total of seven studio albums , two of which topped the UK charts and four the US charts . Their live triple LP , Wings over America , was one of only a few live albums ever to achieve the top spot in America . They made six US Billboard number - one singles , including `` Listen to What the Man Said '' and `` Silly Love Songs '' , as well as eight top - ten singles . They achieved eight RIAA - certified platinum singles and six platinum albums in the US . In the UK , they achieved one number - one and twelve top - ten singles , as well as two number - one LPs . Jump up ^ Tug of War was a number - one album in both the UK and the US . Jump up ^ Pipes of Peace peaked in the UK at number 4 , spending 23 weeks in the charts . The LP reached number 15 in the US and is McCartney 's most recently recorded RIAA certified platinum studio album as of 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spies Like Us '' peaked in the UK at number 13 spending 10 weeks in the charts . The single reached number 7 in the US and is McCartney 's most recently recorded US top - ten as of 2012 . Jump up ^ Press to Play reached number 8 in the UK , and number 30 in the US . Jump up ^ In 1989 , `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' reached number 1 in the UK . Jump up ^ Flowers in the Dirt is McCartney 's most recent UK number - one album as of 2012 ; it reached number 21 in the US . Jump up ^ Tripping the Live Fantastic reached number 17 in the UK and number 26 in the US . Jump up ^ During the ten - month , 104 - show Tripping the Live Fantastic tour , McCartney played as many as fourteen Beatles songs a night , comprising nearly half the performance . Jump up ^ Unplugged : The Official Bootleg reached number 7 in the UK and number 14 in the US . Jump up ^ Off the Ground reached number 5 in the UK and number 17 in the US . Jump up ^ Paul is Live reached number 34 in the UK and number 78 in the US . Jump up ^ For the New World Tour , Whitten was replaced by drummer Blair Cunningham . McCartney 's 1993 tour of the US was the second highest grossing effort of the year in America , bringing in $32.3 million from twenty - four shows . Jump up ^ Flaming Pie reached number 2 in the UK and the US . It also yielded McCartney 's highest charting UK top - twenty hit song as of 2012 , `` Young Boy '' , which reached number 19 . Jump up ^ Run Devil Run reached number 12 in the UK and number 27 in the US . Jump up ^ Driving Rain reached number 46 in the UK and number 26 in the US . Jump up ^ Back in the US reached number 8 in the US , and Back in the World reached number 5 in the UK . Jump up ^ During the Driving World Tour McCartney performed twenty - three Beatles songs in a thirty - six song set , including an all - Beatles encore . Jump up ^ In June 2005 , McCartney released the electronica album Twin Freaks , a collaborative project with bootleg producer and remixer Freelance Hellraiser consisting of remixed versions of songs from his solo career . Jump up ^ Chaos and Creation in the Backyard is McCartney 's most recent top - ten album as of 2012 . It reached number 10 in the UK , and number 6 in the US . It was supported by a UK top - twenty hit single , his most recent as of 2014 , `` Fine Line '' , which failed to chart in the US , and `` Jenny Wren '' , which reached number 22 in the UK . Jump up ^ McCartney followed the release of Chaos and Creation in the Backyard with the ' US ' Tour , the tenth top earning act of 2005 in the US , taking in over $17 million in ticket sales for eight shows . During the opening performance of the tour , he played thirty - five songs , of which twenty - three were Beatles tracks . Jump up ^ Ecce Cor Meum reached number 2 on the classical charts in both the UK and the US . Jump up ^ Memory Almost Full reached number 3 in the US and spending fifteen weeks in the charts . As of 2014 , it remains McCartney 's most recent top - five album . Jump up ^ Electric Arguments reached number 67 on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Independent Albums chart . Jump up ^ In November 2010 , iTunes made available the official canon of thirteen Beatles studio albums , Past Masters and the 1962 -- 1966 and 1967 -- 1970 greatest - hits compilations , making the group among the last of the seminal classic rock artists to offer their music for sale on the digital marketplace . Jump up ^ McCartney 's band performed thirty - seven songs during 8 May 2012 , performance in Mexico City , twenty - three of which were Beatles tracks . Jump up ^ As of 2012 , Elvis Presley has achieved the most UK number - ones as a solo artist with eighteen . Jump up ^ `` Hey Jude '' was covered by several prominent artists , including Elvis Presley , Bing Crosby , Count Basie and Wilson Pickett . Citations Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney '' . Front Row. 26 December 2012 . BBC Radio 4 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Newman , Jason ( 23 August 2011 ) . `` It Takes Two : 10 Songwriting Duos That Rocked Music History '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . By any measure , no one comes close to matching the success of The Beatles ' primary songwriters . Jump up ^ `` 20 Forthlin Road '' . infobritain.co.uk . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 4 : ( primary source ) ; Benitez 2010 , p. 1 : ( secondary source ) . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , p. 1 : Transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School due to overcrowding at Stockton ; Carlin 2009 , p. 13 : Transferred to Joseph Williams in 1949 . Jump up ^ For his attendance at Joseph Williams Junior School see : `` Beatle 's schoolboy photo auction '' . BBC News . 16 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . ; For McCartney passing the 11 - plus exam see : Miles 1997 , p. 9 : ( primary source ) ; Benitez 2010 , pp. 1 -- 2 : ( secondary source ) . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , p. 2 : The two soon became friends , `` I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger '' ; Spitz 2005 , pp. 82 -- 83 : On grammar school versus secondary modern , 125 : On meeting Harrison . Jump up ^ Playboy Interview , December 1984 Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , p. 2 : `` Mary was the family 's primary wage earner '' ; Harry 2002 , pp. 340 -- 341 : `` where they lived through 1964 '' . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , p. 2 : On Mary 's death ( secondary source ) ; Miles 1997 , p. 20 : On Mary 's death ( primary source ) ; Womack 2007 , p. 10 : Mary died from an embolism . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( 1984 ) . Paul McCartney : The Definitive Biography . London : Proteus Books . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86276 - 125 - 7 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 21 : Jim gave McCartney a nickel - plated trumpet which was later traded for a Zenith acoustic guitar ; Spitz 2005 , p. 86 : when rock and roll became popular on Radio Luxembourg . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 509 : McCartney : `` The first song I ever sang in public was `` Long Tall Sally ''. , 533 -- 534 : Harry : `` Long Tall Sally '' , was `` The first number Paul ever sang on stage '' . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 95 : `` The Quarrymen played a spirited set of songs -- half skiffle , half rock ' n roll '' . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 18 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 17 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , pp. 23 -- 24 : Williams booking for them to perform in Hamburg ; Spitz 2005 , p. 200 : Williams booking them in Hamburg in 1960 , Spitz 2005 , p. 243 : `` Williams had never formally served as the Beatles manager '' . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 21 -- 25 : Hamburg , Lewisohn 1992 , p. 31 : the Cavern Club Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 74 : McCartney : `` Nobody wants to play bass , or nobody did in those days ''. ; Gould 2007 , p. 89 : On McCartney playing bass when Sutcliffe was indisposed. , Gould 2007 , p. 94 : `` Sutcliffe gradually began to withdraw from active participation in the Beatles , ceding his role as the group 's bassist to Paul McCartney '' . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , pp. 249 -- 251 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 84 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , p. 59 : `` Love Me Do '' , Lewisohn 1992 , p. 75 : Replacing Best with Starr. , Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 88 -- 94 : `` Beatlemania '' in the UK. , Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 136 -- 140 : `` Beatlemania '' in the US ; Miles 1997 , p. 470 : the cute Beatle ; Spitz 2005 , p. 330 : Starr joining the Beatles in August 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 350 -- 351 . Jump up ^ For song authorship see : Harry 2002 , p. 90 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' , Harry 2002 , p. 439 : `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ; Harry 2000a , pp. 561 -- 562 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' ; and MacDonald 2005 , pp. 66 -- 68 : `` I Saw Her Standing There '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 83 -- 85 : `` She Loves You '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 99 -- 103 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 104 -- 107 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 171 -- 172 ; For release dates , US and UK peak chart positions of the preceding songs see : Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 350 -- 351 . Jump up ^ Buk 1996 , p. 51 : Their first recording that involved only a single band member ; Gould 2007 , p. 278 : The group 's first recorded use of classical music elements in their music . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 157 -- 158 : `` Yesterday '' as the most covered song in history . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Levy 2005 , p. 18 : Rubber Soul is described by critics as an advancement of the band 's music ; Brown & Gaines 2002 , pp. 181 -- 82 : As they explored facets of romance and philosophy in their lyrics . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 169 -- 170 : `` In My Life '' as a highlight of the Beatles catalogue. ; Spitz 2005 , p. 587 : Both Lennon and McCartney have claimed lead authorship for `` In My Life '' . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000b , p. 780 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 195 : The first of three consecutive McCartney A-sides ; Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 350 -- 351 : Revolver 's release was preceded by `` Paperback Writer '' . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 214 : `` the forerunner of videos '' ; Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 221 -- 222 : The films aired on The Ed Sullivan Show and Top of the Pops . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 350 : `` neoclassical tour de force '' , Gould 2007 , p. 402 : `` a true hybrid '' . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 313 -- 316 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000a , p. 970 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000a , p. 970 : Rock 's first concept album ; MacDonald 2005 , p. 254 : McCartney sensed unease among the bandmates and wanted them to maintain creative productivity . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 303 : McCartney creating a new identity for the group . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Emerick & Massey 2006 , p. 170 : Flanging and ADT use , Emerick & Massey 2006 , p. 190 : `` we were utilising a lot of tape varispeeding '' , Emerick & Massey 2006 , p. 192 : `` The Beatles were looking to go out on a limb '' . Jump up ^ Emerick & Massey 2006 , p. 158 : Martin and McCartney took turns conducting ; Gould 2007 , pp. 387 -- 388 : Recording `` A Day in the Life '' required a forty - piece orchestra . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 161 -- 162 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , pp. 391 -- 395 : The Sgt . Pepper cover featured the Beatles as the imaginary band alluded to in the album 's title track , standing with a host of celebrities ( secondary source ) ; The Beatles 2000 , p. 248 : Standing with a host of celebrities ( primary source ) ; Miles 1997 , p. 333 : On McCartney 's design for the Sgt . Pepper cover ( primary source ) ; Sounes 2010 , p. 168 : On McCartney 's design for the Sgt . Pepper cover ( secondary source ) . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , pp. 391 -- 395 : The Sgt . Pepper cover attracted curiosity and analysis ; Miles 1997 , p. 333 : On McCartney 's design for the Sgt . Pepper cover ( primary source ) ; Sounes 2010 , p. 168 : On McCartney 's design for the Sgt . Pepper cover ( secondary source ) . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 236 : The growing influence of hippie style on the Beatles ; Gould 2007 , p. 385 : `` spoofed the vogue in Britain for military fashions '' . Jump up ^ Kastan 2006 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Wenner & George - Warren 2000 , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Brown & Gaines 2002 , p. 247 . ^ Jump up to : Benitez 2010 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , pp. 455 -- 456 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000a , p. 699 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 487 : Critical response ; Lewisohn 1992 , p. 278 : Filming of the promotional trailer , Lewisohn 1992 , p. 304 : Yellow Submarine soundtrack release . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 276 -- 304 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 470 : Apple Corps formed as part of Epstein 's business plan ; Lewisohn 1992 , p. 278 : The Beatles ' first Apple Records LP release . Jump up ^ Brown & Gaines 2002 , p. 299 : `` We 've been very negative since Mr. Epstein passed away '' ; Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 276 -- 304 : The White Album , Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 304 -- 314 : Let It Be . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 171 -- 172 : Paul and Linda 's first meeting ; Sounes 2010 , pp. 245 -- 248 : On their wedding ; Sounes 2010 , p. 261 : On the birth of their first child Mary . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2007 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , pp. 593 -- 594 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , p. 349 : McCartney 's departure from the Beatles ( secondary source ) ; Miles 1998 , pp. 314 -- 316 : McCartney 's departure from the Beatles ( primary source ) ; Spitz 2005 , pp. 243 , 819 -- 821 : Lennon 's personal appointment of Klein , Spitz 2005 , pp. 832 -- 833 : McCartney 's disagreement with Lennon , Harrison , and Starr over Klein 's management of the Beatles . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 753 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 350 -- 351 : US and UK singles and album release dates with peak chart positions ; Gould 2007 , pp. 8 -- 9 : `` one of the greatest phenomena in the history of mass entertainment '' , `` widely regarded as the greatest concentration of singing , songwriting , and all - around musical talent that the rock'n'roll era has produced '' ; Spitz 2005 , p. 856 : `` not anything like anything else ... ( a ) vastness of talent ... of genius , incomprehensible '' . Jump up ^ For song authorship see : MacDonald 2005 , pp. 333 -- 334 : `` Get Back '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 272 -- 273 : `` Hello , Goodbye '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 302 -- 304 : `` Hey Jude '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 337 -- 338 : `` Let it Be '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 339 -- 341 : `` The Long and Winding Road '' ; For release dates , US and UK peak chart positions of the preceding songs see : Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 350 -- 351 . Jump up ^ Heatley , Michael ; Hopkinson , Frank . The Girl in the Song : The Real Stories Behind 50 Rock Classics , Pavilion Books ( 2010 ) e-book Jump up ^ `` Maybe I 'm Amazed '' Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , The Beatles Bible Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2002 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 556 -- 563 : McCartney ; Blaney 2007 , p. 31 : McCartney , a US number one . Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , p. 312 : Peak UK chart position and weeks on charts for McCartney . Jump up ^ Ingham 2009 , pp. 105 : Ram , 114 -- 115 : `` Uncle Albert / Admiral Halsey '' ; McGee 2003 , p. 245 : Peak US chart positions for Ram . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2002 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ McGee 2003 , p. 245 : Peak UK and US chart positions for Wild Life ; Roberts 2005 , p. 312 : Peak UK chart position and weeks on chart for Wild Life . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 287 -- 288 : Birth of Stella ; Harry 2002 , pp. 613 -- 615 : Stella McCartney . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 845 : `` traveled across the UK '' ; Ingham 2009 , p. 106 : `` Scrupulously avoiding Beatles songs '' . ^ Jump up to : Harry 2002 , p. 847 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 845 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 641 -- 642 : `` My Love '' , Harry 2002 , pp. 744 -- 745 : Red Rose Speedway ; McGee 2003 , p. 245 : Peak US chart positions for Red Rose Speedway ; Roberts 2005 , p. 312 : Peak UK chart position for Red Rose Speedway . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 515 -- 516 : `` Live and Let Die '' ; Harry 2002 , pp. 641 -- 642 : `` My Love '' . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , p. 50 : `` symphonic rock at its best '' ; Harry 2002 , pp. 515 -- 516 : `` Live and Let Die '' US chart peak ; Roberts 2005 , p. 311 : `` Live and Let Die '' UK chart peak . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 304 : Pyrotechnics ; Sounes 2010 , p. 329 : Laser lighting display ; Sounes 2010 , p. 440 : Performing `` Live and Let Die '' with pyrotechnics , 1993 ; Sounes 2010 , pp. 512 -- 513 : Performing `` Live and Let Die '' with pyrotechnics , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : McGee 2003 , pp. 248 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , pp. 51 -- 60 : Band on the Run ; Roberts 2005 , p. 312 : Band on the Run a number - one album in the UK with 124 weeks on the charts . Jump up ^ McGee 2003 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 53 -- 54 : `` Band on the Run '' ( single ) . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , p. 57 : `` Helen Wheels '' , Benitez 2010 , p. 58 : Positive critical response to Band on the Run ; Harry 2002 , pp. 466 -- 467 : Jet ; Levy 2005 , p. 203 : the 413th spot on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 882 -- 883 : Venus and Mars , Harry 2002 , pp. 910 -- 911 : Wings at the Speed of Sound ; Roberts 2005 , p. 312 : Peak UK chart position for Venus and Mars . Jump up ^ McGee 2003 , p. 245 : NME ranking Wings at the Speed of Sound number 1 , and the LP was number 1 on three charts in the US ; Roberts 2005 , p. 312 : Peak UK chart position and weeks on charts for Wings at the Speed of Sound . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 116 : `` And for the first time , McCartney included songs associated with the Beatles , something he 'd been unwilling to do previously '' ; Harry 2002 , pp. 848 -- 850 : Wings Over the World Tour ; Ingham 2009 , p. 107 : `` featuring a modest handful of McCartney 's Beatle tunes '' ; McGee 2003 , p. 85 : `` Paul decided it would be a mistake not to ... ( perform ) a few Beatles songs . '' Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 912 -- 913 : Wings over America ; Lewisohn 2002 , p. 83 : `` After extensive rehearsals in London '' . Jump up ^ Carlin 2009 , pp. 247 -- 248 : Birth of James ; Doggett 2009 , p. 264 : one of the best - selling singles in UK chart history . Jump up ^ Ingham 2009 , pp. 107 -- 108 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' ; Benitez 2010 , p. 86 : `` the biggest hit of McCartney 's career '' . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 840 -- 841 : Thrillington Hipgnosis cover art ; Lewisohn 2002 , p. 168 : Thrillington . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , pp. 122 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 42 -- 43 : Back to the Egg , Harry 2002 , pp. 530 -- 532 : London Town , Harry 2002 , pp. 758 -- 760 : the Rockestra ; Ingham 2009 , p. 108 : London Town and Back to the Egg ; McGee 2003 , p. 245 : Back to the Egg certified platinum . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 845 -- 851 : Wings tours details , Harry 2002 , pp. 850 -- 851 : Wings UK Tour 1979 ; Ingham 2009 , p. 108 : Wings UK Tour 1979 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 578 : He composed all the music and performed the instrumentation himself ; Lewisohn 2002 , p. 167 : McCartney II a UK number - one , and a US top - five . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , pp. 100 -- 103 : McCartney II ; Blaney 2007 , pp. 136 -- 137 : `` Coming Up '' . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 : On Wings ' April dissolution , McCartney fearing for his personal safety and the commercial disappointment of Back to the Egg ; Blaney 2007 , p. 132 : `` Back to the Egg spent only eight weeks in the British charts , the shortest chart run of any Wings album ''. ; Doggett 2009 , pp. 276 : `` Paul is doing other things , that 's all ''. ; George - Warren 2001 , p. 626 : McCartney 's reluctance to tour for fear of his personal safety ; McGee 2003 , p. 144 : On McCartney 's reluctance to tour out of fear for his personal safety , and Laine 's statement that this was a significant contributing factor to Wings ' dissolution . Jump up ^ Ingham 2009 , pp. 109 -- 110 : Wings disbanded in 1981 ; McGee 2003 , p. 245 : US and UK chart positions of Wings ' LPs ; Harry 2002 , pp. 904 -- 910 : Wings , 912 -- 913 : Wings over America ; Lewisohn 2002 , p. 163 : one of few live albums ever to achieve the top spot in America . Jump up ^ McGee 2003 , pp. 244 -- 245 : Wings ' US and UK singles and albums chart positions ; Harry 2002 , pp. 511 -- 512 : `` Listen to What the Man Said '' , 788 : `` Silly Love Songs '' Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 311 : `` Ebony and Ivory '' ; Harry 2002 , pp. 361 -- 362 : `` The Girl Is Mine '' ; Harry 2002 , p. 820 : Eric Stewart . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ American Top 40 replay . Green Bay , Wisconsin . 22 May 1982 . Event occurs at 9 : 55am . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 720 -- 722 : Pipes of Peace album and song. , Harry 2002 , pp. 776 -- 777 : `` Say Say Say '' ; Roberts 2005 , p. 311 : Last UK number one single ; For the peak US chart position of Pipes of Peace see : Blaney 2007 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ For the RIAA database see : `` RIAA : Searchable Database '' . the Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on 30 August 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . ; Roberts 2005 , p. 312 : Peak UK chart position and weeks on charts for Pipes of Peace ; Blaney 2007 , p. 159 : US chart peak for Pipes of Peace . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 365 -- 374 : Give My Regards to Broad Street ( film ) ; Harry 2002 , p. 817 : Starr in Give My Regards to Broad Street . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1 January 1984 ) . `` Give My Regards to Broad Street review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 167 : Peak US chart position for `` No More Lonely Nights '' , ( number 6 ) ; Graff 2000 , p. 40 : Gilmour on guitar ; Harry 2002 , pp. 368 -- 369 : `` No More Lonely Nights '' . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 171 : Peak US and UK chart positions for `` Spies Like Us '' ; Benitez 2010 , p. 117 : `` Became a top - ten hit for McCartney '' ; Roberts 2005 , p. 311 : Peak UK chart position for `` Spies Like Us '' . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 402 -- 403 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 177 : Peak UK and US chart positions for Press to Play ; Roberts 2005 , p. 8 : Peak UK chart position for Press to Play . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 100 : Снова в СССР ; Harry 2002 , p. 728 : Press to Play ; Harry 2002 , p. 820 : Eric Stewart . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 327 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , pp. 688 -- 689 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 272 -- 273 : Elvis Costello ; Harry 2002 , pp. 337 -- 338 : Flowers in the Dirt . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 191 : Peak US chart position for `` Flowers in the Dirt '' ( # 21 ) ; Roberts 2005 , p. 312 : Peak UK chart position for `` Flowers in the Dirt '' ( # 1 ) . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 851 : the Paul McCartney World Tour band ; Sounes 2010 , pp. 420 -- 421 : the Paul McCartney World Tour band . Jump up ^ Badman 1999 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 851 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Sounes 2010 , p. 512 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 526 -- 528 : Liverpool Oratorio . ^ Jump up to : Harry 2002 , p. 528 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Edward ( 20 November 1991 ) . `` Review / Music ; McCartney 's ' Liverpool Oratorio ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , p. 134 : Performed around the world ; Blaney 2007 , p. 210 : on the UK classical chart , Music Week . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 873 -- 874 : Unplugged : the Official Bootleg . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 332 -- 334 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 656 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 685 -- 686 , 687 : The New World Tour . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 218 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 458 : Honorary Fellowship , Sounes 2010 , p. 477 : McCartney ; `` Yeah , it 's kind of amazing for somebody who does n't read a note of music '' . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , pp. 224 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 223 : The peak UK chart position for `` Young Boy '' , Blaney 2007 , p. 224 : Starr on `` Beautiful Night '' , Blaney 2007 , p. 225 : Peak US chart position for Flaming Pie ; Roberts 2005 , p. 311 : Peak UK chart position for `` Young Boy '' , Roberts 2005 , p. 312 : Peak UK chart position for Flaming Pie . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 335 -- 336 : Flaming Pie ; Harry 2002 , p. 807 : Standing Stone ; Harry 2002 , p. 770 : Rushes ^ Jump up to : Blaney 2007 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Graff 2000 , p. 40 ; Harry 2002 , pp. 593 -- 595 : Linda 's battle with cancer. , Harry 2002 , pp. 765 -- 766 : Run Devil Run . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 710 -- 711 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 528 -- 529 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 350 -- 351 : `` Choral '' ; George - Warren 2001 , pp. 626 -- 627 : `` Classical '' . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 268 -- 270 : The Concert for New York City ; Harry 2002 , pp. 346 -- 347 : `` Freedom '' . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , p. 15 : New band details ; Sounes 2010 , pp. 510 -- 511 : New band details . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 517 -- 518 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 261 : Peak US chart position for Back in the U.S. ; Roberts 2005 , p. 312 : Peak UK chart position for Back in the World . Jump up ^ For tour box office gross see : Waddell , Ray ( 28 December 2002 ) . `` The Top Tours of 2002 : Veterans rule the roost , with Sir Paul leading the pack '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Deruso , Nick ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` Interview of Brian Ray on Paul McCartney '' . Something Else ! . Archived from the original on 6 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 577 : McCartney 's marriage to Mills ; Doggett 2009 , pp. 332 -- 333 : Concert for George . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 825 -- 826 : McCartney performing at Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002 ; Sandford 2006 , p. 396 : McCartney performing at Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Beatle granted coat of arms '' . BBC News . 22 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sounes 2010 , p. 523 . ^ Jump up to : Blaney 2007 , pp. 268 -- 269 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Molenda 2005 , pp. 68 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 269 : Peak UK and US chart positions for `` Fine Line '' ; Blaney 2007 , p. 271 : Peak UK and US chart positions for Chaos and Creation in the Backyard ; Blaney 2007 , p. 274 : Peak UK chart position for `` Jenny Wren '' . Jump up ^ For 30 November 2005 Los Angeles setlist see : `` Paul McCartney : The U.S. Tour '' . paulmcartney.com. 30 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 3 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . ; For the Billboard boxscores see : Waddell , Ray ( 5 August 2006 ) . `` Top Tours Take Center Stage '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Blaney 2007 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 540 -- 541 . Jump up ^ `` Memory Almost Full -- Paul McCartney '' . Billboard. 23 June 2007 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 559 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Arguments -- the Fireman '' . Billboard. 13 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney Treats Liverpool to ' A Day in the Life ' Live Debut '' . Rolling Stone . 2 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2008 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney Stuns Manhattan With Set on Letterman 's Marquee '' . Rolling Stone . 16 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ For 9 September 2009 remasters see : `` The Beatles ' Entire Original Recorded Catalogue Remastered by Apple Corps Ltd '' ( Press release ) . EMI. 7 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . ; For the Beatles : Rock Band see : Gross , Doug ( 4 September 2009 ) . `` Still Relevant After Decades , The Beatles Set to Rock 9 September 2009 '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 560 . Jump up ^ Mervis , Scott ( 14 June 2010 ) . `` Paul McCartney sells out two shows at Consol '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on 7 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ For `` among the last '' of the classic rock catalogues available online see : La Monica , Paul R. ( 7 September 2005 ) . `` Hey iTunes , Do n't Make It Bad ... '' CNNMoney.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . ; For the Beatles catalogue available on iTunes see : Aswad , Jem ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Beatles End Digital Boycott , Catalog Now on iTunes '' . Rolling Stone . New York . Archived from the original on 17 December 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 16 July 2011 ) . `` A Gentle Reminder of Paul McCartney 's Survival and Vitality '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney : Ocean 's Kingdom '' . paulmcartney.com. 2 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Paul McCartney marrying for the third time '' . BBC News . 9 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney : Kisses On The Bottom '' . paulmccartney.com . Archived from the original on 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . ; For McCartney 's MusiCares award , and his performance at the 54th Grammy Awards see : `` Paul McCartney Is 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . 13 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ For the Billboard boxscores on the Mexico City shows see : `` Charts : Current Box Score '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney : On the Run '' . paulmcartney.com . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Mark ( 5 June 2012 ) . `` Paul McCartney , Elton John Honor Queen at Diamond Jubilee Concert '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Paul to end London 2012 opening ceremony '' . BBC News . 5 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney Olympics Payment : Singer Paid One Pound ( $1.57 ) For Big Gig '' . Huffington Post . 30 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Shriver , Jerry ; Deutsch , Lindsay ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Springsteen , Kanye , Stones , McCartney rock Sandy relief '' . USA Today . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , David ( 28 August 2013 ) . `` Paul McCartney 's ' New ' Single Lands , Album Due in October : Listen '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Anna Kendrick , David Letterman , John Mayer , Keith Urban , Katy Perry , Sean Penn , Stevie Wonder and More Set for CBS ' Beatles Tribute ; Song List Announced '' Playbill.com , 7 February 2014 Jump up ^ Demetriou , Danielle ( 19 May 2014 ) . `` Paul McCartney cancels a string of Japan concerts due to unspecified ' virus ' '' . telegraph.co.uk . Telegraph Media Group Ltd . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Vozick - Levinson , Simon ( 6 July 2014 ) . `` Paul McCartney Bounces Back in Albany '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 16 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney Closes Candlestick Park ' in Style ' -- Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . 15 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brendan ( 7 July 2012 ) . `` Paul McCartney working with Bungie '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny End Credits Easter Egg reveals Paul McCartney 's Song Hope for the Future '' . Gamespot. 11 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Dylan , Kiss and More Cover Paul McCartney for Tribute Comp -- Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . 9 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2014 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Markman , Rob . `` Kanye West Drops New Song For The New Year : Listen To ' Only One ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 3 January 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Caitlin ( 25 January 2015 ) . `` Rihanna Dropped Her New Song With Kanye And Paul McCartney -- Hear ' FourFiveSeconds ' '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on 14 February 2015 . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 31 January 2015 ) . `` Watch Rihanna , Kanye and McCartney on ' FourFiveSeconds ' Video Shoot '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 11 February 2015 . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` The 2015 Grammys : Best and Worst Moments '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West -- `` All Day '' ( Feat . Allan Kingdom , Theophilus London , & Paul McCartney ) `` . Stereogum. 2 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Joel ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` Paul McCartney , Miley Cyrus , Paul Simon Captivate at ' SNL 40 ' Former Beatle busts out Maybe I 'm Amazed '' . rollingstone.com . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Britton , Luke Morgan ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` Alice Cooper details ' Hollywood Vampires ' album featuring Paul McCartney , Dave Grohl and Johnny Depp '' . NME . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Foreman , Polly ( 31 March 2016 ) . `` Paul McCartney announces career - spanning compilation '' . uncut.co.uk . Archived from the original on 9 April 2016 . Retrieved 2 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pure McCartney '' . Facebook . 31 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 67 Tracks of Pure McCartney ... '' paulmccartney.com. 31 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney Joins Johnny Depp & Crew For ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . Deadline.com. 24 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We ca n't work it out : Paul McCartney to sue Sony for rights to Beatles classics '' . The Guardian . 18 January 2017 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Paul McCartney sues Sony over Beatles songs '' . BBC News . 19 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ France - Presse , Agence ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` Beatles song rights dispute : Paul McCartney and Sony ATV work it out '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney Settles with Sony / ATV to Reclaim Beatles Copyright '' . fortune.com . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( 19 June 2018 ) . `` Paul McCartney Details New Double A-Side Single '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney scores first number one album in United States in 36 years '' . Sky News . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 12 : Natural melodist , MacDonald 2005 , p. 13 : Perfect pitch and an acute pair of ears . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Jisi 2005 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Mulhern 1990 , p. 18 : The influence of Motown and James Jamerson , Mulhern 1990 , p. 22 : Stanley Clarke . Jump up ^ Sheff & Golson 1981 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Babiuk & Bacon 2002 , pp. 16 -- 17 : Höfner 500 / 1 , Babiuk & Bacon 2002 , pp. 44 -- 45 : Rickenbacker 4001 , Babiuk & Bacon 2002 , pp. 85 -- 86 , 92 -- 93 , 103 , 116 , 134 , 140 , 173 , 175 , 187 , 211 : Vox amplifiers ; MacDonald 2005 , p. 298 : Fender Bassman . ^ Jump up to : Mulhern 1990 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 133 -- 134 : `` She 's a Woman '' ; Ingham 2009 , p. 299 : `` began to come into its own '' . Jump up ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006 , pp. 10 , 44 : Rubber Soul as the starting point for McCartney 's bass improvement , Bacon & Morgan 2006 , p. 98 : `` a high point in pop bass playing '' . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 178 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006 , pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 196 -- 198 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Jisi 2005 , p. 45 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : Mulhern 1990 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 157 -- 158 : `` Yesterday '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 174 -- 175 : `` I 'm Looking Through You '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 175 -- 176 : `` Michelle '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 291 -- 292 : `` Blackbird '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 305 -- 306 : `` Mother Nature 's Son '' , MacDonald 2005 , p. 308 : `` Rocky Raccoon '' , MacDonald 2005 , p. 315 : `` I Will '' . Jump up ^ Molenda 2005 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Babiuk & Bacon 2002 , pp. 146 -- 147 , 152 , 161 , 164 : Epiphone Texan ; Babiuk & Bacon 2002 , pp. 215 , 218 , 222 , 239 : Martin D - 28 . Jump up ^ Mulhern 1990 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Babiuk & Bacon 2002 , p. 149 : `` If I had to pick one electric guitar '' ; MacDonald 2005 , pp. 166 -- 167 : `` Drive My Car '' , `` fiercely angular slide guitar solo '' . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 200 -- 201 : `` Taxman '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 232 -- 234 : `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 234 -- 235 : `` Good Morning Good Morning '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 297 -- 298 : `` Helter Skelter '' . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ McGee 2003 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ James E. Perone ( 17 October 2012 ) . The Album : A Guide to Pop Music 's Most Provocative , Influential , and Important Creations . ABC - CLIO . p. 585 . ISBN 9780313379079 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Singers -- Paul McCartney '' . The Rolling Stone . 3 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The greatest singers ever -- as voted by you '' . NME. 21 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 30 Greatest Lead Singers of All Time '' . The Music Radar . Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Coplan , Chris ( 25 May 2014 ) . `` Axl Rose is NOT the singer with the widest range '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on 27 May 2014 . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vocal Ranges of the World 's Greatest Singers '' . Concert Hotels . Archived from the original on 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rybaczewski , Dave . `` '' Kansas City / Hey - Hey - Hey - Hey ! '' History `` . The Beatles E-Books . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hartley , Jason . `` ' Wild Life -- One McCartney album 's 40 - year journey from appalling to amazing ' '' . Trunkworthy . Archived from the original on 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , p. 68 : `` Call Me Back Again '' ; MacDonald 2005 , p. 156 : `` I 'm Down '' . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 297 -- 298 : `` Helter Skelter '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 302 -- 304 : `` Hey Jude '' . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , p. 128 : `` Put It There '' , Benitez 2010 , p. 138 : `` Hope of Deliverance '' ; Everett 1999 , pp. 112 -- 113 : `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' , Everett 1999 , pp. 189 -- 190 : `` Honey Pie '' . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 309 -- 310 : `` Back in the U.S.S.R ''. , MacDonald 2005 , p. 332 : `` I 've Got a Feeling '' , a `` raunchy , mid-tempo rocker '' with a `` robust and soulful '' performance . Jump up ^ `` ' Paul McCartney on The Fireman '' . Clash . Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney -- McCartney II '' . The Essential . Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Press to Play '' . MaccaFan.net . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney / Linda McCartney -- Ram '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soundgarden singer Chris Cornell goes quiet '' . stuff.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` ' 33 Years Ago : Billy Joel Channels the Beatles on ' The Nylon Curtain '' . stuff.co.nz . Archived from the original on 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Steven Tyler 's ' Abbey Road ' Tribute To Paul McCartney ! ' '' . Society of ROck . Archived from the original on 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Brad Delp '' . stuff.co.nz . Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Axl Rose responds to list calling him ' world 's greatest singer '' . The Rolling Stone . 28 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 178 -- 180 : `` She 's a Woman '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 205 -- 206 : `` For No One '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 227 -- 232 : `` A Day in the Life '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 272 -- 273 : `` Hello , Goodbye '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 275 -- 276 : `` Lady Madonna '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 302 -- 304 : `` Hey Jude '' , MacDonald 2005 , p. 322 : `` Martha My Dear '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 337 -- 338 : `` Let It Be '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 339 -- 341 : `` The Long and Winding Road '' . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 275 -- 276 : `` Lady Madonna '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 337 -- 338 : `` Let It Be '' . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 357 : `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' ; Benitez 2010 , p. 46 : `` Loup ( 1st Indian on the Moon ) '' . Jump up ^ Ingham 2009 , p. 117 : `` the most sensitive pop synthesizer touches '' ; Blaney 2007 , p. 123 : McCartney playing keyboards on `` London Town '' . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 309 : `` Wild Honey Pie '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 309 -- 310 : `` Back in the USSR '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 310 -- 311 : `` Dear Prudence '' , MacDonald 2005 , p. 322 : `` Martha My Dear '' , MacDonald 2005 , pp. 345 -- 347 : `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' . Jump up ^ Benitez 2010 , p. 19 : McCartney , Benitez 2010 , p. 52 : Band on the Run , Benitez 2010 , p. 99 : McCartney II ; Molenda 2005 , pp. 68 -- 70 : he played most of the instrumentation himself . Jump up ^ `` Paul Jones -- And The Sun Will Shine -- The Dog Presides '' . beatleshelp.net . Archived from the original on 23 December 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark ( 2013 ) . The Beatles : All These Years : Volume I : Tune In . New York : Crown Archetype . p. 309 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 8305 - 3 . Jump up ^ Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1977 ) . `` 1969 -- `` But If Paul 's Alive , How Did He Die ? '' . All Together Now -- The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 ( Second ed . ) . New York : Ballantine Books . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 25680 - 5 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 219 -- 220 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 185 -- 193 : Tape loops used on `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' ; Everett 1999 , pp. 138 -- 139 : Tape loops used on `` The Fool on the Hill '' . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 21 : `` the Messiah has arrived ! '' , ( primary source ) ; Spitz 2005 , p. 41 : `` The Messiah had arrived '' , ( secondary source ) . Jump up ^ Harry 2000a , pp. 140 -- 141 : Chuck Berry ; Harry 2002 , pp. 420 -- 425 : Buddy Holly , Harry 2002 , p. 727 : Elvis Presley ; Mulhern 1990 , p. 33 : Carl Perkins and Little Richard ; Spitz 2005 , pp. 41 , 92 , 97 , 124 : Presley , Spitz 2005 , pp. 131 -- 133 , 225 , 538 : Holly , Spitz 2005 , pp. 134 , 374 , 446 , 752 : Berry . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 727 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 66 -- 67 : `` According to McCartney , the bassline was taken from `` ... I 'm Talking About You '' ; Mulhern 1990 , p. 18 : McCartney : `` I 'm not gon na tell you I wrote the thing when Chuck Berry 's bass player did ; Miles 1997 , p. 94 : McCartney : `` I played exactly the same notes as he did and it fitted our number perfectly '' . Jump up ^ Mulhern 1990 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 156 : ( secondary source ) ; Miles 1997 , p. 201 : ( primary source ) . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 420 -- 425 : `` Buddy Holly Week '' 1976 -- 2001 . Jump up ^ Carlin 2009 , pp. 44 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Harry 2002 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 256 -- 267 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000a , pp. 549 -- 550 : Indica Gallery renovation and Lennon meeting Ono ; Harry 2002 , pp. 549 -- 550 : Miles as McCartney 's official biographer ; Miles 1997 , pp. 232 , 237 -- 238 : Barry Miles and IT . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 453 . Jump up ^ `` McCartney art makes UK debut '' . BBC News . 29 September 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2003 . Jump up ^ `` McCartney and Yoko art exhibitions , 20 October 2000 '' . BBC News . 20 October 2000 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . ; `` Walker Gallery Exhibition : 24 May -- 4 August 2002 '' . liverpoolmuseums.org.uk . Archived from the original on 23 December 2003 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 517 -- 526 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 12 : `` word power '' ( primary source ) ; Spitz 2005 , p. 82 : `` word power '' ( secondary source ) . Jump up ^ Horovitz , Michael ( 14 October 2006 ) . `` Roll over , Andrew Motion '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ McCartney & Mitchell 2001 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Merritt , Stephanie ( 17 December 2005 ) . `` It took him years to write ... '' The Observer . London . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingham 2009 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 767 . Jump up ^ `` McCartney releases frog follow - up '' . BBC News . 29 February 2004 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 862 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ The Real Buddy Holly Story ( DVD ) . White Star ( copyright MPL Communications and BBC TV ) . 2004 . ASIN B0002VGTBQ . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 386 -- 387 : the Grateful Dead documentary , 789 : `` Lisa the Vegetarian '' , 862 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Paul McCartney tops 2015 musicians ' rich list '' . BBC News Online . 23 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ For MPL 's ownership of over 25,000 songs see : `` Sir Paul is ' pop billionaire ' '' . BBC News . 6 January 2002 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2009 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . ; Harry 2002 , pp. 630 -- 632 : MPL 's ownership of Guys and Dolls , A Chorus Line , and Grease ; Sounes 2010 , p. 348 : MPL 's ownership of Annie . Jump up ^ `` McCartney tops media rich list '' . BBC News . 30 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 48 million in 2005 '' . The Telegraph . London . 18 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Casciato , Paul ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` McCartney tops UK music rich list , Adele richest youngster '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ McGee 2003 , pp. 125 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Dannen , Frederic , Hit Men : Power Brokers and Fast Money Inside the Music Business , Vintage Books , London , 1991 , ( ISBN 0099813106 ) , pp. 126 - 127 Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , pp. 287 -- 297 : McCartney 's discography , with release label detail ; Roberts 2005 , pp. 311 -- 312 : McCartney discography with release label detail . Jump up ^ For McCartney 's current record label see : Hermis , Will ( 7 February 2012 ) . `` Paul McCartney : Kisses on the Bottom '' . Rolling Stone : Reviews . Archived from the original on 18 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . ; For his joining Hear as their first artist see : `` McCartney joins Starbucks label '' . BBC News . 22 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 365 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Jeff ; Sorkin , Andrew Ross ( 13 April 2006 ) . `` Michael Jackson Bailout Said to Be Close '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 456 -- 459 : McCartney was unhappy about Jackson 's purchase and handling of Northern Songs ; Southall & Perry 2006 , p. 203 : Northern Songs dissolved and absorbed into Sony / ATV . Jump up ^ Southall & Perry 2006 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 536 : The only Beatles songs owned by MPL Communications ; Southall & Perry 2006 , pp. 192 -- 193 : McCartney acquired the publishing rights for `` Love Me Do '' and `` P.S. I Love You '' . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 186 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Brown & Gaines 2002 , p. 182 : Habitual marijuana use by McCartney and the Beatles ; Miles 1997 , p. 190 : Marijuana references in Beatles songs . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 247 : Cocaine use during Sgt . Pepper recording sessions ; Miles 1997 , pp. 384 -- 385 : McCartney used the drug for about a year then stopped . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 379 -- 380 : First LSD `` trip '' , Miles 1997 , p. 382 : Second LSD `` trip '' . Jump up ^ Brown & Gaines 2002 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 386 -- 387 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 300 -- 307 : Drugs . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 459 -- 461 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 300 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney reveals what made him finally stop smoking cannabis '' . Independent.co.uk. 30 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Food Programme ( 27 January 2013 ) . `` Food in the life of Sir Paul McCartney '' . BBC Radio 4 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FoodProgramme - 20130127 - FoodInTheLifeOfSirPaulMccartney. mp3 '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 880 -- 882 . Jump up ^ For McCartney 's pledge to continue Linda 's animal rights work see : `` McCartney vows to keep animal rights torch alight '' . BBC News . 5 August 1998 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2008 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . ; For McCartney ensuring that Linda McCartney Foods remained GMO free , see : `` GM - free ingredients '' . BBC News . 10 June 1999 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2009 . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Devour the Earth '' . World Preservation Foundation . Archived from the original on 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Paul McCartney and PETA VP Dan Mathews Reflect on Two Decades of Activism '' . People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals . Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Paul McCarney Narrates ' Glass Walls ' '' . PETA UK . 30 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2015 . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Paul McCartney narrates Peta video on slaughterhouses '' . The Telegraph . London . 7 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Supports New Pro-Vegetarian PETA UK Campaign : ' Celebrate Life ' '' . PaulMcCartney.com . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael , Destries ( 7 December 2009 ) . `` Paul McCartney Narrates `` If Slaughterhouses Had Glass Walls ... '' `` . Ecorazzi . Archived from the original on 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Time '' . David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation . Archived from the original on 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Paul McCartney Supports HSI and The HSUS ' Be Cruelty - Free Campaign '' . Humane Society of the United States . Archived from the original on 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ For McCartney becoming a patron of Adopt - A-Minefield see : `` McCartney calls for landmine ban '' . BBC News . 20 April 2001 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2009 . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President Vladimir Putin received a legendary singer and former Beatle , Paul McCartney , and his wife , Heather Mills '' . en.kremlin.ru. 24 May 2003 . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Interview transcript , McCartney and Heather , Larry King Live , Seal cull '' . CNN . 3 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Make Poverty History : Celebrity Supporters & Events '' . Look to the Stars . Archived from the original on 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 270 : Concerts for the People of Kampuchea , 327 -- 328 : `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' , 514 -- 515 : Live Aid ; Roberts 2005 , pp. 49 : Band Aid & Band Aid 20 , 187 : Ferry Aid . Jump up ^ For the `` US Campaign for Burma '' see : `` US campaign for Burma protest '' . BBC News . 20 June 2005 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . ; For the Aid Still Required CD see : `` Aid Still Required '' . Aid Still Required . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ellen , Barbara ( 17 July 2010 ) . `` Interview : Paul McCartney '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 15 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Mireya ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` Yoko Ono and Sean Lennon Organize Artists Against Fracking '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenpeace Blocks Two Major Oil Rigs to ' Save the Arctic ' '' . TRANSCEND Media Service . Archived from the original on 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds of Protests in 36 Countries Demand Release of Arctic 30 '' . EcoWatch. 18 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2014 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Dathan , Matt ( 10 July 2015 ) . `` ' A bunch of lying b * * * * * ds ' -- Brian May and Paul McCartney hit out at David Cameron 's ' cruel and unnecessary ' bid to bring back fox hunting '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 12 July 2015 . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 396 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 6 April 2009 ) . `` Just Say ' Om ' : The Fab Two Give a Little Help to a Cause '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 16 April 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . Jump up ^ For McCartney 's support of Everton , see : `` Macca 's a blue '' . Everton Football Club . Archived from the original on 10 March 2009 . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . ; For McCartney 's support of Liverpool , see : `` Did The Beatles Hide Their Footballing Love Away ? '' . Haymarket Media Group . 15 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Prentice , David ( 5 July 2008 ) . `` Sir Paul McCartney 's Everton ' secret ' was no surprise '' . Everton Banter . Archived from the original on 21 August 2008 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 69 : Encouraging Rhone to grow her hair out like Bardot ; Spitz 2005 , p. 171 : Rhone had her hair re-styled to disappointing effect . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , pp. 239 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 101 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 439 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 104 -- 107 : Living at the Asher home , 254 : McCartney 's move to his home in St. John 's Wood . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 27 -- 32 : Jane Asher , Harry 2002 , pp. 777 -- 778 : Francie Schwartz . ^ Jump up to : Harry 2002 , p. 585 . ^ Jump up to : Harry 2002 , p. 587 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 45 : Paul and Linda 's first meeting , Harry 2002 , p. 587 : `` Pushiness worked for me that night ! '' ; Miles 1997 , pp. 432 -- 434 : Linda 's UK assignment to photograph rock musicians in London . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 514 -- 515 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 525 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 904 -- 910 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 2002 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 585 -- 601 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 600 -- 601 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 568 -- 578 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 532 : Separation , Sounes 2010 , p. 546 : Divorce . Jump up ^ `` McCartney 's lament : I ca n't buy your love '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 12 June 2004 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( 7 November 2007 ) . `` Former Beatle Linked to Member of M.T.A. Unit '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Shevell -- Vice President -- Administration '' . New England Motor Freight . Archived from the original on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Donohue , Pete ; Connor , Tracy ( 25 January 2012 ) . `` Mrs. Paul McCartney quits MTA board '' . Daily News . New York . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Badman 1999 , pp. 122 -- 123 ; Doggett 2009 , pp. 218 -- 219 ; Sandford 2006 , pp. 227 -- 229 Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 587 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 588 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 590 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 504 -- 505 : On 24 April 1976 , the two were watching Saturday Night Live , last time Lennon and McCartney spent time together ; Miles 1997 , p. 592 : Lennon : `` We nearly got a cab , but we were actually too tired '' . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 869 -- 870 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Joan . `` Playboy Interview : Paul and Linda McCartney '' . Playboy . 31 , no . 12 ( December 1984 ) : 82 . Jump up ^ Graff 2000 , p. 40 : `` John is kinda like a constant ... always there in my being , Graff 2000 , p. 96 : `` in my soul , so I always think of him '' . Jump up ^ Carlin 2009 , pp. 255 -- 257 . ^ Jump up to : Harry 2002 , p. 505 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 594 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 506 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Mitchell . `` Growing Up at 331⁄3 : The George Harrison Interview '' . Crawdaddy ( February 1977 ) : 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Poole , Oliver ; Davies , Hugh ( 1 December 2001 ) . `` I 'll always love him , he 's my baby brother , says tearful McCartney '' . The Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 7 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2009 , pp. 332 -- 333 . Jump up ^ Harry 2003 , pp. 138 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 816 ; Miles 1997 , p. 495 : `` Paul ticked Ringo off over a fluffed tom - tom fill . They had already argued about how the drum part should be played ... and Paul 's criticisms finally brought matters to a head '' ; MacDonald 2005 , p. 310 : `` The ill - feeling ... finally erupted ... after an argument with McCartney over the drum part '' . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 816 . Jump up ^ `` Song of the Day : ' Six O'Clock , ' Ringo Starr '' . NJ.com . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Barbara ( 2006 ) . The Complete How to Kazoo . ISBN 9780761142218 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , pp. 279 -- 281 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Elysa ( 6 April 2009 ) . `` McCartney , Starr reunite for Lynch Foundation benefit '' . USA Today . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 19 November 2009 ) . `` Ringo Starr Recruits Paul McCartney for New Album ' Y Not ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( 7 July 2012 ) . `` Paul McCartney Surprises Fans at Ringo Birthday Gig '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 24 June 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney , Ringo Starr Grammys Performances : Beatles Reunite For ' Queenie Eye ' '' . The Huffington Post . 22 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2014 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Norris ( 1980 ) . Guinness Book of World Records . London : Sterling Publishing . pp. 235 , 250 , 251 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8069 - 0168 - 8 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig ( 2009 ) . Guinness World Records 2009 . London : Bantam Books . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 59256 - 6 . Jump up ^ For McCartney 's number - one singles with the Beatles and Wings see : `` Most No. 1s By Artist ( All - Time ) '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . ; Bronson 1992 , p. 150 : `` A World Without Love '' performed by Peter and Gordon , Bronson 1992 , p. 388 : `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' performed by Elton John ; Bronson 1992 , p. 554 : `` Medley '' by Stars on 45 ; Bronson 1992 , p. 555 : `` Ebony and Ivory '' with Stevie Wonder ; Bronson 1992 , p. 581 : `` Say Say Say '' with Michael Jackson , Bronson 1992 , p. 808 : McCartney 's thirty - two Billboard Hot 100 number - ones . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Artists '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on 19 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , p. 49 : Band Aid & Band Aid ; Roberts 2005 , pp. 20 , 54 -- 55 : the Beatles ; Roberts 2005 , p. 187 : Ferry Aid ; Roberts 2005 , pp. 311 -- 312 : Solo , Wings , Stevie Wonder and `` The Christians et al . '' Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , pp. 398 -- 400 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , pp. 311 -- 312 . Jump up ^ For 2,200 recorded versions see : `` Sir Paul is Your Millennium 's greatest composer '' . BBC News . 3 May 1999 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . ; `` Most Recorded Song '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 10 September 2006 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . ; MacDonald 2005 , p. 157 : `` the most ' covered ' song in history '' ; For `` Yesterday '' airing more than seven million times on American TV and radio see : `` McCartney 's Yesterday earns US accolade '' . BBC News . 17 December 1999 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronson 1992 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000a , pp. 516 -- 518 . Jump up ^ London Gazette 1965 , pp. 5487 -- 5489 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ `` Minor planet number 4148 has been named in honor of former Beatle Paul McCartney '' . IAU Minor Planet Center . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Anon . `` University of Sussex Honorary Degrees Committee List of Honorary Graduates '' . Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Badman 1999 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 38 , 242 . Jump up ^ For the Brit Award , see : `` Sir Paul McCartney picks up special Brit award in London '' . NME. 20 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . ; For the honorary degree from Yale , see : `` Yale gives Paul McCartney honorary music degree '' . USA Today . 26 May 2008 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 2 June 2010 ) . `` McCartney Is Honored at White House '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Becker , Bernie ; Southall , Ashley ( 5 December 2010 ) . `` Glittering Tributes for Winners of Kennedy Center Honors '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 3 January 2015 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Sinha , Piya ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` Paul McCartney finally gets Walk of Fame star '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney awarded French Legion of Honor '' . SBS News . 8 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No. 61962 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 17 June 2017 . p . B25 . Jump up ^ `` Queens Birthday Honours : McCartney a Companion of Honour '' . BBC News . 16 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ Andreybz ( 17 November 2006 ) . `` Ringo Starr - The Cooler '' . Retrieved 8 April 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday ( 2001 ) '' . bfi.org.uk . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 845 -- 851 : Wings tours details ; Lewisohn 2002 , pp. 170 -- 171 : Wings tours dates . Jump up ^ For solo tour details see : `` Paul McCartney : Tour archives '' . paulmccartney.com . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . 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Gould , Jonathan ( 2007 ) . Ca n't Buy Me Love : The Beatles , Britain and America ( First Paperback ed . ) . Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 35338 - 2 . Graff , Gary ( January 2000 ) . `` Yesterday & Today '' . Guitar World . 20 ( 1 ) . Glenday , Craig ( editor ) ( 2008 ) . Guinness World Records 2009 . Guinness World Records Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904994 - 37 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Harry , Bill ( 2000a ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Revised and Updated . Virgin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0481 - 9 . Harry , Bill ( 2003 ) . The George Harrison Encyclopedia . Virgin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0822 - 0 . Harry , Bill ( 2000b ) . The John Lennon Encyclopedia . Virgin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0404 - 8 . Harry , Bill ( 2002 ) . The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia . Virgin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0716 - 2 . Ingham , Chris ( 2009 ) . The Rough Guide to The Beatles ( 3rd ed . ) . Rough Guides . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84836 - 525 - 4 . Jisi , Chris ( October 2005 ) . `` He Can Work It Out '' . Bass Player . 16 ( 10 ) . Kastan , David Scott ( 2006 ) . Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature. 1 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516921 - 8 . Levy , Joe ( editor ) ( 2005 ) . Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ( First Paperback ed . ) . Wenner Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932958 - 61 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Lewisohn , Mark ( 1992 ) . The Complete Beatles Chronicle : The Definitive Day - By - Day Guide to the Beatles ' Entire Career ( 2010 ed . ) . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56976 - 534 - 0 . Lewisohn , Mark ( editor ) ( 2002 ) . Wingspan : Paul McCartney 's Band on the Run . Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 86032 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) `` Most Excellent Order of the British Empire '' . The London Gazette ( supplement ) . 4 June 1965 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 3rd ( 2007 ) ed . ) . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 733 - 3 . McCartney , Paul ; Mitchell , Adrian ( editor ) ( 2001 ) . Blackbird singing : Poems and Lyrics 1965 -- 1999 . W.W. Norton and Company Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 02049 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) McGee , Garry ( 2003 ) . Band on the Run : A History of Paul McCartney and Wings . Taylor Trade . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87833 - 304 - 2 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now ( 1st Hardcover ed . ) . Henry Holt & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 5248 - 0 . Miles , Barry ( 1998 ) . The Beatles : A Diary -- An Intimate Day by Day History ( 2009 ed . ) . JG Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57215 - 010 - 2 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . Omnibus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 3 . Molenda , Michael ( November 2005 ) . `` Here , There , and Everywhere '' . Guitar Player . 39 ( 11 ) . Mulhern , Tom ( July 1990 ) . `` Paul McCartney '' . Guitar Player . 24 , No. 7 ( 246 ) . Roberts , David ( editor ) ( 2005 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 18 ed . ) . Guinness World Records Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904994 - 00 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Sandford , Christopher ( 2006 ) . McCartney . Carroll & Graf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 1614 - 2 . Sheff , David ; Golson , G. Barry ( editor ) ( 1981 ) . The Playboy Interviews with John Lennon & Yoko Ono . Playboy Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87223 - 705 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Sounes , Howard ( 2010 ) . Fab : An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81783 - 0 . Southall , Brian ; Perry , Rupert ( contributor ) ( 2006 ) . Northern Songs : The True Story of the Beatles Song Publishing Empire . Omnibus . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84609 - 237 - 4 . Spitz , Bob ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : The Biography . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 80352 - 6 . The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 3636 - 4 . Wenner , Jann ; George - Warren , Holly ( editor ) ( 2000 ) . Lennon Remembers . Verso . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85984 - 600 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Womack , Kenneth ( 2007 ) . Long and Winding Roads : The Evolving Artistry of the Beatles . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1746 - 6 . Further reading Barrow , Tony ( 2005 ) . John , Paul , George , Ringo & Me : The Real Beatles Story . Thunder 's Mouth . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56025 - 882 - 7 . Barrow , Tony ( 2004 ) . Paul McCartney . Carlton Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 822 - 9 . Davies , Hunter ( 2009 ) . The Beatles : The Authorized Biography ( 3rd revised ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33874 - 4 . Gambaccini , Paul ( 1993 ) . Paul McCartney : In His Own Words . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86001 - 239 - 9 . Gambaccini , Paul ( 1996 ) . The McCartney Interviews : After the Break - Up ( 2 ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 5494 - 6 . Gracen , Jorie B. ( 2000 ) . Paul McCartney : I Saw Him Standing There . Watson - Guptill Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 8372 - 5 . Kirchherr , Astrid ; Voormann , Klaus ( 1999 ) . Hamburg Days . Guildford , Surrey : Genesis Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 904351 - 73 - 6 . Martin , George ( 1979 ) . All You Need Is Ears . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 11482 - 4 . Martin , George ; Pearson , William ( 1994 ) . Summer of Love : The Making of Sgt . Pepper . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 60398 - 7 . Peel , Ian ( 2002 ) . The Unknown Paul McCartney : McCartney and the avant - garde . Reynolds & Hearn . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903111 - 36 - 9 . Raymer , Miles ( 2010 ) . How to Analyze the Music of Paul McCartney . ABDO Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61613 - 531 - 7 . External links Find more aboutPaul McCartneyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Paul McCartney at Encyclopædia Britannica Paul McCartney at AllMusic Paul McCartney discography at Discogs Paul McCartney in the Hollywood Walk of Fame Directory Rupert and the Frog at the Wayback Machine ( archived 24 November 2005 ) -- Paul McCartney 's animation 2005 - 11 - 24 Paul McCartney on IMDb Paul McCartney at the TCM Movie Database Paul McCartney interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs , 26 December 1984 Paul McCartney Paul `` Wix '' Wickens Rusty Anderson Brian Ray Abe Laboriel Jr . Linda McCartney Hamish Stuart Robbie McIntosh Chris Whitten Blair Cunningham Studio albums McCartney Ram ( with Linda McCartney ) McCartney II Tug of War Pipes of Peace Give My Regards to Broad Street Press to Play Снова в СССР Flowers in the Dirt Off the Ground Flaming Pie Standing Stone Run Devil Run Working Classical Driving Rain Chaos and Creation in the Backyard Ecce Cor Meum Memory Almost Full Ocean 's Kingdom Kisses on the Bottom New Egypt Station with Wings Wild Life Red Rose Speedway Band on the Run Venus and Mars Wings at the Speed of Sound London Town Back to the Egg Other The Family Way Thrillington Electronica Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest ( The Fireman ) Rushes ( The Fireman ) Liverpool Sound Collage Twin Freaks Electric Arguments ( The Fireman ) Unreleased albums Return to Pepperland Live albums Wings over America Tripping the Live Fantastic Unplugged ( The Official Bootleg ) Paul McCartney 's Liverpool Oratorio Paul Is Live Back in the U.S. Back in the World Live Amoeba 's Secret Good Evening New York City Live in Los Angeles iTunes Live from Capitol Studios Compilations Wings Greatest Cold Cuts ( unreleased ) All the Best ! The Paul McCartney Collection Costello Album ( bootleg ) Wingspan : Hits and History Pure McCartney Tours Wings University Tour Wings Over Europe Tour Wings 1973 UK Tour Wings Over the World tour Wings UK Tour 1979 The Paul McCartney World Tour Unplugged Tour 1991 The New World Tour Driving World Tour Back in the World 2004 Summer Tour The ' US ' Tour Summer Live ' 09 Good Evening Europe Tour Up and Coming Tour On the Run Out There One on One 2018 Secret Gigs Freshen Up Filmography A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) Help ! ( 1965 ) Magical Mystery Tour ( 1967 ) Yellow Submarine ( 1968 ) Let It Be ( 1970 ) James Paul McCartney ( 1973 ) One Hand Clapping ( 1974 ) Wings Over the World ( 1979 ) Rockestra ( unreleased ) ( 1979 ) Back to the Egg ( 1979 ) Concert for Kampuchea ( 1980 ) Rockshow ( 1980 ) Give My Regards to Broad Street ( 1984 ) Put It There ( 1989 ) MTV Unplugged ( 1991 ) Get Back ( 1991 ) Liverpool Oratorio ( 1991 ) Paul Is Live ( 1993 ) In the World Tonight ( 1997 ) Standing Stone ( 1997 ) Live at the Cavern Club ( 1999 ) Working Classical ( 2000 ) Wingspan ( 2001 ) The Concert for New York City ( 2001 ) Back in the U.S. ( 2002 ) Paul McCartney in Red Square ( 2003 ) The Music and Animation Collection ( 2004 ) Between Chaos and Creation ( 2005 ) Chaos and Creation at Abbey Road ( 2005 ) The Space Within US ( 2006 ) Memory Almost Full -- Deluxe Edition ( 2007 ) The McCartney Years ( 2007 ) Ecce Cor Meum ( 2008 ) Good Evening New York City ( 2009 ) The Love We Make ( 2011 ) Paul McCartney 's Live Kisses ( 2012 ) A Rendez - Vous with Paul McCartney ( 2013 ) New -- Collector 's Edition ( 2014 ) A MusiCares Tribute To Paul McCartney ( 2015 ) Pure McCartney VR ( 2016 ) Carpool Karaoke : When Corden Met McCartney Live From Liverpool ( 2018 ) Related Articles Discography Song list Awards Music contributions and appearances Concerts Maxi - singles Paul McCartney : Many Years from Now MPL Communications Oobu Joobu Paul is dead `` Lisa the Vegetarian '' People / Artists The Quarrymen The Beatles Wings Heather Mills Personal relationships Music A Toot and a Snore in ' 74 Wide Prairie A Garland for Linda Paul McCartney 's Glastonbury Groove `` Cut Me Some Slack '' Let Us in Americana : The Music of Paul McCartney The Art of McCartney Book Category Paul McCartney singles discography 1970s 1971 `` Another Day '' / `` Oh Woman , Oh Why '' ( with Linda McCartney ) `` Uncle Albert / Admiral Halsey '' / `` Too Many People '' ( with Linda McCartney ) `` The Back Seat of My Car '' / `` Heart of the Country '' ( with Linda McCartney ) `` Eat at Home '' / `` Smile Away '' ( with Linda McCartney ) 1979 `` Wonderful Christmastime '' 1980s 1980 `` Coming Up '' `` Waterfalls '' `` Temporary Secretary '' 1982 `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( with Stevie Wonder ) `` Take It Away '' `` Tug of War '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' ( with Michael Jackson ) `` Say Say Say '' ( with Michael Jackson ) `` Pipes of Peace '' 1984 `` No More Lonely Nights '' `` We All Stand Together '' 1985 `` Spies Like Us '' 1986 `` Press '' `` Pretty Little Head '' `` Stranglehold '' `` Only Love Remains '' `` Once Upon a Long Ago '' 1989 `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' `` My Brave Face '' / `` Flying to My Home '' `` This One '' `` Où est le Soleil ? '' `` Figure of Eight '' `` Distractions '' ( promo ) 1990s 1990 `` Put It There '' / `` Mama 's Little Girl '' `` Birthday '' ( live ) / `` Good Day Sunshine '' ( live ) `` All My Trials '' ( live ) / `` C Moon '' ( live ) `` We Got Married '' ( promo ) 1991 `` The World You 're Coming Into '' / `` Tres Conejos '' `` Save the Child '' / `` The Drinking Song '' 1992 `` Hope of Deliverance '' `` C'Mon People '' `` Off the Ground '' `` Biker Like an Icon '' / `` Things We Said Today '' `` Transpiritual Stomp '' ( The Fireman ) 1995 `` A Leaf '' ( with Anya Alexeyev ) `` Come Together '' ( The Smokin ' Mojo Filters ) 1997 `` Young Boy '' `` The World Tonight '' `` Beautiful Night '' 1998 Rushes ( The Fireman ) 1999 Fluid ( Nitin Sawhney Remixes ) ( The Fireman ) `` No Other Baby '' / `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' `` Vo ! ce '' ( with Heather Mills ) `` Run Devil Run '' ( promo ) 2000s 2000 `` Free Now '' ( promo ) 2001 `` From a Lover to a Friend '' `` Freedom '' / `` From a Lover to a Friend '' `` I 'm Partial to Your Abracadabra '' ( promo ) 2002 `` Your Loving Flame '' ( promo ) `` Lonely Road '' ( promo ) `` Hello Goodbye '' ( promo ) `` Tropic Island Hum '' / `` We All Stand Together '' 2005 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' ( with U2 ) `` Fine Line '' `` Jenny Wren '' `` Really Love You '' ( Twin Freaks ) 2006 `` This Never Happened Before '' ( promo ) 2007 `` Dance Tonight '' / `` Nod Your Head '' `` Ever Present Past '' 2008 `` Heal the Pain '' ( with George Michael ) `` Sing the Changes '' ( The Fireman ) 2009 `` Dance Til We 're High '' ( The Fireman ) `` My Soul '' ( with Nitin Sawhney ) `` Meat Free Monday '' `` Walk with You '' ( with Ringo Starr ) 2010s `` ( I Want to ) Come Home '' 2011 `` My Valentine '' 2012 `` Only Our Hearts '' Christmas Kisses : `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' / `` Wonderful Christmastime '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( The Justice Collective ) `` Get Yourself Another Fool '' ( promo ) 2013 `` Out of Sight '' ( The Bloody Beetroots feat . McCartney & Youth ) `` New '' `` Queenie Eye '' 2014 `` Save Us '' `` Appreciate '' `` Early Days '' `` Hope for the Future '' `` Only One '' ( with Kanye West ) 2015 `` FourFiveSeconds '' ( with Rihanna & Kanye West ) `` All Day '' ( with Kanye West ) 2016 `` Nineteen Hundred and Eighty - Five '' ( with Timo Maas & James Teej ) 2018 `` I Do n't Know '' / `` Come On To Me '' Book Category The Beatles John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Stuart Sutcliffe Pete Best History The Quarrymen In Hamburg At The Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania in the United Kingdom North American releases In the United States `` More popular than Jesus '' In Bangor In India Break - up Murder of John Lennon Anthology Line - ups Religious views Timeline Live performances 1960 Johnny Gentle Tour Winter 1963 Helen Shapiro UK Tour 1963 Roy Orbison Tour 1964 world tour 1965 European tour 1965 US tour 1965 UK tour 1966 tour of Germany , Japan and the Philippines 1966 US tour Rooftop concert List of live performances Associated places 34 Montagu Square , Marylebone Abbey Road , London Abbey Road Studios The Bag O'Nails Beatlemania Hamburg Beatles Ashram Beatles - Platz The Beatles Story Blue Angel The Casbah Coffee Club Candlestick Park The Cavern Club Cavern Mecca Egri Road Beatles Múzeum Kaiserkeller Kinfauns 3 Savile Row The Scotch of St. James Shea Stadium Stanley Street Star - Club Strawberry Field Tittenhurst Park The Top Ten Club Wigmore Street Yellow Submarine sculpture Associated companies Apple Corps Apple Records Harrisongs Lingasong Records Northern Songs Phillips ' Sound Recording Services Seltaeb Startling Music Influence Artists who have covered the Beatles Beatlemania Beatlesque British Invasion Britpop Cultural impact Jangle pop The Fest for Beatles Fans Power pop Proto - prog The Rutles Tributes Lists Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover songs Discography Film Instruments Performers Post-breakup collaborations Recording sessions Songs Sgt . Pepper cover Related media Around the Beatles Beat Bugs The Beatles ( TV series ) The Beatles : The Authorised Biography The Beatles Anthology ( book ) The Beatles at Abbey Road The Beatles Channel The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics The Beeb 's Lost Beatles Tapes The Beatles : Rock Band The Beatles Tapes from the David Wigg Interviews Everyday Chemistry In My Life Let It Be ( musical ) Love ( Cirque du Soleil ) Rain : A Tribute to the Beatles Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) The Twelfth Album Up Against It Other topics Apple Corps v Apple Computer Apple scruffs Beatle boots Beatles Day Beat music Fifth Beatle Lennon -- McCartney Jeff Lynne and the Beatles Paul is dead Recording technology Book Category Portal Ex-members of the Beatles and the Quarrymen Full Timeline Guitarists / Bassists John Lennon ( 1956 -- 69 ) Eric Griffiths ( 1956 -- 58 ) Paul McCartney ( 1957 -- 70 ) George Harrison ( 1958 -- 70 ) Ken Brown ( 1959 -- 60 ) Stuart Sutcliffe ( 1960 -- 61 ) Chas Newby ( December 1960 ) Pianist John `` Duff '' Lowe ( 1958 ) Drummers Colin Hanton ( 1956 -- 59 ) Tommy Moore ( 1960 ) Norman Chapman ( 1960 ) Pete Best ( 1960 -- 62 ) Ringo Starr ( 1962 -- 70 ) Andy White ( August 1962 ) Jimmie Nicol ( June 1964 ) Tea - chest bassists Ivan Vaughan ( 1956 ) Nigel Walley ( 1956 -- 57 ) Len Garry ( 1957 ) Other Rod Davis ( banjoist , 1956 - 57 ) Pete Shotton ( washboardist , 1956 -- 57 ) Wings Paul McCartney Linda McCartney Denny Laine Denny Seiwell Henry McCullough Jimmy McCulloch Geoff Britton Joe English Laurence Juber Steve Holley Studio albums Wild Life ( 1971 ) Red Rose Speedway ( 1973 ) Band on the Run ( 1973 ) Venus and Mars ( 1975 ) Wings at the Speed of Sound ( 1976 ) London Town ( 1978 ) Back to the Egg ( 1979 ) Live albums Wings over America ( 1976 ) Compilation albums Wings Greatest ( 1978 ) Cold Cuts Wingspan : Hits and History ( 2001 ) Singles `` Give Ireland Back to the Irish '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' / `` Little Woman Love '' `` Hi , Hi , Hi '' / `` C Moon '' `` My Love '' `` Live and Let Die '' / `` I Lie Around '' `` Helen Wheels '' / `` Country Dreamer '' `` Mrs. Vandebilt '' / `` Bluebird '' `` Jet '' / `` Mamunia '' `` Let Me Roll It '' `` Band on the Run '' / `` Zoo Gang '' `` Nineteen Hundred and Eighty - Five '' `` Junior 's Farm '' / `` Sally G '' `` Listen to What the Man Said '' / `` Love in Song '' `` Letting Go '' / `` You Gave Me the Answer '' `` Venus and Mars / Rock Show '' / `` Magneto and Titanium Man '' `` Silly Love Songs '' / `` Cook of the House '' `` Let ' Em In '' / `` Beware My Love '' `` Maybe I 'm Amazed '' / `` Soily '' `` Seaside Woman '' `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' `` With a Little Luck '' / `` Backwards Traveller '' / `` Cuff Link '' `` I 've Had Enough '' / `` Deliver Your Children '' `` London Town '' / `` I 'm Carrying '' `` Goodnight Tonight '' / `` Daytime Nighttime Suffering '' `` Old Siam , Sir '' `` Getting Closer '' `` Arrow Through Me '' `` Rockestra Theme '' `` Coming Up ( Live at Glasgow ) '' Tours Wings University Tour ( 1972 ) Wings Over Europe Tour ( 1972 ) Wings 1973 UK Tour ( May 1973 ) Wings Over the World tour ( 1975 - 1976 ) Wings UK Tour 1979 ( 1979 ) Concerts for the People of Kampuchea ( 1979 ) Filmography Wings Over the World ( 1979 ) Concert for Kampuchea ( 1980 ) Rockshow ( 1980 ) Back to the Egg ( 1981 ) Wingspan -- An Intimate Portrait ( 2001 ) Related articles Discography Songs The Beatles Ginger Baker 's Air Force Japanese Tears The Moody Blues Standard Time Suzy and the Red Stripes Small Faces The Oriental Nightfish Paul McCartney family Parents Jim McCartney ( 1902 -- 1976 ) Mary McCartney ( 1909 -- 1956 ) Siblings Mike McCartney ( born 1944 ) Children Heather McCartney ( born 1962 ) Mary McCartney ( born 1969 ) Stella McCartney ( born 1971 ) James McCartney ( born 1977 ) Beatrice McCartney ( born 2003 ) Wives Linda McCartney ( 1941 -- 1998 ; married 1969 -- 1998 ) Heather Mills ( born 1968 ; married 2002 -- 2008 ) Nancy Shevell ( born 1961 ; married 2011 -- present ) Relationships Jane Asher ( born 1946 ; 1963 -- 1968 ) Francie Schwartz ( born 1944 ; in 1968 ) Awards and Honours Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist Cliff Richard ( 1977 ) Not Awarded ( 1978 ) Not Awarded ( 1979 ) Not Awarded ( 1980 ) Not Awarded ( 1981 ) Cliff Richard ( 1982 ) Paul McCartney ( 1983 ) David Bowie ( 1984 ) Paul Young ( 1985 ) Phil Collins ( 1986 ) Peter Gabriel ( 1987 ) George Michael ( 1988 ) Phil Collins ( 1989 ) Phil Collins ( 1990 ) Elton John ( 1991 ) Seal ( 1992 ) Mick Hucknall ( 1993 ) Sting ( 1994 ) Paul Weller ( 1995 ) Paul Weller ( 1996 ) George Michael ( 1997 ) Finley Quaye ( 1998 ) Robbie Williams ( 1999 ) Tom Jones ( 2000 ) Robbie Williams ( 2001 ) Robbie Williams ( 2002 ) Robbie Williams ( 2003 ) Daniel Bedingfield ( 2004 ) The Streets ( 2005 ) James Blunt ( 2006 ) James Morrison ( 2007 ) Mark Ronson ( 2008 ) Paul Weller ( 2009 ) Dizzee Rascal ( 2010 ) Plan B ( 2011 ) Ed Sheeran ( 2012 ) Ben Howard ( 2013 ) David Bowie ( 2014 ) Ed Sheeran ( 2015 ) James Bay ( 2016 ) David Bowie ( 2017 ) Stormzy ( 2018 ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Grammy Award for Album of the Year 1959 -- 1979 The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) Come Dance with Me ! -- Frank Sinatra ( 1960 ) The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart -- Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) Judy at Carnegie Hall -- Judy Garland ( 1962 ) The First Family -- Vaughn Meader ( 1963 ) The Barbra Streisand Album -- Barbra Streisand ( 1964 ) Getz / Gilberto -- Stan Getz , João Gilberto ( 1965 ) September of My Years -- Frank Sinatra ( 1966 ) A Man and His Music -- Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band -- The Beatles ( 1968 ) By the Time I Get to Phoenix -- Glen Campbell ( 1969 ) Blood , Sweat & Tears -- Blood , Sweat & Tears ( 1970 ) Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) Tapestry -- Carole King ( 1972 ) The Concert for Bangladesh -- Various ( 1973 ) Innervisions -- Stevie Wonder ( 1974 ) Fulfillingness ' First Finale -- Stevie Wonder ( 1975 ) Still Crazy After All These Years -- Paul Simon ( 1976 ) Songs in the Key of Life -- Stevie Wonder ( 1977 ) Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac ( 1978 ) Saturday Night Fever -- Bee Gees / Various ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 2000 52nd Street -- Billy Joel ( 1980 ) Christopher Cross -- Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) Double Fantasy -- John Lennon and Yoko Ono ( 1982 ) Toto IV -- Toto ( 1983 ) Thriller -- Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) Ca n't Slow Down -- Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) No Jacket Required -- Phil Collins ( 1986 ) Graceland -- Paul Simon ( 1987 ) The Joshua Tree -- U2 ( 1988 ) Faith -- George Michael ( 1989 ) Nick of Time -- Bonnie Raitt ( 1990 ) Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones and various artists ( 1991 ) Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole ( 1992 ) Unplugged -- Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) The Bodyguard -- Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) MTV Unplugged -- Tony Bennett ( 1995 ) Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette ( 1996 ) Falling into You -- Celine Dion ( 1997 ) Time Out of Mind -- Bob Dylan ( 1998 ) The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill -- Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) Supernatural -- Santana ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Two Against Nature -- Steely Dan ( 2001 ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Soundtrack ( 2002 ) Come Away with Me -- Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Speakerboxxx / The Love Below -- Outkast ( 2004 ) Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles and various artists ( 2005 ) How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 ( 2006 ) Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) River : The Joni Letters -- Herbie Hancock ( 2008 ) Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Fearless -- Taylor Swift ( 2010 ) The Suburbs -- Arcade Fire ( 2011 ) 21 -- Adele ( 2012 ) Babel -- Mumford & Sons ( 2013 ) Random Access Memories -- Daft Punk ( 2014 ) Morning Phase -- Beck ( 2015 ) 1989 -- Taylor Swift ( 2016 ) 25 -- Adele ( 2017 ) 24K Magic -- Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Gershwin Prize recipients Paul Simon ( 2007 ) Stevie Wonder ( 2009 ) Paul McCartney ( 2010 ) Burt Bacharach and Hal David ( 2012 ) Carole King ( 2013 ) Billy Joel ( 2014 ) Willie Nelson ( 2015 ) Smokey Robinson ( 2016 ) Tony Bennett ( 2017 ) Emilio Estefan and Gloria Estefan ( 2018 ) Kennedy Center Honorees ( 2010s ) Merle Haggard Jerry Herman Bill T. Jones Paul McCartney Oprah Winfrey 2011 Barbara Cook Neil Diamond Yo - Yo Ma Sonny Rollins Meryl Streep 2012 Buddy Guy Dustin Hoffman David Letterman Led Zeppelin Natalia Makarova 2013 Martina Arroyo Herbie Hancock Billy Joel Shirley MacLaine Carlos Santana 2014 Al Green Tom Hanks Patricia McBride Sting Lily Tomlin 2015 Carole King George Lucas Rita Moreno Seiji Ozawa Cicely Tyson 2016 Martha Argerich Eagles Al Pacino Mavis Staples James Taylor 2017 Carmen de Lavallade Gloria Estefan LL Cool J Norman Lear Lionel Richie 2018 Cher Philip Glass Reba McEntire Wayne Shorter Hamilton Complete list 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s MusiCares Person of the Year David Crosby ( 1991 ) Bonnie Raitt ( 1992 ) Natalie Cole ( 1993 ) Gloria Estefan ( 1994 ) Tony Bennett ( 1995 ) Quincy Jones ( 1996 ) Phil Collins ( 1997 ) Luciano Pavarotti ( 1998 ) Stevie Wonder ( 1999 ) Elton John ( 2000 ) Paul Simon ( 2001 ) Billy Joel ( 2002 ) Bono ( 2003 ) Sting ( 2004 ) Brian Wilson ( 2005 ) James Taylor ( 2006 ) Don Henley ( 2007 ) Aretha Franklin ( 2008 ) Neil Diamond ( 2009 ) Neil Young ( 2010 ) Barbra Streisand ( 2011 ) Paul McCartney ( 2012 ) Bruce Springsteen ( 2013 ) Carole King ( 2014 ) Bob Dylan ( 2015 ) Lionel Richie ( 2016 ) Tom Petty ( 2017 ) Fleetwood Mac ( 2018 ) Dolly Parton ( 2019 ) Laureates of the Polar Music Prize 1990s Paul McCartney / the Baltic states ( 1992 ) Dizzy Gillespie / Witold Lutosławski ( 1993 ) Quincy Jones / Nikolaus Harnoncourt ( 1994 ) Elton John / Mstislav Rostropovich ( 1995 ) Joni Mitchell / Pierre Boulez ( 1996 ) Bruce Springsteen / Eric Ericson ( 1997 ) Ray Charles / Ravi Shankar ( 1998 ) Stevie Wonder / Iannis Xenakis ( 1999 ) 2000s Bob Dylan / Isaac Stern ( 2000 ) Burt Bacharach / Robert Moog / Karlheinz Stockhausen ( 2001 ) Miriam Makeba / Sofia Gubaidulina ( 2002 ) Keith Jarrett ( 2003 ) B.B. 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adac - 4864 - b88b - 407cab5e76af NDL : 00449333 NKC : jn20000603963 NLA : 35994722 RKD : 224638 SELIBR : 75435 SNAC : w6dv1mpz SUDOC : 032429436 ULAN : 500249736 VIAF : 100252012 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_McCartney&oldid=866450406 '' Categories : Paul McCartney 1942 births 20th - century classical composers 20th - century English singers 21st - century classical composers 21st - century English singers Academics of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts Anti-fracking movement Backing vocalists Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Brit Award winners NME Awards winners British people convicted of drug offences Capitol Records artists Columbia Records artists Composers awarded knighthoods Counterculture of the 1960s EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists English billionaires English classical composers English male classical composers English male singers English male singer - songwriters English multi-instrumentalists English people of Irish descent English pop singers English tenors English rock bass guitarists English rock guitarists English rock pianists English rock singers Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Gershwin Prize recipients Grammy Award winners Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music Ivor Novello Award winners Kennedy Center honorees Knights Bachelor Living people McCartney family Members of the Order of the British Empire Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Mercury Records artists Musicians awarded knighthoods Oratorio composers Parlophone artists People educated at Liverpool Institute High School for Boys People from Liverpool People from St John 's Wood Recipients of the Order of the Sun of Peru Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Silver Clef Awards winners Singers awarded knighthoods Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees The Beatles members The Quarrymen members Transcendental Meditation practitioners Vegetarianism activists Wings ( band ) members Wolf Prize in Arts laureates Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from March 2016 Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles with hCards Pages using Template : Infobox musical artist with unknown parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what beatles songs does paul play drums on | [
"McCartney played drums on the Beatles' songs \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\", \"Dear Prudence\", \"Martha My Dear\", \"Wild Honey Pie\" and \"The Ballad of John and Yoko\".[281] He also played all the drum parts on his first and second solo albums McCartney and McCartney II, as well as on the Wings album Band on the Run and most of the drums on his solo LP Chaos and Creation in the Backyard.[282] McCartney also played drums on Paul Jones' rendition of \"And the Sun Will Shine\" in 1968.[283] Using the pseudonym Paul Ramon, which he had first used during the Beatles first tour in Scotland in 1960, McCartney played drums on Steve Miller Band's 1969 tracks \"Celebration Song\" and \"My Dark Hour\".[284][285]\n",
"McCartney played drums on the Beatles' songs \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\", \"Dear Prudence\", \"Martha My Dear\", \"Wild Honey Pie\" and \"The Ballad of John and Yoko\".[281] He also played all the drum parts on his first and second solo albums McCartney and McCartney II, as well as on the Wings album Band on the Run and most of the drums on his solo LP Chaos and Creation in the Backyard.[282] McCartney also played drums on Paul Jones' rendition of \"And the Sun Will Shine\" in 1968.[283] Using the pseudonym Paul Ramon, which he had first used during the Beatles first tour in Scotland in 1960, McCartney played drums on Steve Miller Band's 1969 tracks \"Celebration Song\" and \"My Dark Hour\".[284][285]\n",
"McCartney played drums on the Beatles' songs \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\", \"Dear Prudence\", \"Martha My Dear\", \"Wild Honey Pie\" and \"The Ballad of John and Yoko\".[281] He also played all the drum parts on his first and second solo albums McCartney and McCartney II, as well as on the Wings album Band on the Run and most of the drums on his solo LP Chaos and Creation in the Backyard.[282] McCartney also played drums on Paul Jones' rendition of \"And the Sun Will Shine\" in 1968.[283] Using the pseudonym Paul Ramon, which he had first used during the Beatles first tour in Scotland in 1960, McCartney played drums on Steve Miller Band's 1969 tracks \"Celebration Song\" and \"My Dark Hour\".[284][285]\n",
"McCartney played drums on the Beatles' songs \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\", \"Dear Prudence\", \"Martha My Dear\", \"Wild Honey Pie\" and \"The Ballad of John and Yoko\".[281] He also played all the drum parts on his first and second solo albums McCartney and McCartney II, as well as on the Wings album Band on the Run and most of the drums on his solo LP Chaos and Creation in the Backyard.[282] McCartney also played drums on Paul Jones' rendition of \"And the Sun Will Shine\" in 1968.[283] Using the pseudonym Paul Ramon, which he had first used during the Beatles first tour in Scotland in 1960, McCartney played drums on Steve Miller Band's 1969 tracks \"Celebration Song\" and \"My Dark Hour\".[284][285]\n",
"McCartney played drums on the Beatles' songs \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\", \"Dear Prudence\", \"Martha My Dear\", \"Wild Honey Pie\" and \"The Ballad of John and Yoko\".[281] He also played all the drum parts on his first and second solo albums McCartney and McCartney II, as well as on the Wings album Band on the Run and most of the drums on his solo LP Chaos and Creation in the Backyard.[282] McCartney also played drums on Paul Jones' rendition of \"And the Sun Will Shine\" in 1968.[283] Using the pseudonym Paul Ramon, which he had first used during the Beatles first tour in Scotland in 1960, McCartney played drums on Steve Miller Band's 1969 tracks \"Celebration Song\" and \"My Dark Hour\".[284][285]\n"
] | [
"Back in the U.S.S.R.",
"Dear Prudence",
"Martha My Dear",
"Wild Honey Pie",
"The Ballad of John and Yoko"
] |
5622678507036668635 | Alternation of generations | Alternation of generations - wikipedia Alternation of generations This article describes alternation of generations in plants ; for a similar phenomenon in animals see Heterogamy Diagram showing the alternation of generations between a diploid sporophyte ( bottom ) and a haploid gametophyte ( top ) Alternation of generations ( also known as metagenesis ) is the type of life cycle that occurs in those plants and algae in the Archaeplastida and the Heterokontophyta that have distinct sexual haploid and asexual diploid stages . In these groups , a multicellular gametophyte , which is haploid with n chromosomes , alternates with a multicellular sporophyte , which is diploid with 2n chromosomes , made up of n pairs . A mature sporophyte produces spores by meiosis , a process which reduces the number of chromosomes to half , from 2n to n . The haploid spores germinate and grow into a haploid gametophyte . At maturity , the gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis , which does not alter the number of chromosomes . Two gametes ( originating from different organisms of the same species or from the same organism ) fuse to produce a zygote , which develops into a diploid sporophyte . This cycle , from gametophyte to gametophyte ( or equally from sporophyte to sporophyte ) , is the way in which all land plants and many algae undergo sexual reproduction . The relationship between the sporophyte and gametophyte varies among different groups of plants . In those algae which have alternation of generations , the sporophyte and gametophyte are separate independent organisms , which may or may not have a similar appearance . In liverworts , mosses and hornworts , the sporophyte is less well developed than the gametophyte and is largely dependent on it . Although moss and hornwort sporophytes can photosynthesise , they require additional photosynthate from the gametophyte to sustain growth and spore development and depend on it for supply of water , mineral nutrients and nitrogen . By contrast , in all modern vascular plants the gametophyte is less well developed than the sporophyte , although their Devonian ancestors had gametophytes and sporophytes of approximately equivalent complexity . In ferns the gametophyte is a small flattened autotrophic prothallus on which the young sporophyte is briefly dependent for its nutrition . In flowering plants , the reduction of the gametophyte is much more extreme ; it consists of just a few cells which grow entirely inside the sporophyte . Animals develop differently . They directly produce haploid gametes . No haploid spores capable of dividing are produced , so they do not have a haploid gametophyte alternating with a diploid sporophyte . ( Some insects have a sex - determining system whereby haploid males are produced from unfertilized eggs ; however the females are diploid . ) Life cycles of plants and algae with alternating haploid and diploid multicellular stages are referred to as diplohaplontic ( the equivalent terms haplodiplontic , diplobiontic or dibiontic are also in use ) . Life cycles , such as those of animals , in which there is only a diploid multicellular stage are referred to as diplontic . Life cycles in which there is only a haploid multicellular stage are referred to as haplontic . Contents 1 Definition 1.1 History 2 Alternation of generations in plants 2.1 Fundamental elements 2.2 Variations 2.3 A complex life cycle 3 Life cycles of different plant groups 4 Evolutionary emergence of the dominant diploid phase 5 Similar processes in other organisms 5.1 Rhizaria 5.2 Fungi 5.3 Slime moulds 5.4 Animals 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 Bibliography Definition ( edit ) Alternation of generations is defined as the alternation of multicellular diploid and haploid forms in the organism 's life cycle , regardless of whether or not these forms are free - living . In some species , such as the alga Ulva lactuca , the diploid and haploid forms are indeed both free - living independent organisms , essentially identical in appearance and therefore said to be isomorphic . The free - swimming , haploid gametes form a diploid zygote which germinates into a multicellular diploid sporophyte . The sporophyte produces free - swimming haploid spores by meiosis that germinate into haploid gametophytes . However , in some other groups , either the sporophyte or the gametophyte is very much reduced and is incapable of free living . For example , in all bryophytes the gametophyte generation is dominant and the sporophyte is dependent on it . By contrast , in all modern vascular land plants the gametophytes are strongly reduced , although the fossil evidence indicates that they were derived from isomorphic ancestors . In seed plants , the female gametophyte develops totally within the sporophyte which protects and nurtures it and the embryo sporophyte that it produces . The pollen grains , which are the male gametophytes , are reduced to only a few cells ( just three cells in many cases ) . Here the notion of two generations is less obvious ; as Bateman & Dimichele say `` ( s ) porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism '' . The alternative term ' alternation of phases ' may then be more appropriate . History ( edit ) Debates about alternation of generations in the early twentieth century can be confusing because various ways of classifying `` generations '' co-exist ( sexual vs. asexual , gametophyte vs. sporophyte , haploid vs. diploid , etc . ) . Initially , Chamisso and Steenstrup described the succession of differently organized generations ( sexual and asexual ) in animals as `` alternation of generations '' , while studying the development of tunicates , cnidarians and trematode animals . This phenomenon is also known as heterogamy . Presently , the term `` alternation of generations '' is almost exclusively associated with the life cycles of plants , specifically with the alternation of haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes . Wilhelm Hofmeister demonstrated the morphological alternation of generations in plants , between a spore - bearing generation ( sporophyte ) and a gamete - bearing generation ( gametophyte ) . By that time , a debate emerged focusing on the origin of the asexual generation of land plants ( i.e. , the sporophyte ) and is conventionally characterized as a conflict between theories of antithetic ( Čelakovský , 1874 ) and homologous ( Pringsheim , 1876 ) alternation of generations . Čelakovský coined the words sporophyte and gametophyte . Eduard Strasburger ( 1874 ) discovered the alternation between diploid and haploid nuclear phases , also called cytological alternation of nuclear phases . Although most often coinciding , morphological alternation and nuclear phases alternation are sometimes independent of one another , e.g. , in many red algae , the same nuclear phase may correspond to two diverse morphological generations . In some ferns which lost sexual reproduction , there is no change in nuclear phase , but the alternation of generations is maintained . Alternation of generations in plants ( edit ) Fundamental elements ( edit ) The diagram above shows the fundamental elements of the alternation of generations in plants . The many variations found in different groups of plants are described by use of these concepts later in the article . Starting from the right of the diagram , the processes involved are as follows : Two single - celled haploid gametes , each containing n unpaired chromosomes , fuse to form a single - celled diploid zygote , which now contains n pairs of chromosomes , i.e. 2n chromosomes in total . The single - celled diploid zygote germinates , dividing by the normal process ( mitosis ) , which maintains the number of chromosomes at 2n . The result is a multi-cellular diploid organism , called the sporophyte ( because at maturity it produces spores ) . When it reaches maturity , the sporophyte produces one or more sporangia ( singular : sporangium ) which are the organs that produce diploid spore mother cells ( sporocytes ) . These divide by a special process ( meiosis ) that reduces the number of chromosomes by a half . This initially results in four single - celled haploid spores , each containing n unpaired chromosomes . The single - celled haploid spore germinates , dividing by the normal process ( mitosis ) , which maintains the number of chromosomes at n . The result is a multi-cellular haploid organism , called the gametophyte ( because it produces gametes at maturity ) . When it reaches maturity , the gametophyte produces one or more gametangia ( singular : gametangium ) which are the organs that produce haploid gametes . At least one kind of gamete possesses some mechanism for reaching another gamete in order to fuse with it . The ' alternation of generations ' in the life cycle is thus between a diploid ( 2n ) generation of sporophytes and a haploid ( n ) generation of gametophytes . Gametophyte of the fern Onoclea sensibilis ( the flat thallus at the bottom of the picture ) with a descendant sporophyte beginning to grow from it ( the small frond at the top of the picture ) . The situation is quite different from that in animals , where the fundamental process is that a diploid ( 2n ) individual directly produces haploid ( n ) gametes by meiosis . Spores ( i.e. haploid cells which are able to undergo mitosis ) are not produced , so neither is an asexual multi-cellular generation that alternates with a sexual multi-cellular generation . ( Some insects have haploid males that develop from unfertilized eggs , but the females are all diploid . ) Variations ( edit ) The diagram shown above is a good representation of the life cycle of some multi-cellular algae ( e.g. the genus Cladophora ) which have sporophytes and gametophytes of almost identical appearance and which do not have different kinds of spores or gametes . However , there are many possible variations on the fundamental elements of a life cycle which has alternation of generations . Each variation may occur separately or in combination , resulting in a bewildering variety of life cycles . The terms used by botanists in describing these life cycles can be equally bewildering . As Bateman and Dimichele say `` ( ... ) the alternation of generations has become a terminological morass ; often , one term represents several concepts or one concept is represented by several terms . '' Possible variations are : Relative importance of the sporophyte and the gametophyte . Equal ( homomorphy or isomorphy ) . Filamentous algae of the genus Cladophora , which are predominantly found in fresh water , have diploid sporophytes and haploid gametophytes which are externally indistinguishable . No living land plant has equally dominant sporophytes and gametophytes , although some theories of the evolution of alternation of generations suggest that ancestral land plants did . Unequal ( heteromorphy or anisomorphy ) . Gametophyte of Mnium hornum , a moss . Dominant gametophyte ( gametophytic ) . In liverworts , mosses and hornworts , the dominant form is the haploid gametophyte . The diploid sporophyte is not capable of an independent existence , gaining most of its nutrition from the parent gametophyte , and having no chlorophyll when mature . Sporophyte of Blechnum discolor , a fern . Dominant sporophyte ( sporophytic ) . In ferns , both the sporophyte and the gametophyte are capable of living independently , but the dominant form is the diploid sporophyte . The haploid gametophyte is much smaller and simpler in structure . In seed plants , the gametophyte is even more reduced ( at the minimum to only three cells ) , gaining all its nutrition from the sporophyte . The extreme reduction in the size of the gametophyte and its retention within the sporophyte means that when applied to seed plants the term ' alternation of generations ' is somewhat misleading : `` ( s ) porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism '' . Some authors have preferred the term ' alternation of phases ' . Differentiation of the gametes . Both gametes the same ( isogamy ) . Like other species of Cladophora , C. callicoma has flagellated gametes which are identical in appearance and ability to move . Gametes of two distinct sizes ( anisogamy ) . Both of similar motility . Species of Ulva , the sea lettuce , have gametes which all have two flagella and so are motile . However they are of two sizes : larger ' female ' gametes and smaller ' male ' gametes . One large and sessile , one small and motile ( oogamy ) . The larger sessile megagametes are eggs ( ova ) , and smaller motile microgametes are sperm ( spermatozoa , spermatozoids ) . The degree of motility of the sperm may be very limited ( as in the case of flowering plants ) but all are able to move towards the sessile eggs . When ( as is almost always the case ) the sperm and eggs are produced in different kinds of gametangia , the sperm - producing ones are called antheridia ( singular antheridium ) and the egg - producing ones archegonia ( singular archegonium ) . Gametophyte of Pellia epiphylla with sporophytes growing from the remains of archegonia . Antheridia and archegonia occur on the same gametophyte , which is then called monoicous . ( Many sources , including those concerned with bryophytes , use the term ' monoecious ' for this situation and ' dioecious ' for the opposite . Here ' monoecious ' and ' dioecious ' are used only for sporophytes . ) The liverwort Pellia epiphylla has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is monoicous : the small reddish sperm - producing antheridia are scattered along the midrib while the egg - producing archegonia grow nearer the tips of divisions of the plant . Antheridia and archegonia occur on different gametophytes , which are then called dioicous . The moss Mnium hornum has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is dioicous : male plants produce only antheridia in terminal rosettes , female plants produce only archegonia in the form of stalked capsules . Seed plant gametophytes are also dioicous . However , the parent sporophyte may be monoecious , producing both male and female gametophytes or dioecious , producing gametophytes of one gender only . Seed plant gametophytes are extremely reduced in size ; the archegonium consists only of a small number of cells , and the entire male gametophyte may be represented by only two cells . Differentiation of the spores . All spores the same size ( homospory or isospory ) . Horsetails ( species of Equisetum ) have spores which are all of the same size . Spores of two distinct sizes ( heterospory or anisospory ) : larger megaspores and smaller microspores . When the two kinds of spore are produced in different kinds of sporangia , these are called megasporangia and microsporangia . A megaspore often ( but not always ) develops at the expense of the other three cells resulting from meiosis , which abort . Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on the same sporophyte , which is then called monoecious . Most flowering plants fall into this category . Thus the flower of a lily contains six stamens ( the microsporangia ) which produce microspores which develop into pollen grains ( the microgametophytes ) , and three fused carpels which produce integumented megasporangia ( ovules ) each of which produces a megaspore which develops inside the megasporangium to produce the megagametophyte . In other plants , such as hazel , some flowers have only stamens , others only carpels , but the same plant ( i.e. sporophyte ) has both kinds of flower and so is monoecious . Flowers of European Holly , a dioecious species : male above , female below ( leaves cut to show flowers more clearly ) Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on different sporophytes , which are then called dioecious . An individual tree of the European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) produces either ' male ' flowers which have only functional stamens ( microsporangia ) producing microspores which develop into pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) or ' female ' flowers which have only functional carpels producing integumented megasporangia ( ovules ) that contain a megaspore that develops into a multicellular megagametophyte . There are some correlations between these variations , but they are just that , correlations , and not absolute . For example , in flowering plants , microspores ultimately produce microgametes ( sperm ) and megaspores ultimately produce megagametes ( eggs ) . However , in ferns and their allies there are groups with undifferentiated spores but differentiated gametophytes . For example , the fern Ceratopteris thalictrioides has spores of only one kind , which vary continuously in size . Smaller spores tend to germinate into gametophytes which produce only sperm - producing antheridia . A complex life cycle ( edit ) Graphic referred in text . The diagram shows the alternation of generations in a species which is heteromorphic , sporophytic , oogametic , dioicous , heterosporic and dioecious . A seed plant example might be a willow tree ( most species of the genus Salix are dioecious ) . Starting in the centre of the diagram , the processes involved are : An immobile egg , contained in the archegonium , fuses with a mobile sperm , released from an antheridium . The resulting zygote is either ' male ' or ' female ' . A ' male ' zygote develops by mitosis into a microsporophyte , which at maturity produces one or more microsporangia . Microspores develop within the microsporangium by meiosis . In a willow ( like all seed plants ) the zygote first develops into an embryo microsporophyte within the ovule ( a megasporangium enclosed in one or more protective layers of tissue known as integument ) . At maturity , these structures become the seed . Later the seed is shed , germinates and grows into a mature tree . A ' male ' willow tree ( a microsporophyte ) produces flowers with only stamens , the anthers of which are the microsporangia . Microspores germinate producing microgametophytes ; at maturity one or more antheridia are produced . Sperm develop within the antheridia . In a willow , microspores are not liberated from the anther ( the microsporangium ) , but develop into pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) within it . The whole pollen grain is moved ( e.g. by an insect or by the wind ) to an ovule ( megagametophyte ) , where a sperm is produced which moves down a pollen tube to reach the egg . A ' female ' zygote develops by mitosis into a megasporophyte , which at maturity produces one or more megasporangia . Megaspores develop within the megasporangium ; typically one of the four spores produced by meiosis gains bulk at the expense of the remaining three , which disappear . ' Female ' willow trees ( megasporophytes ) produce flowers with only carpels ( modified leaves that bear the megasporangia ) . Megaspores germinate producing megagametophytes ; at maturity one or more archegonia are produced . Eggs develop within the archegonia . The carpels of a willow produce ovules , megasporangia enclosed in integuments . Within each ovule , a megaspore develops by mitosis into a megagametophyte . An archegonium develops within the megagametophyte and produces an egg . The whole of the gametophytic ' generation ' remains within the protection of the sporophyte except for pollen grains ( which have been reduced to just three cells contained within the microspore wall ) . Life cycles of different plant groups ( edit ) The term `` plants '' is taken here to mean the Archaeplastida , i.e. the glaucophytes , red and green algae and land plants . Alternation of generations occurs in almost all multicellular red and green algae , both freshwater forms ( such as Cladophora ) and seaweeds ( such as Ulva ) . In most , the generations are homomorphic ( isomorphic ) and free - living . Some species of red algae have a complex triphasic alternation of generations , in which there is a gametophyte phase and two distinct sporophyte phases . For further information , see Red algae : Reproduction . Land plants all have heteromorphic ( anisomorphic ) alternation of generations , in which the sporophyte and gametophyte are distinctly different . All bryophytes , i.e. liverworts , mosses and hornworts , have the gametophyte generation as the most conspicuous . As an illustration , consider a monoicous moss . Antheridia and archegonia develop on the mature plant ( the gametophyte ) . In the presence of water , the biflagellate sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and fertilisation occurs , leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte . The sporophyte grows up from the archegonium . Its body comprises a long stalk topped by a capsule within which spore - producing cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores . Most mosses rely on the wind to disperse these spores , although Splachnum sphaericum is entomophilous , recruiting insects to disperse its spores . For further information , see Liverwort : Life cycle , Moss : Life cycle , Hornwort : Life cycle . Diagram of alternation of generations in liverworts . Moss life cycle diagram Hornwort life cycle diagram In ferns and their allies , including clubmosses and horsetails , the conspicuous plant observed in the field is the diploid sporophyte . The haploid spores develop in sori on the underside of the fronds and are dispersed by the wind ( or in some cases , by floating on water ) . If conditions are right , a spore will germinate and grow into a rather inconspicuous plant body called a prothallus . The haploid prothallus does not resemble the sporophyte , and as such ferns and their allies have a heteromorphic alternation of generations . The prothallus is short - lived , but carries out sexual reproduction , producing the diploid zygote that then grows out of the prothallus as the sporophyte . For further information , see Fern : Life cycle . Diagram of alternation of generations in ferns . A gametophyte ( prothallus ) of Dicksonia sp . A sporophyte of Dicksonia antarctica . The underside of a Dicksonia antarctica frond showing the sori , or spore - producing structures . In the spermatophytes , the seed plants , the sporophyte is the dominant multicellular phase ; the gametophytes are strongly reduced in size and very different in morphology . The entire gametophyte generation , with the sole exception of pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) , is contained within the sporophyte . The life cycle of a dioecious flowering plant ( angiosperm ) , the willow , has been outlined in some detail in an earlier section ( A complex life cycle ) . The life cycle of a gymnosperm is similar . However , flowering plants have in addition a phenomenon called ' double fertilization ' . Two sperm nuclei from a pollen grain ( the microgametophyte ) , rather than a single sperm , enter the archegonium of the megagametophyte ; one fuses with the egg nucleus to form the zygote , the other fuses with two other nuclei of the gametophyte to form ' endosperm ' , which nourishes the developing embryo . For further information , see Double fertilization . Evolutionary emergence of the dominant diploid phase ( edit ) It has been proposed that the basis for the emergence of the diploid phase of the life cycle ( sporophyte ) as the dominant phase ( e.g. as in vascular plants ) is that diploidy allows masking of the expression of deleterious mutations through genetic complementation . Thus if one of the parental genomes in the diploid cells contained mutations leading to defects in one or more gene products , these deficiencies could be compensated for by the other parental genome ( which nevertheless may have its own defects in other genes ) . As the diploid phase was becoming predominant , the masking effect likely allowed genome size , and hence information content , to increase without the constraint of having to improve accuracy of DNA replication . The opportunity to increase information content at low cost was advantageous because it permitted new adaptations to be encoded . This view has been challenged , with evidence showing that selection is no more effective in the haploid than in the diploid phases of the lifecycle of mosses and angiosperms . Angiosperm life cycle Tip of tulip stamen showing pollen ( microgametophytes ) Plant ovules ( megagametophytes ) : Gymnosperm ovule on left , angiosperm ovule ( inside ovary ) on right Double fertilization Similar processes in other organisms ( edit ) Rhizaria ( edit ) Some organisms currently classified in the clade Rhizaria and thus not plants in the sense used here , exhibit alternation of generations . Foraminifera undergo a heteromorphic alternation of generations between haploid gamont and diploid agamont forms . The single - celled haploid organism is typically much larger than the diploid organism . Fungi ( edit ) Fungal mycelia are typically haploid . When mycelia of different mating types meet , they produce two multinucleate ball - shaped cells , which join via a `` mating bridge '' . Nuclei move from one mycelium into the other , forming a heterokaryon ( meaning `` different nuclei '' ) . This process is called plasmogamy . Actual fusion to form diploid nuclei is called karyogamy , and may not occur until sporangia are formed . Karogamy produces a diploid zygote , which is a short - lived sporophyte that soon undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores . When the spores germinate , they develop into new mycelia . Slime moulds ( edit ) The life cycle of slime moulds is very similar to that of fungi . Haploid spores germinate to form swarm cells or myxamoebae . These fuse in a process referred to as plasmogamy and karyogamy to form a diploid zygote . The zygote develops into a plasmodium , and the mature plasmodium produces , depending on the species , one to many fruiting bodies containing haploid spores . Animals ( edit ) Alternation between a multicellular diploid and a multicellular haploid generation is never encountered in animals . In some animals , there is an alternation between parthenogenic and sexually reproductive phases ( heterogamy ) . Both phases are diploid . This has sometimes been called `` alternation of generations '' , but is quite different . In some other animals , such as hymenopterans , males are haploid and females diploid , but this is always the case rather than there being an alternation between distinct generations . See also ( edit ) Evolutionary history of plants # life cycles : Evolutionary origin of the alternation of phases Ploidy Biological life cycle Apomixis Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas , R.J. ; Stanton , D.S. ; Longendorfer , D.H. & Farr , M.E. ( 1978 ) , `` Physiological evaluation of the nutritional autonomy of a hornwort sporophyte '' , Botanical Gazette , 139 ( 3 ) : 306 -- 311 , doi : 10.1086 / 337006 Jump up ^ Glime , J.M. ( 2007 ) , Bryophyte Ecology : Vol. 1 Physiological Ecology ( PDF ) , Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists , retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 ^ Jump up to : Kerp , H. ; Trewin , N.H. & Hass , H. ( 2003 ) , `` New gametophytes from the Lower Devonian Rhynie Chert '' , Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh : Earth Sciences , 94 ( 4 ) : 411 -- 428 , doi : 10.1017 / S026359330000078X Jump up ^ Taylor , Kerp & Hass 2005 Jump up ^ `` `` Plant Science 4 U '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bateman & Dimichele 1994 , p. 403 ^ Jump up to : Stewart & Rothwell 1993 ^ Jump up to : Haig , David ( 2008 ) , `` Homologous versus antithetic alternation of generations and the origin of sporophytes '' ( PDF ) , The Botanical Review , 74 ( 3 ) : 395 -- 418 , doi : 10.1007 / s12229 - 008 - 9012 - x , retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 Jump up ^ Svedelius , Nils ( 1927 ) , `` Alternation of Generations in Relation to Reduction Division '' , Botanical Gazette , 83 ( 4 ) : 362 -- 384 , doi : 10.1086 / 333745 , JSTOR 2470766 Jump up ^ Hofmeister , W. ( 1851 ) , Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Keimung , Entfaltung und Fruchtbildildiung höherer Kryptogamen ( Moose , Farne , Equisetaceen , Rhizocarpeen und Lycopodiaceen ) und der Samenbildung der Coniferen ( in German ) , Leipzig : F. Hofmeister , retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Translated as Currey , Frederick ( 1862 ) , On the germination , development , and fructification of the higher Cryptogamia , and on the fructification of the Coniferæ , London : Robert Hardwicke , retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 Jump up ^ Feldmann , J. & Feldmann , G. ( 1942 ) , `` Recherches sur les Bonnemaisoniacées et leur alternance de generations '' ( PDF ) , Ann . Sci. Natl . Bot. , ser. 11 ( in French ) , 3 : 75 -- 175 , p. 157 ^ Jump up to : Feldmann , J. ( 1972 ) , `` Les problèmes actuels de l'alternance de génerations chez les Algues '' , Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France ( in French ) , 119 : 7 -- 38 , doi : 10.1080 / 00378941.1972. 10839073 Jump up ^ Schopfer , P. ; Mohr , H. ( 1995 ) . `` Physiology of Development '' . Plant physiology . Berlin : Springer . pp. 288 -- 291 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 58016 - 6 . Jump up ^ Unless otherwise indicated , the material in the whole of this section is based on Foster & Gifford 1974 , Sporne 1974a and Sporne 1974b . Jump up ^ Guiry & Guiry 2008 Jump up ^ Bateman & Dimichele 1994 , p. 347 ^ Jump up to : Shyam 1980 Jump up ^ Watson 1981 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Kirby 2001 Jump up ^ Watson 1981 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Bell & Hemsley 2000 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Watson 1981 , pp. 425 -- 6 Jump up ^ Watson 1981 , pp. 287 -- 8 Jump up ^ Sporne 1974a , pp. 17 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Bateman & Dimichele 1994 , pp. 350 -- 1 Jump up ^ `` Willows '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , XIX ( 11th ed . ) , New York : Encyclopædia Britannica , 1911 , retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 Jump up ^ Bernstein , H. ; Byers , G.S. & Michod , R.E. ( 1981 ) , `` Evolution of sexual reproduction : Importance of DNA repair , complementation , and variation '' , The American Naturalist , 117 ( 4 ) : 537 -- 549 , doi : 10.1086 / 283734 Jump up ^ Michod , R.E. & Gayley , T.W. ( 1992 ) , `` Masking of mutations and the evolution of sex '' , The American Naturalist , 139 ( 4 ) : 706 -- 734 , doi : 10.1086 / 285354 Jump up ^ Szövényi , Péter ; Ricca , Mariana ; Hock , Zsófia ; Shaw , Jonathan A. ; Shimizu , Kentaro K. & Wagner , Andreas ( 2013 ) , `` Selection is no more efficient in haploid than in diploid life stages of an angiosperm and a moss '' , Molecular Biology and Evolution , 30 ( 8 ) : 1929 , doi : 10.1093 / molbev / mst095 , PMID 23686659 Jump up ^ Barnes et al. 2001 , p. 321 Jump up ^ Scott 1996 , p. 35 Bibliography ( edit ) Barnes , R.S.K. ; Calow , P. ; Olive , P.J.W. ; Golding , D.W. & Spicer , J.I. ( 2001 ) , The Invertebrates : a synthesis , Oxford ; Malden , MA : Blackwell , ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 04761 - 1 Bateman , R.M. & Dimichele , W.A. ( 1994 ) , `` Heterospory -- the most iterative key innovation in the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom '' ( PDF ) , Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society , 69 : 345 -- 417 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 185x. 1994. tb01276. x , retrieved 2010 - 12 - 30 Bell , P.R. & Hemsley , A.R. ( 2000 ) , Green Plants : their Origin and Diversity ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge , etc. : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64109 - 8 Foster , A.S. & Gifford , E.M. ( 1974 ) , Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants ( 2nd ed . ) , San Francisco : W.H. Freeman , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 0712 - 7 Guiry , M.D. ; Guiry , G.M. ( 2008 ) , `` Cladophora '' , AlgaeBase , World - wide electronic publication , National University of Ireland , Galway , retrieved 2011 - 07 - 21 Kirby , A. ( 2001 ) , Ulva , the sea lettuce , Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute , archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 16 , retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 Scott , Thomas ( 1996 ) , Concise Encyclopedia Biology , Berlin : Walter de Gruyter , ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 010661 - 9 Shyam , R. ( 1980 ) , `` On the life - cycle , cytology and taxonomy of Cladophora callicoma from India '' , American Journal of Botany , 67 ( 5 ) : 619 -- 24 , doi : 10.2307 / 2442655 , JSTOR 2442655 Sporne , K.R. ( 1974a ) , The Morphology of Angiosperms , London : Hutchinson , ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 120611 - 6 Sporne , K.R. ( 1974b ) , The Morphology of Gymnosperms ( 2nd ed . ) , London : Hutchinson , ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 077152 - 3 Stewart , W.N. & Rothwell , G.W. ( 1993 ) , Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 38294 - 6 Watson , E.V. ( 1981 ) , British Mosses and Liverworts ( 3rd ed . ) , Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 28536 - 0 Taylor , T.N. ; Kerp , H. & Hass , H. ( 2005 ) , `` Life history biology of early land plants : Deciphering the gametophyte phase '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 102 ( 16 ) : 5892 -- 5897 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0501985102 , PMC 556298 , PMID 15809414 Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternation_of_generations&oldid=866316411 '' Categories : Plant reproduction Reproduction Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 16 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in terms of alternation of generations the pollen grains | [
"However, in some other groups, either the sporophyte or the gametophyte is very much reduced and is incapable of free living. For example, in all bryophytes the gametophyte generation is dominant and the sporophyte is dependent on it. By contrast, in all modern vascular land plants the gametophytes are strongly reduced, although the fossil evidence indicates that they were derived from isomorphic ancestors.[3] In seed plants, the female gametophyte develops totally within the sporophyte which protects and nurtures it and the embryo sporophyte that it produces. The pollen grains, which are the male gametophytes, are reduced to only a few cells (just three cells in many cases). Here the notion of two generations is less obvious; as Bateman & Dimichele say \"[s]porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism\".[6] The alternative term 'alternation of phases' may then be more appropriate.[7]\n"
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"are reduced to only a few cells (just three cells in many cases)"
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9027237293325415091 | Central America | Central America - wikipedia Central America Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Central United States . Central America Land area 507,966 km ( 196,127 sq mi ) Population 46,761,485 ( 2015 - 2016 estimate ) Density 92 / km ( 240 / sq mi ) Countries Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Demonym Central American GDP $203.73 billion ( exchange rate ) ( 2013 ) $370.52 billion ( purchasing power parity ) ( 2013 ) . GDP per capita $4,783 ( exchange rate ) ( 2013 ) $8,698 ( purchasing power parity ) ( 2013 ) . 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Central America is bordered by Mexico to the north , Colombia to the southeast , the Caribbean Sea to the east , and the Pacific Ocean to the west . Central America consists of seven countries : Belize , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , and Panama . The combined population of Central America is between 41,739,000 ( 2009 estimate ) and 42,688,190 ( 2012 estimate ) . Central America is a part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot , which extends from northern Guatemala through to central Panama . Due to the presence of several active geologic faults and the Central America Volcanic Arc , there is a great deal of seismic activity in the region . Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur frequently ; these natural disasters have resulted in the loss of many lives and much property . In the Pre-Columbian era , Central America was inhabited by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica to the north and west and the Isthmo - Colombian peoples to the south and east . Soon after Christopher Columbus 's voyages to the Americas , the Spanish began to colonize the Americas . From 1609 until 1821 , most of the territory within Central America -- except for the lands that would become Belize and Panama -- was governed by the Viceroyalty of New Spain from Mexico City as the Captaincy General of Guatemala . After New Spain achieved independence from Spain in 1821 , some of its provinces were annexed to the First Mexican Empire , but soon seceded from Mexico to form the Federal Republic of Central America , which lasted from 1823 to 1838 . The seven states finally became independent autonomous states : beginning with Nicaragua , Honduras , Costa Rica , and Guatemala ( 1838 ) ; followed by El Salvador ( 1841 ) ; then Panama ( 1903 ) ; and finally Belize ( 1981 ) . Even today , people in Central America sometimes refer to their nations as if they were provinces of a Central American state . For example , it is not unusual to write `` C.A. '' after the country names in formal and informal contexts and the automobile licence plates of many of the countries in the region show the legend `` Centroamerica '' in addition to the country name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Different definitions 2 History 3 Geography 4 Biodiversity 4.1 Flora 4.2 Fauna 5 Geology 6 Demographics 6.1 Languages 6.2 Ethnic groups 6.3 Religious groups 7 Culture 7.1 Sport 8 Politics 8.1 Central American Integration 8.2 Foreign relations 8.3 Central American Parliament 9 Economy 9.1 Tourism 10 Transport 10.1 Roads 10.2 Waterways 10.3 Ports and harbors 10.4 Airports 10.5 Railways 11 Education 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Different definitions ( edit ) `` Central America '' may mean different things to various people , based upon different contexts : The United Nations geoscheme for the Americas defines the region as all states of mainland North America south of the United States and specifically includes all of Mexico . Middle America is usually thought to comprise Mexico to the north of the 7 states of Central America as well as Colombia and Venezuela to the south . Usually the whole of the Caribbean to the north - east and sometimes the Guyanas are also included . According to one source , the term `` Central America '' was used as a synonym for `` Middle America '' at least as recently as 1962 . In Ibero - America ( Latin America and Iberia ) , the Americas is considered a single continent , and Central America is considered a subcontinent separate from North America comprising the seven countries south of Mexico and north of Colombia . In Brazil , Central America comprises all countries between Mexico and Colombia , including those in the Caribbean . Mexico , in whole or in part , is sometimes included by British people . For the people living in the five countries formerly part of the Federal Republic of Central America there is a distinction between the Spanish language terms `` América Central '' and `` Centroamérica '' . While both can be translated into English as `` Central America '' , `` América Central '' is generally used to refer to the geographical area of the seven countries between Mexico and Colombia , while `` Centroamérica '' is used when referring to the former members of the Federation emphasizing the shared culture and history of the region . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Central America Central America , 1798 Tikal , Guatemala . In the Pre-Columbian era , the northern areas of Central America were inhabited by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica . Most notable among these were the Mayans , who had built numerous cities throughout the region , and the Aztecs , who had created a vast empire . The pre-Columbian cultures of eastern El Salvador , eastern Honduras , Caribbean Nicaragua , most of Costa Rica and Panama were predominantly speakers of the Chibchan languages at the time of European contact and are considered by some culturally different and grouped in the Isthmo - Colombian Area . Following Christopher Columbus 's voyages to the Americas , the Spanish sent many expeditions to the region , and they began their conquest of Maya territory in 1523 . Soon after the conquest of the Aztec Empire , Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado commenced the conquest of northern Central America for the Spanish Empire . Beginning with his arrival in Soconusco in 1523 , Alvarado 's forces systematically conquered and subjugated most of the major Maya kingdoms , including the K'iche ' , Tz'utujil , Pipil , and the Kaqchikel . By 1528 , the conquest of Guatemala was nearly complete , with only the Petén Basin remaining outside the Spanish sphere of influence . The last independent Maya kingdoms -- the Kowoj and the Itza people -- were finally defeated in 1697 , as part of the Spanish conquest of Petén . In 1538 , Spain established the Real Audiencia of Panama , which had jurisdiction over all land from the Strait of Magellan to the Gulf of Fonseca . This entity was dissolved in 1543 , and most of the territory within Central America then fell under the jurisdiction of the Audiencia Real de Guatemala . This area included the current territories of Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , and the Mexican state of Chiapas , but excluded the lands that would become Belize and Panama . The president of the Audiencia , which had its seat in Antigua Guatemala , was the governor of the entire area . In 1609 the area became a captaincy general and the governor was also granted the title of captain general . The Captaincy General of Guatemala encompassed most of Central America , with the exception of present - day Belize and Panama . The Captaincy General of Guatemala lasted for more than two centuries , but began to fray after a rebellion in 1811 which began in the intendancy of San Salvador . The Captaincy General formally ended on 15 September 1821 , with the signing of the Act of Independence of Central America . Mexican independence was achieved at virtually the same time with the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba and the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire , and the entire region was finally independent from Spanish authority by 28 September 1821 . From its independence from Spain in 1821 until 1823 , the former Captaincy General remained intact as part of the short - lived First Mexican Empire . When the Emperor of Mexico abdicated on 19 March 1823 , Central America again became independent . On 1 July 1823 , the Congress of Central America peacefully seceded from Mexico and declared absolute independence from all foreign nations , and the region formed the Federal Republic of Central America . The Federal Republic of Central America was a representative democracy with its capital at Guatemala City . This union consisted of the provinces of Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Los Altos , Mosquito Coast , and Nicaragua . The lowlands of southwest Chiapas , including Soconusco , initially belonged to the Republic until 1824 , when Mexico annexed most of Chiapas and began its claims to Soconusco . The Republic lasted from 1823 to 1838 , when it disintegrated as a result of civil wars . Historic Coat of Arms of Central American Unions The United Providences of Central America United Provinces of Central America Federal Republic of Central America Greater Republic of Central America Coat of Arms of modern Central America Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Belize The territory that now makes up Belize was heavily contested in a dispute that continued for decades after Guatemala achieved independence ( see History of Belize ( 1506 -- 1862 ) . Spain , and later Guatemala , considered this land a Guatemalan department . In 1862 , Britain formally declared it a British colony and named it British Honduras . It became independent as Belize in 1981 . Panama , situated in the southernmost part of Central America on the Isthmus of Panama , has for most of its history been culturally linked to South America . Panama was part of the Province of Tierra Firme from 1510 until 1538 when it came under the jurisdiction of the newly formed Audiencia Real de Panama . Beginning in 1543 , Panama was administered as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru , along with all other Spanish possessions in South America . Panama remained as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1739 , when it was transferred to the Viceroyalty of New Granada , the capital of which was located at Santa Fé de Bogotá . Panama remained as part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada until the disestablishment of that viceroyalty in 1819 . A series of military and political struggles took place from that time until 1822 , the result of which produced the republic of Gran Colombia . After the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830 , Panama became part of a successor state , the Republic of New Granada . From 1855 until 1886 , Panama existed as Panama State , first within the Republic of New Granada , then within the Granadine Confederation , and finally within the United States of Colombia . The United States of Colombia was replaced by the Republic of Colombia in 1886 . As part of the Republic of Colombia , Panama State was abolished and it became the Isthmus Department . Despite the many political reorganizations , Colombia was still deeply plagued by conflict , which eventually led to the secession of Panama on 3 November 1903 . Only after that time did some begin to regard Panama as a North or Central American entity . By the 1930s the United Fruit Company owned 3.5 million acres of land in Central America and the Caribbean and was the single largest land owner in Guatemala . Such holdings gave it great power over the governments of small countries . That was one of the factors that led to the coining of the phrase Banana Republic . After more than two hundred years of social unrest , violent conflict and revolution , Central America today remains in a period of political transformation . Poverty , social injustice and violence are still widespread . Nicaragua is the second poorest country in the western hemisphere ( only Haiti is poorer ) . Geography ( edit ) See also : Geography of Belize , Geography of Costa Rica , Geography of El Salvador , Geography of Guatemala , Geography of Honduras , Geography of Nicaragua , Geography of Panama , List of islands of Central America , and List of mountain peaks of Central America The seven countries of Central America and their capitals Central America is the tapering isthmus of southern North America , with unique and varied geographic features . The Pacific Ocean lies to the southwest , the Caribbean Sea lies to the northeast , and the Gulf of Mexico lies to the north . Some physiographists define the Isthmus of Tehuantepec as the northern geographic border of Central America , while others use the northwestern borders of Belize and Guatemala . From there , the Central American land mass extends southeastward to the Isthmus of Panama , where it connects to the Pacific Lowlands in northwestern South America . Of the many mountain ranges within Central America , the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , the Cordillera Isabelia and the Cordillera de Talamanca . At 4,220 meters ( 13,850 ft ) , Volcán Tajumulco is the highest peak in Central America . Other high points of Central America are as listed in the table below : High points in Central America Country Name Elevation ( meters ) Range Belize Doyle 's Delight 1124 Cockscomb Range Costa Rica Cerro Chirripó 3820 Cordillera de Talamanca El Salvador Cerro El Pital 2730 Sierra Madre de Chiapas Guatemala Volcán Tajumulco 4220 Sierra Madre de Chiapas Honduras Cerro Las Minas 2780 Cordillera de Celaque Nicaragua Mogotón 2107 Cordillera Isabelia Panama Volcán Barú 3474 Cordillera de Talamanca Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the raising of livestock and for the production of coffee , tobacco , beans and other crops . Most of the population of Honduras , Costa Rica and Guatemala lives in valleys . Trade winds have a significant effect upon the climate of Central America . Temperatures in Central America are highest just prior to the summer wet season , and are lowest during the winter dry season , when trade winds contribute to a cooler climate . The highest temperatures occur in April , due to higher levels of sunlight , lower cloud cover and a decrease in trade winds . Biodiversity ( edit ) See also : Central America bioregion El Chorreron in El Salvador Central America is part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot , boasting 7 % of the world 's biodiversity . The Pacific Flyway is a major north - south flyway for migratory birds in the Americas , extending from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego . Due to the funnel - like shape of its land mass , migratory birds can be seen in very high concentrations in Central America , especially in the spring and autumn . As a bridge between North America and South America , Central America has many species from the Nearctic and the Neotropic ecozones . However the southern countries ( Costa Rica and Panama ) of the region have more biodiversity than the northern countries ( Guatemala and Belize ) , meanwhile the central countries ( Honduras , Nicaragua and El Salvador ) have the least biodiversity . The table below shows recent statistics : Biodiversity in Central America ( number of different species of terrestrial vertebrate animals and vascular plants ) Country Amphibian species Bird species Mammal species Reptile species Total terrestrial vertebrate species Vascular plants species Biodiversity Belize 46 544 147 140 877 2894 3771 Costa Rica 183 838 232 258 1511 12119 13630 El Salvador 30 434 137 106 707 2911 3618 Guatemala 133 684 193 236 1246 8681 9927 Honduras 101 699 201 213 1214 5680 6894 Nicaragua 61 632 181 178 1052 7590 8642 Panama 182 904 241 242 1569 9915 11484 Over 300 species of the region 's flora and fauna are threatened , 107 of which are classified as critically endangered . The underlying problems are deforestation , which is estimated by FAO at 1.2 % per year in Central America and Mexico combined , fragmentation of rainforests and the fact that 80 % of the vegetation in Central America has already been converted to agriculture . Efforts to protect fauna and flora in the region are made by creating ecoregions and nature reserves . 36 % of Belize 's land territory falls under some form of official protected status , giving Belize one of the most extensive systems of terrestrial protected areas in the Americas . In addition , 13 % of Belize 's marine territory are also protected . A large coral reef extends from Mexico to Honduras : the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System . The Belize Barrier Reef is part of this . The Belize Barrier Reef is home to a large diversity of plants and animals , and is one of the most diverse ecosystems of the world . It is home to 70 hard coral species , 36 soft coral species , 500 species of fish and hundreds of invertebrate species . So far only about 10 % of the species in the Belize barrier reef have been discovered . Flora ( edit ) One of the hanging bridges of the skywalk at the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve in Monteverde , Costa Rica disappearing into the clouds From 2001 to 2010 , 5,376 square kilometers ( 2,076 sq mi ) of forest were lost in the region . In 2010 Belize had 63 % of remaining forest cover , Costa Rica 46 % , Panama 45 % , Honduras 41 % , Guatemala 37 % , Nicaragua 29 % , and El Salvador 21 % . Most of the loss occurred in the moist forest biome , with 12,201 square kilometers ( 4,711 sq mi ) . Woody vegetation loss was partially set off by a gain in the coniferous forest biome with 4,730 square kilometers ( 1,830 sq mi ) , and a gain in the dry forest biome at 2,054 square kilometers ( 793 sq mi ) . Mangroves and deserts contributed only 1 % to the loss in forest vegetation . The bulk of the deforestation was located at the Caribbean slopes of Nicaragua with a loss of 8,574 square kilometers ( 3,310 sq mi ) of forest in the period from 2001 to 2010 . The most significant regrowth of 3,050 square kilometers ( 1,180 sq mi ) of forest was seen in the coniferous woody vegetation of Honduras . The Central American pine - oak forests ecoregion , in the tropical and subtropical coniferous forests biome , is found in Central America and southern Mexico . The Central American pine - oak forests occupy an area of 111,400 square kilometers ( 43,000 sq mi ) , extending along the mountainous spine of Central America , extending from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas in Mexico 's Chiapas state through the highlands of Guatemala , El Salvador , and Honduras to central Nicaragua . The pine - oak forests lie between 600 -- 1,800 metres ( 2,000 -- 5,900 ft ) elevation , and are surrounded at lower elevations by tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests . Higher elevations above 1,800 metres ( 5,900 ft ) are usually covered with Central American montane forests . The Central American pine - oak forests are composed of many species characteristic of temperate North America including oak , pine , fir , and cypress . Laurel forest is the most common type of Central American temperate evergreen cloud forest , found in almost all Central American countries , normally more than 1,000 meters ( 3,300 ft ) above sea level . Tree species include evergreen oaks , members of the laurel family , and species of Weinmannia , Drimys , and Magnolia . The cloud forest of Sierra de las Minas , Guatemala , is the largest in Central America . In some areas of southeastern Honduras there are cloud forests , the largest located near the border with Nicaragua . In Nicaragua , cloud forests are situated near the border with Honduras , but many were cleared to grow coffee . There are still some temperate evergreen hills in the north . The only cloud forest in the Pacific coastal zone of Central America is on the Mombacho volcano in Nicaragua . In Costa Rica , there are laurel forests in the Cordillera de Tilarán and Volcán Arenal , called Monteverde , also in the Cordillera de Talamanca . The Central American montane forests are an ecoregion of the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome , as defined by the World Wildlife Fund . These forests are of the moist deciduous and the semi-evergreen seasonal subtype of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests and receive high overall rainfall with a warm summer wet season and a cooler winter dry season . Central American montane forests consist of forest patches located at altitudes ranging from 1,800 -- 4,000 metres ( 5,900 -- 13,100 ft ) , on the summits and slopes of the highest mountains in Central America ranging from Southern Mexico , through Guatemala , El Salvador , and Honduras , to northern Nicaragua . The entire ecoregion covers an area of 13,200 square kilometers ( 5,100 sq mi ) and has a temperate climate with relatively high precipitation levels . Fauna ( edit ) See also : List of Central American mammals and List of Central American monkey species Ecoregions are not only established to protect the forests themselves but also because they are habitats for an incomparably rich and often endemic fauna . Almost half of the bird population of the Talamancan montane forests in Costa Rica and Panama are endemic to this region . Several birds are listed as threatened , most notably the resplendent quetzal ( Pharomacrus mocinno ) , three - wattled bellbird ( Procnias tricarunculata ) , bare - necked umbrellabird ( Cephalopterus glabricollis ) , and black guan ( Chamaepetes unicolor ) . Many of the amphibians are endemic and depend on the existence of forest . The golden toad that once inhabited a small region in the Monteverde Reserve , which is part of the Talamancan montane forests , has not been seen alive since 1989 and is listed as extinct by IUCN . The exact causes for its extincition are unknown . Global warming may have played a role , because the development of fog that is typical for this area may have been compromised . Seven small mammals are endemic to the Costa Rica - Chiriqui highlands within the Talamancan montane forest region . Jaguars , cougars , spider monkeys , as well as tapirs , and anteaters live in the woods of Central America . The Central American red brocket is a brocket deer found in Central America 's tropical forest . Geology ( edit ) Central America and the Caribbean Plate See also : Central America Volcanic Arc , List of earthquakes in Costa Rica , List of earthquakes in El Salvador , List of earthquakes in Guatemala , and List of earthquakes in Nicaragua Central America is geologically very active , with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring frequently , and tsunamis occurring occasionally . Many thousands of people have died as a result of these natural disasters . Most of Central America rests atop the Caribbean Plate . This tectonic plate converges with the Cocos , Nazca , and North American plates to form the Middle America Trench , a major subduction zone . The Middle America Trench is situated some 60 -- 160 kilometers ( 37 -- 99 mi ) off the Pacific coast of Central America and runs roughly parallel to it . Many large earthquakes have occurred as a result of seismic activity at the Middle America Trench . For example , subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the North American Plate at the Middle America Trench is believed to have caused the 1985 Mexico City earthquake that killed as many as 40,000 people . Seismic activity at the Middle America Trench is also responsible for earthquakes in 1902 , 1942 , 1956 , 1982 , 1992 , 2001 , 2007 , 2012 , 2014 , and many other earthquakes throughout Central America . The Middle America Trench is not the only source of seismic activity in Central America . The Motagua Fault is an onshore continuation of the Cayman Trough which forms part of the tectonic boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate . This transform fault cuts right across Guatemala and then continues offshore until it merges with the Middle America Trench along the Pacific coast of Mexico , near Acapulco . Seismic activity at the Motagua Fault has been responsible for earthquakes in 1717 , 1773 , 1902 , 1976 , 1980 , and 2009 . Another onshore continuation of the Cayman Trough is the Chixoy - Polochic Fault , which runs parallel to , and roughly 80 kilometers ( 50 mi ) to the north , of the Motagua Fault . Though less active than the Motagua Fault , seismic activity at the Chixoy - Polochic Fault is still thought to be capable of producing very large earthquakes , such as the 1816 earthquake of Guatemala . Managua , the capital of Nicaragua , was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972 . Volcanic eruptions are also common in Central America . In 1968 the Arenal Volcano , in Costa Rica , erupted killing 87 people as the 3 villages of Tabacon , Pueblo Nuevo and San Luis were buried under pyroclastic flows and debris . Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lava have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas . Demographics ( edit ) See also : Ethnic groups in Central America and Latin Americans The population of Central America is estimated at 47,448,333 as of 2016 . With an area of 523,780 square kilometers ( 202,230 sq mi ) , it has a population density of 81 per square kilometer ( 210 / sq mi ) . Countries of Central America Name of territory , with flag Area ( km2 ) Population ( 2016 est . ) Population density ( per km2 ) Capital Official language Human Development Index Belize 7004229660000000000 ♠ 22,966 366,954 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Belmopan English 0,715 High Costa Rica 7004511000000000000 ♠ 51,100 4,857,274 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 San José Spanish 0,766 High El Salvador 7004210400000000000 ♠ 21,040 6,344,722 7002292000000000000 ♠ 292 San Salvador Spanish 0,666 Medium Guatemala 7005108890000000000 ♠ 108,890 16,582,469 7002129000000000000 ♠ 129 Guatemala City Spanish 0,627 Medium Honduras 7005112090000000000 ♠ 112,090 9,112,867 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 Tegucigalpa Spanish 0,606 Medium Nicaragua 7005130373000000000 ♠ 130,373 6,149,928 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Managua Spanish 0,631 Medium Panama 7004782000000000000 ♠ 78,200 4,034,119 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Panama City Spanish 0,780 High Total 7005523780000000000 ♠ 523,780 7007474483330000000 ♠ 47,448,333 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 - - - Largest metropolitan areas in Central America City Country Population Census Year % of National population ( 1 ) Guatemala City Guatemala 5,700,000 26 % ( 2 ) San Salvador El Salvador 2,415,217 2009 39 % ( 3 ) Managua Nicaragua 1,918,000 2012 34 % ( 4 ) Tegucigalpa Honduras 1,819,000 24 % ( 5 ) San Pedro Sula Honduras 1,600,000 21 % + 4 ( 6 ) Panama City Panama 1,400,000 37 % ( 7 ) San José Costa Rica 1,275,000 2013 30 % Languages ( edit ) Linguistic variations of classic Central American Spanish . See also : Central American Spanish The official language majority in all Central American countries is Spanish , except in Belize , where the official language is English . Mayan languages constitute a language family consisting of about 26 related languages . Guatemala formally recognized 21 of these in 1996 . Xinca and Garifuna are also present in Central America . Languages in Central America ( 2010 ) Pos . Countries Population % Spanish % Mayan languages % English % Xinca % Garifuna Guatemala 17,284,000 64.7 % 34.3 % 0.0 % 0.7 % 0.3 % Honduras 8,447,000 97.1 % 2.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.9 % El Salvador 6,108,000 99.0 % 1.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % Nicaragua 6,028,000 87.4 % 7.1 % 5.5 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 5 Costa Rica 4,726,000 97.2 % 1.8 % 1.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 6 Panamá 3,652,000 86.8 % 9.2 % 4.0 % 0.0 0.0 % 7 Belize 334,000 52.1 % 8.9 % 37.0 % 0.0 % 2.0 % Ethnic groups ( edit ) Central America map of indigenous people before European contact This region of the continent is very rich in terms of ethnic groups . The majority of the population is mestizo , with sizable Mayan and White populations present , including Xinca and Garifuna minorities . The immigration of Arabs , Jews , Chinese , Europeans and others brought additional groups to the area . Ethnic groups in Central America ( 2010 ) Country Population % Amerindian % White % Mestizo / Mixed % Black % Other Belize 324,528 6.3 % 5.0 % 49.6 % 32.0 % 4.1 % Costa Rica 4,301,712 4.0 % 65.8 % 13.8 % 7.2 % 9.0 % El Salvador 6,340,889 1.0 % 12.0 % 86.0 % 0.0 % 1.0 % Guatemala 15,700,000 38.5 % 18.5 % 40.0 % 1.0 % 2.0 % Honduras 8,143,564 6.0 % 5.5 % 82.0 % 6.0 % 0.5 % Nicaragua 5,815,500 5.0 % 17.0 % 69.0 % 9.0 % 0.0 % Panama 3,474,562 6.0 % 10.0 % 65.0 % 14.0 % 5.0 % Total 42,682,190 16.24 % 20.18 % 58.05 % 4.43 % 1.17 % Religious groups ( edit ) Further information : Anglican Church in Central America , Bahá'í Faith in Central America , Buddhism in Central America , and Roman Catholicism in North America The predominant religion in Central America is Christianity ( 95.6 % ) . Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central America in the 16th century , Roman Catholicism became the most popular religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century . Since the 1960s , there has been an increase in other Christian groups , particularly Protestantism , as well as other religious organizations , and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion . Countries % Roman Catholicism ( 2010 ) % Protestantism ( 2010 ) % Non-affiliated ( 2010 ) % Other ( 2010 ) Belize 40 % 31 % 15 % 14 % Costa Rica 69 % 17 % 11 % 3 % El Salvador 46 % 29 % 24 % 1 % Guatemala 47 % 39 % 12 % 2 % Honduras 52 % 35 % 10 % 3 % Nicaragua 58 % 23 % 13 % 4 % Panama 77 % 14 % 6 % 3 % Culture ( edit ) Central American music Central American cuisine List of cuisines of the Americas -- Central American cuisine Sport ( edit ) Central American Games Central American and Caribbean Games 1926 Central American and Caribbean Games -- the first time this event occurred Central American Football Union Surfing Politics ( edit ) Central American Integration ( edit ) Central American Integration System Sistema de Integración Centroamericana Coat of arms Motto ( s ) : `` Peace , Development , Liberty and Democracy '' Anthem : La Granadera Countries Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Dominican Republic Area Total 560,988 km ( 216,599 sq mi ) Population Total 50,807,778 Density 91 / km ( 230 / sq mi ) Main article : Central American Integration System Central America is currently undergoing a process of political , economic and cultural transformation that started in 1907 with the creation of the Central American Court of Justice . In 1951 the integration process continued with the signature of the San Salvador Treaty , which created the ODECA , the Organization of Central American States . However , the unity of the ODECA was limited by conflicts between several member states . In 1991 , the integration agenda was further advanced by the creation of the Central American Integration System ( Sistema para la Integración Centroamericana , or SICA ) . SICA provides a clear legal basis to avoid disputes between the member states . SICA membership includes the 7 nations of Central America plus the Dominican Republic , a state that is traditionally considered part of the Caribbean . Central American flags Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Belize On 6 December 2008 SICA announced an agreement to pursue a common currency and common passport for the member nations . No timeline for implementation was discussed . Central America already has several supranational institutions such as the Central American Parliament , the Central American Bank for Economic Integration and the Central American Common Market . On 22 July 2011 President Mauricio Funes of El Salvador became the first president pro tempore to SICA . El Salvador also became the headquarters of SICA with the inauguration of a new building . Foreign relations ( edit ) See also : China -- Latin America relations Until recently , all Central American countries have maintained diplomatic relations with Taiwan instead of China . President Óscar Arias of Costa Rica , however , established diplomatic relations with China in 2007 , severing formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan . After breaking off relations with the Republic of China in 2017 , Panama established diplomatic relations with the People 's Republic of China . Central American Parliament ( edit ) Flag of the Central American Parliament Main article : Central American Parliament The Central American Parliament ( also known as PARLACEN ) is a political and parliamentary body of SICA . The parliament started around 1980 , and its primary goal was to resolve conflicts in Nicaragua , Guatemala , and El Salvador . Although the group was disbanded in 1986 , ideas of unity of Central Americans still remained , so a treaty was signed in 1987 to create the Central American Parliament and other political bodies . Its original members were Guatemala , El Salvador , Nicaragua and Honduras . The parliament is the political organ of Central America , and is part of SICA . New members have since then joined including Panama and the Dominican Republic . Economy ( edit ) See also : Economy of Belize , Economy of Costa Rica , Economy of El Salvador , Economy of Guatemala , Economy of Honduras , Economy of Nicaragua , and Economy of Panama Signed in 2004 , the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) is an agreement between the United States , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , and the Dominican Republic . The treaty is aimed at promoting free trade among its members . Guatemala has the largest economy in the region . Its main exports are coffee , sugar , bananas , petroleum , clothing , and cardamom . Of its 10.29 billion dollar annual exports , 40.2 % go to the United States , 11.1 % to neighboring El Salvador , 8 % to Honduras , 5.5 % to Mexico , 4.7 % to Nicaragua , and 4.3 % to Costa Rica . Economic growth in Central America is projected to slow slightly in 2014 -- 15 , as country - specific domestic factors offset the positive effects from stronger economic activity in the United States . Economy size for Latin American countries per Gross domestic product Country GDP ( nominal ) GDP ( nominal ) per capita GDP ( PPP ) Belize 1,552 $4,602 2,914 Costa Rica 44,313 $10,432 57,955 El Salvador 24,421 $3,875 46,050 Guatemala 50,303 $3,512 78,012 Honduras 18,320 $2,323 37,408 Nicaragua 7,695 $1,839 19,827 Panama 34,517 $10,838 55,124 Tourism ( edit ) See also : Tourism in Belize , Tourism in Costa Rica , Ecotourism in Costa Rica , and Tourism in Panama The Great Blue Hole off the coast of Belize is a prime ecotourism destination . It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site Semuc Champey , Guatemala . Tourism in Belize has grown considerably in more recent times , and it is now the second largest industry in the nation . Belizean Prime Minister Dean Barrow has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country . The growth in tourism has positively affected the agricultural , commercial , and finance industries , as well as the construction industry . The results for Belize 's tourism - driven economy have been significant , with the nation welcoming almost one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2012 . Belize is also the only country in Central America with English as its official language , making this country a comfortable destination for English - speaking tourists . Costa Rica is the most visited nation in Central America . Tourism in Costa Rica is one of the fastest growing economic sectors of the country , having become the largest source of foreign revenue by 1995 . Since 1999 , tourism has earned more foreign exchange than bananas , pineapples and coffee exports combined . The tourism boom began in 1987 , with the number of visitors up from 329,000 in 1988 , through 1.03 million in 1999 , to a historical record of 2.43 million foreign visitors and $1.92 - billion in revenue in 2013 . In 2012 tourism contributed with 12.5 % of the country 's GDP and it was responsible for 11.7 % of direct and indirect employment . Tourism in Nicaragua has grown considerably recently , and it is now the second largest industry in the nation . Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country . The growth in tourism has positively affected the agricultural , commercial , and finance industries , as well as the construction industry . The results for Nicaragua 's tourism - driven economy have been significant , with the nation welcoming one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2010 . Transport ( edit ) See also : Transport in Belize , Transport in Costa Rica , Transport in El Salvador , Transport in Guatemala , Transport in Honduras , Transport in Nicaragua , and Transport in Panama Roads ( edit ) See also : Roads in Belize The Inter-American Highway is the Central American section of the Pan-American Highway , and spans 5,470 kilometers ( 3,400 mi ) between Nuevo Laredo , Mexico , and Panama City , Panama . Because of the 87 kilometers ( 54 mi ) break in the highway known as the Darién Gap , it is not possible to cross between Central America and South America in an automobile . Waterways ( edit ) See also : Category : Water transport in Belize , Category : Water transport in Costa Rica , Category : Water transport in Guatemala , Category : Water transport in Honduras , Category : Water transport in Nicaragua , Category : Water transport in Panama , List of rivers of Belize , List of rivers of Costa Rica , List of rivers of El Salvador , List of rivers of Guatemala , List of rivers of Honduras , List of rivers of Nicaragua , List of rivers of Panama , Ecocanal , Nicaragua Canal , and Panama Canal Ports and harbors ( edit ) See also : Ports of Belize , Category : Ports and harbours of Guatemala , and Category : Ports and harbours of Panama Airports ( edit ) See also : List of airports in Belize , List of airports in Costa Rica , List of airports in El Salvador , List of airports in Guatemala , List of airports in Honduras , List of airports in Nicaragua , and List of airports in Panama Railways ( edit ) Main article : Rail transport in Central America See also : Rail transport in Belize , Rail transport in Costa Rica , Rail transport in El Salvador , Rail transport in Guatemala , Rail transport in Honduras , Rail transport in Nicaragua , and Rail transport in Panama City rail in La Ceiba , Honduras is one of the few remaining passenger train services in Central America Education ( edit ) List of Architecture schools in Central America List of universities in Belize List of universities in Costa Rica List of universities in El Salvador List of universities in Guatemala List of universities in Honduras List of universities in Nicaragua List of universities in Panama See also ( edit ) North America portal Latin America portal Geography portal Americas ( terminology ) Central American Seaway List of largest cities in Central America List of cities in Belize List of cities in Costa Rica List of cities in El Salvador List of places in Guatemala List of cities in Honduras List of cities in Nicaragua List of cities in Panama Index of Central America - related articles Index of Belize - related articles Index of Costa Rica - related articles Index of El Salvador - related articles Index of Guatemala - related articles Index of Honduras - related articles Index of Nicaragua - related articles Index of Panama - related articles Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Values listed in millions USD . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hubbard , K ( 2015 ) . `` The biggest cities in Central America '' . Central America statistics , facts & figures for every country . New York City : About.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : IBP , Inc ( 2009 ) . Central America Economic Integration and Cooperation Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information , Organizations and Programs . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4387 - 4280 - 9 . Jump up ^ Index Mundi ( 2012 ) . `` Population -- Central America & the Caribbean '' . Index Mundi . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ United Nations Statistics Division ( 2013 ) . `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . New York City : United Nations Statistics Division . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Augelli , JP ( 1962 ) . `` The Rimland - Mainland concept of culture areas in Middle America '' . 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ISBN 978 - 1 - 84813 - 611 - 3 . Jump up ^ Argueta , O ; Huhn , S ; Kurtenbach , S ; Peetz , P ( 2011 ) . `` Blocked democracies in Central America '' ( PDF ) . GIGA Focus International Edition . Hamburg , Germany : GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies ( 5 ) : 1 -- 8 . ISSN 1862 - 3581 . Jump up ^ `` Extreme poverty increases in Nicaragua in 2013 , study finds '' . American Free Press . 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ IBP , Inc. ( 2015 ) . Central American Countries Mineral Industry Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Regulations . pp. 7 , 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 329 - 09114 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , MA ; Alfaro , EJ ( 2005 ) . `` Central America and the Caribbean , Climate of '' . In Oliver , JE . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 183 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / 1 - 4020 - 3266 - 8_37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : ( PDF ) https://web.archive.org/web/20141006185346/http://www.webng.com/jerbarker/home/eia-toolkit/downloads/Van04/RojasVancouver.pdf . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Butler , RA ( 2006 ) . `` Belize forest information and data '' . Tropical rainforests : deforestation rates tables and charts . Menlo Park , California : Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Butler , RA ( 2006 ) . `` Costa Rica forest information and data '' . Tropical rainforests : deforestation rates tables and charts . Menlo Park , California : Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Butler , RA ( 2006 ) . `` El Salvador forest information and data '' . Tropical rainforests : deforestation rates tables and charts . Menlo Park , California : Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Butler , RA ( 2006 ) . `` Guatemala forest information and data '' . Tropical rainforests : deforestation rates tables and charts . Menlo Park , California : Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Butler , RA ( 2006 ) . `` Honduras forest information and data '' . Tropical rainforests : deforestation rates tables and charts . Menlo Park , California : Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Butler , RA ( 2006 ) . `` Nicaragua forest information and data '' . Tropical rainforests : deforestation rates tables and charts . Menlo Park , California : Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Butler , RA ( 2006 ) . `` Panama forest information and data '' . Tropical rainforests : deforestation rates tables and charts . Menlo Park , California : Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Harvey , CA ; Komar , O ; Chazdon , R ; Ferguson , BG ( 2008 ) . `` Integrating agricultural landscapes with biodiversity conservation in the Mesoamerican hotspot '' ( PDF ) . Conservation Biology . 22 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 15 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2007. 00863. x . PMID 18254848 . Jump up ^ Ramos , A ( 2 July 2010 ) . `` Belize protected areas 26 % -- not 40 - odd percent '' . Amandala . Belize City . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Belize Barrier Reef case study . Westminster.edu . Retrieved on 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Redo , DJ ; Grau , HR ; Aide , TM ; Clark , ML ( 2012 ) . `` Asymmetric forest transition driven by the interaction of socioeconomic development and environmental heterogeneity in Central America '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 23 ) : 8839 -- 44 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 109.8839 R . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1201664109 . PMC 3384153 . PMID 22615408 . ^ Jump up to : `` Central American pine - oak forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Talamancan montane forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Central American montane forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Astiz , L ; Kanamori , H ; Eissler , H ( 1987 ) . `` Source characteristics of earthquakes in the Michoacan seismic gap in Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . 77 ( 4 ) : 1326 -- 46 . Jump up ^ White , RA ( 1985 ) . `` The Guatemala earthquake of 1816 on the Chixoy - Polochic fault '' . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . 75 ( 2 ) : 455 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2014 ) . `` The world factbook '' . Washington , D.C. : Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ Christianity in its Global Context Archived 29 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holland , CL ( November 2005 ) . Ethnic and religious diversity in Central America : a historical perspective ( PDF ) . 2005 Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion . pp. 1 -- 34 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ British Embassy San Salvador ( 10 June 2013 ) . `` Extra-Regional Observer of Central American Integration System '' . Strengthening UK relationships with El Salvador . London : Government Digital Service . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan cuts ties with Costa Rica over recognition for China '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ https://america.cgtn.com/2017/06/12/panama-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-china In historic move , Panama and China establish diplomatic relations ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( 2012 ) . `` Report for selected countries and subjects '' . World economic outlook database , April 2012 . Washington , D.C. : International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( 2012 ) . `` Gross domestic product based on purchasing - power - parity ( PPP ) valuation of country GDP '' . World economic outlook database , April 2012 . Washington , D.C. : International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2014 ) . `` World exports by country '' . The world factbook . Washington , D.C. : Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2014 ) . `` Export partners of Guatemala '' . The world factbook . Washington , D.C. : Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ Data mostly refers to IMF staff estimates for the year 2013 , made in April 2014 . World Economic Outlook Database - April 2014 , International Monetary Fund . Accessed on 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Data refers mostly to the year 2012 . World Development Indicators database , World Bank . Database updated on 18 December 2013 . Accessed on 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Cuellar , M ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` Foreign direct investments and tourism up '' . Channel 5 Belize . Belize : Great Belize Productions Ltd . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 : a remarkable year for Belize 's tourism industry '' . The San Pedro Sun . San Pedro , Belize. 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Belize Tours & Activities - Project Expedition '' . Project Expedition . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Rodríguez , A ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` Costa Rica registró la llegada de más de 2 , 4 millones de turistas en 2013 '' ( Costa Rica registered the arrival of more than 2.4 million tourists in 2013 ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José , Costa Rica . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rojas , JE ( 29 December 2004 ) . `` Turismo , principal motor de la economía durante el 2004 '' ( Tourism , the principal engine of the economy in 2004 ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José , Costa Rica . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Inman , C ( 1997 ) . `` Impacts on developing countries of changing production and consumption patterns in developed countries : the case of ecotourism in Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . Alajuela , Costa Rica : INCAE Business School . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Departamento de Estadísticas ICT ( 2006 ) . `` Anuário estadísticas de demanda 2006 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Intituto Costarricense de Turismo . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa , Editors ( 2013 ) . `` Travel & tourism competitiveness report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum , Geneva , Switzerland . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Carroll , R ( 6 January 2007 ) . `` Ortega banks on tourism to beat poverty '' . The Guardian . London : theguardian.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.sify.com/news/nicaragua-exceeds-one-mn-foreign-tourists-for-first-time-news-international-km4ladiidea.html Nicaragua exceeds one mn foreign tourists for first time Further reading ( edit ) Central America . Columbia Encyclopedia , 6th ed. 2001 -- 6 . New York : Columbia University Press . American Heritage Dictionaries , Central America . WordNet Princeton University : Central America . Central America . Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online . 2006 . New York : Columbia University Press . Hernández , Consuelo ( 2009 ) . Reconstruyendo a Centroamérica a través de la poesía . Voces y perspectivas en la poesia latinoamericana del siglo XX . Madrid : Visor . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCentral Americaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Central America Video Links from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Central America country pages Teaching Central America Central America Sovereign states Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Music of Central America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Garifuna Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Central American volcanoes Guatemala Acatenango Agua Almolonga Atitlán Chicabal Cuilapa - Barbarena Fuego Jumay Moyuta Pacaya Santa María / Santiaguito San Pedro Santo Tomás Siete Orejas Tacaná Tajumulco Tecuamburro Tolimán El Salvador Santa Ana Izalco San Salvador San Vicente Usulután San Miguel Conchagua Chingo Chinameca Nicaragua Cosigüina San Cristóbal Telica Cerro Negro Momotombo Apoyeque Masaya Mombacho Concepción Maderas Costa Rica Rincón de la Vieja Miravalles Arenal Platanar Poás Irazú Laguna Poco Sol Turrialba Panama Barú La Yeguada El Valle Note : volcanoes are ordered from north - west to south - east . Central American and Caribbean Games Mexico City 1926 Havana 1930 San Salvador 1935 Panama City 1938 Barranquilla 1946 Guatemala City 1950 Mexico City 1954 Caracas 1959 Kingston 1962 San Juan 1966 Panama City 1970 Santo Domingo 1974 Medellín 1978 Havana 1982 Santiago de los Caballeros 1986 Mexico City 1990 Ponce 1993 Maracaibo 1998 San Salvador 2002 Cartagena 2006 Mayagüez 2010 Veracruz 2014 Baranquilla 2018 Latin American cuisine Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago North America Mexico Central America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies not included . Defined as a semi-autonomous territory . Latin American culture Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago North America Mexico Central America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies not included . Defined as a semi-autonomous territory . 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Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book VIAF : 315128178 GND : 4079486 - 6 NDL : 00573917 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_America&oldid=826994347 '' Categories : Central America Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from January 2015 Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | largest country in central america by land area | [
"\nCountries of Central America\n\nName of territory,\nwith flag\nArea\n(km²)[35]\nPopulation\n(2016 est.)[34]\nPopulation\ndensity\n(per km²)\nCapital\nOfficial\nlanguage\nHuman Development Index\n\n\n Belize\n7004229660000000000♠22,966\n366,954\n7001130000000000000♠13\nBelmopan\nEnglish\n0,715 High\n\n\n Costa Rica\n7004511000000000000♠51,100\n4,857,274\n7001820000000000000♠82\nSan José\nSpanish\n0,766 High\n\n\n El Salvador\n7004210400000000000♠21,040\n6,344,722\n7002292000000000000♠292\nSan Salvador\nSpanish\n0,666 Medium\n\n\n Guatemala\n7005108890000000000♠108,890\n16,582,469\n7002129000000000000♠129\nGuatemala City\nSpanish\n0,627 Medium\n\n\n Honduras\n7005112090000000000♠112,090\n9,112,867\n7001670000000000000♠67\nTegucigalpa\nSpanish\n0,606 Medium\n\n\n Nicaragua\n7005130373000000000♠130,373\n6,149,928\n7001440000000000000♠44\nManagua\nSpanish\n0,631 Medium\n\n\n Panama\n7004782000000000000♠78,200\n4,034,119\n7001440000000000000♠44\nPanama City\nSpanish\n0,780 High\n\n\nTotal\n7005523780000000000♠523,780\n7007474483330000000♠47,448,333\n7001800000000000000♠80\n-\n-\n-\n\n"
] | [
"Nicaragua"
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3887893505197015401 | Don't You Ever Get Tired (Of Hurting Me) | Do n't you Ever Get Tired ( of Hurting Me ) - Wikipedia Do n't you Ever Get Tired ( of Hurting Me ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't You Ever Get Tired ( Of Hurting Me ) '' Single by Ronnie Milsap from the album Stranger Things Have Happened B - side `` I Never Expected to See You '' Released October 1988 Genre Country Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Hank Cochran Producer ( s ) Ronnie Milsap , Rob Galbraith , Tom Collins Ronnie Milsap singles chronology `` Button Off My Shirt '' ( 1988 ) `` Do n't You Ever Get Tired ( Of Hurting Me ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Houston Solution '' ( 1989 ) `` Button Off My Shirt '' ( 1988 ) `` Do n't You Ever Get Tired ( Of Hurting Me ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Houston Solution '' ( 1989 ) `` Do n't You Ever Get Tired ( Of Hurting Me ) '' is a country song written by Hank Cochran that was a hit single for Ray Price in 1965 , reaching No. 11 on the Billboard chart . A later version by Ronnie Milsap in 1989 was Milsap 's thirty - third number one single as a solo artist . The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the chart . Other notable recordings of the song were done by Jack Greene and George Jones and by Price and Willie Nelson as a duet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Ray Price 1.2 Connie Cato 1.3 Willie Nelson & Ray Price 1.4 Ronnie Milsap 1.4. 1 Year - end charts 2 References Chart performance ( edit ) Ray Price ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 11 Connie Cato ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 92 Willie Nelson & Ray Price ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Peak position Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 11 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 8 Ronnie Milsap ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 63 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 40 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 233 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Price -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Ray Price . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Singles '' . Billboard. 5 Mar 1977 . p. 48 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard. 14 February 1981 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronnie Milsap -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Ronnie Milsap . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1989 '' . RPM . December 23 , 1989 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1989 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1989 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Preceded by `` I Still Believe in You '' by The Desert Rose Band Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single March 11 , 1989 Succeeded by `` From a Jack to a King '' by Ricky Van Shelton Ray Price Studio albums San Antonio Rose Last of the Breed Songs `` I Ca n't Escape from You '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` I 'll Be There ( If You Ever Want Me ) '' `` Release Me '' `` Crazy Arms '' `` I 've Got a New Heartache '' `` City Lights '' `` Heartaches by the Number '' `` The Same Old Me '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' `` I Wish I Could Fall in Love Today '' `` Make the World Go Away '' `` Night Life '' `` Please Talk to My Heart '' `` Do n't You Ever Get Tired ( Of Hurting Me ) '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Crazy '' `` She Wears My Ring '' `` For the Good Times '' `` I Wo n't Mention It Again '' `` She 's Got to Be a Saint '' `` You 're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me '' `` Faded Love '' `` New San Antonio Rose '' `` You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You '' `` All the Way '' `` Please Do n't Talk About Me When I 'm Gone '' Related articles Discography Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Ronnie Milsap Studio albums Ronnie Milsap Where My Heart Is Pure Love Legend in My Time A Rose By Any Other Name Night Things 20 / 20 Vision It Was Almost Like a Song Only One Love in My Life Images Milsap Magic Out Where the Bright Lights Are Glowing There 's No Gettin ' Over Me Inside Keyed Up One More Try for Love Lost in the Fifties Tonight Christmas with Ronnie Milsap Heart & Soul Stranger Things Have Happened Back to the Grindstone True Believer Sings His Best for Capitol Records Just for a Thrill My Life Then Sings My Soul Compilation albums Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 Greatest Hits , Vol. 3 40 # 1 Hits 16 Biggest Hits # 1 singles `` Pure Love '' `` Please Do n't Tell Me How the Story Ends '' `` ( I 'd Be ) A Legend in My Time '' `` Daydreams About Night Things '' `` What Goes On When the Sun Goes Down '' `` ( I 'm A ) Stand by My Woman Man '' `` Let My Love Be Your Pillow '' `` It Was Almost Like a Song '' `` What a Difference You 've Made in My Life '' `` Only One Love in My Life '' `` Let 's Take the Long Way Around the World '' `` Back on My Mind Again '' `` Nobody Likes Sad Songs '' `` Why Do n't You Spend the Night '' `` My Heart '' `` Cowboys and Clowns '' `` Smoky Mountain Rain '' `` Am I Losing You '' `` ( There 's ) No Gettin ' Over Me '' `` I Would n't Have Missed It for the World '' `` Any Day Now '' `` He Got You '' `` Inside '' `` Stranger in My House '' `` Do n't You Know How Much I Love You '' `` Show Her '' `` Still Losing You '' `` She Keeps the Home Fires Burning '' `` Lost in the Fifties Tonight ( In the Still of the Night ) '' `` Happy , Happy Birthday Baby '' `` In Love '' `` How Do I Turn You On '' `` Snap Your Fingers '' `` Make No Mistake , She 's Mine '' ( with Kenny Rogers ) `` Where Do the Nights Go '' `` Do n't You Ever Get Tired ( Of Hurting Me ) '' `` A Woman in Love '' `` Stranger Things Have Happened '' Other songs `` Too Late to Worry , Too Blue to Cry '' `` Just in Case '' `` In No Time at All '' `` Prisoner of the Highway '' `` Old Folks '' ( with Mike Reid ) `` Button Off My Shirt '' `` Houston Solution '' `` Are You Lovin ' Me Like I 'm Lovin ' You '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Turn That Radio On '' `` All Is Fair in Love and War '' `` True Believer '' Related articles Discography Book : Ronnie Milsap This 1960s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1980s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_You_Ever_Get_Tired_(Of_Hurting_Me)&oldid=780399421 '' Categories : 1965 singles 1977 singles 1980 singles 1988 singles Ray Price ( musician ) songs Willie Nelson songs Ronnie Milsap songs Songs written by Hank Cochran Song recordings produced by Tom Collins ( record producer ) Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RCA Records singles 1965 songs 1960s country song stubs 1980s country song stubs Hidden categories : Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 May 2017 , at 21 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song don't you ever get tired of hurting me | [
"\"Don't You Ever Get Tired (Of Hurting Me)\" is a country song written by Hank Cochran that was a hit single for Ray Price in 1965, reaching No. 11 on the Billboard chart. A later version by Ronnie Milsap in 1989 was Milsap's thirty-third number one single as a solo artist. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the chart.[1] Other notable recordings of the song were done by Jack Greene and George Jones and by Price and Willie Nelson as a duet."
] | [
"Hank Cochran"
] |
2596938581320878157 | Einthoven's triangle | Einthoven 's triangle - Wikipedia Einthoven 's triangle Jump to : navigation , search Graphical representation of Einthoven 's triangle Einthoven 's triangle is an imaginary formation of three limb leads in a triangle used in electrocardiography , formed by the two shoulders and the pubis . The shape forms an inverted equilateral triangle with the heart at the center that produces zero potential when the voltages are summed . It is named after Willem Einthoven , who theorized its existence . Einthoven used these measuring points , by immersing the hands and foot in pails of salt water , as the contacts for his string galvanometer , the first practical ECG machine . Lead placements ( edit ) Lead I -- This axis goes from shoulder to shoulder , with the negative electrode placed on the right shoulder and the positive electrode placed on the left shoulder . This results in a 0 degree angle of orientation . I = L A − R A ( \ displaystyle I = LA - RA ) Lead II -- This axis goes from the right arm to the left leg , with the negative electrode on the shoulder and the positive one on the leg . This results in a + 60 degree angle of orientation . I I = L L − R A ( \ displaystyle II = LL - RA ) Lead III -- This axis goes from the left shoulder ( negative electrode ) to the right or left leg ( positive electrode ) . This results in a + 120 degree angle of orientation . I I I = L L − L A ( \ displaystyle III = LL - LA ) Electrodes may be placed distally or proximally on the limb without affecting the recording . The leg electrode acts as a grounding lead , and either the right or left leg can be used as a grounding lead without an effect on the ECG results . Each lead measures the electric field created by the heart during the depolarization and repolarization of myocytes . The electric field can be represented as a vector that changes continuously and can be measured by recording the voltage difference between electrodes . Using Einthoven 's triangle to identify lead misplacements ( edit ) Though Einthoven 's triangle is no longer used in contemporary ECGs , Einthoven 's triangle can be helpful in the identification in incorrect placement of leads . ( Incorrect placement of leads can lead to error in the recording , which can ultimately lead to misdiagnosis . ) If the arm electrodes are reversed , lead I changes polarity , causing lead II and lead III to switch . If the right arm electrode is reversed with the leg 's electrode , lead II changes polarity , causing lead I to become lead III , and vice versa . Reversal of the left arm and leg causes a change in polarity of lead III and switching of leads I and II . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ( 1 August 2009 ) . ECG Facts Made Incredibly Quick ! . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60547 - 476 - 2 . Jump up ^ Understanding Electrocardiography . Elsevier Health Sciences . 2003 . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 323 - 01905 - 6 . Jump up ^ Silverman , M.E. ( 1992 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Willem Einthoven -- the father of electrocardiography '' . Clinical Cardiology. 15 ( 10 ) : 785 -- 787 . ISSN 0160 - 9289 . PMID 1395193 . ^ Jump up to : The Only EKG Book You 'll Ever Need . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2003 . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 4176 - 9 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , Richard E ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 9780781750301 . ^ Jump up to : Abi - Saleh , Bernard ; Omar , Bassam ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Einthoven 's triangle transparency : a practical method to explain limb lead configuration following single lead misplacements '' . Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine . 11 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 38 . ISSN 1530 - 6550 . PMID 20495514 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Daniel R. ; Randall , David Clark ; Speck , Dexter F. ( 1998 - 03 - 13 ) . Cardiopulmonary System Structure and Function . Hayes Barton Press . pp. 99 -- 101 . ISBN 9781889325309 . This cardiovascular system article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Einthoven%27s_triangle&oldid=797650972 '' Categories : Cardiac electrophysiology Dutch inventions Cardiovascular system stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 12 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the positive electrode placed in lead iii | [
"\nLead III — This axis goes from the left shoulder (negative electrode) to the right or left leg (positive electrode). This results in a +120 degree angle of orientation.[4]\n"
] | [
"right or left leg"
] |
-61105842283969793 | Toyota FJ Cruiser | Toyota FJ Cruiser - wikipedia Toyota FJ Cruiser Toyota FJ Cruiser ( GSJ15W ) Overview Manufacturer Toyota Production 2006 -- 2014 ( LHD ) 2010 -- 2017 ( RHD ) Assembly Japan : Hamura , Tokyo , ( Hino ) China : Guangzhou ( GAC ) Designer Jin Won Kim ( 2002 ) Body and chassis Class Mid-size SUV ( J ) Body style 4 - door SUV Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Related Toyota 4Runner Toyota Tacoma Toyota Hilux Toyota Land Cruiser Prado Toyota Fortuner Lexus GX Powertrain Engine 4.0 L 1GR - FE V6 Transmission 6 - speed manual ( 4WD only ) 5 - speed automatic Wheelbase 105.9 in ( 2,690 mm ) Length 183.9 in ( 4,671 mm ) Width 2006 -- 2010 : 74.6 in ( 1,895 mm ) 2010 -- 2016 : 75.0 in ( 1,905 mm ) Height 71.3 in ( 1,811 mm ) ( 2WD ) 72.0 in ( 1,829 mm ) ( 4WD ) Curb weight 4,050 lb ( 1,837 kg ) ( 2WD ) 4,290 lb ( 1,946 kg ) ( 4WD manual ) 4,295 lb ( 1,948 kg ) ( 4WD automatic ) Chronology Predecessor Toyota Hilux Surf ( Japan ) Successor Toyota 4Runner ( US ) Toyota Land Cruiser Prado The Toyota FJ Cruiser is a retro style , mid-size SUV . Introduced as a concept car at the January 2003 North American International Auto Show , the FJ Cruiser was approved for production after positive consumer response and debuted at the January 2005 North American International Auto Show in final production form . The FJ Cruiser was built by Toyota subsidiary Hino Motors in Hamura , Japan since 2006 and shares many structural underpinnings with the Toyota Land Cruiser Prado . The FJ Cruiser entered the Japanese market on 4 December 2010 , announced on 25 November in that year . On 5 November 2013 , Toyota USA announced the 2014 model year Trail Teams edition would be called the `` Ultimate Edition '' and that the 2014 model year would be the last for the FJ Cruiser in that market . It continued to be made for sale in other markets such as Australia and the Middle East until its export to those market was discontinued in August 2016 . The `` Final Edition '' of the FJ Cruiser went on sale in Japan on 12 September 2017 . Sales of the FJ Cruiser were discontinued there on 31 January 2018 . Contents 1 Design and development 1.1 Exterior 1.2 Interior 2 Specifications 2.1 Chassis 2.2 Powertrain 2.3 Safety 3 Market 4 Variants 4.1 TRD Special Edition 4.2 Trail Teams Special Edition 4.3 ARB Edition FJ Crawler 4.4 FJ - S Cruiser Concept 5 Reception 6 Sales 7 References 8 External links Design and development ( edit ) By the time the production of the original FJ40 ended in 1984 , Toyota had shifted towards increasing the size and luxury of the Land Cruiser line . The idea of a new FJ with rugged capabilities of the FJ40 originated in the mid 1990s with Toyota 's product planner Dave Danzer and vice-president of sales and operations Yoshi Inaba . Danzer worked secretly with Akio Toyoda to set up a special shop at the NUMMI plant to test the feasibility of a new FJ40 by combining Tacoma underpinnings with the bodies of Toyota Bandeirantes , an FJ40 - based vehicle still in production in Brazil ( as a diesel model only ) at the time . Toyoda returned to Japan to join the board of directors giving a high level support to the project . Toyota 's flagship design studio , Calty , was then brought in to deliver a fresh interpretation of the FJ40 . Calty hired veteran Chrysler automotive designer Bill Chergosky to lead the development of an offroad vehicle known internally as the Rugged Youth Utility ( RYU ) aimed at attracting young male buyers , a segment Toyota felt they were losing touch with at the time . Many takes on the RYU concept were created including the 2001 Rugged Sports Coupe concept before a retro style design created by 24 - year - old designer Jin Won Kim was chosen as the final exterior concept , with Chergosky designing the interior . The FJ Cruiser concept debuted at the 2003 Detroit Auto Show in Voodoo Blue , which would become the signature color for the production FJ Cruiser . The bold styling was an immediate hit with the automotive press and general public despite competing with more exotic concepts like the Cadillac Sixteen and Dodge Tomahawk . By resurrecting design traits from the iconic FJ40 , the FJ Cruiser was viewed as a new halo car for Toyota , much like the similarly retro - styled 2005 Mustang had been for Ford . In the summer of 2004 , Toyota began extensive offroad evaluations of the FJ platform by driving development mules on many of the most difficult trails in North America , including Moab , Utah , the Angeles National Forest , the Mojave Desert , and the Rubicon Trail . Despite each one - off mule costing hundreds of thousands of dollars , the development team was determined to push the capabilities of the prototypes in order to deliver reliable offroad performance in the production model . Changes to the A-TRAC traction control system and suspension tuning came as a direct result of the prototype testing . The exterior of the FJ concept remained largely unchanged when the final production model debuted at the 2005 North American International Auto Show . However , chief production engineer Akio Nishimura had to significantly alter the amenities offered in Chergosky 's interior concept to keep the price of the production FJ Cruiser reasonable . Unique interior touches like the gear shifter that doubled as a shovel handle , removable interior lights which doubled as flashlights , and flat - folding front seats were removed , though several concept items remained as factory options . Exterior ( edit ) 2007 -- 2010 Toyota FJ Cruiser ( LHD , US ) The FJ Cruiser features a short wheelbase , stocky frame , and grille - headlight arrangement much like the original FJ40 . Other throwback design cues include a nearly vertical windshield with three windshield wipers for maximum surface area coverage . The FJ Cruiser also featured the name `` Toyota '' spelled out across the grille instead of the corporate emblem which has been in use since 1990 , another reference to the FJ40 and other older Toyota trucks . The FJ 's body features rear opening access doors that give a unique look to the SUV . Special high - strength steel was used to give the vehicle side impact protection without the need for a door pillar . Interior ( edit ) The interior of the FJ features many design elements focused on enhancing off - road practicality . All interior surfaces are covered with washable rubber materials to aid in fast cleanup after heavy outdoor use . The FJ also incorporates oversized controls to aid drivers with gloved hands . The three - gauge cluster ( with compass , temperature , and inclinometer ) as well as the 110 - volt rear outlet were carried over from the FJ Cruiser concept vehicle as options on the final production model . Specifications ( edit ) 2011 FJ Cruiser right - hand drive variant with license plate located on the rear bumper ( Australia ) FJ Cruiser with a raised air - intake snorkel At 183.9 inches ( 4.67 m ) in length , the FJ Cruiser is a mid-size SUV offered by Toyota in North America , slotting between the smaller RAV4 and larger Highlander . Toyota sources many components from other vehicles to produce the FJ including shared engines and transmissions found in the Tacoma , Tundra and 4Runner as well as suspension components used in the Prado , Hilux , Tacoma , and 4Runner . The 4x4 FJ Cruiser has 9.6 inches ( 24 cm ) of ground clearance , 34 - degree approach and 30 - degree departure angles , and a 27.4 - degree breakover angle , with 8 inches ( 20 cm ) of front and 9 inches ( 23 cm ) of rear suspension travel . The FJ is also designed to ford up to 27.5 inches ( 70 cm ) of water and has a 5,000 - pound ( 2,300 kg ) towing capacity for both 4x4 and 4x2 variants . On road , the FJ accelerates to 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) in 7.8 seconds and has . 69 G of lateral grip tested with stock Bridgestone Dueler tires . Chassis ( edit ) Structurally the FJ Cruiser incorporates a body on frame truck style design similar but not identical to that of the Prado platform . The FJ Cruiser uses a high - mounted , double wishbone front suspension and stabilizer bar , and a 4 - link rear suspension with lateral rod with coil springs and stabilizer bar . The 120 - series Land Cruiser Prado , Tacoma , 4Runner , and Hilux share the same suspension parts as the FJ Cruiser . The FJ Cruiser uses power - assisted four - piston front and two - piston rear ventilated disc brakes with an anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) , electronic brakeforce distribution ( EBD ) , brake assist ( BA ) and is also equipped with vehicle stability control ( VSC ) and a specialized traction control system known as `` A-TRAC '' . The A-TRAC system applies braking to control wheels that have lost traction , mimicking the performance of a locking differential without the `` binding '' that can make steering difficult in normal locking differential setups . Toyota made revisions to the engine bay 's inner fender aprons due to some bulging and cracking issues with the 2007 and some early 2008 models . The bulges and cracks in the inner fenders were attributed to a Toyota design flaw through certain vehicle identification numbers . Toyota addressed the problem and has changed the design . Powertrain ( edit ) `` 1GR - FE '' 4.0 L V6 engine in the FJ Cruiser The FJ Cruiser uses the 4.0 - liter 1GR - FE DOHC V6 . For the 2007 to 2009 model years , the engine came with single variable valve timing ( VVT - i ) which produces 239 hp ( 178 kW ) at 5200 rpm , and 278 lb ⋅ ft ( 377 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 3,700 rpm on 91 octane fuel . For the 2010 model year , the FJ Cruiser 's engine gained Dual VVT - i technology which adjusts timing on both intake and exhaust camshafts resulting in 259 hp ( 193 kW ) at 5600 rpm , and 270 lb ⋅ ft ( 370 N ⋅ m ) on 91 octane , in addition to slightly improved fuel economy on 91 octane fuel . For model year 2011 , these figures rose to 260 hp ( 194 kW ) at 5600 rpm , and 271 lb ⋅ ft ( 367 N ⋅ m ) . The 2011 onwards engine meets stringent LEV II / Tier 2 Bin 5 emissions certification Both versions of the 1GR - FE engine run normally on 87 octane fuel though they produce less power thus Toyota recommends premium fuel for demanding situations such as towing , off - roading , and driving at high elevation . Four - wheel drive models equipped with the RA61F manual transmission have a full - time 4WD system ; it employs a center TORSEN differential , with a locking feature and distributes the engine 's power 40 : 60 under most driving conditions . The TORSEN unit varies power distribution as needed , based on steering angle and wheel slippage . In the `` lock '' position , the differential switches to 50 : 50 power distribution . Rear - wheel drive models were only available with automatic transmissions , and came standard with a limited - slip rear differential . Five - speed A750E automatic transmission on rear - wheel drive models Five - speed A750F automatic transmission with VF2A transfer case on part - time 4x4 models Six - speed RA61F manual transmission with VF4B transfer case on full - time 4x4 models Safety ( edit ) Side curtain airbags for both rows and side torso airbags optional on 2007 models became standard on 2008 models . The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) awarded the FJ Cruiser its Top Safety Pick accolade . The FJ Cruiser received a `` good '' overall rating in both the front and side impacts tests and also received the `` good '' rating in all 14 measured categories . NHTSA crash test ratings ( 2008 ) and 2014 Frontal driver : Frontal passenger : Side driver : Side rear passenger : Rollover : 26.7 % 2014 Toyota FJ Cruiser on IIHS : Category Rating Moderate overlap frontal offset Good Small overlap frontal offset ( 2009 -- present ) Not tested Side impact Good Roof strength Good strength - to - weight ratio : 3.47 Market ( edit ) The FJ cruiser was primarily developed for the North American market but has been sold in small numbers globally since its launch . On 25 November 2010 , Toyota announced sales would begin in right - hand drive form for the Japanese market . Sales began on December 4 , replacing the outgoing Hilux Surf and selling alongside the Land Cruiser . Japanese - produced right - hand drive models have a different rear bumper to North American models with the license plate located on the bumper as opposed to under the tailgate door handle . In addition , right - hand drive versions have the side indicator markers located on the fender panels , rather than located on the side - view mirrors used for left - hand drive production FJ Cruisers . Sales of right - hand drive model began in Australia and New Zealand in 2011 available in four - wheel drive automatics only . Variants ( edit ) TRD Special Edition ( edit ) For North America , in 2007 Toyota Racing Development ( TRD ) produced 3,200 units as limited production TRD Special Edition FJ Cruisers . This model was released with the body painted in a black diamond pearl color , and with a matching black roof to set itself apart from its standard , white - roofed counterparts . The special edition model included TRD cat - back exhaust system , TRD Bilstein offroad tuned shocks , rock rails , 16 - inch alloy gun - metal gray finished TRD wheels with BFGoodrich all - terrain tires , and TRD badges . The TRD Special Edition also included mechanical changes to synchronize the locking differential with the active traction control ( resulting in the rear differential no longer overriding the active traction ) . Early production 2006 FJ Cruisers had an issue that caused the rear differential to override the active traction control , except in the TRD Special Editions . However , by November 2006 , Toyota had changed production to incorporate synchronization of the locking differential with active traction control on all FJ Cruisers . In 2009 , subsequent to Toyota releasing the Trail Teams Special Edition FJ Cruiser for the production year of 2008 , Toyota created the TRD package . This package was available on FJ Cruisers with the iceberg white monotone exterior color scheme , similar to the 2008 Trail Teams Special Editions , except without the addition of blacked - out trim pieces . Even though this package was known as the `` TRD package '' , it did not include the same or as many features as the TRD Special Edition . Some of the features with this package were the TRD alloy wheels in a silver finish with the BFGoodrich all - terrain tires , as well as TRD logos and graphics on the exterior . Also , the TRD package was only offered on units with two - wheel drive for the 2008 and 2009 model years . Since 2011 , Toyota offered the TRD package on the iceberg white FJ Cruisers but opened the package availability to both two - and four - wheel drive models . In 2009 , 2,400 units were produced with the TRD package . Trail Teams Special Edition ( edit ) Beginning with the 2008 model year , Toyota manufactured 3,200 units of specially equipped FJ Cruisers designated as the Trail Teams Special Edition , which featured many of the same TRD options included on the TRD Special Edition , including the same 16 - inch alloy wheels ( but in a black finish as opposed to the gun - metal grey finish of the TRD model ) . The Trail Teams Special Edition was also equipped with BFGoodrich All - Terrain tires , as well as TRD / Trail Teams Bilstein shocks , and other similar options found on the TRD model . The number of Trail Teams Special Edition FJ Cruisers produced per year are as follows : 3,200 units for 2008 ( as stated above ) ; 1,500 for 2010 ; 2,500 in 2011 ; 2,500 in 2012 ; 2,500 in 2013 ; and 2,500 in 2014 . No Trail Teams models were produced in 2009 . However , Toyota released a TRD Package for that model year and it was used on the same Iceberg White painted FJ Cruisers that were used for the 2008 Trail Teams Special Edition , ( for more information , see the TRD Special Edition section . ) Over the years , small incremental changes have been made to the Trail Teams Special Edition FJ Cruisers , such as changing the TRD alloy wheels to beadlock style TRD wheels on later years , and the availability of Toyota 's CRAWL control feature as part of the Trail Teams package ( 2013 and 2014 automatic transmission only ) . The CRAWL control had been previously used on other 4 - wheel drive vehicles from Toyota and Lexus to enhance off - road capabilities . Each year , the Trail Teams Special Edition is painted in one distinct color and is the only FJ variant ( besides the TRD Special Edition units ) offered in a monotone color scheme , rather than the traditional two - tone FJ Cruiser with the standard white painted roof ( excluding standard production FJ Cruisers with the `` Iceberg White '' body ) . The Trail Teams variants are also the only FJ models to have body trim pieces blacked out from the factory including the mirrors , door handles , bumper caps , etc . Special design details also carry over to the interior such as color matched fabric inserts on the seats for specific years and special Trail Teams badges . 2014 Trail Teams Ultimate Edition Toyota announced that the 2014 model year would be the final production year of the FJ Cruiser for the U.S. Market , therefore to add uniqueness to the final version of the Trail Teams Special Edition , Toyota designated the final version to be the Trail Teams Ultimate Edition which features a few special upgrades . The 2014 Trail Teams Ultimate Edition FJ Cruiser comes in a Heritage Blue paint scheme ( resembling an original FJ40 Land Cruiser factory paint color ) , and for the first time features a white grille bezel that again pays tribute to the iconic Land Cruiser FJ40 . The remaining vehicle trim remains black , similar to previous versions of the Trail Teams Special Edition . While all of the Trail Teams FJ Cruisers feature a race - inspired TRD / Trail Teams off - road suspension designed by Bilstein , the Ultimate Edition features a new rear remote reservoir suspension . The suspension also raises the vehicle slightly taller than stock as to achieve a leveled stance . The Ultimate Edition is also equipped with a special 1 / 4 inch thick aluminum TRD skid plate , designed to help with the approach angle for the front of the vehicle and provide better protection while off - roading . Significant interior differences that are unique to the 2014 Trails Team Ultimate Edition include ; the interior panel inserts are black rather than color matched to the exterior color of the vehicle , the radio bezel is silver , and a special `` Ultimate Edition '' dash plaque is affixed to the dash on the passenger side indicating the special edition is only `` One of 2500 . '' Additionally , the seating fabric inserts are color matched to coordinate with the Ultimate Edition 's unique silver / black interior , rather than the exterior color as in previous years . The Trail Teams Special Edition color schemes that have been released each year are as follows : Model Year Color 2008 Iceberg 2009 None Sandstorm 2011 Army Green 2012 Radiant Red 2013 Cement Gray 2014 Heritage Blue ARB Edition FJ Crawler ( edit ) The FJ Crawler was first offered in 2007 ( for the 2008 model year ) and is the result of a collaboration between Dealer Services International ( DSI ) , known for building high quality custom packages for new vehicle dealers , and ARB , who has a long history building rugged off - road products . For participating Toyota new vehicle dealerships , the FJ Crawler could be special ordered for customers who were looking for a vehicle that is even more rugged and off - road ready than a standard Off - Road Package factory option would provide . The FJ Crawler package included an ARB Front Bull Bar Bumper , an Old Man Emu 3 - inch suspension lift to support the added weight of the ARB bumper and to allow for the 17 - inch Pro Comp wheels with either 33 or 35 - inch off - roading tires . The FJ Crawler was able to be customized in many ways with many optional accessories to achieve the customers satisfaction . For example , the FJ Crawler could be ordered in any factory color for the current model year . The customer could choose from 3 different wheel choices , 3 different tire choices , and could even choose the exact springs and shocks used in the Old Man Emu suspension to achieve the desired ride / performance quality . There was also the option of adding accessories such as a Warn winch , IFP driving lights which would be mounted to the ARB bumper , a fog light kit for the ARB bumper , and an ARB roof rack for storing gear and other items . Other options included a cat - back exhaust system , a high flow intake , as well as side steps . Also , because of variances in aftermarket tire sizes , speedometer calibration was provided to ensure correct vehicle speed and mileage are recorded . Slight changes have been made over the years to the FJ Crawler 's options but in recent years DSI offers new products for the FJ Crawler as well as their own Performance Package including Pro Comp 5 '' lift kits , 35 - inch Pro Comp off - road tires , LRG or Pro Comp alloy wheels , Smittybilt original parts , and other custom accessories that are all selected by the buyer or dealer who orders the vehicle . FJ - S Cruiser concept ( edit ) The FJ - S Cruiser Concept , debuted at the 2012 SEMA Auto Show in Las Vegas , NV , is the creation of Toyota and Toyota Racing Development ( TRD ) in an effort to create a new style of FJ Cruiser that from its looks , remains fairly similar , but is designed to be even more off - road ready than its standard FJ Cruiser counterparts . The FJ - S Cruiser Concept actually incorporates suspension components from the Baja Series Tacoma and has an upgraded chassis and body structure with the addition of an underbody `` exoskeleton '' to improve its off - road prowess . According to Toyota , the extra stiffness and strength provided by the exoskeleton creates a more suitable platform for the suspension modifications and wheel upgrades added , which include 60 - mm Bilstein racing shocks up front and 50 - mm Bilstein racing shocks with remote reservoirs in the rear which produce around 1.3 '' of lift over stock . Also , the FJ - S features all new TRD 17 - inch wheels in a Midnight Black finish along with BFGoodrich Mud - Terrain tires . TRD also added their new supercharger with a Twin Vortex System and a large air - to - water intercooler , which brings the engine output to 345 horsepower and 345 lb / ft of torque , which is 30 % and 25 % of increase over the standard FJ Cruiser model . The exterior of the FJ - S Cruiser Concept received other changes / upgrades including a front nudge bar and the rock rails used on other FJ Cruiser variants . The color Toyota chose for this model is the Quicksand color , but unlike other FJ variants , they kept the white roof as opposed to doing a monochromatic color scheme . The interior of the FJ - S debuted an all - new two - tone leather seating with the FJ - S logos on the seatbacks along with custom floor mats . Not much information has been released as far as the chassis and body structure changes go , and Toyota has n't announced what they plan on doing with the FJ - S Cruiser Concept in the future . So whether or not it goes into production in a later year or if it remains a concept car is uncertain . However , new releases from Toyota show that the TRD Bilstein shocks with remote reservoirs and TRD - tuned front spring suspension combination debuted on the FJ - S Cruiser Concept is the same one they used on the Trail Teams Ultimate Edition FJ Cruiser for 2014 . Toyota also put the same newly designed TRD Midnight Black alloy wheels used on the FJ - S on the new TRD Pro Series 4Runner . Reception ( edit ) FJ Cruiser with suspension articulated while offroading ( US ) FJ Cruiser with ' Suicide doors ' open The FJ debuted to both criticism and acclaim from the automotive press . Critics appreciated Toyota 's drive to bring such an aggressively styled and purpose driven vehicle to market at a time when the company was focused on more conservative designs . The FJ was universally praised for its off - road performance with many reviewers also appreciating its on road manners , functional interior , and styling that paid homage to the original FJ40 . The off - road community widely embraced the new addition of another Toyota off - road vehicle and many different groups and forums were created specifically with the FJ Cruiser at their center . Some reviewers took issue with the amount of body roll and low lateral grip performance though noting the suspension was designed to be soft with a long travel for off - road use . The FJ Cruiser was also criticized for its styling which created large blindspots , smaller than average cargo capacity , and cramped rear seating that was difficult to access . Toyota attempted to improve the blind spot issues by offering a rear back up camera starting with the 2009 model year and changed the hinge mechanisms on the front seats allowing passengers easier entry and exit from the rear starting with the 2011 model . Sales ( edit ) Sales of the FJ Cruiser were strong in the initial years from the initial exuberance surrounding the unique retro styling and performance offered by the FJ . However sales took a sharp nosedive from a high of 56,225 units sold in North America in 2006 to less than 12,000 units by 2009. . Critics blamed the declining sales on : ( 1 ) increased competition in the mid-size SUV segment ; ( 2 ) poor fuel economy amidst rising gasoline prices ; ( 3 ) environmental concerns ; and ( 4 ) steep competition from the Jeep Wrangler . Toyota hoped to rectify these concerns with an updated engine optimized to run on regular unleaded instead of premium with a slight boost in fuel economy for the 2010 model year . Calendar year US Canada 2006 56,225 4,919 2007 55,170 4,901 2008 28,688 2,630 2009 11,941 899 14,959 797 2011 13,541 639 2012 13,656 726 2013 13,131 656 2014 14,718 618 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Happy Trails , FJ Cruiser '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Reintroduces Hilux into Japanese Market after 13 - year Hiatus , Land Cruiser Prado undergoes partial redesign and FJ Cruiser launches with special specifications '' . Toyota Global Newsroom ( Press release ) . Japan . 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Braur , Karl ( 19 December 2005 ) . `` Full Test : 2007 Toyota FJ Cruiser '' . Inside Line . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Winfield , Barry ( February 2006 ) . `` 2007 Toyota FJ Cruiser : A show car comes to life '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Edsall , p. 96 Jump up ^ `` FJ Cruiser safe Down Under '' . motoring.com.au. 18 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Nikolic , Trent ( 21 July 2014 ) . `` Toyota FJ Cruiser Safe in Australia '' . CarAdvice . Australia . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota FJ Cruiser production to continue , Land Cruiser redesign coming soon '' . DriveArabia.com . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Costello , Mike ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Toyota FJ Cruiser production to end in August '' . CarAdvice . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 29 Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 34 Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 36 Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 52 Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 59 Jump up ^ `` Toyota FJ Cruiser : Jin Won Kim '' . Designers Party . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 77 Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 56 ^ Jump up to : Edsall , p. 107 Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 72 Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 90 Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 78 Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 99 Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 110 Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 103 Jump up ^ `` Toyota FJ Cruiser Community '' . Fjcruiserforums.com . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : All octane ratings determined using the ( R + M ) / 2 calculation Jump up ^ `` 2007 Toyota FJ Cruiser Pricing and Specs '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Toyota FJ Cruiser Pricing and Specs '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Toyota FJ Cruiser Pricing and Specs '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Toyota FJ Cruiser Pricing and Specs '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Toyota FJ Cruiser Pricing and Specs '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota FJ Cruiser -- 2012 Performance & Specifications '' . Toyota USA . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 102 Jump up ^ `` 2011 Toyota FJ Cruiser Offers Trail Teams and Audio Systems '' . Toyota . 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Toyota FJ Cruiser '' . Iihs.org. 25 November 2008 . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Toyota FJ Cruiser '' . Iihs.org. 25 November 2008 . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Safercar.gov '' . Safercar.gov . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Toyota FJ Cruiser SUV AWD '' . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Toyota FJ Cruiser , Midsize SUV '' . IIHS . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Raudonikis , Mathieu ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Toyota 's upcoming FJ Cruiser to cost less than $50 K '' . GoAuto . John Mellor . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Mathioudakis , Byron ( 8 March 2011 ) . `` First drive : Retro bates youth for FJ Cruiser '' . GoAuto . John Mellor . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Racing Development ( TRD ) Special Edition Package Revealed for the FJ Cruiser '' . Toyota . November 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Lysaght , Mike ( 18 January 2008 ) . `` Off - Road Special : 2008 FJ Cruiser Trail Teams Special Edition '' . Inside line . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seeman , Darren . `` Toyota FJ Cruiser Touchup Paint Codes , Image Galleries , Brochure and TV Commercial Archives '' . toyotareference.com . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Toyota FJ Cruiser Trail Teams Special Edition '' . US : Toyota . Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota FJ Cruiser '' . DSI . Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Performance Package '' . DSI . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota 4Runner TRD Pro Series 2015 '' . thecarwallpapers.com . Jump up ^ Kiino , Ron ( February 2006 ) . `` First Test : 2006 Toyota FJ Cruiser '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanca , Jon ( August 2009 ) . `` 2009 Toyota FJ Cruiser : A wheeled skiff on pavement , a mountain goat on the trails '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Andrew . `` Stats '' . Left Lane News . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Toyota FJ Cruiser '' . Edmunds.com. 27 December 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Reports 2006 and December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Reports December 2009 and Year 2009 Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Toyota FJ Cruiser '' . Edmunds.com. 11 December 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota FJ Cruiser Sales Figures '' . goodcarbadcar.net . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2007 and December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports December and 2010 Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota U.S. Sales Summary '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` December 2012 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TCI Month End Sales Results for December 2012 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Canada : Toyota . 3 January 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` December 2013 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TCI Month End Sales Results for December 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Canada : Toyota . 3 January 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` December 2014 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TCI Month End Sales Results for December 2014 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Canada : Toyota . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota FJ Cruiser . Toyota FJ Cruiser global site Toyota light truck timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present ( model years ) Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact crossover RAV4 RAV4 C - HR Compact crossover RAV4 RAV4 Mid-size crossover Highlander Highlander Highlander Venza Compact SUV 4Runner 4Runner 4Runner Mid-size SUV 4Runner 4Runner FJ Cruiser Land Cruiser Land Cruiser Land Cruiser Land Cruiser Full - size SUV Sequoia Sequoia Minivan Van Previa Sienna Sienna Sienna Pickup Pickup Pickup Pickup Tacoma Tacoma Tacoma T100 Tundra Tundra Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_FJ_Cruiser&oldid=851975059 '' Categories : Toyota vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Cars introduced in 2006 Mid-size sport utility vehicles Off - road vehicles Rear - wheel - drive vehicles Retro - style automobiles Sport utility vehicles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 20 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did toyota start making the fj cruiser | [
"The FJ Cruiser was built by Toyota subsidiary Hino Motors in Hamura, Japan since 2006 and shares many structural underpinnings with the Toyota Land Cruiser Prado.[5] The FJ Cruiser entered the Japanese market on 4 December 2010, announced on 25 November in that year. \n"
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"2006"
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4256786497747070645 | No man is an island | No Man Is an Island - wikipedia No Man Is an Island Jump to : navigation , search Look up no man is an island in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . No man is an island may refer to : `` No man is an island '' , a famous line from Devotions upon Emergent Occasions , a 1624 prose work by English poet John Donne No Man Is an Island ( film ) No Man is an Island ( album ) , the 1972 debut album from reggae singer Dennis Brown `` No Man Is an Island '' , a 1955 book by the Trappist monk Thomas Merton `` No Man Is an Island '' , a 1953 episode of the Hallmark Hall of Fame , about the life of John Donne `` No Man Is an Island '' , a 1964 song by vocal group The Van Dykes `` No Man Is an Island '' , a song by Tenth Avenue North `` No Man Is an Island '' ( The Script song ) , from the album Freedom Child Nomanisan Island , a place in the 2004 film The Incredibles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title No man is an island . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_man_is_an_island&oldid=810845417 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 20 : 38 . About Wikipedia | who wrote the book no man is an island | [
"\"No Man Is an Island\", a 1955 book by the Trappist monk Thomas Merton"
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-2416050412286516070 | Epidermis | Epidermis - wikipedia Epidermis This article is about human skin . For the outer layer of cells in plants , see Epidermis ( botany ) . For other uses , see Epidermis ( disambiguation ) . Epidermis Microscopic image of the epidermis , which constitutes the outer layer of skin , shown here by the white bar Microscopic image showing the layers of the epidermis . The stratum corneum appears more compact in this image than above because of different sample preparation . Details Part of Skin System Integumentary system Identifiers Latin Epidermis MeSH D004817 TA A16. 0.00. 009 TH H3. 12.00. 1.01001 FMA 70596 Anatomical terms of microanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that make up the skin , the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis . The epidermis layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss . The epidermis is composed of multiple layers of flattened cells that overlie a base layer ( stratum basale ) composed of columnar cells arranged perpendicularly . The rows of cells develop from stem cells in the basal layer . Cellular mechanisms for regulating water and sodium levels ( ENaCs ) are found in all layers of the epidermis . The word epidermis is derived through Latin from Ancient Greek epidermis , itself from Ancient Greek epi , meaning ' over , upon ' and from Ancient Greek dermis , meaning ' skin ' . Something related to or part of the epidermis is termed epidermal . The human epidermis is a familiar example of epithelium , particularly a stratified squamous epithelium Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Cellular components 1.2 Cell junctions 1.3 Layers 1.4 Cellular kinetics 1.4. 1 Cell division 1.4. 2 Calcium concentration 1.5 Development 2 Function 2.1 Barrier 2.2 Skin hydration 2.3 Skin color 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References Structure ( edit ) Cellular components ( edit ) The epidermis primarily consists of keratinocytes ( proliferating basal and differentiated suprabasal ) , which comprise 90 % of its cells , but also contains melanocytes , Langerhans cells , Merkel cells , and inflammatory cells . Epidermal thickenings called Rete ridges ( or rete pegs ) extend downward between dermal papillae . Blood capillaries are found beneath the epidermis , and are linked to an arteriole and a venule . The epidermis itself has no blood supply and is nourished almost exclusively by diffused oxygen from the surrounding air . Cell junctions ( edit ) Epidermal cells are tightly interconnected to serve as a tight barrier against the exterior environment . The junctions between the epidermal cells are of the adherens junction type , formed by transmembrane proteins called cadherins . Inside the cell , the cadherins are linked to actin filaments . In immunofluorescence microscopy , the actin filament network appears as a thick border surrounding the cells , although the actin filaments are actually located inside the cell and run parallel to the cell membrane . Because of the proximity of the neighboring cells and tightness of the junctions , the actin immunofluorescence appears as a border between cells . Layers ( edit ) Schematic image showing a section of epidermis , with epidermal layers labeled The epidermis is composed of 4 or 5 layers , depending on the region of skin being considered . Those layers in descending order are : cornified layer ( stratum corneum ) Confocal image of the stratum corneum Composed of 10 to 30 layers of polyhedral , anucleated corneocytes ( final step of keratinocyte differentiation ) , with the palms and soles having the most layers . Corneocytes are surrounded by a protein envelope ( cornified envelope proteins ) , filled with water - retaining keratin proteins , attached together through corneodesmosomes and surrounded in the extracellular space by stacked layers of lipids . Most of the barrier functions of the epidermis localize to this layer . clear / translucent layer ( stratum lucidum , only in palms and soles ) This narrow layer is found only on the palms and soles . The epidermis of these two areas is known as `` thick skin '' because with this extra layer , the skin has 5 epidermal layers instead of 4 . granular layer ( stratum granulosum ) Confocal image of the stratum granulosum Keratinocytes lose their nuclei and their cytoplasm appears granular . Lipids , contained into those keratinocytes within lamellar bodies , are released into the extracellular space through exocytosis to form a lipid barrier . Those polar lipids are then converted into non-polar lipids and arranged parallel to the cell surface . For example glycosphingolipids become ceramides and phospholipids become free fatty acids . spinous layer ( stratum spinosum ) Confocal image of the stratum spinosum already showing some clulsters of basal cells Keratinocytes become connected through desmosomes and start produce lamellar bodies , from within the Golgi , enriched in polar lipids , glycosphingolipids , free sterols , phospholipids and catabolic enzymes . Langerhans cells , immunologically active cells , are located in the middle of this layer . basal / germinal layer ( stratum basale / germinativum ) . Confocal image of the stratum basale already showing some papillae Composed mainly of proliferating and non-proliferating keratinocytes , attached to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes . Melanocytes are present , connected to numerous keratinocytes in this and other strata through dendrites . Merkel cells are also found in the stratum basale with large numbers in touch - sensitive sites such as the fingertips and lips . They are closely associated with cutaneous nerves and seem to be involved in light touch sensation . The Malpighian layer ( stratum malpighi ) is both the stratum basale and stratum spinosum . The epidermis is separated from the dermis , its underlying tissue , by a basement membrane . Cellular kinetics ( edit ) Cell division ( edit ) As a stratified squamous epithelium , the epidermis is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale . Differentiating cell delaminate from the basement membrane and are displaced outwards through the epidermal layers , undergoing multiple stages of differentiation until , in the stratum corneum , losing their nucleus and fusing to squamous sheets , which are eventually shed from the surface ( desquamation ) . Differentiated keratinocytes secrete keratin proteins , which contribute to the formation of an extracellular matrix that is an integral part of the skin barrier function . In normal skin , the rate of keratinocyte production equals the rate of loss , taking about two weeks for a cell to journey from the stratum basale to the top of the stratum granulosum , and an additional four weeks to cross the stratum corneum . The entire epidermis is replaced by new cell growth over a period of about 48 days . Calcium concentration ( edit ) Keratinocyte differentiation throughout the epidermis is in part mediated by a calcium gradient , increasing from the stratum basale until the outer stratum granulosum , where it reaches its maximum , and decreasing in the stratum corneum . Calcium concentration in the stratum corneum is very low in part because those relatively dry cells are not able to dissolve the ions . This calcium gradient parallels keratinocyte differentiation and as such is considered a key regulator in the formation of the epidermal layers . Elevation of extracellular calcium concentrations induces an increase in intracellular free calcium concentrations . Part of that intracellular increase comes from calcium released from intracellular stores and another part comes from transmembrane calcium influx , through both calcium - sensitive chloride channels and voltage - independent cation channels permeable to calcium . Moreover , it has been suggested that an extracellular calcium - sensing receptor ( CaSR ) also contributes to the rise in intracellular calcium concentration . Development ( edit ) Epidermal organogenesis , the formation of the epidermis , begins in the cells covering the embryo after neurulation , the formation of the central nervous system . In most vertebrates , this original one - layered structure quickly transforms into a two - layered tissue ; a temporary outer layer , the periderm , which is disposed once the inner basal layer or stratum germinativum has formed . This inner layer is a germinal epithelium that gives rise to all epidermal cells . It divides to form the outer spinous layer ( stratum spinosum ) . The cells of these two layers , together called the Malpighian layer ( s ) after Marcello Malpighi , divide to form the superficial granular layer ( Stratum granulosum ) of the epidermis . The cells in the stratum granulosum do not divide , but instead form skin cells called keratinocytes from the granules of keratin . These skin cells finally become the cornified layer ( stratum corneum ) , the outermost epidermal layer , where the cells become flattened sacks with their nuclei located at one end of the cell . After birth these outermost cells are replaced by new cells from the stratum granulosum and throughout life they are shed at a rate of 0.001 - 0.003 ounces of skin flakes every hour , or 0.024 - 0.072 ounces per day . Epidermal development is a product of several growth factors , two of which are : Transforming growth factor Alpha ( TGFα ) is an autocrine growth factor by which basal cells stimulate their own division . Keratinocyte growth factor ( KGF or FGF7 ) is a paracrine growth factor produced by the underlying dermal fibroblasts in which the proliferation of basal cells is regulated . Function ( edit ) Barrier ( edit ) The epidermis serves as a barrier to protect the body against microbial pathogens , oxidant stress ( UV light ) , and chemical compounds , and provides mechanical resistance to minor injury . Most of this barrier role is played by the stratum corneum . Characteristics Physical barrier : Epidermal keratinocytes are tightly linked by cell -- cell junctions associated to cytoskeletal proteins , giving the epidermis its mechanical strength . Chemical barrier : Highly organized lipids , acids , hydrolytic enzymes , and antimicrobial peptides inhibit passage of external chemicals and pathogens into the body . Immunologically active barrier : The humoral and cellular constituents of the immune system found in the epidermis actively combat infection . Water content of the stratum corneum drops towards the surface , creating hostile conditions for pathogenic microorganism growth . An acidic pH ( around 5.0 ) and low amounts of water make the epidermis hostile to many microorganic pathogens . Non-pathogenic microorganisms on the surface of the epidermis help defend against pathogens by competing for food , limiting its availability , and by producing chemical secretions that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbiota . Permeability Psychological stress , through an increase in glucocorticoids , compromises the stratum corneum and thus the barrier function . Sudden and large shifts in humidity alter stratum corneum hydration in a way that could allow entry of pathogenic microorganisms . Skin hydration ( edit ) The ability of the skin to hold water is primarily due to the stratum corneum and is critical for maintaining healthy skin . Lipids arranged through a gradient and in an organized manner between the cells of the stratum corneum form a barrier to transepidermal water loss . Skin color ( edit ) The amount and distribution of melanin pigment in the epidermis is the main reason for variation in skin color in Homo sapiens . Melanin is found in the small melanosomes , particles formed in melanocytes from where they are transferred to the surrounding keratinocytes . The size , number , and arrangement of the melanosomes vary between racial groups , but while the number of melanocytes can vary between different body regions , their numbers remain the same in individual body regions in all human beings . In white and Asian skin the melanosomes are packed in `` aggregates '' , but in black skin they are larger and distributed more evenly . The number of melanosomes in the keratinocytes increases with UV radiation exposure , while their distribution remain largely unaffected . Clinical significance ( edit ) For a comprehensive list , see List of cutaneous conditions . Laboratory culture of keratinocytes to form a 3D structure ( artificial skin ) recapitulating most of the properties of the epidermis is routinely used as a tool for drug development and testing . Additional images ( edit ) Epidermis and dermis of human skin Cross-section of all skin layers Illustration of epidermal layers Optical coherence tomography of fingertip See also ( edit ) Skin repair References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Young , Barbara ( 2014 ) . Wheater 's functional histology a text and colour atlas . Elsevier . pp. 160 & 175 . ISBN 9780702047473 . ^ Jump up to : Marks , James G ; Miller , Jeffery ( 2006 ) . Lookingbill and Marks ' Principles of Dermatology ( 4th ed . ) . Elsevier . pp. 1 -- 7 . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 3185 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Proksch , E. ; Brandner , J. ; Jensen , J.M. ( 2008 ) . `` The skin : an indispensable barrier '' . Experimental Dermatology. 17 ( 12 ) : 1063 -- 1072 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0625.2008. 00786. x . PMID 19043850 . ^ Jump up to : McGrath , J.A. ; Eady , R.A. ; Pope , F.M. ( 2004 ) . Rook 's Textbook of Dermatology ( 7th ed . ) . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 3.1 -- 3.6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 06429 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hanukoglu I , Boggula VR , Vaknine H , Sharma S , Kleyman T , Hanukoglu A ( January 2017 ) . `` Expression of epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages '' . Histochemistry and Cell Biology . 147 ( 6 ) : 733 -- 748 . doi : 10.1007 / s00418 - 016 - 1535 - 3 . PMID 28130590 . Jump up ^ James , William ; Berger , Timothy ; Elston , Dirk ( 2005 ) Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : Clinical Dermatology ( 10th ed . ) . Saunders . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . Jump up ^ TheFreeDictionary > rete ridge Citing : The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007 , 2004 Jump up ^ Stücker , M ; Struk , A ; Altmeyer , P ; Herde , M ; Baumgärtl , H ; Lübbers , DW ( 2002 ) . `` The cutaneous uptake of atmospheric oxygen contributes significantly to the oxygen supply of human dermis and epidermis '' . The Journal of Physiology. 538 ( 3 ) : 985 -- 994 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 2001.013067 . PMC 2290093 . PMID 11826181 . Jump up ^ The Ageing Skin - Structure ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Elias , P.M. ( 2007 ) . `` The skin barrier as an innate immune element '' . Seminars in Immunopathology. 29 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . doi : 10.1007 / s00281 - 007 - 0060 - 9 . PMID 17621950 . Jump up ^ Iizuka , Hajime ( 1994 ) . `` Epidermal turnover time '' . Journal of Dermatological Science . 8 ( 3 ) : 215 -- 217 . doi : 10.1016 / 0923 - 1811 ( 94 ) 90057 - 4 . PMID 7865480 . Jump up ^ Hennings , H ; Kruszewski , FH ; Yuspa , SH ; Tucker , RW ( 1989 ) . `` Intracellular calcium alterations in response to increased external calcium in normal and neoplastic keratinocytes '' . Carcinogenesis. 10 ( 4 ) : 777 -- 80 . doi : 10.1093 / carcin / 10.4. 777 . PMID 2702726 . Jump up ^ Pillai , S ; Bikle , DD ( 1991 ) . `` Role of intracellular - free calcium in the cornified envelope formation of keratinocytes : Differences in the mode of action of extracellular calcium and 1 , 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 '' . Journal of Cellular Physiology. 146 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 100 . doi : 10.1002 / jcp. 1041460113 . PMID 1990023 . Jump up ^ Reiss , M ; Lipsey , LR ; Zhou , ZL ( 1991 ) . `` Extracellular calcium - dependent regulation of transmembrane calcium fluxes in murine keratinocytes '' . Journal of Cellular Physiology. 147 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 91 . doi : 10.1002 / jcp. 1041470213 . PMID 1645742 . Jump up ^ Mauro , TM ; Pappone , PA ; Isseroff , RR ( 1990 ) . `` Extracellular calcium affects the membrane currents of cultured human keratinocytes '' . Journal of Cellular Physiology. 143 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 20 . doi : 10.1002 / jcp. 1041430103 . PMID 1690740 . Jump up ^ Mauro , TM ; Isseroff , RR ; Lasarow , R ; Pappone , PA ( 1993 ) . `` Ion channels are linked to differentiation in keratinocytes '' . The Journal of membrane biology . 132 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00235738 . PMID 7684087 . Jump up ^ Tu , CL ; Oda , Y ; Bikle , DD ( 1999 ) . `` Effects of a calcium receptor activator on the cellular response to calcium in human keratinocytes '' . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 113 ( 3 ) : 340 -- 5 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1747.1999. 00698. x . PMID 10469331 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Scott F ( 2000 ) . `` The Epidermis and the Origin of Cutaneous Structures '' . Developmental Biology . Sinauer Associates . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 243 - 7 . Jump up ^ Weschler , Charles J. ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Squalene and Cholesterol in Dust from Danish Homes and Daycare Centers '' . Environ . Sci. Technol. 45 : 3872 -- 3879 . doi : 10.1021 / es103894r . PMID 21476540 . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Denda , M. ; Tsuchiya , T. ; Elias , P.M. ; Feingold , K.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Stress alters cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis '' . Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 278 ( 2 ) : R367 -- 372 . PMID 10666137 . Jump up ^ `` Metabolic Approaches To Enhance Transdermal Drug Delivery . 1 . Effect of Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors '' . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences . 85 : 643 -- 648 . doi : 10.1021 / js950219p . Jump up ^ Blank , IH ( 1952 ) . `` Factors which influence the water content of the stratum corneum '' . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 18 ( 6 ) : 433 -- 40 . doi : 10.1038 / jid. 1952.52 . PMID 14938659 . Jump up ^ Downing , DT ; Stewart , ME ; Wertz , PW ; Colton , SW ; Abraham , W ; Strauss , JS ( 1987 ) . `` Skin lipids : An update '' . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 88 ( 3 Suppl ) : 2s -- 6s . doi : 10.1111 / 1523 - 1747. ep12468850 . PMID 2950180 . Jump up ^ Bonté , F ; Saunois , A ; Pinguet , P ; Meybeck , A ( 1997 ) . `` Existence of a lipid gradient in the upper stratum corneum and its possible biological significance '' . Archives of dermatological research . 289 ( 2 ) : 78 -- 82 . doi : 10.1007 / s004030050158 . PMID 9049040 . Jump up ^ Montagna , William ; Prota , Giuseppe ; Kenney , John A. ( 1993 ) . Black skin : structure and function . Gulf Professional Publishing . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 505260 - X . Skin and related structures Skin Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa Dermis Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular Subcutaneous tissue Panniculus / Pannus ( Panniculus adiposus Panniculus carnosus ) Membranous layer Loose connective tissue Superficial fascia Adnexa Skin glands Sweat glands : Apocrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat gland Sebaceous Hair Root sheath Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle 's layer Huxley 's layer Hair shaft Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle Muscle Arrector pili muscle Pilosebaceous unit Hair sebaceous gland Nail Nail matrix Nail plate Lunula Eponychium Paronychium Hyponychium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epidermis&oldid=865091464 '' Categories : Skin anatomy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 17 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which is the uppermost layer of the skin | [
"The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that make up the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis.[1] The epidermis layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens[2] and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss.[3] The epidermis is composed of multiple layers of flattened cells[4] that overlie a base layer (stratum basale) composed of columnar cells arranged perpendicularly.\n"
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"epidermis"
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-5635590163571405251 | List of last World War I veterans by country | List of last World War I veterans by country - wikipedia List of last World War I veterans by country Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the last World War I veterans to die by country . The last living veteran of World War I ( 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ) was Florence Green , a British citizen who served in the Allied armed forces , and who died 4 February 2012 , aged 110 . The last combat veteran was Claude Choules who served in the British Royal Navy ( and later the Royal Australian Navy ) and died 5 May 2011 , aged 110 . The last veteran who served in the trenches was Harry Patch ( British Army ) who died on 25 July 2009 , aged 111 . The last Central Powers veteran , Franz Künstler of Austria - Hungary , died on 27 May 2008 at the age of 107 . The total number of participating personnel is estimated by the Encyclopædia Britannica at 65,038,810 . There were approximately 9,750,103 military deaths during the conflict . Veterans , for this purpose , are defined as people who were members of the armed forces of one of the combatant nations up to and including the date of the Armistice . This policy may vary from the policy in actual use in some countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 References 3.1 Notes List ( edit ) Country Name Death date Age Armenia Senekerim Arakelian 000000002000 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 2000 098 ! 98 years Austrian Empire August Bischof 000000002006 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 2006 105 years Australia John Campbell Ross 000000002009 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2009 110 years Belgium Cyriel Barbary 000000002004 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 2004 105 years Brazil Waldemar Levy Cardoso 000000002009 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2009 108 years Bulgaria Canada John Babcock 000000002010 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2010 109 years China Zhu Guisheng 000000002002 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2002 106 years Czechoslovakian Legions Alois Vocásek 000000002003 - 08 - 09 - 0000 9 August 2003 107 years France Pierre Picault 000000002008 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2008 109 years German Empire Erich Kästner 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2008 107 years Greece The Hejaz Hungarian Kingdom Franz Künstler 000000002008 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2008 107 years Indian Empire Robert Francis Ruttledge 000000002002 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2002 103 years Italy Delfino Borroni 000000002008 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2008 110 years Japan Matsuda Chiaki 000000001995 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 1995 099 ! 99 years Montenegro Danilo Dajković 000000001993 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1993 098 ! 98 years Newfoundland Wallace Pike 000000001999 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 1999 099 ! 99 years New Zealand Bright Williams 000000002003 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 February 2003 105 years Ottoman Empire Yakup Satar 000000002008 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 2008 110 years Polish forces Stanisław Wycech 000000002008 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2008 105 years Portugal José Ladeira 000000002003 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2003 107 years Romania Gheorghe Pănculescu 000000002007 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2007 103 years Russian Empire Mikhail Krichevsky 000000002008 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2008 111 years Serbia Aleksa Radovanović 000000002004 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 June 2004 103 years Siam Yod Sangrungruang 000000002003 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 2003 106 years South Africa Norman Kark 000000002000 - 03 - 30 - 0000 30 March 2000 102 years United Kingdom Florence Green 000000002012 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 2012 110 years United States Frank Buckles 000000002011 - 02 - 27 - 0000 27 February 2011 110 years See also ( edit ) List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Accorded belligerent status at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 . ^ Jump up to : Austria and Hungary were component , technically sovereign , nations within the Austro - Hungarian Empire . ^ Jump up to : A self - governing Dominion under the British Empire . Jump up ^ At the time of his death in 2001 at the age of 102 , Paul Ooghe was widely believed to be the last surviving Belgian veteran of the conflict . Barbary , who had served in the Belgian army in the final months of the war and emigrated to the United States , was only subsequently recognised . Jump up ^ Following the legal definition of a war veteran as a person having served for six months during the war years ( for which Picault did not qualify ) , the French government officially recognized Lazare Ponticelli , who died on 12 March 2008 , as the last poilu . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blackmore , David ( 7 February 2012 ) . `` Norfolk First World War Veteran Dies '' . EDP24 . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Carman , Gerry ( 6 May 2011 ) . `` Last man who served in two world wars dies , 110 '' . The Age . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Juliette Funes ( 2013 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Montebello hosts exhibit commemorating 98th anniversary of Armenian Genocide '' . San Gabriel Valley Tribune . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Autriche '' ( in French ) . Ders Des Ders . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's oldest man and Digger Jack Ross dies aged 110 '' . The Age . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ De Vuyst , Pierre ( 10 September 2001 ) . `` Le dernier poilu s'est éteint '' . La Dernière Heure . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adieu au dernier poilu belge '' . La Dernière Heure. 19 September 2004 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( 2010 - 02 - 24 ) . `` ... John Babcock , Last Canadian World War I Veteran , Dies at 109 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Mark ( March 3 , 2014 ) . The Chinese Labour Corps . UK : Penguin Books . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Velinger , Jan ( 14 August 2003 ) . `` Oldest Czech legionnaire was never able to clear tarnished reputation '' . Radio Praha . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` france '' ( in French ) . Ders Des Ders . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 's ' last ' WWI veteran dies '' . BBC . January 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Franz Künstler , Veteran of 2 Wars , Dies at 107 '' . The New York Times . 2008 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding ornithologist and a founder of Irish Wildbird Conservancy '' , The Irish Times , 19 January 2002 access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Delfino Borroni : Italy 's last surviving veteran of the First World War '' . The Times . 2008 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Петнаестогодишњица упокојења Митрополита црногорско - приморског Г . Данила ( 1895 - 1993 ) ( in Serbian ) . Serbian Orthodox Church . 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Last of Newfoundland 's WW1 vets passes away '' . CBC. 19 April 1999 . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The last Great War veterans '' . RNZRSA . February 2003 . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yakup Satar '' . The Times . 3 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Poland 's WWI veteran Stanislaw passes away '' . Oman Tribune . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Silva , Carlos ( 2005 - 09 - 07 ) . `` 1643 portugueses mortos na grande guerra em França '' ( in Portuguese ) . Fórum de Genealogia . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Filipe Prista Lucas , a GRG correspondent says ( translated from Portuguese ) `` According to the information I hold , the last Portuguese veteran of World War I died in 2003 . His name was Jose Luis Ladeira , and he died on May 5 , 2003 , in Vale do Açor , Miranda do Corvo , 107 years old . '' Jump up ^ `` ROUMANIE '' ( in French ) . Ders Des Ders . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Последний в мире ветеран Первой мировой живет в Донецке ( фото ) ( in Russian ) . Интернет - газета Донбасса. 2008 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest known Ukrainian Jew dies at 111 '' . JTA. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Racić , M. ( 2004 - 06 - 27 ) . `` ODLAZAK POSLEDNJEG SRPSKOG SOLUNCA '' ( in Serbian ) . Kurir . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Last WW1 veteran dies '' . Taipei Times . 2003 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Printing World ( 2000 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Longest serving Stationer dies at the wonderful age of 102 '' . Highbeam Business . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ashley , Mike ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Collecting Crime : London Mystery Magazine - Part Two '' . Crime Time . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Last surviving veteran of First World War dies aged 110 '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Courson , Paul ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Last living U.S. World War I veteran dies '' . CNN . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Longevity Terminology Centenarian Super Cognitive epidemiology Elderly Life expectancy Life extension Maximum life span Old age Immortality Ageless Biological immortality Digital immortality Eternal youth Issues Anti-aging movement Longevity claims Longevity escape velocity Longevity insurance Longevity myths Longevity risk Living and Notable centenarians ( over age 100 ) By career Activists , non-profit leaders , and philanthropists Actors , filmmakers , and entertainers Artists Authors , poets , and journalists Businesspeople Educators , school administrators , social scientists , and linguists Explorers Jurists and practitioners of law Medical professionals Military commanders Musicians , composers , and music patrons Philosophers and theologians Politicians and civil servants Religious figures Royalty and nobility Scientists and mathematicians Sportspeople Miscellaneous Supercentenarians ( over age 110 ) By continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America By country Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States Oldest people List of oldest living people List of the verified oldest people men women Miscellaneous Last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars European American Canadian Last surviving World War I veterans by country Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War List of notable surviving veterans of World War II Last survivors of historic events Oldest twins Longest marriages List of longest - reigning monarchs See also Ageing Biodemography of human longevity Earliest known life forms FOXO3 longevity gene Gerontology Immortality in fiction Life extension - related topics Senescence World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South - West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 23 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_last_World_War_I_veterans_by_country&oldid=806319515 '' Categories : Military personnel of World War I People of World War I World War I by country Lists of World War I veterans Lists of military veterans Last living survivors World War I - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 uses Serbian - language script ( sr ) CS1 Serbian - language sources ( sr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 05 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the last world war 1 vet die | [
"This is a list of the last World War I veterans to die by country. The last living veteran of World War I (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was Florence Green, a British citizen who served in the Allied armed forces, and who died 4 February 2012, aged 110.[1] The last combat veteran was Claude Choules who served in the British Royal Navy (and later the Royal Australian Navy) and died 5 May 2011, aged 110.[2] The last veteran who served in the trenches was Harry Patch (British Army) who died on 25 July 2009, aged 111. The last Central Powers veteran, Franz Künstler of Austria-Hungary, died on 27 May 2008 at the age of 107."
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"4 February 2012"
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-1751703926769485559 | Winchester Mystery House | Winchester Mystery House - wikipedia Winchester Mystery House This article is about the mansion in California . For the horror film , see Winchester ( film ) . Winchester Mystery House U.S. National Register of Historic Places California Historical Landmark # 868 View of the mansion from the southeast Show map of San Jose , California Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Location 525 South Winchester Boulevard San Jose , CA 95128 Coordinates 37 ° 19 ′ 6.10 '' N 121 ° 57 ′ 2.74 '' W / 37.3183611 ° N 121.9507611 ° W / 37.3183611 ; - 121.9507611 Coordinates : 37 ° 19 ′ 6.10 '' N 121 ° 57 ′ 2.74 '' W / 37.3183611 ° N 121.9507611 ° W / 37.3183611 ; - 121.9507611 Built 1884 - 1922 architecture = Queen Anne Style Late Victorian NRHP reference # 74000559 CHISL # 868 Significant dates Added to NRHP August 7 , 1974 Designated CHISL Part of a series on Paranormal Main articles ( show ) Afterlife Angel Astral projection Astrology Aura Bilocation Clairvoyance Close encounter Cold spot Conjuration Cryptid Deity Demon Demonic possession Demonology Ectoplasm Electronic voice phenomenon Exorcism Extrasensory perception Fairy Fear of ghosts Forteana Ghost Ghost hunting Ghost story Haunted house Indigo children Magic Mediumship Miracle Occult Orb Omniscience Ouija Paranormal fiction Paranormal television Poltergeist Precognition Preternatural Psychic Psychic reading Psychokinesis Psychometry Reincarnation Remote viewing Retrocognition Séance Shadow people Soul Spirit Spirit photography Spirit possession Spirit world Spiritualism Stone Tape Supernatural Telepathy UFO UFO sightings Ufology Will - o ' - the - wisp Haunted locations : United Kingdom United States World Skepticism ( show ) Cold reading Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Debunking Hoax James Randi Educational Foundation Magical thinking Prizes for evidence of the paranormal Pseudoskepticism Scientific skepticism Related ( show ) Anomalistics Argument from ignorance Argumentum ad populum Bandwagon effect Begging the question Cognitive dissonance Communal reinforcement Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty Urban legend Parapsychology ( show ) Death and culture Parapsychology Scientific literacy The Winchester Mystery House is a mansion in San Jose , California , that was once the personal residence of Sarah Winchester , the widow of firearm magnate William Wirt Winchester . Located at 525 South Winchester Blvd. in San Jose , the Queen Anne Style Victorian mansion is renowned for its size , its architectural curiosities , and its lack of any master building plan . It is a designated California historical landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It is privately owned and serves as a tourist attraction . Since its construction in 1884 , the property and mansion were claimed by many to be haunted by the ghosts of those killed with Winchester rifles . Under Winchester 's day - to - day guidance , its `` from - the - ground - up '' construction proceeded around the clock , by some accounts , without interruption , until her death on September 5 , 1922 , at which time work immediately ceased . Sarah Winchester 's biographer , however , says that Winchester `` routinely dismissed workers for months at a time ' to take such rest as I might ' '' and notes that `` this flies in the face of claims by today 's Mystery House proprietors that work at the ranch was ceaseless for thirty - eight years . '' Contents 1 Inspiration 2 In popular culture 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Inspiration ( edit ) Windows inside the house With hundreds of workers living there , all 13 bathrooms had to be functional , but were later disconnected . In Sarah Winchester 's later years , one had a window for a nurse to check on her . After her husband 's death from tuberculosis in 1881 , Sarah Winchester inherited more than $20.5 million ( equivalent to $520 million in 2017 ) . She also received nearly fifty percent ownership of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company , giving her an income of roughly $1,000 per day , equivalent to $25,000 a day in 2017 . These inheritances gave her a tremendous amount of wealth which she used to fund the ongoing construction . Tabloids from the time said that , at some point after her infant daughter died of an illness known as marasmus , a children 's disease in which the body wastes away , and her husband died of pulmonary tuberculosis , a Boston medium told her ( while supposedly channeling her late husband ) that she should leave her home in New Haven and travel West , where she must continuously build a home for herself and the spirits of people who had fallen victim to Winchester rifles . Winchester left New Haven and headed for California . Though it is possible she was simply seeking a change of location and a hobby during her lengthy depression , other sources say that Winchester came to believe her family and fortune were haunted by ghosts , and that only by moving West and continuously building them a house could she appease these spirits . In 1884 she purchased an unfinished farmhouse in the Santa Clara Valley and began building her mansion . Carpenters were hired and worked on the house day and night until it became a seven - story mansion . She did not use an architect and added on to the building in a haphazard fashion , so the home contains numerous oddities such as doors and stairs that go nowhere , windows overlooking other rooms and stairs with odd - sized risers . Many accounts attribute these oddities to her belief in ghosts . Before the 1906 earthquake , the house had been seven stories high , but today it is only four stories . The house is predominantly made of redwood , as Mrs. Winchester preferred the wood ; however , she disliked the look of it . She therefore demanded that a faux grain and stain be applied . This is why almost all the wood in the home is covered . Approximately 20,500 U.S. gallons ( 78,000 L ) of paint were required to paint the house . The home itself is built using a floating foundation that is believed to have saved it from total collapse in the 1906 earthquake and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . This type of construction allows the home to shift freely , as it is not completely attached to its brick base . There are roughly 161 rooms , including 40 bedrooms , 2 ballrooms ( one completed and one unfinished ) as well as 47 fireplaces , over 10,000 panes of glass , 17 chimneys ( with evidence of two others ) , two basements and three elevators . Winchester 's property was about 162 acres ( 66 ha ) at one time , but the estate has since been reduced to 4.5 acres ( 1.8 ha ) -- the minimum necessary to contain the house and nearby outbuildings . It has gold and silver chandeliers , hand - inlaid parquet floors and trim , and a vast array of colors and materials . Due to Mrs. Winchester 's debilitating arthritis , special `` easy riser '' stairways were installed as a replacement for her original steep construction . This allowed her to move about her home freely as she was only able to raise her feet a few inches high . There was only one working toilet for Winchester , but all other restrooms were decoys to confuse spirits . This is also the reason why she slept in a different room each night . The home 's conveniences were rare at the time of its construction . These included steam and forced - air heating , modern indoor toilets and plumbing , push - button gas lights , and Mrs. Winchester 's personal ( and only ) hot shower from indoor plumbing . There are also three elevators , including an Otis electric and one of which was powered by a rare horizontal hydraulic elevator piston . ( Most elevator pistons are vertical to save space , but Winchester preferred the improved functionality of the horizontal configuration . ) The manual and emergency tools for the Otis Automatic Electric elevator Mrs. Winchester never skimped on the many adornments that she believed contributed to its architectural beauty . Many of the stained glass windows were created by the Tiffany Company . Some were designed specifically for her , and others by her , including a `` spider web '' window that featured her favorite web design and the repetition of the number thirteen , another of her preoccupations . This window was never installed , but exists in the so - called `` $25,000 storage room '' - so named because its contents were originally appraised at a value of $25,000 . The value today is inestimable , but $25,000 would be equivalent to $366,000 in 2017 . A second window was designed by Tiffany himself , so that when sunlight strikes the prismatic crystals a rainbow is cast across the room . The window was installed in an interior wall in a room with no light exposure , preventing the effect from being seen . A view of the Winchester Mystery House from a highrise building to the south When Winchester died , all of her possessions ( apart from the house ) were bequeathed to her niece and personal secretary . Her niece then took everything she wanted and sold the rest in a private auction . It supposedly took six trucks working eight hours a day for six weeks to remove all of the furniture from the home , an account disputed by Winchester 's biographer . Mrs. Winchester made no mention of the mansion in her will , and appraisers considered the house worthless due to damage caused by the earthquake , the unfinished design and the impractical nature of its construction . It was sold at auction to a local investor for over $135,000 , and subsequently leased for 10 years to John and Mayme Brown , who eventually purchased the house . In February 1923 , five months after Winchester 's death , the house was opened to the public , with Mayme Brown serving as the first tour guide . Today the home is owned by Winchester Investments LLC , a privately held company representing the descendants of John and Mayme Brown . The home retains unique touches that reflect Mrs. Winchester 's beliefs and her reported preoccupation with warding off malevolent spirits . These spirits are said to have directly inspired her as to the way the house should be built . The number thirteen and spider web motifs , which carried spiritual significance for her , occur throughout the house . In the early 1990s the Winchester property had parapsychologist , anomalist and paranormal investigator Christopher Chacon conduct an investigation ( 30 - day monitoring ) of the reported `` haunt phenomena '' on the property . In 2016 , it was announced that another room was found : an attic space that contains a pump organ , Victorian couch , dress form , sewing machine and paintings . This room was made available for viewing by the public . In 2017 , the Winchester Mystery House debuted their first new daytime tour in 20 years , the `` Explore More Tour '' . This tour takes guests through rooms never before opened to the public , and explores the rooms left unfinished at the time of Sarah Winchester 's death . In popular culture ( edit ) The house is the primary setting for Michaela Roessner 's 1993 science fiction novel Vanishing Point , in which it becomes the home of a squatter community following the disappearance of most of the human race . The Winchester house is the setting of a subplot in the 1997 Tim Powers fantasy novel Earthquake Weather . For the 2012 episode of MythBusters `` Smell of Fear '' , the build team visited the Winchester Mystery House to look around and later watch `` one of the scariest movies of all time '' ( the title of which was n't revealed ) on a television that they set up in the grand ballroom , then gather their sweat samples for testing . ( This clip was not seen in full on the American version of the episode . ) Later on the `` Aftershow '' about the episode , Kari Byron revealed that after she first visited the Mystery House as a Brownie it had given her nightmares , and that the house was `` still creepy '' . Ghost Adventures and Ghost Brothers filmed episodes in 2016 related to the house and its spiritual encounters . Sarah Winchester , Phantom Opera , is a 24 - minute film by French film maker Bertrand Bernello , which had its North American premiere at the 54th New York Film Festival , October 2016 . It is an imaginative narrative of Sarah Winchester 's life with emphasis on the Mystery House . In 2017 , filming took place on the property for the film Winchester , featuring Helen Mirren as Sarah Winchester . The film was released on February 2 , 2018 . Gallery ( edit ) Woodwork surrounding fireplace Music room Dark wood paneling of walls and ceiling One of many instruments Sitting area Sitting room Skylights Stairwell Small pipe organ Clothes wringer See also ( edit ) Haunting of Winchester House , a film by The Asylum loosely based on the myths surrounding the house References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Winchester House '' . Office of Historic Preservation , California State Parks . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Winchester Mystery House '' . Frommer 's . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ignoffo , Mary Jo . `` Captive of the Labyrinth : Sarah L. Winchester , Heiress to the Rifle Fortune . '' Columbia , Mo . : Univ. of Missouri Press , 2010 . See p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The House - The world famous Winchester Mystery House TM in San Jose , California , is an extravagant maze of Victorian craftsmanship -- marvelous , baffling , eerily eccentric , and undeniably , haunted '' . winchestermysteryhouse.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Haunted House in California '' . psychicinvestigator.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Winchester : Woman of Mystery '' . Winchester Mystery House , LLC. 2003 . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hawes , Jason ; Wilson , Grant ; Friedman , Michael Jan ( 2007 ) . `` The Winchester Mystery July 2005 '' . Ghost Hunting : True Stories of Unexplained Phenomena from The Atlantic Paranormal Society . New York : Pocket Books . pp. 225 -- 229 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 4113 - 4 . LCCN 2007016062 . Jump up ^ Most Haunted Archived January 31 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ https://www.neighborhoods.com/blog/take-a-tour-of-san-joses-winchester-mystery-house/about/ Jump up ^ http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMNPMB_Winchester_Mystery_House_San_Jose_CA/about/ Jump up ^ Ignoffo , Mary Jo . `` Captive of the Labyrinth : Sarah L. Winchester , Heiress to the Rifle Fortune . '' Columbia , Mo . : Univ. of Missouri Press , 2010 . See page 207 . ISBN 9780826219053 ^ Jump up to : San Jose Mercury News : `` One Less Mystery : Two Prominent Families Own San Jose 's Mystery House . '' April 26 , 1997 Jump up ^ Ignoffo , Mary Jo . `` Captive of the Labyrinth : Sarah L. Winchester , Heiress to the Rifle Fortune . '' Columbia , Mo . : Univ. of Missouri Press , 2010 . See page 210 . ISBN 9780826219053 Jump up ^ `` 525 South Winchester Blvd , San Jose , CA 95128 - HouseFront '' . housefront.com. 25 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMNPMB_Winchester_Mystery_House_San_Jose_CA/about/ Jump up ^ https://www.strangerealms.net/RobynDale/folklore/2018/02/20/the-winchester-mystery-house/ Jump up ^ `` New room found at San Jose 's Winchester Mystery House '' . abc7news.com . October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Never - Before - Seen Parts of Winchester Mystery House Unveiled '' . NBC Bay Area . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vanishing Point Review '' . publishersweekly.com . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Langford , Dave . `` Earthquake Weather '' . Ansible . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` That 's Not Cool '' originally from discovery.com/mythbusters Jump up ^ `` Smell of Fear Aftershow '' . discovery.com . Jump up ^ `` Winchester Mystery House '' . Travel Channel . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winchester Mystery House Ghost Brothers on TLC TLC GO '' . TLC GO . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murthi , Vikram . `` NYFF Announces Shorts Programs And New Section Explorations IndieWire '' . www.indiewire.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Winchester , Ghost Opera '' . Opéra national de Paris . Jump up ^ `` Helen Mirren reigns on film set at Winchester Mystery House '' . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Winchester ' movie starring Helen Mirren has a release date '' . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winchester Mystery House . Official website National Register of Historic Places in California Lists by county Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles County Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Lists by city Los Angeles Pasadena San Francisco Other lists Bridges California Historical Landmarks National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property San Jose and Silicon Valley attractions Arboreta / Gardens Arizona Cactus Garden Chinese Cultural Garden Emma Prusch Farm Park Hakone Gardens Hollyhill Hummingbird Farm Japanese Friendship Garden Overfelt Gardens SJ Municipal Rose Garden Stanford Arboretum Villa Montalvo Arboretum Cultural American Musical Theatre of SJ Ballet San Jose Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph Choral Project De Saisset Museum Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Library Gurdwara Sahib Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies Mexican Heritage Plaza Montalvo Arts Center Villa Montalvo Opera San José SJ City Hall SJ Flea Market SJ Improv SJ Museum of Art SJ Rep Theatre sjDANCEco Symphony Silicon Valley Triton Museum of Art Viet Museum Vivace Youth Chorus Event venues Avaya Stadium CEFCU Stadium City National Civic Levi 's Stadium PAL Stadium San Jose Center for the Performing Arts SAP Center at San Jose SC Convention Center Shoreline Amphitheatre SJ Convention Center SJ Municipal Stadium SJSU Event Center Arena Solar4America Ice Stanford Stadium Stevens Stadium Events BayCon Cinequest Film Festival FanimeCon Further Confusion LiveStrong Challenge SJ Holiday Parade SJ Jazz Festival Silicon Valley Comic Con Stanford Jazz Festival Christmas in the Park Historical Circle of Palms Hotel De Anza Hangar One History Park at Kelley Park HP Garage Japanese American Museum New Almaden Peralta Adobe Portuguese Historical Museum Rengstorff House Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum SJ Museum of Quilts & Textiles Winchester Mystery House Parks / Trails Almaden Quicksilver County Park Alum Rock Park Anderson Lake Bay Area Ridge Trail Calero Reservoir Castle Rock State Park Coyote -- Bear Park Ed Levin Park Grant Ranch County Park Guadalupe River Trail Henry W. Coe State Park Kelley Park Lake Cunningham Los Alamitos Creek Trail Los Gatos Creek Trail Plaza de César Chávez Rancho San Antonio Rosicrucian Park Sanborn County Park SF Bay Trail Shoreline Park Stevens Creek Trail Uvas Canyon Uvas Creek Preserve Uvas Reservoir Vasona Park Science / Tech / Education Children 's Discovery Museum Computer History Museum Googleplex Intel Museum Lick Observatory NASA Ames Exploration Center SJSU SCU Stanford The Tech Museum of Innovation Shopping Eastridge Great Mall Oakridge PruneYard San Antonio Santana Row Stanford Vallco Valley Fair Westgate Theme parks and tours Billy Jones Wildcat Railroad California 's Great America Gilroy Gardens Happy Hollow Park & Zoo Raging Waters Vineyards / Wineries Byington Vineyard J Lohr Vineyards and Wines Mountain Winery Picchetti Brothers Winery Savannah -- Chanelle Vineyards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winchester_Mystery_House&oldid=853147100 '' Categories : Tourist attractions in Silicon Valley American folklore Biographical museums in California Buildings and structures in San Jose , California California Historical Landmarks Folly buildings on the National Register of Historic Places Historic house museums in California History of San Jose , California Houses completed in 1922 Houses in Santa Clara County , California Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California Museums in San Jose , California National Register of Historic Places in Santa Clara County , California Queen Anne architecture in California Reportedly haunted locations in California Unfinished buildings and structures in the United States Victorian architecture in California Winchester Repeating Arms Company Wooden houses in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia page with obscure country or subdivision Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 18 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did they stop building on the winchester house | [
"Since its construction in 1884, the property and mansion were claimed by many to be haunted by the ghosts of those killed with Winchester rifles. Under Winchester's day-to-day guidance, its \"from-the-ground-up\" construction proceeded around the clock, by some accounts, without interruption, until her death on September 5, 1922, at which time work immediately ceased.[3] Sarah Winchester's biographer, however, says that Winchester \"routinely dismissed workers for months at a time 'to take such rest as I might'\" and notes that \"this flies in the face of claims by today's Mystery House proprietors that work at the ranch was ceaseless for thirty-eight years.\"[4]\n"
] | [
"September 5, 1922"
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4474597907223412132 | ISS year long mission | ISS Year long mission - wikipedia ISS Year long mission Jump to : navigation , search Scott Kelly and Mikhail Korniyenko The One - Year Mission was a scientific research project aboard the International Space Station , which studied the health effects of long - term spaceflight . Scott Kelly and Mikhail Korniyenko spent 342 days ( 11 months , 3 days ) in space , with scientists performing medical experiments . Kelly and Kornienko launched on 27 March 2015 on Soyuz TMA - 16M along with Gennady Padalka . The mission encompassed Expeditions 43 , 44 , 45 and 46 . The pair safely landed in Kazakhstan on March 2 , 2016 , returning aboard Soyuz TMA - 18M with Sergey Volkov . The mission supported the NASA Twins study , which helps shed light on the health effects of long duration spaceflight , which is of interest for Mars missions especially . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Health studies 2.1 Psychological studies 3 History 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Mark and Scott Kelly are identical twins , and will be studied for changes in their health , comparing a body in space to a body on earth In November 2012 , NASA , the Russian Federal Space Agency ( Roscosmos ) , and their international partners selected two veteran spacefarers for a one - year mission aboard the International Space Station in 2015 . The mission included collecting scientific data important to future human exploration of the Solar System . Kelly and Korniyenko already had a connection ; Kelly was a backup crew member for the station 's Expedition 23 / 24 crews , where Korniyenko served as a flight engineer . Patch for the yearlong mission The goal aboard the orbiting laboratory was to understand better how the human body reacts and adapts to the harsh environment of space . Data from the 342 days was intended to help inform current assessments of crew performance and health and determine better and validate countermeasures to reduce the risks associated with future exploration as NASA plans for missions around the Moon , asteroids and ultimately Mars . Health studies ( edit ) See also : Effect of spaceflight on the human body The International Space Station developed exercise equipment , including treadmills and resistance devices to limit muscle atrophy in a low gravity environment . Weightlessness causes body fluids in astronauts to accumulate in the upper half of the body , leading to facial edema and unwelcome side effects . One problem may be the low gravity affecting the body in unforeseen ways and it can be hard detect the cause and effect of gravity on the body . Space seems to cause trouble for a number of body parts including bone , sometimes the eyes , and a classic problem is space sickness . Further information : Spaceflight osteopenia Psychological studies ( edit ) See also : Psychological and sociological effects of space flight The study also required the astronauts to keep a journal , and investigated the psychological effects of living in a confined space for an extended length of time . Kornienko said of his experiences on Expedition 23 / 24 : `` The thing you miss there most of all is the Earth itself , I missed smells . I missed trees , I even dreamt of them . I even hallucinated . I thought I smelled a real fire and something being barbecued on it ! I ended up putting pictures of trees on the walls to cheer up . You do miss the Earth there . '' Scott stated that he missed feeling changes in the weather while on the ISS . History ( edit ) See also : List of spaceflight records § Duration of spaceflight The Soyuz TMA - 18M spacecraft is seen as it lands with Expedition 46 Commander Scott Kelly of NASA and Russian cosmonauts Mikhail Kornienko and Sergey Volkov of Roscosmos near the town of Zhezkazgan , Kazakhstan on Wednesday , March 2 , 2016 ( Kazakh time ) . Vladimir Titov and Musa Manarov spent 365 days in space on Mir from December 1987 to December 1988 . Sergei Avdeyev spent 379 days on Mir in 1999 and Valeri Polyakov spent 437 days on Mir in 1995 . Prior to the Year Long Mission , the longest mission on the ISS was 215 days , by Mikhail Tyurin and Michael López - Alegría . Peggy Whitson holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman at around 290 days . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soyuz TMA - 16M . Scientific research on the International Space Station Timeline of longest spaceflights Spaceflight records Human mission to Mars References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeffrey Kluger ( 18 Dec 2014 ) . `` Meet the Twins Unlocking the Secrets of Space : NASA 's One - Year Mission with Mark and Scott Kelly '' . Time . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Historic yearlong mission crew launches to space station on Soyuz TMA - 16M '' . collectSPACE. 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ AFP ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` Soyuz spacecraft with Russian , US astronauts blasts off for year - long mission '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Brooks Hays ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` Soyuz rocket launches yearlong space station crew '' . United Press International . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Irene Klotz ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` U.S. , Russian crew blasts off for year - long stay on space station '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Davis ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` One - Year ISS Mission Preview : 28 Experiments , 4 Expeditions and 2 Crew Members '' . The Planetary Society . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` One - Year Crew Returns from Space Station March 1 ; Live Coverage on NASA TV '' . Nasa.gov. 2016 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gushanas , Timothy ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) . `` First Look at Findings of NASA Twins Study '' . NASA . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Eric Berger ( 20 March 2015 ) . `` Year - long mission the next step for Kelly , NASA '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` NASA , Roscosmos Assign Veteran Crew to Yearlong Space Station Mission '' . NASA . 26 November 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Chris Arridge ( 12 September 2015 ) . `` Record - breaking astronauts return to Earth -- taking us one step closer to Mars '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Crew of First Yearlong Expedition Aboard ISS Previews Mission '' . NASA / YouTube . 16 January 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Schwirtz , Michael ( 30 March 2009 ) . `` Staying Put on Earth , Taking a Step to Mars '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Last Human to Spend a Year in Space Discusses Upcoming ISS One Year Mission '' . ReelNASA / YouTube . 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Becker , Joachim . `` Astronaut Biography : Peggy Whitson '' . www.spacefacts.de . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . External links ( edit ) One - Year Mission - NASA NASA - One - Year Mission Investigators Debut Preliminary Results at NASA Workshop ( January 30 , 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISS_year_long_mission&oldid=830994299 '' Categories : International Space Station 2015 in spaceflight 2016 in spaceflight Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 03 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who were the two astronauts who stayed a year on the iss | [
"The One-Year Mission was a scientific research project aboard the International Space Station, which studied the health effects of long-term spaceflight.[1] Scott Kelly and Mikhail Korniyenko spent 342 days (11 months, 3 days) in space, with scientists performing medical experiments. Kelly and Kornienko launched on 27 March 2015 on Soyuz TMA-16M along with Gennady Padalka.[2][3][4][5] The mission encompassed Expeditions 43, 44, 45 and 46.[6] The pair safely landed in Kazakhstan on March 2, 2016, returning aboard Soyuz TMA-18M with Sergey Volkov.[7] The mission supported the NASA Twins study, which helps shed light on the health effects of long duration spaceflight, which is of interest for Mars missions especially.[8]",
"The One-Year Mission was a scientific research project aboard the International Space Station, which studied the health effects of long-term spaceflight.[1] Scott Kelly and Mikhail Korniyenko spent 342 days (11 months, 3 days) in space, with scientists performing medical experiments. Kelly and Kornienko launched on 27 March 2015 on Soyuz TMA-16M along with Gennady Padalka.[2][3][4][5] The mission encompassed Expeditions 43, 44, 45 and 46.[6] The pair safely landed in Kazakhstan on March 2, 2016, returning aboard Soyuz TMA-18M with Sergey Volkov.[7] The mission supported the NASA Twins study, which helps shed light on the health effects of long duration spaceflight, which is of interest for Mars missions especially.[8]"
] | [
"Scott Kelly",
"Mikhail Korniyenko"
] |
4898145214704881578 | Videocassette recorder | Videocassette recorder - wikipedia Videocassette recorder `` VCR '' redirects here . For other uses , see VCR ( disambiguation ) . For the Philips Video Cassette Recording ( VCR ) format , see Video Cassette Recording . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A typical late - model Philips Magnavox VCR The inside of a VCR Not all video tape recorders use a cassette to contain the magnetic recording videotape . Early models of consumer video tape recorders VTRs , and most professional broadcast analog videotape machines ( e.g. 1 - inch Type C ) use reel to reel tape spools . A videocassette recorder , VCR , or video recorder is an electromechanical device that records analog audio and analog video from broadcast television or other source on a removable , magnetic tape videocassette , and can play back the recording . Use of a VCR to record a television program to play back at a more convenient time is commonly referred to as timeshifting . VCRs can also play back prerecorded tapes . In the 1980s and 1990s , prerecorded videotapes were widely available for purchase and rental , and blank tapes were sold to make recordings . Most domestic VCRs are equipped with a television broadcast receiver ( tuner ) for TV reception , and a programmable clock ( timer ) for unattended recording of a television channel from a start time to an end time specified by the user . These features began as simple mechanical counter-based single - event timers , but were later replaced by more flexible multiple - event digital clock timers . In later models the multiple timer events could be programmed through a menu interface displayed on the playback TV screen ( `` on - screen display '' or OSD ) . This feature allowed several programs to be recorded at different times without further user intervention , and became a major selling point . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early machines and formats 1.1. 1 First home video recorders 1.1. 2 Sony U-matic 1.1. 3 Philips `` VCR '' format 1.1. 4 Avco Cartrivision 1.2 Mass - market success 1.2. 1 VHS vs. Betamax 1.2. 2 Philips Video 2000 1.2. 3 Other early formats 1.3 Legal challenges 2 Shortcomings 3 Decline 3.1 Remaining niche in recording 4 Special features 4.1 Multi standard 4.2 High quality audio ( Nicam , AFM , and HiFi ) 4.2. 1 Quality 4.3 Copy protection 4.4 Flying erase heads 5 Variants 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Top - loading cassette mechanisms ( such as the one on this VHS model ) were common on early domestic VCRs . Early machines and formats ( edit ) The history of the videocassette recorder follows the history of videotape recording in general . In 1953 , Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder . Ampex introduced the Quadruplex videotape professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX - 1000 in 1956 . It became the world 's first commercially successful videotape recorder using two - inch ( 5.1 cm ) wide tape . Due to its high price of US $50,000 , the Ampex VRX - 1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations . In 1959 , Toshiba introduced a `` new '' method of recording known as helical scan , releasing the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder that year . It was first implemented in reel - to - reel videotape recorders ( VTRs ) , and later used with cassette tapes . In 1963 Philips introduced their EL3400 1 - inch helical scan recorder , aimed at the business and domestic user , and Sony marketed the 2 '' PV - 100 , their first reel - to - reel VTR , intended for business , medical , airline , and educational use . First home video recorders ( edit ) The Telcan , produced by the UK Nottingham Electronic Valve Company in 1963 , was the first home video recorder . It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £ 60 , equivalent to approximately £ 1,100 ( over US $1,600 ) in 2014 currency . However , there were several drawbacks : it was expensive , was not easy to assemble , and could only record 20 minutes at a time . It recorded in black - and - white , the only format available in the UK at the time . The half - inch tape Sony model CV - 2000 , first marketed in 1965 , was their first VTR intended for home use . Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own reel - to - reel monochrome VTRs priced under US $1,000 for the home consumer market . The EIAJ format was a standard half - inch format used by various manufacturers . EIAJ - 1 was an open - reel format . EIAJ - 2 used a cartridge that contained a supply reel ; the take - up reel was part of the recorder , and the tape had to be fully rewound before removing the cartridge , a slow procedure . The development of the videocassette followed the replacement by cassette of other open reel systems in consumer items : the Stereo - Pak four - track audio cartridge in 1962 , the compact audio cassette and Instamatic film cartridge in 1963 , the 8 - track cartridge in 1965 , and the Super 8 home movie cartridge in 1966 . In 1972 , videocassettes of movies became available for home use . Sony U-matic ( edit ) Main article : U-matic Sony demonstrated a videocassette prototype in October 1969 , then set it aside to work out an industry standard by March 1970 with seven fellow manufacturers . The result , the Sony U-matic system , introduced in Tokyo in September 1971 , was the world 's first commercial videocassette format . Its cartridges , resembling larger versions of the later VHS cassettes , used 3 / 4 - inch ( 1.9 cm ) tape and had a maximum playing time of 60 minutes , later extended to 80 minutes . Sony also introduced two machines ( the VP - 1100 videocassette player and the VO - 1700 , also called the VO - 1600 video - cassette recorder ) to use the new tapes . U-matic , with its ease of use , quickly made other consumer videotape systems obsolete in Japan and North America , where U-matic VCRs were widely used by television newsrooms ( Sony BVU - 150 and Trinitron DXC 1810 video camera ) schools and businesses . But the high cost - US $1,395 in 1971 for a combination TV / VCR , equivalent to over $8000 in 2014 dollars -- kept it out of most homes . Philips `` VCR '' format ( edit ) Main article : Video Cassette Recording An N1500 video recorder , with wooden cabinet In 1970 , Philips developed a home video cassette format specially made for a TV station in 1970 and available on the consumer market in 1972 . Philips named this format `` Video Cassette Recording '' ( although it is also referred to as `` N1500 '' , after the first recorder 's model number ) . The format was also supported by Grundig and Loewe . It used square cassettes and half - inch ( 1.3 cm ) tape , mounted on coaxial reels , giving a recording time of one hour . The first model , available in the United Kingdom in 1972 , was equipped with a simple timer that used rotary dials . At nearly £ 600 , it was expensive and the format was relatively unsuccessful in the home market . This was followed by a digital timer version in 1975 , the N1502 . In 1977 a new , incompatible , long - play version ( `` VCR - LP '' ) or N1700 , which could use the same blank tapes , sold quite well to schools and colleges . Avco Cartrivision ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Cartrivision The Avco Cartrivision system , a combination television set and VCR from Cartridge Television Inc. that sold for US $1,350 , was the first videocassette recorder to have pre-recorded tapes of popular movies available for rent . Like the Philips VCR format , the square Cartrivision cassette had the two reels of half - inch tape mounted on top of each other , but it could record up to 114 minutes , using an early form of video format that recorded every other video field and played it back three times . Cassettes of major movies such as The Bridge on the River Kwai and Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner were ordered via catalog at a retailer , delivered by parcel mail , and then returned to the retailer after viewing . Other cassettes on sports , travel , art , and how - to topics were available for purchase . An optional monochrome camera could be bought to make home videos . Cartrivision was first sold in June 1972 , mainly through Sears , Macy 's , and Montgomery Ward department stores in the United States . The system was abandoned thirteen months later after poor sales . Mass - market success ( edit ) VCR started gaining mass market traction in 1975 . Six major firms were involved in the development of the VCR : RCA , JVC , AMPEX , Matsushita Electric / Panasonic , Sony , and Toshiba . Of these , the big winners in the growth of this industry were Japanese companies Matsushita Electric / Panasonic , JVC , and Sony , which developed more technically advanced machines with more accurate electronic timers and greater tape duration . The VCR started to become a mass market consumer product ; by 1979 there were three competing technical standards using mutually incompatible tape cassettes . The industry boomed in the 1980s as more and more customers bought VCRs . By 1982 , 10 % of households in the United Kingdom owned a VCR . The figure reached 30 % in 1985 and by the end of the decade well over half of British homes owned a VCR . Earlier machines used mechanically - operated control switches ; these were replaced by microswitches , solenoids and motor - driven mechanisms . VHS vs Betamax ( edit ) Main article : Videotape format war A Betamax cassette The two major standards were Sony 's Betamax ( also known as Betacord or just Beta ) , and JVC 's VHS ( Video Home System ) , which competed for sales in what became known as the format war . Betamax was first to market in November 1975 , and was argued by many to be technically more sophisticated in recording quality , although many users did not perceive a visual difference . The first machines required an external timer , and could only record one hour , or two hours at lower quality ( LP ) . The timer was later incorporated within the machine as a standard feature . The rival VHS format , introduced in Japan by JVC in September 1976 , introduced in the United States in July 1977 by RCA , had a longer two - hour recording time with a T - 120 tape , or four hours in lower - quality `` long play '' mode ( RCA SelectaVision models , introduced in September 1977 ) . In 1978 the majority of consumers in the U.K. chose to rent rather than purchase this new expensive home entertainment technology . JVC introduced the HR3300 model with E-30 , E-60 , ( E-120 VHS - 1 1976 ) , E-180 minute cassette tapes with up to three hours = ( VHS - 2 1977 ) ) recording time , a thinner 4 hour length ( E240 tape VHS - 3 1981 ) soon followed ( E-400 VHS - 5 last edition 1999 ) . The rental market was a contributing factor for acceptance of the VHS , for a variety of reasons . In those pre-digital days TV broadcasters could not offer the wide choice of a rental store , and tapes could be played as often as desired . Material was available on tape with violent or sexual scenes not available on broadcasts . Home video cameras allowed tapes to be recorded and played back . Two hours and 4 hours recording times were considered enough for recording movies and sports . Although Sony later introduced L - 500 ( 2 hour ) and L - 750 ( 3 hour ) Betamax tapes in addition to the L - 250 ( 1 hour ) tape , the consumer market had swiftly moved toward the VHS system as a preferred choice . During the 1980s dual - speed ( long play ) models of both Beta and VHS recorders were introduced , allowing much longer recording times . The recording length on World Wide Standard on consumer video recorders ( VHS ) Was 8hrs with PAL colour encoding and 5hs - 46mins with NTSC color encoding . The total recording length on The World Wide Standard On Professional Broadcasting ( Betamax ) was 3hrs 35mins on PAL colour configuration , and 5hrs on NTSC color configuration . Longer tapes became available a few years later , extending to 10hrs and then 12hrs LP on PAL ( Europe ) and 7hrs 50mins and then further extended with VHS - 5 ( Final edition of the Video Home System ) in 1999 TO 8hrs 16mins on NTSC ( North America , Japan ) . Betamax tape length was extended only using a DigiBetacam - 40 or HDCAM cassette to 4hrs 20mins on PAL and 6hrs 30mins on NTSC models . Philips V2000 format video cassette recorder With the introduction of DVD recorders , combined VHS and DVD recorders were produced , allowing both types of media to be played , and transfer of tape material to DVD . Philips video 2000 ( edit ) Main article : Video 2000 A third format , Video 2000 , or V2000 ( also marketed as `` Video Compact Cassette '' ) was developed and introduced by Philips in 1978 , sold only in Europe . Grundig developed and marketed their own models based on the V2000 format . Most V2000 models featured piezoelectric head positioning to dynamically adjust tape tracking . V2000 cassettes had two sides , and like the audio cassette could be flipped over halfway through their recording time , which gave them up to twice the recording length of VHS tapes . User switchable record - protect levers were used instead of the breakable lugs on VHS and Beta cassettes . The half - inch tape used contained two parallel quarter - inch tracks , one for each side . It had a recording time of 4 hours per side , later extended to 8 hours per side on a few models . Machines had a ' real time ' tape position counter with the information retained on the tape , so when tapes were loaded the position was known ; this feature was only implemented on VHS recorders much later . V2000 became available in early 1979 , later than its two rivals . The V2000 system did not sell well , and was discontinued in 1985 . Other early formats ( edit ) Some less successful consumer videocassette formats include : V - Cord , launched by Sanyo in 1974 VX , launched by Panasonic in 1975 Compact Video Cassette ( CVC ) , developed by Funai and Technicolor and introduced in 1980 . Legal challenges ( edit ) In the early 1980s US film companies fought to suppress the VCR in the consumer market , citing concerns about copyright violations . In Congressional hearings , Motion Picture Association of America head Jack Valenti decried the `` savagery and the ravages of this machine '' and likened its effect on the film industry and the American public to the Boston strangler : I say to you that the VCR is to the American film producer and the American public as the Boston strangler is to the woman home alone . -- Hearings before the Subcommittee on Courts , Civil Liberties and the Administration of Justice of the Committee of the Judiciary , House of Representatives , Ninety - seventh Congress , Second Session on H.R. 4783 , H.R. 4794 H.R. 4808 , H.R. 5250 , H.R. 5488 , and H.R. 5705 , Serial No 97 , Part I , Home Recording of Copyrighted Works , April 12 , 1982 . US Government Printing Office . In the case Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios , Inc. , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the device was allowable for private use . Subsequently the film companies found that making and selling video recordings of their productions had become a major income source . Shortcomings ( edit ) The video cassette recorder is sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity . If the machine ( or tape ) was moved from a cold to a hotter environment there could be condensation of moisture on the internal parts , such as the rotating video head drum . Some later models were equipped with a moisture detector which would prevent operation in this case , but it could not detect moisture on the surface of a tape . Magnetic tapes could be mechanically damaged when ejected from the machine due to moisture or other problems . Rubber drive belts and rollers hardened with age , causing malfunctions . Faults such as these damaged the tape irreversibly , a particular problem with irreplaceable tapes filmed by users . VHS tapes recorded in LP or EP / SLP mode were more sensitive to minor head misalignment over time or from machine to machine . Tapes recorded on a machine made before 1995 tend to not play well on newer machines due to slight changes in helical scanning head design . Decline ( edit ) A typical VCR toward the end of their popularity . After decades of refinement in design and production , models similar to this were available for less than US $ 50 . The videocassette recorder remained in home use throughout the 1980s and 1990s , despite the advent of competing technologies such as LaserDisc ( LD ) and Video CD ( VCD ) . While Laserdisc offered higher quality video and audio , the discs are heavy ( weighing about one pound each ) , cumbersome , much more prone to damage if dropped or mishandled , and furthermore only home LD players , not recorders , were available . The VCD format found a niche with Asian film imports , but did not sell widely . Many Hollywood studios did not release feature films on VCD in North America because the VCD format had no means of preventing perfect copies being made on CD - R discs , which were already popular when the format was introduced . In an attempt to lower costs , manufacturers began dropping nonessential features from their VCR models . The built - in display was dropped in favor of on screen display for setup , programming , and status , and many buttons were eliminated from the VCR 's front panel , their functions accessible only from the VCR 's remote control . From about 2000 DVD became the first universally successful optical medium for playback of pre-recorded video , as it gradually overtook VHS to become the most popular consumer format . DVD recorders and other digital video recorders dropped rapidly in price , making the VCR obsolete . DVD rentals in the United States first exceeded those of VHS in June 2003 . The declining market combined with a US Federal Communications Commission mandate effective March 1 , 2007 , that all new TV tuners in the US be ATSC tuners encouraged major electronics makers , except Funai , JVC , and Panasonic , to end production of standalone units for the US market . Most new standalone VCRs in the US since then can only record from external baseband sources ( usually composite video ) , including CECBs which ( by NTIA mandate ) all have composite outputs , as well as those ATSC tuners ( including TVs ) and cable boxes that come with composite outputs . However , JVC did ship one model of D - VHS deck with a built - in ATSC tuner , the HM - DT100U , but it remains extremely rare , and therefore expensive . In July 2016 , Funai Electric , the last remaining manufacturer of VHS recorders , announced it would cease production of VHS recorders by the end of the month . As a result of winning the format war over HD DVD , the new high definition optical disc format Blu - ray Disc was expected to replace the DVD format . However , with many homes still having a large supply of VHS tapes and with all Blu - ray players designed to play regular DVDs and CDs by default , some manufacturers began to make VCR / Blu - ray combo players . Remaining niche in recording ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although consumers have passed over videocassettes for home video playback in favor of DVDs since the early 2000s , VCRs still retained a significant share in home video recording during that decade . While the adoption of DVD players has been strong , DVD recorders for home theater use have been slow to pick up ( although DVD recorder - writer drives became de facto standard equipment in personal computers in the mid-2000s ) . Although technologically superior to VHS , there were several main drawbacks with recordable DVDs that slowed their adoption . When standalone DVD recorders first appeared on the Japanese consumer market in 1999 , these early units were very expensive , costing between $2500 and $4000 ( USD ) . ( As of early 2007 , DVD recorders from notable brands are selling for US $200 or € 150 and less , with even lower `` street prices '' . ) Different DVD recordable formats also caused confusion , as early units supported only DVD - RAM and DVD - R discs , but the more recent units can record to all major formats DVD - R , DVD - RW , DVD + R , DVD + RW , DVD - R DL and DVD + R DL . Some of these DVD formats are not rewritable , whereas videocassettes could be recorded over repeatedly ( notwithstanding physical wear ) . Another important drawback of DVD recording is that one single - layer DVD is limited to around 120 minutes of recording if the quality is not to be significantly reduced , while VHS tapes are readily available up to 210 minutes ( standard play ) in NTSC areas and even 300 minutes in PAL areas . Dual layer DVDs , which increase the high quality recording mode to almost four hours , are increasingly available , but the cost of this medium was still relatively high compared to standard single - layer discs . Another factor was the increasing use of digital video file formats and online video sharing , skipping physical media entirely . For these reasons , DVD recorders never took hold of the video recording market like VCRs had . Digital video recorders have since come to dominate the market for home recording of television shows . Special features ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Multi standard ( edit ) One of the problems faced with the use of video recorders was the exchange of recordings between PAL , SECAM and NTSC countries . Multi Standard video recorders and TV sets gradually overcame these incompatibility problems . High quality audio ( Nicam , AFM , and HiFi ) ( edit ) See also : NICAM The U-matic machines were always made with Stereo , and both Betamax and VHS recorded the audio tracks using a fixed linear recording head . However the relatively slow tape speed of Beta and VHS was inadequate for good quality audio , and significantly limited the sound quality . Betamax 's release of Beta Hi - Fi in the early 1980s was quickly followed by JVCs release of HiFi audio on VHS ( model HR - D725U ) . Both systems delivered flat full - range frequency response ( 20 Hz to 20 kHz ) , excellent 70 dB signal - to - noise ratio ( in consumer space , second only to the compact disc ) , dynamic range of 90 dB , and professional audio - grade channel separation ( more than 70 dB ) . In VHS the incoming HiFi audio is frequency modulated ( `` Audio FM '' or `` AFM '' ) , modulating the two stereo channels ( L , R ) on two different frequency - modulated carriers and recorded using the same high - bandwidth helical scanning technique used for the video signal . To avoid crosstalk and interference from the primary video carrier , VHS used depth multiplexing , in which the modulated audio carrier pair was placed in the hitherto - unused frequency range between the luminance and the color carrier ( below 1.6 MHz ) , and recorded first . Subsequently , the video head erases and re-records the video signal ( combined luminance and color signal ) over the same tape surface , but the video signal 's higher center frequency results in a shallower magnetization of the tape , allowing both the video and residual AFM audio signal to coexist on tape . ( PAL versions of Beta Hi - Fi use the same technique ) . During playback , VHS Hi - Fi recovers the depth - recorded AFM signal by subtracting the audio head 's signal ( which contains the AFM signal contaminated by a weak image of the video signal ) from the video head 's signal ( which contains only the video signal ) , then demodulates the left and right audio channels from their respective frequency carriers . The end result of the complex process is audio of outstanding fidelity , which was uniformly solid across all tape - speeds ( EP , LP or SP . ) Such devices were often described as `` HiFi audio '' , `` Audio FM '' / `` AFM '' ( FM standing for `` Frequency Modulation '' ) , and sometimes informally as `` Nicam '' VCRs ( due to their use in recording the Nicam broadcast audio signal ) . They remained compatible with non-HiFi VCR players since the standard audio track was also recorded , and were at times used as an alternative to audio cassette tapes due to their exceptional bandwidth , frequency range , and extremely flat frequency response . The 8 mm format always used the video portion of the tape for sound , with an FM carrier between the band space of the chrominance and luminance on the tape . 8 mm could be upgraded to Stereo , by adding an extra FM signal for Stereo difference . The professional Betacam SP format of videocassette also used AFM on the higher - end `` BVW '' - series of Betacam SP deck models from Sony ( such as the BVW - 75 ) to offer 2 extra tracks of audio alongside the 2 standard Dolby C - encoded linear audio tracks for the format , for a total of 4 audio tracks . However , the 2 AFM tracks were accessible only on those decks equipped with AFM audio ( like the BVW - 75 ) . Quality ( edit ) Due to the path followed by the video and Hi - Fi audio heads being striped and discontinuous -- unlike that of the linear audio track -- head - switching is required to provide a continuous audio signal . While the video signal can easily hide the head - switching point in the invisible vertical retrace section of the signal , so that the exact switching point is not very important , the same is obviously not possible with a continuous audio signal that has no inaudible sections . Hi - Fi audio is thus dependent on a much more exact alignment of the head switching point than is required for non-HiFi VHS machines . Misalignments may lead to imperfect joining of the signal , resulting in low - pitched buzzing . The problem is known as `` head chatter '' , and tends to increase as the audio heads wear down . The sound quality of Hi - Fi VHS stereo is comparable to the quality of CD audio , particularly when recordings were made on high - end or professional VHS machines that have a manual audio recording level control . This high quality compared to other consumer audio recording formats such as compact cassette attracted the attention of amateur and hobbyist recording artists . Home recording enthusiasts occasionally recorded high quality stereo mixdowns and master recordings from multitrack audio tape onto consumer - level Hi - Fi VCRs . However , because the VHS Hi - Fi recording process is intertwined with the VCR 's video - recording function , advanced editing functions such as audio - only or video - only dubbing are impossible . A short - lived alternative to the hifi feature for recording mixdowns of hobbyist audio - only projects was a PCM adaptor so that high - bandwidth digital video could use a grid of black - and - white dots on an analog video carrier to give pro-grade digital sounds though DAT tapes made this obsolete . Copy protection ( edit ) See also : Copy protection Introduced in 1983 , Macrovision is a system that reduces the quality of recordings made from commercial video tapes , DVDs and pay - per - view broadcasts by adding random peaks of luminance to the video signal during vertical blanking . These confuse the automatic level adjustment of the recording VCR which causes the brightness of the picture to constantly change , rendering the recording unwatchable . When creating a copy - protected videocassette , the Macrovision - distorted signal is stored on the tape itself by special recording equipment . By contrast , on DVDs there is just a marker asking the player to produce such a distortion during playback . All standard DVD players include this protection and obey the marker , though unofficially many models can be modified or adjusted to disable it . Also , the Macrovision protection system may fail to work on older VCR 's made before 1986 and some high end decks built afterwards , usually due to the lack of an AGC system . Newer VHS and S - VHS machines ( and DVD recorders ) are susceptible to this signal ; generally , machines of other tape formats are unaffected , such as all 3 Betamax variants . VCRs designated for `` professional '' usage typically have an adjustable AGC system , a specific `` Macrovision removing '' circuit , or Time Base Corrector ( TBC ) and can thus copy protected tapes with or without preserving the protection . Such VCRs are usually overpriced and sold exclusively to certified professionals ( linear editing using the 9 - Pin Protocol , TV stations etc . ) via controlled distribution channels in order to prevent their being used by the general public ( however , said professional VCRs can be purchased reasonably by consumers on the second - hand / used market , depending on the VCR 's condition ) . Nowadays , most DVDs still have copyright protection , but certain DVDs do not have it , usually pornography and bootlegs . However , some DVDs , such as certain DVD sets , do not have the protection against VHS copying , possibly due to the VHS format no longer used as a major retail medium for home video . Flying erase heads ( edit ) The flying erase head is a feature that may be found in some high end home VCRs as well as some broadcast grade VCRs to cleanly edit the video . Normally , the tape is passed longitudinally through two fixed erase heads , one located just before the tape moves to the video head drum and the other right next to the audio / control head stack . Upon recording , the erase heads erase any old recording contained on the tape to prevent anything already recorded on it from interfering with what is being recorded . However , when trying to edit footage deck to deck , portions of the old recording 's video may be between the erase head and video recording heads . This results in a faint rainbow - like noise at and briefly after the point of the cut as the old video recording missed by the fixed erase head is never completely erased as the new recording is printed . The flying erase head is so - called because an erase head is mounted on the video head drum and rotates around in the same manner as the video heads . In the record mode , the erase head is active and erases the video precisely down to the recorded video fields . The flying erase head runs over the tape and the video heads record the signal virtually instantly after the flying erase head has passed . Since the erase head erases the old signal right before the video heads write onto the tape , there is no remnant of the old signal to cause visible distortion at and after the moment a cut is made , resulting in a clean edit . In addition , the ability of flying erase heads to erase old video off the tape right before recording new video on it allows the ability to perform insert editing , where new footage can be placed within an existing recording with clean cuts at the beginning and end of the edit . Variants ( edit ) In addition to the standard home VCR , a number of variants have been produced over the years . These include combined `` all - in - one '' devices such as the TV / VCR combo ( a TV and VCR in one unit ) and DVD / VCR units and even TV / VCR / DVD all - in - one units . Dual - deck VCRs ( marketed as `` double - decker '' ) have also been sold , albeit with less success . Most camcorders produced in the 20th century also feature an integrated VCR . Generally , they include neither a timer nor a TV tuner . Most of these use smaller format videocassettes , such as 8 mm , VHS - C , or MiniDV , although some early models supported full - size VHS and Betamax . In the 21st century , digital recording became the norm while videocassette tapes dwindled away gradually ; tapeless camcorders use other storage media such as DVDs , or internal flash memory , hard drive , and SD card . See also ( edit ) Telerecording TV / VCR combo VCR / DVD combo Kinescope Write protection Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios , Inc . Dew warning Blu - ray Disc References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SMPTE Journal : Publication of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers , Volume 96 , Issues 1 - 6 ; Volume 96 , page 256 , Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers Jump up ^ `` Ampex VRX - 1000 -- The First Commercial Videotape Recorder in 1956 '' . Cedmagic.com. 14 April 1956 . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard N. Diehl . `` Labguy 'S World : The Birth Of Video Recording '' . Labguysworld.com . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Years of the Video Cassette Recorder '' . www.wipo.int . November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Video and Related Innovations '' . inventors.about.com . Jump up ^ World 's First Helical Scan Video Tape Recorder , Toshiba Jump up ^ `` Sony Global - Sony History '' . Sony.net . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The quest for home video : Telcan home video recorder '' . Terramedia.co.uk. 22 October 2001 . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Total Rewind '' . Total Rewind . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC History '' . BBC.co.uk. 24 June 1963 . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sony CV Series Video '' . Smecc.org . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Howe , Tom . `` Cartrivision - The First VCR with Prerecorded Sale / Rental Tapes in 1972 '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Sony sold 15,000 U-matic machines in the U.S. in its first year . `` Television on a Disk '' , Time , September 18 , 1972 . Nicknamed in latter years `` Betamax - VHS '' The U-matic vcr Format was manufactured to as soon as 1990 arrived ( VP means video player , VO means recorder `` Video Office '' ) Jump up ^ `` VCR '' . www.computerhope.com . Jump up ^ `` In Pictures Thatcher years in graphics '' . BBC News . 18 November 2005 . p. 15 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Betamax vs VHS Format War , Author : Dave Owen , Originally published : 2005 '' . Mediacollege.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Beta better '' . Web.archive.org. 2007 - 06 - 08 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JVC HR3300 '' . Rewind museum company 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Valenti Testimony at 1982 House Hearing on Home Recording of Copyrighted Works '' . Cryptome.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` VCR eats tapes '' . The Sci. Electronics. Repair ( S.E.R ) FAQ . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Samuel Gibbs ( 22 July 2016 ) . `` VHS is dead , but at least it outlived Betamax tapes by nine months '' . Guardian . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VHS , Beloved Home Video Format , Dies at 40 '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ SquareTrade . `` Panasonic DMP - BD70V Blu - ray Disc / VHS Multimedia Player : Electronics '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ stason.org , Stas Bekman : stas ( at ) . `` 14.18 Is VHS Hi - Fi sound perfect ? Is Beta Hi - Fi sound perfect ? '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CES 2011 Camcorder Coverage '' . CamcorderInfo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Further reading ( edit ) Garrett , Diane , `` VHS , 30 , dies of loneliness : The home - entertainment format lived a fruitful life '' , Variety.com , Tue. , Nov. 14 , 2006 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Video recorders . Total Rewind : the Virtual Museum of Vintage VCRs NDL : 00560658 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Videocassette_recorder&oldid=849012503 '' Categories : Audiovisual introductions in 1963 Consumer electronics Film and video technology Japanese inventions Recording devices Television terminology Video hardware Videotape Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2011 USA - centric Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Gaeilge ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Magyar Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Winaray 粵語 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 21 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first video recorder come out | [
"Ampex introduced the Quadruplex videotape professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX-1000 in 1956. It became the world's first commercially successful videotape recorder using two-inch (5.1 cm) wide tape.[2] Due to its high price of US$50,000, the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations.[3][4][5]\n"
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"1956"
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-8481003159241760159 | Income inequality in the United States | Income inequality in the United States - Wikipedia Income inequality in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on Income in the United States of America Topics ( hide ) Household Personal Affluence Social class Income inequality gender pay gap ethnic wage gap Lists by income ( show ) States ( by equality ( Gini ) ) Counties ( highest / lowest ) Locations ( lowest ) Metropolitan statistical areas Urban areas ZIP Code Tabulation Areas United States portal Income inequality in the United States has increased significantly since the 1970s after several decades of stability , meaning the share of the nation 's income received by higher income households has increased . This trend is evident with income measured both before taxes ( market income ) as well as after taxes and transfer payments . Income inequality has fluctuated considerably since measurements began around 1915 , moving in an arc between peaks in the 1920s and 2000s , with a 30 - year period of relatively lower inequality between 1950 -- 1980 . Measured for all households , U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed countries before taxes and transfers , but is among the highest after taxes and transfers , meaning the U.S. shifts relatively less income from higher income households to lower income households . Measured for working - age households , market income inequality is comparatively high ( rather than moderate ) and the level of redistribution is moderate ( not low ) . These comparisons indicate Americans shift from reliance on market income to reliance on income transfers later in life and less than households in other developed countries do . The U.S. ranks around the 30th percentile in income inequality globally , meaning 70 % of countries have a more equal income distribution . U.S. federal tax and transfer policies are progressive and therefore reduce income inequality measured after taxes and transfers . Tax and transfer policies together reduced income inequality slightly more in 2011 than in 1979 . While there is strong evidence that it has increased since the 1970s , there is active debate in the United States regarding the appropriate measurement , causes , effects and solutions to income inequality . The two major political parties have different approaches to the issue , with Democrats historically emphasizing that economic growth should result in shared prosperity ( i.e. , a pro-labor argument advocating income redistribution ) , while Republicans tend to avoid government involvement in income and wealth generation ( i.e. , a pro-capital argument against redistribution ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Post-civil war era to around 1937 2.2 The great Compression , 1937 -- 1967 2.3 Post-1970 increase 2.4 Effects of 2007 -- 2009 recession 2.5 2009 -- present 3 Causes 4 Effects : Economic 4.1 Overview 4.2 Economic growth 4.2. 1 Views that income inequality slows economic growth 4.2. 2 Views that income inequality does not slow growth 4.3 Likelihood of financial crises 4.4 Monopolization of labor , consolidation , and competition 4.5 Aggregate demand and debt 5 Effects : Socio - economic mobility 5.1 Overview 5.2 Over lifetimes 5.3 Between generations 5.4 Poverty 5.5 Further enrichment of corporate top executives 6 Effects on democracy and society 6.1 Political polarization 6.2 Political inequality 6.3 Class system 6.4 Political change 6.5 Health 6.6 Financing of social programs 6.7 Education and human capital 7 Public attitudes 8 States and cities 8.1 Comparisons by state 9 International comparisons 9.1 Overall 9.2 Reasons for relative performance 9.3 Canada 10 Policy responses 10.1 Overview 10.2 Resources available to children 10.3 Affordable healthcare 10.4 Affordable higher education 10.5 Public welfare and infrastructure spending 10.6 Taxes on the wealthy 10.7 Reduce tax expenditures 10.8 Corporate tax reform 10.9 Minimum wages 10.10 Maximum wage implementation 10.11 Subsidies and income guarantees 10.12 Rent - seeking limits 10.13 Economic democracy 10.14 Monetary policy 11 Measurement approaches 11.1 Overview 11.2 Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) data 11.3 Census Bureau data 11.4 Income measures : Pre-and post-tax 11.5 Demographic issues 11.6 Gini index 11.7 Measuring inequality through consumption vs. income 12 Wealth inequality 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Overview ( edit ) U.S. pre-tax and after - tax income share of top 1 % households from 1979 -- 2013 , for commonly cited data series ( CBO and Piketty - Saez ) Four charts that describe trends in income inequality in the United States . U.S. income inequality has grown significantly since the early 1970s , after several decades of stability , and has been the subject of study of many scholars and institutions . The U.S. consistently exhibits higher rates of income inequality than most developed nations due to the nation 's enhanced support of free market capitalism and less progressive spending on social services . The top 1 % of households received approximately 20 % of the pre-tax income in 2013 , versus approximately 10 % from 1950 to 1980 . The top 1 % is not homogeneous , with the very top income households pulling away from others in the top 1 % . For example , the top 0.1 % of households received approximately 10 % of the pre-tax income in 2013 , versus approximately 3 -- 4 % between 1951 -- 1981 . According to IRS data , adjusted gross income ( AGI ) of approximately $430,000 was required to be in the top 1 % in 2013 . Most of the growth in income inequality has been between the middle class and top earners , with the disparity widening the further one goes up in the income distribution . The bottom 50 % earned 20 % of the nation 's pre-tax income in 1979 ; this fell steadily to 14 % by 2007 and 13 % by 2014 . Income for the middle 40 % group , a proxy for the middle class , fell from 45 % in 1979 to 41 % in both 2007 and 2014 . To put this change into perspective , if the US had the same income distribution it had in 1979 , each family in the bottom 80 % of the income distribution would have had $11,000 more per year in income on average in 2012 , or $916 per month . This figure would be $7,100 per year for the bottom 99 % of families comparing 1979 and 2012 , or about $600 / month . Half of the U.S. population lives in poverty or is low - income , according to U.S. Census data . The trend of rising income inequality is also apparent after taxes and transfers . A 2011 study by the CBO found that the top earning 1 percent of households increased their income by about 275 % after federal taxes and income transfers over a period between 1979 and 2007 , compared to a gain of just under 40 % for the 60 percent in the middle of America 's income distribution . U.S. federal tax and transfer policies are progressive and therefore substantially reduce income inequality measured after taxes and transfers . They became moderately less progressive between 1979 and 2007 but slightly more progressive measured between 1979 and 2011 . Income transfers had a greater impact on reducing inequality than taxes from 1979 to 2011 . Americans are not generally aware of the extent of inequality or recent trends . There is a direct relationship between actual income inequality and the public 's views about the need to address the issue in most developed countries , but not in the U.S. , where income inequality is larger but the concern is lower . The U.S. was ranked the 6th from the last among 173 countries ( 4th percentile ) on income equality measured by the Gini index . There is significant and ongoing debate as to the causes , economic effects , and solutions regarding income inequality . While before - tax income inequality is subject to market factors ( e.g. , globalization , trade policy , labor policy , and international competition ) , after - tax income inequality can be directly affected by tax and transfer policy . U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed nations before taxes and transfers , but is among the worst after taxes and transfers . Income inequality may contribute to slower economic growth , reduced income mobility , higher levels of household debt , and greater risk of financial crises and deflation . Labor ( workers ) and capital ( owners ) have always battled over the share of the economic pie each obtains . The influence of the labor movement has waned in the U.S. since the 1960s along with union participation and more pro-capital laws . The share of total worker compensation has declined from 58 % of national income ( GDP ) in 1970 to nearly 53 % in 2013 , contributing to income inequality . This has led to concerns that the economy has shifted too far in favor of capital , via a form of corporatism , corpocracy or neoliberalism . Although some have spoken out in favor of moderate inequality as a form of incentive , others have warned against the current high levels of inequality , including Yale Nobel prize for economics winner Robert J. Shiller , ( who called rising economic inequality `` the most important problem that we are facing now today '' ) , former Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan , ( `` This is not the type of thing which a democratic society -- a capitalist democratic society -- can really accept without addressing '' ) , and President Barack Obama ( who referred to the widening income gap as the `` defining challenge of our time '' ) . History ( edit ) See also : Economic history of the United States and Great Divergence ( inequality ) U.S. income shares of the top 1 % and top 0.1 % of households 1913 -- 2013 , including capital gains . U.S. share of income earned by top 1 % households in 1979 , 2007 , and 2014 ( CBO data ) . The first date ( 1979 ) reflects the more egalitarian pre-1980 period , 2007 was the peak inequality of the post-1980 period , and the 2014 number reflects the Obama tax increases on the top 1 % along with residual effects of the Great Recession . Post-civil War era to around 1937 ( edit ) The level of concentration of income in the United States has fluctuated throughout its history . The first era of inequality lasted roughly from the post-civil war era or `` the Gilded Age '' to sometime around 1937 . In 1915 , an era in which the Rockefellers and Carnegies dominated American industry , the richest 1 % of Americans earned roughly 18 % of all income . By 2007 , the top 1 percent accounted for 24 % of all income and in between , their share fell below 10 % for three decades . The Great Compression , 1937 -- 1967 ( edit ) From about 1937 to 1947 , a period dubbed as the `` Great Compression '' -- income inequality in the United States fell dramatically . Highly progressive New Deal taxation , the strengthening of unions , and regulation of the National War Labor Board during World War II raised the income of the poor and working class and lowered that of top earners . From the early 20th century , when income statistics started to become available , there has been a `` great economic arc '' from high inequality `` to relative equality and back again '' , according to Nobel laureate economist Paul Krugman . For about three decades ending in the early 1970s , this `` middle class society '' with a relatively low level of inequality remained fairly steady , the product of relatively high wages for the US working class and political support for income leveling government policies . Wages remained relatively high because American manufacturing lacked foreign competition , and because of strong trade unions . By 1947 more than a third of non-farm workers were union members , and unions both raised average wages for their membership , and indirectly , and to a lesser extent , raised wages for workers in similar occupations not represented by unions . According to Krugman political support for equalizing government policies was provided by high voter turnout from union voting drives , the support of the otherwise conservative South for the New Deal , and prestige that the massive mobilization and victory of World War II had given the government . On the other hand , a Marxist writing in the 1950s and 1960s believed `` While the American worker enjoys the highest standard of living of any worker in the world , he is also the most heavily exploited . This tremendously productive working class gets back for its own consumption a smaller part of its output and hands over in the form of profit to the capitalist owners of the instruments of production a greater part of its output than does either the English or the French working class . '' Post-1970 increase ( edit ) Inflation - adjusted percent increase in pre-tax and after - tax household income between 1979 and 2011 , by pre-tax income group . The return to high inequality , or to what Krugman and journalist Timothy Noah have referred as the `` Great Divergence '' , began in the 1970s . Studies have found income grew more unequal almost continuously except during the economic recessions in 1990 -- 91 , 2001 ( Dot - com bubble ) , and 2007 sub-prime bust . The Great Divergence differs in some ways from the pre-Depression era inequality . Before 1937 , a larger share of top earners income came from capital ( interest , dividends , income from rent , capital gains ) . After 1970 , income of high - income taxpayers comes predominantly from labor : employment compensation . Until 2011 , the Great Divergence had not been a major political issue in America , but stagnation of middle - class income was . In 2009 the Barack Obama administration White House Middle Class Working Families Task Force convened to focus on economic issues specifically affecting middle - income Americans . In 2011 , the Occupy movement drew considerable attention to income inequality in the country . CBO reported that for the 1979 - 2007 period , after - tax income of households in the top 1 percent of earners grew by 275 % , compared to 65 % for the next 19 % , just under 40 % for the next 60 % , 18 % for the bottom fifth of households . `` As a result of that uneven income growth , '' the report noted , `` the share of total after - tax income received by the 1 percent of the population in households with the highest income more than doubled between 1979 and 2007 , whereas the share received by low - and middle - income households declined ... The share of income received by the top 1 percent grew from about 8 % in 1979 to over 17 % in 2007 . The share received by the other 19 percent of households in the highest income quintile ( one fifth of the population as divided by income ) was fairly flat over the same period , edging up from 35 % to 36 % . '' According to the CBO , the major reason for observed rise in unequal distribution of after - tax income was an increase in market income , that is household income before taxes and transfers . Market income for a household is a combination of labor income ( such as cash wages , employer - paid benefits , and employer - paid payroll taxes ) , business income ( such as income from businesses and farms operated solely by their owners ) , capital gains ( profits realized from the sale of assets and stock options ) , capital income ( such as interest from deposits , dividends , and rental income ) , and other income . Of them , capital gains accounted for 80 % of the increase in market income for the households in top 20 % , in the 2000 -- 2007 period . Even over the 1991 -- 2000 period , according to the CBO , capital gains accounted for 45 % of the market income for the top 20 % households . In a July 2015 op - ed article , Martin Feldstein , Professor of Economics at Harvard University , stated that the CBO found that from 1980 to 2010 real median household income rose by 15 % . However , when the definition of income was expanded to include benefits and subtracted taxes , the CBO found that the median household 's real income rose by 45 % . Adjusting for household size , the gain increased to 53 % . Effects of 2007 -- 2009 recession ( edit ) Just as higher - income groups are more likely to enjoy financial gains when economic times are good , they are also likely to suffer more significant income losses during economic downturns and recessions when they are compared to lower income groups . Higher - income groups tend to derive relatively more of their income from more volatile sources related to capital income ( business income , capital gains , and dividends ) , as opposed to labor income ( wages and salaries ) . For example , in 2011 the top 1 % of income earners derived 37 % of their income from labor income , versus 62 % for the middle quintile . On the other hand , the top 1 % derived 58 % of their income from capital as opposed to 4 % for the middle quintile . Government transfers represented only 1 % of the income of the top 1 % but 25 % for the middle quintile ; the dollar amounts of these transfers tend to rise in recessions . This effect occurred during the Great Recession of 2007 -- 2009 , when total income going to the bottom 99 percent of Americans declined by 11.6 % , but fell by 36.3 % for the top 1 % . Declines were especially steep for capital gains , which fell by 75 % in real ( inflation - adjusted ) terms between 2007 and 2009 . Other sources of capital income also fell : interest income by 40 % and dividend income by 33 % . Wages , the largest source of income , fell by a more modest 6 % . The share of pretax income received by the top 1 % fell from 18.7 % in 2007 to 16.0 % in 2008 and 13.4 % in 2009 , while the bottom four quintiles all had their share of pretax income increase from 2007 to 2009 . The share of aftertax income received by the top 1 % income group fell from 16.7 % , in 2007 , to 11.5 % , in 2009 . 2009 -- present ( edit ) The distribution of household incomes has become more unequal during the post-2008 economic recovery as the effects of the recession reversed . CBO reported in November 2014 that the share of pre-tax income received by the top 1 % had risen from 13.3 % in 2009 to 14.6 % in 2011 . During 2012 alone , incomes of the wealthiest 1 percent rose nearly 20 % , whereas the income of the remaining 99 percent rose 1 % in comparison . If the United States had the same income distribution it had in 1979 , the bottom 80 percent of the population would have $1 trillion -- or $11,000 per family -- more . The top 1 percent would have $1 trillion -- or $750,000 -- less . Larry Summers by 2012 , the share of pre-tax income received by the top 1 % had returned to its pre-crisis peak , at around 23 % of the pre-tax income according to an article in The New Yorker . This is based on widely cited data from economist Emmanuel Saez , which uses `` market income '' and relies primarily on IRS data . The CBO uses both IRS data and census data in its computations and reports a lower pre-tax figure for the top 1 % . The two series were approximately 5 percentage points apart in 2011 ( Saez at about 19.7 % versus CBO at 14.6 % ) , which would imply a CBO figure of about 18 % in 2012 if that relationship holds , a significant increase versus the 14.6 % CBO reported for 2011 . The share of after - tax income received by the top 1 % rose from 11.5 % in 2009 to 12.6 % in 2011 . Between 2010 and 2013 , inflation - adjusted pre-tax income for the bottom 90 % of American families fell , with the middle income groups dropping the most , about 6 % for the 40th - 60th percentiles and 7 % for the 20th - 40th percentiles . Incomes in the top decile rose 2 % . During the 2009 - 2012 recovery period , the top 1 % captured 91 % of the real income growth per family with their pre-tax incomes growing 34.7 % adjusted for inflation while the pre-tax incomes of the bottom 99 % grew 0.8 % . Measured from 2009 -- 2015 , the top 1 % captured 52 % of the total real income growth per family , indicating the recovery was becoming less `` lopsided '' in favor of higher income families . By 2015 , the top 10 % ( top decile ) had a 50.5 % share of the pre-tax income , close its highest all - time level . In 2013 , tax increases on higher income earners were implemented with the Affordable Care Act and American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 . CBO estimated that `` average federal tax rates under 2013 law would be higher -- relative to tax rates in 2011 -- across the income spectrum . The estimated rates under 2013 law would still be well below the average rates from 1979 through 2011 for the bottom four income quintiles , slightly below the average rate over that period for households in the 81st through 99th percentiles , and well above the average rate over that period for households in the top 1 percent of the income distribution . '' In 2016 , the economists Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson contended that inequality is the highest it has been since the nation 's founding . French economist Thomas Piketty attributed the victory of Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election , which he characterizes as an `` electoral upset , '' to `` the explosion in economic and geographic inequality in the United States over several decades and the inability of successive governments to deal with this . '' In May 2017 , new data sets from the economists Piketty , Saez , and Gabriel Zucman of University of California , Berkeley demonstrate that inequality runs much deeper than previous data indicated . The share of incomes for those in the bottom half of the U.S. population stagnated and declined during the years 1980 to 2014 from 20 % in 1980 to 12 % in 2014 . By contrast , the top 1 % share of income grew from 12 % in 1980 to 20 % in 2014 . The top 1 % now makes on average 81 times more than the bottom 50 % of adults , where as in 1981 they made 27 times more . Pretax incomes for the top 0.001 % surged 636 % during the years 1980 to 2014 . The economists also note that the growth of inequality during the 1970s to the 1990s can be attributed to wage growth among top earners , but the ever - widening gap has been `` a capital - driven phenomenon since the late 1990s . '' They posit that `` the working rich are either turning into or being replaced by rentiers . '' A 2017 report by Philip Alston , the United Nations special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights , asserted that Donald Trump and the Republican Congress are pushing policies that would make the United States the `` world champion of extreme inequality '' . Causes ( edit ) Main article : Causes of income inequality in the United States Illustrates the productivity gap ( i.e. , the annual growth rate in productivity minus annual growth rate in compensation ) by industry from 1985 - 2015 . Each dot is an industry ; dots above the line have a productivity gap ( i.e. , productivity growth has exceeded compensation growth ) , those below the line do not . U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed countries measured before taxes and transfers , but is among the worst after taxes and transfers . According to the CBO and others , `` the precise reasons for the ( recent ) rapid growth in income at the top are not well understood '' , but `` in all likelihood , '' an `` interaction of multiple factors '' was involved . `` Researchers have offered several potential rationales . '' Some of these rationales conflict , some overlap . They include : the decline of labor unions . A study in the American Sociological Review , as well as other scholarly research , using the broadest methodology , estimates that the decline of unions may account for from one - third to more than one - half of the rise of inequality among men . As unions weakened , the vast majority of the gains from productivity were taken by senior corporate executives , major shareholders and creditors ( e.g. major corporate bondholders , banks and other lenders , etc . ) . As unions have grown weaker , there has been less pressure on employers to increase wages , or on lawmakers to enact labor - friendly or worker - friendly measures . the globalization hypothesis -- low skilled American workers have been losing ground in the face of competition from low - wage workers in Asia and other `` emerging '' economies . skill - biased technological change -- the rapid pace of progress in information technology has increased the demand for the highly skilled and educated so that income distribution favored brains rather than brawn ; the superstar hypothesis -- modern technologies of communication often turn competition into a tournament in which the winner is richly rewarded , while the runners - up get far less than in the past ; financialization -- changing views of linkages between the corporate and financial sectors led to a significant increase in the capitalization of the US stock market . In the decade after 1989 , market capitalization rose from 55 % to 155 % of GDP . At the same time , corporations began to shift compensation packages of managers toward stock options , increasing incentives for managers to make short - term decisions to increase share prices . Over this period , CEO options increased from $500,000 to over $3 million per year , allowing stocks to comprise almost 50 % of CEO compensation . This further incentivized managers to make decisions on shareholder payout rather than toward long - term contracts with workers ; between 2000 and 2007 , nearly 75 % of increased stock growth has been at the cost of labor wages and salaries . immigration of less - educated workers -- relatively high levels of immigration of low skilled workers since 1965 may have reduced wages for American - born high school dropouts ; college premium - workers with college degrees earn more than those that do not and have a lower unemployment rate . This explains some of the gap between the college - educated middle class and lower income persons , but not the 1 % leaving the remainder behind . automation - The Bureau of Labor Statistics explained that labor 's share of income has declined ( with an offsetting increase in share going to capital , generally higher income persons ) due to increased automation that has `` been leading to an overall drop in the need for labor input . This would cause capital share to increase , relative to labor share , as machines replace some workers . '' policy , politics and race -- movement conservatives increased their influence over the Republican Party beginning in the 1970s , moving it politically rightward . Combined with the Party 's expanded political power ( enabled by a shift of southern white Democrats to the Republican Party following the passage of Civil Rights legislation in the 1960s ) , this resulted in more regressive tax laws , anti-labor policies , and further limited expansion of the welfare state relative to other developed nations ( e.g. , the unique absence of universal healthcare ) . Further , variation in income inequality across developed countries indicates policy has a significant influence on inequality ; Japan , Sweden and France have income inequality around 1960 levels . drug use , particularly opioids , has been cited by the Federal Reserve as one cause of the decline in the labor force participation rate . Paul Krugman put several of these factors into context in January 2015 : `` Competition from emerging - economy exports has surely been a factor depressing wages in wealthier nations , although probably not the dominant force . More important , soaring incomes at the top were achieved , in large part , by squeezing those below : by cutting wages , slashing benefits , crushing unions , and diverting a rising share of national resources to financial wheeling and dealing ... Perhaps more important still , the wealthy exert a vastly disproportionate effect on policy . And elite priorities -- obsessive concern with budget deficits , with the supposed need to slash social programs -- have done a lot to deepen ( wage stagnation and income inequality ) . '' Effects : economic ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Real GDP per household has typically increased since the year 2000 , while real median income per household was below 1999 levels until 2016 , indicating a trend of greater income inequality ( i.e. , the average is more influenced by high income outliers than the median ) . The income considered in the two lines is different as well ; the GDP figure includes all income ( derived from labor and capital ) while the median income figure includes only a subset of income ( wages / salaries but not benefits ) . Labor 's share of GDP declined by 4.5 percentage points from 1970 to 2016 , measured based on total compensation . The decline measured for wages and salaries was 7.9 points . These trends imply income due to capital ( i.e. , asset ownership , such as rent , dividends , and business profits ) is increasing as a % of GDP . While middle - class family incomes have stagnated as income shifts to the top , the costs of important goods and services continue rising , resulting in a `` Middle class squeeze . '' Overview ( edit ) There is an ongoing debate as to the economic effects of income inequality . For example , Alan B. Krueger , President Obama 's Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors , summarized the conclusions of several research studies in a 2012 speech . In general , as income inequality worsens : More income shifts to the wealthy , who tend to spend less of each marginal dollar , causing consumption and therefore economic growth to slow ; Income mobility falls , meaning the parents ' income is more likely to predict their children 's income ; Middle and lower - income families borrow more money to maintain their consumption , a contributing factor to financial crises ; and The wealthy gain more political power , which results in policies that further slow economic growth . Among economists and related experts , many believe that America 's growing income inequality is `` deeply worrying '' , unjust , a danger to democracy / social stability , or a sign of national decline . Yale professor Robert Shiller , who was among three Americans who won the Nobel prize for economics in 2013 , said after receiving the award , `` The most important problem that we are facing now today , I think , is rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere in the world . '' Economist Thomas Piketty , who has spent nearly 20 years studying inequality primarily in the US , warns that `` The egalitarian pioneer ideal has faded into oblivion , and the New World may be on the verge of becoming the Old Europe of the twenty - first century 's globalized economy . '' On the other side of the issue are those who have claimed that the increase is not significant , that it does n't matter because America 's economic growth and / or equality of opportunity are what 's important , that it is a global phenomenon which would be foolish to try to change through US domestic policy , that it `` has many economic benefits and is the result of ... a well - functioning economy '' , and has or may become an excuse for `` class - warfare rhetoric '' , and may lead to policies that `` reduce the well - being of wealthier individuals '' . Economic growth ( edit ) Main article : Economic growth § Income equality Views that income inequality slows economic growth ( edit ) Economist Alan B. Krueger wrote in 2012 : `` The rise in inequality in the United States over the last three decades has reached the point that inequality in incomes is causing an unhealthy division in opportunities , and is a threat to our economic growth . Restoring a greater degree of fairness to the U.S. job market would be good for businesses , good for the economy , and good for the country . '' Krueger wrote that the significant shift in the share of income accruing to the top 1 % over the 1979 to 2007 period represented nearly $1.1 trillion in annual income . Since the wealthy tend to save nearly 50 % of their marginal income while the remainder of the population saves roughly 10 % , other things equal this would reduce annual consumption ( the largest component of GDP ) by as much as 5 % . Krueger wrote that borrowing likely helped many households make up for this shift , which became more difficult in the wake of the 2007 -- 2009 recession . Inequality in land and income ownership is negatively correlated with subsequent economic growth . A strong demand for redistribution will occur in societies where a large section of the population does not have access to the productive resources of the economy . Rational voters must internalize such issues . High unemployment rates have a significant negative effect when interacting with increases in inequality . Increasing inequality harms growth in countries with high levels of urbanization . High and persistent unemployment also has a negative effect on subsequent long - run economic growth . Unemployment may seriously harm growth because it is a waste of resources , because it generates redistributive pressures and distortions , because it depreciates existing human capital and deters its accumulation , because it drives people to poverty , because it results in liquidity constraints that limit labor mobility , and because it erodes individual self - esteem and promotes social dislocation , unrest and conflict . Policies to control unemployment and reduce its inequality - associated effects can strengthen long - run growth . Concern extends even to such supporters ( or former supporters ) of laissez - faire economics and private sector financiers . Former Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan , has stated reference to growing inequality : `` This is not the type of thing which a democratic society -- a capitalist democratic society -- can really accept without addressing . '' Some economists ( David Moss , Paul Krugman , Raghuram Rajan ) believe the `` Great Divergence '' may be connected to the financial crisis of 2008 . Money manager William H. Gross , former managing director of PIMCO , criticized the shift in distribution of income from labor to capital that underlies some of the growth in inequality as unsustainable , saying : Even conservatives must acknowledge that return on capital investment , and the liquid stocks and bonds that mimic it , are ultimately dependent on returns to labor in the form of jobs and real wage gains . If Main Street is unemployed and undercompensated , capital can only travel so far down Prosperity Road . He concluded : `` Investors / policymakers of the world wake up -- you 're killing the proletariat goose that lays your golden eggs . '' A 2011 study by Ostry and Berg of the factors affecting the duration of economic growth in developed and developing countries , found that income equality has a more beneficial impact on steady growth than trade openness , sound political institutions , or foreign investment . Among economists and reports that find inequality harming economic growth are a December 2013 Associated Press survey of three dozen economists ' , a 2014 report by Standard and Poor 's , economists Gar Alperovitz , Robert Reich , Joseph Stiglitz , and Branko Milanovic . A December 2013 Associated Press survey of three dozen economists found that the majority believe that widening income disparity is harming the US economy . They argue that wealthy Americans are receiving higher pay , but they spend less per dollar earned than middle class consumers , the majority of the population , whose incomes have largely stagnated . A 2014 report by Standard and Poor 's concluded that diverging income inequality has slowed the economic recovery and could contribute to boom - and - bust cycles in the future as more and more Americans take on debt in order to consume . Higher levels of income inequality increase political pressures , discouraging trade , investment , hiring , and social mobility according to the report . Economists Gar Alperovitz and Robert Reich argue that too much concentration of wealth prevents there being sufficient purchasing power to make the rest of the economy function effectively . Joseph Stiglitz argues that concentration of wealth and income leads the politically powerful economic elite seek to protect themselves from redistributive policies by weakening the state , and this leads to less public investments by the state -- roads , technology , education , etc. -- that are essential for economic growth . According to economist Branko Milanovic , while traditionally economists thought inequality was good for growth , `` The view that income inequality harms growth -- or that improved equality can help sustain growth -- has become more widely held in recent years . The main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development . When physical capital mattered most , savings and investments were key . Then it was important to have a large contingent of rich people who could save a greater proportion of their income than the poor and invest it in physical capital . But now that human capital is scarcer than machines , widespread education has become the secret to growth . '' He continued that `` Broadly accessible education '' is both difficult to achieve when income distribution is uneven and tends to reduce `` income gaps between skilled and unskilled labor . '' Robert Gordon wrote that such issues as ' rising inequality ; factor price equalization stemming from the interplay between globalization and the Internet ; the twin educational problems of cost inflation in higher education and poor secondary student performance ; the consequences of environmental regulations and taxes ... '' make economic growth harder to achieve than in the past . Views that income inequality does not slow growth ( edit ) In response to the Occupy movement Richard A. Epstein defended inequality in a free market society , maintaining that `` taxing the top one percent even more means less wealth and fewer jobs for the rest of us . '' According to Epstein , `` the inequalities in wealth ... pay for themselves by the vast increases in wealth '' , while `` forced transfers of wealth through taxation ... will destroy the pools of wealth that are needed to generate new ventures . One report has found a connection between lowering high marginal tax rates on high income earners ( high marginal tax rates on high income being a common measure to fight inequality ) , and higher rates of employment growth . Economic sociologist Lane Kenworthy has found no correlation between levels of inequality and economic growth among developed countries , among states of the US , or in the US over the years from 1947 to 2005 . Jared Bernstein found a nuanced relation he summed up as follows : `` In sum , I 'd consider the question of the extent to which higher inequality lowers growth to be an open one , worthy of much deeper research '' . Tim Worstall commented that capitalism would not seem to contribute to an inherited - wealth stagnation and consolidation , but instead appears to promote the opposite , a vigorous , ongoing turnover and creation of new wealth . Likelihood of financial crises ( edit ) Income inequality was cited as one of the causes of the Great Depression by Supreme Court Justice Louis D. Brandeis in 1933 . In his dissent in the Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Lee ( 288 U.S. 517 ) case , he wrote : `` Other writers have shown that , coincident with the growth of these giant corporations , there has occurred a marked concentration of individual wealth ; and that the resulting disparity in incomes is a major cause of the existing depression . '' Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that `` systematic economic inequalities , within the United States and around the world , have created deep financial ' fault lines ' that have made ( financial ) crises more likely to happen than in the past '' -- the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 being the most recent example . To compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power , political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners -- particularly to buy homes -- and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates low . This has given the American economy a tendency to go `` from bubble to bubble '' fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation . Monopolization of labor , consolidation , and competition ( edit ) Greater income inequality can lead to monopolization of the labor force , resulting in fewer employers requiring fewer workers . Remaining employers can consolidate and take advantage of the relative lack of competition , leading to declining customer service , less consumer choice , market abuses , and relatively higher prices . Aggregate demand and debt ( edit ) Income inequality lowers aggregate demand , leading to increasingly large segments of formerly middle class consumers unable to afford as many luxury and essential goods and services . This pushes production and overall employment down . Deep debt may lead to bankruptcy and researchers Elizabeth Warren and Amelia Warren Tyagi found a fivefold increase in the number of families filing for bankruptcy between 1980 and 2005 . The bankruptcies came not from increased spending `` on luxuries '' , but from an `` increased spending on housing , largely driven by competition to get into good school districts . '' Intensifying inequality may mean a dwindling number of ever more expensive school districts that compel middle class -- or would - be middle class -- to `` buy houses they ca n't really afford , taking on more mortgage debt than they can safely handle '' . Effects : socio - economic mobility ( edit ) Further information : Socio - economic mobility in the United States Overview ( edit ) The ability to move from one income group into another ( income mobility ) is a means of measuring economic opportunity . A higher probability of upward income mobility theoretically would help mitigate higher income inequality , as each generation has a better chance of achieving higher income groups . Conservatives and libertarians such as economist Thomas Sowell , and Congressman Paul Ryan ( R. , Wisc . ) argue that more important than the level of equality of results is America 's equality of opportunity , especially relative to other developed countries such as western Europe . Nonetheless , results from various studies reflect the fact that endogenous regulations and other different rules yield distinct effects on income inequality . A study examines the effects of institutional change on age - based labor market inequalities in Europe . There is a focus on wage - setting institutions on the adult male population and the rate of their unequal income distribution . According to the study , there is evidence that unemployment protection and temporary work regulation affect the dynamics of age - based inequality with positive employment effects of all individuals by the strength of unions . Even though the European Union is within a favorable economic context with perspectives of growth and development , it is also very fragile . However , several studies have indicated that higher income inequality corresponds with lower income mobility . In other words , income brackets tend to be increasingly `` sticky '' as income inequality increases . This is described by a concept called the Great Gatsby curve . In the words of journalist Timothy Noah , `` you ca n't really experience ever - growing income inequality without experiencing a decline in Horatio Alger - style upward mobility because ( to use a frequently - employed metaphor ) it 's harder to climb a ladder when the rungs are farther apart . '' Over lifetimes ( edit ) The centrist Brookings Institution said in March 2013 that income inequality was increasing and becoming permanent , sharply reducing social mobility in the US . A 2007 study ( by Kopczuk , Saez and Song in 2007 ) found the top population in the United States `` very stable '' and that income mobility had `` not mitigated the dramatic increase in annual earnings concentration since the 1970s . '' Economist Paul Krugman , attacks conservatives for resorting to `` extraordinary series of attempts at statistical distortion '' . He argues that while in any given year , some of the people with low incomes will be `` workers on temporary layoff , small businessmen taking writeoffs , farmers hit by bad weather '' -- the rise in their income in succeeding years is not the same ' mobility ' as poor people rising to middle class or middle income rising to wealth . It 's the mobility of `` the guy who works in the college bookstore and has a real job by his early thirties . '' Studies by the Urban Institute and the US Treasury have both found that about half of the families who start in either the top or the bottom quintile of the income distribution are still there after a decade , and that only 3 to 6 % rise from bottom to top or fall from top to bottom . On the issue of whether most Americans do not stay put in any one income bracket , Krugman quotes from 2011 CBO distribution of income study Household income measured over a multi-year period is more equally distributed than income measured over one year , although only modestly so . Given the fairly substantial movement of households across income groups over time , it might seem that income measured over a number of years should be significantly more equally distributed than income measured over one year . However , much of the movement of households involves changes in income that are large enough to push households into different income groups but not large enough to greatly affect the overall distribution of income . Multi-year income measures also show the same pattern of increasing inequality over time as is observed in annual measures . In other words , `` many people who have incomes greater than $1 million one year fall out of the category the next year -- but that 's typically because their income fell from , say , $1.05 million to 0.95 million , not because they went back to being middle class . '' Between generations ( edit ) Several studies have found the ability of children from poor or middle - class families to rise to upper income -- known as `` upward relative intergenerational mobility '' -- is lower in the US than in other developed countries -- and at least two economists have found lower mobility linked to income inequality . In their Great Gatsby curve , White House Council of Economic Advisers Chairman Alan B. Krueger and labor economist Miles Corak show a negative correlation between inequality and social mobility . The curve plotted `` intergenerational income elasticity '' -- i.e. the likelihood that someone will inherit their parents ' relative position of income level -- and inequality for a number of countries . Aside from the proverbial distant rungs , the connection between income inequality and low mobility can be explained by the lack of access for un-affluent children to better ( more expensive ) schools and preparation for schools crucial to finding high - paying jobs ; the lack of health care that may lead to obesity and diabetes and limit education and employment . Krueger estimates that `` the persistence in the advantages and disadvantages of income passed from parents to the children '' will `` rise by about a quarter for the next generation as a result of the rise in inequality that the U.S. has seen in the last 25 years . '' Poverty ( edit ) Further information : Poverty in the United States Greater income inequality can increase the poverty rate , as more income shifts away from lower income brackets to upper income brackets . Jared Bernstein wrote : `` If less of the economy 's market - generated growth -- i.e. , before taxes and transfers kick in -- ends up in the lower reaches of the income scale , either there will be more poverty for any given level of GDP growth , or there will have to be a lot more transfers to offset inequality 's poverty - inducing impact . '' The Economic Policy Institute estimated that greater income inequality would have added 5.5 % to the poverty rate between 1979 and 2007 , other factors equal . Income inequality was the largest driver of the change in the poverty rate , with economic growth , family structure , education and race other important factors . An estimated 16 % of Americans lived in poverty in 2012 , versus 26 % in 1967 . A rise in income disparities weakens skills development among people with a poor educational background in term of the quantity and quality of education attained . Those with a low level of expertise will always consider themselves unworthy of any high position and pay Further enrichment of corporate top executives ( edit ) Lisa Shalett , chief investment officer at Merrill Lynch Wealth Management noted that , `` for the last two decades and especially in the current period , ... productivity soared ... ( but ) U.S. real average hourly earnings are essentially flat to down , with today 's inflation - adjusted wage equating to about the same level as that attained by workers in 1970 ... So where have the benefits of technology - driven productivitycycle gone ? Almost exclusively to corporations and their very top executives . '' In addition to the technological side of it , the affected functionality emanates from the perceived unfairness and the reduced trust of people towards the state . The study by Kristal and Cohen showed that rising wage inequality has brought about an unhealthy competition between institutions and technology . The technological changes , with computerization of the workplace , seem to give an upper hand to the high - skilled workers as the primary cause of inequality in America . The qualified will always be considered to be in a better position as compared to those dealing with hand work leading to replacements and unequal distribution of resources . Economist Timothy Smeeding summed up the current trend : Americans have the highest income inequality in the rich world and over the past 20 -- 30 years Americans have also experienced the greatest increase in income inequality among rich nations . The more detailed the data we can use to observe this change , the more skewed the change appears to be ... the majority of large gains are indeed at the top of the distribution . According to Janet L. Yellen , chair of the Federal Reserve , ... from 1973 to 2005 , real hourly wages of those in the 90th percentile -- where most people have college or advanced degrees -- rose by 30 % or more ... among this top 10 percent , the growth was heavily concentrated at the very tip of the top , that is , the top 1 percent . This includes the people who earn the very highest salaries in the U.S. economy , like sports and entertainment stars , investment bankers and venture capitalists , corporate attorneys , and CEOs . In contrast , at the 50th percentile and below -- where many people have at most a high school diploma -- real wages rose by only 5 to 10 % -- Effects on democracy and society ( edit ) Economists Jared Bernstein and Paul Krugman have attacked the concentration of income as variously `` unsustainable '' and `` incompatible '' with real democracy . American political scientists Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson quote a warning by Greek - Roman historian Plutarch : `` An imbalance between rich and poor is the oldest and most fatal ailment of all republics . '' Some academic researchers have written that the US political system risks drifting towards a form of oligarchy , through the influence of corporations , the wealthy , and other special interest groups . Political polarization ( edit ) Rising income inequality has been linked to the political polarization in Washington DC . According to a 2013 study published in the Political Research Quarterly , elected officials tend to be more responsive to the upper income bracket and ignore lower income groups . Paul Krugman wrote in November 2014 that : `` The basic story of political polarization over the past few decades is that , as a wealthy minority has pulled away economically from the rest of the country , it has pulled one major party along with it ... Any policy that benefits lower - and middle - income Americans at the expense of the elite -- like health reform , which guarantees insurance to all and pays for that guarantee in part with taxes on higher incomes -- will face bitter Republican opposition . '' He used environmental protection as another example , which was not a partisan issue in the 1990s but has since become one . As income inequality has increased , the degree of House of Representatives polarization measured by voting record has also increased . The voting is mostly by the rich and for the rich making it hard to achieve equal income and resource distribution for the average population ( Bonica et al. , 2013 ) . There is a little number of people who turn to government insurance with the rising wealth and real income since they consider inequality within the different government sectors . Additionally , there has been an increased influence by the rich on the regulatory , legislative and electoral processes within the country that has led to improved employment standards for the bureaucrats and politicians . Professors McCarty , Pool and Rosenthal wrote in 2007 that polarization and income inequality fell in tandem from 1913 to 1957 and rose together dramatically from 1977 on . They show that Republicans have moved politically to the right , away from redistributive policies that would reduce income inequality . Polarization thus creates a feedback loop , worsening inequality . Political inequality ( edit ) Bartels studied the voting patterns of the US Senate and correlated it with the responsiveness to the opinions of different amounts of Income in the United States . Several economists and political scientists have argued that economic inequality translates into political inequality , particularly in situations where politicians have financial incentives to respond to special interest groups and lobbyists . Researchers such as Larry Bartels of Vanderbilt University have shown that politicians are significantly more responsive to the political opinions of the wealthy , even when controlling for a range of variables including educational attainment and political knowledge . Class system ( edit ) Historically , discussions of income inequality and capital vs. labor debates have sometimes included the language of class warfare , from President Theodore Roosevelt ( referring to the leaders of big corporations as `` malefactors of great wealth '' ) , to President Franklin Roosevelt ( `` economic royalists ... are unanimous in their hate for me -- and I welcome their hatred '' ) , to more the recent `` 1 % versus the 99 % '' issue and the question of which political party better represents the interests of the middle class . Investor Warren Buffett said in 2006 that : `` There 's class warfare , all right , but it 's my class , the rich class , that 's making war , and we 're winning . '' He advocated much higher taxes on the wealthiest Americans , who pay lower effective tax rates than many middle - class persons . Two journalists concerned about social separation in the US are economist Robert Frank , who notes that : `` Today 's rich had formed their own virtual country ... ( T ) hey had built a self - contained world unto themselves , complete with their own health - care system ( concierge doctors ) , travel network ( Net jets , destination clubs ) , separate economy ... The rich were n't just getting richer ; they were becoming financial foreigners , creating their own country within a country , their own society within a society , and their economy within an economy . George Packer wrote that `` Inequality hardens society into a class system ... Inequality divides us from one another in schools , in neighborhoods , at work , on airplanes , in hospitals , in what we eat , in the condition of our bodies , in what we think , in our children 's futures , in how we die . Inequality makes it harder to imagine the lives of others . Even these class levels can affect the politics in certain ways . There has been an increased influence by the rich on the regulatory , legislative and electoral processes within the country that has led to improved employment standards for the bureaucrats and politicians . They have a greater influence through their lobbying and contributions that give them an opportunity to immerse wealth for themselves . Political change ( edit ) Loss of income by the middle class relative to the top - earning 1 % and 0.1 % is both a cause and effect of political change , according to journalist Hedrick Smith . In the decade starting around 2000 , business groups employed 30 times as many Washington lobbyists as trade unions and 16 times as many lobbyists as labor , consumer , and public interest lobbyists combined . From 1998 through 2010 business interests and trade groups spent $28.6 billion on lobbying compared with $492 million for labor , nearly a 60 - to - 1 business advantage . The result , according to Smith , is a political landscape dominated in the 1990s and 2000s by business groups , specifically `` political insiders '' -- former members of Congress and government officials with an inside track -- working for `` Wall Street banks , the oil , defense , and pharmaceutical industries ; and business trade associations . '' In the decade or so prior to the Great Divergence , middle - class - dominated reformist grassroots efforts -- such as civil rights movement , environmental movement , consumer movement , labor movement -- had considerable political impact . `` We have n't achieved the minimalist state that libertarians advocate . What we 've achieved is a state too constrained to provide the public goods -- investments in infrastructure , technology , and education -- that would make for a vibrant economy and too weak to engage in the redistribution that is needed to create a fair society . But we have a state that is still large enough and distorted enough that it can provide a bounty of gifts to the wealthy . '' Joseph Stiglitz Economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that hyper - inequality may explain political questions -- such as why America 's infrastructure ( and other public investments ) are deteriorating , or the country 's recent relative lack of reluctance to engage in military conflicts such as the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Top - earning families , wealthy enough to buy their own education , medical care , personal security , and parks , have little interest in helping pay for such things for the rest of society , and the political influence to make sure they do n't have to . So too , the lack of personal or family sacrifice involved for top earners in the military intervention of their country -- their children being few and far between in the relatively low - paying all - volunteer military -- may mean more willingness by influential wealthy to see its government wage war . Economist Branko Milanovic argued that globalization and the related competition with cheaper labor from Asia and immigrants have caused U.S. middle - class wages to stagnate , fueling the rise of populist political candidates such as Donald Trump . Health ( edit ) The relatively high rates of health problems and social problems , ( obesity , mental illness , homicides , teenage births , incarceration , child conflict , drug use ) and lower rates of social goods ( life expectancy , educational performance , trust among strangers , women 's status , social mobility , even numbers of patents issued per capita ) , in the US compared to other developed countries may be related to its high income inequality . Using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the US , British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found such a correlation which remains after accounting for ethnicity , national culture , and occupational classes or education levels . Their findings , based on UN Human Development Reports and other sources , locate the United States at the top of the list in regards to inequality and various social and health problems among developed countries . The authors argue inequality creates psychosocial stress and status anxiety that lead to social ills . A 2009 study conducted by researchers at Harvard University and published in the British Medical Journal attribute one in three deaths in the United States to high levels of inequality . According to The Earth Institute , life satisfaction in the US has been declining over the last several decades , which has been attributed to soaring inequality , lack of social trust and loss of faith in government . It is claimed in a 2015 study by Princeton University researchers Angus Deaton and Anne Case that income inequality could be a driving factor in a marked increase in deaths among white males between the ages of 45 to 54 in the period 1999 to 2013 . Financing of social programs ( edit ) Paul Krugman argues that the much lamented long - term funding problems of Social Security and Medicare can be blamed in part on the growth in inequality as well as the usual culprits like longer life expectancies . The traditional source of funding for these social welfare programs -- payroll taxes -- is inadequate because it does not capture income from capital , and income above the payroll tax cap , which make up a larger and larger share of national income as inequality increases . Upward redistribution of income is responsible for about 43 % of the projected Social Security shortfall over the next 75 years . Education and human capital ( edit ) Illustration from a 1916 advertisement for a vocational school in the back of a US magazine . Education has been seen as a key to higher income , and this advertisement appealed to Americans ' belief in the possibility of self - betterment , as well as threatening the consequences of not achieving economic security in the great income inequality existing during the Industrial Revolution . Disagreeing with this focus on the top - earning 1 % , and urging attention to the economic and social pathologies of lower - income / lower education Americans , is conservative journalist David Brooks . Whereas in the 1970s , high school and college graduates had `` very similar family structures '' , today , high school grads are much less likely to get married and be active in their communities , and much more likely to smoke , be obese , get divorced , or have `` a child out of wedlock . '' The zooming wealth of the top one percent is a problem , but it 's not nearly as big a problem as the tens of millions of Americans who have dropped out of high school or college . It 's not nearly as big a problem as the 40 percent of children who are born out of wedlock . It 's not nearly as big a problem as the nation 's stagnant human capital , its stagnant social mobility and the disorganized social fabric for the bottom 50 percent . Contradicting most of these arguments , classical liberals such as Friedrich Hayek have maintained that because individuals are diverse and different , state intervention to redistribute income is inevitably arbitrary and incompatible with the concept of general rules of law , and that `` what is called ' social ' or distributive ' justice is indeed meaningless within a spontaneous order '' . Those who would use the state to redistribute , `` take freedom for granted and ignore the preconditions necessary for its survival . '' Public attitudes ( edit ) The growth of inequality has provoked a political protest movement -- the Occupy movement -- starting in Wall Street and spreading to 600 communities across the United States in 2011 . Its main political slogan -- `` We are the 99 % '' -- references its dissatisfaction with the concentration of income in the top 1 % . A December 2011 Gallup poll found a decline in the number of Americans who felt reducing the gap in income and wealth between the rich and the poor was extremely or very important ( 21 percent of Republicans , 43 percent of independents , and 72 percent of Democrats ) . In 2012 , several surveys of voters attitudes toward growing income inequality found the issue ranked less important than other economic issues such as growth and equality of opportunity , and relatively low in affecting voters `` personally '' . In 1998 a Gallup poll had found 52 % of Americans agreeing that the gap between rich and the poor was a problem that needed to be fixed , while 45 % regarded it as `` an acceptable part of the economic system '' . In 2011 , those numbers are reversed : Only 45 % see the gap as in need of fixing , while 52 % do not . However , there was a large difference between Democrats and Republicans , with 71 % of Democrats calling for a fix . In contrast , a January 2014 poll found 61 % of Republicans , 68 % of Democrats and 67 % of independents accept the notion that income inequality in the US has been growing over the last decade . The Pew Center poll also indicated that 69 % of Americans supported the government doing `` a lot '' or `` some '' to address income inequality and that 73 % of Americans supported raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 per hour . Opinion surveys of what respondents thought was the right level of inequality have found Americans no more accepting of income inequality than other citizens of other nations , but more accepting of what they thought the level of inequality was in their country , being under the impression that there was less inequality than there actually was . Dan Ariely and Michael Norton show in a study ( 2011 ) that US citizens across the political spectrum significantly underestimate the current US wealth inequality and would prefer a more egalitarian distribution of wealth . Joseph Stiglitz in `` The Price of Inequality '' has argued that this sense of unfairness has led to distrust in government and business . States and cities ( edit ) This Gini Index map shows regional and county level variation in pre-tax income inequality Gini index . The 2010 Gini index value range from 0.207 for Loving County ( Texas ) to 0.645 to East Carroll Parish ( Louisiana ) . Income inequality ( as measured by the Gini coefficient ) is not uniform among the states : after - tax income inequality in 2009 was greatest in Texas and lowest in Maine . Income inequality has grown from 2005 to 2012 in more than 2 out of 3 metropolitan areas . Comparisons by state ( edit ) The household income Gini index for the United States was 0.468 in 2009 , according to the US Census Bureau , though it varied significantly between states . The states of Utah , Alaska and Wyoming have a pre-tax income inequality Gini coefficient that is 10 % lower than the average , while Washington D.C. and Puerto Rico 10 % higher . After including the effects of federal and state taxes , the U.S. Federal Reserve estimates 34 states in the USA have a Gini coefficient between 0.30 and 0.35 , with the state of Maine the lowest . At the county and municipality levels , the pre-tax Gini index ranged from 0.21 to 0.65 in 2010 across the United States , according to Census Bureau estimates . International comparisons ( edit ) Income gini coefficient map according to The World Bank ( 2014 ) . Higher Income Gini Index for a nation in this map implies more income inequality among its people . Share of income of the top 1 % for selected developed countries , 1975 to 2015 . Overall ( edit ) Measured for all households , U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed countries before taxes and transfers , but is among the worst after taxes and transfers , meaning the U.S. shifts relatively less income from higher income households to lower income households . Measured for working - age households , market income inequality is comparatively high ( rather than moderate ) and the level of redistribution is moderate ( not low ) . These comparisons indicate Americans shift from reliance on market income to reliance on income transfers later in life and less fully than do households in other developed countries . The U.S. was ranked the 41st worst among 141 countries ( 30th percentile ) on income equality measured by the Gini index . The UN , CIA World Factbook , and OECD have used the Gini index to compare inequality between countries , and as of 2006 , the United States had one of the highest levels of income inequality among similar developed or high income countries , as measured by the index . While inequality has increased since 1981 in two - thirds of OECD countries most developed countries are in the lower , more equal , end of the spectrum , with a Gini coefficient in the high twenties to mid thirties . The gini rating ( after taxes and government income transfers ) of the United States is sufficiently high , however , to put it among less developed countries . The US ranks above ( more unequal than ) South American countries such Guyana , Nicaragua , and Venezuela , and roughly on par with Uruguay , Nicaragua , and Venezuela , according to the CIA . The NYT reported in 2014 : `` With a big share of recent income gains in this country flowing to a relatively small slice of high - earning households , most Americans are not keeping pace with their counterparts around the world . '' Real median per capita income in many other industrialized countries was rising from 2000 - 2010 while the U.S. measure stagnated . The poor in much of Europe receive more than their U.S. counterparts . Reasons for relative performance ( edit ) One 2013 study indicated that U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed countries before taxes and transfers , but rated last ( worst ) among 22 developed countries after taxes and transfers . This means that public policy choices , rather than market factors , drive U.S. income inequality disparities relative to comparable wealthy nations . Some have argued that inequality is higher in other countries than official statistics indicate because of unreported income . European countries have higher amounts of wealth in offshore holdings . The NYT reported in 2014 that there were three key reasons for other industrialized countries improving real median income relative to the United States over the 2000 - 2010 period : Educational attainment in the U.S. has risen more slowly than much of the industrialized world over the past 30 years ; Companies in the U.S. distribute relatively less of their income as wages to the middle class and poor than other industrialized countries , with top executives making relatively more , a lower minimum wage , and weaker unions ; and Other industrialized countries have tax policies that more aggressively redistribute income from rich to poor . Canada ( edit ) According to The New York Times , Canadian middle class incomes are now higher than those in the United States as of 2014 , and some European nations are closing the gap as their citizens have been receiving higher raises than their American counterparts . Bloomberg reported in August 2014 that only the wealthy saw pay increases since the 2008 recession , while average American workers saw no boost in their paychecks . Policy responses ( edit ) Further information : Welfare 's effect on poverty Overview ( edit ) Economists have proposed a variety of solutions for addressing income inequality . For example , Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen described four `` building blocks '' that could help address income and wealth inequality in an October 2014 speech . These included expanding resources available to children , affordable higher education , business ownership , and inheritance . While before - tax income inequality is subject to market factors , after - tax income inequality can be directly affected by tax and transfer policy . U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed nations before taxes and transfers , but is among the worst after taxes and transfers . This suggests that more progressive tax and transfer policies would be required to align the U.S. with other developed nations . The Center for American Progress recommended a series of steps in September 2014 , including tax reform , subsidizing and reducing healthcare and higher education costs , and strengthening labor influence . However , there is debate regarding whether a public policy response is appropriate for income inequality . For example , Federal Reserve Economist Thomas Garrett wrote in 2010 : `` It is important to understand that income inequality is a byproduct of a well - functioning capitalist economy . Individuals ' earnings are directly related to their productivity ... A wary eye should be cast on policies that aim to shrink the income distribution by redistributing income from the more productive to the less productive simply for the sake of ' fairness . ' '' Public policy responses addressing causes and effects of income inequality include : progressive tax incidence adjustments , strengthening social safety net provisions such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families , welfare , the food stamp program , Social Security , Medicare , and Medicaid , increasing and reforming higher education subsidies , increasing infrastructure spending , and placing limits on and taxing rent - seeking . Democrat and Republican politicians also provided a series of recommendations for increasing median wages in December 2014 . These included raising the minimum wage , infrastructure stimulus , and tax reform . Resources available to children ( edit ) Research shows that children from lower - income households who get good - quality pre-Kindergarten education are more likely to graduate from high school , attend college , hold a job and have higher earnings . In 2010 , the U.S. ranked 28th out of 38 advanced countries in the share of four - year - olds enrolled in public or private early childhood education . Gains in enrollment stalled after 2010 , as did growth in funding , due to budget cuts arising from the Great Recession . Per - pupil spending in state - funded programs declined by 12 % after inflation since 2010 . The U.S. differs from other countries in that it funds public education primarily through sub-national ( state and local ) taxes . The quality of funding for public education varies based on the tax base of the school system , with significant variation in local taxes and spending per pupil . Better teachers also raise the educational attainment and future earnings of students , but they tend to migrate to higher income school districts . Among developed countries , 70 % of 3 - year - olds go to preschool , versus 38 % in the United States . Affordable healthcare ( edit ) The distributional impact of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA or Obamacare ) during 2014 . The ACA raised taxes mainly on the top 1 % to fund approximately $600 in benefits on average for the bottom 40 % of families . Raising taxes on higher income persons to fund healthcare for lower income persons reduces after - tax inequality . The CBO described how the Affordable Care Act ( ACA or `` Obamacare '' ) reduced income inequality for calendar year 2014 in a March 2018 report : `` In 2014 , households in the lowest and second quintiles ( the bottom 40 % ) received an average of an additional $690 and $560 respectively , because of the ACA ... '' `` Most of the burden of the ACA fell on households in the top 1 % of the income distribution , and relatively little fell on the remainder of households in that quintile . Households in the top 1 % paid an additional $21,000 , primarily because of the net investment income tax and the additional Medicare tax . '' Affordable higher education ( edit ) Median annual earnings of full - time workers with a four - year bachelor 's degree is 79 % higher than the median for those with only a high school diploma . The wage premium for a graduate degree is considerably higher than the undergraduate degree . College costs have risen much faster than income , resulting in an increase in student loan debt from $260 billion in 2004 to $1.1 trillion in 2014 . From 1995 to 2013 , outstanding education debt grew from 26 % of average yearly income to 58 % , for households with net worth below the 50th percentile . The unemployment rate is also considerably lower for those with higher educational attainment . A college education is nearly free in many European countries , often funded by higher taxes . Public welfare and infrastructure spending ( edit ) The OECD asserts that public spending is vital in reducing the ever - expanding wealth gap . Lane Kenworthy advocates incremental reforms to the U.S. welfare state in the direction of the Nordic social democratic model , thereby increasing economic security and equal opportunity . Currently , the U.S. has the weakest social safety net of all developed nations . Welfare spending may entice the poor away from finding remunerative work and toward dependency on the state . Eliminating social safety nets can discourage free market entrepreneurs by increasing the risk of business failure from a temporary setback to financial ruin . Taxes on the wealthy ( edit ) See also : Tax policy and economic inequality in the United States Average tax rate percentages for the highest - income U.S. taxpayers , 1945 - 2009 . Based on CBO Estimates , under 2013 tax law the top 1 % will be paying a higher effective tax rate , while other income groups will remain essentially unchanged . CBO chart illustrating the percent reduction in income inequality due to Federal taxes and income transfers from 1979 to 2011 . CBO reported that less progressive tax and transfer policies contributed to an increase in after - tax income inequality between 1979 and 2007 . This indicates that more progressive income tax policies ( e.g. , higher income taxes on the wealthy and a higher earned - income tax credit ) would reduce after - tax income inequality . Recent policies enacted under President Obama increase taxes on the wealthy , including the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 and the Affordable Care Act . As reported by The New York Times in January 2014 , these laws include several tax increases on individuals earning over $400,000 and couples earning over $450,000 : Raised the top marginal tax rate to 39.6 % from 35 % ; Raised the rate on dividends and capital gains by 5 percentage points , to 20 percent ; and Two new surcharges -- a 3.8 % tax on investment income and a 0.9 % tax on regular income . These changes are estimated to add $600 billion to revenue over 10 years , while leaving the tax burden on everyone else mostly as it was . This reverses a long - term trend of lower tax rates for upper income persons . The CBO estimated that the average tax rate for the top 1 % rose from 28.1 % in 2008 to 33.6 % in 2013 , reducing after - tax income inequality relative to a baseline without those policies . The economists Emmanuel Saez and Thomas Piketty recommend much higher top marginal tax rates on the wealthy , up to 50 percent , or 70 percent or even 90 percent . Ralph Nader , Jeffrey Sachs , the United Front Against Austerity , among others , call for a financial transactions tax ( also known as the Robin Hood tax ) to bolster the social safety net and the public sector . The Pew Center reported in January 2014 that 54 % of Americans supported raising taxes on the wealthy and corporations to expand aid to the poor . By party , 29 % of Republicans and 75 % of Democrats supported this action . During 2012 , investor Warren Buffett advocated higher minimum effective income tax rates on the wealthy , considering all forms of income : `` I would suggest 30 percent of taxable income between $1 million and $10 million , and 35 percent on amounts above that . '' This would eliminate special treatment for capital gains and carried interest , which are taxed at lower rates and comprise a relatively larger share of income for the wealthy . He argued that in 1992 , the tax paid by the 400 highest incomes in the United States averaged 26.4 % of adjusted gross income . In 2009 , the rate was 19.9 % . Reduce tax expenditures ( edit ) CBO charts describing amount and distribution of top 10 tax expenditures ( i.e. , exemptions , deductions , and preferential rates ) Tax expenditures ( i.e. , exclusions , deductions , preferential tax rates , and tax credits ) cause revenues to be much lower than they would otherwise be for any given tax rate structure . The benefits from tax expenditures , such as income exclusions for healthcare insurance premiums paid for by employers and tax deductions for mortgage interest , are distributed unevenly across the income spectrum . They are often what the Congress offers to special interests in exchange for their support . According to a report from the CBO that analyzed the 2013 data : The top 10 tax expenditures totaled $900 billion . This is a proxy for how much they reduced revenues or increased the annual budget deficit . Tax expenditures tend to benefit those at the top and bottom of the income distribution , but less so in the middle . The top 20 % of income earners received approximately 50 % of the benefit from them ; the top 1 % received 17 % of the benefits . The largest single tax expenditure was the exclusion from income of employer sponsored health insurance ( $250 billion ) . Preferential tax rates on capital gains and dividends were $160 billion ; the top 1 % received 68 % of the benefit or $109 billion from lower income tax rates on these types of income . Understanding how each tax expenditure is distributed across the income spectrum can inform policy choices . Corporate tax reform ( edit ) Economist Dean Baker argues that the existence of tax loopholes , deductions , and credits for the corporate income tax contributes to rising income inequality by permitting large corporations with many accountants to reduce their tax burden and by permitting large accounting firms to receive payments from smaller businesses in exchange for helping these businesses reduce their tax burden . He says that this redistributes large sums of money that would otherwise be taxed to individuals who are already wealthy yet contribute nothing to society in order to obtain this wealth . He further argues that since a large portion of corporate income is reinvested in the business , taxing corporate income amounts to a tax on reinvestment , which he says should be left untaxed . He concludes that eliminating the corporate income tax , while needing to be offset by revenue increases elsewhere , would reduce income inequality . Minimum wages ( edit ) Main article : Minimum wage in the United States CBO projections of the effects of minimum wage increases on employment and income , under two scenarios In his 2013 State of the Union address , Barack Obama proposed raising the federal minimum wage . The progressive economic think tank the Economic Policy Institute agrees with this position , stating : `` Raising the minimum wage would help reverse the ongoing erosion of wages that has contributed significantly to growing income inequality . '' In response to the fast - food worker strikes of 2013 , Labor Secretary Thomas Perez said that it was another sign of the need to raise the minimum wage for all workers : `` It 's important to hear that voice ... For all too many people working minimum wage jobs , the rungs on the ladder of opportunity are feeling further and further apart . '' The Economist wrote in December 2013 : `` A minimum wage , providing it is not set too high , could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs ... America 's federal minimum wage , at 38 % of median income , is one of the rich world 's lowest . Some studies find no harm to employment from federal of state minimum wages , others see a small one , but none finds any serious damage . '' The U.S. minimum wage was last raised to $7.25 per hour in July 2009 . As of December 2013 , there were 21 states with minimum wages above the Federal minimum , with the State of Washington the highest at $9.32 . Ten states index their minimum wage to inflation . The Pew Center reported in January 2014 that 73 % of Americans supported raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 per hour . By party , 53 % of Republicans and 90 % of Democrats favored this action . Also in January 2014 , six hundred economists sent the President and Congress a letter urging for a minimum wage hike to $10.10 an hour by 2016 . In February 2014 , the CBO reported the effects of a minimum wage increase under two scenarios , an increase to $10.10 with indexing for inflation thereafter and an increase to $9.00 with no indexing : Income inequality would be improved under both scenarios . Families with income more than 6 times the poverty threshold would see their incomes fall ( due in part to their business profits declining with higher employee costs ) , while families with incomes below that threshold would rise . Employment would likely fall by 500,000 under the $10.10 option and 100,000 under the $9.00 option , with a wide range of possible outcomes . Approximately 16.5 million workers would have their wages rise under the $10.10 option versus 7.5 million under the $9.00 option . The number of persons below the poverty income threshold would fall by 900,000 under the $10.10 option versus 300,000 under the $9.00 option . Maximum wage implementation ( edit ) Amalgamated Transit Union international president Lawrence J. Hanley has called for a maximum wage law , which `` would limit the amount of compensation an employer could receive to a specified multiple of the wage earned by his or her lowest paid employees . '' CEO pay at the largest 350 U.S. companies was 20 times the average worker pay in 1965 ; 58 times in 1989 and 273 times in 2012 . Subsidies and income guarantees ( edit ) Others argue for a Basic income guarantee , ranging from civil rights leader Martin Luther King , Jr. to libertarians such as Milton Friedman ( in the form of negative income tax ) , Robert Anton Wilson , Gary Johnson ( In the form of the fair tax `` prebate '' ) and Charles Murray to the Green Party . Rent - seeking limits ( edit ) General limitations on and taxation of rent - seeking is popular with large segments of both Republicans and Democrats . Economic democracy ( edit ) The economists Richard D. Wolff and Gar Alperovitz claim that greater economic equality could be achieved by extending democracy into the economic sphere . In an essay for Harper 's Magazine , investigative journalist Erik Reece argues that `` With the political right entrenched in its opposition to unions , worker - owned cooperatives represent a less divisive yet more radical model for returning wealth to the workers who earned it . '' Monetary policy ( edit ) The effect on income inequality of monetary policy pursued by the Federal Reserve is challenging to measure . Monetary policy can be used to stimulate the economy ( e.g. , by lowering interest rates , which encourages borrowing and spending , additional job creation , and inflationary pressure ) or tightened , with the opposite effects . Former Fed Chair Ben Bernanke wrote in June 2015 that there are several effects on income and wealth inequality from monetary stimulus that work in opposing directions : Stimulus reduces income inequality by creating or preserving jobs , which mainly helps the middle and lower classes who derive more of their income from labor than the wealthy . Stimulus inflates the prices of financial assets ( owned mainly by the wealthy ) , but also housing and the value of small businesses ( owned more widely ) . Stimulus may increase the rate of inflation or lower interest rates , which helps debtors ( mainly the middle and lower classes ) while hurting creditors ( mainly the wealthy ) , as they are paid back with cheaper dollars or through lower variable rate loans . Measurement approaches ( edit ) U.S. median family income from 2001 to 2016 ( real , measured in 2016 dollars ) , with comparative statistics , from the Fed Survey of Consumer Finances . The top decile and bottom quintile had real increases in income comparing 2001 and 2016 , while the 20th to 80th percentiles has decreases . For all families , the median was $54,100 in 2001 and $52,700 in 2016 , a slight decline . Note this differs from real median household income , which hit a record level in 2016 . Overview ( edit ) Various methods are used to determine income inequality and different sources may give different figures for gini coefficients or ratio different ratio of percentiles , etc ... The United States Census Bureau studies on inequality of household income and individual income show lower levels of inequality than some other sources ( Saez and Piketty , and the CBO ) , but do not include data for the highest - income households where most of change in income distribution has occurred . Two commonly cited sources of income inequality data are the CBO and economist Emmanuel Saez , which differ somewhat in their sources and methods . According to Saez , for 2011 the share of `` market income less transfers '' received by the top 1 % was about 19.5 % . Saez used IRS data in this measure . The CBO uses both IRS data and Census data in its computations and reported a lower `` pre-tax '' figure for the top 1 % of 14.6 % . The two data series were approximately 5 percentage points apart in recent years . Internal revenue service ( IRS ) data ( edit ) Pioneers in the use of IRS income data to analyze income distribution are Emmanuel Saez and Thomas Piketty at the Paris School of Economics showed that the share of income held by the top 1 percent was as large in 2005 as in 1928 . Other sources that have noted the increased inequality included economist Janet Yellen who stated , `` the growth ( in real income ) was heavily concentrated at the very tip of the top , that is , the top 1 percent . '' Follow - up research , published in 2014 , by Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman revealed that more than half of those in the top 1 percent had not experienced relative gains in wealth between 1960 and 2012 . In fact , those between the top 1 percent and top . 5 percent had actually lost relative wealth . Only those in the top . 1 percent and above had made relative wealth gains during that time . Census Bureau data ( edit ) The comparative use of Census Bureau data , as well as most sources of demographic income data , has been questioned by statisticians for being unable to account for ' mobility of incomes ' . At any given time , the Census Bureau ranks all households by household income and then divides this distribution of households into quintiles . The highest - ranked household in each quintile provides the upper income limit for each quintile . Comparing changes in these upper income limits for different quintiles is how changes are measured between one moment in time and the next . The problem with inferring income inequality on this basis is that the census statistics provide only a snapshot of income distribution in the U.S. , at individual points in time . The statistics do not reflect the reality that income for many households changes over time -- i.e. , incomes are mobile . For most people , income increases over time as they move from their first , low - paying job in high school to a better - paying job later in their lives . Also , some people lose income over time because of business - cycle contractions , demotions , career changes , retirement , etc . The implication of changing individual incomes is that individual households do not remain in the same income quintiles over time . Thus , comparing different income quintiles over time is like comparing apples to oranges , because it means comparing incomes of different people at different stages in their earnings profile . Gary Burtless of the Brookings Institution notes that many economists and analysts who use U.S. census data fail to recognize recent and significant lower - and middle - income gains , primarily because census data does not capture key information : `` A commonly used indicator of middle class income is the Census Bureau 's estimate of median household money income . The main problem with this income measure is that it only reflects households ' before - tax cash incomes . It fails to account for changing tax burdens and the impact of income sources that do not take the form of cash . This means , for example , that tax cuts in 2001 - 2003 and 2008 - 2012 are missed in the census statistics . Furthermore , the Census Bureau measure ignores income received as in - kind benefits and health insurance coverage from employers and the government . By ignoring such benefits as well as sizeable tax cuts in the recession , the Census Bureau 's money income measure seriously overstated the income losses that middle - income families suffered in the recession . New CBO income statistics are beginning to show the growing importance of these items . In 1980 , in - kind benefits and employer and government spending on health insurance accounted for just 6 % of the after - tax incomes of households in the middle one - fifth of the distribution . By 2010 these in - kind income sources represented 17 % of middle class households ' after - tax income . The income items missed by the Census Bureau are increasing faster than the income items included in its money income measure . What many observers miss , however , is the success of the nation 's tax and transfer systems in protecting low - and middle - income Americans against the full effects of a depressed economy . As a result of these programs , the spendable incomes of poor and middle - class families have been better insulated against recession - driven losses than the incomes of Americans in the top 1 % . As the CBO statistics demonstrate , incomes in the middle and at the bottom of the distribution have fared better since 2000 than incomes at the very top . '' Income measures : pre-and post-tax ( edit ) Inequality can be measured before and after the effects of taxes and transfer payments such as social security and unemployment insurance . Market income , or income before taxes & transfers : Expertise , productiveness and work experience , inheritance , gender , and race have had a strong influence on distribution of personal income in the United States as in other countries . After taxes & transfers : Reducing the progressivity of the income tax system and transfers increases income inequality . CBO reported in 2011 that : `` The equalizing effect of transfers declined over the 1979 -- 2007 period primarily because the distribution of transfers became less progressive . The equalizing effect of federal taxes also declined over the period , in part because the amount of federal taxes shrank as a share of market income and in part because of changes in the progressivity of the federal tax system . '' Demographic issues ( edit ) Comparisons of income over time should adjust for changes in average age , family size , number of breadwinners , and other characteristics of a population . Measuring personal income ignores dependent children , but household income also has problems -- a household of ten has a lower standard of living than one of two people , though the income of the two households may be the same . People 's earnings tend to rise over their working lifetimes , so `` snapshot measures of income inequality can be misleading . '' The inequality of a recent college graduate and a 55 - year - old at the peak of his / her career is not an issue if the graduate has the same career path . Conservative researchers and organizations have focused on the flaws of household income as a measure for standard of living in order to refute claims that income inequality is growing , becoming excessive or posing a problem for society . According to sociologist Dennis Gilbert , growing inequality can be explained in part by growing participation of women in the workforce . High earning households are more likely to be dual earner households , And according to a 2004 analysis of income quintile data by the Heritage Foundation , inequality becomes less when household income is adjusted for size of household . Aggregate share of income held by the upper quintile ( the top earning 20 percent ) decreases by 20.3 % when figures are adjusted to reflect household size . However the Pew Research Center found household income has appeared to decline less than individual income in the twenty - first century because those who are no longer able to afford their own housing have increasingly been moving in with relatives , creating larger households with more income earners in them . The 2011 CBO study `` Trends in the Distribution of Household Income '' mentioned in this article adjusts for household size so that its quintiles contain an equal number of people , not an equal number of households . Looking at the issue of how frequently workers or households move into higher or lower quintiles as their income rises or falls over the years , the CBO found income distribution over a multi-year period `` modestly '' more equal than annual income . The CBO study confirms earlier studies . Overall , according to Timothy Noah , correcting for demographic factors ( today 's population is older than it was 33 years ago , and divorce and single parenthood have made households smaller ) , you find that income inequality , though less extreme than shown by the standard measure , is also growing faster than shown by the standard measure . Gini index ( edit ) Further information : Gini coefficient Further information : List of U.S. states by income equality The Gini coefficient summarizes income inequality in a single number and is one of the most commonly used measures of income inequality . It uses a scale from 0 to 1 -- the higher the number the more inequality . Zero represents perfect equality ( everyone having exactly the same income ) , and 1 represents perfect inequality ( one person having all income ) . ( Index scores are commonly multiplied by 100 to make them easier to understand . ) Gini index ratings can be used to compare inequality within ( by race , gender , employment ) and between countries , before and after taxes . Different sources will often give different gini values for the same country or population measured . For example , the U.S. Census Bureau 's official Gini coefficient for the United States was 47.6 in 2013 , up from 45.4 in 1993 , the earliest year for comparable data . By contrast , the OECD 's Gini coefficient for income inequality in the United States is 37 in 2012 ( including wages and other cash transfers ) , which is still the highest in the developed world , with the lowest being Denmark ( 24.3 ) , Norway ( 25.6 ) , and Sweden ( 25.9 ) . Professor Salvatore Babones of the University of Sydney notes : A major gap in the measurement of income inequality is the exclusion of capital gains , profits made on increases in the value of investments . Capital gains are excluded for purely practical reasons . The Census does n't ask about them , so they ca n't be included in inequality statistics . Obviously , the rich earn much more from investments than the poor . As a result , real levels of income inequality in America are much higher than the official Census Bureau figures would suggest . Measuring inequality through consumption vs. income ( edit ) Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption , rather than income should be the measure of inequality , and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the US . Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that `` the weight of the evidence shows that the run - up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality , '' and consumption is more important than income . According to Johnson , Smeeding , and Tory , consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986 . The debate is summarized in `` The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor '' by journalist Thomas B. Edsall . Other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality , and the CBO 's study found consumption data not `` adequately '' capturing `` consumption by high - income households '' as it does their income , though it did agree that household consumption numbers show more equal distribution than household income . Others dispute the importance of consumption over income , pointing out that if middle and lower income are consuming more than they earn it is because they are saving less or going deeper into debt . A `` growing body of work '' suggests that income inequality has been the driving factor in the growing household debt , as high earners bid up the price of real estate and middle income earners go deeper into debt trying to maintain what once was a middle class lifestyle . Between 1983 and 2007 , the top 5 percent saw their debt fall from 80 cents for every dollar of income to 65 cents , while the bottom 95 percent saw their debt rise from 60 cents for every dollar of income to $1.40 . Economist Krugman has found a strong correlation between inequality and household debt in the United States over the last hundred years . Wealth inequality ( edit ) Main article : Wealth inequality in the United States CBO Chart , U.S. Holdings of Family Wealth 1989 to 2013 . The top 10 % of families held 76 % of the wealth in 2013 , while the bottom 50 % of families held 1 % . Inequality worsened from 1989 to 2013 . Related to income inequality is the topic of wealth inequality , which refers to the distribution of net worth ( i.e. , what is owned minus what is owed ) as opposed to annual income . Net worth is affected by movements in the prices of assets , such as stocks , bonds , and real estate , which can fluctuate significantly over the short - term . Income inequality also has a significant effect over long - term shifts in wealth inequality , as income is accumulated . Wealth inequality is also highly concentrated and increasing : The top 1 % owned approximately 40 % of the wealth in 2012 , versus 23 % in 1978 . The top 1 % share of wealth was at or below 30 % from 1950 -- 1993 . The top 0.1 % owned approximately 22 % of the wealth in 2012 , versus 7 % in 1978 . The top 0.1 % share of wealth was at or below 10 % from 1950 -- 1987 . The threshold for the top 1 % of wealth group was approximately $8.4 million measured for the 2008 -- 2010 period . Nearly half the top 1 % group by income is also represented in the top 1 % group by wealth . The increase in wealth for the 1 % was not homogeneous , with much of the wealth gains in the top 0.1 % . Those between the top 1 percent and top 0.5 percent have actually lost a significant share of wealth over the past 50 years . Further , the top 400 Americans had net worth of $2 trillion in 2013 , which was more than the combined net worth of the bottom 50 % of U.S. households . The average net worth of these 400 Americans was $5 billion . The lower 50 % of households held 3 % of the wealth in 1989 and 1 % in 2013 . The average net worth of the bottom 50 % of households in 2013 was approximately $11,000 . This wealth inequality is apparent in the share of assets held . In 2010 , the top 5 % wealthiest households had approximately 72 % of the financial wealth , while the bottom 80 % of households had 5 % . Financial wealth is measured as net worth minus home values , meaning income - generating financial assets like stocks and bonds , plus business equity . The Center for American Progress reported in September 2014 that : `` The trends in rising inequality are also striking when measured by wealth . Among the top 20 percent of families by net worth , average wealth increased by 120 percent between 1983 and 2010 , while the middle 20 percent of families only saw their wealth increase by 13 percent , and the bottom fifth of families , on average , saw debt exceed assets -- in other words , negative net worth ... Homeowners in the bottom quintile of wealth lost an astounding 94 percent of their wealth between 2007 and 2010 . '' See also ( edit ) American Dream Economic inequality Economic mobility Economy of the United States Educational attainment in the United States High - net - worth individual Homelessness in the United States Inequality for All -- 2013 documentary film presented by Robert Reich Income inequality metrics Atkinson index Gini coefficient Hoover index Pareto distribution # Applications Theil index Legatum Prosperity Index List of countries by income equality List of countries by inequality - adjusted HDI Median income per household member Middle - class squeeze Occupy Movement Racial inequality in the United States Racism in the United States Second Bill of Rights Socio - economic mobility in the United States The Divide : American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap -- book The Spirit Level : Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better -- book Social justice Tax policy and economic inequality in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes 2011 '' . Congressional Budget Office , US Government . November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : John Cassidy ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` American Inequality in Six Charts '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : `` Income Inequality in the U.S. in Cross-National Perspective '' ( PDF ) . Luxembourg Income Study Center . April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes 2007 '' . Congressional Budget Office , US ; Government . October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Krugman , Paul ( 2007 ) . The Conscience of a Liberal . W.W. Norton Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06069 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmanuel Saez '' . berkeley.edu . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau . ( 2001 ) . Historical Income Tables -- Income Equality '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Weinberg , D.H. ( June 1996 ) . A Brief Look At Postwar U.S. Income Inequality . US Census Bureau '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Burtless , G. ( January 11 , 200 ) . Has U.S. Income Inequality Really Increased ? . The Brookings Institution . '' Archived from the original on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Johnston , D. ( March 29 , 2007 ) . Income Gap Is Widening , Data Shows . The New York Times '' . March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Shaprio , E. ( October 17 , 2005 ) . New IRS Data Show Income Inequality Is Again of The Rise . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rugaber , Christopher S. ; Boak , Josh ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wealth gap : A guide to what it is , why it matters '' . AP News . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Dennis ( 2002 ) . American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality . Wadsworth . Jump up ^ Beeghley , Leonard ( 2004 ) . The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States . Boston , MD : Pearson , Allyn & Bacpn . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X `` The Explosion of US Inequality after 1980 '' : pp. 294 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Weeks , J. ( 2007 ) . Inequality Trends in Some Developed OECD countries . In J.K.S. & J. Baudot ( Ed . ) , Flat World , Big Gaps ( 159 -- 74 ) . New York : ZED Books ( published in association with the United Nations ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Compare your country '' . compareyourcountry.org . Jump up ^ `` Can Domestic Policy Affect Income Distribution ? '' by Timothy Noah , The New Republic ( March 13 , 2012 ) `` Among the industrial democracies where income inequality is increasing , it 's much worse in the United States than it is almost anywhere else . Among 34 nations recently surveyed by the OECD , the United States got beat only by Turkey , Mexico , and Chile . That 's as measured by the Gini coefficient , and including taxes and government transfer payments . '' Note : inequality is higher in less economically developed countries such as Turkey , Mexico , Chile , which are also members of the OECD Jump up ^ Maxwell Strachan ( May 1 , 2014 ) . The U.S. Is Even More Unequal Than You Realized . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Richard Wolff ( October 26 , 2011 ) . How the 1 % got richer , while the 99 % got poorer . The Guardian . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , Paul ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Richest 1 percent earn biggest share since ' 20s '' . AP News . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More Bad News For The Middle Class , '' by Timothy Noah , The New Republic ( September 12 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Emanuel Saez - Income and Wealth Inequality : Evidence and Policy Implications - October 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Kevin McCormally ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` Where do you rank as a taxpayer ? '' . Kiplinger . Jump up ^ `` The United States of Inequality Entry 8 : The Stinking Rich and the Great Divergence , '' by Timothy Noah , Slate.com ( September 14 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Distributional National Accounts '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It can be morning again for the world 's middle class '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ NYT - Eduardo Porter - Rethinking the Rise of Inequality - November 12 , 2013 Jump up ^ Yen , Hope ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` U.S. Poverty : Census Finds Nearly Half Of Americans Are Poor Or Low - Income '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Congressional Budget Office : Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 . October 2011 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , J.E. ( June 14 , 2012 ) `` We 've been brainwashed '' Salon Jump up ^ `` The U.S. 's high income gap is met with relatively low public concern '' . Pew Research Center . December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Credit Suisse Research Institute Global Wealth Databook 2013 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Steven Rattner ( November 2014 ) . `` Inequality , Unbelievably , Gets Worse '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Monetary policy and long - term trends '' . voxeu.org . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph E. `` Inequality Is Holding Back the Recovery '' . Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph '' . stlouisfed.org . Jump up ^ Capitalism vs Corporatism - Edmund Phelps Columbia University . January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Corporatism , Not Capitalism Is To Blame For Inequality - Edmund Phelps Financial Times . July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gérard Duménil and Dominique Lévy ( 2004 ) . Capital Resurgent : Roots of the Neoliberal Revolution . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674011589 `` The advent of economic neoliberalism in the 1980s triggered a shift in the world economy . In the three decades following World War II , now considered a golden age of capitalism , economic growth was high and income inequality decreasing . But in the mid-1970s this social compact was broken as the world economy entered the stagflation crisis , following a decline in the profitability of capital . This crisis opened a new phase of stagnating growth and wages , and unemployment . Interest rates as well as dividend flows rose , and income inequality widened . '' Jump up ^ Stephen Haymes , Maria Vidal de Haymes and Reuben Miller ( eds ) , The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States , ( London : Routledge , 2015 ) , ISBN 0415673445 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ David M Kotz , The Rise and Fall of Neoliberal Capitalism , ( Harvard University Press , 2015 ) , ISBN 0674725654 . p. 43 Jump up ^ Neoliberalism : Oversold ? - IMF FINANCE & DEVELOPMENT June 2016 Volume 53 Number 2 Jump up ^ IMF : The last generation of economic policies may have been a complete failure . Business Insider . May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Does U.S. Economic Inequality Have a Good Side ? '' . PBS NewsHour . Jump up ^ Jonathan Hopkin , Victor Lapuente and Lovisa Moller ( January 25 , 2014 ) . Lower levels of inequality are linked with greater innovation in economies Archived February 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... London School of Economics . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Christoffersen ( October 15 , 2013 ). Robert Shiller : Income Inequality Is ' Most Important Problem ' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` White House : Here 's Why You Have To Care About Inequality , '' by Timothy Noah , The New Republic ( January 13 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Obama says income inequality is defining challenge for U.S. PBS NewsHour . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CBO - The Distribution of Household Income , 2014 - March 19 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : Noah , Timothy . `` The United States of Inequality '' . Slate . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bartles , L.M. ( February , 2004 ) . Partisan Politics and the U.S. Income Distribution . Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 27 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Krugman , Paul ( 2007 ) . The Conscience of a Liberal . New York : W.W. Norton . Jump up ^ Johnston , D. ( June 5 , 2005 ) . `` Richest Are Leaving Even the Richest Far Behind '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ George Novack 's Understanding History Resistance Books ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office : Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 . October 2011 . p. x Jump up ^ Saez & Piketty , `` How Progressive is the U.S. Federal Tax System ? A Historical and International Perspective '' . ^ Jump up to : Congressional Budget Office : Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 . October 2011 . p. xi Jump up ^ Top Earners Doubled Share of Nation 's Income , Study Finds New York Times By Robert Pear , October 25 , 2011 Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office : Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 . October 2011 . see pp. ix -- x , with definitions on ii -- iii , and pp. 10 -- 12 Jump up ^ Martin Feldstein . `` Are US Middle - Class Incomes Really Stagnating ? '' . Project Syndicate . Jump up ^ `` The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes , 2008 and 2009 '' . Congressional Budget Office , US Government . July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Surveying the Aftermath of the Storm : Changes in Family Finances from 2007 to 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Finance and Economics Discussion Series Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs . Federal Reserve Board , Washington , D.C. p. 16 . Jump up ^ Binyamin , Appelbaum ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fed Says Growth Lifts the Affluent , Leaving Behind Everyone Else '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Saez , Emmanuel ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Striking it Richer : The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States '' . UC Berkeley . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Income Inequality From Generation To Generation '' by Robert Lenzner , Forbes ( March 26 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Summers , Lawrence ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` Focus on growth for the middle class '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Emmanual Saez - Striking it Richer - June 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Jeff Guo ( July 1 , 2016 ) . Income inequality today may be higher today than in any other era . The Washington Post Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ We must rethink globalization , or Trumpism will prevail . Thomas Piketty , The Guardian . November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicolaci da Costa , Pedro ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` This eye - popping chart on inequality is a slap in the face of America 's middle class '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gold , Howard R. ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` New data : Inequality runs even deeper than previously thought '' . Chicago Booth Review . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alston , Philp ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Statement on Visit to the USA , by Professor Philip Alston , United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights '' . OHCHR . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference '' BLS_Gap17 '' was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : The Great Divergence By Timothy Noah Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office : Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 . October 2011 . p. 13 ^ Jump up to : `` Yellen , J.L. ( November 6 , 2006 ) . Speech to the Center for the Study of Democracy at the University of California , Irvine . Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . '' Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Inequality in America . The rich , the poor and the growing gap between them June 15 , 2006 Jump up ^ Bruce Western and Jake Rosenfeld , Unions , Norms , and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality , American Sociological Review , doi : 10.1177 / 0003122411414817 , August 2011 vol. 76 no . 4 513 -- 37 Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( 2012 ) . The price of inequality : how today 's divided society endangers our future . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393088694 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph ; Greenwald , Bruce C. ( 2014 ) . Creating a learning society : a new approach to growth , development , and social progress . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231152143 . Jump up ^ Rosenfeld , Jake ( 2014 ) . What Unions No Longer Do . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674725115 Jump up ^ Michael Hiltzik ( March 25 , 2015 ) . IMF agrees : Decline of union power has increased income inequality . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Krugman , Paul ( October 20 , 2002 ) . `` For Richer '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Roser , Max ; Crespo - Cuaresma , Jesus ( 2014 ) . `` Why is Income Inequality Increasing in the Developed World ? '' . Review of Income and Wealth. 62 : 1 . doi : 10.1111 / roiw. 12153 . ISSN 1475 - 4991 . Jump up ^ the superstar hypothesis was coined by the Chicago economist Sherwin Rosen ) used the example of the passing of the hundreds of comedians that made a modest living at live shows in the borscht belt and other places in bygone days that have been replaced by a handful of superstar TV comedians . Jump up ^ `` Stock Market Capitalization to GDP for United States '' . research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Kevin J. ( 2002 ) . `` Explaining executive compensation : Managerial power versus the perceived cost of stock options '' . The University of Chicago Law Review . Jump up ^ Meyerson , Harold ( September 2012 ) . `` If Labor Dies , What Next ? '' . The American Prospect . Jump up ^ estimate by economist George Borjas , quoted in Conscience of a Liberal , p. 34 Jump up ^ Dewan , Shaila ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wage Premium From College Is Said to Be Up '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yosif , Michael Brill , Corey Holman , Chris Morris , Ronjoy Raichoudhary , and Noah . `` Understanding the labor productivity and compensation gap : Beyond the Numbers : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics '' . www.bls.gov . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmanuel Saez - Income and Wealth Inequality : Evidence and Policy Implications - October 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ The Opioid Epidemic and the Labor MarketCleveland Federal Reserve Jump up ^ ( https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brookings-now/2017/09/07/how-the-opioid-epidemic-has-affected-the-u-s-labor-force-county-by-county/ How the opioid epidemic has affected the U.S. labor force , county - by - county , The Brookings Institution Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks Planet '' . The New York Times . January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` You Ca n't Feed a Family With G.D.P. '' The New York Times . September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jared . `` Why Labor 's Share of Income Is Falling '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Middle - Class Squeeze '' . name . ^ Jump up to : `` Chairman Alan Krueger Discusses the Rise and Consequences of Inequality at the Center for American Progress '' . whitehouse.gov . ^ Jump up to : Winner - Take - All Politics ( book ) by Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson p. 75 ^ Jump up to : `` CBO Report Shows Rich Got Richer , As Did Most Americans : View '' . businessweek.com . October 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Oligarchy , American Style by Paul Krugman ( November 3 , 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : George Packer . The Broken Contract . Foreign Affairs , November / December 2011 . Jump up ^ Christoffersen , John ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Rising inequality ' most important problem , ' says Nobel - winning economist '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , John ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Forces of Divergence Is surging inequality endemic to capitalism ? ( review of Capital in the Twenty - first Century by Thomas Piketty ) '' . New Yorker . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Americas : One Rich , One Poor ? Understanding Income Inequality in the United States , '' by Rea Hederman , Jr. and Robert Rector , Heritage Foundation ( August 24 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Sowell , Thomas `` Perennial Economic Fallacies '' , Jewish World Review February 7 , 2000 , URL accessed November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ A Look at the Global One Percent By Allan H. Meltzer , Wall Street Journal ( March 9 , 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The United States of Inequality , Entry 10 : Why We Ca n't Ignore Growing Income Inequality , '' by Timothy Noah , Slate ( September 16 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Thomas A. Garrett ( Spring 2010 ) . `` U.S. Income Inequality : It 's Not So Bad '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Jump up ^ Thomas A. Garrett . U.S. Income Inequality : It 's Not So Bad . Inside the Vault . Spring 2010 . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Jump up ^ Alesina , Alberto ; Dani Rodrick ( May 1994 ) . `` Distributive Politics and Economic Growth '' ( PDF ) . Quarterly Journal of Economics . 109 ( 2 ) : 465 -- 90 . doi : 10.2307 / 2118470 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Castells - Quintana , David ; Vicente Royuela ( 2012 ) . `` Unemployment and long - run economic growth : The role of income inequality and urbanisation '' ( PDF ) . Investigaciones Regionales. 12 ( 24 ) : 153 -- 73 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Inequality and crises : coincidence or causation ? Paul Krugman Jump up ^ `` Investment Outlook : Six Pac ( k ) in , '' PIMCO ( October 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Wall Street Bolshies Watch , '' by Timothy Noah , The New Republic ( October 3 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Study covers years between 1950 and 2006 . Berg , Andrew G. ; Ostry , Jonathan D. ( 2011 ) . `` Equality and Efficiency '' . Finance and Development . International Monetary Fund . 48 ( 3 ) . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Widening income gap is hurting the economy , survey says . The Associated Press . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Josh Boak ( August 5 , 2014 ) . Inequality Is Really Hurting The Economy , S&P Warns . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Capitalism in Long Term Stagnation and Decay -- Gar Alperovitz on Reality Asserts Itself ( 3 / 5 ) . The Real News , January 26 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reich , Robert ( February 8 , 2014 ) . The War on the Poor and Middle - Class Families . Truthdig . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Stiglitz : the full transcript '' . The Independent ( Interview ) . Interview with Ben Chu . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( June 4 , 2012 ) . The Price of Inequality : How Today 's Divided Society Endangers Our Future ( p. 85 ) . Norton . Kindle Edition . See also : Karen E. Dynan , Jonathan Skinner , and Stephen P. Zeldes , `` Do the Rich Save More ? , '' Journal of Political Economy 112 , no . 2 ( 2004 ) : 397 -- 444 . Jump up ^ `` More or Less '' , by Branko Milanovic , Finance & Development ( September 2011 ) Vol. 48 , No. 3 Jump up ^ Gordon , Robert J. ( August 2012 ) . `` Is US economic growth over ? Faltering innovation confronts the six headwinds '' . NBER Working Paper No. 18315 . doi : 10.3386 / w18315 . Jump up ^ Three Cheers for Income Inequality Archived November 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Corley - Coulibaly , Marva ; Prasadm , Naren ; Sekerler Richiardi , Pelin ( October 2011 ) . `` Tax reform for improving job recovery and equity '' . World of Work Report . International Institute for Labour Studies . pp. 97 -- 120 . doi : 10.1002 / wow3. 28 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Escudero , Verónica ; López Mourelo , Elva ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 3 , Fiscal consolidation and employment growth '' . In Torres , Raymond ( ed . ) . World of Work Report ( PDF ) . International Institute for Labour Studies . pp. 59 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 9251 - 010 - 7 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kenworthy , Lane ( December 3 , 2007 ) . `` Does More Equality Mean Less Economic Growth ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Does inequality prevent economic growth ? '' by Jared Bernstein , Salon ( October 1 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Yet Another Reason Why Thomas Piketty ' Is Wrong , Forbes , June 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ Inequality A Piketty problem ? , Economist , May 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Lee : 288 U.S. 517 ( 1933 ) : : Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ Lo , Andrew W. `` Reading About the Financial Crisis : A 21 - Book Review '' ( PDF ) . 2012 . Journal of Economic Literature . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Koehn , Nancy F. ( July 31 , 2010 ) . `` A Call to Fix the Fundamentals ( Review of Fault Lines : How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy by Raghuram G. Rajan ) '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pigou , Arthur C. ( 1932 ) . The Economics of Welfare ( 4thchapter = Part I , Chapter VIII ed . ) . London : Macmillan and Co . ^ Jump up to : Lynn , Barry C. ; Longman , Phillip ( March -- April 2010 ) . `` Who Broke America 's Jobs Machine ? '' . Washington Monthly . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.pcmag.com/news/350979/comcast-is-americas-most-hated-company Jump up ^ Vanishing Trials : The Bankruptcy Experience Archived August 12 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Elizabeth Warren * Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul , The Conscience of a Liberal , WW Norton & Company , 2007 , ( pp. 246 -- 47 ) Jump up ^ Paul Ryan on Income Inequality and Upward Mobility Diane Ellis , Ed . November 28 , 2011 Jump up ^ Dieckhoff , Martina ; Steiber , Nadia ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Institutional reforms and age - graded labour market inequalities in Europe '' . International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 53 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 119 . doi : 10.1177 / 0020715212452285 . ISSN 0020 - 7152 . ^ Jump up to : Uncovering the American Dream : Inequality and Mobility in Social Security Earnings Data since 1937 Wojciech Kopczuk , Emmanuel Saez , Jae Song , September 15 , 2007 , Figure 4B Jump up ^ Vasia Panousi ; Ivan Vidangos ; Shanti Ramnath ; Jason DeBacker ; Bradley Heim ( Spring 2013 ) . `` Inequality Rising and Permanent Over Past Two Decades '' . Brookings Papers on Economic Activity . Brookings Institution . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krugman , Paul . `` The Rich , the Right , and the Facts : Deconstructing the Income Distribution Debate '' prospect.org , December 19 , 2001 Jump up ^ Millionaire For A Day Paul Krugman . November 3 , 2011 , ^ Jump up to : `` Harder for Americans to Rise From Lower Rungs '' , By Jason DeParle ( January 4 , 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Here is the source for the `` Great Gatsby Curve '' in the Alan Krueger speech at the Center for American Progress on January 12 - Economics for public policy `` . Economics for public policy . Jump up ^ Corak graphs 25 countries , Krueger limits his to developed countries and lists 10 Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jared . `` Poverty and Inequality , in Charts '' . Jump up ^ Matt Bruenig ( January 17 , 2014 ) . We Would Have Eliminated Poverty Entirely by Now if Inequality Had n't Skyrocketed . Moyers & Company . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zachary A. Goldfarb ( December 9 , 2013 ) . Study : U.S. poverty rate decreased over past half - century thanks to safety - net programs . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cingano , Federico ( 2014 ) . `` Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth '' . OECD Social , Employment and Migration Working Papers . OECD Social , Employment and Migration Working Papers . doi : 10.1787 / 5jxrjncwxv6j - en . ^ Jump up to : `` Wall Street Bolshevism , Part 3 , '' by Timothy Noah , The New Republic ( October 5 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Kristal , Tali ; Cohen , Yinon ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` The causes of rising wage inequality : the race between institutions and technology '' . Socio - Economic Review . Oxford Journals : mww006 . doi : 10.1093 / ser / mww006 . ( Advance publication . ) Jump up ^ Smeeding , T. ( 2005 ) . Public policy , economic inequality , and poverty : The United States in comparative perspective . Social Science Quarterly , 86 , 956 -- 983 . Jump up ^ Gilens & Page ( 2014 ) Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens , Perspectives on Politics , Princeton University . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X p. 514 : `` the risk of a drift towards oligarchy is real and gives little reason for optimism about where the United States is headed . '' Jump up ^ Josh Harkinson ( September 13 , 2013 ) . Chart : Washington Gridlock Linked to Income Inequality . Mother Jones . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chris Gentilviso ( August 21 , 2013 ) . Senate Represents The Wealthy First : Study . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pollution and Politics '' . The New York Times . November 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bonica , Adam ; McCarty , Nolan ; Poole , Keith T ; Rosenthal , Howard ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Why Has n't Democracy Slowed Rising Inequality ? '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 27 ( 3 ) : 103 -- 124 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 27.3. 103 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 . Jump up ^ `` Polarization and Inequality '' . The Monkey Cage . Jump up ^ Based on Larry Bartels 's study Economic Inequality and Political Representation Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Table 1 : Differential Responsiveness of Senators to Constituency Opinion . Jump up ^ Bartels , Larry ( 2008 ) . Unequal Democracy : The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age . Princeton University Press . pp. 270 -- 80 . ISBN 9781400828357 . Jump up ^ Bartels , Larry ( November 2002 ) . `` Economic Inequality and Political Representation '' ( PDF ) . Russell Sage . Retrieved July 2016 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Obama , GOP fight the class war '' . POLITICO . Jump up ^ `` In Class Warfare , Guess Which Class Is Winning '' . The New York Times . November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Income inequality in the United States , p. 3 , at Google Books By Robert Frank ^ Jump up to : Smith , Hedrick , Who Stole the American Dream , Random House pp. xviii -- xix Jump up ^ Smith , Hedrick , Who Stole the American Dream , Random House p. xix Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph ( June 2012 ) . `` We 've been brainwashed '' . Salon Magazine . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( June 4 , 2012 ) . The Price of Inequality : How Today 's Divided Society Endangers Our Future ( p. 92 ) . Norton . Kindle Edition . ^ Jump up to : Joseph E. Stiglitz ( May 2011 ) . Of the 1 % , by the 1 % , for the 1 % . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Matt . `` The hidden economics behind the rise of Donald Trump '' . Jump up ^ A study confined to non-Hispanic whites in US and England also showed the effect . ( Pickett and Wilkinson , The Spirit Level , 2011 , p. 177 ) Jump up ^ Countries of similar cultures and different levels of equality -- Spain and Portugal -- showed difference in the index , while countries with very different cultures and ways of achieving equality -- Nordic countries and Japan -- charted closer to each other . ( Pickett and Wilkinson , The Spirit Level , 2011 , p. 183 ) Jump up ^ The effect was worse among low class / education level in high inequality countries , but continued through all occupational classes and was still significant among the highest . ( Pickett and Wilkinson , The Spirit Level , 2011 , pp. 178 -- 79 ) Jump up ^ `` The Spirit Level '' . equalitytrust.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Spirit Level : How ' ideas wreckers ' turned book into political punchbag , '' by Robert Booth , The Guardian ( August 13 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Joshua Holland ( April 19 , 2014 ) . High Inequality Results in More US Deaths Than Tobacco , Car Crashes and Guns Combined . Moyers & Company . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Helliwell , Richard Layard and Jeffrey Sachs . World Happiness Report . The Earth Institute at Columbia University , p. 8 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michelle Chen ( November 5 , 2015 ) . Now White People Are Dying From Our Terrible Economic Policies , Too . The Nation . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A.W. Gaffney ( November 8 , 2015 ) . How Class Kills . Jacobin . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Policy Implications of Capital - Biased Technology : Opening Remarks '' by Paul Krugman , New York Times ( December 28 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Upward Redistribution of Wage Income on Social Security Solvency '' Center for Economic and Policy Research , February 12 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` David Brooks . '' Contemporary Authors Online . Detroit : Gale , 2012 . Biography In Context . Web . November 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wrong Inequality , '' by David Brooks , New York Times ( 31 October 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` The White Underclass , '' by Niholas D. Kristof , New York Times ( 8 February 2012 ) Jump up ^ Hayek , Friedrich A. Von . `` Law , Legislation , and Liberty '' . Volume 2 : The Mirage of Social Justice . Chicago : University of Chicago , 1976 . p. 33 . Print . Jump up ^ Hayek , Friedrich A. Von . The Constitution of Liberty . Chicago : University of Chicago , 1960 . p. 231 ^ Jump up to : `` Why Obama 's New Populism May Sink His Campaign , '' by William Galston , The New Republic ( December 17 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Why the President 's Campaign Should n't Focus on Inequality '' by William Galston , The New Republic ( May 3 , 2012 ) accessed May 5 , 2012 Jump up ^ by USA Today / Pew Research Center Jump up ^ Susan Page and Kendall Breitman ( January 23 , 2014 ) . Poll : United we stand on wealth gap . USA Today . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most See Inequality Growing , but Partisans Differ over Solutions '' . Pew Research Center for the People and the Press . January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lars Osberg and Timothy Smeeding . `` Fair Inequality ? Attitudes Toward Pay Differentials : The United States in Comparative Perspective , '' American Sociological Review , 71 , 2006 , pp. 450 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Norton , M.I. , & Ariely , D. , `` Building a Better America -- One Wealth Quintile at a Time '' , Perspectives on Psychological Science , January 2011 6 : 9 -- 12 Jump up ^ Joseph E. Stiglitz ( 2012 ) The Price of Inequality . New York : W.W. Norton ^ Jump up to : Adam Bee ( February 2012 ) . `` Household Income Inequality Within U.S. Counties : 2006 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Census Bureau , U.S. Department of Commerce . ^ Jump up to : Daniel H. Cooper ; Byron F. Lutz ; Michael G. Palumbo ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Quantifying the Role of Federal and State Taxes in Mitigating Income Inequality '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve , Boston , United States . Jump up ^ Chokshi , Niraj ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Income inequality seems to be rising in more than 2 in 3 metro areas '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Income , Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2009 '' . Newsroom . United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Table 2.9 of World Development Indicators : Distribution of income or consumption The World Bank ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` CIA . ( June 14 , 2007 ) . Field Listing -- Distribution of family income -- Gini index . Factbook '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Growing Unequal ? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries ( summary ) OECD ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development , Growing Unequal ? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Eurofound '' . europa.eu . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Middle Class Is No Longer the World 's Richest '' . The New York Times . April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Cassidy ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` American Inequality in Six Charts '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ For example , Ingvar Kamprad 's family is one of the richest in the world ( by some accounts with wealth between 50 and 90 billion U.S. dollars ) , but because of offshore arrangements the family 's wealth and income never shows up in Swedish statistics . ( see : `` Who 's really the world 's richest ? '' CNNMoney.com , April 6 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Peter Baldwin ( 2009 ) . The narcissism of minor differences : how America and Europe are alike . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539120 - 6 Jump up ^ Tax evasion is a national pastime afflicting southern Europe . CNN . November 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ Low - Income Italians Own An Awful Lot Of Supercars , Private Jets And Yachts Archived December 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Business Insider . January 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ ki Ito , Ian Katz and Ilan Kolet ( August 19 , 2014 ) . Only Rich Know Wage Gains With No Raises for U.S Workers . Bloomberg . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yellen , Janet . `` Perspectives on Inequality and Opportunity from the Survey of Consumer Finances '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas A. Garrett . ( Spring 2010 ) . `` U.S. Income Inequality : It 's Not So Bad . Inside the Vault '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Jump up ^ Grusky , David B. ( March -- April 2013 ) . `` What to Do about Inequality '' . Boston Review . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` For Solution to Income Stagnation , Republicans and Democrats Revise Their Playbooks '' . The New York Times . December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reagan , Obama and Inequality '' . The New York Times . January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Distribution of Household Income , 2014 '' . cbo.gov . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph '' . stlouisfed.org . Jump up ^ Salles , Joaquim ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` This Country Just Abolished College Tuition Fees '' . ThinkProgress.org . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wealth Gap Widens In Rich Countries As Austerity Threatens To Worsen Inequality : OECD . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ Kenworthy , Lane ( February 2014 ) . America 's Social Democratic Future . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . See also : Kenworthy , Lane ( 2014 ) . Social Democratic America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199322511 Jump up ^ Kenworthy , Lane ( 1999 ) . `` Do Social - Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty ? A Cross-National Assessment '' . Social Forces . 77 ( 3 ) : 1119 -- 39 . doi : 10.1093 / sf / 77.3. 1119 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Bradley , D. , E. Huber , S. Moller , F. Nielsen , and J.D. Stephens ( 2003 ) . `` Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies '' . American Sociological Review . 68 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 3088901 . JSTOR 3088901 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Gould , Elise and Wething , Hilary ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. poverty rates higher , safety net weaker than in peer countries . '' Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woods , Thomas . `` Race , Inequality , and the Market '' . Jump up ^ Thompson , Derek ( February 17 , 2012 ) `` The Entrepreneur State : Safety Nets for Startups , Capitalism for Corporations '' The Atlantic Jump up ^ Livingston , Jay ( November 10 , 2011 ) `` Start - Ups and Safety Nets '' The Society Pages : Sociological Images Jump up ^ `` The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes , 2010 '' . The US Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lowrey , Annie ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tax Code May Be the Most Progressive Since 1979 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBO - Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2008 , p. 20 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` In Defense of Obama '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Annie Lowrey ( April 16 , 2012 ) . For Two Economists , the Buffett Rule Is Just a Start . The New York Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nader , Ralph ( April 18 , 2013 ) . Time for a Sales Tax on Wall Street Financial Transactions . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 1 % Wall Street Sales Tax . UFAA . Jump up ^ Erika Eichelberger ( October 30 , 2013 ) . Economists to Congress : It 's Time for a `` Robin Hood Tax '' on the Rich . Mother Jones . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Minimum Tax for the Wealthy '' . The New York Times . November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richest 20 percent get half the overall savings from U.S. tax breaks , CBO says '' . Jump up ^ `` The Distribution of Major Tax Expenditures in the Individual Income Tax System '' . CBO . May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker , Dean ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` How to Think About the Corporate Income Tax '' . Center for Economic and Policy Research . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Dean ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Subverting the Inversions : More Thoughts on Ending the Corporate Income Tax '' . Center for Economic and Policy Research . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Dean ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` More Cheap Thoughts on the Corporate Income Tax '' . Center for Economic and Policy Research . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cooper , David and Hall , Doug ( March 13 , 2013 ). Raising the federal minimum wage to $10.10 would give working families , and the overall economy , a much - needed boost . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hananel , Sam ( August 29 , 2013 ) . Labor Secretary Thomas Perez : Fast Food Strikes Show Need For Minimum Wage Hike The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The logical floor '' . The Economist . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage '' . dol.gov . Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) , U.S. Department of Labor . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Laws in the States - Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) - U.S. Department of Labor '' . dol.gov . Jump up ^ Economist Statement on the Federal Minimum Wage . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CBO ( February 2014 ) . `` The Effects of a Minimum Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hanley , Lawrence J. ( August 3 , 2012 ) . A Maximum Wage Law ? The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CEO Pay in 2012 Was Extraordinarily High Relative to Typical Workers and Other High Earners '' . Economic Policy Institute . Jump up ^ Allan Sheahen ( August 26 , 2013 ) . Fulfilling One of MLK 's Dreams -- A Basic Income Guarantee . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert H. Frank ( November 23 , 2006 ) . `` The Other Milton Friedman : A Conservative With a Social Welfare Program '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ RAWIllumination.net . RAWIllumination.net ( August 9 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Danny Vinik ( November 20 , 2013 ) . Paul Ryan Should Get Behind This Plan To Give Everyone Free Money . Business Insider . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Party of the United States '' . gp.org . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Konczal , Mike ( March 30 , 2013 ) . `` How an anti-rentier agenda might bring liberals , conservatives together '' . Washington Post . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Wolff on Curing Capitalism . Moyers & Company , March 22 , 2013 ; See also : Wolff , Richard D. ( 2012 ) . Democracy at Work : A Cure for Capitalism . Haymarket Books . ISBN 1608462471 . Jump up ^ 11 - 20 - 13 : MK Asante 's Memoir `` Buck '' and Gar Alperovitz on Using Democracy to Reduce Inequality . WYPR . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 ; See also : Alperovitz , Gar ( 2013 ) . What Then Must We Do ? : Straight Talk about the Next American Revolution . Chelsea Green Publishing . ISBN 1603585044 Jump up ^ Erik Reece ( October 4 , 2013 ) . The End of Illth : In search of an economy that wo n't kill us . Harper 's Magazine . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben S. Bernanke ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` Monetary policy and inequality '' . The Brookings Institution . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve - Survey of Consumer Finances 2016 - Retrieved April 3 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau . ( 2005 ) . Historical Income Tables -- Income Equality '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau . ( 2006 ) . Measures of Individual Earnings Inequality for Full - Time , Year - Round Workers by Sex : 1967 to 2005 '' . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ a gini index increase of 15 % as opposed to CBO 's increase in gini index of 33 % ( cbo `` Trends in Distribution '' study p. 7 ) Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office : Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 . October 2011 . pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ A 2010 census study showed the top 20 percent of Americans earned 49.4 % of the nation 's income , compared with the 3.4 % earned by Americans living below the poverty line ( roughly 15 percent of the population ) . This earnings ratio of 14.5 to 1 was an increase from the 13.6 to 1 ratio just two years earlier , and a significant rise from the historic low of 7.69 to 1 in 1968 Jump up ^ `` Associated Press . ( September 28 , 2010 ) '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The Distribution of US Wealth , Capital Income and Returns since 1913 , Emmanuel Saez , Gabriel Zucman , March 2014 Jump up ^ New Perspectives On Income Mobility and Inequality , Gerald Auten , Geoffrey Gee , and Nicholas Turner , National Tax Journal , December 2013 . Jump up ^ Income Inequality : It 's Not So Bad , Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis , Spring 2010 ^ Jump up to : Income Growth and Income Inequality : The Facts May Surprise You , Brookings Institution , January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Stoops , N. ( June , 2004 ) . Educational Attainment in the United States : 2003 . US Census Bureau '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau . ( 2006 ) . Selected Characteristics of Households , by Total Money Income in 2005 '' . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Datta , Gautam ; Meerman , Jacob ( 1980 ) . `` Datta , B. , & Meerman , J. ( December 18 , 1980 ) . Household Income or Household Income Per Capita in Welfare Comparisons . Review of Income and Wealth 26 ( 4 ) , 401 -- 418 '' . Review of Income and Wealth. 26 ( 4 ) : 401 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4991.1980. tb00175. x . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Consumption and the Myths of Inequality , K. Hassett and A. Mathur , Wall Street Journal , October 24 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Reynolds , A. ( January 8 , 2007 ) . Has U.S. Income Inequality Really Increased ? . Cato Institute . '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rector , R. , & Herderman Jr. , R. ( August 24 , 2004 ) . Two Americas , One Rich , One Poor ? Understanding Income Inequality In the United States . Heritage Foundation '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rakesh Kochhar and D'Vera Cohn ( October 3 , 2011 ) `` Fighting Poverty in a Bad Economy , Americans Move in with Relatives '' Pew Research Center Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office : Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 . October 2011 . p. 2 Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office : Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 . October 2011 . p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Aron - Dine , A. & Sherman , A. ( January 23 , 2007 ) . New CBO Data Show Income Inequality Continues to Widen : After - tax - income for Top 1 Percent Rose by $146,000 in 2004 '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Conservative Inequality Denialism , '' by Timothy Noah The New Republic ( October 25 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Schiller , Bradely ( 2003 ) . The Economy Today : Ninth Edition . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ `` Income distribution -- Inequality : Income distribution -- Inequality -- Country tables '' . OECD. 2012 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ N.C. Kakwani ( April 1977 ) . `` Applications of Lorenz Curves in Economic Analysis '' . Econometrica. 45 ( 3 ) : 719 -- 28 . doi : 10.2307 / 1911684 . JSTOR 1911684 . Jump up ^ Chu , Davoodi , Gupta ( March 2000 ) . `` Income Distribution and Tax and Government Social Spending Policies in Developing Countries '' ( PDF ) . International Monetary Fund . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Chen Wang ; Koen Caminada ; Kees Goudswaard ( July -- September 2012 ) . `` The redistributive effect of social transfer programmes and taxes : A decomposition across countries '' . International Social Security Review . 65 ( 3 ) : 27 -- 48 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 246X. 2012.01435. x . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Income , Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2013 '' . prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph '' . stlouisfed.org . ^ Jump up to : Salvatore Babones ( February 14 , 2012 ) . U.S. Income Distribution : Just How Unequal ? inequality.org , Institute for Policy Studies . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thinking Clearly About Economic Inequality '' , Will Wilkinson , Cato Institute 2009 Jump up ^ Johnson , Smeeding , Tory , `` Economic Inequality '' in Monthly Labor review of April 2005 , table 3 . Jump up ^ see also `` Consumption and the Myths of Inequality '' , by Kevin Hassett and Aparna Mathur , Wall Street Journal , October 24 , 2012 Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Attanasio , Orazio ; Hurst , Erik ; Pistaferri , Luigi ( 2012 ) . `` The Evolution of Income , Consumption , and Leisure Inequality in The US , 1980 -- 2010 '' . NBER Working Papers # 17982 . SSRN 2035781 . Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office : Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 . October 2011 . p. 5 Jump up ^ The Way Forward By Daniel Alpert , Westwood Capital ; Robert Hockett , Professor of Law , Cornell University ; and Nouriel Roubini , Professor of Economics , New York University , New America Foundation , October 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ Plumer , Brad . `` ' Trickle - down consumption ' : How rising inequality can leave everyone worse off '' . 27 March 2013 . Washington Post . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Inequality and crises : coincidence or causation ? Paul Krugman ( see last chart : Inequality and household debt ) Jump up ^ `` Trends in Family Wealth , 1989 to 2013 '' . Congressional Budget Office . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` the top 1 % by wealth , not income - January 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` Forget the 1 % '' . The Economist . Jump up ^ Frank , Robert ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` 400 richest Americans now worth $2 trillion '' . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Speech with Slideshow -- Yellen , Perspectives on Inequality and Opportunity from the Survey of Consumer Finances '' . federalreserve.gov . October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Rules America : Wealth , Income , and Power '' . ucsc.edu . Further Reading ( edit ) Willford I. King Income inequality in the United States at Google Books , 1915 -- at the time most comprehensive study to date Larry M. Bartels Income inequality in the United States at Google Books Princeton : Princeton University Press . 2008 . 328 pp . Greg J. Duncan , Richard J. Murnane Restoring Opportunity : The Crisis of Inequality and the Challenge for American Education , Harvard Education Press , 2013 Barnes , L. ( 2013 ) . Does Median Voter Income Matter ? The Effects of Inequality and Turnout on Government Spending . Political Studies , 61 ( 1 ) , 82 - 100 . Duncan , G.J. , & Murnane , R.J. ( 2014a ) . Growing income inequality threatens American education . Phi Delta Kappan , 95 ( 6 ) , 8 - 14 . Galbraith , J.K. , & Hale , J. ( 2008 ) . State Income Inequality and Presidential Election Turnout and Outcomes . Social Science Quarterly ( Wiley - Blackwell ) , 89 ( 4 ) , 887 - 901 . Garand , J.C. ( 2010 ) . Income Inequality , Party Polarization , and Roll - Call Voting in the U.S. Senate . Journal of Politics , 72 ( 4 ) , 1109 - 1128 . Gilman , M. ( 2014 ) . A Court For the One Percent : How the Supreme Court Contributes to Economic Inequality . Utah Law Review , 2014 ( 3 ) , 389 - 463 . Jin Yi , D. ( 2012 ) . No taxation , no democracy ? Taxation , income inequality , and democracy . Journal of Economic Policy Reform , 15 ( 2 ) , 71 - 92 . Nau , M. ( 2013 ) . Economic Elites , Investments , and Income Inequality . Social Forces , 92 ( 2 ) , 237 - 461 . Taylor , Lance ; Rezai , Armon ; Kumar , Rishabh ; and Barbosa , Nelson ( 2014 ) . Wage Increases , Transfers , and the Socially Determined Income Distribution in the USA , Institute for New Economic Thinking ( INET ) , Working Group on the Political Economy of Distribution , Working Paper No. 3 . Summarized in an interview with lead author Lance Taylor ( Feb. 2015 ) . `` A simulation model is used to illustrate how `` reasonable '' modifications to tax / transfer programs and increasing low wages can not offset the historical redistribution toward the well - to - do . '' Atkinson , Anthony B. ( 2015 ) . Inequality : What Can Be Done ? Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674504763 Peter H. Lindert & Jeffrey G. Williamson ( 2016 ) . Unequal Gains : American Growth and Inequality since 1700 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691170497 Temin , Peter ( 2017 ) . The Vanishing Middle Class : Prejudice and Power in a Dual Economy . MIT Press . ISBN 9780262036160 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Income distribution in the United States . A Giant Statistical Round - up of the Income Inequality Crisis in 16 Charts from The Atlantic Slate - Timothy Noah - The Great Divergence - Book Excerpts Emmanuel Saez - Income and Wealth Inequality Presentation - October 2014 The Top 1 Percent : What Jobs Do They Have ? ( What percentage of what occupations are in the top 1 % income bracket ) New York Times January 15 , 2012 What Percent Are You ? ( Enter your household income and see how you rank ) New York Times January 14 , 2012 Islands of High Income Richard Wilkinson : How economic inequality harms societies . TED , Oct 2011 . Five Economic Reforms Millennials Should Be Fighting For . Rolling Stone , January 3 , 2014 . Income Inequality in the United States : Hearing Before the Joint Economic Committee , Congress of the United States , One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , Second Session , January 16 , 2014 `` Wealth Gap '' -- A Guide ( AP News -- January 27 , 2014 ) . U.S. Census Bureau - Income , Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2013 Bloomberg - Quick Take - Income Inequality - Retrieved December 2014 Can worker cooperatives alleviate income inequality ? Al Jazeera America . January 13 , 2015 Wolfers , Justin ( March 2015 ) . All You Need to Know About Income Inequality , in One Comparison , The New York Times Economic Inequality : It 's Far Worse Than You Think . The great divide between our beliefs , our ideals , and reality ( April 2015 ) , Scientific American ' Scandinavian Dream ' is true fix for America 's income inequality . Joseph Stiglitz for CNN Money , June 3 , 2015 . Hershey : U.S. Income Inequality Is Transforming The Chocolate Business . Reuters via The Huffington Post , October 28 , 2015 . Stanford report shows that U.S. performs poorly on poverty and inequality measures . Stanford News . February 2 , 2016 . Massive new data set suggests economic inequality is about to get even worse . The Washington Post . January 4 , 2018 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | while the u.s. economy has expanded since the late 1960s income inequality has | [
"Income inequality in the United States has increased significantly since the 1970s after several decades of stability, meaning the share of the nation's income received by higher income households has increased. This trend is evident with income measured both before taxes (market income) as well as after taxes and transfer payments. Income inequality has fluctuated considerably since measurements began around 1915, moving in an arc between peaks in the 1920s and 2000s, with a 30-year period of relatively lower inequality between 1950–1980.[1][2]"
] | [
"increased"
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1883268444420483390 | Pottery of ancient Greece | Pottery of ancient Greece - wikipedia Pottery of ancient Greece Jump to : navigation , search Amphorae designed for marine transport , taken from shipwrecks of the Bronze Age , on display in the Museum of Underwater Archaeology at Bodrum Castle , Turkey . Ancient Greek pottery , due to its relative durability , comprises a large part of the archaeological record of ancient Greece , and since there is so much of it ( over 100,000 painted vases are recorded in the Corpus vasorum antiquorum ) , it has exerted a disproportionately large influence on our understanding of Greek society . The shards of pots discarded or buried in the 1st millennium BC are still the best guide available to understand the customary life and mind of the ancient Greeks . There were several vessels produced locally for everyday and kitchen use , yet finer pottery from regions such as Attica was imported by other civilizations throughout the Mediterranean , such as the Etruscans in Italy . There were various specific regional varieties , such as the South Italian ancient Greek pottery . Throughout these places , various types and shapes of vases were used . Not all were purely utilitarian ; large Geometric amphorae were used as grave markers , kraters in Apulia served as tomb offerings and Panathenaic Amphorae seem to have been looked on partly as objets d'art , as were later terracotta figurines . Some were highly decorative and meant for elite consumption and domestic beautification as much as serving a storage or other function , such as the krater with its usual use in diluting wine . Earlier Greek styles of pottery , called `` Aegean '' rather than `` Ancient Greek '' , include Minoan pottery , very sophisticated by its final stages , Cycladic pottery , Minyan ware and then Mycenaean pottery in the Bronze Age , followed by the cultural disruption of the Greek Dark Age . As the culture recovered Sub-Mycenaean pottery finally blended into the Protogeometric style , which begins Ancient Greek pottery proper . The rise of vase painting saw increasing decoration . Geometric art in Greek pottery was contiguous with the late Dark Age and early Archaic Greece , which saw the rise of the Orientalizing period . The pottery produced in Archaic and Classical Greece included at first black - figure pottery , yet other styles emerged such as red - figure pottery and the white ground technique . Styles such as West Slope Ware were characteristic of the subsequent Hellenistic period , which saw vase painting 's decline . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rediscovery and scholarship 2 Uses and types 3 Clay 3.1 Manufacture 3.1. 1 Levigation 3.1. 2 Wheel 3.1. 3 Slip 3.2 Firing 3.3 Vase painting 3.3. 1 Development of pottery painting 3.3. 1.1 Bronze Age 3.3. 1.1. 1 Protogeometric styles 3.3. 1.1. 2 Geometric style 3.3. 1.1. 3 Orientalizing style 3.3. 1.2 Attic vase painting 3.3. 1.2. 1 Black figure 3.3. 1.2. 2 Red figure 3.3. 1.2. 3 White ground technique 3.3. 1.3 Relief and plastic vases 3.3. 1.4 Hellenistic period 3.3. 2 Inscriptions 3.4 Figurines 4 Metal 5 Glass 6 See also 7 References and sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Rediscovery and scholarship ( edit ) Disjecta membra ( a fragment of ancient Greek pottery ) Interest in Greek art lagged behind the revival of classical scholarship during the Renaissance and revived in the academic circle round Nicholas Poussin in Rome in the 1630s . Though modest collections of vases recovered from ancient tombs in Italy were made in the 15th and 16th centuries these were regarded as Etruscan . It is possible that Lorenzo de Medici bought several Attic vases directly from Greece ; however the connection between them and the examples excavated in central Italy was not made until much later . Winckelmann 's Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums of 1764 first refuted the Etruscan origin of what we now know to be Greek pottery yet Sir William Hamilton 's two collections , one lost at sea the other now in the British Museum , were still published as `` Etruscan vases '' ; it would take until 1837 with Stackelberg 's Gräber der Hellenen to conclusively end the controversy . Much of the early study of Greek vases took the form of production of albums of the images they depict , however neither D'Hancarville's nor Tischbein 's folios record the shapes or attempt to supply a date and are therefore unreliable as an archaeological record . Serious attempts at scholary study made steady progress over the 19th century starting with the founding of the Instituto di Corrispondenza in Rome in 1828 ( later the German Archaeological Institute ) , followed by Eduard Gerhard 's pioneering study Auserlesene Griechische Vasenbilder ( 1840 to 1858 ) , the establishment of the journal Archaeologische Zeitung in 1843 and the Ecole d'Athens 1846 . It was Gerhard who first outlined the chronology we now use , namely : Orientalizing ( Geometric , Archaic ) , Black Figure , Red Figure , Polychromatic ( Hellenistic ) . Neoclassical `` Black Basalt '' Ware vase by Wedgwood , c. 1815 AD Finally it was Otto Jahn 's 1854 catalogue Vasensammlung of the Pinakothek , Munich , that set the standard for the scientific description of Greek pottery , recording the shapes and inscriptions with a previously unseen fastidousness . Jahn 's study was the standard textbook on the history and chronology of Greek pottery for many years , yet in common with Gerhard he dated the introduction of the red figure technique to a century later than was in fact the case . This error was corrected when the Aρχαιολογικη ' Εταιρεια undertook the excavation of the Acropolis in 1885 and discovered the so - called `` Persian debris '' of red figure pots destroyed by Persian invaders in 480 BC . With a more soundly established chronology it was possible for Adolf Furtwängler and his students in the 1880s and 90s to date the strata of his archaeological digs by the nature of the pottery found within them , a method of seriation Flinders Petrie was later to apply to unpainted Egyptian pottery . Where the 19th century was a period of discovery and the laying out of first principles , the 20th century has been one of consolidation and intellectual industry . Efforts to record and publish the totality of public collections of vases began with the creation of the Corpus vasorum antiquorum under Edmond Pottier and the Beazley archive of John Beazley . Beazley and others following him have also studied fragments of Greek pottery in institutional collections , and have attributed many painted pieces to individual artists . Scholars have called these fragments disjecta membra ( Latin for `` scattered parts '' ) and in a number of instances have been able to identify fragments now in different collections that belong to the same vase . Uses and types ( edit ) Diagram of the parts of a typical Athenian vase , in this case a volute krater The names we use for Greek vase shapes are often a matter of convention rather than historical fact , a few do illustrate their own use or are labeled with their original names , others are the result of early archaeologists attempt to reconcile the physical object with a known name from Greek literature -- not always successfully . To understand the relationship between form and function Greek pottery may be divided in four broad categories , given here with common types : storage and transport vessels , including the amphora , pithos , pelike , hydria , pyxis , mixing vessels , mainly for symposia or male drinking parties , including the krater , and dinos , jugs and cups , several types of kylix also just called cups , kantharos , phiale , skyphos , oinochoe and loutrophoros , vases for oils , perfumes and cosmetics , including the large lekythos , and the small aryballos and alabastron . Some vase shapes were especially associated with rituals , others with athletics and the gymnasium . Within each category the forms are roughly the same in scale and whether open or closed , where there is uncertainty we can make good proximate guesses of what use a piece would have served . Some have a purely ritual function , for example white ground lekythoi contained the oil used as funerary offerings and appear to have been made solely with that object in mind . Many examples have a concealed second cup inside them to give the impression of being full of oil , as such they would have served no other useful gain . There was an international market for Greek pottery since the 8th century BC , which Athens and Corinth dominated down to the end of the 4th century BC . An idea of the extent of this trade can be gleaned from plotting the find maps of these vases outside of Greece , though this could not account for gifts or immigration . Only the existence of a second hand market could account for the number of panathenaics found in Etruscan tombs . South Italian wares came to dominate the export trade in the Western Mediterranean as Athens declined in political importance during the Hellenistic period . Clay ( edit ) The process of making a pot and firing it is fairly simple . The first thing a potter needs is clay . Attica 's high - iron clay gave its pots an orange color . Manufacture ( edit ) External video Making Greek Vases , produced by the J. Paul Getty Museum hosted at Smarthistory Exekias , Attic black figure amphora with Ajax and Achilles playing a game Mixing Vessel with Odysseus Escaping from the Cyclops ' Cave all hosted at Smarthistory Levigation ( edit ) When clay is first dug out of the ground it is full of rocks and shells and other useless items that need to be removed . To do this the potter mixes the clay with water and lets all the impurities sink to the bottom . This is called levigation or elutriation . This process can be done many times . The more times this is done , the smoother clay becomes . Wheel ( edit ) The clay is then kneaded by the potter and placed on a wheel . Once the clay is on the wheel the potter can shape it into any of the many shapes shown below , or anything else he desires . Wheel made pottery dates back to roughly 2500 BC where before the coil method of building the walls of the pot was employed . Most Greek vases were wheel - made , though as with the Rhyton mould - made pieces ( so - called `` plastic '' pieces ) are also found and decorative elements either hand formed or by mould were added to thrown pots . More complex pieces were made in parts then assembled when it was leather hard by means of joining with a slip , where the potter returned to the wheel for the final shaping , or turning . Sometimes , a young man helped turn the wheel . Slip ( edit ) The pots were usually made in sections such as the body and feet and spout . Even the body , if it were larger than 20 centimeters , might be made in separate sections and glued together later with a thin watery clay called slip . After the pot is made then the potter paints it with a very pure black slip made from a specially prepared clay using brushes made from a single hair . It was thus slipped and then incised ready for the kiln . Firing ( edit ) A potter 's workshop . Side B from a Corinthian black - figure pinax , ca . 575 -- 550 Previously it was believed that Greek pottery , unlike today 's pottery , was only fired once , but that firing had three stages . New studies instead provide material evidence that the pottery was made with two or more separate firings in which the pottery is subjected to multiple firing stages . The most commonly described sequence of firing stages is one in which the pottery is stacked inside the kiln the potter heats the kiln up to around 800 ° C with all the vents on the sides open to let air in . This turns the pottery and the paint red all over . Once the kiln reaches 800 ° C the vents are closed and the temperature is raised to 950 ° C and then allowed to drop back to 900 ° C . This turns the pottery and the paint all black . The potter then starts the third and final phase by opening the vents and allowing the kiln to cool all the way down . This last phase leaves the slip black but turns the pottery back to red . This happens because when the clay is given air it turns red , but when the black slip is heated to 950 ° C it no longer allows air in . Thus , the slipped area stays black while the bare areas stay red . While the description of a single firing with three stages may seem economical and efficient , it is equally possible that each of these stages was confined to separate firings . The striking black slip with a metallic sheen , so characteristic of Greek pottery , was a fine suspension ( colloidal fraction ) of an illitic clay with very low calcium oxide content which was rich in iron oxides and hydroxides , differentiating from that used for the body of the vase in terms of the calcium content , the exact mineral composition and the particle size . This clay suspension was most probably collected in situ from illitic clay beds and was then processed through levigation . To aid in the levigation step , it is likely that the Attic black slip was treated with deflocculants as indicated by trace levels of contaminants to the clay , such as Zn associated with vitriol . This clay suspension was thickened by concentration to a paste and was used for the decoration of the surface of the vase . The paint was applied on the areas intended to become black after firing . The black color effect was achieved by means of changing the amount of oxygen present during firing . This was done in a process known as three - phase firing and was likely accomplished with multiple firings of the pottery . First , the kiln was heated to around 920 -- 950 ° C , with all vents open bringing oxygen into the firing chamber and turning both pot and slip a reddish - brown ( oxidising conditions ) due to the formation of hematite ( Fe O ) in both the paint and the clay body . Then the vent was closed and green wood introduced , creating carbon monoxide which turns the red hematite to black magnetite ( Fe O ) ; at this stage the temperature decreases due to incomplete combustion . In a final reoxidizing phase ( at about 800 -- 850 ° C ) the kiln was opened and oxygen reintroduced causing the unslipped reserved clay to go back to orange - red . In the previous phase , chemical composition of the slipped surface had been altered , so it could no longer be oxidized and remained black . The technique which is mostly known as the `` iron reduction technique '' was decoded with the contribution of scholars , ceramists and scientists since the mid 18th century onwards to the end of 20th century , i.e. Comte de Caylus ( 1752 ) , Durand - Greville ( 1891 ) , Binns and Fraser ( 1925 ) , Schumann ( 1942 ) , Winter ( 1959 ) , Bimson ( 1956 ) , Noble ( 1960 , 1965 ) , Hofmann ( 1962 ) , Oberlies ( 1968 ) , Pavicevic ( 1974 ) , Aloupi ( 1993 ) , Walton ( 2009 ) , Walton ( 2014 ) . Vase painting ( edit ) Further information : List of Greek vase painters and Ancient Greek art ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) From left to right : ( 1 ) Black - figure amphora by Exekias , Achilles and Ajax engaged in a game , c. 540 -- 530 BC ( 2 ) Red - figure scene of women playing music by the Niobid Painter ( 3 ) Bilingual amphora by the Andokides Painter , c. 520 BC ( Munich ) ( 4 ) Apollo and his raven on a white - ground bowl by the Pistoxenos Painter . The most familiar aspect of ancient Greek pottery is painted vessels of fine quality . These were not the everyday pottery used by most people but were sufficiently cheap to be accessible to a wide range of the population . Few examples of ancient Greek painting have survived so modern scholars have to trace the development of ancient Greek art partly through ancient Greek vase - painting , which survives in large quantities and is also , with Ancient Greek literature , the best guide we have to the customary life and mind of the ancient Greeks . Development of pottery painting ( edit ) Bronze Age ( edit ) Fine painting on Greek pottery goes back to the Minoan pottery and Mycenaean pottery of the Bronze Age , some later examples of which show the ambitious figurative painting that was to become highly developed and typical . After many centuries dominated by styles of geometric decoration , becoming increasingly complex , figurative elements returned in force in the 8th century . From the late 7th century to about 300 BC evolving styles of figure - led painting were at their peak of production and quality and were widely exported . Protogeometric amphora , BM During the Greek Dark Age , spanning the 11th to 8th centuries BC , the prevalent early style was that of the protogeometric art , predominantly utilizing circular and wavy decorative patterns . This was succeeded in mainland Greece , the Aegean , Anatolia , and Italy by the style of pottery known as geometric art , which employed neat rows of geometric shapes . The period of Archaic Greece , beginning in the 8th century BC and lasting until the late 5th century BC , saw the birth of Orientalizing period , led largely by ancient Corinth , where the previous stick - figures of the geometric pottery become fleshed out amid motifs that replaced the geometric patterns . Protogeometric styles ( edit ) See also : Protogeometric art Vases of the protogeometrical period ( c. 1050 -- 900 BC ) represent the return of craft production after the collapse of the Mycenaean Palace culture and the ensuing Greek dark ages . It is one of the few modes of artistic expression besides jewelry in this period since the sculpture , monumental architecture and mural painting of this era are unknown to us . By 1050 BC life in the Greek peninsula seems to have become sufficiently settled to allow a marked improvement in the production of earthenware . The style is confined to the rendering of circles , triangles , wavy lines and arcs , but placed with evident consideration and notable dexterity , probably aided by compass ' and multiple brushes . The site of Lefkandi is one of our most important sources of ceramics from this period where a cache of grave goods has been found giving evidence of a distinctive Euboian protogeometric style which lasted into the early 8th century . Geometric style ( edit ) See also : Geometric art and Boeotian vase painting Boeotian Geometric Hydria lamp , Louvre Geometric art flourished in the 9th and 8th centuries BC . It was characterized by new motifs , breaking with the representation of the Minoan and Mycenaean periods : meanders , triangles and other geometrical decoration ( hence the name of the style ) as distinct from the predominantly circular figures of the previous style . However , our chronology for this new art form comes from exported wares found in datable contexts overseas . The Dipylon Amphora , mid-8th century BC , with human figures for scale . The vase was used as a grave marker . National Archaeological Museum , Athens . With the early geometrical style ( approximately 900 -- 850 BC ) one finds only abstract motifs , in what is called the `` Black Dipylon '' style , which is characterized by an extensive use of black varnish , with the Middle Geometrical ( approx. 850 -- 770 BC ) , figurative decoration makes its appearance : they are initially identical bands of animals such as horses , stags , goats , geese , etc. which alternate with the geometrical bands . In parallel , the decoration becomes complicated and becomes increasingly ornate ; the painter feels reluctant to leave empty spaces and fills them with meanders or swastikas . This phase is named horror vacui ( fear of the empty ) and will not cease until the end of geometrical period . In the middle of the century there begin to appear human figures , the best known representations of which are those of the vases found in Dipylon , one of the cemeteries of Athens . The fragments of these large funerary vases show mainly processions of chariots or warriors or of the funerary scenes : πρόθεσις / prothesis ( exposure and lamentation of dead ) or ἐκφορά / ekphora ( transport of the coffin to the cemetery ) . The bodies are represented in a geometrical way except for the calves , which are rather protuberant . In the case of soldiers , a shield in form of a diabolo , called `` dipylon shield '' because of its characteristic drawing , covers the central part of the body . The legs and the necks of the horses , the wheels of the chariots are represented one beside the other without perspective . The hand of this painter , so called in the absence of signature , is the Dipylon Master , could be identified on several pieces , in particular monumental amphorae . At the end of the period there appear representations of mythology , probably at the moment when Homer codifies the traditions of Trojan cycle in the Iliad and the Odyssey . Here however the interpretation constitutes a risk for the modern observer : a confrontation between two warriors can be a Homeric duel or simple combat ; a failed boat can represent the shipwreck of Odysseus or any hapless sailor . Lastly , are the local schools that appear in Greece . Production of vases was largely the prerogative of Athens -- it is well attested that as in the proto - geometrical period , in Corinth , Boeotia , Argos , Crete and Cyclades , the painters and potters were satisfied to follow the Attic style . From about the 8th century BC on , they created their own styles , Argos specializing in the figurative scenes , Crete remaining attached to a more strict abstraction . Orientalizing style ( edit ) See also : Orientalizing period Protocorinthian skyphos , c. 625 BC , Louvre The orientalizing style was the product of cultural ferment in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean of the 8th and 7th centuries BC . Fostered by trade links with the city - states of Asia Minor , the artifacts of the East influenced a highly stylized yet recognizable representational art . Ivories , pottery and metalwork from the Neo-Hittite principalities of northern Syria and Phoenicia found their way to Greece , as did goods from Anatolian Urartu and Phrygia , yet there was little contact with the cultural centers of Egypt or Assyria . The new idiom developed initially in Corinth ( as Proto - Corinthian ) and later in Athens between 725 BC and 625 BC ( as Proto - Attic ) . Proto - Corinthian olpe with registers of lions , bulls , ibex and sphinxes , c. 640 -- 630 BC , Louvre It was characterized by an expanded vocabulary of motifs : sphinx , griffin , lions , etc. , as well as a repertory of non-mythological animals arranged in friezes across the belly of the vase . In these friezes , painters also began to apply lotuses or palmettes . Depictions of humans were relatively rare . Those that have been found are figures in silhouette with some incised detail , perhaps the origin of the incised silhouette figures of the black - figure period . There is sufficient detail on these figures to allow scholars to discern a number of different artists ' hands . Geometrical features remained in the style called proto - Corinthian that embraced these orientalizing experiments , yet which coexisted with a conservative sub-geometric style . The ceramics of Corinth were exported all over Greece , and their technique arrived in Athens , prompting the development of a less markedly Eastern idiom there . During this time described as Proto - Attic , the orientalizing motifs appear but the features remain not very realistic . The painters show a preference for the typical scenes of the Geometrical Period , like processions of chariots . However , they adopt the principle of line drawing to replace the silhouette . In the middle of 7th century BC , there appears the black and white style : black figures on a white zone , accompanied by polychromy to render the color of the flesh or clothing . Clay used in Athens was much more orange than that of Corinth , and so did not lend itself as easily to the representation of flesh . Attic Orientalising Painters include the Analatos Painter , the Mesogeia Painter and the Polyphemos Painter . Crete , and especially the islands of the Cyclades , are characterized by their attraction to the vases known as `` plastic '' , i.e. those whose paunch or collar is moulded in the shape of head of an animal or a man . At Aegina , the most popular form of the plastic vase is the head of the griffin . The Melanesian amphoras , manufactured at Paros , exhibit little knowledge of Corinthian developments . They present a marked taste for the epic composition and a horror vacui , which is expressed in an abundance of swastikas and meanders . Finally one can identify the last major style of the period , that of Wild Goat Style , allotted traditionally to Rhodes because of an important discovery within the necropolis of Kameiros . In fact , it is widespread over all of Asia Minor , with centers of production at Miletos and Chios . Two forms prevail oenochoes , which copied bronze models , and dishes , with or without feet . The decoration is organized in superimposed registers in which stylized animals , in particular of feral goats ( from whence the name ) pursue each other in friezes . Many decorative motifs ( floral triangles , swastikas , etc . ) fill the empty spaces . Attic vase painting ( edit ) The subject is dominated mostly by Attic vase painting . Attic production was the first to resume after the Greek Dark Age and influenced the rest of Greece , especially Boeotia , Corinth , the Cyclades ( in particular Naxos ) and the Ionian colonies in the east Aegean . Production of vases was largely the prerogative of Athens -- it is well attested that in Corinth , Boeotia , Argos , Crete and Cyclades , the painters and potters were satisfied to follow the Attic style . By the end of the Archaic period the styles of black - figure pottery , red - figure pottery and the white ground technique had become fully established and would continue in use during the era of Classical Greece , from the early 5th to late 4th centuries BC . Corinth was eclipsed by Athenian trends since Athens was the progenitor of both the red - figure and white ground styles . Black figure ( edit ) See also : Black - figure pottery Achilles and Penthesileia by Exekias , c. 540 BC , BM . London . Black - figure is the most commonly imagined when one thinks about Greek pottery . It was a popular style in ancient Greece for many years . The black - figure period coincides approximately with the era designated by Winckelmann as the middle to late Archaic , from c. 620 to 480 BC . The technique of incising silhouetted figures with enlivening detail which we now call the black - figure method was , as we saw , a Corinthian invention of the 7th century and spread from there to other city states and regions including Sparta , Boeotia , Euboea , the east Greek islands and Athens . The Corinthian fabric , extensively studied by Humfry Payne and Darrell Amyx , can be traced though the parallel treatment of animal and human figures . The animal motifs have greater prominence on the vase and show the greatest experimentation in the early phase of Corinthian black - figure . As Corinthian artists gained in confidence in their rendering of the human figure the animal frieze declined in size relative to the human scene during the middle to late phase . By the mid-6th century BC , the quality of Corinthian ware had fallen away significantly to the extent that some Corinthian potters would disguise their pots with a red slip in imitation of superior Athenian ware . At Athens researchers have found the earliest known examples of vase painters signing their work , the first being a dinos by Sophilos ( illus . below , BM c. 580 ) , this perhaps indicative of their increasing ambition as artists in producing the monumental work demanded as grave markers , as for example with Kleitias 's François Vase . Many scholars consider the finest work in the style to belong Exekias and the Amasis Painter , who are noted for their feeling for composition and narrative . Circa 520 BC the red - figure technique was developed and was gradually introduced in the form of the bilingual vase by the Andokides Painter , Oltos and Psiax . Red - figure quickly eclipsed black - figure , yet in the unique form of the Panathanaic Amphora , black - figure continued to be utilised well into the 4th century BC . Red figure ( edit ) See also : Red - figure pottery Reveller and courtesan by Euphronios , c. 500 BC , BM E 44 The innovation of the red - figure technique was an Athenian invention of the late 6th century . It was quite the opposite of black - figure which had a red background . The ability to render detail by direct painting rather than incision offered new expressive possibilities to artists such as three - quarter profiles , greater anatomical detail and the representation of perspective . The first generation of red - figure painters worked in both red - and black - figure as well as other methods including Six 's technique and white - ground ; the latter was developed at the same time as red - figure . However , within twenty years , experimentation had given way to specialization as seen in the vases of the Pioneer Group , whose figural work was exclusively in red - figure , though they retained the use of black - figure for some early floral ornamentation . The shared values and goals of The Pioneers such as Euphronios and Euthymides signal that they were something approaching a self - conscious movement , though they left behind no testament other than their own work . John Boardman said of the research on their work that `` the reconstruction of their careers , common purpose , even rivalries , can be taken as an archaeological triumph '' This rhyton -- used for drinking wine -- is shaped like a donkey 's head on one side of its body and a ram 's on the other . ca . 450 BC . Walters Art Museum , Baltimore . The next generation of late Archaic vase painters ( c. 500 to 480 BC ) brought an increasing naturalism to the style as seen in the gradual change of the profile eye . This phase also sees the specialization of painters into pot and cup painters , with the Berlin and Kleophrades Painters notable in the former category and Douris and Onesimos in the latter . Neck amphora depicting an athlete running the hoplitodromos by the Berlin Painter , c. 480 BC , Louvre By the early to high classical era of red - figure painting ( c. 480 -- 425 BC ) , a number of distinct schools had evolved . The mannerists associated with the workshop of Myson and exemplified by the Pan Painter hold to the archaic features of stiff drapery and awkward poses and combine that with exaggerated gestures . By contrast , the school of the Berlin Painter in the form of the Achilles Painter and his peers ( who may have been the Berlin Painter 's pupils ) favoured a naturalistic pose usually of a single figure against a solid black background or of restrained white - ground lekythoi . Polygnotos and the Kleophon Painter can be included in the school of the Niobid Painter , as their work indicates something of the influence of the Parthenon sculptures both in theme ( e.g. , Polygnotos 's centauromachy , Brussels , Musées Royaux A. & Hist. , A 134 ) and in feeling for composition . Toward the end of the century , the `` Rich '' style of Attic sculpture as seen in the Nike Balustrade is reflected in contemporary vase painting with an ever - greater attention to incidental detail , such as hair and jewellery . The Meidias Painter is usually most closely identified with this style . Vase production in Athens stopped around 330 -- 320 BC possibly due to Alexander the Great 's control of the city , and had been in slow decline over the 4th century along with the political fortunes of Athens itself . However , vase production continued in the 4th and 3rd centuries in the Greek colonies of southern Italy where five regional styles may be distinguished . These are the Apulian , Lucanian , Sicilian , Campanian and Paestan . Red - figure work flourished there with the distinctive addition of polychromatic painting and in the case of the Black Sea colony of Panticapeum the gilded work of the Kerch Style . Several noteworthy artists ' work comes down to us including the Darius Painter and the Underworld Painter , both active in the late 4th century , whose crowded polychromatic scenes often essay a complexity of emotion not attempted by earlier painters . Their work represents a late mannerist phase to the achievement of Greek vase painting . White ground technique ( edit ) See also : White ground technique Raging maenad by the Brygos Painter - she holds a thyrsos in her right hand , her left is swinging a leopard through the air , and a snake is winding through the diadem in her hair - Tondo of a kylix , 490 -- 480 BC , Munich , Staatliche Antikensammlungen The white - ground technique was developed at the end of the 6th century BC . Unlike the better - known black - figure and red - figure techniques , its coloration was not achieved through the application and firing of slips but through the use of paints and gilding on a surface of white clay . It allowed for a higher level of polychromy than the other techniques , although the vases end up less visually striking . The technique gained great importance during the 5th and 4th centuries , especially in the form of small lekythoi that became typical grave offerings . Important representatives include its inventor , the Achilles Painter , as well as Psiax , the Pistoxenos Painter , and the Thanatos Painter . Janus - faced attic red - figure plastic kantharos with heads of a satyr and a woman , c. 420 Relief and plastic vases ( edit ) Relief and plastic vases became particularly popular in the 4th century BC and continued being manufactured in the Hellenistic period . They were inspired by the so - called `` rich style '' developed mainly in Attica after 420 BC . The main features were the multi-figured compositions with use of added colours ( pink / reddish , blue , green , gold ) and an emphasis on female mythological figures . Theatre and performing constituted yet one more source of inspiration . Delphi Archaeological Museum has some particularly good examples of this style , including a vase with Aphrodite and Eros . The base is round , cylindrical , and its handle vertical , with bands , covered with black colour . The female figure ( Aphrodite ) is depicted seated , wearing an himation . Next to her stands a male figure , naked and winged . Both figures wear wreaths made of leaves and their hair preserve traces of golden paint . The features of their faces are stylized . The vase has a white ground and maintains in several parts the traces of bluish , greenish and reddish paint . It dates to the 4th century BC . In the same room is kept a small lekythos with a plastic decoration , depicting a winged dancer . The figure wears a Persian head cover and an oriental dress , indicating that already in that period oriental dancers , possibly slaves , had become quite fashionable . The figure is also covered with a white colour . The total height of the vase is 18 centimeters and it dates to the 4th century BC . Hellenistic period ( edit ) The Hellenistic period , ushered in by the conquests of Alexander the Great , saw the virtual disappearance of black and red - figure pottery yet also the emergence of new styles such as West Slope Ware in the east , the Centuripe Ware in Sicily , and the Gnathia vases to the west . Outside of mainland Greece other regional Greek traditions developed , such as those in Magna Graecia with the various styles in South Italy , including Apulian , Lucanian , Paestan , Campanian , and Sicilian . Inscriptions ( edit ) The so - called `` Memnon pieta '' , Ancient Greek Attic red - figure cup , c. 490 -- 480 BC , from Capua . Inscriptions on the left : ( ΕΕΝΕΜΕΚΝΕRINE ( meaning unclear ) , HERMOΓΕΝΕS KALOS ( `` Hermogenes kalos '' -- `` Hermogenes is beautiful '' ) . Inscriptions on the right : HEOS ( `` Eos '' ) , ΔΟRIS EΓRAΦSEN ( `` Doris Egraphsen '' -- Do ( u ) ris painted it ) . Inscription on the right : MEMNON ( `` Memnon '' ) , KALIAΔES EΠOIESEN ( `` Kaliades epoiesen '' -- Kaliades made it ) . Musée du Louvre , G 155 . Inscriptions on Greek pottery are of two kinds ; the incised ( the earliest of which are contemporary with the beginnings of the Greek alphabet in the 8th century BC ) , and the painted , which only begin to appear a century later . Both forms are relatively common on painted vases until the Hellenistic period when the practice of inscribing pots seems to die out . They are by far most frequently found on Attic pottery . Signature ( written retrograde ) SOΦΙLOS MEΓΡΑΦSEN ( `` Sophilos megraphsen '' -- Sophilos drew me ) , c. 570 BC , British Museum , GR 1971.11 -- 1.1 A number of sub-classes of inscription can be distinguished . Potters and painters occasionally signed their works with epoiesen and egraphsen respectively . Trademarks are found from the start of the 6th century on Corinthian pieces ; these may have belonged to an exporting merchant rather than the pottery workfield and this remains a matter of conjecture . ) Patrons ' names are also sometimes recorded , as are the names of characters and objects depicted . At times we may find a snatch of dialogue to accompany a scene , as in ' Dysniketos 's horse has won ' , announces a herald on a Panathenaic amphora ( BM , B 144 ) . More puzzling , however , are the kalos and kalee inscriptions , which might have formed part of courtship ritual in Athenian high society , yet are found on a wide variety of vases not necessarily associated with a social setting . Finally there are abecedaria and nonsense inscriptions , though these are largely confined to black - figure pots . Figurines ( edit ) Greek terracotta figurines were another important type of pottery , initially mostly religious , but increasingly representing purely decorative subjects . Earlier figurines were usually votive offerings at temples . Metal ( edit ) Several clay vases owed their inspiration to metal forms , which have not survived as much as clay due to being melted down . The alabastron 's name suggests alabaster , stone . The Derveni Krater , from near Thessaloniki , is a large bronze volute krater from about 320 BC , weighing 40 kilograms , and finely decorated with a 32 - centimetre - tall frieze of figures in relief representing Dionysus surrounded by Ariadne and her procession of satyrs and maenads . Glass ( edit ) Glass was also used , such as in Hellenistic glass . See also ( edit ) Ancient Roman pottery Tanagra figurine Kerameikos Archaeological Museum References and sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Home page of the Corpus vasorum antiquorum , accessed 16 May 2016 ^ Jump up to : John H. Oakley ( 2012 ) . `` Greek Art and Architecture , Classical : Classical Greek Pottery , '' in Neil Asher Silberman et . al. ( eds ) , The Oxford Companion to Archaeology , Vol 1 : Ache - Hoho , Second Edition , 641 -- 644 . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973578 - 5 , p. 641 . Jump up ^ A letter of 1491 to Lorenzo from Angelo Poliziano made an offer of 3 vases as an addition to an implied existing collection Jump up ^ Though the first conjecture belongs to A.S Mazochius , In regii herculanensis musaei tabulas hercleenes commentarii , 1754 - 8 , however Winckelmann had access to greater resources including the first plates of the Hamilton collection . See D. von Bothmer , Greek vase - painting in Paper on the Amasis Painter and his World , 1987 Jump up ^ Thanks to the ability of scholars to compare Greek finds with Italian ones following the Greek War of Independence , however the textual analysis in g . Kramer , Uber den Styl und die Herunft der bemalten griechischen Thongefasse 1837 and Otto Jahn 's catalogue of the Vulci finds contributed to the changing consensus . See Cook , Greek Painted Pottery , 1997 , p. 283 Jump up ^ Aaron J. Paul , Fragments of Antiquity : Drawing Upon Greek Vases , Harvard University Art Museums Bulletin , Vol . V , No. 2 ( Spring 1997 ) , pp ... 4 , 10 . Jump up ^ Woodford , 12 -- 14 ; `` Shapes '' ( see menu at left ) , Beazley Archive , Oxford Jump up ^ Woodford , Susan , An Introduction To Greek Art , 1986 , Duckworth , ISBN 978 - 0801419942 , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : John H. Oakley ( 2012 ) . `` Greek Art and Architecture , Classical : Classical Greek Pottery , '' in Neil Asher Silberman et . al. ( eds ) , The Oxford Companion to Archaeology , Vol 1 : Ache - Hoho , Second Edition , 641 -- 644 . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973578 - 5 , p. 642 . Jump up ^ `` Greek Pottery '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Making Greek Vases '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://camws.org/meeting/2010/program/abstracts/04B1.Hasaki.pdf Jump up ^ `` ancient greek pottery '' . ^ Jump up to : Walton , M. , Trentelman , K. , Cianchetta , I. , Maish , J. , Saunders , D. , Foran , B. , Mehta , A. ( 2014 ) , Zn in Athenian Black Gloss Ceramic Slips : A Trace Element Marker for Fabrication Technology . Journal of the American Ceramic Society . doi : 10.1111 / jace. 13337 Jump up ^ Artal - Isbrand , Paula , and Philip Klausmeyer . `` Evaluation of the relief line and the contour line on Greek red - figure vases using reflectance transformation imaging and three - dimensional laser scanning confocal microscopy . '' Studies in Conservation 58.4 ( 2013 ) : 338 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Walton , M. , Trentelman , K. , Cummings , M. , Poretti , G. , Maish , J. , Saunders , D. , Foran , B. , Brodie , M. , Mehta , A. ( 2013 ) , Material Evidence for Multiple Firings of Ancient Athenian Red - Figure Pottery . Journal of the American Ceramic Society , 96 : 2031 -- 2035 . doi : 10.1111 / jace. 12395 Jump up ^ For an extended review on the studies of Attic black slip and research published by several authors see R.E. Jones 1985 , Tite M.S. , M. Bimson and I. Freestone , An examination of the high Gloss Surface Finishes on Greek Attic and roman Samian Ware , Archaeometry 24.2 ( 1982 ) : 117 - 26 , Aloupi - Siotis E. , Recovery and Revival of Attic Vase - Decoration Techniques : What can they offer Archaeological Research ? , in Papers on Special Techniques in Athenian Vases 2008 : 113 -- 128 , Walton , M. , Trentelman , K. , Cummings , M. , Poretti , G. , Maish , J. , Saunders , D. , Foran , B. , Brodie , M. , Mehta , A. ( 2013 ) , Material Evidence for Multiple Firings of Ancient Athenian Red - Figure Pottery . Journal of the American Ceramic Society , 96 : 2031 -- 2035. , and WALTON , M.S. , DOEHNE , E. , TRENTELMAN , K. , CHIARI , G. , MAISH , J. and BUXBAUM , A. ( 2009 ) , CHARACTERIZATION OF CORAL RED SLIPS ON GREEK ATTIC POTTERY . Archaeometry , 51 : 383 -- 396 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4754.2008. 00413. x Jump up ^ John H. Oakley ( 2012 ) . `` Greek Art and Architecture , Classical : Classical Greek Pottery , '' in Neil Asher Silberman et . al. ( eds ) , The Oxford Companion to Archaeology , Vol 1 : Ache - Hoho , Second Edition , 641 -- 644 . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973578 - 5 , p. 641 - 642 . Jump up ^ Papadopoulos , John K. ; Vedder , James F. ; Schreiber , Toby ( 1998 ) . `` Drawing Circles : Experimental Archaeology and the Pivoted Multiple Brush '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 102 ( 3 ) : 507 -- 529 . JSTOR 506399 . Jump up ^ Snodgrass , Anthony M. ( 2001 ) . The Dark Age of Greece . New York : Routledge . p. 102 . ISBN 0415936357 . See also Popham , Sackett , Excavations at Lefkandi , Euboea 1968 Jump up ^ Woodford , Susan . ( 1982 ) The Art of Greece and Rome . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 40 . ISBN 0521298733 Jump up ^ The relationship between the iconography of grave markers and social change is essayed in James Whitley Style and Society in Dark Age Greece , 1991 . See also Gudrun Ahlberg , Gudrun Ahlberg - Cornell , Prothesis and Ekphora in Greek Geometric Art , 1971 . Jump up ^ Diffusion of the style is detailed in John Nicolas Coldstream , Greek Geometric Pottery : A Survey of Ten Local Styles and Their Chronology , 1968 Jump up ^ Robert Manuel Cook , Greek Painted Pottery , Routledge , 1997 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ The diffusion of protogemetric pottery is a complex subject best summerized by V. Desborough , Protogeometric Pottery , 1952 . The picture is further complicated with the presence of a lingering sub-Mycenaean style in some Greek centres during this period , see Desborough ( 1964 ) . The Last Mycenaeans and their Successors : An Archaeological Survey , c. 1200 -- c. 1000 B.C . Jump up ^ The terminus ante quem of the late Corinthian black - figure style was established by M.T. Campbell A Well of the Black - figured Period at Corinth , Hesperia , vii ( 1938 ) , pp. 557 -- 611 . Jump up ^ C.M. Stibbe Lakonische Vasenmaler des sechsten Jahrhunderts v. chr. , 2 vols , 1972 . M. Pipili Laconian Iconography of the Sixth Century BC , 1987 Jump up ^ K. Kilinski II Boiotian Black Figure Vase Painting of the Archaic Period , 1990 Jump up ^ J. Boardman Pottery from Eretria , Annu . Brit . Sch . Athens , xlvii , 1952 , pp. 1 -- 48 Jump up ^ R.M. Cook and P. Dupont East Greek Pottery , 1998 Jump up ^ H.G.G. Payne Necrocorinthia : A Study of Corinthian Art in the Archaic Period , 1931 . Jump up ^ D.A. Amyx , Corinthian Vase - painting of the Archaic Period , 3 vols , 1991 Jump up ^ However , the earliest red - figure vase was not a bilingual , see Beth Cohen , The Colors of Clay , p. 21 Jump up ^ J. Boardman : Athenian Red Figure Vases : The Archaic Period , 1975 , p29 . Jump up ^ John H. Oakley ( 2012 ) . `` Greek Art and Architecture , Classical : Classical Greek Pottery , '' in Neil Asher Silberman et . al. ( eds ) , The Oxford Companion to Archaeology , Vol 1 : Ache - Hoho , Second Edition , 641 -- 644 . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973578 - 5 , p. 642 - 643 . Jump up ^ Henry R. Immerwahr , Aspects of Literacy in the Athenian Ceramicus Jump up ^ Sparkes , p. 70 Sparkes , Brian . Greek Pottery : An Introduction . Further reading ( edit ) John Beazley , Attic Black - Figure Vase Painters , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1956 . John Beazley , Attic Red - Figure Vase Painters , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1942 . John Beazley , The Development of Attic Black - Figure , University of California , 1951 . John Beazley , Paralipomena , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1971 . John Boardman , Athenian Black figure Vases , London , 1974 . John Boardman , Athenian Red Figure Vases , London , 1975 . Sheramy Bundrick ( October 17 , 2005 ) . Music and Image in Classical Athens . Cambridge University Press . Coldstream , J.N. , Geometric Greece 900 -- 700 BC , London 2003 ( Second Edition ) . Joseph Veach Noble : The Techniques of Painted Attic Pottery . New York 1965 . Richard E. Jones : Greek and Cypriot Pottery : A Review of Scientific Studies . Athens 1985 . Martin Robinson , The Art of Vase - Painting in Classical Athens , Cambridge , 1992 . Arthur Dale Trendall , Red figure Vases of South Italy and Sicily , London , 1989 . Von Bothmer , Dietrich ( 1987 ) . Greek vase painting . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0870990845 . Adam Winter , Die Antike Glanztonkeramik ' , Mainz , 1978 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Greek pottery . The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide , a collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art containing information on the pottery of ancient Greece ( pages 315 -- 322 ) Beazley Archive of Greek pottery Journey through art history : Ancient Greek Art Ancient Greek Pottery , professor Kenney Mencher , Ohlone College `` Secrets of Greek artists revealed : X-rays show hidden layers of paint on a stunning 2,500 - year - old vase '' . DailyMail. 4 October 2016 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . S. Bleecker - Luce , A Brief History of the Study of Greek Vase Painting , American Philosophical Society 1918 The evolution of Greek vase painting . Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology . Pottery of ancient Greece Aegean Minyan ware Minoan Kamares ware Vasiliki ware Mycenaean Sub-Mycenaean Cycladic Frying pans Ancient Greece proper Bilingual Black - figure Black - glazed Ware Bucchero Red - figure South Italian West Slope Ware White ground Potters Amasis Ergotimos Euphronios Euthymides Hypereides Nikosthenes Pamphaios Sophilos Little Masters Ergoteles Hermogenes Phrynos Tleson Special topics Conservation Corpus vasorum antiquorum Disjecta membra Hellenistic glass LIMC Name vase Slip Symposium Tanagra figurine Terracotta figurines Three - phase firing Vase types Ancient Greek vase painting Techniques Three - phase firing Bilingual White - ground Black - glazed Ware West Slope Ware Black - figure Six 's Red - figure Kerch Stylistic periods Sub-Mycenaean Protogeometric Geometric Orientalizing Stylistic regions Argive Attic Chalkidian ( Pseudo-Chalkidian ) Cycladic Euboean Laconian Thessalian East Greek Ionic Klazomenian Rhodian Samian Wild Goat Caeretan hydria South Italian Lucanian Paestan Campanian Apulian Canosa vases Gnathia vases Sicilian Centuripe ware Boeotian Kabiria Group Etruscan Pontic Group Painters List of Greek vase painters Special topics Corpus vasorum antiquorum East Greek Bird Bowl Hadra vase Kalos inscription Name vase Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus , Olympia Language Proto - Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Lists Cities in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&oldid=806648593 '' Categories : Ancient Greek pottery Ancient Greece Archaeology of Greece Economy of ancient Greece Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Чӑвашла Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 09 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what types of designs were painted on early greek vases | [
"The rise of vase painting saw increasing decoration. Geometric art in Greek pottery was contiguous with the late Dark Age and early Archaic Greece, which saw the rise of the Orientalizing period. The pottery produced in Archaic and Classical Greece included at first black-figure pottery, yet other styles emerged such as red-figure pottery and the white ground technique. Styles such as West Slope Ware were characteristic of the subsequent Hellenistic period, which saw vase painting's decline."
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5307805560425264347 | 2009 Nobel Peace Prize | 2009 Nobel Peace Prize - wikipedia 2009 Nobel Peace Prize Jump to : navigation , search 2009 Nobel Peace Prize ← 2008 Nobel Peace Prize 2010 → This article is part of a series about Barack Obama Political positions Electoral history Early life and career Family Public image Illinois State Senator U.S. Senator from Illinois 44th President of the United States Policies Economy Energy Foreign policy Obama Doctrine Foreign trips Pardons Social Space Appointments Cabinet Judges First term Campaign for the Presidency 2008 General election Primaries Transition 1st inauguration Presidency First 100 days Affordable Care Act Iraq Withdrawal Death of Osama bin Laden Timeline : ' 09 ' 10 ' 11 ' 12 Second term Reelection campaign 2012 General election Reactions 2nd inauguration Presidency Immigration executive action Iran Deal Cuban Thaw Timeline : ' 13 ' 14 ' 15 ' 16 ' 17 Dreams from My Father The Audacity of Hope Planned Library Nobel Peace Prize U.S. President Barack Obama receiving the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize The 2009 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to United States President Barack Obama for his `` extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples '' . The Norwegian Nobel Committee announced the award on October 9 , 2009 , citing Obama 's promotion of nuclear nonproliferation and a `` new climate '' in international relations fostered by Obama , especially in reaching out to the Muslim world . The Nobel Committee 's decision drew mixed reactions from US commentators and editorial writers across the political spectrum , as well as from the rest of the world . Obama accepted the prize in Oslo on December 10 , 2009 . In a 36 - minute speech , he discussed the tensions between war and peace and the idea of a `` just war '' saying , `` perhaps the most profound issue surrounding my receipt of this prize is the fact that I am the Commander - in - Chief of the military of a nation in the midst of two wars . '' Obama is the fourth President of the United States to have been awarded a Nobel Prize ( after Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson and Jimmy Carter , with Carter 's honor happening after leaving office ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomination and announcement 2 Reactions 2.1 Barack Obama 2.2 In the United States 2.2. 1 Political reaction 2.3 In Norway 2.4 Other reactions 3 Nobel lecture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Nomination and announcement ( edit ) The winner is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee from nominations submitted by committee members and others . Nominations for the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize closed just 11 days after Obama took office . There were 205 nominations for the 2009 award , which included Chinese and Afghan civil rights activists and African politicians . Colombian Senator Piedad Córdoba , Afghanistan 's Sima Samar , Chinese dissident Hu Jia and Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Morgan Tsvangirai had been speculated to be favorites for the award . The five members of the Nobel Committee are appointed by the Norwegian Parliament to roughly reflect the party makeup of that body . The 2009 Committee comprised two members of the Norwegian Labor Party , one from the left - wing Socialist Left Party , one from the Conservative Party of Norway and one from the right - wing Progress Party . The chairman of the Committee was Thorbjørn Jagland , former Norwegian Labor Party prime minister and Secretary General of the Council of Europe since September 29 , 2009 . The panel met six or seven times in 2009 , beginning several weeks after the February 1 nomination deadline . The winner was chosen unanimously on October 5 . but was initially opposed by the Socialist Left , Conservative and Progress Party members until strongly persuaded by Jagland . Jagland said `` We have not given the prize for what may happen in the future . We are awarding Obama for what he has done in the past year . And we are hoping this may contribute a little bit for what he is trying to do , '' noting that he hoped the award would assist Obama 's foreign policy efforts . Jagland said the committee was influenced by a speech Obama gave about Islam in Cairo in June 2009 , the president 's efforts to prevent nuclear proliferation and climate change , and Obama 's support for using established international bodies such as the United Nations to pursue foreign policy goals . The New York Times reported that Jagland shrugged off the question of whether `` the committee feared being labeled naïve for accepting a young politician 's promises at face value '' , stating that `` no one could deny that ' the international climate ' had suddenly improved , and that Mr. Obama was the main reason ... ' We want to embrace the message that he stands for . ' '' Barack Obama with Thorbjørn Jagland at the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony . Obama was the fourth U.S. President to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize , after Theodore Roosevelt ( 1906 ) and Woodrow Wilson ( 1919 ) -- both of whom received the award during their terms -- and Jimmy Carter ( 2002 ) , who received the award 21 years after leaving office . In addition , then - sitting Vice President Charles Dawes was a co-winner with Austen Chamberlain ( 1925 ) , and former Vice President Al Gore was a co-winner with the U.N. 's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( 2007 ) Obama was the first U.S. president to receive the award during his first year in office ( at eight and a half months , after being nominated less than two weeks in office ) , although several other world leaders were awarded in the year following their election to national office , including Óscar Arias ( 1987 ) and Aung San Suu Kyi ( 1991 ) . Reactions ( edit ) Barack Obama ( edit ) Obama said he was `` surprised '' and `` deeply humbled '' by the award . In remarks given at the White House Rose Garden on the day of the announcement , Obama stated , `` I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations . '' `` Throughout history , the Nobel Peace Prize has not just been used to honor specific achievement ; it 's also been used as a means to give momentum to a set of causes , '' Obama said . `` And that is why I will accept this award as a call to action -- a call for all nations to confront the common challenges of the 21st century . '' He said those common challenges included the goal of eliminating nuclear weapons ( which he said might not occur in his lifetime ) , nuclear proliferation , climate change , tolerance `` among people of different faiths and races and religions '' , peace between and security for Israelis and Palestinians , better social conditions for the world 's poor , including `` the ability to get an education and make a decent living ; the security that you wo n't have to live in fear of disease or violence without hope for the future . '' The United States , he said , is `` a country that 's responsible for ending a war and working in another theater to confront a ruthless adversary that directly threatens the American people and our allies . '' The award , he said , `` must be shared with everyone who strives for justice and dignity -- for the young woman who marches silently in the streets on behalf of her right to be heard even in the face of beatings and bullets ; for the leader imprisoned in her own home because she refuses to abandon her commitment to democracy ( referring to Aung San Suu Kyi ) ; for the soldier who sacrificed through tour after tour of duty on behalf of someone half a world away ; and for all those men and women across the world who sacrifice their safety and their freedom and sometime their lives for the cause of peace . '' He did not take questions from reporters after giving his statement . Obama announced early that he would donate the full 10 million Swedish kronor ( about US $1.4 million ) monetary award to charity . The largest donations were given to the housing charity Fisher House Foundation who received $250,000 , and the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund which received $200,000 . Eight organizations which support education also received a donation . $125,000 was donated to the College Summit , the Posse Foundation , the United Negro College Fund , the Hispanic Scholarship Fund , the Appalachian Leadership and Education Foundation , and the American Indian College Fund . $100,000 was donated to Africare , and the Central Asia Institute . In the United States ( edit ) Obama 's winning of the peace prize was largely unanticipated and called a `` stunning surprise '' by The New York Times , though major oddsmaker Centrebet had in fact put him at 7 -- 1 odds of winning , with Piedad Córdoba and Sima Samar at 6 -- 1 and Morgan Tsvangirai at 7 -- 1 . In a USA Today / Gallup Poll conducted October 16 -- 19 , 61 % of American adults polled responded that they thought Obama did not deserve to win the prize , while 34 % responded that he did ; when asked if they were personally glad that Obama won the award , 46 % of respondents said they were and 47 % said they were not glad ( poll margin of error + / - 3 % ) . There was widespread criticism of the Nobel Committee 's decision from commentators and editorial writers across the political spectrum . The New York Times published a mildly - supportive editorial which said the prize was `` a ( barely ) implicit condemnation of Mr. Bush 's presidency . But countering the ill will Mr. Bush created around the world is one of Mr. Obama 's great achievements in less than nine months in office . Mr. Obama 's willingness to respect and work with other nations is another . '' It said that much remains to be done . Among those agreeing that the award was a criticism of the Bush administration were the editorial pages of the Los Angeles Times , Wall Street Journal , and Washington Post , as well as Thomas L. Friedman of the New York Times . Today host Matt Lauer and Jonah Goldberg of the National Review said that less than a year into the first term , there have been `` no major foreign policy achievements to date . '' Goldberg added : `` surely someone in Iran -- or maybe the Iranian protestors generally -- could have benefitted more from receiving the prize '' while in CounterPunch , political journalist Alexander Cockburn said that , in historical context of other former U.S. Presidents winning the Nobel Peace Prize , the award to Obama `` represents a radical break in tradition , since he 's only had slightly less than nine months to discharge his imperial duties . '' Peter Beinart of the Daily Beast called the decision a `` farce '' , while Noam Chomsky said : `` In defense of the committee , we might say that the achievement of doing nothing to advance peace places Obama on a considerably higher moral plane than some of the earlier recipients '' . Many were critical of the Nobel Committee . A Wall Street Journal editorial , noting Obama 's comment that the world 's problems `` ca n't be met by any one leader or any one nation '' , opined , `` What this suggests to us -- and to the Norwegians -- is the end of what has been called ' American exceptionalism ' . This is the view that U.S. values have universal application and should be promoted without apology , and defended with military force when necessary . Put in this context , we wonder if most Americans will count this peace - of - the - future prize as a compliment . '' Washington Post columnist Michael Gerson wrote that the committee members `` have forfeited any claim to seriousness . Peace -- the kind of peace that keeps people from being killed and oppressed -- is an achievement , not a sentiment . ( ... ) Intending to honor Obama , the committee has actually embarrassed him . '' Commentary magazine 's Peter Wehner wrote that the award , with past awards that seemed aimed at criticizing the Bush administration , showed the Nobel Committee `` long ago ceased to be a serious entity ; this choice merely confirms that judgment . '' According to The Washington Post news analyst Dan Balz , `` ( E ) ven among his supporters there was a sense of surprise and even shock on Friday ( the day of the announcement ) , a belief that the award was premature , a disservice and a potential liability . '' An editorial in The Washington Post began , `` It 's an odd Nobel Peace Prize that almost makes you embarrassed for the honoree '' , and compared the Nobel Committee 's statement that Obama had `` created a new climate in international politics '' to a recent satirical skit on television . A Los Angeles Times editorial said the committee `` did n't just embarrass Obama , it diminished the credibility of the prize itself '' . Thomas L. Friedman of The New York Times wrote , `` It dismays me that the most important prize in the world has been devalued in this way '' . Much of the commentary across the political spectrum involved describing the award as something risible , with the humor focusing on Obama 's getting the award without having accomplished much . According to an analysis in The New York Times , `` it ( ... ) ( is ) striking how so many people seemed to greet the Nobel news with shock followed by laughter , '' On the morning of the announcement , several of The Washington Post 's opinion - page columnists , posting at the newspaper 's `` Post Partisan '' blog , characterized the award as laughable or directly satirized it , including such supportive columnists as Ruth Marcus ( `` ridiculous -- embarrassing , even '' ) , Richard Cohen ( who satirized the award ) , and foreign - affairs columnist David Ignatius ( `` goofy '' and `` weird '' ) , and Michael Kinsley ( whose satirical response came the next day ) . Other prominent commentators who often supported Obama but responded with ridicule included Peter Beinart and Ann Althouse . James Taranto wrote in The Wall Street Journal an article summarising various opinions on the Internet , concluding how the award was embarrassing for Obama . He said the award was a `` staggeringly premature honor -- the equivalent of a lifetime - achievement Oscar for a child star -- makes yesterday 's satire into today 's news '' . Fred Greenstein , presidential historian and author and professor of politics emeritus at Princeton University , told FOX News that giving President Obama the Nobel Peace Prize is a `` premature canonization '' and an `` embarrassment to the Nobel process . '' Slate magazine blogger Mickey Kaus , New York Times columnist David Brooks and former U.N. ambassador John Bolton amongst others , called for Obama to not accept the award ; pundit Michael Crowley argued that it was a `` mixed blessing '' . Subsequent to the award many Americans now consider that Obama did not deserve it in the light of following events . Opponents of the award cite the expansion of the War on Terror and the large increase in the number of drone strikes carried out under Obama , specifically in Pakistan . There have been a number of calls for Obama to either return the award or to have the Nobel Committee recall it , most recently in 2013 . In April 2013 a petition was begun asking the Nobel Committee to rescind the Peace Prize . The petition garnered 10,000 signatures in its first day and nearly 20,000 by the end of its first week . Political reaction ( edit ) Nobel laureate and former U.S. Vice President Al Gore called the award `` extremely well deserved '' , Obama received congratulations and kind words from other elected officials , such as from House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and former rival , Senator John McCain , who said `` As Americans , we 're proud when our president receives an award of that prestigious category '' . RNC chairman Michael Steele discussed his disapproval of the award in a fund - raising letter , writing , `` the Democrats and their international leftist allies want America made subservient to the agenda of global redistribution and control . '' In 2015 , Geir Lundestad , the non-voting Director of the Nobel Institute and secretary for the Nobel Committee at the time of the award , published a memoir , `` Secretary of Peace '' . In it , he wrote `` In hindsight , we could say that the argument of giving Obama a helping hand was only partially correct . Many of Obama 's supporters believed it was a mistake . '' Lundestad said that Obama had been surprised by the award , and considered not going to Oslo to accept it . He also said in his memoir that Obama had since failed to live up to the Nobel Committee 's expectations . In Norway ( edit ) A poll conducted by Synovate for the newspaper Dagbladet showed that 43 % of the Norwegian population believed giving Obama the prize was right , while 38 % believed it was wrong . 19 % had no opinion . The poll showed a sharp divide between younger and older people ; of those over 60 years of age 58 % were for and only 31 % against it . Of those between 18 and 29 years of age , only 25 % approved of the decision , while 42 % disapproved . The award divided opinion among politicians . Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg congratulated Obama for a `` well - deserved prize '' . Siv Jensen , leader of the opposition Progress Party , said that while Obama had taken several good initiatives the committee should have waited to see their results . Erna Solberg , leader of the Conservative Party , also said that the prize came early and increased pressure on Obama to live up to the expectation . Torstein Dahle , the leader of the leftist party Red , called the award a scandal , citing the fact that Obama was the commander - in - chief of a country at war in Iraq and Afghanistan . Other reactions ( edit ) The response from U.S. allies was generally positive ; reactions around the world were mixed : Several Nobel Laureates have commented : Bangladeshi economist Muhammad Yunus , ( co-winner 2006 prize ) , said the committee 's award was `` an endorsement of ( Obama ) and the direction he is taking . '' Archbishop Desmond Tutu said the award to Obama `` anticipates an even greater contribution towards making our world a safer place for all . '' Mairead Corrigan , ( co-winner 1976 ) , expressed her disappointment , stating , `` ( g ) iving this award to the leader of the most militarized country in the world , which has taken the human family against its will to war , will be rightly seen by many people around the world as a reward for his country 's aggression and domination . '' Lech Wałęsa , ( 1983 ) cofounder of the Solidarity trade union , and former president of Poland said the award was premature . `` He has not yet made a real input . '' The 14th Dalai Lama congratulated Obama . United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon praised the Nobel Committee 's choice . `` We are entering an era of renewed multilateralism ( ... ) President Obama embodies the new spirit of dialogue and engagement on the world 's biggest problems : climate change , nuclear disarmament and a wide range of peace and security challenges . '' In Europe , French President Nicolas Sarkozy said the award would reinforce Obama 's determination to work for justice and peace . He added that the award `` finally confirms the return of America in the hearts of all the peoples of the world '' . Russian prime minister Dmitry Medvedev said the award will encourage warmer U.S. -- Russian relations , and he hoped it would `` serve as an additional incentive '' for both governments to foster a better `` climate in world politics '' . British Prime Minister Gordon Brown sent a private message of congratulations to President Obama . Hope that the prize would assist Obama 's efforts toward nuclear disarmament was also a part of congratulatory statements from Ireland 's Taoiseach Brian Cowen and German Chancellor Angela Merkel . Vatican spokesman Fr . Federico Lombardi said the Vatican `` appreciated '' the nomination . Kosovar President Fatmir Sejdiu congratulated Obama by saying , `` This award is testimony to your success as a leader of a free country aimed at creating a safer and more peaceful world . '' In Australia , former Foreign Minister Alexander Downer said that the selection was `` a political decision of gross stupidity '' , laying the blame on the selection committee for a `` hideous display of cynical politics '' . Stuart Rees , director of the Sydney Peace Foundation in Australia , questioned the award . `` Perhaps the Nobel organisation wants to give him a magic wand . I think the guy is full of promise , but I do n't think the promise has been realised yet particularly in regards the Middle East . '' In Asia and the Middle East : Afghanistan , President Hamid Karzai said that Obama was the `` appropriate '' person to win the Nobel Peace Prize . `` His hard work and his new vision on global relations , his will and efforts for creating friendly and good relations at global level and global peace make him the appropriate recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize , '' said Siamak Hirai , a spokesman for Karzai . Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid said the decision was ridiculous , saying , `` The Nobel prize for peace ? Obama should have won the ' Nobel Prize for escalating violence and killing civilians . ' '' Indonesia 's , Masdar Mas'udi , deputy head of the Islamic organisation Nahdlatul Ulama , praised Obama 's policy towards his country as confirmation of his worthiness as a Nobel laureate . `` I think it 's appropriate because he is the only American president who has reached out to us in peace , '' he said . `` On the issues of race , religion , skin colour , he has an open attitude . '' Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama , Indian President Pratibha Patil and Israeli President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Shimon Peres sent congratulatory messages to Obama , but Iranian Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki told reporters that `` the decision was taken hastily and the award was ( too ) early . '' In Latin America , former Cuban President Fidel Castro called the award `` positive '' and said the prize should be seen as a criticism to the `` genocidal policy '' carried out by past U.S. presidents . Venezuelan Foreign Minister Nicolás Maduro said the award was a surprise and perhaps premature . `` As President Hugo Chávez said at the United Nations , ( the Obama administration ) is a government that has raised expectations and hopes in many people in the world , amid great contradictions . '' In Africa , the news of the Obama Nobel Peace Prize was positively received . Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki issued a statement saying that the prize was a `` recognition of the contribution ( Obama is ) making for the well being of humanity . '' In South Africa , President Jacob Zuma used Ubuntu -- the Zulu term for `` the importance of community '' -- in his congratulatory message , saying that the U.S. president 's `` leadership reflects the true spirit of Ubuntu because your approach celebrates our common humanity . '' Zimbabwe Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai , who was touted as a possible Nobel laureate , said Obama deserved the honor . In 2011 Bolivian President Evo Morales and Russian Liberal Democratic Party leader Vladimir Zhirinovsky condemned the award calling it hypocritical in light of US policy during the Libyan Civil War . After the death of Anwar al - Awlaki and his son Abdulrahman al - Awlaki by CIA predator drones in Yemen , Nasser al - Awlaki , the father and grandfather of Anwar and Abdulrahman respectively , released an audio message condemning the killings : I urge the American people to bring the killers to justice . I urge them to expose the hypocrisy of the 2009 Nobel Prize laureate . To some , he may be that . To me and my family , he is nothing more than a child killer . Nobel lecture ( edit ) Barack Obama presenting his Nobel lecture President Obama accepted the Nobel Peace prize in person at the Oslo City Hall in Norway on December 10 , 2009 . In a 36 - minute speech , reportedly written by Obama and then edited by Jon Favreau and Ben Rhodes , he discussed the tensions between war and peace and the idea of a `` just war '' . The address contained elements of the ideas of Reinhold Niebuhr , someone Obama once described as one of his favorite philosophers . The speech was generally well received by American pundits on both ends of the political spectrum . Several noted similarities between Obama 's message and the rhetoric of President George W. Bush . This was also mentioned by former Bush speechwriter Michael Gerson , who called it a `` very American speech '' and wrote that `` Obama was recognizing that the great commitments and themes of American foreign policy are durably bipartisan '' . A number of prominent Republican politicians publicly praised the speech , including Newt Gingrich and Sarah Palin . Conservative New York Times columnist Ross Douthat called it an oftentimes impressive speech that was `` An extended defense of using realist means in the service of liberal internationalist ends '' . Columnist Andrew Sullivan distinguished between the Obama and Bush messages , stating that `` Obama is far more conservative than his predecessor '' in his views on human imperfection , reality , and war ; he also linked the speech back to the tragic nature of Obama 's line `` the audacity of hope '' . `` To say that force is sometimes necessary is not a call to cynicism -- it is a recognition of history ; the imperfections of man and the limits of reason . '' -- Barack Obama Former Jimmy Carter speechwriter Hendrik Hertzberg said that the speech `` will live on for a long time as a text for peacemakers in power '' . A few commentators were more critical , with former US Ambassador to the UN John Bolton calling it `` pedestrian , turgid , and uninspired '' and US Congressman Dennis Kucinich `` Once we are committed to war 's instrumentality in pursuit of peace , we begin the Orwellian journey to the semantic netherworld where war is peace ... '' The New York Times praised the eloquence of the speech , noting that `` President Obama gave the speech he needed to give , but we suspect not precisely the one the Nobel committee wanted to hear . '' The Wall Street Journal echoed this sentiment and congratulated Obama for defending the occasional necessity of war and for stating that evil exists in the world , though used the same editorial to criticize him for current disarmament talks with Russia and a lack of progress with Iran and North Korea . The Los Angeles Times lauded the speech as `` a blockbuster even by Obama 's lofty standards '' , and even though the ideas were not new , `` Obama 's special gift is to make them seem achievable by appealing to our higher nature . '' It was also received well by columnists in The Washington Post . Abroad , British historian Simon Schama said of the speech that `` in its seriousness , bravery and clarity , ( it ) was on a par with FDR and Churchill '' and `` summoned the spirit of Cicero '' . See also ( edit ) List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates List of black Nobel Laureates References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2009 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obama wins 2009 Nobel Peace Prize '' . BBC News Online . October 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2010 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Cooper , Helene ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` Obama Lists Who Will Get Prize Money From Nobel '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama donates $1.4 M in Nobel Peace Prize award money to 10 charities , as promised '' . Daily News . New York . March 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moskwa , Wojciech ( October 7 , 2009 ) . `` PREVIEW - Nobel Peace prize seeks return to activist roots '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Reactions : Obama Wins Nobel Peace Prize '' . The Washington Post . September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , David ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Poll : Most do n't think Obama deserved Nobel award '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Peace Prize '' . The New York Times . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obama and the Nobel : He loses by winning '' . 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Jump up ^ Cohen , Richard . `` PostPartisan - Palin , Vaughn , Rabinowitz Win Awards '' . Voices.washingtonpost.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ignatius , David . `` PostPartisan - Obama 's Nobel and America 's Popularity '' . Voices.washingtonpost.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Obama Wins Booker Prize '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Bienart , a columnist at The Daily Beast website , used to be editor of The New Republic Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ; in addition to being a blogger , Althouse has guest blogged at Instapundit.com , The Volokh Conspiracy blog and has written for The New York Times Op - Ed page and the newspapers website ; Her comment : `` Riddle : Why did n't Barack Obama win the Nobel Prize for Literature ? Answer : He wrote 2 books . '' Jump up ^ Taranto , James ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Most Embarrassing Moment '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Miller , Joshua Rhett ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's Nobel Is Premature , Historians and Political Scientists Say '' . Fox News . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kausfiles : What Obama Should Do With His Nobel Peace Prize '' . Slate.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brooks , Marcus Discuss Potential Peace Prize Backfire , Rangel Controversy '' . PBS . October 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton : Decline It -- Robert Costa -- The Corner on National Review Online '' . Corner.nationalreview.com. April 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Nobel : Mixed Blessing At Best The New Republic '' . Tnr.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` McCain says Nobel award based on expectations ( video ) '' . CNN Political Ticker . October 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2009 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Associated Press ( October 10 , 2009 ) . `` GOP mocks Obama 's peace prize , Russians praise it '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel secretary regrets Obama peace prize '' . BBC . September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Nobel secretary says Obama 's peace prize did n't have desired effect '' . US News and World Report . September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel director regretted Obama peace prize '' . The Local . September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norge er Obama - delt på midten '' . Dagbladet ( in Norwegian ) . October 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2009 . 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The Australian . October 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2009 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Obama the right man to win Nobel Peace Prize : Karzai '' , AFP ( via AsiaOne ) , October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Massoud , Waheedullah ( October 10 , 2009 ) . `` Taliban condemns Obama 's Nobel Peace Prize '' . AFP . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Praise and scepticism greet Obama Nobel award '' . Reuters India . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Abcarian , Robin ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Nobel Peace Prize reaction : Taliban thumbs down , Israeli thumbs up , Asian disappointment '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Ali ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Leaders respond to Obama Nobel win '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . 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Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyans Express Joy , Urgency , at President Obama 's Nobel Peace Award '' Voice of America 09 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` GOP mocks Obama 's peace prize , Russians praise it '' Associated Press 11 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Tsvangirai congratulates ' deserving ' Obama '' The Times Online 09 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 Jump up ^ Norman Solomon ( March 23 , 2011 ) . `` Obama Nobel Peace Prize Appeal Sought By Bolivian President And Russian Lawmaker '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ An American Teenager in Yemen : Paying for the Sins of His Father ? Jump up ^ Williamson , Elizabeth ; Weisman , Jonathan ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Defends ' Just War ' at Oslo '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . 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The New Yorker . December 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2009 . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton : Obama 's ' Pedestrian , Turgid , and Uninspired ' Address '' . The Corner . National Review . December 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Miller , S.A. ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` Anti-war forces bristle at Obama 's Nobel speech '' . The Washington Times . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama in Oslo '' . The New York Times . December 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Disarmament President '' . The Wall Street Journal . December 11 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Eugene ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` War and Peace '' . The Washington Post . 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External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Barack Obama 's Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech Media related to Nobel Peace Prize 2009 at Wikimedia Commons Official Nobel Page Barack Obama 's 36 - minute Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech Remarks by the President on Winning the Nobel Peace Prize from The White House , October 9 , 2009 Kenyans Take Pride in Obama 's Nobel Prize by Edmund Sanders , Los Angeles Times , October 9 , 2009 Nobel Peace Prize General topics Laureates Committee ( members ) Institute Center Concert Oslo Spektrum Oslo City Hall World Summit By year 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A.M.F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951 -- 1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel - Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr . 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ ( declined award ) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976 -- 2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso ( 14th Dalai Lama ) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae - jung 2001 -- present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2009 Nobel Prize laureates Chemistry : Venkatraman Ramakrishnan ( United States , United Kingdom ) Thomas A. Steitz ( United States ) Ada Yonath ( Israel ) Literature : Herta Müller ( Germany , Romania ) Peace : Barack Obama ( United States ) Physics : Charles K. Kao ( Hong Kong , United Kingdom , United States ) Willard Boyle ( Canada , United States ) George E. Smith ( United States ) Physiology or Medicine : Elizabeth Blackburn ( United States , Australia ) Carol W. Greider ( United States ) Jack W. Szostak ( United Kingdom , United States ) Nobel Prize recipients 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Barack Obama 44th President of the United States ( 2009 -- 2017 ) U.S. Senator from Illinois ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Illinois Senator from the 13th district ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Life and politics Early life and career Illinois Senate career 2004 Democratic National Convention U.S. Senate career Political positions Administration foreign policy Economic Energy Mass surveillance Social Space Nobel Peace Prize West Wing Week Presidency Transition 2009 inauguration 2013 inauguration First 100 days Timeline 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 January 2017 Foreign policy U.S. War in Afghanistan Iraq withdrawal Death of Osama bin Laden Iran deal Cuban Thaw Obama Doctrine Health Care reform Healthy , Hunger - Free Kids Act New START Pardons Presidential trips international 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Cabinet Presidential Library and Center Books Dreams from My Father ( 1995 ) The Audacity of Hope ( 2006 ) Of Thee I Sing ( 2010 ) Speeches `` The Audacity of Hope '' ( 2004 ) `` Yes We Can '' ( 2008 ) `` A More Perfect Union '' ( 2008 ) `` Change Has Come to America '' ( 2008 ) `` A New Birth of Freedom '' ( 2009 ) Joint session of Congress ( 2009 ) `` A New Beginning '' ( 2009 ) Joint session of Congress ( health care reform ) ( 2009 ) State of the Union address 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Tucson memorial speech ( 2011 ) Joint session of Congress ( jobs ) ( 2011 ) `` You did n't build that '' ( 2012 ) Selma 50th anniversary ( 2015 ) Farewell address ( 2017 ) Elections Illinois State Senate election , 1996 , 1998 , 2002 Illinois 's 1st congressional district election , 2000 United States Senate election , 2004 Democratic presidential primaries , 2008 2012 Obama primary campaign , 2008 Democratic National Convention , 2008 2012 Presidential campaign , 2008 endorsements GOP / conservative support Presidential election , 2008 Presidential campaign , 2012 endorsements Presidential election , 2012 international reactions Family Michelle Obama ( wife ) Ann Dunham ( mother ) Barack Obama Sr. ( father ) Lolo Soetoro ( step - father ) Maya Soetoro - Ng ( maternal half - sister ) Stanley Armour Dunham ( maternal grandfather ) Madelyn Dunham ( maternal grandmother ) Marian Shields Robinson ( mother - in - law ) Craig Robinson ( brother - in - law ) Bo ( family dog ) Sunny ( family dog ) Public image News and political events Oprah Winfrey 's endorsement Citizenship conspiracy theories litigation legislation Religion conspiracy theories Bill Ayers controversy Jeremiah Wright controversy Republican and conservative support ( 2008 ) Assassination threats 2008 Denver 2008 Tennessee First inauguration invitations Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial Citizen 's Briefing Book Tea Party protests New Energy for America Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Gates - Crowley Rose Garden meeting Firing of Shirley Sherrod Impeachment efforts Books about Bibliography Obama : From Promise to Power Barack Obama : Der schwarze Kennedy Redemption Song The Case Against Barack Obama The Obama Nation Culture of Corruption Catastrophe Barack and Michelle The Speech The Obama Story Game Change Game Change 2012 Rising Star Music Obama Girl `` I Got a Crush ... on Obama '' `` Barack the Magic Negro '' will.i.am `` Yes We Can '' `` We Are the Ones '' `` There 's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama '' `` Sí Se Puede Cambiar '' `` My President '' `` Deadheads for Obama '' `` Air and Simple Gifts '' Change Is Now Hope ! -- Das Obama Musical `` Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney '' Barack 's Dubs `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' Film By the People : The Election of Barack Obama ( 2009 ) 2016 : Obama 's America ( 2012 ) The Road We 've Traveled ( 2012 ) Southside with You ( 2016 ) Barry ( 2016 ) Other media On social media Artists for Obama `` Hope '' poster `` Joker '' poster Situation Room Obama logo In comics Miscellaneous Obama Day ( Illinois and Kenya ) Awards and honors Namesakes ← George W. Bush Donald Trump → Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize&oldid=800218770 '' Categories : 2009 awards 2009 in Norway 2009 in American politics Nobel Peace Prize Presidency of Barack Obama 2009 controversies Hidden categories : Webarchive template other archives CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Use mdy dates from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 04 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the nobel peace prize in 2009 | [
"The 2009 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to United States President Barack Obama for his \"extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\".[1] The Norwegian Nobel Committee announced the award on October 9, 2009, citing Obama's promotion of nuclear nonproliferation[2] and a \"new climate\" in international relations fostered by Obama, especially in reaching out to the Muslim world.[3][4]"
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"Barack Obama"
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House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Type Type Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom Leadership Speaker John Bercow Since 22 June 2009 Leader of the Commons Andrea Leadsom , Conservative Since 11 June 2017 Shadow Leader of the Commons Valerie Vaz , Labour Since 6 October 2016 Minor parties Shadow Leaders Pete Wishart , Scottish National Tom Brake , Liberal Democrat Nigel Dodds , Democratic Unionist Structure Seats 650 Political groups HM Government Conservative Party ( 316 ) Confidence and supply Democratic Unionist Party ( 10 ) HM Most Loyal Opposition Labour Party ( 257 ) Other opposition Scottish National Party ( 35 ) Liberal Democrats ( 12 ) Sinn Féin ( 7 ) ( abstentionist ) Plaid Cymru ( 4 ) Green Party ( 1 ) Independent ( 6 ) Vacant ( 1 ) Speaker Speaker ( 1 ) Length of term up to 5 years Elections Voting system First - past - the - post Last election 8 June 2017 Next election Latest , 5 May 2022 Redistricting Boundary commissions Meeting place House of Commons chamber Palace of Westminster City of Westminster London , United Kingdom Website parliament.uk The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Like the upper house , the House of Lords , it meets in the Palace of Westminster . Officially , the full name of the house is the Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled . Offices however extend to Portcullis House due to shortage of space . The Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament ( MPs ) . Members are elected to represent constituencies by first - past - the - post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved . The House of Commons of England evolved in the 13th and 14th centuries . It eventually became the House of Commons of Great Britain after the political union with Scotland in 1707 , and assumed the title of `` House of Commons of Great Britain and Ireland '' after the political union with Ireland at the start of the 19th century . The `` United Kingdom '' referred to was the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1800 , and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland after the independence of the Irish Free State in 1922 . Accordingly , the House of Commons assumed its current title . Under the Parliament Act 1911 , the Lords ' power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power . The Government is solely responsible to the House of Commons and the Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of the Commons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role 1.1 Relationship with Her Majesty 's Government 1.2 Legislative functions 2 History 2.1 Layout and design 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 2.4. 1 Expenses scandal 3 Members and elections 3.1 Qualifications 3.2 Officers 4 Procedure 4.1 House of Commons recess dates 5 Committees 6 Current composition 7 Commons symbol 8 In film and television 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Role ( edit ) Relationship with her Majesty 's Government ( edit ) Although it does not formally elect the prime minister , the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance . By convention , the prime minister is answerable to , and must maintain the support of , the House of Commons . Thus , whenever the office of prime minister falls vacant , the Sovereign appoints the person who has the support of the House , or who is most likely to command the support of the House -- normally the leader of the largest party in the Commons , while the leader of the second - largest party becomes the Leader of the Opposition . Since 1963 , by convention , the prime minister is always a member of the House of Commons , rather than the House of Lords . The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence . Confidence and no confidence motions are phrased explicitly , for instance : `` That this House has no confidence in Her Majesty 's Government . '' Many other motions were considered confidence issues , even though not explicitly phrased as such . In particular , important bills that form a part of the Government 's agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence , as is the annual Budget . When a Government has lost the confidence of the House of Commons , the prime minister is obliged either to resign , making way for another MP who can command confidence , or to request the monarch to dissolve Parliament , thereby precipitating a general election . Parliament normally sits for a maximum term of five years . Subject to that limit , the prime minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament , with the permission of the Monarch . However , since the Fixed - Term Parliaments Act 2011 , terms are now a fixed five years , and an early general election can only be brought about either by a two - thirds majority in favour of a motion for a dissolution , or by a vote of no confidence that is not followed within fourteen days by a vote of confidence ( which may be for confidence in the same government or a different one ) . By this second mechanism , the government of the United Kingdom can change without an intervening general election . Only four of the eight last Prime Ministers have attained office as the immediate result of a general election ; the others have gained office upon the resignation of a Prime Minister of their own party . The latter four were Jim Callaghan , John Major , Gordon Brown and the current Prime Minister Theresa May ; these four inherited the office from Harold Wilson , Margaret Thatcher , Tony Blair and David Cameron respectively . In such circumstances there may not even have been an internal party leadership election , as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim , having no electoral rival ( as in the case of both Brown and May ) . A prime minister may resign even if he or she is not defeated at the polls ( for example , for personal health reasons ) . In such a case , the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons ; in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime minister 's party . Until 1965 , the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader ; when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor , the party was unable to nominate one . It fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister , after taking the advice of ministers . By convention , all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords . A handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament , but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by - election or by receiving a peerage . Since 1902 , all prime ministers have been members of the Commons ( the sole exception , the Alec Douglas - Home , 14th Earl of Home , disclaimed his peerage three days after becoming prime minister , and was immediately elected to the House of Commons as Sir Alec Douglas - Home after twenty days in neither House ) . In modern times , the vast majority of ministers belong to the Commons rather than the Lords . Few major cabinet positions ( except Lord Privy Seal , Lord Chancellor and Leader of the House of Lords ) have been filled by a peer in recent times . Notable exceptions are Peter , Lord Carrington , who served as Foreign Secretary from 1979 to 1982 , and David , Lord Young , who was appointed Employment Secretary in 1985 . Peter Mandelson was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Enterprise and Regulatory Reform in October 2008 ; he was also briefly a member of neither the Lords nor the Commons while serving in this capacity . The elected status of members of the Commons , as opposed to the unelected nature of members of the Lords , is seen to lend more legitimacy to ministers . It is also considered important for ministers , and especially senior ministers , to be responsible to the elected house . The prime minister chooses the ministers , and may decide to remove them at any time ; the formal appointment or dismissal , however , is made by the Sovereign . The House of Commons scrutinises HM Government through `` Prime Minister 's Questions '' , when members have the opportunity to ask questions of the prime minister ; there are other opportunities to question other cabinet ministers . Prime Minister 's Questions occurs once each week , normally for half an hour each Wednesday . Questions must relate to the responding minister 's official government activities , not to his or her activities as a party leader or as a private Member of Parliament . Customarily , members of the Government party and members of the Opposition alternate when asking questions . In addition to questions asked orally during Question Time , Members of Parliament may also make inquiries in writing . In practice , the House of Commons ' scrutiny of the Government is fairly weak . Since the first - past - the - post electoral system is employed , the governing party often enjoys a large majority in the Commons , and there is often little need to compromise with other parties . Modern British political parties are so tightly organised that they leave relatively little room for free action by their MPs . Also , many ruling party MPs are paid members of the Government . Thus , during the 20th century , the Government has lost confidence issues only three times -- twice in 1924 , and once in 1979 . However , the threat of rebellions by their own party 's backbench MPs often forces Governments to make concessions ( under the Coalition , over foundation hospitals and under Labour over top - up fees and compensation for failed company pension schemes ) . Occasionally the Government is defeated by backbench rebellions ( Terrorism Act 2006 ) . However , the scrutiny provided by the Select Committees is more serious . The House of Commons technically retains the power to impeach Ministers of the Crown ( or any other subject , even if not a public officer ) for their crimes . Impeachments are tried by the House of Lords , where a simple majority is necessary to convict . The power of impeachment , however , has fallen into disuse : the House of Commons exercises its checks on the Government through other means , such as No Confidence Motions ; the last impeachment was that of Henry Dundas , 1st Viscount Melville in 1806 . Legislative functions ( edit ) Further information : Act of Parliament Bills may be introduced in either house , though bills of importance generally originate in the House of Commons . The supremacy of the Commons in legislative matters is assured by the Parliament Acts , under which certain types of bills may be presented to the Queen for Royal Assent without the consent of the House of Lords . The Lords may not delay a money bill ( a bill that , in the view of the Speaker of the House of Commons , solely concerns national taxation or public funds ) for more than one month . Moreover , the Lords may not delay most other public bills for more than two parliamentary sessions , or one calendar year . These provisions , however , only apply to public bills that originate in the House of Commons . Moreover , a bill that seeks to extend a parliamentary term beyond five years requires the consent of the House of Lords . By a custom that prevailed even before the Parliament Acts , only the House of Commons may originate bills concerning taxation or Supply . Furthermore , supply bills passed by the House of Commons are immune to amendments in the House of Lords . In addition , the House of Lords is barred from amending a bill so as to insert a taxation or supply - related provision , but the House of Commons often waives its privileges and allows the Lords to make amendments with financial implications . Under a separate convention , known as the Salisbury Convention , the House of Lords does not seek to oppose legislation promised in the Government 's election manifesto . Hence , as the power of the House of Lords has been severely curtailed by statute and by practice , the House of Commons is clearly the most powerful branch of Parliament . History ( edit ) Further information : House of Commons of England and House of Commons of Great Britain The British Parliament of today largely descends , in practice , from the Parliament of England , although the 1706 Treaty of Union , and the Acts of Union that ratified the Treaty , created a new Parliament of Great Britain to replace the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland , with the addition of 45 MPs and sixteen Peers to represent Scotland . Later still the Acts of Union 1800 brought about the abolition of the Parliament of Ireland and enlarged the Commons at Westminster with 100 Irish members , creating the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Although popularly considered to refer to the fact its members are commoners , the actual name of the House of Commons comes from the Norman French word for communities -- communes . Layout and design ( edit ) See also : Palace of Westminster § Commons Chamber The current Commons ' layout is influenced by the use of the original St. Stephen 's Chapel in the Palace of Westminster . The rectangular shape is derived from the shape of the chapel . Benches were arranged using the configuration of the chapel 's choir stalls whereby they were facing across from one another . This arrangement facilitated an adversarial atmosphere that is representative of the British parliamentary approach . The distance across the floor of the House between the government and opposition benches is 3.96 metres ( 13.0 ft ) , said to be equivalent to two swords ' length . 19th century ( edit ) William Pitt the Younger addressing the Commons on the outbreak of the war with France ( 1793 ) ; painting by Anton Hickel . The House of Commons in the early 19th century by Augustus Pugin and Thomas Rowlandson . The House of Commons underwent an important period of reform during the 19th century . Over the years , several anomalies had developed in borough representation . The constituency boundaries had not been changed since 1660 , so many towns that were once important but had declined by the 19th century still retained their ancient right of electing two members , in addition to other boroughs that had never been important , such as Gatton . Among the most notorious of these `` rotten boroughs '' were Old Sarum , which had only six voters for two MPs , and Dunwich , which had largely collapsed into the sea due to coastal erosion . At the same time , large cities such as Manchester received no separate representation ( although their eligible residents were entitled to vote in the corresponding county seat ) . Also notable were the pocket boroughs , small constituencies controlled by wealthy landowners and aristocrats , whose `` nominees '' were invariably elected . The Commons attempted to address these anomalies by passing a Reform Bill in 1831 . At first , the House of Lords proved unwilling to pass the bill , but were forced to relent when the prime minister , Charles , 2nd Earl Grey , advised King William IV to flood the House of Lords by creating pro-Reform peers . To avoid this , the Lords relented and passed the bill in 1832 . The Reform Act 1832 , also known as the `` Great Reform Act '' , abolished the rotten boroughs , established uniform voting requirements for the boroughs , and granted representation to populous cities , but still retained many pocket boroughs . In the ensuing years , the Commons grew more assertive , the influence of the House of Lords having been reduced by the Reform Bill crisis , and the power of the patrons reduced . The Lords became more reluctant to reject bills that the Commons had passed with large majorities , and it became an accepted political principle that the confidence of the House of Commons alone was necessary for a government to remain in office . Many more reforms were introduced in the latter half of the 19th century . The Reform Act 1867 lowered property requirements for voting in the boroughs , reduced the representation of the less populous boroughs , and granted parliamentary seats to several growing industrial towns . The electorate was further expanded by the Representation of the People Act 1884 , under which property qualifications in the counties were lowered . The Redistribution of Seats Act of the following year replaced almost all multi-member constituencies with single - member constituencies . 20th century ( edit ) The old Chamber of the House of Commons built by Sir Charles Barry was destroyed by German bombs during the Second World War . The essential features of Barry 's design were preserved when the Chamber was rebuilt . In 1908 , the Liberal Government under Asquith introduced a number of social welfare programmes , which , together with an expensive arms race , forced the Government to seek higher taxes . In 1909 , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , David Lloyd George , introduced the `` People 's Budget '' , which proposed a new tax targeting wealthy landowners . But this measure failed in the heavily Conservative House of Lords , and the government resigned . The resulting general election returned a hung parliament , but Asquith remained prime minister with the support of the smaller parties . Asquith then proposed that the powers of the Lords be severely curtailed . After a further election in December 1910 , the Asquith Government secured the passage of a bill to curtail the powers of the House of Lords after threatening to flood the House with 500 new Liberal peers to ensure the passage of the bill . Thus the Parliament Act 1911 came into effect , destroying the legislative equality of the two Houses of Parliament . The House of Lords was permitted only to delay most legislation , for a maximum of three parliamentary sessions or two calendar years ( reduced to two sessions or one year by the Parliament Act 1949 ) . Since the passage of these Acts , the House of Commons has become the dominant branch of Parliament , both in theory and in practice . In 1918 , women over 30 were given the right to vote , quickly followed by the passage of a law enabling women to be eligible for election as members of parliament at the younger age of 21 . The only woman to be elected that year was an Irish Sinn Féin candidate , Constance Markievicz , who therefore became the first woman to be an MP . However , due to Sinn Féin 's policy of abstention from Westminster , she never took her seat . With effect from the General Election in 1950 , various forms of plural voting ( i.e. some individuals had the right to vote in more than one constituency in the same election ) , including University constituencies , were abolished . Since the 17th century , MPs had been unpaid . Most of the men elected to the Commons had private incomes , while a few relied on financial support from a wealthy patron . Early Labour MPs were often provided with a salary by a trade union , but this was declared illegal by a House of Lords judgment of 1909 . Consequently , a resolution was passed in the House of Commons in 1911 introducing salaries for MPs . Government ministers had always been paid . 21st century ( edit ) Expenses scandal ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) In May and June 2009 revelations of MPs ' expenses claims caused a major scandal and loss of confidence by the public in the integrity of MPs , as well as causing the first forced resignation of the Speaker in 300 years . Members and elections ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United Kingdom House of Commons House of Commons Members Current members of the 57th Parliament ( 2017 general election ) MPs for constituencies in Northern Ireland MPs for constituencies in Scotland MPs for constituencies in England MPs for constituencies in Wales Leadership Speaker of the House Leader of the House Shadow Leader of the House Father of the House Committees Committees of the House of Commons Places Palace of Westminster House of Commons Chamber Portcullis House Since 1950 , each Member of Parliament has represented a single constituency . There remains a technical distinction between county constituencies and borough constituencies , but the only effect of this difference is in the amount of money candidates are allowed to spend during campaigns . The boundaries of the constituencies are determined by four permanent and independent Boundary Commissions , one each for England , Wales , Scotland , and Northern Ireland . The commissions conduct general reviews of electoral boundaries once every 8 to 12 years , and a number of interim reviews . In drawing boundaries , they are required to take into account local government boundaries , but may deviate from this requirement to prevent great disparities in the populations of the various constituencies . The proposals of the Boundary Commissions are subject to parliamentary approval , but may not be amended . After the next general review of constituencies , the Boundary Commissions will be absorbed into the Electoral Commission , which was established in 2000 . As of 2017 , the United Kingdom is divided into 650 constituencies , with 533 in England , 40 in Wales , 59 in Scotland , and 18 in Northern Ireland . General elections occur whenever Parliament is dissolved . The timing of the dissolution was normally chosen by the Prime Minister ( see relationship with the Government above ) ; however , as a result of the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 , Parliamentary terms are now fixed at five years , except in the event of the House of Commons passing a vote of no confidence or an `` early election '' motion , the latter having to be passed by a two - thirds majority . The first use of this procedure was in April 2017 , when MPs voted in favour of Theresa May 's call for a snap election to be held that June . All elections in the UK are held on a Thursday . The Electoral Commission is unsure when this practice arose , but dates it to 1931 , with the suggestion that it was made to coincide with market day ; this would ease voting for those who had to travel into the towns to cast their ballot . A candidate for a constituency must submit nomination papers signed by ten registered voters from that constituency , and pay a deposit of £ 500 , which is refunded only if the candidate wins at least five per cent of the vote . The deposit seeks to discourage frivolous candidates . Each constituency returns one member , using the first - past - the - post electoral system , under which the candidate with a plurality of votes wins . Minors ( that is , anyone under the age of 18 ) , members of the House of Lords , prisoners , and insane persons are not qualified to become members of the House of Commons . To vote , one must be a resident of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and a British citizen , or a citizen of a British overseas territory , of the Republic of Ireland , or of a member of the Commonwealth of Nations . British citizens living abroad are allowed to vote for 15 years after moving from the United Kingdom . No person may vote in more than one constituency . Once elected , Members of Parliament normally continue to serve until the next dissolution of Parliament . But if a member dies or ceases to be qualified ( see qualifications below ) , his or her seat falls vacant . It is also possible for the House of Commons to expel a member , but this power is exercised only in cases of serious misconduct or criminal activity . In each case , the vacancy is filled by a by - election in the constituency , with the same electoral system as in general elections . The term `` Member of Parliament '' is normally used only to refer to members of the House of Commons , even though the House of Lords is also a part of Parliament . Members of the House of Commons may use the post-nominal letters `` MP '' . The annual salary of each member is £ 74,962 , effective from 1 April 2016 . Members may also receive additional salaries for other offices they hold ( for instance , the Speakership ) . Most members also claim for various office expenses ( staff costs , postage , travelling , etc . ) and , in the case of non-London members , for the costs of maintaining a home in the capital . Qualifications ( edit ) Another picture of the old House of Commons chamber . Note the dark veneer on the wood , which was purposely made much brighter in the new chamber . There are numerous qualifications that apply to Members of Parliament . Most importantly , one must be aged at least 18 ( the minimum age was 21 until s. 17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 came into force ) , and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom , of a British overseas territory , of the Republic of Ireland , or of a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations . These restrictions were introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 , but were previously far more stringent : under the Act of Settlement 1701 , only natural - born subjects were qualified . Members of the House of Lords may not serve in the House of Commons , or even vote in parliamentary elections ( just as the Queen does not vote ) ; however , they are permitted to sit in the chamber during debates ( unlike the Queen , who can not enter the chamber ) . A person may not sit in the Commons if he or she is the subject of a Bankruptcy Restrictions Order ( applicable in England and Wales only ) , or if he or she is adjudged bankrupt ( in Northern Ireland ) , or if his or her estate is sequestered ( in Scotland ) . Previously , MPs detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 for six months or more would have their seat vacated if two specialists reported to the Speaker that the member was suffering from a mental disorder . However , this disqualification was removed by the Mental Health ( Discrimination ) Act 2013 . There also exists a common law precedent from the 18th century that the `` deaf and dumb '' are ineligible to sit in the Lower House ; this precedent , however , has not been tested in recent years . Jack Ashley continued to serve as an MP for 25 years after becoming profoundly deaf . Anyone found guilty of high treason may not sit in Parliament until he or she has either completed the term of imprisonment or received a full pardon from the Crown . Moreover , anyone serving a prison sentence of one year or more is ineligible . Finally , the Representation of the People Act 1983 disqualifies for ten years those found guilty of certain election - related offences . Several other disqualifications are codified in the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 : holders of high judicial offices , civil servants , members of the regular armed forces , members of foreign legislatures ( excluding the Republic of Ireland and Commonwealth countries ) , and holders of several Crown offices . Ministers , even though they are paid officers of the Crown , are not disqualified . The rule that precludes certain Crown officers from serving in the House of Commons is used to circumvent a resolution adopted by the House of Commons in 1623 , under which members are not permitted to resign their seats . In practice , however , they always can . Should a member wish to resign from the Commons , he or she may request appointment to one of two ceremonial Crown offices : that of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds , or that of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead . These offices are sinecures ( that is , they involve no actual duties ) ; they exist solely to permit the `` resignation '' of members of the House of Commons . The Chancellor of the Exchequer is responsible for making the appointment , and , by convention , never refuses to do so when asked by a member who desires to leave the House of Commons . Officers ( edit ) The Speaker presides over debates in the House of Commons , as depicted in the above print commemorating the destruction of the Commons Chamber by fire in 1834 . At the beginning of each new parliamentary term , the House of Commons elects one of its members as a presiding officer , known as the Speaker . If the incumbent Speaker seeks a new term , then the House may re-elect him or her merely by passing a motion ; otherwise , a secret ballot is held . A Speaker - elect can not take office until he or she has been approved by the Sovereign ; the granting of the royal approbation , however , is a formality . The Speaker is assisted by three Deputy Speakers , the most senior of whom holds the title of Chairman of Ways and Means . The two other Deputy Speakers are known as the First and Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means . These titles derive from the Committee of Ways and Means , a body over which the chairman once used to preside ; even though the Committee was abolished in 1967 , the traditional titles of the Deputy Speakers are still retained . The Speaker and the Deputy Speakers are always members of the House of Commons . Whilst presiding , the Speaker or Deputy Speaker wears ceremonial dress . The presiding officer may also wear a wig , but this tradition was abandoned by a former Speaker , Betty Boothroyd . Michael Martin , who succeeded to the office , also did not wear a wig whilst in the chamber . The current speaker , John Bercow , has chosen to wear a gown over a lounge suit , a decision which has sparked much debate and opposition . The Speaker or deputy presides from a chair at the front of the House . This chair was designed by Augustus Pugin , who initially built a prototype of the chair at King Edward 's School , Birmingham : that chair is called Sapientia , and is where the Chief master sits . The Speaker is also chairman of the House of Commons Commission , which oversees the running of the House , and he or she controls debates by calling on members to speak . If a member believes that a rule ( or Standing Order ) has been breached , he or she may raise a `` point of order '' , on which the Speaker makes a ruling that is not subject to any appeal . The Speaker may discipline members who fail to observe the rules of the House . Thus , the Speaker is far more powerful than his Lords counterpart , the Lord Speaker , who has no disciplinary powers . Customarily , the Speaker and the deputies are non-partisan ; they do not vote ( with the notable exception of tied votes , where the Speaker votes in accordance with Denison 's rule ) , or participate in the affairs of any political party . By convention , a Speaker seeking re-election to parliament is not opposed in his or her constituency by any of the major parties . The lack of partisanship continues even after the Speaker leaves the House of Commons . The Clerk of the House is both the House 's chief adviser on matters of procedure and chief executive of the House of Commons . He or she is a permanent official , not a member of the House itself . The Clerk advises the Speaker on the rules and procedure of the House , signs orders and official communications , and signs and endorses bills . He or she chairs the Board of Management , which consists of the heads of the six departments of the House . The Clerk 's deputy is known as the Clerk Assistant . Another officer of the House is the Serjeant - at - Arms , whose duties include the maintenance of law , order , and security on the House 's premises . The Serjeant - at - Arms carries the ceremonial mace , a symbol of the authority of the Crown and of the House of Commons , into the House each day in front of the Speaker , and the Mace is laid upon the Table of the House during sittings . The Librarian is head of the House of Commons Library , the House 's research and information arm . Procedure ( edit ) See also : Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom § Stages of a bill Like the Lords , the Commons meets in the Palace of Westminster in London . The Commons chamber is small and modestly decorated in green , in contrast to the large , lavishly furnished red Lords chamber . There are benches on two sides of the chamber , divided by a centre aisle . This arrangement reflects the design of St Stephen 's Chapel , which served as the home of the House of Commons until destroyed by fire in 1834 . The Speaker 's chair is at one end of the Chamber ; in front of it , is the Table of the House , on which the Mace rests . The Clerks sit at one end of the Table , close to the Speaker so that they may advise him or her on procedure when necessary . Members of the Government sit on the benches on the Speaker 's right , whilst members of the Opposition occupy the benches on the Speaker 's left . In front of each set of benches a red line is drawn , which members are traditionally not allowed to cross during debates . Government ministers and the leader of the Opposition and the Shadow Cabinet sit on the front rows , and are known as frontbenchers . Other members of parliament , in contrast , are known as backbenchers . Not all Members of Parliament can fit into the Chamber at the same time , as it only has space to seat approximately two thirds of the Members . According to Robert Rogers , former Clerk of the House of Commons and Chief Executive , a figure of 427 seats is an average or a finger - in - the - wind estimate . Members who arrive late must stand near the entrance of the House if they wish to listen to debates . Sittings in the Chamber are held each day from Monday to Thursday , and also on some Fridays . During times of national emergency , the House may also sit at weekends . Sittings of the House are open to the public , but the House may at any time vote to sit in private , which has occurred only twice since 1950 . Traditionally , a Member who desired that the House sit privately could shout `` I spy strangers '' and a vote would automatically follow . In the past , when relations between the Commons and the Crown were less than cordial , this procedure was used whenever the House wanted to keep its debate private . More often , however , this device was used to delay and disrupt proceedings ; as a result , it was abolished in 1998 . Now , Members seeking that the House sit in private must make a formal motion to that effect . Public debates are recorded and archived in Hansard . The post war redesign of the House in 1950 included microphones , and debates were allowed to be broadcast by radio in 1975 . Since 1989 , they have also been broadcast on television , which is now handled by BBC Parliament . Sessions of the House of Commons have sometimes been disrupted by angry protesters throwing objects into the Chamber from the galleries -- items thrown include leaflets , manure , flour by the group Fathers 4 Justice , and a canister of chlorobenzylidene malonitrile ( tear gas ) . Even members have been known to disturb proceedings of the House . For instance , in 1976 , Conservative MP Michael Heseltine seized and brandished the Mace of the House during a heated debate . However , perhaps the most famous disruption of the House of Commons was caused by Charles I , who entered the Commons Chamber in 1642 with an armed force to arrest five members for high treason . This action was deemed a breach of the privilege of the House , and has given rise to the tradition that the monarch does not set foot in the House of Commons . Each year , the parliamentary session begins with the State Opening of Parliament , a ceremony in the Lords Chamber during which the Sovereign , in the presence of Members of both Houses , delivers an address outlining the Government 's legislative agenda . The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod ( a Lords official ) is responsible for summoning the Commons to the Lords Chamber . When he arrives to deliver his summons , the doors of the Commons Chamber are traditionally slammed shut in his face , symbolising the right of the Lower House to debate without interference . He then knocks on the door three times with his Black Rod , and only then is granted admittance , where he informs the MPs that the Monarch awaits them , after which they proceed to the House of Lords for the Queen 's Speech . During debates , Members may speak only if called upon by the Speaker ( or a Deputy Speaker , if the Speaker is not presiding ) . Traditionally , the presiding officer alternates between calling Members from the Government and Opposition . The Prime Minister , the Leader of the Opposition , and other leaders from both sides are normally given priority . All Privy Counsellors used to be granted priority ; however , the modernisation of Commons procedure in 1998 led to the abolition of this tradition . Speeches are addressed to the presiding officer , using the words `` Mr Speaker '' , `` Madam Speaker '' , `` Mr Deputy Speaker '' , or `` Madam Deputy Speaker '' . Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in debate ; other members must be referred to in the third person . Traditionally , members do not refer to each other by name , but by constituency , using forms such as `` the Honourable Member for ( constituency ) '' , or , in the case of Privy Counsellors , `` the Right Honourable Member for ( constituency ) '' . Members of the same party ( or allied parties or groups ) refer to each other as `` my ( Right ) Honourable friend '' . ( A member of the Armed Forces used to be called `` the Honourable and Gallant Member '' , a barrister `` the Honourable and Learned Member '' , and a woman `` the Honourable Lady the Member '' . ) This may not always be the case during the actual oral delivery , when it might be difficult for a member to remember another member 's exact constituency , but it is invariably followed in the transcript entered in the Hansard . The Speaker enforces the rules of the House and may warn and punish members who deviate from them . Disregarding the Speaker 's instructions is considered a breach of the rules of the House and may result in the suspension of the offender from the House . In the case of grave disorder , the Speaker may adjourn the House without taking a vote . The Standing Orders of the House of Commons do not establish any formal time limits for debates . The Speaker may , however , order a member who persists in making a tediously repetitive or irrelevant speech to stop speaking . The time set aside for debate on a particular motion is , however , often limited by informal agreements between the parties . Debate may also be restricted by the passage of `` Allocation of Time Motions '' , which are more commonly known as `` Guillotine Motions '' . Alternatively , the House may put an immediate end to debate by passing a motion to invoke Closure . The Speaker is allowed to deny the motion if he or she believes that it infringes upon the rights of the minority . Today , bills are scheduled according to a Timetable Motion , which the whole House agrees in advance , negating the use of a guillotine . When the debate concludes , or when the Closure is invoked , the motion in question is put to a vote . The House first votes by voice vote ; the Speaker or Deputy Speaker puts the question , and Members respond either `` Aye ! '' ( in favour of the motion ) or `` No ! '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote , but if his or her assessment is challenged by any member or the voice vote is unclear , a recorded vote known as a division follows . The presiding officer , if he or she believes that the result of the voice vote is clear , may reject the challenge . When a division occurs , members enter one of two lobbies ( the `` Aye '' lobby or the `` No '' lobby ) on either side of the Chamber , where their names are recorded by clerks . A member who wishes to pointedly abstain from a vote may do so by entering both lobbies , casting one vote for and one against . At each lobby are two tellers ( themselves members of the House ) who count the votes of the members . Once the division concludes , the tellers provide the results to the presiding officer , who then announces them to the House . If there is an equality of votes , the Speaker or Deputy Speaker has a casting vote . Traditionally , this casting vote is exercised to allow further debate , if this is possible , or otherwise to avoid a decision being taken without a majority ( e.g. voting ' No ' to a motion or the third reading of a bill ) . Ties rarely occur -- the last one was in July 1993 . The quorum of the House of Commons is 40 members for any vote , including the Speaker and four tellers . If fewer than 40 members have participated , the division is invalid . Formerly , if a member sought to raise a point of order during a division , suggesting that some of the rules governing parliamentary procedure are violated , he was required to wear a hat , thereby signalling that he was not engaging in debate . Collapsible top hats were kept in the Chamber just for this purpose . This custom was discontinued in 1998 . The outcome of most votes is largely known beforehand , since political parties normally instruct members on how to vote . A party normally entrusts some members of parliament , known as whips , with the task of ensuring that all party members vote as desired . Members of Parliament do not tend to vote against such instructions , since those who do so jeopardise promotion , or may be deselected as party candidates for future elections . Ministers , junior ministers and parliamentary private secretaries who vote against the whips ' instructions usually resign . Thus , the independence of Members of Parliament tends to be low , although `` backbench rebellions '' by members discontent with their party 's policies do occur . A member is also traditionally allowed some leeway if the particular interests of his constituency are adversely affected . In some circumstances , however , parties announce `` free votes '' , allowing members to vote as they please . Votes relating to issues of conscience such as abortion and capital punishment are typically free votes . Pairing is an arrangement where a member from one party agrees with a member of another party not to vote in a particular division , allowing both MPs the opportunity not to attend . A bisque is permission from the Whips given to a member to miss a vote or debate in the House to attend to constituency business or other matters . House of Commons recess dates ( edit ) The House of Commons recess dates for the 2017 -- 8 Parliamentary session were announced by the Leader of the House , Andrea Leadsom , in June 2017 : Recess Rise of the House Return of the House Summer 2017 20 July 2017 5 September 2017 Summer 2017 14 September 2017 9 October 2017 Autumn 2017 7 November 2017 13 November 2017 Christmas 2017 21 December 2017 8 January 2018 February 2018 8 February 2018 20 February 2018 Easter 2018 29 March 2018 16 April 2018 State Opening of Parliament 2017 21 June 2017 Prorogation 2017 27 April 2017 Committees ( edit ) Main article : Parliamentary Committees of the United Kingdom The British Parliament uses committees for a variety of purposes , e.g. , for the review of bills . Committees consider bills in detail , and may make amendments . Bills of great constitutional importance , as well as some important financial measures , are usually sent to the `` Committee of the Whole House '' , a body that includes all members of the Commons . Instead of the Speaker , the chairman or a Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means presides . The Committee meets in the House of Commons Chamber . Most bills were until 2006 considered by Standing Committees , which consisted of between 16 and 50 members . The membership of each Standing Committee roughly reflected the strength of the parties in the House . The membership of Standing Committees changed constantly ; new Members were assigned each time the committee considered a new bill . There was no formal limit on the number of Standing Committees , but usually only ten existed . Rarely , a bill was committed to a Special Standing Committee , which investigated and held hearings on the issues raised . In November 2006 , Standing Committees were replaced by Public Bill Committees . The House of Commons also has several Departmental Select Committees . The membership of these bodies , like that of the Standing Committees , reflects the strength of the parties . Each committee elects its own chairman . The primary function of a Departmental Select Committee is to scrutinise and investigate the activities of a particular government department . To fulfil these aims , it is permitted to hold hearings and collect evidence . Bills may be referred to Departmental Select Committees , but such a procedure is seldom used . A separate type of Select Committee is the Domestic Committee . Domestic Committees oversee the administration of the House and the services provided to Members . Other committees of the House of Commons include Joint Committees ( which also include members of the House of Lords ) , the Committee on Standards and Privileges ( which considers questions of parliamentary privilege , as well as matters relating to the conduct of the members ) , and the Committee of Selection ( which determines the membership of other committees ) . Current composition ( edit ) Main article : List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 2017 Affiliation Members At 2017 election Current seats Conservative 317 316 Labour 262 257 SNP 35 35 Liberal Democrat 12 12 DUP 10 10 Sinn Féin 7 7 Plaid Cymru Green Independent 6 Speaker Vacant 0 Total 650 650 Seats needed for majority Conservative / DUP majority 13 12 Notes For full details of changes during the 57th Parliament , see Defections , suspensions and removal of whip and By - elections . In addition to the parties listed in the table above , the Co-operative Party is also represented in the House of Commons by 38 Labour MPs sitting with the Labour Co-operative designation . The `` seats needed for a majority '' is calculated as the number of seats needed by the Conservative Party to have a majority of one ( 320 ) . The `` Conservative / DUP majority '' is calculated as the sum of Conservative and DUP seats , less the sum of all other seats . This calculation excludes the Speaker , Deputy Speakers ( two Labour and one Conservative ) , vacant seats , and Sinn Féin ( who follow a policy of abstentionism ) . Commons symbol ( edit ) The symbol used by the Commons consists of a portcullis topped by St Edward 's Crown . The portcullis has been one of the Royal Badges of England since the accession of the Tudors in the 15th century , and was a favourite symbol of King Henry VII . It was originally a pun on the name Tudor , as in tu - door . The original badge was of gold , but nowadays is shown in various colours , predominantly green or black . In film and television ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1986 , the British television production company Granada Television created a near - full size replica of the post-1950 House of Commons debating chamber at its studios in Manchester for use in its adaptation of the Jeffrey Archer novel First Among Equals . The set was highly convincing , and was retained after the production -- since then , it has been used in nearly every British film and television production that has featured scenes set in the chamber . From 1988 until 1999 it was also one of the prominent attractions on the Granada Studios Tour , where visitors could watch actors performing mock political debates on the set . The major difference between the studio set and the real House of Commons Chamber is that the studio set has just four rows of seats on either side whereas the real Chamber has five . In 2002 , the set was purchased by the scriptwriter Paul Abbott so that it could be used in his BBC drama serial State of Play . Abbott , a former Granada Television staff writer , bought it personally as the set would otherwise have been destroyed and he feared it would take too long to get the necessary money from the BBC . Abbott kept the set in storage in Oxford . The post-1941 Commons Chamber was used in the film Ali G Indahouse , the political satire Restart by Komedy Kollective , about a British prime minister seeking re-election , and was mentioned in the Robin Williams stand - up special Robin Williams Live on Broadway in which he describes it as `` like Congress , but with a two drink minimum '' . The pre-1941 Chamber was recreated in Shepperton Studios for the Ridley Scott / Richard Loncraine 2002 biographical film on Churchill , The Gathering Storm . See also ( edit ) British politics portal Adjournment debate Australian House of Representatives Early day motion Father of the House House of Commons of Canada Introduction ( British House of Commons ) List of Stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies New Zealand House of Representatives Parliament in the Making Parliament Week Parliamentary Archives Parliamentary Brief Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom Relocation of the Parliament of the United Kingdom Salaries of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament Speaker Denison 's rule Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pollard , A.F. ( 1920 ) . The Evolution of Parliament . Longmans . pp. 107 -- 08 . Not that the house of commons was ever that house of the common people which it is sometimes supposed to have been . For `` commons '' means `` communes '' ; and while `` communes '' have commonly been popular organizations , the term might in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries be applied to any association or confederacy . Jump up ^ `` Some Traditions and Customs of the House '' ( PDF ) . http://www.parliament.uk . Endorsements on Bills -- use of Norman French . August 2010 . p. 9 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . the Bills themselves are made in Norman French ( in this case `` soit baillé aux communes '' ) a relic of the very early days of Parliament External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Commons Chamber in the 16th Century '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Rush , Michael ( 2005 ) . Parliament Today . Manchester University Press . p. 141 . ISBN 9780719057953 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentum '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Women in parliament '' . BBC News . 31 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Allen ; Sarah Birch ( 5 February 2015 ) . Ethics and Integrity in British Politics . Cambridge University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 05050 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker quits ' for sake of unity ' '' . BBC News . 19 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker Michael Martin resigns over MPs ' expenses '' . The Daily Telegraph . 19 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fixed - term Parliaments Act '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Peter ( 8 May 2010 ) . `` Archaic electoral biases must go '' . The Australian . Sydney , Australia : News Limited . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK Parliament -- Pay and expenses for MPs '' . Parliament.uk . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ A Treatise on the Law of Elections : In All Its Branches -- John Simeon -- Google Books . Books.google.co.uk. 1789 . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An insider 's guide to the House of Commons '' . parliament.uk. 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hansard of the air '' . parliament.uk . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years of TV cameras in the Commons '' . BBC Politics . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ For example : Plaid Cymru , Scottish National Party , the Green Party of England and Wales , and sometimes the Socialist Campaign Group . See e.g. ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Samuel , Herbert ( May 1935 ) . The Pageantry of Parliament . The Rotarian. 46 . Rotary International . p. 22 . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pairing -- Glossary page -- UK Parliament '' . Parliament.uk. 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pairing '' . BBC News . 16 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bisque '' . BBC News . 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.parliament.uk/about/faqs/house-of-lords-faqs/lords-recess-dates/ Jump up ^ United Kingdom general election , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Current State of the Parties '' . www.parliament.uk . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Fox - Davies , Arthur ( 1909 ) . A Complete Guide to Heraldry . London : T.C. & E.C. Jack . Jump up ^ Abbott , Paul . Audio commentary on the DVD release of State of Play . BBC Worldwide . BBCDVD 1493 . Bibliography ( edit ) May , Erskine. ( 1896 ) . Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third , 11th ed . London : Longmans , Green and Co . Mackenzie , K.R. , `` The English Parliament '' , ( 1950 ) Pelican Books . `` Parliament '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica , 11th ed . London : Cambridge University Press . Pollard , Albert F. ( 1926 ) . The Evolution of Parliament , 2nd ed . London : Longmans , Green and Co . Porritt , Edward , and Annie G. Porritt. ( 1903 ) . The Unreformed House of Commons : Parliamentary Representation before 1832 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Raphael , D.D. , Donald Limon , and W.R. McKay. ( 2004 ) . Erskine May : Parliamentary Practice , 23rd ed . London : Butterworths Tolley . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Commons of the United Kingdom . House of Commons official website The Parliamentary Archives Find Your MP Parliament Live TV ( Silverlight is required to watch ) Podcast tour of the Commons chamber with photos House of Commons from Democracy Live at BBC News Guide to the Commons `` House of Commons collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . 2010 Intake -- Educational / Social Breakdown ( BBC Magazine ) 2010 Intake -- Occupational Background ( Times Online ) ( 4 ) British House of Commons people on www.C-SPAN.org Officers of the House of Commons and the House of Lords House of Commons House of Lords Speaker John Bercow Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler Leader of the House of Commons Andrea Leadsom Leader of the House of Lords The Baroness Evans of Bowes Park Serjeant at Arms Kamal El - Hajji Lady Usher of the Black Rod Sarah Clarke Clerk of the House David Natzler Clerk of the Parliaments Edward Ollard United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . 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Following the invokation of Article 50 , the United Kingdom is set to leave the European Union . A Great Repeal Bill has been proposed to incorporate all current European laws into British law . `` Bailiwick - wide '' legislature passed in the States of Guernsey applies not only in Guernsey , but also in Alderney and Sark , with the consent of their governments . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what electoral system is used to elect the united kingdom house of commons | [
"In practice, the House of Commons' scrutiny of the Government is fairly weak. Since the first-past-the-post electoral system is employed, the governing party often enjoys a large majority in the Commons, and there is often little need to compromise with other parties. Modern British political parties are so tightly organised that they leave relatively little room for free action by their MPs. Also, many ruling party MPs are paid members of the Government. Thus, during the 20th century, the Government has lost confidence issues only three times—twice in 1924, and once in 1979. However, the threat of rebellions by their own party's backbench MPs often forces Governments to make concessions (under the Coalition, over foundation hospitals and under Labour over top-up fees and compensation for failed company pension schemes). Occasionally the Government is defeated by backbench rebellions (Terrorism Act 2006). However, the scrutiny provided by the Select Committees is more serious."
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"first-past-the-post electoral system"
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2981070337691175842 | Casey Moss | Casey Moss - wikipedia Casey Moss Jump to : navigation , search Casey Moss Casey Allen Moss ( 1993 - 11 - 16 ) November 16 , 1993 ( age 24 ) Hanford , California , U.S. Occupation Actor singer Years active 2013 - present Casey Allen Moss ( born November 16 , 1993 ) is an American actor and singer . He is best known for playing the role of JJ Deveraux on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives . His portrayal of JJ Deveraux earned him a nomination for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) Moss began his acting career on May 3 , 2013 , by joining the NBC soap opera , Days of Our Lives . Prior to that , in 2012 , he had modeled for James Tudor underwear . He is also in a band called `` Eyes of One . '' They released their first EP , `` Reconnection , '' in May 2014 . In June 2015 , Moss was announced as Jonathan Lipnicki 's replacement as Tyler Dean on the teen television series , Youthful Daze . In December 2016 , he was cast in the film ' The Last Champion ' as Scott Baker . The movie was directed by Glenn Withrow . Personal life ( edit ) Moss was born in Hanford , California on November 16 , 1993 . At the age of 16 , he moved to Los Angeles with his father to pursue a career in music . In his spare time , he plays as much music as possible . He has been dating his former Days of Our Lives co-star True O'Brien since 2015 . Filmography ( edit ) List of acting performances in film and television Year Title Role Notes 2013 - present Days of Our Lives JJ Deveraux Series regular 2015 Youthful Daze Tyler Dean 13 episodes 2018 The Last Champion Scott Baker Post-production Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Ref . 2013 Gold Derby Awards Outstanding Younger Actor in a Daytime Drama Days of Our Lives Nominated 2018 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series Days of Our Lives Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Casey Moss as JJ Deveraux '' . nbc.com . September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Casey Moss Joins ' Days of our Lives ' as JJ Deveraux '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RED CARPET INTERVIEW : CASEY MOSS AND KATE MANSI -- 2014 DAYTIME EMMY AWARDS '' . tvsourcemagazine.com . September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS Casey Moss Releases First EP and Official Site For Band `` Eyes Of One '' ! `` . michaelfairmansoaps.com . September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Michael ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Casey Moss Joins ' Youthful Daze ' '' . www.serialscoop.com . Jump up ^ `` Casey Moss Set to Star in ' The Last Champion ' '' . Serial Scoop . January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cole Hauser To Star In Indie Drama ' The Last Champion ' '' . Deadline.com . December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnert , Deanna ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Moss dishes about playing Days ' prodigal son J.J. Deveraux '' . globaltv.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ True O'Brien ; Casey Moss ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` True O'Brien & Casey Moss Interview AfterBuzz TV 's Spolight On '' ( Livestream ) . Interview with Tony Moore , Matthew Evan Paine and Mark J. Freeman . Los Angeles : AfterBuzz TV . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Nominations : ' General Hospital ' Leads Programs & CBS Tops Networks '' . Deadline.com . March 21 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Casey Moss on Twitter Casey Moss on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casey_Moss&oldid=838937281 '' Categories : 21st - century American male actors 1993 births Living people People from Hanford , California American male soap opera actors Male actors from California Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 07 : 17 . About Wikipedia | who plays jj in days of our lives | [
"Casey Allen Moss (born November 16, 1993) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for playing the role of JJ Deveraux on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives.[1]"
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"Casey Allen Moss"
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-2267683420561350173 | List of songs recorded by Elvis Presley on the Sun label | List of songs recorded by Elvis Presley on the Sun label - wikipedia List of songs recorded by Elvis Presley on the Sun label Jump to : navigation , search Elvis Presley recorded at least 24 songs at Sun Studio in Memphis , Tennessee , between 1953 and 1955 . The recordings reflect the wide variety of music that could be heard in Memphis at the time : blues , rhythm & blues , gospel , country & western , hillbilly , and bluegrass . Because of the recordings ' historical significance in the foundation of rock and roll music , they were inducted into the US Congress 's National Recording Registry in 2002 . Of the 24 known tapes , 22 survive . Ten were released by Sun as Elvis ' first five singles between 1954 and 1955 . With the exception of the first four songs , which were demos recorded at Presley 's expense , all of the songs were produced by Sam Phillips and featured Scotty Moore on guitar and Bill Black on bass . A year after Presley joined RCA Victor , he had a spontaneous informal session with Carl Perkins , Johnny Cash , and Jerry Lee Lewis when visiting the Sun studio . This meeting was recorded on December 4 , 1956 , and dubbed the Million Dollar Quartet by the local newspaper the next day . These sessions are not generally included when reference is made to `` Elvis 's Sun Sessions '' , however . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Recordings 2 The titles 2.1 My Happiness ( self - financed demo ) 2.2 That 's When Your Heartaches Begin ( self - financed demo ) 2.3 I 'll Never Stand In Your Way ( self - financed demo ) 2.4 It Would n't Be The Same Without You ( self - financed demo ) 2.5 I Love You Because 2.6 That 's All Right 2.7 Harbor Lights 2.8 Blue Moon of Kentucky 2.9 Blue Moon 2.10 Tomorrow Night 2.11 I 'll Never Let You Go ( Little Darlin ' ) 2.12 Satisfied 2.13 I Do n't Care If The Sun Do n't Shine 2.14 Just Because 2.15 Good Rockin ' Tonight 2.16 Milkcow Blues Boogie 2.17 You 're a Heartbreaker 2.18 Baby Let 's Play House 2.19 I Got a Woman 2.20 Trying to Get to You 2.21 I 'm Left , You 're Right , She 's Gone 2.22 I Forgot To Remember To Forget 2.23 Mystery Train 2.24 When It Rains , It Really Pours 2.25 The Million Dollar Quartet ( session recordings ) 3 Rumored / legendary recordings 4 Releases 4.1 Sun Singles 4.2 RCA Releases 4.3 Albums featuring the Sun recordings 4.4 Elvis Presley ( 1956 ) 4.5 For LP Fans Only ( 1958 ) and A Date with Elvis ( 1959 ) 4.6 Elvis for Everyone ! ( 1965 ) 4.7 The Sun Sessions ( 1976 ) 4.8 The Complete Sun Sessions ( 33 - track 2LP - set ) / The Sun Sessions ( 28 - track CD ) ( 1987 ) 4.9 The Million Dollar Quartet ( 1989 ) 4.10 The King of Rock ' n ' Roll : The Complete 50s Masters ( 1992 ) 4.11 Sunrise ( 1999 ) 4.12 Elvis at Sun ( 2004 ) 4.13 A Boy from Tupelo : The Complete 1953 -- 55 Recordings ( 2012 ) 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Recordings ( edit ) On July 18 , 1953 , Presley first went to the Memphis Recording Service at the Sun Record Company , now commonly known as Sun Studio . He paid $3.98 to record the first of two double - sided demo acetates , `` My Happiness '' and `` That 's When Your Heartaches Begin . '' Presley reportedly gave the acetate to his mother as a much - belated extra birthday present , although many biographers suggest that Presley simply wanted to get noticed by Sun owner Sam Phillips . These suggestions are strengthened by the fact that the Presleys did not own a record player at the time . That one - off acetate has since been valued at $500,000 by Record Collector magazine . Returning to Sun Studios on January 4 , 1954 , he recorded a second acetate , `` I 'll Never Stand in Your Way '' / `` It Would n't Be the Same Without You . '' Phillips had already cut the first records by blues artists such as Howlin ' Wolf and Junior Parker . He thought a combination of black blues and boogie - woogie music would be very popular among white people , if presented in the right way . In the spring , Presley auditioned for an amateur gospel quartet called The Songfellows , as one of the group was leaving and they were seeking a replacement . However , following Presley 's audition , the original group member decided to stay . In May , Presley auditioned at the Hi - Hat in Memphis as a vocalist for a band . Eddie Bond , the owner of the Hi - Hat , turned him down . When Phillips acquired a demo recording of `` Without You '' and was unable to identify the vocalist , his assistant , Marion Keisker , reminded him about the young truck driver . She called him on May 26 , 1954 . Presley was not able to do justice to the song ( the original acetate of the song that Phillips presented to Elvis resides in the Memphis State University collection ) , but Phillips asked him to perform some of the many other songs he knew . After running through a few songs , Presley expressed an interest in finding a band to play with , and Phillips invited local Western swing musicians Winfield `` Scotty '' Moore ( electric guitar ) and Bill Black ( slap bass ) to audition Presley . They did so on Sunday , July 4 , 1954 , at Moore 's house . Neither musician was overly impressed , but they agreed a studio session would be useful to explore his potential . On July 5 , 1954 , the trio met at Sun studios to rehearse and record a handful of songs . According to Moore , the first song they recorded was `` I Love You Because '' , but , after a few other country - oriented songs that were n't all that impressive , they decided to take a break . During the break , Presley began `` acting the fool '' with Arthur Crudup 's `` That 's All Right ( Mama ) '' , a blues song . When the other two musicians joined in , Phillips got them to restart and began taping . This was the bright , upbeat sound he had been looking for . Black remarked , `` Damn . Get that on the radio and they 'll run us out of town . '' The group recorded four songs during that session , including bluegrass musician Bill Monroe 's `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' , which he had written and recorded as a slow waltz . Sources credit Bill Black with initiating the song , with Presley and Moore joining in . They ended up with a fast version of the song in 4 / 4 time . After an early take , Phillips can be heard on tape saying : `` Fine , man . Hell , that 's different -- that 's a pop song now , just about . '' To gauge professional and public reaction , Phillips took several acetates of the session to DJ Dewey Phillips ( no relation ) of Memphis radio station WHBQ 's Red , Hot And Blue show . `` That 's All Right '' subsequently received its first play on July 8 , 1954 . A week later , Sun had received some 6,000 advanced orders for `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky , '' which was released on July 19 , 1954 . From August 18 through December 8 , `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' was consistently higher on the charts , and then both sides began to chart across the South . After several performances with other bands , Presley arranged for Moore and Black to be his regular back - up group , giving them each 25 % of the takings . Moore and Black were originally members of their own band , The Starlight Wranglers , but after the success of `` That 's All Right '' , jealousy within the group forced them to split . Over the next 15 months , the trio would release five singles , tour extensively across the South , and appear regularly on the Louisiana Hayride ; it was the biggest rival to the Grand Ole Opry at the time . They had originally auditioned for the Opry in October 1954 , but they failed to impress the people in charge , or the audience , and were not invited back . Several biographers cite Jim Denny , talent agent at the Opry , as the man who told Presley that he should `` go back to driving a truck '' . The trio would record at Sun together until November 1955 , when Phillips sold Presley 's contract to RCA Victor for $40,000 ; it was , at the time , the highest sum ever paid for a recording contract . Sun had permission to keep pressing the singles until January 1 , 1956 , and RCA Victor released Presley 's first five Sun singles nationally . In January 1956 , Presley recorded `` Heartbreak Hotel '' , his first RCA Victor single . He would return to Sun studios regularly over the next few months , visiting with Phillips and meeting many of the label 's new artists . Although Presley never officially recorded for Sun again , he was caught on tape during an impromptu jamming session on December 4 , 1956 . Presley had arrived during a Carl Perkins recording session , which also featured a young Jerry Lee Lewis on piano , and a new artist named Johnny Cash watching on . During a break in recording , Presley sat at the piano and began to sing along with Perkins , Lewis and Cash . Phillips kept his tape recorder running , and , seeing an opportunity to promote another of his new acts , he arranged for a reporter to cover the event . The recordings would eventually be known as `` The Million Dollar Quartet '' . During Presley 's tenure at Sun Records , he recorded two demo recordings in Lubbock , Texas : `` Fool , Fool , Fool '' and `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' , which were released for the first time by RCA in the 1990s . These are not considered Sun recordings . The titles ( edit ) Listed are the 24 titles from 1953 -- 55 , in order of their recording date , followed by the 1956 recordings known as `` The Million Dollar Quartet '' . A take means a second ( or higher ) version ; the best take would be used to create a master to be issued . My Happiness ( self - financed demo ) ( edit ) Borney Bergantine - Betty Peterson Blasco Recorded : 18 July 1953 That 's When Your Heartaches Begin ( self - financed demo ) ( edit ) William Raskin - Fred Fisher - George Brown Recorded : 18 July 1953 I 'll Never Stand In Your Way ( self - financed demo ) ( edit ) Hy Heath Recorded : January 4 , 1954 It Would n't Be The Same Without You ( self - financed demo ) ( edit ) Fred Rose Recorded : January 4 , 1954 I Love You Because ( edit ) Leon Payne . Original probably : Leon Payne ( 1949 , Capitol ) ; Eddie Fisher ( 1950 , RCA Victor ) Recorded : July 5 , 1954 ( session 1 ) That 's All Right ( edit ) Arthur `` Big Boy '' Crudup . Original : Arthur `` Big Boy '' Crudup ( 1947 , RCA Victor ) . Crudup 's original title is : `` That 's All Right ( Mama ) '' ; on the Sun label , and many later releases , ' ( Mama ) ' is omitted : `` That 's All Right '' . Recorded : July 5 , 1954 ( session 1 ) Elvis ' recording of `` That 's All Right ( Mama ) '' can be considered to be near the beginning of rock and roll , though the first rock and roll records predate it . Harbor Lights ( edit ) Hugh Williams - Jimmy Kennedy . Original : possibly Harry Owens and His Royal Hawaiians Recorded : Possibly July 5 , 1954 ( session 1 ) The 4 - CD boxed set `` Today , Tomorrow And Forever '' contains an alternate version ( take three ) . Blue Moon of Kentucky ( edit ) Bill Monroe Original : Bill Monroe and His Bluegrass Boys ( 1947 , Columbia ) Recorded : July 7 , 1954 ( session 1 ) Elvis - The King of Rock ' n ' Roll : The Complete 50s Masters contains a fragment ( 1 : 03 ) of an alternate take in a slower , more country style . This take was originally released on bootleg in 1974 , having been located at Sun Records many years after Presley left for RCA . Blue Moon ( edit ) R. Rodgers - L. Hart . Original : Ted Fio Rito & His Orchestra ( Brunswick LA231 = C 11 / 19 / 1934 ) ( 1 ) Also : Connie Boswell ( Brunswick 16642 , 1 / 15 / 1935 ) ( 2 ) Recorded : August 19 , 1954 ( session 2 ) Tomorrow Night ( edit ) Sam Coslow - Will Grosz . Original : Lonnie Johnson ( 1948 , King ) Recorded : September 10 , 1954 ( session 3 ) I 'll Never Let You Go ( Little Darlin ' ) ( edit ) Jimmy Wakely . Original : Jimmy Wakely ( 1943 , Decca ) Recorded : September 10 , 1954 ( session 3 ) Satisfied ( edit ) Recorded : September 10 , 1954 ( session 3 ) ( tape lost ) I Do n't Care If the Sun Do n't Shine ( edit ) M. David . Original probably Patti Page ( 1950 , Mercury ) Recorded : September 10 , 1954 ( session 3 ) The Dean Martin version was probably Elvis ' inspiration . Just Because ( edit ) Sydney Robin - Bob Shelton - Joe Shelton . Original : The Shelton Brothers ( 1942 , Decca ) Recorded 1933 Also ; Lonestar Cowboys , 1933 on RCA ( Victor ) , Nelstone 's Hawaiians : Victor V40273 ( 1929 ) . The song was also recorded by Frank Yankovic and was responsible for his band being rated the # 13 band `` on the Nation 's Juke Boxes '' in 1948 . It was also covered by The Flying Burrito Brothers . Recorded : September 10 , 1954 ( session 3 ) Good Rockin ' Tonight ( edit ) Roy Brown . Original Roy Brown ( 1947 , DeLuxe ) ; also Wynonie `` Mr. Blues '' Harris ( 1948 , King ) Recorded : September 10 , 1954 ( session 3 ) Milkcow Blues Boogie ( edit ) Kokomo Arnold . Original probably Kokomo Arnold ( 1935 , Decca ) Other releases : Johnny Lee Wills ( 1941 , Decca ) ; Moon Mullican ( 1946 , King ) ; Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys als `` Brain Cloudy Blues '' , ( 1946 , Columbia ) Recorded : December 8 , 1954 ( session 4 ) You 're a Heartbreaker ( edit ) Jack Sallee Recorded : December 8 , 1954 ( session 4 ) Baby Let 's Play House ( edit ) Arthur Gunter . Original : Arthur Gunter ( 1954 , Excello ) Recorded : February 11 , 1955 ( session 5 ) In 1951 Eddy Arnold recorded a song titled `` I Want to Play House with You '' ( 3 ) by Cy Coben. ( 4 ) This song has been misidentified as the same song . It is not . I Got a Woman ( edit ) Ray Charles Recorded : February 5 , 1955 ( session 5 ) ( tape lost ) Trying to Get to You ( edit ) Rose Marie McCoy - Charles Singleton . Original : The Eagles ( 1954 , Mercury ) Recorded : February 11 , 1955 ( session 5 , not published ) and July 11 , 1955 ( session 7 , published ) . In 2002 , RCA included information in the liner notes of Sunrise as to Presley recording this song while simultaneously playing the piano , and not aided by his rhythm guitar , as previously believed . Because the piano was not directly miked , it can only be heard faintly in the background . I 'm Left , You 're Right , She 's Gone ( edit ) Stan Kesler - William Taylor . Recorded : March 5 , 1955 ( session 6 ) I Forgot To Remember To Forget ( edit ) Stan Kesler - Charlie Feathers . Recorded : July 11 , 1955 ( session 7 ) Mystery Train ( edit ) Junior Parker - Sam Phillips . Original : Little Junior 's Blue Flames ( 1953 , Sun ) Recorded : July 11 , 1955 ( session 7 ) When It Rains , It Really Pours ( edit ) William R. Emerson . Original : Billy Emerson ( 1955 , Sun ) Recorded : November 20 , 1955 ( session 8 ) The Million Dollar Quartet ( session recordings ) ( edit ) On December 4 , 1956 , a year after Elvis had left Sun for RCA , he revisited Sun Studio . The afternoon became a jam session with Carl Perkins ( then already famous for his `` Blue Suede Shoes '' ) , Jerry Lee Lewis ( relatively unknown at the time ) , and Johnny Cash ( not heard on the tapes , although he does appear on the cover photo ) . The taping was largely unintended by the quartet ; they were just singing the songs they had in mind . About 40 titles are recorded , most of them incomplete . Elvis is caught telling about a singer he saw in Las Vegas , doing his version of `` Do n't Be Cruel '' , and they 're enjoying `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' from Chuck Berry . Recorded : December 4 , 1956 . Rumored / legendary recordings ( edit ) Over the decades , several additional recordings have been claimed as having been recorded by Elvis at Sun Records . The reference work Elvis : The Illustrated Record by Roy Carr and Mick Farren lists the following songs that were , as of 1982 , believed to have been recorded by Elvis at Sun Records but as of 2009 remain unreleased and unaccounted for in the official record : `` Tennessee Saturday Night '' ( 2 takes recorded July 5 -- 7 , 1954 ) . According to Carr and Farren , RCA planned to include this recording on the 1965 compilation album Elvis for Everyone , but substituted the Sun side `` Tomorrow Night '' instead . `` Uncle Penn '' ( 1 take recorded Sept. 9 , 1954 ) . Carr and Farren claim the existence of `` Uncle Penn '' is proven by it being listed on the session sheet for the recording session of December 8 , 1954 that produced `` Tomorrow Night '' however this contradicts the authors ' chart that gives the Sept. 9 recording date . `` Oakie Boogie '' ( 1 take recorded Dec. 8 , 1954 ) Releases ( edit ) Most of the tapes , including the private single , the Million Dollar Quartet and alternate takes have been released . Sun singles ( edit ) Ten songs , making five singles , were originally released on the Sun label . These records ( in both 45 RPM and 78 RPM formats ) are among the most valuable of Elvis ' output , fetching four figures in excellent condition : Sun 209 -- July 19 , 1954 : That 's All Right / Blue Moon of Kentucky Sun 210 -- September 25 , 1954 : Good Rockin ' Tonight / I Do n't Care If The Sun Do n't Shine Sun 215 -- December 28 , 1954 : Milkcow Blues Boogie / You 're A Heartbreaker Sun 217 -- April 10 , 1955 : Baby Let 's Play House / I 'm Left , You 're Right , She 's Gone Sun 223 -- August 6 , 1955 : I Forgot To Remember To Forget / Mystery Train RCA releases ( edit ) After signing with RCA , the same songs , in the same b / w combination , were re-released by RCA . ( December 1955 ) . The songs were available on 78 RPM and 45 RPM , which explains the two ordering - numbers 20 / 47 , respectively : RCA 20 / 47 - 6357 : Sun 223 RCA 20 / 47 - 6380 : Sun 209 RCA 20 / 47 - 6381 : Sun 210 RCA 20 / 47 - 6382 : Sun 215 RCA 20 / 47 - 6383 : Sun 217 The same pairings were later reissued as part of RCA 's Gold Standard series in five different label formats : Black label with dog at top ( September 1958 ) , black label with dog on left side ( September 1965 ) , orange label ( November 1968 ) , red label ( September 1970 ) , and black label with dog in upper right hand corner ( September 1976 ) 447 - 0600 : Sun 223 447 - 0601 : Sun 209 B - side of red label version misspells Elvis ' last name as `` PRESELY '' 447 - 0602 : Sun 210 The original `` dog on top '' copies of the above two were released with special picture sleeves 447 - 0603 : Sun 215 447 - 0604 : Sun 217 Albums featuring the Sun recordings ( edit ) Elvis Presley ( 1956 ) ( edit ) On January 27 , 1956 , the first RCA single , `` Heartbreak Hotel '' b / w `` I Was the One '' was released , giving Elvis a nationwide breakthrough . His reputation as a performer on stage was already growing in the same dimensions . On March 23 , 1956 , the first album , Elvis Presley , was released ( RCA 1254 ) . At that moment , `` Heartbreak Hotel '' was climbing the lists , but as Rock'n'Roll was largely bought by teenagers at the time , and teenagers usually bought singles , albums were seen as less important for the genre ; as such , `` Heartbreak Hotel '' is not on this album . RCA , however , put five unreleased Sun recordings on this album : `` I Love You Because '' `` Just Because '' `` Trying to Get to You '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Little Darlin ' ) '' `` Blue Moon '' For LP Fans only ( 1958 ) and a date with Elvis ( 1959 ) ( edit ) These two albums were released during Elvis ' hitch in the Army , consisting of tracks previously released only as singles or on EPs , including all but one of the ten commercially released Sun tracks . Four were included on For LP Fans Only ... `` That 's All Right '' `` Mystery Train '' `` I 'm Left , You 're Right , She 's Gone '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' ... with five featured on A Date with Elvis : `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Milkcow Blues Boogie '' `` Baby , Let 's Play House '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' The remaining commercial release , `` I Do n't Care If the Sun Do n't Shine '' , would not appear on LP until the 1976 compilation `` The Sun Sessions '' . Elvis for Everyone ! ( 1965 ) ( edit ) `` Tomorrow Night '' ( Previously unreleased ; original Sun master overdubbed with new instrumental and vocal backing by producer Chet Atkins for this release only ) `` When It Rains , It Really Pours '' ( 1957 re-recording of an unreleased Sun track from 1955 ) The Sun Sessions ( 1976 ) ( edit ) On March 22 , 1976 , the album The Sun Sessions was released , with 16 out of the 24 known Sun titles : `` That 's All Right '' `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` Good Rockin Tonight '' `` Milkcow Blues Boogie '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' `` I 'm Left , You 're Right , She 's Gone '' `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` Mystery Train '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Little Darlin ' ) '' `` I Love You Because '' `` Trying to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` Just Because '' `` I Love You Because '' ( second version ) Missing : The private recordings `` Harbor Lights '' `` Tomorrow Night '' `` When It Rains , It Really Pours '' `` Satisfied '' `` I Got a Woman '' The complete Sun Sessions ( 33 - track 2lp - set ) / the Sun Sessions ( 28 - track CD ) ( 1987 ) ( edit ) Although the title suggests more , only 18 out of the 24 known Sun songs are here . The album does contain several takes from `` I Love You Because '' , and `` I 'm Left , You 're Right , She 's Gone '' . Missing : The private recordings `` Satisfied '' `` I Got a Woman '' The Million Dollar Quartet ( 1989 ) ( edit ) The recordings have been released in 1989 as a CD , titled , Elvis Presley - The Million Dollar Quartet ( RCA CD # 2023 - 2 - R ) , The King of Rock ' n ' Roll : The Complete 50s Masters ( 1992 ) ( edit ) Nearly every song Elvis recorded at Sun is present here ( although `` That 's When Your Heartaches Begin '' is hidden on CD number 5 ; the rest is on CD 1 ) . Missing : `` Satisfied '' ( apparently lost forever ) , all but one track from the Million Dollar Quartet session , as well as `` It Would n't be the Same Without You '' and `` I 'll Never Stand in Your Way . '' The latter two songs appear on yet another ( and as complete as possible ) Sun sessions CD titled `` Sunrise . '' Sunrise ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Another delving in the Sun Records vaults is the most complete collection of Elvis ' recordings from that time . All the masters , some demos and alternate recordings , and a few early live - recorded tracks . Elvis at Sun ( 2004 ) ( edit ) The current ( as of mid-2006 ) version of the Sun recordings . Contains the five singles ( `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' ; `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care If the Sun Do n't Shine '' ; `` Milkcow Blues Boogie '' / `` You 're a Heartbreaker ; '' Baby Let 's Play House `` / '' I 'm Left , You 're Right , She 's Gone `` ; '' I Forgot to Remember to Forget `` / '' Mystery Train `` ) plus `` Harbor Lights , '' `` I Love You Because '' ( alternate take 2 ) , `` Tomorrow Night , '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Little Darlin ' ) , '' `` Just Because , '' `` I 'm Left , You 're Right , She 's Gone '' ( slow version ) , `` Trying to Get to You '' and `` When It Rains It Really Pours . '' Missing : Private recordings and demos : `` My Happiness '' `` That 's When Your Heartaches Begin '' `` I 'll Never Stand in Your Way '' `` It Would n't Be the Same Without You '' `` I Love You Because '' ( first version ) ( available on Elvis Presley ) The lost `` Satisfied '' `` I Got a Woman '' ( Re-recording available on Elvis Presley ) A Boy from Tupelo : the complete 1953 -- 55 recordings ( 2012 ) ( edit ) A limited - edition 3 - CD box set released in June 2012 by RCA / Sony collectors ' label Follow That Dream ( FTD ) Records , as a companion piece to a book by Ernst Mikael Jørgensen , also entitled A Boy from Tupelo . The book chronicles Presley 's day - to - day life from July 4 , 1954 ( the day when he first rehearsed with guitarist Scotty Moore ) to December 31 , 1955 , including many previously unpublished testimonies , accounts and details on every single show performed by Presley during the period ( the book is , indeed , mainly intended as a complete concertography and tourography of Elvis Presley 's early career ) . The first two of the three discs released in conjunction with the book feature , as the title specifies , all the material recorded by Presley from 1953 to 1955 , including all of the alternate takes and all of the recordings which were missing from previous releases , with the exception of `` Satisfied '' and `` I Got a Woman '' ; the latter two recordings are stated by Jørgensen himself , in the book , to be actually lost . However , a live rendition from March 19 , 1955 of `` I Got a Woman '' is featured on the third disc of the package , along with 31 more live recordings from the era , 27 of which are previously unreleased . The A Boy from Tupelo book + CDs package , which was printed as a strictly limited run of 3,000 copies ( each including a gift pack consisting in five 45 - RPM reproductions of Presley 's original Sun singles ) is , as of September 2012 , sold out and not scheduled to be reprinted . See also ( edit ) Elvis Presley portal Million Dollar Quartet References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Full National Recording Registry Jump up ^ Guralnick , Peter ( 1999 ) . Elvis : Day by Day . Ballantine Books Inc. p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 42089 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis biography : 1935 - 1957 '' . elvis.com . Retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( August 18 , 1997 ) . `` Good Rockin ' '' . Newsweek , pp. 54 - 5 Jump up ^ Clayton , p. 53 Jump up ^ Jorgensen , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley '' . PBS , courtesy of palmpictures.com . Retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Miller , p. 71 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins , Jerry ( 1972 ) . Elvis : A Biography . Macmillan . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 13617 - 1 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Lichter , p. 12 Jump up ^ `` Sam Phillips Sun Records Two '' . history-of-rock.com . Retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Jerry ( 1972 ) . Elvis : A Biography . Macmillan . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 13617 - 1 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Peter ( 1992 ) . The Complete 50 's Masters ( CD booklet notes ) . Jump up ^ Jorgensen , p. 13 Jump up ^ ( August 11 -- August 17 , 2007 ) . `` Would he still be King ? '' . Radio Times . BBC , p. 12 Jump up ^ Naylor and Halliday , p. 42 Jump up ^ Carr and Farren , p. 6 Jump up ^ EPE ( July 21 , 2004 ) . `` Elvis Presley Sun Recordings Archived 2007 - 09 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . '' . elvis.co.au . Retrieved on August 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Jerry ( 1972 ) . Elvis : A Biography . Macmillan . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 13617 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Jerry ( 1972 ) . Elvis : A Biography . Macmillan . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 13617 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Jerry ( 1972 ) . Elvis : A Biography . Macmillan . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 13617 - 1 . Jump up ^ retrieved 1.1. 2009 Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of Country Music : The Ultimate Guide to the Music By Paul Kingsbury , Laura Garrard , Daniel Cooper , John Rumble , Country Music Hall of Fame & Museum ( Nashville , Tenn . ) Published by Sourcebooks , Inc. , 2004 page 480 ISBN 0 - 19 - 517608 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517608 - 7 Jump up ^ retrieved 1.1. 2009 Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of Country Music : The Ultimate Guide to the Music By Paul Kingsbury , Laura Garrard , Daniel Cooper , John Rumble , Country Music Hall of Fame & Museum ( Nashville , Tenn . ) Published by Sourcebooks , Inc. , 2004 . page 91 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517608 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517608 - 7 Jump up ^ The encyclopedia of country music : the ultimate guide to the music - Paul Kingsbury , Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum - Google Boeken . Books.google.com. 2004 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Wadey , Paul ( October 20 , 1998 ) . `` Obituary : Frank Yankovic '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` VICTOR numerical listing discography '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Billboard Jan 22 , 1949 . page 56 . Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/farther-along-the-best-of-the-flying-burrito-brothers-mw0000198034 Jump up ^ Baby Let 's Play House label Jump up ^ Baby Let 's Play House sample Jump up ^ sample @ cduniverse Jump up ^ currently not available 1.9. 2009 Jump up ^ `` The A-Z of Buddy Holly '' by Alan Mann Jump up ^ Roy Carr and Mick Farren , Elvis : The Illustrated Record ( Harmony Books , 1982 ) , p. 22 - 23 Jump up ^ Carr and Farren , p. 99 Jump up ^ Carr and Farren , p. 22 Jump up ^ Carr and Farren , p. 23 Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ ElvisNews.com : FTD Deletions External links ( edit ) US Congress National Recording Registry listings for 2002 . Sun Recordings are item 40 . Elvis Presley Albums discography Singles discography Filmography Studio albums Elvis Presley Elvis Peace in the Valley ( EP ) Elvis ' Christmas Album For LP Fans Only A Date with Elvis Elvis Is Back ! His Hand in Mine Something for Everybody Pot Luck Elvis for Everyone ! How Great Thou Art From Elvis in Memphis From Memphis to Vegas / From Vegas to Memphis Elvis Country ( I 'm 10,000 Years Old ) Love Letters from Elvis Elvis sings The Wonderful World of Christmas Elvis Now He Touched Me Elvis Raised on Rock / For Ol ' Times Sake Good Times Promised Land Today From Elvis Presley Boulevard , Memphis , Tennessee Moody Blue Live albums On Stage As Recorded at Madison Square Garden Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis Having Fun with Elvis on Stage Elvis in Concert An Afternoon in the Garden Soundtrack albums and EPs Love Me Tender ( EP ) Loving You Jailhouse Rock ( EP ) King Creole G.I. Blues Flaming Star ( EP ) Blue Hawaii Follow That Dream ( EP ) Kid Galahad ( EP ) Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! It Happened at the World 's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin ' Cousins Viva Las Vegas ( EP ) Roustabout Girl Happy Tickle Me ( EP ) Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise Hawaiian Style Spinout Easy Come , Easy Go ( EP ) Double Trouble Clambake Speedway Elvis That 's the Way It Is Viva Elvis Compilation albums Elvis ' Golden Records 50,000,000 Elvis Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Elvis ' Golden Records Volume 3 Elvis ' Gold Records Volume 4 Elvis Sings Flaming Star Let 's Be Friends Almost in Love C'mon Everybody I Got Lucky Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 1 Elvis ' 40 Greatest Pure Gold Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 2 The Sun Sessions Welcome to My World Mahalo from Elvis Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 3 Greatest Hits Volume 1 Elvis ' Gold Records Volume 5 Amazing Grace : His Greatest Sacred Performances Command Performances : The Essential 60s Masters II Elvis 56 Tiger Man Memories : The ' 68 Comeback Special Sunrise Suspicious Minds : The Memphis 1969 Anthology ELV1S : 30 No. 1 Hits 2nd to None Elvis at Sun Hitstory Elvis Inspirational Elvis Rock Elvis Christmas The Essential Elvis Presley Christmas Duets If I Can Dream Way Down in the Jungle Room The Wonder of You The 50 Greatest Hits Box sets Worldwide 50 Gold Award Hits Vol. 1 The King of Rock ' n ' Roll : The Complete 50 's Masters From Nashville to Memphis : The Essential ' 60s Masters Walk a Mile in My Shoes : The Essential ' 70s Masters Peace in the Valley : The Complete Gospel Recordings Live in Las Vegas Today , Tomorrow , and Forever Elvis the King The Complete ' 68 Comeback Special The Complete Elvis Presley Masters Bootlegs Elvis ' Greatest Shit Feature films Love Me Tender Loving You Jailhouse Rock King Creole G.I. Blues Flaming Star Wild in the Country Blue Hawaii Follow That Dream Kid Galahad Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! It Happened at the World 's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin ' Cousins Viva Las Vegas Roustabout Girl Happy Tickle Me Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise , Hawaiian Style Spinout Easy Come , Easy Go Double Trouble Clambake Stay Away , Joe Speedway Live a Little , Love a Little Charro ! The Trouble with Girls Change of Habit Biographical films Elvis ( 1979 film ) Elvis ( 1990 series ) Elvis Meets Nixon Elvis ( 2005 miniseries ) Elvis & Nixon Documentaries The Pied Piper of Cleveland Elvis : That 's the Way It Is Elvis on Tour This Is Elvis The New Gladiators TV specials The Frank Sinatra Timex Show : Welcome Home Elvis Elvis Presley 's ' 68 Comeback Special Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis in Concert Stage shows based on Elvis Cooking with Elvis All Shook Up Elvis . The Musical Elvis : The Concert Viva Elvis Top 10 singles `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Hound Dog '' `` Love Me Tender '' `` Love Me '' `` Too Much '' `` All Shook Up '' `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' `` One Night '' `` I Got Stung '' `` ( Now and Then There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' `` Stuck on You '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' `` Surrender '' `` I Feel So Bad '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Good Luck Charm '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' `` ( You 're The ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' `` Crying in the Chapel '' `` In the Ghetto '' `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` Burning Love '' Related people Sam Phillips The Blue Moon Boys The Jordanaires The Imperials The Sweet Inspirations TCB Band J.D. Sumner Stephen H. Sholes June Juanico Memphis Mafia Colonel Tom Parker George C. Nichopoulos Lisa Marie Presley Priscilla Presley Judy Spreckels Linda Thompson Ginger Alden Larry Geller Related Graceland Audubon Street House Cultural depictions Cultural impact Personal relationships Impersonators Elvis and Gladys Elvis and Me Elvis : What Happened ? Elvis - A-Rama Museum Hit singles Sun recordings Million Dollar Quartet List of Elvis Presley songs Songs about Elvis Elvis Presley Enterprises Elvis Presley Lake `` Elvis has left the building '' Elvis Radio FBI files on Elvis Presley Army career Eight Elvises Triple Elvis Elvis Presley 's Pink Cadillac Elvis Presley 's guitars Elvis Presley Forever stamp Elvis sightings Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_Elvis_Presley_on_the_Sun_label&oldid=800629611 '' Categories : Elvis Presley Lists of songs by American recording artists Discographies of American artists Country music discographies Rock music discographies Pop music discographies United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 18 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was elvis presleys last recording at sun records | [
"Although Presley never officially recorded for Sun again, he was caught on tape during an impromptu jamming session on December 4, 1956. Presley had arrived during a Carl Perkins recording session, which also featured a young Jerry Lee Lewis on piano, and a new artist named Johnny Cash watching on. During a break in recording, Presley sat at the piano and began to sing along with Perkins, Lewis and Cash. Phillips kept his tape recorder running, and, seeing an opportunity to promote another of his new acts, he arranged for a reporter to cover the event. The recordings would eventually be known as \"The Million Dollar Quartet\"."
] | [
"\"The Million Dollar Quartet\""
] |
8259032885448966485 | List of the verified oldest men | List of the verified oldest men - wikipedia List of the verified oldest men Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the 100 verified oldest men , arranged in descending order of each individual 's age in years and days . A year typically refers to a calendar year , the time between two dates of the same name . However , years can be of different lengths due to the presence or absence of a leap day within the year , or to the conversion of dates from one calendar to another . The oldest man ever whose age has been verified is Jiroemon Kimura ( 1897 -- 2013 ) of Japan who died at age 116 years , 54 days . There are five living people on this list , the oldest of whom is Francisco Núñez Olivera , aged 7004411870000000000 ♠ 112 years , 279 days . Since all the men on this list have lived to at least the age of 110 , all of them are supercentenarians . 100 verified oldest men Deceased Living † ^ denotes age at death , or , if living , age as of 18 September 2017 Rank Name Birth date Death date Age Place of death or residence Jiroemon Kimura 19 April 1897 12 June 2013 116 years , 54 days Japan Christian Mortensen 16 August 1882 25 April 1998 115 years , 252 days United States Emiliano Mercado del Toro 21 August 1891 24 January 2007 115 years , 156 days Puerto Rico Mathew Beard 9 July 1870 16 February 1985 114 years , 222 days United States Walter Breuning 21 September 1896 14 April 2011 114 years , 205 days United States 6 Yukichi Chuganji 23 March 1889 28 September 2003 114 years , 189 days Japan 7 Joan Riudavets 15 December 1889 5 March 2004 114 years , 81 days Spain 8 Fred Hale 1 December 1890 19 November 2004 113 years , 354 days United States 9 Yisrael Kristal 15 September 1903 11 August 2017 113 years , 330 days Israel 10 Johnson Parks 15 October 1884 17 July 1998 113 years , 275 days United States 11 Tomoji Tanabe 18 September 1895 19 June 2009 113 years , 274 days Japan 12 John Ingram McMorran 19 June 1889 24 February 2003 113 years , 250 days United States 13 Frederick Frazier 27 January 1880 14 June 1993 113 years , 138 days United States 14 James Sisnett 22 February 1900 23 May 2013 113 years , 90 days Barbados 15 Walter Richardson 7 November 1885 25 December 1998 113 years , 48 days United States 16 Henry Allingham 6 June 1896 18 July 2009 113 years , 42 days United Kingdom 17 Antonio Todde 22 January 1889 3 January 2002 112 years , 346 days Italy 18 Moses Hardy 6 January 1894 7 December 2006 112 years , 335 days United States 19 Yasutaro Koide 13 March 1903 19 January 2016 7004412200000000000 ♠ 112 years , 312 days Japan 20 John Evans 19 August 1877 10 June 1990 112 years , 295 days United Kingdom 21 Francisco Núñez Olivera 13 December 1904 Living 7004411870000000000 ♠ 112 years , 279 days Spain 22 George Francis 6 June 1896 27 December 2008 112 years , 204 days United States 23 Denzo Ishizaki 20 October 1886 29 April 1999 112 years , 191 days Japan 24 Josep Armengol 23 July 1881 20 January 1994 112 years , 181 days Spain 25 Giovanni Frau 29 December 1890 19 June 2003 112 years , 172 days Italy 26 John Painter 20 September 1888 1 March 2001 112 years , 162 days United States 27 Masamitsu Yoshida 30 May 1904 29 October 2016 112 years , 152 days Japan 28 Sakari Momoi 5 February 1903 5 July 2015 112 years , 150 days Japan 29 Alphaeus Philemon Cole 12 July 1876 25 November 1988 112 years , 136 days United States 30 Augusto Moreira 6 October 1896 13 February 2009 112 years , 130 days Portugal 31 George Johnson 1 May 1894 30 August 2006 112 years , 121 days United States 32 Salustiano Sanchez 8 June 1901 13 September 2013 112 years , 97 days United States 33 Gengan Tonaki 30 October 1884 24 January 1997 112 years , 86 days Japan 34 Masazou Nonaka 25 July 1905 Living 7004409630000000000 ♠ 112 years , 55 days Japan 35 Tadanosuke Hashimoto 27 April 1891 31 May 2003 112 years , 34 days Japan 36 Kumekichi Tani 20 April 1891 12 May 2003 112 years , 22 days Japan 37 James Wiggins 15 October 1879 16 October 1991 112 years , 1 day United States 38 Arturo Licata 2 May 1902 24 April 2014 111 years , 357 days Italy 39 Gustav Gerneth ( de ) 15 October 1905 Living 7004408810000000000 ♠ 111 years , 338 days Germany 40 Walter H. Seward 13 October 1896 14 September 2008 111 years , 337 days United States 41 Maurice Floquet 25 December 1894 10 November 2006 111 years , 320 days France 42 Valerio Piroddi 13 November 1905 Living 7004408520000000000 ♠ 111 years , 309 days Italy 43 James McCoubrey 13 September 1901 5 July 2013 111 years , 295 days United States 44 John Mosely Turner 15 June 1856 21 March 1968 111 years , 280 days United Kingdom 45 Hermann Dörnemann 27 May 1893 2 March 2005 111 years , 279 days Germany 46 Antonio Urrea 16 February 1888 15 November 1999 111 years , 272 days Spain 47 Choki Miyagi 15 November 1904 7 August 2016 111 years , 266 days Japan 48 Arthur Carter 5 October 1889 11 June 2001 111 years , 249 days United States 49 Jan Machiel Reyskens 11 May 1878 7 January 1990 111 years , 241 days Netherlands 50 Joe Thomas 1 May 1875 14 December 1986 111 years , 227 days United States 51 James Zackry 15 August 1881 14 March 1993 111 years , 211 days United States 52 Tanekichi Onishi 15 February 1900 11 September 2011 111 years , 208 days Japan 53 Kiyoshi Igarashi 2 August 1897 23 February 2009 111 years , 205 days Japan 54 Herman Smith - Johannsen 15 June 1875 5 January 1987 111 years , 204 days Norway 55 Ernest Pusey 5 May 1895 19 November 2006 111 years , 198 days United States 56 Thomas Nelson , Sr . 8 July 1895 9 January 2007 111 years , 185 days United States 57 Jokichi Ikarashi 26 January 1902 23 July 2013 111 years , 178 days Japan 58 Earl Brush 17 July 1893 10 January 2005 111 years , 177 days United States 59 Antonio de Castro 6 January 1898 22 June 2009 111 years , 167 days Portugal 60 Sukesaburo Nakanishi 15 March 1896 22 August 2007 111 years , 160 days Japan 61 Luther Goding 1 July 1884 5 December 1995 111 years , 157 days United States 62 Jan Pieter Bos 12 July 1891 15 December 2002 111 years , 156 days Netherlands 63 Emile Fourcade 29 July 1884 29 December 1995 111 years , 153 days France 64 Benjamin Harrison Holcomb 3 July 1889 2 December 2000 111 years , 152 days United States 65 Aarne Arvonen 4 August 1897 1 January 2009 111 years , 150 days Finland 66 George Frederick Ives 17 November 1881 12 April 1993 111 years , 146 days Canada 67 Jan Goossenaerts 30 October 1900 21 March 2012 111 years , 143 days Belgium 68 Garland Adair 30 July 1898 11 December 2009 111 years , 134 days United States 69 Richard Arvin Overton 11 May 1906 Living 7004406730000000000 ♠ 111 years , 130 days United States 70 Anders Engberg 1 July 1892 6 November 2003 111 years , 128 days Sweden 71 Alexander Imich 4 February 1903 8 June 2014 111 years , 124 days United States 72 Jack Lockett 22 January 1891 25 May 2002 111 years , 123 days Australia 73 Henry Hartmann 14 July 1894 10 November 2005 111 years , 119 days United States 74 Shelby Harris 31 March 1901 25 July 2012 111 years , 116 days United States 75 Daniel Guzmán - García 6 February 1897 21 May 2008 111 years , 105 days Colombia 76 Sadayoshi Tanabe 20 October 1888 18 January 2000 111 years , 90 days Japan 77 Clarence Matthews 1 May 1906 22 July 2017 111 years , 82 days United States 78 Makaru Nakanishi 15 December 1901 28 February 2013 111 years , 75 days Japan 79 Henry Pfeiffer 22 March 1881 23 May 1992 111 years , 62 days United States 80 Zachariah Blackistone 16 February 1871 18 April 1982 111 years , 61 days United States 81 Antonio Baldo 6 July 1887 28 August 1998 111 years , 53 days Italy 82 Edward Bernard 22 June 1889 11 August 2000 111 years , 50 days United States 83 Francisco Fernández 24 July 1901 7 September 2012 111 years , 45 days Spain 84 Norio Kawada 25 April 1892 6 June 2003 111 years , 42 days Japan 85 Kama Nakasone 23 November 1891 1 January 2003 111 years , 39 days Japan 86 Harry Patch 17 June 1898 25 July 2009 111 years , 38 days United Kingdom 87 Peter Solum 3 May 1882 5 June 1993 111 years , 33 days United States 88 Masao Kaga 1 June 1902 26 June 2013 111 years , 25 days Japan 89 Giovanni Ligato 18 February 1901 2 March 2012 111 years , 13 days Italy 90 Domenico Minervino 10 May 1880 22 May 1991 111 years , 12 days Italy 91 Nijiro Tokuda 10 June 1895 12 June 2006 111 years , 2 days Japan 92 Zhou Youguang 13 January 1906 14 January 2017 111 years , 1 day China 93 Valentino Stella 2 January 1886 1 January 1997 110 years , 365 days Italy 94 Giichi Okumura 18 October 1896 13 October 2007 110 years , 360 days Japan 95 Charles Shebanek 9 September 1883 27 August 1994 110 years , 352 days United States 96 Antonio Pierro 22 February 1896 8 February 2007 110 years , 351 days United States 97 Carl Berner 27 January 1902 7 January 2013 110 years , 346 days United States 98 Gregory Pandazes 15 January 1873 22 December 1983 110 years , 341 days United States Eiju Tsuru 4 February 1879 11 January 1990 110 years , 341 days Japan 100 Charlie Nelson 21 September 1867 20 August 1978 110 years , 333 days United States Yoshio Nakagawa 19 December 1901 16 November 2012 110 years , 333 days Japan a ^ Mortensen was born in Denmark . b ^ Kristal was born in Maleniec , which was then a part of the Russian Empire . It is now in Poland c ^ Sisnett was born in Barbados , which was at the time of his birth a British colony ; now it is an independent country . d ^ Sanchez was born in Spain . e ^ McCoubrey was born in Newfoundland , which was then a separate British colony in 1901 . It is now a part of Canada . f ^ Reyskens was born in Belgium and never obtained Dutch citizenship g ^ Fourcade was born in French Algeria ; it is now Algeria . h ^ Arvonen was born in Finland , then an autonomous state of the Russian Empire . i ^ Ives was born in the United Kingdom . j ^ Imich was born in Częstochowa , which was then a part of the Russian Empire . It is now in Poland . k ^ Lockett was born in the former British colony Victoria , which is now part of Australia . l ^ Pierro was born in Italy . m ^ Berner was born in Germany . n ^ Pandazes was born in Greece . References ^ Jump up to : `` GRG World Supercentenarian Rankings List '' . Gerontology Research Group . Jump up ^ 世界 最 高齢 男性 の 小 出 保太郎 さん 死去 ... 112 歳 ( World 's oldest man , Yasutaro Koide , dies at 112 ) . Yomiuri Online ( in Japanese ) . Japan : The Yomiuri Shimbun. 2016 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Francisco Núñez Olivera , el abuelo de España '' . tentudiadirecto.com. 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Francisco Núñez ' Marchena ' , el bienvenidense más longevo de España , cumple 111 años '' . digitaldetentudia.com . Jump up ^ `` Ältester Deutscher feiert 110 . Geburtstag '' . mdr.de . Jump up ^ `` Valerio Piroddi , tziu Mundicu , compie 110 anni . È lui il secondo uomo più longevo d'Italia '' . Jump up ^ FOX . `` Nation 's oldest living WWII Combat Veteran Richard Overton turning 110 '' . fox7austin.com . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Angela Monroe ( 29 April 2016 ) . `` Indian Wells Man Turning 110 : Oldest Man in California '' . Jump up ^ Kitty Alvarado ( 16 July 2016 ) . `` Oldest Man In America Honored in Indian Wells '' . Jump up ^ http://www.kmir.com/story/35951019/valley-resident-and-oldest-man-in-america-dies-at-111 Longevity Terminology Centenarian Super Cognitive epidemiology Elderly Life expectancy Life extension Maximum life span Old age Immortality Ageless Biological immortality Digital immortality Eternal youth Issues Anti-aging movement Longevity claims Longevity escape velocity Longevity insurance Longevity myths Longevity risk Living and Notable centenarians ( over age 100 ) By career Activists , non-profit leaders , and philanthropists Actors , filmmakers , and entertainers Artists Authors , poets , and journalists Businesspeople Educators , school administrators , social scientists , and linguists Explorers Jurists and practitioners of law Medical professionals Military commanders Musicians , composers , and music patrons Philosophers and theologians Politicians and civil servants Religious figures Royalty and nobility Scientists and mathematicians Sportspeople Miscellaneous Supercentenarians ( over age 110 ) By continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America By country Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States Oldest people List of oldest living people List of the verified oldest people men women Miscellaneous Last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars European American Canadian Last surviving World War I veterans by country Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War List of surviving veterans of World War II Last survivors of historic events Oldest twins Longest marriages List of longest - reigning monarchs See also Ageing Biodemography of human longevity Earliest known life forms FOXO3 longevity gene Gerontology Immortality in fiction Life extension - related topics Senescence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_verified_oldest_men&oldid=801153638 '' Categories : Demography Lists of men Lists of oldest people Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Interlanguage link template link number Talk View source About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Norsk Polski Română Русский Српски / srpski Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 00 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the oldest man who ever lived | [
"This is a list of the 100 verified oldest men, arranged in descending order of each individual's age in years and days. A year typically refers to a calendar year, the time between two dates of the same name. However, years can be of different lengths due to the presence or absence of a leap day within the year, or to the conversion of dates from one calendar to another. The oldest man ever whose age has been verified is Jiroemon Kimura (1897–2013) of Japan who died at age 116 years, 54 days. There are five living people on this list, the oldest of whom is Francisco Núñez Olivera, aged 7004411870000000000♠112 years, 279 days."
] | [
"Jiroemon Kimura (1897–2013) of Japan"
] |
-6696073829330439618 | Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film) | Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( film ) - Wikipedia Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Theatrical release poster Directed by David Yates Produced by David Heyman David Barron Screenplay by Steve Kloves Based on Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson Jim Broadbent Helena Bonham Carter Robbie Coltrane Warwick Davis Michael Gambon Alan Rickman Maggie Smith Timothy Spall David Thewlis Julie Walters Music by Nicholas Hooper ( Harry Potter themes composed by John Williams ) Cinematography Bruno Delbonnel Edited by Mark Day Production company Heyday Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 6 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 06 ) ( Tokyo premiere ) 15 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 15 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 153 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $250 million Box office $934.4 million Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince is a 2009 British - American fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling . The film , which is the sixth instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman and David Barron . The story follows Harry Potter 's sixth year at Hogwarts as he receives a mysterious textbook , falls in love , and attempts to retrieve a memory that holds the key to Lord Voldemort 's downfall . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and is followed by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . Filming began on 24 September 2007 , leading to the film 's worldwide cinematic release on 15 July 2009 , one day short of the fourth anniversary of the corresponding novel 's release . The film was simultaneously released in regular cinemas and IMAX 3D everywhere except North America , where its IMAX release was delayed for two weeks . Half - Blood Prince opened to critical acclaim along with a major commercial success , breaking the record for the biggest single - day worldwide gross . In five days the film made $394 million , breaking the record for highest five - day worldwide gross . With a total gross of $934 million , it became the 8th - highest - grossing film of all time and 2009 's second highest - grossing film ( behind Avatar ) . It is currently the 39th - highest - grossing film of all time worldwide unadjusted for inflation . It is the fifth - highest - grossing film in the franchise . The film was nominated at the 82nd Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and the 63rd British Academy Film Awards for Best Special Visual Effects and Best Production Design . Half - Blood Prince remains one of the most positively reviewed films in the series among film critics ; at the time of its release , it became the third - highest - rated Harry Potter film on review aggregators Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic . Critics praised the film 's `` emotionally satisfying '' story , Yates ' direction , Delbonnel 's cinematography , the cast 's performances , and Nicholas Hooper 's musical score . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Sets 3.4 Filming 3.5 Cinematography 3.6 Visual effects 3.7 Music 4 Differences from the book 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Theatrical release 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Lord Voldemort is tightening his grip on both the wizarding and Muggle worlds , kidnapping Ollivander from Diagon Alley and destroying the Millennium Bridge . After the Malfoy family is disgraced when Lucius is apprehended and sent to Azkaban for his involvement with the Death Eaters , Voldemort chooses Draco to carry out a secret mission at Hogwarts . Bellatrix Lestrange and Narcissa Malfoy , Draco 's mother , seek help from Severus Snape , who claims to have been acting as a mole within the Order of the Phoenix all along . Snape makes an Unbreakable Vow with Narcissa to protect Draco and fulfill the assignment if he fails . Harry accompanies Albus Dumbledore from Surbiton to the village of Budleigh Babberton to visit former Potions professor Horace Slughorn . Professor Slughorn has been in hiding but agrees to return to teach at Hogwarts . Dumbledore then takes Harry to The Burrow , where Harry reunites with his best friends , Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . When the three go visit Fred and George Weasley 's new joke shop at Diagon Alley , they see Draco entering Knockturn Alley with a group of Death Eaters including Fenrir Greyback . Harry believes Voldemort has made Draco a Death Eater , but Ron and Hermione are skeptical . On the Hogwarts Express , Harry hides in the Slytherin carriage using his Invisibility Cloak . Harry is spotted by Malfoy , who petrifies him and breaks his nose . Harry is found and saved by Luna Lovegood . At Hogwarts , Harry and Ron borrow textbooks for Slughorn 's Potions class , and Harry is stuck with a copy that turns out to be filled with helpful notes and spells left by the `` Half - Blood Prince '' . Harry uses the book to excel in the class and impresses Slughorn , winning a vial of Liquid Luck . Ron becomes Keeper of the Gryffindor Quidditch team and forms a romantic relationship with Lavender Brown , upsetting Hermione . Harry consoles Hermione and reveals that he now has feelings for Ron 's younger sister , Ginny Weasley . Harry spends the Christmas holidays with the Weasleys . On Christmas Eve , Harry discusses his suspicions about Draco to the Order of the Phoenix . Harry 's suspicions are dismissed by the Order , but later on Arthur Weasley tells Harry privately that the Malfoys may have been interested in a Vanishing Cabinet . Bellatrix and Greyback attack the Burrow and burn it down , drawing Harry into a battle before the Order arrive and fight them off . At Hogwarts , Dumbledore reveals to Harry that Slughorn possesses a memory of Voldemort that Dumbledore needs desperately . Slughorn gave Dumbledore the memory , but it was an altered version that made it appear that Slughorn did n't know anything . Dumbledore shows Harry the altered memory and asks him to confront Slughorn and retrieve the real one , but when Harry brings it up Slughorn gets angry and refuses to talk any more about it . After Ron accidentally ingests a love potion , Harry brings him to Slughorn for a cure and to smooth over their argument from earlier . After curing Ron , the trio celebrate with mead that Slughorn had intended to gift to Dumbledore . The mead poisons Ron , and Harry is forced to save his life after Slughorn hesitates . Ron murmurs Hermione 's name while recovering in the infirmary , causing Lavender to end their relationship . Harry confronts Draco about the poisoned mead and a cursed necklace , and the two duel . Harry uses a curse from the Half - Blood Prince 's potion book to severely injure Malfoy , who is rescued and healed by Professor Snape . Fearing the potion book may be filled with more Dark Magic , Ginny and Harry hide it in the Room of Requirement and share their first kiss . Harry decides to use his Liquid Luck potion to convince Slughorn to give up the memory Dumbledore needs . Harry views the memory with Dumbledore and learns that Voldemort wanted information for creating Horcruxes , magical objects that could contain pieces of a wizard 's soul and save them from death . Dumbledore concludes that Voldemort successfully created seven Horcruxes , two of which have already been destroyed : Tom Riddle 's diary and Marvolo Gaunt 's ring . Harry and Dumbledore travel to a seaside cave where Harry aids Dumbledore in drinking a potion that hides another Horcrux , Slytherin 's locket . A weakened Dumbledore defends them from Inferi and apparates back to Hogwarts . Bellatrix , Greyback , and more Death Eaters enter Hogwarts with Draco 's help through the vanishing cabinet in the Room of Requirement that Draco managed to connect to the one he had been working on in Knockturn Alley . Dumbledore instructs Harry to hide and not to interfere no matter what happens . Draco arrives and disarms Dumbledore revealing that he has been chosen by Voldemort to kill the headmaster . When Draco is unable to bring himself to do it , Snape casts the killing curse instead . Harry confronts and attacks Snape , but Snape overpowers him , and reveals himself as the Half - Blood Prince before escaping . Harry returns to Hogwarts , where the students , staff , and a few guests mourn Dumbledore 's death . Harry later reveals to Ron and Hermione that the locket Horcrux was a fake . The locket contains a message from `` R.A.B. '' , stating that he has stolen the real Horcrux with the intent of destroying it . Rather than returning for their final year at Hogwarts , the three decide to hold out , and track down the remaining Horcruxes . Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Harry Potter cast members Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , one of Harry 's two best friends . Emma Watson as Hermione Granger , one of Harry 's two best friends . Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore , the headmaster of Hogwarts . Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange , one of Voldemort 's principal Death Eaters and Draco Malfoy 's aunt . Jim Broadbent as Horace Slughorn , the newly appointed Potions master who held the position before . Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , the Hogwarts gamekeeper and Care of Magical Creatures teacher at Hogwarts . Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick , the Charms master and head of Ravenclaw . Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy , Harry 's rival and recipient of Voldemort 's secret mission . Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , the former Potions master , current Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher and head of Slytherin . Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall , the Hogwarts Transfiguration teacher , deputy headmistress and head of Gryffindor . Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew , the Death Eater who betrayed Harry 's parents to Voldemort . Pettigrew has no lines in this film , but appears as a servant at Snape 's house . David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , a member of the Order of the Phoenix and Harry 's ex-Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . Julie Walters as Molly Weasley , the Weasley matriarch and a mother figure to Harry . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Before David Yates was officially chosen to direct the film , many directors had expressed an interest in taking the helm . Alfonso Cuarón , the director of the third film , stated he `` would love to have the opportunity '' to return . Goblet of Fire director Mike Newell declined a spot to direct the fifth film , and was not approached for this one . Guillermo del Toro turned down the chance to direct the film in order to direct Hellboy II : The Golden Army . Terry Gilliam was Rowling 's personal choice to direct Philosopher 's Stone . When asked whether he would consider directing a later film , Gilliam said , `` Warner Bros. had their chance the first time around , and they blew it . '' In an interview with Dark Horizons , Yates said that `` I was still working on Order of the Phoenix when they asked me to do Half - Blood Prince . So they were really delighted with the material that they were seeing while we were in post-production , and the conversations happened before the movie was released , because I had to start pre-production on it while Order of the Phoenix was being promoted . It was just something they see in the work that they really liked , and responded to . '' Yates described Half - Blood Prince as being `` a cross between the chills of Prisoner of Azkaban and the fantastical adventure of Goblet of Fire . '' Emma Watson considered not returning for the film , but eventually decided that , `` the pluses outweighed the minuses , '' and could not bear to see anyone else play Hermione . Composer Nicholas Hooper returned from the last film ; he included a reworking of John Williams 's Hedwig 's Theme , which has recurred in all scores . Also maintained were costume designer Jany Temime , visual effects supervisor Tim Burke , creature and make - up effects designer Nick Dudman , and special effects supervisor John Richardson from the third film . Yates and Heyman have noted that some of the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows influenced the script of Half - Blood Prince . Casting ( edit ) Christian Coulson , who played the young Tom Riddle in Chamber of Secrets , expressed an interest in returning in the role for flashback sequences ; Yates responded that Coulson was too old , nearing 30 , to be playing the role . Jamie Campbell Bower , who appeared in Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , previously noted that he had his `` fingers crossed '' he would be cast as a young Riddle . ( Bower was , however , later cast as the teenage Gellert Grindelwald in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . ) Thomas James Longley was the original choice to take on the role but Riddle was ultimately played by Hero Fiennes - Tiffin as a child and Frank Dillane as a teenager . Helen McCrory appears as Narcissa Malfoy , Draco 's mother and younger sister of Bellatrix . McCrory was originally cast as Bellatrix in Order of the Phoenix , but had to drop out due to pregnancy . Naomi Watts was previously reported as having accepted the role , only for it to be denied by her agency . Both Clémence Poésy , who has played Fleur Delacour , and Chris Rankin , who has played Percy Weasley , were interested in returning , but did not appear in the film . After Bill Nighy expressed an interest in appearing , Yates confirmed that Nighy would be his first choice for the role of Minister for Magic Rufus Scrimgeour . Scrimgeour 's character was ultimately cut from the film , but Nighy appeared in his role in Deathly Hallows . Sets ( edit ) Stuart Craig , the production designer of the first five films , stayed on to design all the sets in Half - Blood Prince . Several new sets are introduced , including Tom Riddle 's Orphanage , Astronomy Tower and the Cave . Craig noted that the film used several CGI sets , noticeably the interior of the Cave where Harry and Dumbledore both go to hunt Horcruxes . The exterior of the cave scene was filmed at the Cliffs of Moher in the west of Ireland , the only location to be filmed outside of the United Kingdom throughout the film series . The interior of the cave is made up of geometric crystal formations . Craig noted `` Apart from the point at which Harry and Dumbledore first arrive and the island formation on which everything inside the cave happens , the set is entirely virtual , designed in the computer . We 'd had our first totally virtual set on the last film , so we approached this one with a bit more confidence . '' Filming ( edit ) The Cliffs of Moher were used as the exterior of the Horcrux Cave . Before filming began , there was belief that filming might move from the UK , where all previous films were shot . The crew also scouted around Cape Wrath in Scotland , for use in the cave scene . Filming returned to Glen Coe and Glenfinnan , both which have appeared in the previous films , to preserve the continuity of the landscape . Following a week of rehearsals , principal photography began on 24 September 2007 and ended on 17 May 2008 . Though Radcliffe , Gambon and Broadbent started shooting in late September 2007 , some other cast members started much later : Grint did not begin until November 2007 , Watson did not begin until December 2007 , Rickman until January 2008 , and Bonham Carter until February 2008 . On the weekend of 6 October 2007 , the crew shot scenes involving the Hogwarts Express in the misty and dewy environment of Fort William , Scotland . A series of night scenes were filmed in the village of Lacock and the cloisters at Lacock Abbey for three nights starting 25 October 2007 . Filming took place from 5 pm to 5 am daily , and residents of the street were asked to black out their windows with dark blinds . On set reports indicated that the main scene filmed was Harry and Dumbledore 's visit to Slughorn 's house . Further filming took place in Surbiton railway station in October 2007 , Gloucester Cathedral , where the first and second films were shot , in February 2008 , and at the Millennium Bridge in London in March 2008 . Cinematography ( edit ) Due to cinematographer Bruno Delbonnel 's use of de-focussing and soft wipes in the digital grade , Warner Bros. asked director David Yates to add more colours to the film . Yates did n't want to lose the `` very European look '' of the film , but after retouching the picture , he said , `` It 's not what you wanted , but we 're happy with it . '' After five minutes of watching the film , the studio were pleased with the changes . In an interview with Total Film , Yates said that `` the choice of angles , the extreme close - ups , ( and ) the pacing of the scenes '' made the film `` incredibly rich '' . The palette and lighting was heavily inspired by the Dutch painter Rembrandt . Half - Blood Prince is the only film in the series to be nominated for the Best Cinematography accolade at the Academy Awards . One of the major challenges for Delbonnel was lighting the film . In an interview with the Academy , he said , `` Some of the sets are there since the very first Potter . How could I light them in a different way ? This question brought another one based on the series itself ... I thought it would be interesting to have those very intimate stories amidst this very dark mood . As if the school was a dark character . That 's when I suggested to go for this ( again ) dark moody variations of greys . Fortunately David Yates , and the producers liked the idea . '' In reference to the cave scene Delbonnel said , `` I wanted to have some kind of ' dynamism ' with the light . I thought it could be interesting and more dramatic if the light was floating , circling above the characters faces : sometimes lighting them , sometimes hiding them in a very random and unpredictable way . '' Visual effects ( edit ) Tim Burke and Tim Alexander were the visual effects supervisors for the film . Tim Alexander said that completing the Inferi - attack scene took several months . He said , `` It 's certainly much bolder and scarier than we imagined that they 'd ever go in a ' Potter ' movie . Director David Yates was cautious of not making this into a zombie movie , so we were constantly trying to figure out how not to make these dead people coming up look like zombies . A lot of it came down to their movement -- they do n't move fast , but they do n't move really slow or groan and moan . We ended up going with a very realistic style . '' He also noted that Inferi are skinnier than zombies , waterlogged and grey . About Dumbledore 's ring of fire , he noted that the effect would look as if someone sprayed propane and then lit it . He added , `` We did a lot of research on molten volcanoes , which have a lot of heat going on but no actual flames , and collected a bunch of other references , including flares that burn underwater , and showed them to the Potter folks . '' The visual effects team emulated these six fire parameters : heat ripples , smoke , buoyancy , viscosity , opacity , and brightness . Since the whole fire scene was very time consuming , computer graphics artist Chris Horvath spent eight months finding a faster way to conjure flames . The opening scenes of the Death Eaters ' attack on Diagon Alley and London was created by Double Negative , led by VFX Supervisor Paul Franklin . Double Negative spent six months surveying and documenting the environment around the River Thames and Trafalgar Square to create the swooping views of the city . Double Negative also contributed the Pensieve sequences , developing complex directed fluid simulations to realise the swirling world of memory and the past . Music ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( soundtrack ) The film 's score was composed by Nicholas Hooper , who also composed the music for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . The soundtrack was released on an Audio CD format on 14 July 2009 , a day before the film was released in cinemas . The album debuted at number twenty - nine on the Billboard 200 chart , thus making it the highest - charting soundtrack among all the six movie soundtracks released . It was nominated for the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . Differences from the book ( edit ) While at the middle of the series in length , the film Half - Blood Prince did add or change events in the literary canon . The book begins with a scene involving the Muggle Prime Minister . Yates and his crew debated over this scene , as well as the character Rufus Scrimgeour , but gave up the beginning of the movie to events described but not seen in the book . Yates thought it would give the audience a feel for what the Death Eaters were doing if they showed the collapse of the Millennium Bridge rather than describe it . As with Goblet of Fire , the Dursleys were cut , which Steve Kloves did to `` break the pattern '' . Further background of Tom Riddle was removed , such as the Gaunts because they felt it more important to concentrate on Riddle as a young boy , and an additional action scene at the Burrow was added to keep with the tone of the franchise . Yates felt that they needed `` an injection of jeopardy and danger '' and that without it there was too much comedy and lightness . A small battle scene at Hogwarts which happened during the end of the book was cut ; Heyman commented that it was removed to `` ( avoid ) repetition '' with the forthcoming adaptation of the Battle of Hogwarts in Deathly Hallows . Dumbledore 's funeral was removed as it was believed it did not fit with the rest of the film . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) Warner Bros. has spent an estimated $155 million to market and distribute the film . The special edition two - disc DVD for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix contained two sneak peeks of the film , while the US edition included an additional clip . A 15 - second teaser for the film was shown alongside the IMAX release of The Dark Knight . The first full - length US teaser trailer was released on 29 July on AOL 's Moviefone website . An international teaser was released on 26 October and another teaser trailer was released . The US theatrical trailer was released on 14 November . Another trailer was screened on the Japanese TV station Fuji TV during a screening of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire on 18 January 2009 . Scenes from the film were aired during ABC Family 's Harry Potter marathon which took place 5 -- 7 December 2008 . On 5 February 2009 , the first three promotional teaser posters were released , featuring Dumbledore and Harry . On 5 March and 16 April 2009 , new trailers were released by Warner Bros . Warner Bros and MSN ran an online Order of the Phoenix quiz , with the prize being a walk - on part in the Half - Blood Prince . As with the previous films , EA Games produced a video game based on the film . On 10 March 2009 , it was announced that there would be a video game soundtrack , which was released on 17 March 2009 . On 27 March six character posters were released : Harry , Dumbledore , Ron , Hermione , Draco , and Professor Snape . An English version of the international trailer and a Japanese version of the international trailer were released online 10 April . On 8 May , CW Channel aired 30 - second TV Spot , which focused on the romantic side of the film . On 20 May , first clip from the film was released through The Ellen DeGeneres Show 's official website , showing love - struck Ron . Another clip of the film , showing Dumbledore visiting Tom Riddle 's Orphanage was released on 31 May 2009 , at MTV Awards . Theatrical release ( edit ) Alan F. Horn , the Warner Bros. president and chief operating officer ( left ) , May 2010 . The film was released in the United Kingdom , United States , France , Belgium , Germany , Ireland , Italy , Sweden , Canada , Australia , Taiwan , New Zealand , India , Brazil , Spain and Mexico on 15 July 2009 . It was originally set to be released on 21 November 2008 , but was pushed back by eight months to 17 July , despite being completed . Warner Bros. executive Alan F. Horn noted that the move was meant `` to guarantee the studio a major summer blockbuster in 2009 , '' with other films being delayed due to the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . The box - office success of summer WB films Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and The Dark Knight also motivated the decision . An unnamed rival studio executive told Entertainment Weekly that the move was to `` stop next year 's profits from looking seriously underwhelming after the phenomenal success of The Dark Knight , '' as `` they do n't need the money this year anymore . '' Dan Fellman , WB head of distribution , said that the studio had considered the date change for three to four weeks prior to the announcement , but gave it serious consideration a week before they came to their final decision . Three months before its release in July , the date was again changed by 2 days from 17 to 15 July , so it could open on a Wednesday like most tentpole summer movies . The date change was met with a heavily negative reaction by Harry Potter fans , as the Los Angeles Times noted : `` Petitions were circulating , rumors were flying and angry screeds were being posted on Internet sites within minutes of the Thursday announcement . '' The move was mocked by Entertainment Weekly which had Half - Blood Prince on the cover on its `` Fall Preview Issue '' . Despite each being owned by Time Warner Inc. , EW was unaware of the change until it was publicly announced by WB and noted that readers would now be in possession of a `` Dewey Defeats Truman collectible '' . Several days after the announcement , Horn released a statement in response to the `` large amount of disappointment '' expressed by fans of the series . Following the date change , Half - Blood Prince 's release slot was taken by Summit Entertainment 's Twilight and Walt Disney Pictures ' Bolt . The sixth film was simultaneously released in regular cinemas and IMAX 3D everywhere but the United States , due to a conflicting agreement in which Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen was given a four - week window by itself in IMAX in that country . Therefore , the IMAX 3D version of the film was released on 29 July 2009 there . The film 's opening sequence featuring the destruction of the Millennium Bridge was in 3D . The film had been chosen to be screened at the 2008 Royal Film Performance on 17 November , but was not shown . Cinema and Television Benevolent Fund chief executive Peter Hore noted he was `` very disappointed '' with Warner Bros ' decision . Advance ticket sales on Fandango.com for Half - Blood Prince surpassed advance ticket sales for Transformers 2 at the same point in sale cycles . It is also in MovieTickets. com 's top 25 advance sellers of all time . Running 153 minutes ( 2 hours 33 minutes and 19 seconds ) long , Half - Blood Prince is the third longest film in the series , behind Chamber of Secrets ( 161 minutes ) and Goblet of Fire ( 157 minutes ) . Home Media ( edit ) Like the previous films , a 1 - Disc and 2 - Disc Special Edition for the film was released on Blu - ray Disc with a Digital Copy and DVD on 7 December 2009 in the United Kingdom , and 8 December 2009 in the United States . The Blu - ray and DVD includes an 11 - minute 38 second feature on the new Wizarding World of Harry Potter mini theme park which opened on 18 June 2010 at Islands of Adventure in Orlando , Florida . Also included are deleted scenes comprising 8 scenes with a running length of 6 minutes and 31 seconds , and a sneak peek of the next Harry Potter movie , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) . The Blu - ray and DVD released in India , the Philippines , South Africa , Czech Republic and Israel on 16 November 2009 , making them the first countries to get the Half Blood Prince DVD release before the UK and the US . The release date for Australia and New Zealand was 18 November and for Brazil and Chile , 19 November . The Blu - ray and 2 - disc DVD editions in North America includes a digital copy of the film . In the United Kingdom , the DVD release became the fastest selling DVD of the year with an estimated 840,000 copies of the film sold in a few hours . In the US , the DVD made a strong debut at number one in both the DVD and Blu - Ray markets widely beating out any competition with sales of 4,199,622 copies . Worldwide DVD and Blu - ray sales of the film show that it is the fastest selling film of 2009 . On 14 June 2011 , an Ultimate Edition was released simultaneously with the Ultimate Edition of the Order of the Phoenix film on both Blu - ray and DVD , containing new bonus features , documentaries , and collectables . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince broke the then - record for biggest midnight showings , making $22.8 million in 3,000 cinemas ; The Twilight Saga : New Moon bested this with $26.3 million . Half - Blood Prince opened in the same Wednesday slot that Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix did in 2007 , which grossed $12 million in midnight runs , on its way to $139.7 million in its five - day debut in the US . The film 's box office run was over on 17 December 2009 . The film opened in 4,325 cinemas ( rising to 4,455 three weeks later , becoming the largest number of cinemas until The Twilight Saga : Eclipse surpassed it with the 4,468 cinemas ) and grossed $58.2 million on its opening day at the top of the United States and Canadian box office , the third - highest Wednesday opening of all time behind Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen and The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . It is also the nineteenth - highest single - day gross of all time and the third - highest for a film in the Harry Potter franchise behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 's $91.1 million and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , which made $61.1 million . It earned an additional $46 million overseas for a worldwide total of $104 million , breaking the record for highest single - day worldwide gross , previously held by The Dark Knight . By 20 July , the film had taken in $158.7 million in the US and $236 million from 85 other markets , for a worldwide tally of $394.7 million . This broke the record for biggest ever worldwide five - day opening , surpassing Spider - Man 3 's $381 million ; this makes the film the fastest to reach the $350 million mark in worldwide box office of all time . In the US , it surpassed all of its predecessors by a wide margin , achieving the sixth largest ever five - day opening in that country . The film held this record for two years until it was topped by Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $483.2 million ) . In the UK , the film grossed £ 19.75 million ( equivalent to about $38.13 million ) , the highest opening for both the series and releases of 2009 . At the end of the film 's US and Canadian box office run the total ticket sales of the film were $302 million , making it the third most successful film in the franchise , after Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , as well as the third - highest - grossing film of 2009 in these regions behind Avatar and Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen . As with all of the previous films in the franchise , Half - Blood Prince proved to be extremely successful globally with an estimated non-US total gross of $632.5 million , totalling approximately $934.4 million worldwide , making it the second - highest - grossing film of 2009 , behind Avatar , and the 34th - highest - grossing film of all time , unadjusted for inflation . It is the fifth - highest - grossing film in the franchise , behind Philosopher 's Stone , both parts of Deathly Hallows , and Order of the Phoenix . In South Africa the film opened with the number one position grossing $789,176 , it maintained a number one position during the second week too , with a total of $242,336 . In Australia , as in most of the world , the film broke records with a debut of $11,492,142 and opening at number one , maintaining a second week at number one with a total of $5,278,096 ( down 54 % ) , and grossed a total of $24,208,243 . In France the film debuted at $20,541,239 from 949 cinemas . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 84 % based on 268 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Dark , thrilling , and occasionally quite funny , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince is also visually stunning and emotionally satisfying . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating to reviews , the film has a score of 78 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favourable '' reviews . The film scored an 87 from professional critics at the Broadcast Film Critics Association ; it is the first Harry Potter film to receive a Critic 's Choice certificate . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . The first review of the film came three weeks before the official release . Paul Dergarabedian of Hollywood.com ranked the film with The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and called the film a `` possible Oscar contender '' . He highly praised the performance of Sir Michael Gambon , Alan Rickman and Daniel Radcliffe . He commented , `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince is a tour - de-force that combines style and substance , special effects and heart and most importantly great performances from all of the actors young and not - so - young '' . Another early review came from the UK tabloid The Sun , whose anonymous reviewer called the film `` masterful '' and `` very emotional '' . The reviewer praised David Yates ' directing and called Jim Broadbent 's portrayal of Horace Slughorn `` perfect '' . Devin Faraci of Chud.com called the film not only the best Harry Potter film yet , but also one of the best films of the year . Andrew Pulver of The Guardian wrote a positive review , and gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars rating . Todd McCarthy of the trade magazine Variety said that the film is `` dazzlingly well made '' and `` less fanciful than the previous entries '' . He praised Alan Rickman 's performance and he described Helena Bonham Carter as `` mesmerising '' and Jim Broadbent as a `` grand eccentric old professor '' . BBC News 's Tim Masters praised the film 's cinematography , visual effects , production design , improved acting and darker plotline . The Hollywood Reporter 's Kirk Honeycutt noted that the film 's first half is `` jerky and explosive '' , but in the second half , the film finds better footing . He adds , `` Composer Nicholas Hooper , cinematographer Bruno Delbonnel and designer Stuart Craig deliver a singularly muscular and vigorous chapter '' . Screen Daily called the film `` ( s ) tunningly shot by Bruno Delbonnel in metallic hues leavened by buttery tones and the thumping beats of Nicholas Hooper 's score bear little resemblance to the original and the overall effect is much less tween , much more grown - up '' . Chris Tilly of IGN UK commented on the length of the film , saying `` while on occasion it drags , the 153 - minute run - time never feels too long , thanks in no small part to the astonishing visuals and ( largely ) marvellous performances , '' and goes on to say , `` This is by far the best - looking of the Potter films thus far , '' commending the `` beautiful '' Quidditch match and the `` stunning '' finale . However , Dave Golder of SFX magazine found some aspects of the film to be a disappointment , largely due to the large number of opportunities the director and screenwriter had sacrificed to devote `` huge swathes of the film to subplots of Harry and his chums ' teenage romances , '' but nevertheless found the film to be a large enjoyment , praising the performances of Jim Broadbent and Alan Rickman . David Stratton , of Margaret and David at the Movies , gave the film a 2.5 out of a possible 5 stars , remarking , `` For non-readers ( of the Harry Potter series ) the films are now borderline incomprehensible '' , and that the film was `` a little tedious '' and `` generally less interesting visually than its predecessors . '' He praised the cast , describing them as `` consummate '' , adding Sir Michael Gambon `` really makes Dumbledore an imposing character '' and Jim Broadbent was `` wonderful '' . Margaret Pomeranz , the co-host of the television show , gave the film 3 out of 5 stars . At the time of its release , Rowling stated that Half - Blood Prince was her `` favourite one '' of the six film adaptations . Radcliffe , however , was critical of his own performance in the film , stating in an interview in 2014 that he was `` just not very good in it '' , and calling it `` hard to watch '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for BAFTA Awards in Production Design and Visual Effects , and was in the longlists for five other categories , including Best Supporting Actor for Alan Rickman . Bruno Delbonnel was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography at the 82nd Academy Awards . The film was also one of the final seven contenders for Best Visual Effects . ( show ) List of awards and nominations Award Category Result Recipient Source 82nd Academy Awards Best Cinematography Nominated Bruno Delbonnel Art Directors Guild Award Excellence in Production Design For a Feature Film Nominated Stuart Craig 63rd BAFTA Awards Best Production Design Nominated Stuart Craig Stephenie McMillan Best Special Visual Effects Nominated John Richardson Tim Burke Tim Alexander Nicolas Aithadi BAFTA Britannia Awards Artistic Excellence in Directing Won David Yates ( for Harry Potter films 5 -- 8 ) BAFTA Kids ' Vote Best Film Nominated Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Digital Spy Movie Award Best Family Film Won Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing : Sound Effects , Foley , Dialogue and ADR in a Foreign Feature Film Nominated Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Grammy Award Best Score Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture Nominated Nicholas Hooper IFTA Award Best Supporting Actor Nominated Michael Gambon IGN Best Fantasy Movie Won Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Nominated Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Best Female Performance Nominated Emma Watson Best Male Performance Nominated Daniel Radcliffe Best Villain Won Tom Felton Best Global Superstar Nominated Daniel Radcliffe National Movie Awards Best Family Movie Won Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Best Performance Nominated Rupert Grint Nominated Daniel Radcliffe Nominated Emma Watson People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Favourite Franchise Nominated Harry Potter Best On - Screen Team Nominated Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , and Emma Watson Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Live Action Family Film Won Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince RAAM Awards Film of the Year Won Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince RAFA Awards Alan Titchmarsh Show British Film of the Year Award Won Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Classic FM Film Music of the Year Award Won Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Best Use of UK Locations in a Film Won Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Film of the Year sponsored by The List Nominated Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Satellite Awards Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Nominated Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Best Costume Nominated Jany Temime Best Production Design Nominated Stuart Craig Best Special Effects Nominated Tim Burke John Richardson Nicholas Aithadi Tim Alexander Scream Award Best Fantasy Film Nominated Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Best Fantasy Actress Nominated Emma Watson Best Fantasy Actor Nominated Daniel Radcliffe Best Supporting Actor Nominated Rupert Grint Best Supporting Actress Nominated Evanna Lynch Best Villain Nominated Helena Bonham Carter Best F / X Nominated Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Best Sequel Nominated Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Holy Shit ! Scene of the Year Won `` Death Eaters Attack London '' Scene Best Ensemble Won Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince SFX Awards Best Film Won Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Switch Live Award Favourite Flick Won Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 2009 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie : Action Adventure Won Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 2010 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Fantasy Nominated Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Choice Movie Actress : Fantasy Nominated Emma Watson VES Awards Outstanding Matte Paintings in a Feature Motion Picture Nominated David Basalla Emily Cobb Tania Richard Young Artist Award Best Supporting Actress Nominated Evanna Lynch See also ( edit ) Book : Harry Potter Harry Potter portal Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 10 June 2009 . 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CNN . 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BBCF : Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince '' . 10 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince hits on DVD in United Kingdom on December 7th.Amazon.com . Retrieved on 19 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tribbey , Chris ( 17 September 2009 ) . `` Warner Slots Sixth ' Harry Potter ' for Dec. 8 '' . Home Media Magazine . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE WIZARDING WORLD OF HARRY POTTER -- AT UNIVERSAL ORLANDO RESORT rated PG by the BBFC '' . British Board of Film Classification . 22 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HARRY POTTER AND THE HALF - BLOOD PRINCE -- DELETED SCENES rated U by the BBFC '' . British Board of Film Classification . 22 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark , Krystal ( 7 December 2009 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Teaser Trailer '' . ScreenCrave . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big Home Video Releases ' Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince on Blu - Ray , DVD & VCD '' . India PRwire. 16 November 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Wendy ( 15 October 2009 ) . `` Official Release Dates for Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince DVD '' . Crushable . Retrieved 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Potter film is top seller of year '' . BBC News . 10 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Soars Atop the DVD Sales Charts '' . MovieWeb . MovieWeb. 16 December 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : Harry Potter 5 and 6 Ultimate Editions on Blu - ray in June '' . The HD Room . 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE : Harry Potter 6 Pulls in Record $22.2 M From Midnights ! '' . ComingSoon.net. 15 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( 30 June 2010 ) . `` Weekend Briefing : ' Eclipse ' Rises with Record Release , Midnight Launch '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Single Day Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 1 ( 2010 ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( 17 July 2009 ) . `` New Harry Potter movie sets world opening record '' . Reuters . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . 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The Sun . London . Retrieved 64 July 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( 7 July 2009 ) . `` REVIEW : HARRY POTTER AND THE HALF - BLOOD PRINCE '' . Chud.com . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( 4 July 2009 ) . `` Film review : Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 5 July 2009 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Review '' . Variety . Retrieved 5 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 8 July 2009 ) . `` Review : Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 5 July 2009 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Hannigan , Fionnuala ( 6 July 2009 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Review '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` 2011 Britannia Awards -- John Lasseter & David Yates '' . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . John Lasseter and David Yates are master creators of joy and imagination ... Mr. Yates ' contribution to the final four parts of the ' Harry Potter ' franchise ... delighted to honor these remarkable filmmakers with this year 's Britannia Award . Jump up ^ `` The BAFTA Kids ' Vote '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . 6 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 5 October 2009 ) . `` Digital Spy Movie Awards 2009 : The Winners '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Golden Reel Award Nominees : Feature Films '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IFTA Announces Nominees for the 7th Annual Irish Film & Television Awards '' . Irish Film Board . 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . 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Archived from the original on 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 31st Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . 11 April 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( film ) . Official website for the film Official website for the film series Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince on IMDb Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince at AllMovie Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince at Box Office Mojo Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince at Rotten Tomatoes The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Category Portal Filmography of David Yates Feature films The Tichborne Claimant ( 1998 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Legend of Tarzan ( 2016 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 ) Television productions The Sins ( 2000 ) The Way We Live Now ( 2001 ) State of Play ( 2003 ) The Young Visiters ( 2003 ) Sex Traffic ( 2004 ) The Girl in the Café ( 2005 ) Short films Rank ( 2002 ) Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games Lego Creator : Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Book Category VIAF : 175280488 LCCN : no2009115972 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince_(film)&oldid=807906184 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films Harry Potter ( film series ) 2000s 3D films 2000s fantasy films 2000s sequel films American films American adventure films American sequel films British adventure films British films British sequel films High fantasy films Fantasy adventure films D - Box motion - enhanced films Films directed by David Yates Films shot in Highland ( council area ) Films set in London Films set in Scotland Films set in England Warner Bros. films Heyday Films films IMAX films Films shot in County Clare Films shot in Wiltshire Films shot in Gloucestershire Films shot in Surrey Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in County Kerry Films shot in Norway Films shot in London Films using computer - generated imagery Films produced by David Heyman Films produced by David Barron Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2010 Articles with disputed statements from December 2010 Articles with disputed statements from November 2010 Articles containing links to copyright violations All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : dates Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2014 EngvarB from June 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 19 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the filming of harry potter take place | [
"Before filming began, there was belief that filming might move from the UK, where all previous films were shot. The crew also scouted around Cape Wrath in Scotland, for use in the cave scene.[36] Filming returned to Glen Coe and Glenfinnan, both which have appeared in the previous films, to preserve the continuity of the landscape.[37]",
"Before filming began, there was belief that filming might move from the UK, where all previous films were shot. The crew also scouted around Cape Wrath in Scotland, for use in the cave scene.[36] Filming returned to Glen Coe and Glenfinnan, both which have appeared in the previous films, to preserve the continuity of the landscape.[37]"
] | [
"Cape Wrath in Scotland, for use in the cave scene",
"Filming returned to Glen Coe and Glenfinnan"
] |
-6409934591154874653 | Alex Cora | Alex Cora - wikipedia Alex Cora Jump to : navigation , search Alex Cora Cora with the Washington Nationals in 2011 Boston Red Sox -- No. 20 Infielder / Manager Born : ( 1975 - 10 - 18 ) October 18 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Caguas , Puerto Rico Batted : Left Threw : Right MLB debut June 7 , 1998 , for the Los Angeles Dodgers Last MLB appearance September 28 , 2011 , for the Washington Nationals MLB statistics Batting average . 243 Home runs 35 Runs batted in 286 Teams As player Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Cleveland Indians ( 2005 ) Boston Red Sox ( 2005 -- 2008 ) New York Mets ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Texas Rangers ( 2010 ) Washington Nationals ( 2011 ) As manager Boston Red Sox ( 2018 -- present ) As coach Houston Astros ( 2017 ) Career highlights and awards 2 × World Series champion ( 2007 , 2017 ) José Alexander Cora ( born October 18 , 1975 ) is a Puerto Rican professional baseball coach and former infielder . He is currently the manager of the Boston Red Sox . He played in MLB for the Los Angeles Dodgers , Cleveland Indians , Boston Red Sox , New York Mets , Texas Rangers , and Washington Nationals from 1998 through 2011 . Cora was formerly a baseball analyst for ESPN and played college baseball at the University of Miami . Contents ( hide ) 1 Playing career 1.1 Early career 1.2 Los Angeles Dodgers 1.3 Cleveland Indians 1.4 Boston Red Sox 1.5 New York Mets 1.6 Texas Rangers 1.7 Washington Nationals 1.8 Late career 1.9 Notable games 1.10 International career 2 Post-playing career 2.1 Broadcasting 2.2 Coaching 2.3 Managing 2.3. 1 Boston Red Sox 2.3. 2 Managerial record 3 Personal life 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Playing career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) Cora was drafted in the 12th round of the 1993 Major League Baseball draft by the Minnesota Twins , but did not sign a contract and decided instead to play collegiate baseball at the University of Miami . While there , Cora was named to the College World Series all - tournament team in both 1995 and 1996 . He led the team to the title game in 1996 , a game they lost to Louisiana State University . Cora was rated by Baseball America as the best collegiate defensive player going into the 1996 draft . Cora was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the third round , and played 61 games of the 1996 season with the Class A-Advanced Vero Beach Dodgers , batting . 257 with no home runs and 26 RBIs . He played the 1997 season with the Double - A San Antonio Missions ; in 127 games he batted . 234 with 3 home runs and 48 RBIs . Cora spent parts of the 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 seasons with the Triple - A Albuquerque Dukes , hitting . 264 in 81 games , . 308 in 80 games , and . 373 in 30 games , respectively . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Cora made his major league debut on June 7 , 1998 , with the Dodgers against the Seattle Mariners ; his brother Joey Cora was Seattle 's starting second baseman in the game . Alex Cora spent the next seven years in Los Angeles , appearing in a total of 684 games while batting . 246 with 27 home runs and 173 RBIs . During his time with the Dodgers , he played at second base and shortstop . During the 2000 and 2001 seasons , Cora mostly played shortstop as the Dodgers moved the aging Mark Grudzielanek to second base . With the emergence of César Izturis in 2002 , and the trade of Grudzielanek to the Chicago Cubs in December of the same year , Cora spent the rest of his stint with the Dodgers as their primary second baseman . Cora played in one postseason series with the Dodgers , the 2004 NLDS , which the Dodgers lost to the St. Louis Cardinals . Cora was the Dodgers ' second baseman in all four games , batting 2 - for - 15 (. 133 ) during the series . Cleveland Indians ( edit ) In January 2005 , Cora signed as a free agent with the Cleveland Indians , where he appeared in 49 games , with 22 starts at shortstop and 14 at second base ; he batted . 205 with a home run and 8 RBIs . On July 7 , 2005 , Cora was traded to the Boston Red Sox for infielder Ramón Vázquez . Boston Red Sox ( edit ) Cora with the Red Sox , turning a double - play against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim at Fenway Park on April 16 , 2007 Cora made his Red Sox debut on July 7 , 2005 , and through the end of the regular season appeared in a total of 47 games for Boston , batting . 269 with 2 home runs and 16 RBIs . In the 2005 ALDS , which Boston lost to the Chicago White Sox in a three - game sweep , Cora played in one game as a defensive replacement , without a plate appearance . Cora was originally intended to backup shortstop Édgar Rentería . With the trade of Rentería to the Atlanta Braves in December 2005 , Cora was being eyed to take the position of starting shortstop , until the Red Sox acquired Álex González in February 2006 . For the 2006 season , Cora appeared in 96 games , batting . 238 with one home run and 18 RBIs . Cora was a member of the Red Sox team that won the 2007 World Series . During the regular season , he appeared in 83 games and batted . 246 with 3 home runs and 18 RBIs . In the postseason , he appeared as a late - innings defensive replacement in two games of the 2007 ALCS and two games of the World Series . He had one plate appearance , a sacrifice bunt in World Series game 3 . For the 2008 regular season , Cora played in 75 games , batting . 270 with no home runs and 9 RBIs . He appeared in four postseason games ; two games of the 2008 ALDS , which Boston won , and two games of the 2008 ALCS , which Boston lost . He batted 4 - for - 26 (. 154 ) with no home runs and one RBI . These games were the final postseason appearances for Cora as a player . On October 30 , 2008 , Cora became a free agent . In his four seasons with Boston , he appeared in 301 regular season games , batting . 252 with 6 home runs and 61 RBIs . New York Mets ( edit ) On January 22 , 2009 , Cora signed a one - year deal with the New York Mets . During the 2009 season , he appeared in 82 games , batting . 251 with one home run and 18 RBIs . In November 2009 , Cora re-signed with the Mets for the 2010 season , with an option for 2011 . He was released by the Mets on August 7 , 2010 -- at the time , he was batting . 207 with no home runs and 20 RBIs , having played in 62 games of the 2010 season . In his time with the Mets , Cora appeared in a total of 144 games , with a . 234 batting average , 1 home run , and 38 RBIs . Texas Rangers ( edit ) On August 17 , 2010 , Cora signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers , and was assigned to their Triple - A affiliate Oklahoma City , where he appeared in 6 games , batting 4 - for - 22 (. 182 ) . He then played four games for the Rangers , batting 2 - for - 7 (. 286 ) . The Rangers released Cora on September 7 . Despite his limited time with Texas , the team later rewarded him with an AL Championship ring . Washington Nationals ( edit ) In January 2011 , the Nationals signed Cora to a minor league contract . During the 2011 season , he appeared in 91 games for Washington , batting . 224 with no home runs and 6 RBIs . Cora 's final MLB appearance was with the Nationals on September 28 , 2011 , when he tripled as a pinch hitter against the Florida Marlins . Late career ( edit ) Following the 2011 season , Cora played winter baseball in Puerto Rico , after which he announced his retirement ; shortly thereafter he clarified that he was retiring only from winter baseball . He agreed to a minor league contract with the St. Louis Cardinals on February 5 , 2012 . After batting . 208 with one RBI in 24 plate appearances in spring training , Cora was released by the defending World Series champions on March 25 , 2012 . Notable games ( edit ) With the Dodgers on May 12 , 2004 , Cora had an 18 - pitch at - bat against Chicago Cubs starting pitcher Matt Clement . Facing a 2 -- 1 count , Cora fouled off 14 straight pitches before finally hitting a home run . It is the third longest documented at - bat since baseball statisticians began keeping track of pitch counts in the mid-1980s . So much time elapsed that Cora 's brother Joey joked that he and a friend were watching the game at a restaurant , ordering their first beer during the first pitch , and by the time Cora homered they were `` so drunk that we had to call a cab to take us home . '' Cora played in the two longest nine - inning games in MLB history . The first was a 4 - hour , 27 - minute game on October 5 , 2001 , between the Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants . The second game , and the longest on record , was a 4 - hour , 45 - minute game on August 18 , 2006 , the second game of a doubleheader between the Red Sox and the New York Yankees . Cora entered the 2001 game as a defensive replacement in the eighth inning , and was the starting shortstop in the 2006 game . International career ( edit ) Cora played for Puerto Rico in both the 2006 and 2009 World Baseball Classics ; he batted 2 - for - 15 (. 133 ) and 1 - for - 8 (. 125 ) in those tournaments , respectively . Currently , Cora is the general manager of the Puerto Rico national baseball team . Post-playing career ( edit ) Broadcasting ( edit ) From February 2013 to 2016 , Cora was a color analyst for baseball on ESPN and ESPN Deportes . Coaching ( edit ) On November 15 , 2016 , Cora became the bench coach for the Houston Astros . Cora assumed managerial duties on three occasions during the 2017 season , following ejections of Astros manager A.J. Hinch . On August 25 , 2017 , Cora was ejected from a game against the Los Angeles Angels by home plate umpire Laz Díaz . Cora argued that the baseball had too much dirt on it and should be removed from play ; this was Cora 's first career MLB ejection . Managing ( edit ) Boston Red Sox ( edit ) During the 2017 ALCS , Cora interviewed for the open managerial position of the Boston Red Sox . It was subsequently reported that Cora would be named as Red Sox manager . On October 22 , the day after the Astros defeated the New York Yankees in the ALCS , the Red Sox announced a three - year managerial contract for Cora , for the 2018 through 2020 seasons , with an option for 2021 . He formally assumed the role on November 2 , 2017 , following the World Series . Managerial record ( edit ) As of games played on November 1 , 2017 . Team From To Regular season record Post -- season record Win % Win % Boston Red Sox 2018 present 0 0 0 -- 0 0 0 -- Ref . : Personal life ( edit ) Cora lives in Caguas , Puerto Rico , during the off - season . He is married and has four children , including twins born during the 2017 season . Cora is a 2006 inductee of the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame . His older brother is Joey Cora , a former MLB utility player and current coach . See also ( edit ) Puerto Rico portal Baseball portal Biography portal List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Dodgers 7 , Seattle Mariners 4 '' . Retrosheet . June 7 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Mets sign Alex Cora to a one - year contract '' . MLB.com ( Press release ) . January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( August 7 , 2010 ) . `` Mets call up F - Mart , Tejada ; Cora cut '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ladson , Bill ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` Cora lands Minor League deal with Nationals '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Nationals 3 , Florida Marlins 1 '' . Retrosheet . September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Cheryl ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Former Nats : Alex Cora announces retirement from winter ball ( Updated ) '' . districtsportspage.com . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Jesse ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Cora joins Cards on Minor League deal ) '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals release Alex Cora & Koyie Hill '' . KTVO . AP . March 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Cora - MLB Record - May 12 , 2004 '' . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Singer , Tom ( May 26 , 2006 ) . `` Mastering art of the prolonged at - bat '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Amalie ( July 16 , 2005 ) . `` An at - bat for the ages '' . Boston.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game Length Records '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Dodgers 11 , San Francisco Giants 10 '' . Retrosheet . October 5 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 14 , Boston Red Sox 11 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet . August 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Stats -- World Baseball Classic '' . worldbaseballclassic.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martínez , Noel Algarín ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Alex Cora apuesta a una alineación explosiva con Correa y Lindor '' . elnuevodia.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hudak , Kristen ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Aex Cora Joins ESPN as MLB Analyst in Multiplatform Role '' . ESPN MediaZone ( Press release ) . Jump up ^ `` Astros Roster & Staff '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Jake ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Astros manager A.J. Hinch ejected by umpire Joe West '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Ejection 155 - Joe West ( 2 ; AJ Hinch ) '' . closecallsports.com . August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Ejections 181 - 182 - Dan Iassogna ( HOU x2 ) '' . closecallsports.com . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Ejection 183 - Will Little ( 6 ; AJ Hinch ) '' . closecallsports.com . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Teaford , Elliott ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Parker Bridwell loses duel with Collin McHugh as Angels fall to Astros '' . Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` MLB Ejection 151 - Laz Diaz ( 2 ; Alex Cora ) '' . closecallsports.com . August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 15 , 2017 ) . `` Red Sox interview Astros bench coach Alex Cora for managerial job '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Christopher ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Alex Cora to be named Boston Red Sox manager after Astros ' playoff run , Nationals ' not in picture , ' per report '' . masslive.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rapaport , Daniel ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Report : Alex Cora to be Named Red Sox Manager After ALCS '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sox finalize 3 - year deal with Cora to manage '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ALEX CORA , 1993 - 1996 '' . umsportshalloffame.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Mandy ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Cora away from Astros after birth of twins '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Cora '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alex Cora . Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Major League Baseball managers by team American League East Buck Showalter ( Baltimore Orioles ) Alex Cora ( Boston Red Sox ) Aaron Boone ( New York Yankees ) Kevin Cash ( Tampa Bay Rays ) John Gibbons ( Toronto Blue Jays ) Central Rick Renteria ( Chicago White Sox ) Terry Francona ( Cleveland Indians ) Ron Gardenhire ( Detroit Tigers ) Ned Yost ( Kansas City Royals ) Paul Molitor ( Minnesota Twins ) West A.J. 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Romero 38 Joel Piñeiro 40 José Santiago 43 Dicky Gonzalez 45 Josue Matos 48 Pedro Feliciano 50 Kiko Calero 51 Bernie Williams 52 Orlando Román 55 Iván Maldonado 56 Fernando Cabrera 57 Chris Rojas 58 Willie Collazo Manager José Oquendo Puerto Rico roster -- 2009 World Baseball Classic -- 5th place 2 Felipe López 4 Yadier Molina 7 Iván Rodríguez 10 Mike Avilés 12 Ramón Vázquez 13 Alex Cora 15 Carlos Beltrán 16 J.C. Romero 18 Geovany Soto 19 Alex Ríos 21 Carlos Delgado 23 Jesús Feliciano 26 Andy González 27 Nelson Figueroa 31 Josue Matos 33 Javier Vázquez 34 Orlando Román 36 Giancarlo Alvarado 38 Fernando Cabrera 43 Hiram Bocachica 44 Carlos Gutiérrez 45 Ian Snell 48 Javier López 49 Pedro Feliciano 51 Bernie Williams 52 Saúl Rivera 53 Jonathan Sánchez 56 Iván Maldonado Manager José Oquendo Coach Carlos Arroyo Coach Eduardo Pérez Coach Iván DeJesús Coach Charlie Montoyo Coach Gilberto Rondón Coach Jerry Morales Boston Red Sox 2007 World Series champions 7 J.D. Drew 10 Coco Crisp 12 Eric Hinske 13 Alex Cora 15 Dustin Pedroia 17 Manny Delcarmen 18 Daisuke Matsuzaka 19 Josh Beckett ( ALCS MVP ) 20 Kevin Youkilis 23 Julio Lugo 24 Manny Ramirez 25 Mike Lowell ( World Series MVP ) 28 Doug Mirabelli 31 Jon Lester 32 Bobby Kielty 33 Jason Varitek 34 David Ortiz 36 Kevin Cash 37 Hideki Okajima 38 Curt Schilling 39 Kyle Snyder 46 Jacoby Ellsbury 48 Javier López 49 Tim Wakefield 50 Mike Timlin 51 Julián Tavárez 58 Jonathan Papelbon 83 Éric Gagné Manager 47 Terry Francona Coaches Bench Coach 2 Brad Mills First Base Coach 16 Luis Alicea Hitting Coach 29 Dave Magadan Third Base Coach 35 DeMarlo Hale Pitching Coach 52 John Farrell Bullpen Coach 57 Gary Tuck Bullpen Catcher 65 Ino Guerrero Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Houston Astros 2017 World Series champions 1 Carlos Correa 2 Alex Bregman 3 Cameron Maybin 4 George Springer ( World Series MVP ) 9 Marwin González 10 Yuli Gurriel 11 Evan Gattis 15 Carlos Beltrán 16 Brian McCann 21 Derek Fisher 22 Josh Reddick 27 José Altuve ( AL MVP ) 30 Juan Centeno 31 Collin McHugh 35 Justin Verlander ( ALCS MVP ) 36 Will Harris 41 Brad Peacock 43 Lance McCullers Jr . 44 Luke Gregerson 46 Francisco Liriano 47 Chris Devenski 50 Charlie Morton 53 Ken Giles 59 Joe Musgrove 60 Dallas Keuchel Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Bench Coach 26 Alex Cora First Base Coach 48 Rich Dauer Third Base Coach 8 Gary Pettis Pitching Coach 56 Brent Strom Hitting Coach 39 Dave Hudgens Assistant Hitting Coach 55 Alonzo Powell Bullpen Coach 52 Craig Bjornson Bullpen Catcher 85 Javier Bracamonte Bullpen Catcher 96 Carlos Muñoz Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Cora&oldid=826910046 '' Categories : 1975 births 2006 World Baseball Classic players 2009 World Baseball Classic players Living people Albuquerque Dukes players Boston Red Sox players Buffalo Bisons ( minor league ) players Cleveland Indians players Houston Astros coaches Los Angeles Dodgers players Major League Baseball broadcasters Major League Baseball bench coaches Major League Baseball infielders Major League Baseball second basemen Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico Miami Hurricanes baseball players New York Mets players Oklahoma City RedHawks players Pawtucket Red Sox players People from Caguas , Puerto Rico San Antonio Missions players Texas Rangers players Vero Beach Dodgers players Washington Nationals players Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 17 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what position did alex cora play for the red sox | [
"José Alexander Cora (born October 18, 1975) is a Puerto Rican professional baseball coach and former infielder. He is currently the manager of the Boston Red Sox. He played in MLB for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox, New York Mets, Texas Rangers, and Washington Nationals from 1998 through 2011. Cora was formerly a baseball analyst for ESPN and played college baseball at the University of Miami."
] | [
"infielder"
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7216150932608197957 | The Death of Stalin | The Death of Stalin - wikipedia The Death of Stalin Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Death of Joseph Stalin . The Death of Stalin British theatrical release poster Directed by Armando Iannucci Produced by Yann Zenou Laurent Zeitoun Nicolas Duval Adassovsky Kevin Loader Screenplay by Armando Iannucci David Schneider Ian Martin Peter Fellows Based on The Death of Stalin by Fabien Nury and Thierry Robin Starring Steve Buscemi Simon Russell Beale Paddy Considine Rupert Friend Jason Isaacs Michael Palin Andrea Riseborough Jeffrey Tambor Music by Chris Willis Cinematography Zac Nicholson Edited by Peter Lambert Production company Main Journey Quad Productions Distributed by eOne Films ( United Kingdom ) Gaumont ( France ) Release date 8 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) ( TIFF ) 20 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) ( United Kingdom ) 9 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 107 minutes Country United Kingdom France Language English The Death of Stalin is a 2017 political satire film directed by Armando Iannucci . It chronicles the Soviet power struggles occasioned by the death of dictator Joseph Stalin in 1953 . The film is based on the graphic novel of the same name , translated from the French original La mort de Staline . It was released by eOne Films in the United Kingdom on 20 October 2017 and is set to be released in the United States by IFC Films on 9 March 2018 . The film was screened in the Platform section at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival and received critical acclaim . The film 's release caused controversy in Russia and many other former members of the USSR , and it was banned in Russia , Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release and reception 4.1 Ban in Russia , Kyrgyzstan , Azerbaijan , and Kazakhstan 5 Critical response 6 Historical accuracy 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The film begins with Radio Moscow broadcasting an orchestral performance of Mozart . Once the performance is complete Joseph Stalin ( Adrian Mcloughlin ) personally calls the head of the radio station ( Paddy Considine ) to tell him he wants a recording . Since the performance had not been recorded , the radio station head re-stages it , going to such lengths as bringing in people off the street to replicate the acoustics , bribing the disgruntled lead pianist Maria Yudina ( Olga Kurylenko ) and pressing into service a nearby conductor , after the original , Spartak Sokolov ( Justin Edwards ) faints and knocks himself unconscious on a fire bucket . When the recording is complete , Maria hides a note to Stalin , telling him that he has ruined the country . Stalin receives the recording , and as he reads the note , he begins laughing but then suffers a cerebral haemorrhage . The next day , Stalin is discovered and the members of the Central Committee are alerted . The first to arrive are rapacious NKVD head Lavrentiy Beria ( Simon Russell Beale ) , who discovers Maria 's note , and Deputy General Secretary Georgy Malenkov ( Jeffrey Tambor ) . As Malenkov panics , Beria begins subtly guiding him to take command in Stalin 's absence , hoping to use the weak - willed Malenkov as a puppet . Nikita Khrushchev ( Steve Buscemi ) arrives , followed by the rest of the Committee except for Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov ( Michael Palin ) , who had been unknowingly added to one of Stalin 's enemy lists the night before . Two factions swiftly emerge , Beria and Malenkov , and Khrushchev and Minister of Labour Lazar Kaganovich ( Dermot Crowley ) , with the other Committee members remaining neutral but leaning towards Malenkov as his position seems strongest . Beria begins exerting his influence , closing off Moscow and having the NKVD take over all security duties in the city from the Red Army , as well as replacing Stalin 's NKVD enemy lists with his own , reprieving Molotov . The two sides struggle for symbolic victories such as control over Stalin 's children ( Rupert Friend and Andrea Riseborough ) , until Stalin finally expires . The Committee members all desperately rush back to Moscow , as the NKVD loot Stalin 's dacha and execute witnesses . Khrushchev goes to Molotov 's home and attempts to enlist his support , but Molotov , as a true believer in Stalinism , opposes any factionalism within the Party , as Beria predicted he would when he chose to spare him . Beria further buys Molotov 's loyalty by releasing his wife ( Diana Quick ) from confinement . Malenkov is named as nominal Premier while being largely controlled by Beria . At the first Committee meeting following Stalin 's death , Beria strengthens his own position and sidelines Khrushchev by putting him in charge of Stalin 's funeral . He also unexpectedly suggests many of the liberal reforms which Khrushchev himself had planned to introduce . Khrushchev feels compelled to argue against the reforms , but Beria and Malenkov railroad them through . Stalin 's body is laid in state in the Hall of Columns for three days , while many political prisoners are released and restrictions on the Russian Orthodox Church are loosened , earning Beria more popular support . Meanwhile , Field Marshal Georgy Zhukov ( Jason Isaacs ) , the leader of the Red Army , arrives and demands to know why the Army has been confined to barracks within Moscow . On the third night , Beria learns that Khrushchev has a passing acquaintance with Maria , who was hired to play at the funeral , and threatens her with the note . Realising that Beria could potentially tie him to treasonous activities , Khrushchev approaches Zhukov , who agrees to provide the Army 's support in a coup to overthrow Beria , but only if he has the entire Committee with him . In an attempt to undermine Beria 's popularity , Khrushchev orders the trains into Moscow to resume , allowing the thousands of mourners who wish to see Stalin 's body into the city , hoping to provoke the NKVD . Sure enough , the NKVD guards manning the barricades around the Hall fire on the crowd , killing 1,500 people . The Committee suggests pinning the blame on some low - level NKVD officers , causing Beria to break down and indirectly threaten the Committee by revealing the incriminating documents he has collected on all of them , as he believes any blame attached to the security services will ultimately tarnish him . Beria is able to calm himself and agrees to the plan , but the other members are visibly shaken , except Malenkov , who remains convinced that Beria is his ally . The next day , Molotov secretly meets Khrushchev and Kaganovich , and tells them he will support them but only if they can enlist the support of the others , including Malenkov , as he still opposes any factionalism and desires the Committee to be united . The day of the funeral , Khrushchev fails to gain Malenkov 's support , but tells the others and Zhukov that he has , winning the support of the Committee and the Army . The Red Army overwhelms the NKVD and takes up positions in the toilets next to the conference room the Committee will meet in after the funeral . At the meeting , Zhukov and his men take Beria into custody and Khrushchev coerces Malenkov into signing the necessary papers for Beria 's arrest and trial . Krushchev and his allies find Beria guilty of treason and hundreds of sex crimes in a kangaroo court , and summarily execute him . As Beria 's body is burnt , Khrushchev gives Stalina a one - way plane ticket to Vienna and assurances that her brother will be cared for ( as it would be dangerous for him to spread his wild conspiracy theories ) . Several years later , Khrushchev , now supreme leader of the Soviet Union after removing his co-conspirators , attends a concert given by Maria , while Leonid Brezhnev ( Gerald Lepkowski ) meaningfully watches him . Cast ( edit ) Steve Buscemi as Nikita Khrushchev Simon Russell Beale as Lavrentiy Beria Paddy Considine as Comrade Andreyev Rupert Friend as Vasily Stalin Jason Isaacs as Georgy Zhukov Michael Palin as Vyacheslav Molotov Andrea Riseborough as Svetlana Stalina Jeffrey Tambor as Georgy Malenkov Adrian Mcloughlin as Joseph Stalin Olga Kurylenko as Maria Yudina Paul Whitehouse as Anastas Mikoyan Paul Chahidi as Nikolai Bulganin Dermot Crowley as Lazar Kaganovich Justin Edwards as Spartak Sokolov , conductor Richard Brake as Tarasov Jonathan Aris as Mezhnikov Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Musician James Barriscale as The General Production ( edit ) The project began development during the 2016 Cannes Film Festival . Armando Iannucci was set as director and co-writer , alongside regular collaborators David Schneider , The Thick of It co-writer Ian Martin , and Peter Fellows . Production began 20 June 2016 , with Jeffrey Tambor , Steve Buscemi , Olga Kurylenko , Michael Palin , Simon Russell Beale , Paddy Considine , Andrea Riseborough , Adrian Mcloughlin , Rupert Friend , Jason Isaacs , and Paul Whitehouse in the cast . Release and reception ( edit ) the film was released by eOne Films in the United Kingdom on 20 October 2017 and is set to be released in the United States by IFC Films on 9 March 2018 . The film was screened in the Platform section at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival . The film received critical acclaim . Ban in Russia , Kyrgyzstan , Azerbaijan , and Kazakhstan ( edit ) Nikolai Starikov , head of the Russian Great Fatherland Party , said the film was an `` unfriendly act by the British intellectual class '' , and said it was very clear that the film was part of an `` anti-Russian information war '' aimed at discrediting the figure of Stalin . In September 2017 , the head of the Public Council of the Russian Ministry of Culture said the Russian authorities were considering a ban on the film which , they alleged , could be part of a `` western plot to destabilise Russia by causing rifts in society '' . On 23 January 2018 , two days before film 's scheduled release , Russia 's Ministry of Culture withdrew the film 's distribution certificate , following a screening of the film , attended by film industry figures , State Duma ( lower house of Parliament ) MPs , representatives of the Russian Historical Society together with members of the Culture Ministry 's Public Board . Russian Culture Ministry 's lawyers , such as the daughter of Marshal Zhukov , Era Zhukova , cinematographers Nikita Mikhalkov , Vladimir Bortko , Sergei Miroshnichenko , Igor Ugolnikov , Alexander Galibin , Head of the Russian State Historical Museum Alexey Levykin and others , petitioned Culture Minister Vladimir Medinsky to withdraw the film 's certification , saying `` The Death of Stalin is aimed at inciting hatred and enmity , violating the dignity of the Russian ( Soviet ) people , promoting ethnic and social inferiority , which points to the movie 's extremist nature . We are confident that the movie was made to distort our country 's past so that the thought of the 1950s Soviet Union makes people feel only terror and disgust . '' The authors defined the movie as insulting , parodying the history of Russia , and denigrating the memory of Russian citizens who fought in World War II . They also pointed out that the National Anthem was accompanied with obscene expressions and offensive attitude , decorations were historically inaccurate , `` and the release of the film on the eve of the 75th Anniversary of the Battle of Stalingrad is a spit in the face of all those who died there , and all those who are still alive '' . The movie was banned in Russia , Kyrgyzstan , Azerbaijan , and Kazakhstan . Armenia is the only member of the Eurasian Economic Union to show the comedy . Critical response ( edit ) The Death of Stalin received critical acclaim . The review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 97 % rating with an average score of 8.3 / 10 sampled from 66 reviews , saying : `` The Death of Stalin finds director / co-writer Arnando Iannucci in riotous form , bringing his scabrous political humor to bear on a chapter in history with painfully timely parallels '' . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 88 out of 100 , calculated from 13 critics ' reviews , signifying `` universal acclaim '' . Donald Clarke , writing for The Irish Times , wrote that the film `` starts in a state of mortal panic and continues in that mode towards its inevitably ghastly conclusion '' . In The Guardian , Peter Bradshaw wrote that `` fear rises like gas from a corpse in Armando Iannucci 's brilliant horror - satire '' . Historical accuracy ( edit ) A number of academics commented on the historical accuracy of The Death of Stalin . Historian Richard Overy noted in The Guardian that the film `` is littered with historical errors '' , which can be `` viewed as cinematic licence '' , but was most critical that the film did not appropriately honour Stalin 's victims . Director Iannucci stated that he `` chose to tone down real - life absurdity '' to make the work more believable . Samuel Goff , at the Department of Slavonic Studies , University of Cambridge , cited several justifiable historical inaccuracies with the ranks and roles of Stalin 's inner circle , but found the film missed the overall point and was unable to locate any of the inherent humour contained in Stalinism . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` THE DEATH OF STALIN '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( 11 February 2017 ) . `` ' The Death of Stalin ' : IFC Films Buys Armando Iannucci 's Upcoming Drama '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) . `` All - Star Cast Boards Armando Iannucci 's ' The Death Of Stalin ' -- Cannes '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Armando Iannucci 's ' The Death Of Stalin ' Starts Shoot , Rupert Friend Joins Cast , Closes Deals '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 2017 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Armando Iannucci 's ' The Death Of Stalin ' Acquired By IFC Films -- Berlin '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Death Of Stalin ' Author Says Trumpian Comedies Must Wait For Final Tweet -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( 3 August 2017 ) . `` ' The Death Of Stalin ' to open Toronto Film Festival Platform programme '' . ScreenDaily . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia bars The Death of Stalin '' . 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ Walker , Shaun ( 14 October 2017 ) . `` In Russia , nobody 's laughing at Iannucci 's The Death of Stalin '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bennetts , Marc ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` Russia considers ban on Armando Iannucci 's film The Death of Stalin '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kozlov , Vladimir ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` Russian ' Death of Stalin ' Distributor Plans January Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Culture Ministry yanks distribution certificate for The Death of Stalin '' . TASS Russian News Agency . 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Деятели культуры обратились в министерство с просьбой провести экспертизу фильма `` Смерть Сталина '' ( на предмет соответствия законодательству РФ ) '' ( Cultural figures appealed to the Ministry with a request to conduct an examination of the film `` The Death of Stalin '' ) ( in Russian ) . Official website of the Russian Ministry of Culture . 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Армения ударила по России `` смертью Сталина '' ( Armenia struck Russia over the `` Death of Stalin '' ) ( in Russian ) . Sputnik News . Jump up ^ `` The Death of Stalin '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Death of Stalin '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Overy , Richard ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Carry on up the Kremlin : how The Death of Stalin plays Russian roulette with the truth '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ White , Adam ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) . `` The Death of Stalin : what really happened on the night that forever changed Soviet history ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Goff , Samuel ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) . `` The Death of Stalin : a black comic masterpiece ? Do n't make me laugh '' . The Calvert Journal . London . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . External links ( edit ) The Death of Stalin on IMDb ( hide ) Armando Iannucci TV series The Day Today Knowing Me Knowing You with Alan Partridge The Saturday Night Armistice I 'm Alan Partridge The Armando Iannucci Shows Gash The Thick of It Time Trumpet Mid Morning Matters with Alan Partridge Veep Films Clinton : His Struggle with Dirt Tube Tales ( segment `` Mouth '' ) 2004 : The Stupid Version In the Loop Alan Partridge : Alpha Papa The Death of Stalin Other work On the Hour ( radio ) Knowing Me Knowing You with Alan Partridge ( radio ) I , Partridge : We Need to Talk About Alan ( novel ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Death_of_Stalin&oldid=825440420 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s black comedy films Black comedy films British comedy films British political satire films French comedy films French political satire films Cold War films Cultural depictions of Nikita Khrushchev Cultural depictions of Georgy Zhukov Cultural depictions of Leonid Brezhnev Cultural depictions of Joseph Stalin Films about Joseph Stalin Films set in 1953 Films set in Moscow Political films based on actual events Films based on French comics Live - action films based on comics Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 12 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played georgy zhukov in the death of stalin | [
"Stalin's body is laid in state in the Hall of Columns for three days, while many political prisoners are released and restrictions on the Russian Orthodox Church are loosened, earning Beria more popular support. Meanwhile, Field Marshal Georgy Zhukov (Jason Isaacs), the leader of the Red Army, arrives and demands to know why the Army has been confined to barracks within Moscow. On the third night, Beria learns that Khrushchev has a passing acquaintance with Maria, who was hired to play at the funeral, and threatens her with the note. Realising that Beria could potentially tie him to treasonous activities, Khrushchev approaches Zhukov, who agrees to provide the Army's support in a coup to overthrow Beria, but only if he has the entire Committee with him. In an attempt to undermine Beria's popularity, Khrushchev orders the trains into Moscow to resume, allowing the thousands of mourners who wish to see Stalin's body into the city, hoping to provoke the NKVD. Sure enough, the NKVD guards manning the barricades around the Hall fire on the crowd, killing 1,500 people. The Committee suggests pinning the blame on some low-level NKVD officers, causing Beria to break down and indirectly threaten the Committee by revealing the incriminating documents he has collected on all of them, as he believes any blame attached to the security services will ultimately tarnish him. Beria is able to calm himself and agrees to the plan, but the other members are visibly shaken, except Malenkov, who remains convinced that Beria is his ally."
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"Jason Isaacs"
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-4469550697885406019 | Proof-of-work system | Proof - of - work system - wikipedia Proof - of - work system Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Needs verification and documentation Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A proof - of - work ( PoW ) system ( or protocol , or function ) is an economic measure to deter denial of service attacks and other service abuses such as spam on a network by requiring some work from the service requester , usually meaning processing time by a computer . The concept was invented by Cynthia Dwork and Moni Naor as presented in a 1993 journal article . The term `` Proof of Work '' or POW was first coined and formalized in a 1999 paper by Markus Jakobsson and Ari Juels . An early example of the proof - of - work system used to give value to a currency is the shell money of the Solomon Islands . A key feature of these schemes is their asymmetry : the work must be moderately hard ( but feasible ) on the requester side but easy to check for the service provider . This idea is also known as a CPU cost function , client puzzle , computational puzzle or CPU pricing function . It is distinct from a CAPTCHA , which is intended for a human to solve quickly , rather than a computer . Proof of space ( PoS ) proposals apply the same principle by proving a dedicated amount of memory or disk space instead of CPU time . Proof of bandwidth approaches have been discussed in the context of cryptocurrency . Proof of ownership aims at proving that specific data are held by the prover . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Variants 3 List of proof - of - work functions 4 Reusable proof - of - work as e-money 5 Bitcoin - type proof - of - work 6 ASIC 's and mining pools 7 Useful proof - of - work 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) One popular system , used in Hashcash , uses partial hash inversions to prove that work was done , as a good - will token to send an e-mail . For instance the following header represents about 2 hash computations to send a message to [email protected] on January 19 , 2038 : X-Hashcash : 1 : 52 : 380119 : [email protected] : : : 9B760005E92F0DAE It is verified with a single computation by checking that the SHA - 1 hash of the stamp ( omit the header name X-Hashcash : including the colon and any amount of whitespace following it up to the digit ' 1 ' ) begins with 52 binary zeros , that is 13 hexadecimal zeros : 0000000000000756af69e2ffbdb930261873cd71 Whether POW systems can actually solve a particular denial - of - service issue such as the spam problem is subject to debate ; the system must make sending spam emails obtrusively unproductive for the spammer , but should also not prevent legitimate users from sending their messages . In other words , a genuine user should not encounter any difficulties when sending an email , but an email spammer would have to expend a considerable amount of computing power to send out many emails at once . Proof - of - work systems are being used as a primitive by other more complex cryptographic systems such as bitcoin which uses a system similar to Hashcash . Variants ( edit ) There are two classes of proof - of - work protocols . Challenge - response protocols assume a direct interactive link between the requester ( client ) and the provider ( server ) . The provider chooses a challenge , say an item in a set with a property , the requester finds the relevant response in the set , which is sent back and checked by the provider . As the challenge is chosen on the spot by the provider , its difficulty can be adapted to its current load . The work on the requester side may be bounded if the challenge - response protocol has a known solution ( chosen by the provider ) , or is known to exist within a bounded search space . Solution - verification protocols do not assume such a link : as a result the problem must be self - imposed before a solution is sought by the requester , and the provider must check both the problem choice and the found solution . Most such schemes are unbounded probabilistic iterative procedures such as Hashcash . Known - solution protocols tend to have slightly lower variance than unbounded probabilistic protocols , because the variance of a rectangular distribution is lower than the variance of a Poisson distribution ( with the same mean ) . A generic technique for reducing variance is to use multiple independent sub-challenges , as the average of multiple samples will have lower variance . There are also fixed - cost functions such as the time - lock puzzle . Moreover , the underlying functions used by these schemes may be : CPU - bound where the computation runs at the speed of the processor , which greatly varies in time , as well as from high - end server to low - end portable devices . Memory - bound where the computation speed is bound by main memory accesses ( either latency or bandwidth ) , the performance of which is expected to be less sensitive to hardware evolution . Network - bound if the client must perform few computations , but must collect some tokens from remote servers before querying the final service provider . In this sense the work is not actually performed by the requester , but it incurs delays anyway because of the latency to get the required tokens . Finally , some POW systems offer shortcut computations that allow participants who know a secret , typically a private key , to generate cheap POWs . The rationale is that mailing - list holders may generate stamps for every recipient without incurring a high cost . Whether such a feature is desirable depends on the usage scenario . List of proof - of - work functions ( edit ) Here is a list of known proof - of - work functions : Integer square root modulo a large prime Weaken Fiat -- Shamir signatures Ong -- Schnorr -- Shamir signature broken by Pollard Partial hash inversion This paper formalizes the idea of a proof of work ( POW ) and introduces `` the dependent idea of a bread pudding protocol '' , a `` re-usable proof of work '' ( RPOW ) system . as Hashcash Hash sequences Puzzles Diffie -- Hellman - based puzzle Moderate Mbound Hokkaido Cuckoo Cycle Merkle tree based Guided tour puzzle protocol Reusable proof - of - work as e-money ( edit ) Computer scientist Hal Finney built on the proof - of - work idea , yielding a system that exploited reusable proof of work ( `` RPOW '' ) . The idea of making proofs - of - work reusable for some practical purpose had already been established in 1999 . Finney 's purpose for RPOW was as token money . Just as a gold coin 's value is thought to be underpinned by the value of the raw gold needed to make it , the value of an RPOW token is guaranteed by the value of the real - world resources required to ' mint ' a POW token . In Finney 's version of RPOW , the POW token is a piece of Hashcash . A website can demand a POW token in exchange for service . Requiring a POW token from users would inhibit frivolous or excessive use of the service , sparing the service 's underlying resources , such as bandwidth to the Internet , computation , disk space , electricity and administrative overhead . Finney 's RPOW system differed from a POW system in permitting the random exchange of tokens without repeating the work required to generate them . After someone had `` spent '' a POW token at a website , the website 's operator could exchange that `` spent '' POW token for a new , unspent RPOW token , which could then be spent at some third - party website similarly equipped to accept RPOW tokens . This would save the resources otherwise needed to ' mint ' a POW token . The anti-counterfeit property of the RPOW token was guaranteed by remote attestation . The RPOW server that exchanges a used POW or RPOW token for a new one of equal value uses remote attestation to allow any interested party to verify what software is running on the RPOW server . Since the source code for Finney 's RPOW software was published ( under a BSD - like license ) , any sufficiently knowledgeable programmer could , by inspecting the code , verify that the software ( and , by extension , the RPOW server ) never issued a new token except in exchange for a spent token of equal value . Until 2009 , Finney 's system was the only RPOW system to have been implemented ; it never saw economically significant use . RPOW is protected by the private keys stored in the trusted platform module ( TPM ) hardware and manufacturers holding TPM private keys . Stealing a TPM manufacturer 's key or obtaining the key by examining the TPM chip itself would subvert that assurance . Bitcoin - type proof - of - work ( edit ) In 2009 , the Bitcoin network went online . Bitcoin is a proof - of - work cryptocurrency that , like Finney 's RPOW , is also based on the Hashcash POW . But in Bitcoin double - spend protection is provided by a decentralized P2P protocol for tracking transfers of coins , rather than the hardware trusted computing function used by RPOW . Bitcoin has better trustworthiness because it is protected by computation . Bitcoins are `` mined '' using the Hashcash proof - of - work function by individual miners and verified by the decentralized nodes in the P2P bitcoin network . The difficulty is periodically adjusted to keep the block time around a target time . ASIC 's and mining pools ( edit ) Within the Bitcoin community there are groups working together in mining pools . Some miners use ASIC 's ( Application - Specific Integrated Circuit ) for PoW . New coins , like Vertcoin , use ASIC resistant PoW functions . Useful proof - of - work ( edit ) Many POW systems require the clients to do useless work , such as inverting a hash function . This means that a lot of resources ( mainly the electricity that powers the clients ' computers ) is used only for providing trust in the currency . To be more efficient with that resource expenditure , some alternative coins use a POW system where the performed work is actually useful . For example , Primecoin requires clients to find unknown prime numbers of certain types , which can have useful side - applications ( see Primecoin # Proof - of - work system ) . See also ( edit ) Bitcoin Cryptocurrency Bitmessage Proof - of - stake Notes ( edit ) 1. ^ On most Unix systems this can be verified with a command : echo - n 1 : 52 : 380119 : [email protected] : : : 9B760005E92F0DAE openssl sha1 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dwork , Cynthia ; Naor , Moni ( 1993 ) . `` Pricing via Processing , Or , Combatting Junk Mail , Advances in Cryptology '' . CRYPTO'92 : Lecture Notes in Computer Science No. 740 . Springer : 139 -- 147 . ^ Jump up to : Jakobsson , Markus ; Juels , Ari ( 1999 ) . `` Proofs of Work and Bread Pudding Protocols '' . Communications and Multimedia Security . Kluwer Academic Publishers : 258 -- 272 . Jump up ^ Laurie , Ben ; Clayton , Richard ( May 2004 ) . `` Proof - of - work proves not to work '' . WEIS 04 . Jump up ^ Liu , Debin ; Camp , L. Jean ( June 2006 ) . `` Proof of Work can work - Fifth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security '' . Jump up ^ How powerful was the Apollo 11 computer ? , a specific comparison that shows how different classes of devices have different processing power . ^ Jump up to : Abadi , Martín ; Burrows , Mike ; Manasse , Mark ; Wobber , Ted ( 2005 ) . `` Moderately hard , memory - bound functions '' . ACM Trans . Inter . Tech. 5 ( 2 ) : 299 -- 327 . ^ Jump up to : Dwork , Cynthia ; Goldberg , Andrew ; Naor , Moni ( 2003 ) . `` On memory - bound functions for fighting spam '' . Advances in Cryptology : CRYPTO 2003 . Springer . 2729 : 426 -- 444 . ^ Jump up to : Coelho , Fabien . `` Exponential memory - bound functions for proof of work protocols '' . Cryptology ePrint Archive , Report . ^ Jump up to : Tromp , John ( 2015 ) . `` Cuckoo Cycle ; a memory bound graph - theoretic proof - of - work '' ( PDF ) . Financial Cryptography and Data Security : BITCOIN 2015 . Springer . pp. 49 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Abliz , Mehmud ; Znati , Taieb ( December 2009 ) . `` A Guided Tour Puzzle for Denial of Service Prevention '' . Proceedings of the Annual Computer Security Applications Conference ( ACSAC ) 2009 . Honolulu , HI : 279 -- 288 . Jump up ^ Back , Adam . `` HashCash '' . Popular proof - of - work system . First announce in March 1997 . Jump up ^ Gabber , Eran ; Jakobsson , Markus ; Matias , Yossi ; Mayer , Alain J. ( 1998 ) . `` Curbing junk e-mail via secure classification '' . Financial Cryptography : 198 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Wang , Xiao - Feng ; Reiter , Michael ( May 2003 ) . `` Defending against denial - of - service attacks with puzzle auctions '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy ' 03 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Matthew K. ; Malkhi , Dahlia ( 1997 ) . `` Auditable metering with lightweight security '' . Financial Cryptography ' 97 . Updated version May 4 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Juels , Ari ; Brainard , John ( 1999 ) . `` Client puzzles : A cryptographic defense against connection depletion attacks '' . NDSS 99 . Jump up ^ Waters , Brent ; Juels , Ari ; Halderman , John A. ; Felten , Edward W. ( 2004 ) . `` New client puzzle outsourcing techniques for DoS resistance '' . 11th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security . Jump up ^ Coelho , Fabien . `` An ( almost ) constant - effort solution - verification proof - of - work protocol based on Merkle trees '' . Cryptology ePrint Archive , Report . Jump up ^ `` Reusable Proofs of Work '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Overview of the Bitcoin mining pools on blockchain.info Jump up ^ What is an ASIC miner on digitaltrends.com External links ( edit ) Finney 's system at the Wayback Machine ( archived December 22 , 2007 ) bit gold Bit gold . Describes a complete money system ( including generation , storage , assay , and transfer ) based on proof of work functions and the machine architecture problem raised by the use of these functions . Bitcoin ( ₿ ) History Economics Legal status People Gavin Andresen Andreas Antonopoulos Adam Back Wences Casares Hal Finney Satoshi Nakamoto Charlie Shrem Nick Szabo Amir Taaki Ross Ulbricht Roger Ver Winklevoss twins Erik Voorhees Mark Karpelès Vitalik Buterin Tim Draper Patrick Byrne Groups List of bitcoin companies List of bitcoin organizations List of people in blockchain technology Technologies Bitcoin network Blockchain Colored coins Cryptocurrency Cryptocurrency tumbler Bitcoin ATM ECDSA Initial coin offering Lightning Network P2P POW Segregated Witness SHA - 2 CoinJoin Software client Bitcoin Core Exchanges ANX Bitcoin Center NYC Bitcoin Indonesia Bitfinex Bitstamp Bittrex BTCC BTC Markets CEX.IO Coinbase ( GDAX ) Coinfloor Coins.ph Gatecoin Gemini Huobi Kraken LocalBitcoins Poloniex QuadrigaCX OKCoin OKEX Defunct Buttercoin Mt . Gox BitInstant BTC - e Book Category Cryptocurrencies Technology Atomic swap Blockchain Cryptocurrency tumbler Directed acyclic graph Distributed ledger Cryptographic hash function Fork Lightning Network Consensus mechanisms Proof - of - authority Proof - of - space Proof - of - stake proof - of - work proof - of - work SHA - 256 - based Bitcoin Bitcoin Cash Namecoin NuBits Peercoin Titcoin Ethash - based Ethereum Ethereum Classic KodakCoin OmiseGO Simple Token Scrypt - based Dogecoin Gulden Litecoin PotCoin Equihash - based Bitcoin Private Zcash Zcoin Bitcoin Gold CryptoNote - based Bytecoin Monero Other Dash Decred Primecoin Auroracoin Proof - of - stake BitShares Ada EOS.IO Gridcoin Nxt Waves Other Counterparty Filecoin NEM NEO Ripple Stellar Steem Tether VeChain Waves Related topics Anonymous Internet banking Bitcoin network Complementary currency Crypto - anarchism Cryptocurrency exchange Digital currency Double - spending Electronic money Initial coin offering Airdrop Virtual currency Category Commons List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proof-of-work_system&oldid=842449983 '' Categories : Cryptography Cryptocurrencies Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from May 2015 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2015 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018 Webarchive template wayback links Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Македонски 日本 語 Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 14 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the point of proof of work | [
"A proof-of-work (PoW) system (or protocol, or function) is an economic measure to deter denial of service attacks and other service abuses such as spam on a network by requiring some work from the service requester, usually meaning processing time by a computer. The concept was invented by Cynthia Dwork and Moni Naor as presented in a 1993 journal article.[1] The term \"Proof of Work\" or POW was first coined and formalized in a 1999 paper by Markus Jakobsson and Ari Juels.[2] An early example of the proof-of-work system used to give value to a currency is the shell money of the Solomon Islands."
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"to deter denial of service attacks and other service abuses such as spam on a network by requiring some work from the service requester, usually meaning processing time by a computer"
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-5971376429128671495 | History of the periodic table | History of the periodic table - wikipedia History of the periodic table This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search A collection of historic documents that led to the development of the modern periodic table ( clockwise from top left ) -- Lavoisier 's ' Table of Simple substances ' ; de Chancourtois ' ' Vis Tellurique ' ; Mendeleyev 's hand - written periodic table ; a modern periodic table ; John Dalton 's list of atomic weights & symbols . The periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements and are organized on the basis of their atomic numbers , electron configurations and recurring chemical properties . Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number . The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements with rows called periods and columns called groups . The history of the periodic table reflects over a century of growth in the understanding of chemical properties . The most important event in its history occurred in 1869 , when the table was published by Dmitri Mendeleev , who built upon earlier discoveries by scientists such as Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier and John Newlands , but who is nevertheless generally given sole credit for its development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Antiquity to the 18th century 1.1 Hennig Brand 1.2 Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier 2 19th century 2.1 William Prout 2.2 Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner 2.3 Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois 2.4 John Newlands 2.5 Mendeleev 2.6 Lothar Meyer 2.7 William Odling 3 20th century 3.1 Frederick Soddy 3.2 Henry Moseley 3.3 Glenn T. Seaborg 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Antiquity to the 18th century ( edit ) Further information : Classical element A number of physical elements ( such as platinum , mercury , tin and zinc ) have been known from antiquity , as they are found in their native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools . Around 330 BCE , the Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more roots , an idea that had originally been suggested by the Sicilian philosopher Empedocles . The four roots , which were later renamed as elements by Plato , were earth , water , air and fire . Similar ideas about these four elements also existed in other ancient traditions , such as Indian philosophy . While Aristotle and Plato understood the concept of an element , their ideas did nothing to advance the understanding of the nature of matter . Hennig Brand , as shown in The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus Hennig Brand ( edit ) The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements . The first person in history to discover a new element was Hennig Brand , a bankrupt German merchant . Brand tried to discover the Philosopher 's Stone -- a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold . In 1669 ( or later ) , his experiments with distilled human urine resulted in the production of a glowing white substance , which he called `` cold fire '' ( kaltes Feuer ) . He kept his discovery secret until 1680 , when Robert Boyle rediscovered phosphorus and published his findings . The discovery of phosphorus helped to raise the question of what it meant for a substance to be an element . In 1661 , Boyle defined an element as `` those primitive and simple Bodies of which the mixt ones are said to be composed , and into which they are ultimately resolved . '' Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier ( edit ) Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier Lavoisier 's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie ( Elementary Treatise of Chemistry ) , which was written in 1789 and first translated into English by the writer Robert Kerr , is considered to be the first modern textbook about chemistry . Lavoisier defined an element as a substance that can not be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction . This simple definition served for a century and lasted until the discovery of subatomic particles . Lavoisier 's book contained a list of `` simple substances '' that Lavoisier believed could not be broken down further , which included oxygen , nitrogen , hydrogen , phosphorus , mercury , zinc and sulfur , which formed the basis for the modern list of elements . Lavoisier 's list also included ' light ' and ' caloric ' , which at the time were believed to be material substances . He has classified these substances into metals and non metals . While many leading chemists refused to believe Lavoisier 's new revelations , the Elementary Treatise was written well enough to convince the younger generation . However , Lavoisier 's descriptions of his elements lack completeness , as he only classified them as metals and non-metals . 19th century ( edit ) William Prout ( edit ) In 1815 , the English physician and chemist William Prout noticed that atomic weights seemed to be multiples of that of hydrogen . Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner ( edit ) In 1817 , Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner , a chemist , began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements . In 1829 , he found that he could form some of the elements into groups of three , with the members of each group having related properties . He termed these groups triads . Definition of Triad law : - `` Chemically analogous elements arranged in increasing order of their atomic weights formed well marked groups of three called Triads in which the atomic weight of the middle element was found to be generally the arithmetic mean of the atomic weight of the other two elements in the triad . chlorine , bromine , and iodine calcium , strontium , and barium sulfur , selenium , and tellurium lithium , sodium , and potassium Alexandre - Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois ( edit ) Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois , a French geologist , was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements -- similar elements occurring at regular intervals when they are ordered by their atomic weights . In 1862 he devised an early form of periodic table , which he named Vis tellurique ( the ' telluric helix ' ) , after the element tellurium , which fell near the center of his diagram . With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight , de Chancourtois saw that elements with similar properties lined up vertically . His 1863 publication included a chart ( which contained ions and compounds , in addition to elements ) , but his original paper in the Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram . As a result , de Chancourtois ' ideas received little attention until after the work of Dmitri Mendeleev had been publicised . John Newlands ( edit ) Newlands ' law of octaves In 1864 , the English chemist John Newlands classified the sixty - two known elements into eight groups , based on their physical properties . Newlands noted that many pairs of similar elements existed , which differed by some multiple of eight in mass number , and was the first to assign them an atomic number . When his ' law of octaves ' was printed in Chemistry News , likening this periodicity of eights to the musical scale , it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries . His lecture to the Chemistry Society on 1 March 1866 was not published , the Society defending their decision by saying that such ' theoretical ' topics might be controversial . The importance of Newlands ' analysis was eventually recognised by the Chemistry Society with a Gold Medal five years after they recognised Mendeleev 's work . It was not until the following century , with Gilbert N. Lewis 's valence bond theory ( 1916 ) and Irving Langmuir 's octet theory of chemical bonding ( 1919 ) , that the importance of the periodicity of eight would be accepted . The Royal Chemistry Society acknowledged Newlands ' contribution to science in 2008 , when they put a Blue Plaque on the house where he was born , which described him as the `` discoverer of the Periodic Law for the chemical elements '' . He contributed the word ' periodic ' in chemistry . Mendeleev ( edit ) Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev Zeitschrift für Chemie ( 1869 , pages 405 -- 6 ) , in which Mendeleev 's periodic table is first published outside Russia . Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table . Dashes : unknown elements . Group I - VII : modern group 1 -- 2 and 3 -- 7 with transition metals added ; some of these extend into a group VIII . Noble gases unknown ( and unpredicted ) . The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to make a periodic table similar to the one used today . Mendeleev arranged the elements by atomic mass , corresponding to relative molar mass . It is sometimes said that he played ' chemical solitaire ' on long train journeys , using cards with various facts about the known elements . On March 6 , 1869 , Mendeleev gave a formal presentation , The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements , to the Russian Chemical Society . In 1869 , the table was published in an obscure Russian journal and then republished in a German journal , Zeitschrift für Chemie . In it , Mendeleev stated that : The elements , if arranged according to their atomic mass , exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties . Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value ( e.g. , Pt , Ir , Os ) or which increase regularly ( e.g. , K , Rb , Cs ) . The arrangement of the elements , or of groups of elements in the order of their atomic masses , corresponds to their so - called valencies , as well as , to some extent , to their distinctive chemical properties ; as is apparent among other series in that of Li , Be , B , C , N , O , and F . The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights . The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element , just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body . We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements -- for example , elements analogous to aluminium and silicon -- whose atomic weight would be between 65 and 75 . The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements . Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126 , and can not be 128 . Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic masses . Scientific benefits of Mendeleev 's table It enabled Mendeleev to predict the discovery of new elements and left spaces for them , namely eka - silicon ( germanium , discovered in 1885 ) , eka - aluminium ( gallium , 1875 ) , and eka - boron ( scandium , 1879 ) . Thus , there was no disturbance in the periodic table . It could be used by Mendeleev to point out that some of the atomic weights being used at the time were incorrect . It provided for variance from atomic weight order . Shortcomings of Mendeleev 's table The table was not able to predict the existence of the noble gases , but did , however , leave spaces for yet to be discovered elements to slot into . Time proved this audacious calculation correct . However , when this entire family of elements was discovered , William Ramsay was able to add them to the table as Group 0 , without the basic concept of the periodic table being disturbed . A single position could not be assigned to hydrogen , which could be placed either in the alkali metals group , the halogens group or separately above the table between boron and carbon . The lanthanides were difficult to fit into the table . Polonium and radium , discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 , also were difficult to fit into the table . Lothar Meyer ( edit ) Unknown to Mendeleev , a German chemist , Lothar Meyer , was also working on a periodic table . Although his work was published in 1864 , and was done independently of Mendeleev , few historians regard him as an equal co-creator of the periodic table . Meyer 's table only included twenty - eight elements , which were not classified by atomic weight , but by valence , and he never reached the idea of predicting new elements and correcting atomic weights . A few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of the known elements , predicted new elements to help complete his table and corrected the atomic weights of some of the elements , Meyer published a virtually identical periodic table . Meyer and Mendeleev are considered by some historians of science to be the co-creators of the periodic table , but Mendeleev 's accurate prediction of the qualities of undiscovered elements enables him to have the larger share of the credit . William Odling ( edit ) In 1864 , the English chemist William Odling also drew up a table that was remarkably similar to the table produced by Mendeleev . Odling overcame the tellurium - iodine problem and even managed to get thallium , lead , mercury and platinum into the right groups , which is something that Mendeleev failed to do at his first attempt . Odling failed to achieve recognition , however , since it is suspected that he , as Secretary of the Chemical Society of London , was instrumental in discrediting Newlands ' earlier work on the periodic table . 20th century ( edit ) Frederick Soddy ( edit ) By 1912 almost 50 different radioactive elements were found , too many for the periodic table . Frederick Soddy in 1913 found that although they emitted different radiation , many elements were alike in their chemical characteristics so shared the same place on the table . They became known as isotopes , from the Greek eisos topos ( `` same place '' ) . Henry Moseley ( edit ) Henry Moseley In 1914 , a year before he was killed in action at Gallipoli , the English physicist Henry Moseley found a relationship between the X-ray wavelength of an element and its atomic number . He was then able to re-sequence the periodic table by nuclear charge , rather than by atomic weight . Before this discovery , atomic numbers were sequential numbers based on an element 's atomic weight . Moseley 's discovery showed that atomic numbers were in fact based upon experimental measurements . Using information about their X-ray wavelengths , Moseley placed argon ( with an atomic number Z = 18 ) before potassium ( Z = 19 ) , despite the fact that argon 's atomic weight of 39.9 is greater than the atomic weight of potassium ( 39.1 ) . The new order was in agreement with the chemical properties of these elements , since argon is a noble gas and potassium is an alkali metal . Similarly , Moseley placed cobalt before nickel and was able to explain that tellurium occurs before iodine , without revising the experimental atomic weight of tellurium , as had been proposed by Mendeleev . Moseley 's research showed that there were gaps in the periodic table at atomic numbers 43 and 61 , which are now known to be occupied by technetium and promethium respectively . Glenn T. Seaborg ( edit ) During his Manhattan Project research in 1943 , Glenn T. Seaborg experienced unexpected difficulties in isolating the elements americium and curium . Seaborg wondered if these elements belonged to a different series , which would explain why their chemical properties were different from what was expected . In 1945 , against the advice of colleagues , he proposed a significant change to Mendeleev 's table : the actinide series . Seaborg 's actinide concept of heavy element electronic structure , predicting that the actinides form a transition series analogous to the rare earth series of lanthanide elements , is now well accepted and included in the periodic table . The actinide series is the second row of the f - block ( 5f series ) . In both the actinide and lanthanide series , an inner electron shell is being filled . The actinide series comprises the elements from actinium to lawrencium . Seaborg 's subsequent elaborations of the actinide concept theorized a series of superheavy elements in a transactinide series comprising elements from 104 to 121 and a superactinide series of elements from 122 to 153 . See also ( edit ) Alternative periodic tables History of chemistry Periodic Systems of Small Molecules Prout 's hypothesis The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Timeline of chemical element discoveries References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John Newlands , Chemistry Review , November 2003 , pp15 - 16 Jump up ^ IUPAC article on periodic table Archived 2008 - 02 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Scerri , E.R. ( 2006 ) . The Periodic Table : Its Story ad Its Significance ; New York City , New York ; Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary ( 1956 ) . Discovery of the Elements ( 6th ed . ) . Easton , Pennsylvania , USA : Journal of Chemical Education . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Robert ( 1661 ) . The Skeptical Chymist . London , England : J. Crooke . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Lavoisier with Robert Kerr , trans . ( 1790 ) Elements of Chemistry . Edinburgh , Scotland : William Creech . From p. xxiv : `` I shall therefore only add upon this subject , that if , by the term elements , we mean to express those simple and indivisible atoms of which matter is composed , it is extremely probable we know nothing at all about them ; but , if we apply the term elements , or principles of bodies , to express our idea of the last point which analysis is capable of reaching , we must admit , as elements , all substances into which we are capable , by any means , to reduce bodies by decomposition . Not that we are entitled to affirm , that these substances we consider as simple may not be compounded of two , or even of a greater number of principles ; but , since these principles can not be separated , or rather since we have not hitherto discovered means of separating them , they act with regard to us as simple substances , and we ought never to suppose them compounded until experiment and observation has proved them to be so . '' Jump up ^ See : Prout , William ( November 1815 ) . `` On the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms '' . Annals of Philosophy. 6 : 321 -- 330 . Prout , William ( February 1816 ) . `` Correction of a mistake in the essay on the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms '' . Annals of Philosophy. 7 : 111 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Wurzer , Ferdinand ( 1817 ) . `` Auszug eines Briefes vom Hofrath Wurzer , Prof. der Chemie zu Marburg '' ( Excerpt of a letter from Court Advisor Wurzer , Professor of Chemistry at Marburg ) . Annalen der Physik ( in German ) . 56 : 331 -- 334 . Here , Döbereiner found that strontium 's properties were intermediate to those of calcium and barium . Jump up ^ Döbereiner , J.W. ( 1829 ) . `` Versuch zu einer Gruppirung der elementaren Stoffe nach ihrer Analogie '' ( An attempt to group elementary substances according to their analogies ) . Annalen der Physik und Chemie . 2nd series ( in German ) . 15 : 301 -- 307 . For an English translation of this article , see : Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner : `` An Attempt to Group Elementary Substances according to Their Analogies '' ( Lemoyne College ( Syracuse , New York , USA ) ) Jump up ^ Beguyer de Chancourtois ( 1862 ) . `` Tableau du classement naturel des corps simples , dit vis tellurique '' ( Table of the natural classification of elements , called the `` telluric helix '' ) . Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences ( in French ) . 55 : 600 -- 601 . ^ Jump up to : Ley , Willy ( October 1966 ) . `` The Delayed Discovery '' . For Your Information . Galaxy Science Fiction . pp. 116 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Chancourtois , Alexandre - Émile Béguyer de ( 1863 ) . Vis tellurique . Classement des corps simples ou radicaux , obtenu au moyen d'un système de classification hélicoïdal et numérique ( in French ) . Paris , France : Mallet - Bachelier. 21 pages . Jump up ^ Annales des Mines history page . Jump up ^ See : Newlands , John A.R. ( 7 February 1863 ) . `` On relations among the equivalents '' . The Chemical News . 7 : 70 -- 72 . Newlands , John A.R. ( 30 July 1864 ) . `` Relations between equivalents '' . The Chemical News . 10 : 59 -- 60 . Newlands , John A.R. ( 20 August 1864 ) . `` On relations among the equivalents '' . The Chemical News . 10 : 94 -- 95 . Newlands , John A.R. ( 18 August 1865 ) . `` On the law of octaves '' . The Chemical News . 12 : 83 . ( Editorial staff ) ( 9 March 1866 ) . `` Proceedings of Societies : Chemical Society : Thursday , March 1 '' . The Chemical News . 13 : 113 -- 114 . Newlands , John A.R. ( 1884 ) . On the Discovery of the Periodic Law and on Relations among the Atomic Weights . E. & F.N. Spon : London , England . Jump up ^ in a letter published in Chemistry News in February 1863 , according to the Notable Names Data Base Jump up ^ Newlands on classification of elements ^ Jump up to : Shaviv , Giora ( 2012 ) . The Synthesis of the Elements . Berlin , Germany : Springer - Verlag . p. 38 . From p. 38 : `` The reason ( for rejecting Newlands ' paper , which was ) given by Odling , then the president of the Chemical Society , was that they made a rule not to publish theoretical papers , and this on the quite astonishing grounds that such papers lead to a correspondence of controversial character . '' Jump up ^ Lewis , Gilbert N. ( 1916 ) . `` The atom and the molecule '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 38 : 762 -- 785 . Jump up ^ Langmuir , Irving ( 1919 ) . `` The structure of atoms and the octet theory of valence '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 5 : 252 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Langmuir , Irving ( 1919 ) . `` The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 41 ( 6 ) : 868 -- 934 . Jump up ^ Physical Science , Holt Rinehart & Winston ( January 2004 ) , page 302 ISBN 0 - 03 - 073168 - 2 Jump up ^ Менделеев , Д. ( 1869 ) . `` Соотношение свойств с атомным весом элементов '' ( Relationship of elements ' properties to their atomic weights ) . Журнал Русского Химического Общества ( Journal of the Russian Chemical Society ) ( in Russian ) . 1 : 60 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Mendeleev , Dmitri ( 1869 ) . `` Ueber die Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der Elemente '' ( On the relations of elements ' properties to their atomic weights ) . Zeitschrift für Chemie. 12 : 405 -- 406 . Jump up ^ `` Reed Magazine : The Alumni Association : Around the World in 80 Seconds '' . reed.edu . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ See : Odling , William ( June 1857 ) . `` On the natural groupings of the elements . Part 1 '' . Philosophical Magazine . 4th series . 13 ( 88 ) : 423 -- 440 . Odling , William ( 1857 ) . `` On the natural groupings of the elements . Part 2 '' . Philosophical Magazine . 4th series . 13 ( 89 ) : 480 -- 497 . Odling , William ( 1864 ) . `` On the hexatomicity of ferricum and aluminium '' . Philosophical Magazine . 4th series . 27 ( 180 ) : 115 -- 119 . Odling , William ( 1864 ) . `` On the proportional numbers of the elements '' . Quarterly Journal of Science . 1 : 642 -- 648 . Jump up ^ See : Soddy , Frederick ( 1913 ) . `` Radioactivity '' . Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry . 10 : 262 -- 288 . Soddy , Frederick ( 28 February 1913 ) . `` The radio - elements and the periodic law '' . The Chemical News . 107 ( 2779 ) : 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Soddy first used the word `` isotope '' in : Soddy , Frederick ( 4 December 1913 ) . `` Intra-atomic charge '' . Nature . 92 ( 2301 ) : 399 -- 400 . See p. 400 . Jump up ^ Moseley , H.G.J. ( 1914 ) . `` The high - frequency spectra of the elements '' . Philosophical Magazine . 6th series . 27 : 703 -- 713 . External links ( edit ) Development of the periodic table ( part of a collection of pages that explores the periodic table and the elements ) by the Royal Society of Chemistry Dr. Eric Scerri 's web page , which has links to interviews , lectures and articles on various aspects of the periodic system , including the history of the periodic table . The Internet Database of Periodic Tables -- a large collection of periodic tables and periodic system formulations . History of Mendeleev periodic table of elements as a data visualization at CrossValidated Stack Exchange ( hide ) Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_periodic_table&oldid=831482808 '' Categories : History of chemistry History of physics Periodic table Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles containing Greek - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Nederlands Português Română Slovenčina Српски / srpski தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe 吴语 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 20 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the first list of elements and their characteristics was written by | [
"The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to make a periodic table similar to the one used today.[citation needed] Mendeleev arranged the elements by atomic mass, corresponding to relative molar mass. It is sometimes said that he played 'chemical solitaire' on long train journeys, using cards with various facts about the known elements.[21] On March 6, 1869, Mendeleev gave a formal presentation, The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, to the Russian Chemical Society. In 1869, the table was published in an obscure Russian journal and then republished in a German journal, Zeitschrift für Chemie.[22][23] In it, Mendeleev stated that:"
] | [
"Dmitri Mendeleev"
] |
4158562224322493249 | List of college men's basketball coaches with 600 wins | List of college men 's basketball coaches with 600 wins - wikipedia List of college men 's basketball coaches with 600 wins Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of college men 's basketball coaches by number of career wins across all three divisions of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and both divisions of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) . Mike Krzyzewski is the NCAA leader with 1,100 wins . Harry Statham has the most total victories , including NAIA games with 1,122 . Exhibition games and games vacated by the NCAA are not included on this list . Contents ( hide ) 1 College basketball coaches with 600 wins 1.1 Key 1.2 Coaches 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References College basketball coaches with 600 wins ( edit ) Key ( edit ) * Active in the 2017 -- 18 season † Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach 600 wins with a NCAA Division I program ( or historic equivalent ) Coaches ( edit ) Statistics correct through the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . Rank Name Years Wins Losses Pct . Teams Statham , Harry Harry Statham 52 1,122 513 . 686 McKendree ( 1967 -- 2018 ) 2 * Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 42 1,100 338 . 765 Army ( 1975 -- 1980 ) , Duke ( 1980 -- present ) 3 * Magee , Herb Herb Magee 51 1,074 431 . 714 Philadelphia / Jefferson ( 1967 -- present ) Miles , Danny Danny Miles 45 1,040 437 . 704 Oregon Tech ( 1971 -- 2016 ) 5 * Holmquist , Dave Dave Holmquist 41 958 381 . 715 Fresno Pacific ( 1974 -- 1977 ) , Biola ( 1978 -- present ) 6 * Robinson , Glenn Glenn Robinson 47 952 349 . 732 Franklin & Marshall ( 1971 -- present ) 7 * Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim 41 926 368 . 716 Syracuse ( 1976 -- present ) 8 Meyer , Don Don Meyer 38 923 324 . 740 Hamline ( 1972 -- 1975 ) , Lipscomb ( 1975 -- 1999 ) , Northern State ( 1999 -- 2010 ) 9 * Holley , Larry Larry Holley 47 907 561 . 618 Central Methodist ( 1969 -- 1975 ) , Northwest Missouri State ( 1977 -- 1979 ) , William Jewell ( 1979 -- present ) 10 Knight , Bob Bob Knight 42 902 371 . 709 Army ( 1965 -- 1971 ) , Indiana ( 1971 -- 2000 ) , Texas Tech ( 2001 -- 2008 ) 11 Smith , Dean Dean Smith 36 879 254 . 776 North Carolina ( 1961 -- 1997 ) 12 Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 41 876 190 . 822 Kentucky ( 1930 -- 1972 ) 13 Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 40 873 380 . 697 Northeastern ( 1972 -- 1986 ) , Connecticut ( 1986 -- 2012 ) 14 * Huggins , Bob Bob Huggins 36 845 341 . 712 Walsh ( 1980 -- 1983 ) , Akron ( 1984 -- 1989 ) , Cincinnati ( 1989 -- 2005 ) , Kansas State ( 2006 -- 2007 ) , West Virginia ( 2007 -- present ) 15 * Williams , Roy Roy Williams 30 842 227 . 788 Kansas ( 1988 -- 2003 ) , North Carolina ( 2003 -- present ) 16 Phelan , Jim Jim Phelan 49 830 524 . 613 Mount St. Mary 's ( 1954 -- 2003 ) 17 Gaines , Clarence Clarence Gaines 47 828 447 . 649 Winston - Salem State ( 1946 -- 1993 ) 18 * Ellis , Cliff Cliff Ellis 40 825 496 . 625 South Alabama ( 1975 -- 1984 ) , Clemson ( 1984 -- 1994 ) , Auburn ( 1994 -- 2004 ) , Coastal Carolina ( 2007 -- present ) 19 * Moore , Steve Steve Moore 37 822 239 . 775 Muhlenberg ( 1981 -- 1987 ) , Wooster ( 1987 -- present ) 20 Johnson , Jerry Jerry Johnson 47 821 447 . 647 LeMoyne - Owen ( 1958 -- 2005 ) 21 Massimino , Rollie Rollie Massimino 40 816 462 . 638 Stony Brook ( 1969 -- 1971 ) , Villanova ( 1973 -- 1992 ) , UNLV ( 1992 -- 1994 ) , Cleveland State ( 1996 -- 2003 ) , Northwood ( FL ) / Keiser ( 2006 -- 2017 ) 22 Holley , Willie Willie Holley 42 813 527 . 607 Mid-American Christian ( 1974 -- 2015 ) 23 Chipman , Bob Bob Chipman 38 808 353 . 696 Washburn ( 1979 -- 2017 ) 24 Sutton , Eddie Eddie Sutton 37 806 326 . 712 Creighton ( 1969 -- 1974 ) , Arkansas ( 1974 -- 1985 ) , Kentucky ( 1985 -- 1989 ) , Oklahoma State ( 1990 -- 2006 ) , San Francisco ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 25 * Burchard , Bob Bob Burchard 29 803 253 . 755 Columbia ( MO ) ( 1988 -- present ) 26 Hixon , David David Hixon 41 801 288 . 736 Amherst ( 1977 -- present ) 27 Lightfoot , Mike Mike Lightfoot 30 794 285 . 736 Bethel ( IN ) ( 1987 -- 2017 ) 28 Driesell , Lefty Lefty Driesell 41 786 394 . 666 Davidson ( 1960 -- 1969 ) , Maryland ( 1969 -- 1986 ) , James Madison ( 1988 -- 1997 ) , Georgia State ( 1997 -- 2003 ) 28 Smith , Jim Jim Smith 51 786 556 . 586 Saint John 's ( MN ) ( 1964 -- 2015 ) 30 Olson , Lute Lute Olson 34 780 280 . 736 Long Beach State ( 1973 -- 1974 ) , Iowa ( 1974 -- 1983 ) , Arizona ( 1983 -- 2007 ) 31 Henson , Lou Lou Henson 41 779 412 . 654 Hardin -- Simmons ( 1962 -- 1966 ) , New Mexico State ( 1966 -- 1975 , 1998 -- 2005 ) , Illinois ( 1975 -- 1996 ) 32 * Byrd , Rick Rick Byrd 37 778 397 . 662 Maryville ( TN ) ( 1978 -- 1980 ) , Lincoln Memorial ( 1983 -- 1986 ) , Belmont ( 1986 -- present ) 33 * Hodge , Ralph Ralph Hodge 39 775 487 . 614 Olivet Nazarene ( 1978 -- present ) 34 * Kessler , Jim Jim Kessler 41 770 567 . 576 Grace ( IN ) ( 1977 -- present ) 35 Diddle , Edgar Edgar Diddle 42 759 302 . 715 Western Kentucky ( 1922 -- 1964 ) 36 Iba , Henry Henry Iba 41 755 340 . 689 Northwest Missouri State ( 1929 -- 1933 ) , Colorado ( 1933 -- 1934 ) , Oklahoma State ( 1934 -- 1970 ) 37 Ryan , Bo Bo Ryan 31 747 233 . 762 Wisconsin - Platteville ( 1984 -- 1999 ) , Milwaukee ( 1999 -- 2001 ) , Wisconsin ( 2001 -- 2015 ) 38 Allen , Phog Phog Allen 50 746 264 . 739 Baker ( 1905 -- 1908 ) , Kansas ( 1907 -- 1909 , 1919 -- 1956 ) , Haskell ( 1908 -- 1909 ) , Central Missouri State ( 1912 -- 1919 ) 39 Chaney , John John Chaney 34 741 312 . 704 Cheyney ( 1972 -- 1982 ) , Temple ( 1982 -- 2006 ) 40 * Lamar , Rocky Rocky Lamar 32 734 380 . 664 MidAmerica Nazarene ( 1986 -- present ) 41 Patterson , Paul Paul Patterson 34 734 375 . 662 Taylor ( 1978 -- 2013 ) 42 Tarkanian , Jerry Jerry Tarkanian 31 729 201 . 784 Long Beach State ( 1968 -- 1973 ) , UNLV ( 1973 -- 1992 ) , Fresno State ( 1995 -- 2002 ) 42 Stewart , Norm Norm Stewart 38 729 373 . 662 Northern Iowa ( 1961 -- 1967 ) , Missouri ( 1967 -- 1999 ) 44 Meyer , Ray Ray Meyer 42 724 354 . 672 DePaul ( 1942 -- 1984 ) 44 Hays , Dan Dan Hays 38 724 470 . 607 Northwestern Oklahoma State ( 1978 -- 1983 ) , Oklahoma Christian ( 1983 -- 2016 ) 46 * Beilein , John John Beilein 36 723 417 . 634 Nazareth ( 1982 -- 1983 ) , Le Moyne ( 1983 -- 1992 ) , Canisius ( 1992 -- 1997 ) , Richmond ( 1997 -- 2002 ) , West Virginia ( 2002 -- 2007 ) , Michigan ( 2007 -- present ) 47 Slocum , Jerry Jerry Slocum 41 723 556 . 565 Nyack ( 1975 -- 1987 ) , Geneva ( 1987 -- 1996 ) , Gannon ( 1996 -- 2005 ) , Youngstown State ( 2005 -- 2017 ) 48 Haskins , Don Don Haskins 38 719 353 . 671 UTEP ( 1961 -- 1999 ) 49 Chapman , Larry Larry Chapman 40 714 495 . 591 Georgia Southern ( 1974 -- 1977 ) , Auburn -- Montgomery ( 1977 -- 2014 ) 50 Robbins , Dave Dave Robbins 30 713 194 . 786 Virginia Union ( 1978 -- 2008 ) 51 Sauers , Doc Doc Sauers 41 702 330 . 680 Albany ( 1955 -- 1987 , 1988 -- 1997 ) 52 * Hunter , Larry Larry Hunter 37 701 451 . 609 Wittenberg ( 1976 -- 1989 ) , Ohio ( 1989 -- 2001 ) , Western Carolina ( 2005 -- present ) 53 * Lambert , Randy Randy Lambert 38 694 315 . 688 Maryville ( 1980 -- present ) 54 * Schmidt , Richard Richard Schmidt 35 693 378 . 647 Vanderbilt ( 1979 -- 1981 ) , Tampa ( 1983 -- present ) 55 * Klusman , Tom Tom Klusman 36 691 402 . 632 Rollins ( 1980 -- present ) 56 * Ridder , Steve Steve Ridder 29 683 267 . 719 Embry - Riddle ( FL ) ( 1989 -- present ) 57 * Edwards , Mark Mark Edwards 37 681 291 . 701 Washington ( MO ) ( 1981 -- 2018 ) 57 * Knight , Steve Steve Knight 36 681 468 . 593 William Carey ( 1982 -- present ) 59 Montgomery , Mike Mike Montgomery 32 677 317 . 681 Montana ( 1978 -- 1986 ) , Stanford ( 1986 -- 2004 ) , California ( 2008 -- 2014 ) 60 Crum , Denny Denny Crum 30 675 295 . 696 Louisville ( 1971 -- 2001 ) 61 * Calipari , John John Calipari 26 674 203 . 769 Massachusetts ( 1988 -- 1996 ) , Memphis ( 2000 -- 2009 ) , Kentucky ( 2009 - present ) 61 Williams , Gary Gary Williams 33 668 380 . 637 American ( 1978 -- 1982 ) , Boston College ( 1982 -- 1986 ) , Ohio State ( 1986 -- 1989 ) , Maryland ( 1989 -- 2011 ) 63 Bridges , Dennis Dennis Bridges 36 666 320 . 675 Illinois Wesleyan ( 1965 -- 2001 ) 64 Wooden , John John Wooden 29 664 162 . 804 Indiana State ( 1946 -- 1948 ) , UCLA ( 1948 -- 1975 ) 65 Van Wieren , Glenn Glenn Van Wieren 33 660 219 . 751 Hope ( 1977 -- 2010 ) 66 * Barnes , Rick Rick Barnes 31 656 356 . 648 George Mason ( 1987 -- 1988 ) , Providence ( 1988 -- 1994 ) , Clemson ( 1994 -- 1998 ) , Texas ( 1998 -- 2015 ) , Tennessee ( 2015 -- present ) 67 Miller , Ralph Ralph Miller 38 657 382 . 632 Wichita State ( 1951 -- 1964 ) , Iowa ( 1964 -- 1970 ) , Oregon State ( 1970 -- 1989 ) 68 Reynolds , Dick Dick Reynolds 40 653 426 . 605 Otterbein ( 1972 -- 2012 ) 69 Penders , Tom Tom Penders 36 649 437 . 598 Tufts ( 1971 -- 1974 ) , Columbia ( 1974 -- 1978 ) , Fordham ( 1978 -- 1986 ) , Rhode Island ( 1986 -- 1988 ) , Texas ( 1988 -- 1998 ) , George Washington ( 1998 -- 2001 ) , Houston ( 2004 -- 2010 ) 70 Bartow , Gene Gene Bartow 34 647 353 . 647 Central Missouri State ( 1961 -- 1964 ) , Valparaiso ( 1964 -- 1970 ) , Memphis State ( 1970 -- 1974 ) , Illinois ( 1974 -- 1975 ) , UCLA ( 1975 -- 1977 ) , UAB ( 1978 -- 1996 ) 71 * Self , Bill Bill Self 23 645 199 . 764 ORU ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Tulsa ( 1997 -- 2000 ) , Illinois ( 2000 -- 2003 ) , Kansas ( 2003 -- present ) 72 ( ( ( 1 ) ) ) 31 646 269 . 711 Hawaii ( 1976 ) , Boston University ( 1978 -- 1983 ) , Providence ( 1985 -- 1987 ) , Kentucky ( 1989 -- 1997 ) , Louisville ( 2001 -- 2017 ) 73 Tubbs , Billy Billy Tubbs 31 641 340 . 653 Southwestern ( TX ) ( 1971 -- 1973 ) , Lamar ( 1976 -- 1980 , 2003 -- 2006 ) , Oklahoma ( 1980 -- 1994 ) , TCU ( 1994 -- 2002 ) 74 Drew , Homer Homer Drew 34 640 427 . 600 Bethel ( IN ) ( 1976 -- 1987 ) , Indiana - South Bend ( 1987 -- 1988 ) , Valparaiso ( 1988 -- 2002 , 2004 -- 2011 ) 75 Whitmore , Dick Dick Whitmore 41 639 344 . 650 Colby ( 1970 -- 2011 ) , Thomas ( 2014 ) 76 * Jenkins , Steve Steve Jenkins 34 638 451 . 586 Evangel ( 1982 -- present ) 77 * Shovlain , Ray Ray Shovlain 35 638 479 . 570 Saint Ambrose University ( IA ) ( 1983 -- present ) 78 Harshman , Marv Marv Harshman 40 637 444 . 589 Pacific Lutheran ( 1944 -- 1958 ) , Washington State ( 1958 -- 1971 ) , Washington ( 1971 -- 1985 ) 79 Durham , Hugh Hugh Durham 37 633 429 . 596 Florida State ( 1966 -- 1978 ) , Georgia ( 1978 -- 1995 ) , Jacksonville ( 1997 -- 2005 ) 80 Lance , John John Lance 44 632 340 . 650 Southwestern Oklahoma ( 1918 -- 1922 ) , Pittsburg State ( 1922 -- 1934 , 1935 -- 1963 ) 81 Anderson , Ken Ken Anderson 27 631 152 . 806 Wisconsin -- Eau Claire ( 1968 -- 1995 ) 82 Henderson , Cam Cam Henderson 36 631 242 . 723 Muskingum ( 1919 -- 1923 ) , Davis & Elkins ( 1923 -- 1935 ) , Marshall ( 1935 -- 1955 ) 83 Messbarger , Ed Ed Messbarger 41 630 518 . 549 Benedictine Heights ( 1957 -- 1960 ) , Dallas ( 1960 -- 1963 ) , St. Mary 's ( TX ) ( 1963 -- 1998 ) , Angelo State ( 1978 -- 1998 ) 84 Neer , Mike Mike Neer 37 629 346 . 645 Rochester ( 1976 -- 2010 ) , Hobart ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 85 * Larrañaga , Jim Jim Larrañaga 34 626 408 . 607 American International ( 1977 -- 1979 ) , Bowling Green ( 1986 - 1997 ) , George Mason ( 1997 -- 2011 ) , Miami ( FL ) ( 2011 -- present ) 86 Sloan , Norm Norm Sloan 37 624 393 . 614 Presbyterian ( 1951 -- 1955 ) , The Citadel ( 1956 -- 1960 ) , Florida ( 1960 -- 1966 , 1980 -- 1989 ) , NC State ( 1966 -- 1980 ) 87 Nicholson , Dean Dean Nicholson 26 620 199 . 757 Central Washington ( 1964 -- 1990 ) 87 Morrill , Stew Stew Morrill 29 620 294 . 678 Montana ( 1986 -- 1991 ) , Colorado State ( 1991 -- 1998 ) , Utah State ( 1998 -- 2015 ) 89 Murphy , Tom Tom Murphy 35 618 274 . 693 Hamilton ( 1970 -- 2004 ) , SUNYIT ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 89 Smith , Tom Tom Smith 38 618 463 . 572 Central Missouri ( 1975 -- 1980 ) , Valparaiso ( 1980 -- 1988 ) , Missouri Western ( 1988 -- 2013 ) 91 Braun , Ben Ben Braun 37 615 517 . 543 Siena Heights ( 1977 -- 1985 ) , Eastern Michigan ( 1985 -- 1996 ) , California ( 1996 -- 2008 ) , Rice ( 2008 -- 2014 ) 92 * Kruger , Lon Lon Kruger 30 617 387 . 615 UTPA ( 1982 -- 1986 ) , Kansas State ( 1986 -- 1990 ) , Florida ( 1990 - 1996 ) , Illinois ( 1996 -- 2000 ) , UNLV ( 2004 -- 2011 ) , Oklahoma ( 2011 -- present ) 93 * Altman , Dana Dana Altman 29 611 321 . 656 Marshall ( 1989 -- 1990 ) , Kansas State ( 1990 -- 1994 ) , Creighton ( 1994 -- 2010 ) , Oregon ( 2010 -- present ) 94 Steele , Jerry Jerry Steele 39 609 486 . 556 Guilford ( 1962 -- 1970 ) , High Point ( 1972 -- 2003 ) 95 Beaury , Brian Brian Beaury 31 607 311 . 661 College of Saint Rose ( 1986 -- present ) 96 Spirou , Stan Stan Spirou 32 604 320 . 654 Southern New Hampshire ( 1985 -- present ) 97 Matthews , Gerry Gerry Matthews 30 603 243 . 713 Stockton ( 1985 -- 2016 ) 98 Boots , Dave Dave Boots 31 603 291 . 674 Augsburg ( 1982 -- 1988 ) , South Dakota ( 1988 -- 2013 ) 99 Kampe , Greg Greg Kampe 32 602 438 . 579 Oakland ( 1984 -- present ) See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association head coaches with 400 games coached List of college women 's basketball coaches with 600 wins Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jim Boeheim 's total does not include 101 wins vacated by the NCAA . Jump up ^ Jerry Tarkanian 's total does not include 55 wins vacated by the NCAA . Jump up ^ John Calipari 's total does not include 42 wins and 2 losses vacated by the NCAA . Jump up ^ Wooden is also a member of the Naismith Hall as a player . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NCAA Career Statistics Database '' . NCAA . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . ( The NCAA Career Statistics database allows the viewer to obtain coaching records for all NCAA coaches by inputting the individual 's name in the linked window . ) Jump up ^ `` Men 's Basketball Winningest Active Coaches ( By Wins ) : Currently , '' ( PDF ) . NAIA . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NAIA Division II Winningest Active Coaches after 2014 - 2015 season . Accessed April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Basketball Coaching Records , as of 2011 '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ( hide ) College athletic coaching wins leaders in the United States Baseball Basketball ( M ) Basketball ( W ) Field hockey Football FCS Ice hockey ( M ) Ice hockey ( W ) Lacrosse ( M ) Lacrosse ( W ) Soccer ( M ) Soccer ( W ) Softball Volleyball ( W ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_college_men%27s_basketball_coaches_with_600_wins&oldid=832963755 '' Categories : College men 's basketball coaches in the United States College men 's basketball records and statistics in the United States Lists of college athletic coaching records in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 22 : 43 . About Wikipedia | which coach has the most wins in college basketball history | [
"This is a list of college men's basketball coaches by number of career wins across all three divisions of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and both divisions of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA).[1][2][3][4] Mike Krzyzewski is the NCAA leader with 1,100 wins. Harry Statham has the most total victories, including NAIA games with 1,122. Exhibition games and games vacated by the NCAA are not included on this list."
] | [
"Harry Statham"
] |
3572000673152424082 | Amendment of the Constitution of India | Amendment of the Constitution of India - wikipedia Amendment of the Constitution of India Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code Amending the Constitution of India is the process of making changes to the nation 's fundamental law or supreme law . The procedure of amendment in the constitution is laid down in Part XX ( Article 368 ) of the Constitution of India . This procedure ensures the sanctity of the Constitution of India and keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament of India . However , there is another limitation imposed on the amending power of the constitution of India , which developed during conflicts between the Supreme Court and Parliament , where Parliament wants to exercise discretionary use of power to amend the constitution while the Supreme Court wants to restrict that power . This has led to the laying down of various doctrines or rules in regard to checking the validity / legality of an amendment , the most famous among them is the Basic structure doctrine as laid down by the Supreme Court in the case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constituent Assembly debates 2 Procedure 2.1 Types of amendments 2.2 Amendments under article 368 2.3 Rules of Procedure in Parliament 2.3. 1 Private Members ' Bills 2.4 Role of state legislatures 2.5 Role of Union territories 3 Limitations 4 Parts frequently amended 4.1 Fundamental Rights 4.2 Territorial changes 4.3 Transitional provisions 4.4 Democratic reform 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Constituent Assembly Debates ( edit ) The framers of the Constitution were neither in favour of the traditional theory of federalism , which entrusts the task of constitutional amendment to a body other than the Legislature , nor did they favour a rigid special procedure for such amendments . They also never wanted to have a British - style system where Parliament is supreme . The framers , instead , adopted a combination of the `` theory of fundamental law '' , which underlies the written Constitution of the United States with the `` theory of parliamentary sovereignty '' as existing in the United Kingdom . The Constitution of India vests constituent power upon the Parliament subject to the special procedure laid down therein . During the discussion in the Constituent Assembly on this aspect , some members were in favour of adopting an easier mode of amending procedure for the initial five to ten years . Explaining why it was necessary to introduce an element of flexibility in the Constitution , Jawaharlal Nehru observed in the Constituent Assembly on 8 November 1948 , `` While we want this Constitution to be as solid and as permanent a structure as we can make it , nevertheless there is no permanence in Constitutions . There should be a certain flexibility . If you make anything rigid and permanent , you stop a nation 's growth , the growth of a living , vital , organic people . Therefore , it has to be flexible ... while we , who are assembled in this House , undoubtedly represent the people of India , nevertheless I think it can be said , and truthfully , that when a new House , by whatever name it goes , is elected in terms of this Constitution , and every adult in India has the right to vote - man and woman - the House that emerges then will certainly be fully representative of every section of the Indian people . It is right that House elected so - under this Constitution of course it will have the right to do anything - should have an easy opportunity to make such changes as it wants to . But in any event , we should not make a Constitution , such as some other great countries have , which are so rigid that they do not and can not be adapted easily to changing conditions . Today especially , when the world is in turmoil and we are passing through a very swift period of transition , what we may do today may not be wholly applicable tomorrow . Therefore , while we make a Constitution which is sound and as basic as we can , it should also be flexible ... '' Dr. P.S. Deshmukh believed that the amendment of the Constitution should be made easier as he felt there were contradictory provisions in some places which would be more and more apparent when the provisions were interpreted , and that the whole administration would suffer , if the amendment to the Constitution was not made easy . Brajeshwar Prasad also favoured a flexible Constitution so as to make it survive the test of time . He was of the opinion that rigidity tends to check progressive legislation or gradual innovation . On the other hand , H.V. Kamath favoured ensuring procedural safeguards to avoid the possibility of hasty amendment to the Constitution . `` It is said that the provisions contained in the Draft make amendment difficult . It is proposed that the Constitution should be amendable by a simple majority at least for some years . The argument is subtle and ingenious . It is said that this Constituent Assembly is not elected on adult suffrage while the future Parliament will be elected on adult suffrage and yet the former has been given the right to pass the Constitution by a simple majority while the latter has been denied the same right . It is paraded as one of the absurdities of the Draft Constitution . I must repudiate the charge because it is without foundation . To know how simple are the provisions of the Draft Constitution in respect of amending the Constitution one has only to study the provisions for amendment contained in the American and Australian Constitutions . Compared to them those contained in the Draft Constitution will be found to be the simplest . The Draft Constitution has eliminated the elaborate and difficult procedures such as a decision by a convention or a referendum ... It is only for amendments of specific matters -- and they are only few -- that the ratification of the State Legislatures is required . All other Articles of the Constitution are left to be amended by Parliament . The only limitation is that it shall be done by a majority of not less than two - thirds of the members of each House present and voting and a majority of the total membership of each House . It is difficult to conceive a simpler method of amending the Constitution . What is said to be the absurdity of the amending provisions is founded upon a misconception of the position of the Constituent Assembly and of the future Parliament elected under the Constitution . The Constituent Assembly in making a Constitution has no partisan motive . Beyond securing a good and workable Constitution it has no axe to grind . In considering the Articles of the Constitution it has no eye on getting through a particular measure . The future Parliament if it met as Constituent Assembly , its members will be acting as partisans seeking to carry amendments to the Constitution to facilitate the passing of party measures which they have failed to get through Parliament by reason of some Article of the Constitution which has acted as an obstacle in their way . Parliament will have an axe to grind while the Constituent Assembly has none . That is the difference between the Constituent Assembly and the future Parliament . That explains why the Constituent Assembly though elected on limited franchise can be trusted to pass the Constitution by simple majority and why the Parliament though elected on adult suffrage can not be trusted with the same power to amend it . '' -- B.R. Ambedkar , speaking in the Constituent Assembly on 4 November 1948 Procedure ( edit ) The Constitution of India provides for a distinctive amending process when compared to the Constitutions of other nations . It can be described as partly flexible and partly rigid . The Constitution provides for a variety in the amending process . This feature has been commended by Australian academic Sir Kenneth Wheare who felt that uniformity in the amending process imposed `` quite unnecessary restrictions '' upon the amendment of parts of a Constitution . An amendment of the Constitution can be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament . The Bill must then be passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two - thirds of the members of that House present and voting . There is no provision for a joint sitting in case of disagreement between the two Houses . The Bill , passed by the required majority , is then presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill . If the amendment seeks to make any change in any of the provisions mentioned in the proviso to article 368 , it must be ratified by the Legislatures of not less than one - half of the States . Although , there is no prescribed time limit for ratification , it must be completed before the amending Bill is presented to the President for his assent . Every constitutional amendment is formulated as a statute . The first amendment is called the `` Constitution ( First Amendment ) Act '' , the second , the `` Constitution ( Second Amendment ) Act '' , and so forth . Each usually has the long title `` An Act further to amend the Constitution of India '' . Types of amendments ( edit ) The original constitution provided for three categories of amendments . The first category of amendments are those contemplated in articles 4 ( 2 ) , 169 ( 3 ) - 1962 , 239A ( 2 ) - 1962 , 239AA ( 7b ) - 1991 , 243M ( 4b ) - 1992 , 243ZC ( 3 ) - 1992 , 244A ( 4 ) - 1969 , 356 ( 1 ) c , para 7 ( 2 ) of Schedule V and para 21 ( 2 ) of Schedule VI . These amendments can be effected by Parliament by a simple majority such as that required for the passing of any ordinary law . The amendments under this category are specifically excluded from the purview of article 368 which is the specific provision in the Constitution dealing with the power and the procedure for the amendment of the Constitution . Article 4 provides that laws made by Parliament under article 2 ( relating to admission or establishment of new States ) and article 3 ( relating to formation of new States and alteration of areas , boundaries or names of existing States ) effecting amendments in the First Schedule or the Fourth Schedule and supplemental , incidental and consequential matters , shall not be deemed to be amendments of the Constitution for the purposes of article 368 . For example , the States Reorganisation Act , 1956 , which brought about reorganisation of the States in India , was passed by Parliament as an ordinary piece of legislation . In Mangal Singh v. Union of India ( A.I.R. 1967 S.C. 944 ) , the Supreme Court held that power to reduce the total number of members of Legislative Assembly below the minimum prescribed under article 170 ( 1 ) is implicit in the authority to make laws under article 4 . Article 169 empowers Parliament to provide by law for the abolition or creation of the Legislative Councils in States and specifies that though such law shall contain such provisions for the amendment of the Constitution as may be necessary , it shall not be deemed to be an amendment of the Constitution for the purposes of article 368 . The Legislative Councils Act , 1957 , which provided for the creation of a Legislative Council in Andhra Pradesh and for increasing the strength of the Legislative Councils in certain other States , is an example of a law passed by Parliament in exercise of its powers under article 169 . The Fifth Schedule contains provisions as to the administration and control of the Schedule Areas and Scheduled Tribes . Para 7 of the Schedule vests Parliament with plenary powers to enact laws amending the Schedule and lays down that no such law shall be deemed to be an amendment of the Constitution for the purposes of article 368 . Under Para 21 of the Sixth Schedule , Parliament has full power to enact laws amending the Sixth Schedule which contains provisions for the administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura and Mizoram . No such law , will be deemed to be an amendment of the Constitution for the purposes of article 368 . The second category includes amendments that can be effected by Parliament by a prescribed ' special majority ' ; and the third category of amendments includes those that require , in addition to such `` special majority '' , ratification by at least one half of the State Legislatures . The last two categories are governed by article 368 . Ambedkar speaking in the Constituent Assembly on 17 September 1949 , pointed out that there were `` innumerable articles in the Constitution '' which left matters subject to laws made by Parliament . Under article 11 , Parliament may make any provision relating to citizenship notwithstanding anything in article 5 to 10 . Thus , by passing ordinary laws , Parliament may , in effect , provide , modify or annul the operation of certain provisions of the Constitution without actually amending them within the meaning of article 368 . Since such laws do not in fact make any change whatsoever in the letter of the Constitution , they can not be regarded as amendments of the Constitution nor categorised as such . Other examples include Part XXI of the Constitution -- `` Temporary , Transitional and Special Provisions '' whereby `` Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution '' power is given to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters included in the State List ( article 369 ) ; article 370 ( 1 ) ( d ) which empowers the President to modify , by order , provisions of the Constitution in their application to the State of Jammu and Kashmir ; provisos to articles 83 ( 2 ) and 172 ( 1 ) empower Parliament to extend the lives of the House of the People and the Legislative Assembly of every State beyond a period of five years during the operation of a Proclamation of Emergency ; and articles 83 ( 1 ) and 172 ( 2 ) provide that the Council of States / Legislative Council of a State shall not be subject to dissolution but as nearly as possible one - third of the members thereof shall retire as soon as may be on the expiration of every second year in accordance with the provisions made in that behalf by Parliament by law . Amendments under article 368 ( edit ) part - xx Article 368 ( 1 ) of the Constitution of India grants constituent power to make formal amendments and empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution by way of addition , variation or repeal of any provision according to the procedure laid down therein , which is different from the procedure for ordinary legislation . Article 368 has been amended by the 24th and 42nd Amendments in 1971 and 1976 respectively . The following is the full text of Article 368 of the Constitution , which governs constitutional amendments . New clauses 368 ( 1 ) and 368 ( 3 ) were added by the 24th Amendment in 1971 , which also added a new clause ( 4 ) in article 13 which reads , `` Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution made under article 368 . '' The provisions in italics were inserted by the 42nd Amendment , but were later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills v. Union of India in 1980 . After the 24th amendment , Article 4 ( 2 ) , etc. of the constitution are superseded / made void by article 368 ( 1 ) which is the only procedure for amending the constitution however marginal may be the nature of the amendment . Supreme court ruled that the constituent power under article 368 must be exercised by the Parliament in the prescribed manner and can not be exercised under the legislative powers of the Parliament . 368 . Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and Procedure therefor : ( 1 ) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution , Parliament may in exercise of its constituent power amend by way of addition , variation or repeal any provision of this Constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down in this article . ( 2 ) An amendment of this Constitution may be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill for the purpose in either House of Parliament , and when the Bill is passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two - thirds of the members of that House present and voting , it shall be presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill and thereupon the Constitution shall stand amended in accordance with the terms of the Bill : Provided that if such amendment seeks to make any change in -- ( a ) article 54 , article 55 , article 73 , article 162 or article 241 , or ( b ) Chapter IV of Part V , Chapter V of Part VI , or Chapter I of Part XI , or ( c ) any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule , or ( d ) the representation of States in Parliament , or ( e ) the provisions of this article , the amendment shall also require to be ratified by the Legislatures of not less than one - half of the States by resolutions to that effect passed by those Legislatures before the Bill making provision for such amendment is presented to the President for assent . ( 3 ) Nothing in article 13 shall apply to any amendment made under this article . ( 4 ) No amendment of this Constitution ( including the provisions of Part III ) made or purporting to have been made under this article whether before or after the commencement of section 55 of the Constitution ( Fortysecond Amendment ) Act , 1976 shall be called in question in any court on any ground . ( 5 ) For the removal of doubts , it is hereby declared that there shall be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend by way of addition , variation or repeal the provisions of this Constitution under this article . As per the procedure laid out by article 368 for amendment of the Constitution , an amendment can be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament . The Bill must then be passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two - thirds of the members of that House present and voting . There is no provision for a joint sitting in case of disagreement between the two Houses . Total membership in this context has been defined to mean the total number of members comprising the House irrespective of any vacancies or absentees on any account vide Explanation to Rule 159 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha . The Bill , passed by the required majority , is then presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill . If the amendment seeks to make any change in any of the provisions mentioned in the proviso to article 368 , it must be ratified by the Legislatures of not less than one - half of the States . These provisions relate to certain matters concerning the federal structure or of common interest to both the Union and the States viz. , the election of the President ( articles 54 and 55 ) ; the extent of the executive power of the Union and the States ( articles 73 and 162 ) ; the High Courts for Union territories ( article 241 ) ; The Union Judiciary and the High Courts in the States ( Chapter IV of Part V and Chapter V of Part VI ) ; the distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States ( Chapter I of Part XI and Seventh Schedule ) ; the representation of States in Parliament ; and the provision for amendment of the Constitution laid down in article 368 . Ratification is done by a resolution passed by the State Legislatures . There is no specific time limit for the ratification of an amending Bill by the State Legislatures . However , the resolutions ratifying the proposed amendment must be passed before the amending Bill is presented to the President for his assent . Rules of procedure in Parliament ( edit ) Further information : Lawmaking procedure in India Article 368 does not specify the legislative procedure to be followed at various stages of enacting an amendment . There are gaps in the procedure as to how and after what notice a Bill is to be introduced , how it is to be passed by each House and how the President 's assent is to be obtained . This point was decided by the Supreme Court in Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India ( AIR 1951 SC 458 ) . Delivering the judgment , Patanjali Sastri J. observed , `` Having provided for the constitution of a Parliament and prescribed a certain procedure for the conduct of its ordinary legislative business to be supplemented by rules made by each House ( article 118 ) , the makers of the Constitution must be taken to have intended Parliament to follow that procedure , so far as it may be applicable consistently with the express provisions of article 368 , when they entrusted to it power of amending the Constitution . '' Hence , barring the requirements of special majority , ratification by the State Legislatures in certain cases , and the mandatory assent by the President , a Bill for amending the Constitution is dealt with the Parliament following the same legislative process as applicable to an ordinary piece of legislation . The Rules of the House in the Rajya Sabha do not contain special provisions with regard to Bills for the amendment of the Constitution and the Rules relating to ordinary Bills apply , subject to the requirements of article 368 . The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business make certain specific provisions regarding amendment bills in the Lok Sabha . They relate to the voting procedure in the House at various stages of such Bills , in the light of the requirements of article 368 ; and the procedure before introduction in the case of such Bills , if sponsored by Private Members . Although the `` special majority '' , required by article 368 is prima facie applicable only to the voting at the final stage , the Lok Sabha Rules prescribe adherence to this constitutional requirement at all the effective stages of the Bill , i.e. , for adoption of the motion that the Bill be taken into consideration ; that the Bill as reported by the Select / Joint Committee be taken into consideration , in case a Bill has been referred to a Committee ; for adoption of each clause or schedule or clause or schedule as amended , of a Bill ; or that the Bill or the Bill as amended , as the case may be , be passed . This provision was arrived at after consultation with the Attorney - General and detailed discussions in the Rules Committee . It has been described as `` evidently ex abundanti cautela '' , a Latin phrase , which in law , describes someone taking precautions against a very remote contingency . By strictly adhering to article 368 , the provision is intended to ensure the validity of the procedure adopted , but also guard against the possibility of violation of the spirit and scheme of that article 29 by the consideration of a Bill seeking to amend the Constitution including its consideration clause by clause being concluded in the House with only the bare quorum present . Voting at all the above stages is by division . However , the Speaker may , with the concurrence of the House , put any group of clauses or schedules together to the vote of the House , provided that the Speaker will permit any of the clauses or schedules be put separately , if any member requests that . The Short Title , Enacting Formula and the Long Title are adopted by a simple majority . The adoption of amendments to clauses or schedules of the Bill , requires a majority of members present and voting in the same manner as in the case of any other Bill . Private members ' Bills ( edit ) A Bill for amendment of the Constitution by a Private Member is governed by the rules applicable to Private Members ' Bills in general . The period of one month 's notice applies to such a Bill also . In addition , in Lok Sabha , such a Bill has to be examined and recommended by the Committee on Private Members ' Bills before it is included in the List of Business . The Committee has laid down the following principles as guiding criteria in making their recommendations in regard to these Bills : `` ( i ) The Constitution should be considered as a sacred document -- a document which should not be lightly interfered with and it should be amended only when it is found absolutely necessary to do so . Such amendments may generally be brought forward when it is found that the interpretation of the various articles and provisions of the Constitution has not been in accordance with the intention behind such provisions and cases of lacunae or glaring inconsistencies have come to light . Such amendments should , however , normally be brought by the Government after considering the matter in all its aspects and consulting experts , and taking such other advice as they may deem fit . ( ii ) Some time should elapse before a proper assessment of the working of the Constitution and its general effect is made so that any amendments that may be necessary are suggested as a result of sufficient experience . ( iii ) Generally speaking , notice of Bills from Private Members should be examined in the background of the proposal or measures which the Government may be considering at the time so that consolidated proposals are brought forward before the House by the Government after collecting sufficient material and taking expert advice . ( iv ) Whenever a Private Member 's Bill raises issues of far - reaching importance and public interest , the Bill might be allowed to be introduced so that public opinion is ascertained and gauged to enable the House to consider the matter further . In determining whether a matter is of sufficient public importance , it should be examined whether the particular provisions in the Constitution are adequate to satisfy the current ideas and public demand at the time . In other words , the Constitution should be adapted to the current needs and demands of the progressive society and any rigidity which may impede progress should be avoided . '' Role of State Legislatures ( edit ) The role of the states in constitutional amendment is limited . State legislatures can not initiate any Bill or proposal for amendment of the Constitution . They are associated in the process of the amendment only through the ratification procedure laid down in article 368 , in case the amendment seeks to make any change in any of the provisions mentioned in the proviso to article 368 . The only other provision for constitutional changes by state legislatures is to initiate the process for creating or abolishing Legislative Councils in their respective legislatures , and to give their views on a proposed Parliamentary bill seeking to affect the area , boundaries or name of any State or States which has been referred to them under the proviso to Article 3 . However , this referral does not restrict Parliament 's power to make any further amendments of the Bill . Article 169 ( 1 ) reads , `` Notwithstanding anything in article 168 , Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council or for the creation of such a Council in a State having no such Council , if the Legislative Assembly of the State passes a resolution to that effect by a majority of the total membership of the Assembly and by a majority of not less than two - thirds of the members of the Assembly present and voting . '' The proviso of article 3 provides that no bill for the purpose shall be introduced in either House of Parliament except on the recommendation of the President and unless , where the proposal contained in the Bill affects the area , boundaries or name of any of the States , the bill has been referred by the President to the Legislature of the State for expressing its views thereon within such period as may be specified in the reference or within such further period as the President may allow and the period so specified or allowed has expired . Role of Union territories ( edit ) Union territories have no say in constitutional amendments , including the ratification process which is only open to States . Delhi and Puducherry are two union territories that are entitled , by special constitutional amendments , to have an elected Legislative Assembly and a Cabinet of ministers , thereby enjoying partial statehood powers . Both of these territories can participate in the ratification process . Limitations ( edit ) Main article : Basic structure doctrine The Constitution can be amended five to seven times by the Parliament ; and only in the manner provided . Although Parliament must preserve the basic framework of the Constitution , there is no other limitation placed upon the amending power , meaning that there is no provision of the Constitution that can not be amended . In Abdul Rahiman Jamaluddin v. Vithal Arjun ( AIR 1958 Bombay , 94 , ( 1957 ) ) , the Bombay High Court held that any attempt to amend the Constitution by a Legislature other than Parliament , and in a manner different from that provided for , will be void and inoperative . The Supreme Court first struck down a constitutional amendment in 1967 , ruling in the case of I.C. Golak Nath and Ors . vs. State of Punjab and Anr . An amendment was struck down on the basis that it violated Article 13 : `` The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by ( the charter of Fundamental Rights ) '' . The term `` law '' in this article was interpreted as including a constitutional amendment . Parliament responded by enacting the twenty - fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India which declared that `` nothing in Article 13 shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution '' . The current limitation on amendments comes from Kesavananda Bharati v . The State of Kerala , where the Supreme Court ruled that amendments of the constitution must respect the `` basic structure '' of the constitution , and certain fundamental features of the constitution can not be altered by amendment . Parliament attempted to remove this limitation by enacting the Forty - second Amendment , which declared , among other provisions , that `` there shall be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend ... this Constitution '' . However , this change was itself later declared invalid by the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills v. Union of India . The issue of whether an entire constitutional amendment is void for want of ratification or only an amended provision required to be ratified under proviso to clause ( 2 ) of article 368 was debated before the Supreme Court in Kihota Hollohon v. Zachilhu ( AIR 1993 SC 412 ) , in which the constitutional validity of the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution inserted by the 52nd Amendment in 1985 was challenged . The decisions of the Speakers / Chairmen on disqualification , which had been challenged in different High Courts through different petitions , were heard by a five - member Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court . The case , now popularly known as Anti-Defection case , was decided in 1992 . The Constitution Bench in its majority judgement upheld the validity of the Tenth Schedule , but declared Paragraph 7 of the Schedule invalid because it was not ratified by the required number of the Legislatures of the States as it brought about in terms and effect , a change in articles 136 , 226 and 227 of the Constitution . While doing so , the majority treated Paragraph 7 as a severable part from the rest of the Schedule . However , in the dissenting opinion , the minority of the Judges held that the entire Amendment is invalid for want of ratification . Parts frequently amended ( edit ) See also : List of amendments of the Constitution of India Number of constitutional amendments in India per decade . Despite the super majority requirement in the Constitution , it is one of the most frequently amended governing documents in the world , and the most amended national constitution in the world ; amendments have averaged about two a year . This is partly because the Constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that amendments are often required to deal with matters that could be addressed by ordinary statutes in other democracies . As a result , it is the longest constitution of any sovereign nation in the world . It currently consists of over 117,000 words ( 450 articles plus 115 amendments ) . Another reason is that the Parliament of India is elected by means of single seat districts , under the plurality voting system , used in the United Kingdom and the United States . This means that , it is possible for a party to win two thirds of the seats in Parliament without securing two thirds of the vote . For example , in the first two Lok Sabha elections held under the Constitution , the Indian National Congress party won less than one half of the national vote but roughly two thirds of seats in the chamber . Fundamental rights ( edit ) The most important and frequent reason for amendments to the Constitution is the curtailment of the Fundamental Rights charter . This is achieved by inserting laws contrary to the fundamental rights provisions into Schedule 9 of the Constitution . Schedule 9 protects such laws from judicial review . The typical areas of restriction include laws relating to property rights , and affirmative action in favour of minority groups such as the `` scheduled castes '' , `` scheduled tribes '' , and other `` backward classes '' and also lower classes people . In a landmark ruling in January 2007 , a nine judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India confirmed that all laws ( including those in Schedule 9 ) would be open to judicial review if they violate the `` basic structure of the constitution '' . Chief Justice Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal noted , `` If laws put in the Ninth Schedule abridge or abrogate fundamental rights resulting in violation of the basic structure of the constitution , such laws need to be invalidated '' . Territorial changes ( edit ) Constitutional amendments have been made to facilitate changes in the territorial extent of the Republic of India due to the incorporation of the former French colony of Pondicherry , the former Portuguese colony of Goa , and a minor exchange of territory with Pakistan . Amendments are also necessary with regard to littoral rights over the exclusive economic zone of 200 mi and the formation of new states and union territories by the reorganization of existing states . Constitutional amendment under article 368 allows peaceful division of the country provided fundamental rights ( Article 13 ) are ensured in all the resultant countries . The constitution ( ninth amendment ) act , 1960 is an example which has ceded territory to old Pakistan . Transitional provisions ( edit ) The constitution includes transitional provisions intended to remain in force only for a limited period . These need to be renewed periodically . For example , for continuing reservation in parliamentary seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes an constitutional amendment is enacted once in every ten years . Democratic reform ( edit ) Amendments have been made with the intent of reform the system of government and incorporating new `` checks and balances '' in the Constitution . These have included the following : Creation of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes . Creation of the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes . Creation of mechanisms for Panchayati Raj ( local self governance ) . Disqualification of members from changing party allegiance . Restrictions on the size of the cabinet . Restrictions on imposition of an internal emergency . See also ( edit ) List of amendments of the Constitution of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution Amendment : Nature and Scope of the Amending Process '' ( PDF ) . Lok Sabha Secretariat . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` Constituent Assembly of India Debates ( Proceedings ) - Vol . VII '' . 8 November 1948 . pp. 322 -- 323 . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p5.htm This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : `` Full text of the Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` Constituent Assembly Debates - Volume IX '' . India Kanoon. 17 September 1949 . p. 1660 . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` constituent power verses legislative power '' . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Invalid Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Para 506e of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , ( AIR 1973 SC 1461 ) '' . 1973 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Pages 311 & 312 of A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interpretation of `` notwithstanding anything '' `` . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rules 155 and 157 '' . Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha ( Eleventh ed . ) . New Delhi : Lok Sabha Secretariat. 2004 . p. 67 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Gray , John ( 2006 ) , `` Lawyer 's Latin ( a vade - mecum ) '' , Hale , London , ISBN 9780709082774 . Jump up ^ `` Third non-BJP state Delhi ratifies ' big reform ' GST bill Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . dna. 2016 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Dinesh ; Singh , Jaya ; Maganathan , R. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . Indian Constitution at Work . Political Science , Class XI . NCERT . Jump up ^ Krishnamurthi , Vivek ( 2009 ) . `` Colonial Cousins : Explaining India and Canada 's Unwritten Constitutional Principles '' ( PDF ) . Yale Journal of International Law . 34 ( 1 ) : 219 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Basic structure now ironcast '' . Times of India . Jan 12 , 2007 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ BBC News - India court opens laws to review ( Retrieved on 11 January 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` The constitution ( ninth amendment ) act , 1960 '' . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Full text of the Constitution of India ( as of November 2015 ) Pykih Data Visualization of Constitutional Amendments Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&oldid=814049823 '' Categories : Constitution of India Amendments of the Constitution of India Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 16 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is provided in article 368 of the constitution | [
"Amending the Constitution of India is the process of making changes to the nation's fundamental law or supreme law. The procedure of amendment in the constitution is laid down in Part XX (Article 368) of the Constitution of India. This procedure ensures the sanctity of the Constitution of India and keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament of India."
] | [
"procedure of amendment"
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-788010609272162851 | My Immortal | My Immortal - wikipedia My Immortal Jump to : navigation , search For the fanfiction , see My Immortal ( fan fiction ) . `` My Immortal '' Single by Evanescence from the album Fallen Released December 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 08 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2002 -- 2003 Studio NRG Recording Studios ( North Hollywood , California ) Length 4 : 24 Label Wind - up Songwriter ( s ) Ben Moody Amy Lee Producer ( s ) Ben Moody Evanescence singles chronology `` Going Under '' ( 2003 ) `` My Immortal '' ( 2003 ) `` Everybody 's Fool '' ( 2004 ) `` Going Under '' ( 2003 ) `` My Immortal '' ( 2003 ) `` Everybody 's Fool '' ( 2004 ) Music video `` My Immortal '' on YouTube `` My Immortal '' is a song by American rock band Evanescence from their debut studio album , Fallen ( 2003 ) . It was released by Wind - up Records on December 8 , 2003 , as the third single from the album . The song was written by guitarist Ben Moody , lead singer Amy Lee and keyboardist David Hodges , and it was produced by Moody and Dave Fortman . Various versions of `` My Immortal '' were recorded ; one of them was included on the demo album Origin ( 2000 ) and another on the EP release Mystary ( 2003 ) . The version originally appearing on Origin was later included on Fallen , featuring piano with backing strings . The version of the song released as a single was dubbed the `` band version '' because of the complete band 's performance of the bridge and final chorus of the song . `` My Immortal '' is a piano power ballad with a slow tempo . Lyrically , it talks about `` a spirit staying with you after its death and haunting you until you actually wish that the spirit were gone because it wo n't leave you alone . '' Critical reception towards the song was positive , with critics complimenting its piano melody . In 2005 it received a nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 47th Grammy Awards . The song was also commercially successful , peaking within the top ten in more than ten countries . It also peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the charts in Canada , Greece and the US Adult Pop Songs chart . The single was certified gold in the United States , and platinum in Australia . An accompanying music video directed by David Mould was filmed entirely in black - and - white in Gothic Quarter , Barcelona , on October 10 , 2003 . The video shows Lee sitting and singing on various locations , but never touching the ground . Shots of Moody are also shown but he is never together with his band or Lee . The video was nominated in the category for Best Rock Video at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards . The song was performed by the band during their three concert tours : the Fallen Tour ( 2003 ) , The Open Door Tour ( 2007 ) and the Evanescence Tour ( 2011 -- 12 ) . It was also performed live during some of their television appearances and award ceremonies such as the Billboard Music Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 Covers and usage in media 8 Personnel 9 Track listing 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 10.3 Decade - end charts 11 Certifications 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background ( edit ) `` That 's the difference between us , Ben ( Moody ) tends to write like a storyteller , and it 's not necessarily from any kind of personal experience . I ca n't bring myself to write about anything I do n't understand completely . For me , writing is always about some specific thing that 's happened , so sometimes I feel a little distanced singing the song , but I still love it . '' - Amy Lee talking about `` My Immortal '' and its conception . The song was written by Ben Moody , Amy Lee and David Hodges and produced by Moody and Dave Fortman ; it was the fourth song to be written for Evanescence . Amy Lee 's vocals and the piano parts of the song were recorded in NRG Recording Studios , California . The drums , bass and electric guitars were recorded at The Steakhouse Studio in North Hollywood . `` My Immortal '' was mixed by Dave Fortman at Conway Recording Studios in North Hollywood while it was mastered by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound in New York City . The orchestral parts in the song were arranged by the composer Graeme Revell . The first known recording of `` My Immortal '' was made for the band 's self - titled EP , which solely featured Lee 's vocals accompanied by a piano , and slightly different lyrics . The song was cut from the EP before it was released . In 2000 , the song was re-recorded for the band 's demo album , Origin , which contains a rearranged piano melody and lyrics , including the bridge added by Lee . It was again recorded for the band 's debut full - length debut studio album , Fallen where the vocals of the demo version ( that were recorded by Lee at 18 years old ) were accompanied by slightly different instrumentation . It is also featured on the band 's 2003 EP , Mystary , which is much more similar to the band version . Wind - up Records preferred the Origin version , which is why the exact vocals recorded from 2000 are again included in the song 's album version . The version that was recorded and released as a single is moderately alternative to that of the album version , and is often referred to as the `` band version '' because of the additional band performing the bridge and final chorus of the song . The later pressings of Fallen contain the single version ( or `` band version '' ) of `` My Immortal '' as a hidden track . Lee expressed some dissatisfaction with the early versions of the song saying , `` It 's not even a real piano . And the sound quality is bad because we had to break into the studio to record it late at night when no one was around because we could n't afford a real session . '' Composition ( edit ) `` My Immortal '' A 26 - second sample of the chorus of `` My Immortal '' , a piano ballad inspired by the death of a close person . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` My Immortal '' is a piano and power ballad written in the key of A major . It was described as a `` goth - meets - pop '' song . According to the sheet music published by Alfred Music Publishing on the website Musicnotes.com , the song is set in common time and performed in slow and free tempo of 80 beats per minute . Lee 's vocal range for the song runs from the low musical note of A to the high note of C ♯ . Her vocals are accompanied by a simple piano . Adrien Begrand of PopMatters concluded that in `` My Immortal '' , Lee is `` doing her McLachlan / Tori Amos schtick '' . The song was also compared with some of Enya 's material . The lyrics of the song refer to a spirit that haunts the memory of a grieving loved one . Similar to several other songs written by Moody , the lyrics of the song are based on a short story he had previously written . According to Lee , it was `` Ben ( Moody ) 's song . '' Moody said that the song talks about `` a spirit staying with you after its death and haunting you until you actually wish that the spirit were gone because it wo n't leave you alone . '' He also stated in the booklet of Fallen that he dedicated the song to his grandfather , Bill Holcomb . In `` My Immortal '' , Lee expresses her feelings through the line , `` Though you 're still with me / I 've been alone all along . '' A writer for IGN said that `` ' My Immortal ' is a song of pain and despair caused by the loss of a family member or very close friend and how it drove her ( Lee ) to the edge of insanity . '' Critical reception ( edit ) The song received critical acclaim from music critics . Kirk Miller of Rolling Stone said that `` ' My Immortal ' lets Lee wail about her personal demons over simple piano and some symphonic dressings -- it 's a power ballad that P.O.D. and Tori Amos fans could both appreciate . '' Chris Harris of the same publication found it to be a `` song that 's become something of an Alanis Morissette - like battle hymn for her ( Lee 's ) goth disciples over the last few years . '' Richard Harrington of The Washington Post called `` My Immortal '' a `` majestic '' song that helped the band win a Grammy Award . Blair R. Fischer from MTV News described the song as a `` delicate , heartfelt ballad '' . IGN 's Ed Thompson concluded that `` My Immortal '' was `` one of the first and best songs Evanescence ever wrote '' . Jordan Reimer , a writer of The Daily Princetonian found a `` haunting beauty '' in the song . In 2005 the band was nominated in the category for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 47th Grammy Awards for the song . A less positive review was written for The Guardian by Tom Reynolds , where he put the song at number 24 on his list `` Sad songs say so much '' . Talking about the composition and the meaning of the song , he wrote that the song was a `` whimpering post-breakup tune in which lead singer Amy Lee pitifully mourns the end of a relationship over a piano accompaniment that sounds like Pachelbel after the Prozac wore off '' , and that it `` closely follows the ' quantum tragedy paradigm ' : the shorter the time two people spent together as a couple , the more overwrought the song is that describes their break - up . '' Chart performance ( edit ) The song is considered the band 's second most successful single of all time , generally peaking within the top 20 of more than 10 countries internationally . On the chart issue dated April 10 , 2004 , `` My Immortal '' peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 , while on the Pop Songs chart it peaked at number two on March 27 , 2004 . It reached number 19 on the Adult Contemporary chart as well . On February 17 , 2009 , `` My Immortal '' was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for selling more than 500,000 copies in the United States . The song managed to top the charts of Canada , Greece and Billboard 's Adult Pop Songs in the United States . It also helped Fallen to move from number nine to number three on the Billboard 200 chart , selling another 69.000 copies . On the Billboard 's Radio Songs chart , the song peaked at number seven on April 10 , 2004 . Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems placed the song at number six on the list of most played radio songs in 2004 with 317,577 spins . On the Australian Singles Chart , `` My Immortal '' debuted at number four on January 25 , 2004 , which became its peak position . For three more weeks , it stayed at that position . The next eight weeks , it remained in the top ten of the chart , and it was last seen at number 44 for the week of June 13 , 2004 . The single was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipment of 70,000 copies in that country . On New Zealand 's RIANZ chart , the song debuted at number 49 on December 19 , 2003 . On January 25 , it jumped 27 positions from number 34 to number 7 . It fell to number eight the next week , then rose up to number two on February 8 , blocked from the top position by Baby Bash 's `` Suga Suga '' . The next week , it fell to number nine , then spent three more non-consecutive weeks in the top ten . May 10 was its last week inside the top 50 , appearing at number 32 . On December 14 , 2003 , `` My Immortal '' debuted at number seven on the UK Singles Chart which later also became its peak position . On February 15 , 2004 the song dropped out of the top 100 . It later re-entered at number 84 on July 13 , 2008 . After spending several weeks on different positions on the UK Rock Chart , on August 21 , 2011 , it peaked at number one . The next week , `` My Immortal '' moved to number two being replaced by the band 's single `` What You Want '' ( 2011 ) , and one week later it returned at number one on the chart . That achievement helped the song re-enter on the UK Singles Chart at number 81 on August 21 , 2011 and at number 89 on October 16 , 2011 . The song also charted on Ireland 's IRMA chart , but was significantly less successful , reaching only number 20 and staying in the chart for six weeks . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` My Immortal '' was filmed in Barri Gòtic , Barcelona . A music video directed by David Mould was filmed entirely in black - and - white in Plaça de Sant Felip Neri , Gothic Quarter ( Barri Gòtic ) , Barcelona on October 10 , 2003 . Lee described the place of the filming during an interview with MTV News : `` We did it in a cool , old area of town. ( ... ) We shot some of it at this scenic point , and there was a rooftop where you could see Barcelona below . It was really neat . '' The version of the song used on the video is different from the one off the record , with the band entering the song at the end of the bridge and a string arrangement by David Campbell . Evanescence wanted the band version to be on the album as well , but `` the label was stuck on the demo and would n't let us use the version we really wanted. ( ... ) We fought back and forth about it and finally we gave in , but we were all so angry about it . '' The video was filmed two weeks before Ben Moody 's departure from the band . Amy Lee admitted that the visuals in the video were `` striking in retrospect '' , but added that the similarities between what was filmed and Moody 's departure were coincidental : `` We shot it in Barcelona about a week before Ben left the band unexpectedly . I think none of us knew , including him , that he was going anywhere . And when we got the video back and watched it , it was right after he had left . And it 's bizarre how much the video is about that . We all sat there with goose bumps , like , ' Holy crap . We 've got to watch that again . ' '' In an interview with the British magazine Rock Sound , Lee further explained the concept which was related with his departure : `` You know what ? When you see the video it 's really amazing . Obviously we filmed it before this ( Ben Moody 's departure ) happened and it 's amazing irony , how much it makes sense . We 're all separated and wandering the streets looking like it 's the day after a funeral , with Ben in a suit and bare feet , and I 'm never touching the ground . I 'm sitting on a phone booth or lying on a car , to hint that I 'm dead , that I 'm singing from the dead . It 's all about separation . It 's almost like the director knew what was going to happen , but he ca n't have known . It 's just one of those fate things . '' The music video for `` My Immortal '' begins with Lee sitting on a fountain . Her legs and arms are covered with bandage as she puts them in the water . She is wearing a long white dress and is seen walking around the fountain , surrounded by children and other people that appear to be unaware or indifferent to her presence and wearabouts . Shots of Moody follow , who appears to be sullen and withdrawn . He is wearing a suit and his feet are bare . His shoulders sag and his head slumps forward as he delicately plays piano , and he later picks up his jacket as if he is about to leave . When the bridge starts , the band is shot performing in one room while Moody is in another , playing on the piano . Throughout the video , Lee is never filmed on ground level . She walks along the ledge of a fountain , sits in a tree and sings lying on top of a building . She also lies atop scaffolding and on the hood of a car surrounded with leaves . The video for the song was nominated in the category for Best Rock Video at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards . According to Jon Wiederhorn from MTV News , the shots of the video are `` evocative and artistic , resembling a cross between a foreign film and a Chanel advertisement . '' Joe D'Angelo of MTV News said that Lee 's disconnection in the video shows a `` distressed and emotionally wrought heroine . '' Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone praised the video saying that Lee looked like a `` teen - misery titan '' and that she `` tiptoed through a marble castle of pain '' . He also concluded that she could have borrowed the dress from Stevie Nicks . During an interview with Spin in 2011 Lee said that it was weird for her to watch the old videos of the band including the one for `` My Immortal '' . She explained , `` Just watching our oldest videos , it 's weird . I definitely remember watching ' My Immortal , ' like , ' That was not some dream where it was really somebody else . ' I 've totally had a couple of those moments . It 's cool . '' Live performances ( edit ) Amy Lee performing during a concert in 2009 . Evanescence performed the song at the 2004 Billboard Music Awards on December 8 , 2004 . The band was joined by an eight - piece string section during the performance and a stage backdrop of knotted , decaying trees were placed on stage in order to showcase the `` powerful vocals '' by Amy Lee as stated by a writer of Billboard . The band additionally performed the song at Late Show with David Letterman in March 2004 . The band performed `` My Immortal '' during various stops of their first Fallen Tour ( 2003 ) . `` My Immortal '' was the closing song of the concerts , and Lee performed it after asking the fans `` Just promise not to fall asleep . '' A live version of the song from the performance at Le Zénith , Paris is featured on their first live album , Anywhere but Home ( 2004 ) . Johnny Loftus of AllMusic praised the live version saying that Lee takes a `` softer approach '' while performing `` My Immortal '' and added that it `` becomes a singalong moment for 5,000 souls '' . `` My Immortal '' was also part of the set list during the band 's second tour , called The Open Door Tour ( 2007 ) in support of their second studio album The Open Door ( 2006 ) . Evanescence also played the song live at their secret New York City gig which took place on November 4 , 2009 and during the 2011 Rock in Rio festival on October 2 , 2011 . The song was later added on the set list of their third worldwide tour in support of their third self - titled studio album , the Evanescence Tour ( 2011 - 12 ) . The band also performed the song as part of the set list of their tour taking place in the US and Europe in 2016 and 2017 . Covers and usage in Media ( edit ) `` My Immortal '' was featured on the soundtrack Daredevil : The Album from the movie Daredevil ( 2003 ) along with `` Bring Me to Life '' . The song has been used during several television episodes . It featured during the Smallville season three episode `` Memoria '' . Lucy Walsh , a contestant of the show Rock the Cradle , covered the song during the fifth episode , `` Judge 's Picks '' . Dancer Hampton Williams performed to this song during his audition for the season 9 premiere of So You Think You Can Dance , broadcast on May 24 , 2012 , where he received a standing ovation , and in season 11 the song accompanied a performance by the top seven women , choreographed by Mandy Moore and broadcast on July 30 , 2014 , that earned similar reviews . An arrangement of the song inspired by Gregorian chant was covered by the group Gregorian on their 2004 album The Dark Side . In 2013 , violinist Lindsey Stirling recorded an instrumental version of `` My Immortal '' for the Target edition of her first self - titled studio album . In July 2013 it was uploaded to her personal channel on YouTube along with an accompanying performance video and it was released to the iTunes Store on October 1 , 2013 . The following year , Andrea Begley covered `` My Immortal '' for her debut studio album The Message . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy wrote that the cover `` range ( s ) from the excruciating to the offensively inoffensive '' . Teenage classical vocalist Jackie Evancho covered `` My Immortal '' in 2014 on her fifth full - length album , Awakening , as a bonus track for Japanese fans . Personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Fallen . Evanescence Ben Moody -- writing , guitars , percussion Amy Lee -- writing , piano , keyboards , vocals Francesco DiCosmo -- bass guitar David Hodges -- writing , piano , keyboards , string arrangements Production Ben Moody -- production Dave Fortman -- mixing David Campbell -- additional string arrangements Graeme Revell -- string arrangements , orchestral conduction Track listing ( edit ) CD single ( Released December 8 , 2003 ) `` My Immortal '' ( band version ) -- 4 : 33 `` My Immortal '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 24 CD maxi single ( Released December 8 , 2003 ) `` My Immortal '' ( band version ) -- 4 : 33 `` My Immortal '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 24 `` Haunted '' ( Live from Sessions@AOL ) -- 3 : 08 `` My Immortal '' ( Live from Cologne ) -- 4 : 15 Promo -- CD maxi single ( 2003 ) `` My Immortal '' ( band version / no strings ) -- 4 : 33 `` My Immortal '' ( band version / guitars down ) -- 4 : 33 `` My Immortal '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 24 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 9 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 7 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 9 France ( SNEP ) 11 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 Italy ( FIMI ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Charts ) 9 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 83 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 9 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 19 Chart ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Peak position UK Rock Chart ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 81 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 43 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 40 UK Rock Chart Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 83 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Position Dutch Top 40 218 UK Singles Chart 185 Chart ( 2004 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 7 Austrian Singles Chart 44 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 23 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 42 Dutch Top 40 26 Dutch Single Top 100 38 Italian Singles Chart 23 New Zealand Singles Chart 36 Swedish Singles Chart 65 Swiss Singles Chart 30 US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Hot Adult Top 40 6 US Hot Adult Contemporary 29 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position US Adult Pop Songs 48 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Book : Fallen List of Canadian number - one singles of 2004 Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks number - one hits of 2004 List of UK Rock Chart number - one singles of 2011 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fallen ( album ) . Evanescence . Wind - up Records . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Wiederhorn , Jon ( November 5 , 2003 ) . `` Are There Clues To Evanescence 's Problems In Their New Video ? '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` BMI Repertoire Search '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . Archived from the original on 8 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Reeseman , Bryan ( August 1 , 2003 ) . `` In The Recording Studio With Evanescence : Recording Fallen '' . Mix . NewBay Media . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Evanescence ( EP album ) . Evanescence. 1997 . Jump up ^ Origin ( Demo album ) . Evanescence . Bigwig Enterprises . 2000 . Jump up ^ Mystary ( EP album ) . Evanescence . Wind - up Records . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` My Immortal Band Version Free Download Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) '' . Evanescence.com. 2004 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Ed ( October 4 , 2006 ) . `` Evanescence -- The Open Door '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Claire , Colette . `` Evanescence Album Review '' . The Gauntlet . Gauntlet Publication Society . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Kirk ( March 25 , 2003 ) . `` Fallen by Evanescence '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bream , Jon ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Evanescence 's Amy Lee is ' feeling really , really good '' . The Providence Journal . A.H. Belo Corporation . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clark , Michael D. ( August 11 , 2004 ) . `` Evanescence singer takes Christian band in new direction '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moody , Ben ; Lee , Amy . `` My Immortal -- Evanescence Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes.com . Alfred Music Publishing . MN0044842 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Begrand , Adrien ( May 23 , 2003 ) . `` Evanescence : Fallen '' . PopMatters . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Blair R ( August 13 , 2003 ) . `` Evanescence Make Understatement Of At Chicago Sweat Factory '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bottomley , C. ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Evanescence : Amy Lee Explains the New Songs '' . VH1 . Viacom . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Coughlin , Greg ( July 10 , 2003 ) . `` Reader Review : Fallen '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2006 . 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Enter My Immortal in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Evanescence Amy Lee Tim McCord Will Hunt Troy McLawhorn Jen Majura Ben Moody David Hodges Will Boyd John LeCompt Rocky Gray Terry Balsamo Albums Studio Fallen The Open Door Evanescence Synthesis Live Anywhere but Home Others Origin Lost Whispers Singles `` Bring Me to Life '' `` Going Under '' `` My Immortal '' `` Everybody 's Fool '' `` Call Me When You 're Sober '' `` Lithium '' `` Sweet Sacrifice '' `` Good Enough '' `` What You Want '' `` My Heart Is Broken '' `` Lost in Paradise '' Promotional singles `` Weight of the World '' Other songs `` Lacrymosa '' Tours Evanescence Tour Synthesis Tour Related articles Band members Discography Songs Awards and nominations Francesco DiCosmo Josh Freese Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Immortal&oldid=835161085 '' Categories : 2000s ballads 2003 singles 2003 songs Barcelona in the arts and media Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Black - and - white music videos Canadian Singles Chart number - one singles Evanescence songs Rock ballads Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs written by Amy Lee Songs written by Ben Moody Wind - up Records singles Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 22 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the song immortal by evanescence mean | [
"\"My Immortal\" is a piano power ballad with a slow tempo. Lyrically, it talks about \"a spirit staying with you after its death and haunting you until you actually wish that the spirit were gone because it won't leave you alone.\"[1] Critical reception towards the song was positive, with critics complimenting its piano melody. In 2005 it received a nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 47th Grammy Awards. The song was also commercially successful, peaking within the top ten in more than ten countries. It also peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the charts in Canada, Greece and the US Adult Pop Songs chart. The single was certified gold in the United States, and platinum in Australia."
] | [
"\"a spirit staying with you after its death and haunting you until you actually wish that the spirit were gone because it won't leave you alone.\""
] |
-3276997191030919753 | Losing My Religion (Grey's Anatomy) | Losing My Religion ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Losing My Religion ( Grey 's Anatomy ) `` Losing My Religion '' Grey 's Anatomy episode Izzie Stevens crying on Denny Duquette , as Alex Karev tries to calm down the former . Stevens 's dress was a source of critical analysis . Episode no . Season 2 Episode 27 Directed by Mark Tinker Written by Shonda Rhimes Featured music `` Under the Waves '' `` Side 2 '' `` Colors '' `` Grace '' `` Chasing Cars '' `` Destination Vertical '' Original air date May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) Running time 49 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Chris O'Donnell as Dr. Finn Dandrige Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Denny Duquette Loretta Devine as Adele Webber Brooke Smith as Dr. Erica Hahn Tessa Thompson as Camille Travis Hallee Hirsh as Claire Tiffany Hines as Natalie Sarah Utterback as Olivia Harper Episode chronology ← Previous `` Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response '' Next → `` Time Has Come Today '' Grey 's Anatomy ( season 2 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Losing My Religion '' is the twenty - seventh and final episode of the second season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 36th episode overall . Written by Shonda Rhimes and directed by Mark Tinker , the episode was originally broadcast with `` Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response '' , in a two - hour season finale event on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 15 , 2006 . Grey 's Anatomy centers around a group of young doctors in training . In this episode , Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) and her fellow interns have to plan a prom for Dr. Richard Webber 's ( James Pickens , Jr . ) niece Camille Travis ( Tessa Thompson ) . Further storylines include Dr. Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) recovering from his gunshot wound and Denny Duquette 's ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) death following his seemingly successful heart transplant surgery . The episode marked Sara Ramirez 's ( Dr. Callie Torres ) final appearance with recurring billing , as she would be upgraded to a series regular in season three . Morgan , Ramirez , Thompson , Brooke Smith , Sarah Utterback , Loretta Devine , and Chris O'Donnell reprised their roles as guest stars , while Hallee Hirsh and Tiffany Hines made their first and only appearances . The episode received mixed to negative reviews from television critics , who disapproved of the storyline involving Grey and Shepherd and the show 's lack of repercussions for the interns , but lauded Dr. Cristina Yang 's ( Sandra Oh ) storyline along with Heigl 's performance . `` Losing My Religion '' was also included in several `` best episodes '' lists . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed 22.50 million Americans , garnered an 8.0 / 22 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , ranking fifth for the week in terms of viewership , and registering as the week 's second highest - rated drama . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) and Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) finish Dr. Preston Burke 's ( Isaiah Washington ) surgery to remove a pseudo-aneurysm in the subclavian artery that threatened the functioning of his arm and which was caused by a gunshot wound . At the same time , Dr. Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) successfully transplants a heart into Denny Duquette ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) . The interns face Webber , who orders them to plan a prom for his dying niece , Camille Travis ( Tessa Thompson ) , until the one who cut Duquette 's left ventricular assist device ( LVAD ) comes forward . With the instructions of Camille 's friends , Claire ( Hallee Hirsh ) and Natalie ( Tiffany Hines ) , they prepare the prom as they each struggle with their own personal problems . Trying to recover from his injury , Burke finds a tremor in his right hand . Dr. Meredith Grey 's ( Ellen Pompeo ) love interest Dr. Finn Dandrige ( Chris O'Donnell ) , the vet of Doc -- the dog she shares with Shepherd -- informs her that Doc has had several seizures due to his bone cancer and that she and Shepherd have to make a decision . Webber interrogates the interns individually about Duquette 's LVAD wire , but only learns about their personal problems instead . Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) finally accepts Duquette 's marriage proposal . At Dandridge 's office , Grey and Shepherd , joined by Dr. Addison Montgomery - Shepherd ( Kate Walsh ) , decide to put Doc to sleep . The hospital staff begins to arrive at the prom and Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) and Dr. George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) discuss the status of their relationship , which leads to the former admitting her love and commitment . During the dance , Grey and Shepherd escape Dandridge and Montgomery to have a heated argument that leads to sexual intercourse . In the meantime , as Duquette waits for Stevens alone in his room , he experiences a sudden sense of pain , and unexpectedly dies . While Webber is sitting in the operating room gallery and reflecting on his career , Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) announces Duquette 's death . News of the death spreads , and the interns hurry to his room to find a shocked Stevens , lying on the bed , clinging to his still form . As they each try to comfort her , the cause of his death is revealed to have been a blood clot that led to a fatal stroke . Stevens says that if she had taken less time to dress , she would have arrived at his room sooner and could have been with him while he died . Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) then talks to Stevens , picking her up and hugging her . Afterward , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , who did not know how to handle Burke 's situation , goes to his room and puts her hand on his to show him her support . As the episode ends , Stevens confesses to Webber that she was the one responsible for the LVAD wire cut , and claiming she can not be a surgeon , quits the program . After everyone begins going their separate ways , Grey remains torn on who she should follow : Shepherd or Dandridge . Production ( edit ) The episode was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes and directed by filmmaker Mark Tinker , while Ed Ornelas edited it . It was the last episode to feature Sara Ramirez as a guest star , as she began receiving star billing in the season three premiere . Morgan , Ramirez , Thompson , Smith , Utterback , Devine , and O'Donnell reprised their roles as Duquette , Torres , Travis , Hahn , Harper , Adele , and Dandridge , respectively , while Hirsh and Hines made their first and only appearances as Claire and Natalie , respectively . The soundtrack of the episode consisted of Pete Droge 's `` Under the Waves '' , Dressy Bessy 's `` Side 2 '' , Amos Lee 's `` Colors '' , Masha Qrella 's `` Destination Vertical '' , Kate Havnevik 's `` Grace '' , and Snow Patrol 's `` Chasing Cars '' . The American profile of Northern Irish band Snow Patrol increased after their single was used in this episode . Lead singer Gary Lightbody was initially uncertain about licensing a song for the soundtrack , but has since admitted that the publicity had a positive effect . Rhimes entitled the episode `` Losing My Religion '' because she felt `` that is what happens to each intern in this episode . Each intern lets go of the things they 've held onto all season . George lets go of loving Meredith . Cristina lets go of her well - checked emotions . Izzie is forced to let go of her idealism . And that leads to her letting go of medicine . Alex lets go of his rage against Izzie . And Meredith ... well , Meredith just lets go . '' The costumes were designed by Mimi Melgaard ; Rhimes noted that everyone was dressed in dark funeral colors to the prom , except Stevens who was dressed in pink . Stevens ' dress was an Amsale creation . Monologues done by the five main characters were used in this episode . Rhimes commented : `` this was something we 'd never done and I was n't sure would work . But you place those pages into the hands of the actors and each and every one of them layered their characters ' souls right into the dialogue . '' The episode 's theme was the prom ; Rhimes said she wanted to do it since the beginning of the season . Reception ( edit ) `` Losing My Religion '' was originally broadcast on May 15 , 2006 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , along with `` Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response '' . The episodes were watched by a total of 22.50 million Americans . It represents a slight decrease in comparison to the episode airing the previous night , `` 17 Seconds '' , which garnered 22.60 million viewers . The episode received an 8.0 / 22 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , ranking fifth for the week in terms of viewership , and registering as the week 's second highest - rated drama . The episode 's rating outranked CBS 's The New Adventures of Old Christine and CSI : Miami , the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) 's The Apprentice , and the Fox Broadcasting Company 's 24 . The episode received mixed to negative reviews among critics . Joel Keller of The Huffington Post expressed mixed opinions on the episode , putting the emphasis on Yang 's development , whom he deemed `` transformed '' by the end of the episode . He applauded Torres ' evolution throughout the episode , and also praised Heigl 's performance and dress . Keller criticized the non-realism of the punishment the interns received , Grey and Shepherd 's storyline being tiresome , and the cliffhanger , calling it a `` lame cliché '' . Writing for the Chicago Tribune , Maureen Ryan gave a negative review of the episode , stating : `` overall , the whole thing just fell a little flat . '' Though Ryan appreciated the scene of Doc 's death , she was critical of Torres ' underdevelopment , the lack of chemistry with O'Malley , and her prom dress . Abigail Chao of Television Without Pity was also critical of Torres ' dress , but liked Heigl 's pink dress . She also applauded Karev 's intervening to calm Stevens down , and agreed that Grey 's cliffhanger was not good . `` That 's the reason I do n't watch Grey 's Anatomy anymore , because the super hot blond chick can make an earth - shattering , fatal decision and she does n't get canned . '' -- Eyder Peralta of The Houston Chronicle Eyder Peralta of The Houston Chronicle criticized Stevens ' ethics for cutting Duquette 's LVAD wire , writing that she `` should not be practising medicine '' . Alan Sepinwall , a former television columnist for The Star - Ledger , commented favorably on Karev `` finally displaying some humanity '' in the scene following Duquette 's death . He was critical of Shepherd 's arc , however , and on the absence of severe consequences for Stevens having cut the LVAD wire , an action he called `` insane and dangerous '' . This episode was included on the list for the `` 25 Sexiest TV Shows on DVD '' by magazine Entertainment Weekly . It was also listed in Entertainment Weekly 's `` 20 Unforgettable Proms '' and in Starpulse 's `` Top Ten TV Proms '' . AOL TV placed the hook - up scene involving Grey and Shepherd on its Top 20 of TV 's Sexiest Scenes . In 2009 , TV Guide ranked `` Losing My Religion '' # 63 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . In 2013 , the magazine named Duquette 's death one of TV 's Most Heartbreaking Deaths . In December 2011 , Wetpaint named `` Losing My Religion '' one of the five best episodes of the series . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rhimes , Shonda ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` From Shonda Rhimes ( Finally ) ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Spamalot 's Ramirez Lands Role on TV 's `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Cast and Details '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Losing My Religion '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 27 . May 15 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ Lawson , Mark ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Top of the docs '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Amsale bridesmaid gowns in Grey 's ceremony '' . Onewed.com . May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( June 6 , 2006 ) . `` Hey ? Are You Still There ? '' . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcast Company . May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcast Company . May 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Feels No Pain with ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Finale '' . Zap2it . Tribune Company . May 16 , 2006 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response / Losing My Religion ( finale ) '' . The Huffington Post . AOL , Inc . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` Call me heartless : ' Grey 's ' finale falls flat '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chao , Abigail ( 2006 ) . `` Losing My Religion ( 3 ) '' . Television Without Pity . NBCUniversal . p. 10 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chao , Abigail ( 2006 ) . `` Losing My Religion ( 3 ) '' . Television Without Pity . NBCUniversal . p. 13 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Peralta , Eyder ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` Tsk . Tsk . Ethics these days '' . The Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( May 19 , 2006 ) . `` Odds and sods '' . What 's Alan Watching ? . Blogspot . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Sexiest TV Shows on DVD '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . November 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 12 , 2012 ) . `` 20 Unforgettable TV Proms -- Grey 's Anatomy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maccorley Mathieu ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Top Ten TV Proms '' . Starpulse.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Potts , Kim ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Top 20 : TV 's Sexiest Scenes '' . AOL TV . AOL . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide 's Top 100 Episodes '' . Rev / Views . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's Most Heartbreaking Deaths '' . TV Guide . February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` The 5 Best Episodes of Grey 's Anatomy '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Losing My Religion '' at ABC.com `` Losing My Religion '' at TV.com `` Losing My Religion '' on IMDb Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle with a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Losing_My_Religion_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=826966140 '' Categories : 2006 American television episodes Grey 's Anatomy episodes Television episodes about proms Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 00 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does denny from grey's anatomy die | [
"\"Losing My Religion\" is the twenty-seventh and final episode of the second season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the show's 36th episode overall. Written by Shonda Rhimes and directed by Mark Tinker, the episode was originally broadcast with \"Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response\", in a two-hour season finale event on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 15, 2006. Grey's Anatomy centers around a group of young doctors in training. In this episode, Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and her fellow interns have to plan a prom for Dr. Richard Webber's (James Pickens, Jr.) niece Camille Travis (Tessa Thompson). Further storylines include Dr. Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) recovering from his gunshot wound and Denny Duquette's (Jeffrey Dean Morgan) death following his seemingly successful heart transplant surgery. \n"
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"\"Losing My Religion\" is the twenty-seventh and final episode of the second season"
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3082262378080048721 | Mickey Kuhn | Mickey Kuhn - Wikipedia Mickey Kuhn Mickey Kuhn Kuhn in The Strange Love of Martha Ivers ( 1946 ) Theodore Matthew Michael Kuhn , Jr . ( 1932 - 09 - 21 ) September 21 , 1932 ( age 85 ) Waukegan , Illinois , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1934 -- 1957 Spouse ( s ) Barbara Traci ( 1984 - present ) Theodore Matthew Michael Kuhn , Jr. ( born September 21 , 1932 ) , known as Mickey Kuhn , is an American former child actor of the 1930s , 1940s and 1950s . He came to prominence in 1939 playing Beau Wilkes in Gone with the Wind . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Born in Waukegan , Illinois of German descent , he started as a child actor in the 1930s and appeared opposite Conrad Nagel and Leslie Howard , amongst others . His first fame came in playing the role of Beau Wilkes ( Ashley and Melanie 's son ) in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . He later went on to appear in Juarez ( 1939 ) opposite Bette Davis , as the adoptive son of John Wayne in Red River , and in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) , in which he was reunited with Vivien Leigh a dozen years after they first worked together in Gone with the Wind . In A Streetcar Named Desire , Kuhn played a sailor who directs Blanche to the correct streetcar which will take her to her sister 's neighborhood at the beginning of the film . He is the only actor to share screen time with Leigh in each of her Oscar - winning performances . Kuhn left film business in 1957 and later worked for American Airlines and the Boston airport in administrative positions until his retirement . He now regularly visits film festivals dealing with his old films . Kuhn , along with Olivia de Havilland ( who portrayed his mother , Melanie Wilkes ) , is one of the last two surviving credited cast members from Gone with the Wind . Patrick Curtis is also a survivor , although his part of Melanie 's infant newborn son is uncredited . Kuhn currently lives in Naples , Florida and volunteers four hours per week at a local hospital . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role 1934 Change of Heart Adopted baby ( film debut ) 1937 A Doctor 's Diary Boy in hospital 1939 Juarez Agustín de Iturbide y Green Gone with the Wind Beau Wilkes 1940 I Want a Divorce David Holland , Jr . 1941 One Foot in Heaven Boy 1945 Roughly Speaking A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Boy Dick Tracy Junior 1946 The Strange Love of Martha Ivers Young Walter Three Little Girls in Blue Farm boy 1948 Red River Young Matt 1949 Scene of the Crime Ed Monigan , Jr . 1951 That 's My Boy Student A Streetcar Named Desire The Helpful Sailor On the Loose Bob Vance 1955 The Last Frontier Luke 1956 Away All Boats Seaman ( final film ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Excellent Portrayals in Red River '' . Del Rio News Herald . August 24 , 1948 . p. 3 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Argetsinger , Amy ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` A quiet 75th anniversary for ' Gone With the Wind ' and one of its last surviving actors , Mickey Kuhn '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noland , Claire ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Mary Anderson dies at 96 ; actress had role in ' Gone With the Wind ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Kuhn , child actor during Hollywood 's Golden Age , lives in Naples , Florida '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Goldrup , Tom and Jim ( 2002 ) . Growing Up on the Set : Interviews with 39 Former Child Actors of Film and Television . McFarland & Co. p. 178 - 185 . ISBN 1476613702 . Holmstrom , John ( 1996 ) . The Moving Picture Boy : An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995 . Norwich : Michael Russell , p. 178 . External links ( edit ) Mickey Kuhn on IMDb LCCN : no2009174328 VIAF : 102986731 This article about a United States film actor or actress born in the 1930s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickey_Kuhn&oldid=843856008 '' Categories : 1932 births Living people American male film actors American male child actors American people of German descent Actors from Waukegan , Illinois Male actors from Illinois 20th - century American male actors American film actor , 1930s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 22 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played beau in gone with the wind | [
"Theodore Matthew Michael Kuhn, Jr. (born September 21, 1932), known as Mickey Kuhn, is an American former child actor of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s.[1] He came to prominence in 1939 playing Beau Wilkes in Gone with the Wind."
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"Theodore Matthew Michael Kuhn, Jr."
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1831919131775885164 | Ides of March | Ides of March - wikipedia Ides of March Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the day in the Roman calendar . For events that occurred on 15 March , see 15 March . For the 2011 film directed by George Clooney , see The Ides of March ( film ) . For other uses , see Ides of March ( disambiguation ) . The Death of Caesar ( 1798 ) by Vincenzo Camuccini The Ides of March ( Latin : Idus Martiae , Late Latin : Idus Martii ) is a day on the Roman calendar that corresponds to 15 March . It was marked by several religious observances and was notable for the Romans as a deadline for settling debts . In 44 BC , it became notorious as the date of the assassination of Julius Caesar which made the Ides of March a turning point in Roman history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ides 1.1 Religious observances 2 Assassination of Caesar 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Ides ( edit ) The Romans did not number days of a month from the first to the last day . Instead , they counted back from three fixed points of the month : the Nones ( 5th or 7th , depending on the length of the month ) , the Ides ( 13th or 15th ) , and the Kalends ( 1st of the following month ) . The Ides occurred near the midpoint , on the 13th for most months , but on the 15th for March , May , July , and October . The Ides were supposed to be determined by the full moon , reflecting the lunar origin of the Roman calendar . On the earliest calendar , the Ides of March would have been the first full moon of the new year . Religious observances ( edit ) Panel thought to depict the Mamuralia , from a mosaic of the months in which March is positioned at the beginning of the year ( first half of the 3rd century AD , from El Djem , Tunisia , in Roman Africa ) The Ides of each month were sacred to Jupiter , the Romans ' supreme deity . The Flamen Dialis , Jupiter 's high priest , led the `` Ides sheep '' ( ovis Idulius ) in procession along the Via Sacra to the arx , where it was sacrificed . In addition to the monthly sacrifice , the Ides of March was also the occasion of the Feast of Anna Perenna , a goddess of the year ( Latin annus ) whose festival originally concluded the ceremonies of the new year . The day was enthusiastically celebrated among the common people with picnics , drinking , and revelry . One source from late antiquity also places the Mamuralia on the Ides of March . This observance , which has aspects of scapegoat or ancient Greek pharmakos ritual , involved beating an old man dressed in animal skins and perhaps driving him from the city . The ritual may have been a new year festival representing the expulsion of the old year . In the later Imperial period , the Ides began a `` holy week '' of festivals celebrating Cybele and Attis , being the day Canna intrat ( `` The Reed enters '' ) , when Attis was born and found among the reeds of a Phrygian river . He was discovered by shepherds or the goddess Cybele , who was also known as the Magna Mater ( `` Great Mother '' ) ( narratives differ ) . A week later , on 22 March , the solemn commemmoration of Arbor intrat ( `` The Tree enters '' ) commemorated the death of Attis under a pine tree . A college of priests , the dendrophoroi ( `` tree bearers '' ) annually cut down a tree , hung from it an image of Attis , and carried it to the temple of the Magna Mater with lamentations . The day was formalized as part of the official Roman calendar under Claudius ( d . 54 AD ) . A three - day period of mourning followed , culminating with celebrating the rebirth of Attis on 25 March , the date of the vernal equinox on the Julian calendar . Assassination of Caesar ( edit ) Main article : Assassination of Julius Caesar Reverse side of a coin issued by Caesar 's assassin Brutus in the autumn of 42 BC , with the abbreviation EID MAR ( Eidibus Martiis -- on the Ides of March ) under a `` cap of freedom '' between two daggers In modern times , the Ides of March is best known as the date on which Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC . Caesar was stabbed to death at a meeting of the Senate . As many as 60 conspirators , led by Brutus and Cassius , were involved . According to Plutarch , a seer had warned that harm would come to Caesar no later than the Ides of March . On his way to the Theatre of Pompey , where he would be assassinated , Caesar passed the seer and joked , `` The Ides of March are come '' , implying that the prophecy had not been fulfilled , to which the seer replied `` Aye , Caesar ; but not gone . '' This meeting is famously dramatised in William Shakespeare 's play Julius Caesar , when Caesar is warned by the soothsayer to `` beware the Ides of March . '' The Roman biographer Suetonius identifies the `` seer '' as a haruspex named Spurinna . Caesar 's death was a closing event in the crisis of the Roman Republic , and triggered the civil war that would result in the rise to sole power of his adopted heir Octavian ( later known as Augustus ) . Writing under Augustus , Ovid portrays the murder as a sacrilege , since Caesar was also the Pontifex Maximus of Rome and a priest of Vesta . On the fourth anniversary of Caesar 's death in 40 BC , after achieving a victory at the siege of Perugia , Octavian executed 300 senators and knights who had fought against him under Lucius Antonius , the brother of Mark Antony . The executions were one of a series of actions taken by Octavian to avenge Caesar 's death . Suetonius and the historian Cassius Dio characterised the slaughter as a religious sacrifice , noting that it occurred on the Ides of March at the new altar to the deified Julius . See also ( edit ) Julius Caesar , a play by William Shakespeare The Ides of March , a novel by Thornton Wilder References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anscombe , Alfred ( 1908 ) . The Anglo - Saxon Computation of Historic Time in the Ninth Century ( PDF ) . British Numismatic Society . p. 396 . Jump up ^ `` Ides of March : What Is It ? Why Do We Still Observe It ? '' . 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Scullard , H.H. ( 1981 ) . Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic . Cornell University Press . pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Scullard , H.H. Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Scullard , H.H. Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Lydus , John ( 6th century ) . De mensibus 4.36 . Other sources place it on 14 March . Jump up ^ Salzman , Michele Renee ( 1990 ) . On Roman Time : The Codex - Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity . University of California Press . pp. 124 & 128 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Fowler , William Warde ( 1908 ) . The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic . London . pp. 44 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Lancellotti , Maria Grazia ( 2002 ) . Attis , Between Myth and History : King , Priest , and God . Brill . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Lançon , Bertrand ( 2001 ) . Rome in Late Antiquity . Routledge . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Borgeaud , Philippe ( 2004 ) . Mother of the Gods : From Cybele to the Virgin Mary & Hochroth , Lysa ( Translator ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 51 , 90 , 123 , 164 . Jump up ^ Gary Forsythe , Time in Roman Religion : One Thousand Years of Religious History ( Routledge , 2012 ) , p. 88 ; Lancellotti , Attis , Between Myth and History , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Michele Renee Salzman , On Roman Time : The Codex Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity ( University of California Press , 1990 ) , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Jaime Alvar , Romanising Oriental Gods : Myth , Salvation and Ethics in the Cults of Cybele , Isis and Mithras , translated by Richard Gordon ( Brill , 2008 ) , pp. 288 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Firmicus Maternus , De errore profanarum religionum , 27.1 ; Rabun Taylor , `` Roman Oscilla : An Assessment '' , RES : Anthropology and Aesthetics 48 ( Autumn 2005 ) , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Lydus , De Mensibus 4.59 ; Suetonius , Otho 8.3 ; Forsythe , Time in Roman Religion , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Forsythe , Time in Roman Religion , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Macrobius , Saturnalia 1.21. 10 ; Forsythe , Time in Roman Religion , p. 88 ; Salzman , On Roman Time , p. 168 ... ^ Jump up to : Plutarch , Parallel Lives , Caesar 63 Jump up ^ `` William Shakespeare , Julius Caesar , Act 1 , Scene II '' . The Literature Network . Jalic , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` William Shakespeare , Julius Caesar , Act 3 , Scene I '' . The Literature Network . Jalic , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Divus Julius 81 . Jump up ^ `` Forum in Rome , '' Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Ovid , Fasti 3.697 -- 710 ; A.M. Keith , entry on `` Ovid , '' Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome , p. 128 ; Geraldine Herbert - Brown , Ovid and the Fasti : An Historical Study ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1994 ) , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Melissa Barden Dowling , Clemency and Cruelty in the Roman World ( University of Michigan Press , 2006 ) , pp. 50 -- 51 ; Arthur Keaveney , The Army in the Roman Revolution ( Routledge , 2007 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Life of Augustus 15 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio 48.14. 2 . External links ( edit ) Plutarch , The Parallel Lives , The Life of Julius Caesar Nicolaus of Damascus , Life of Augustus ( translated by Clayton M. Hall ) ( hide ) William Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar Characters Julius Caesar Mark Antony Octavius Lepidus Flavius Marullus Cicero Calpurnia Portia Cinna Titinius Messala Young Cato Volumnius Conspirators Marcus Brutus Cassius Casca Decius Brutus Cinna Metellus Cimber Trebonius Caius Ligarius Sources Parallel Lives On screen 1950 1953 The Spread of the Eagle ( 1963 ; TV ) 1970 1979 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) Adaptations La morte di Cesare ( 1788 ) Shakespeare Writing `` Julius Caesar '' ( 1907 ) Caesar ( 1937 ) Die Ermordung Cäsars ( 1959 ) Dead Caesar ( 2007 ) The Karaoke King ( 2007 ) Roman Tragedies ( 2007 ) Quotes `` The dogs of war '' `` Et tu , Brute ? '' `` Friends , Romans , countrymen , lend me your ears '' `` Greek to me '' Music Julius Caesar ( overture , 1851 ) Related Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Assassination of Julius Caesar Caesar 's Comet Ides of March Battle of Philippi Me and Orson Welles ( 2008 ) Caesar Must Die ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ides_of_March&oldid=842793598 '' Categories : Julius Caesar ( play ) Assassination of Julius Caesar March observances Shakespearean phrases Roman calendar Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Use dmy dates from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 18 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was told beware the ides of march | [
"In modern times, the Ides of March is best known as the date on which Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC. Caesar was stabbed to death at a meeting of the Senate. As many as 60 conspirators, led by Brutus and Cassius, were involved. According to Plutarch,[19] a seer had warned that harm would come to Caesar no later than the Ides of March. On his way to the Theatre of Pompey, where he would be assassinated, Caesar passed the seer and joked, \"The Ides of March are come\", implying that the prophecy had not been fulfilled, to which the seer replied \"Aye, Caesar; but not gone.\"[19] This meeting is famously dramatised in William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, when Caesar is warned by the soothsayer to \"beware the Ides of March.\"[20][21] The Roman biographer Suetonius[22] identifies the \"seer\" as a haruspex named Spurinna."
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-6441342175765347988 | The Core | The core - wikipedia The core Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2003 science fiction film . For other uses , see Core . The Core Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Amiel Produced by Sean Bailey David Foster Cooper Layne Written by Cooper Layne John Rogers Starring Aaron Eckhart Hilary Swank Delroy Lindo Stanley Tucci Tchéky Karyo DJ Qualls Bruce Greenwood Alfre Woodard Music by Christopher Young Cinematography John Lindley Edited by Terry Rawlings Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date March 28 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 28 ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $85 million Box office $74 million The Core is a 2003 American science fiction disaster film . The film focuses on a team whose mission is to drill to the center of the Earth and set off a series of nuclear explosions in order to restart the rotation of the Earth 's core . The film was directed by Jon Amiel , and stars Aaron Eckhart , Hilary Swank , Delroy Lindo , Stanley Tucci , Tchéky Karyo , DJ Qualls , Bruce Greenwood and Alfre Woodard . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Geophysicist Dr. Josh Keyes ( Aaron Eckhart ) and scientists Dr. Serge Leveque ( Tchéky Karyo ) and Dr. Conrad Zimsky ( Stanley Tucci ) become aware of an instability of Earth 's magnetic field after a series of incidents across the globe . They determine that the Earth 's molten core , which generates this field , has stopped rotating , and within a year the field will collapse exposing the planet 's surface directly to devastating solar radiation . Backed by the U.S. Government , Keyes , Leveque , and Zimsky create a plan to bore down to the core and set off several nuclear explosions to restart the rotation . They gain the help of rogue scientist Dr. Ed `` Braz '' Brazzelton ( Delroy Lindo ) who has devised a vessel made of `` Unobtainium '' that can withstand the heat and pressure within the Earth 's crust and convert it to energy , as well as a laser - driven boring system that will allow them to quickly pass through the crust . Construction starts immediately on the Virgil , a multi-compartment vessel to be helmed by Space Shuttle Endeavour pilots Commander Robert Iverson ( Bruce Greenwood ) and Major Rebecca `` Beck '' Childs ( Hilary Swank ) who will join Keyes and the others . To prevent a worldwide panic , Keyes enlists computer hacker Theodore Donald `` Rat '' Finch ( DJ Qualls ) to scour the Internet and eliminate all traces of the pending disaster or their plan . Virgil is launched through the Marianas Trench from an offshore platform . The team accidentally drills through a gigantic empty geode structure 700 miles below the surface , damaging the lasers when it lands at its base and cracking the geode 's structure and causing magma to flow in from above . The crew repair and restart the laser array in time , but Iverson is killed by a falling crystal shard that hits him in the helmet and subsequently fell into magma , while returning to the ship . As Virgil continues , it clips a huge diamond that breaches the hull of the last compartment . Leveque sacrifices himself to save the nuclear launch codes before the compartment is crushed by extreme pressure . Meanwhile , on the surface , the public becomes aware of problems after super storms and unfiltered patches of ultra-violet radiation destroy Rome and San Francisco . Finch is unable to stop worldwide panic but instead learns of the top - secret project `` DESTINI '' ( Deep Earth Seismic Trigger INItiative ) , which is the government 's ' secondary protocol ' and will be deployed should the Virgil mission fail . Finch relays his information to Keyes , who discovers that Zimsky was one of DESTINI 's lead scientists . DESTINI , according to Zimsky , was designed as a weapon to propagate earthquakes through the Earth 's core , but its first activation unintentionally stopped its rotation instead . Zimsky reveals the government will use it again to attempt a restart of the core . Keyes is convinced it will have disastrous results and has Finch hack into DESTINI 's system and cut its power supply to buy the Virgil more time . Virgil eventually reaches the molten core , and , as they take readings , they discover that the density of the core is far different from what they expected , which will not allow their plan to work . They calculate that by splitting their nuclear weapons into the remaining compartments and jettisoning each at specific distances , they can create a `` ripple effect '' , where the power of each bomb will push against the blast of the next , generating the energy required to restart the core . However , because Virgil was not designed to jettison undamaged compartments , the plan requires someone to deactivate a safety switch that is in an area exposed to the extreme temperatures . Brazzelton volunteers and deactivates the switch , dying shortly afterwards . Keyes and Zimsky race to reset the nuclear charges , and Zimsky gets trapped in one of the detaching compartments . Keyes believes they still may have too little yield , but Zimsky suggests they use the ship 's nuclear fuel source as well , which will leave the Virgil powerless . Keyes deploys the nuclear core in the last compartment and detaches it just as the triggered detonations start , and then the core 's rotation is restarted . Drifting powerless in the core , Keyes and Childs realize they can use the unobtainium shell to convert the heat and pressure from the wavefront to power the Virgil , and they are able to escape from the Earth 's core . They break through the crust underwater , leaving them safe on the ocean floor but power and communications are offline . They believe themselves lost underwater but use the remaining power to activate a weak sonar beacon . The beacon attracts a nearby whale pod , and Finch is able to trace their whale songs to locate the Virgil . A week after the mission , Finch unleashes the full details of the mission , including those lost , and of DESTINI to the public via the Internet . Cast ( edit ) Aaron Eckhart as Dr. Joshua `` Josh '' Keyes , a scientist and professor at the University of Chicago who designs the navigation system for Virgil and is assigned as head of the project . Hilary Swank as Major Rebecca `` Beck '' Childs , USAF , an astronaut who distinguished herself during an emergency crash landing of the Space Shuttle Endeavour in Los Angeles , California , a result of the magnetic instability . Delroy Lindo as Dr. Edward `` Braz '' Brazzelton , the designer of Virgil and the ultrasonic laser . Stanley Tucci as Dr. Conrad Zimsky , Earth specialist and designer of Project D.E.S.T. INI , based in London . He went on high alert after the magnetic instability caused an attack in Trafalgar Square by an enormous flock of pigeons . Tchéky Karyo as Dr. Serge Leveque , nuclear weapons specialist . Bruce Greenwood as Commander Robert `` Bob '' Iverson , USN , Major Childs ' commander and mentor . DJ Qualls as Theodore Donald `` Rat '' Finch , a computer hacker who is widely regarded as the best in the world , crippled the FBI 's database , recruited to control the flow of information on the Internet to prevent public panic . Alfre Woodard as Dr. Talma `` Stick '' Stickley , the mission controller for NASA Space Shuttle Endeavour and Virgil . Richard Jenkins as Lieutenant General Thomas Purcell , U.S. Army , leader of the operation . Production ( edit ) The Core had out - to - sea scenes , starring the USS Abraham Lincoln ( CVN - 72 ) , with full support of the US Navy . Reception ( edit ) The film garnered mixed reviews . The film received 41 % positive reviews out of 153 reviews , with an average rating of 5.3 / 10 at the movie review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes ; the site 's consensus states `` a B - movie with its tongue planted firmly in cheek , The Core is so unintentionally ( intentionally ? ) bad that it 's a hoot . '' Several reviews cited the numerous scientific inaccuracies in the film . The film made only $31 million in United States theaters , and another $42 million overseas for a total worldwide gross of $74,132,631 . thus failing to make its $85 million production budget back . Elvis Mitchell , of The New York Times , said , `` The brazen silliness of The Core is becalming and inauthentic , like taking a bath in nondairy coffee creamer . The Earth core 's inability to turn is mirrored in the cast 's inability to give the picture any spin . '' Kenneth Turan , of the Los Angeles Times , was a little more forgiving , saying , `` If The Core finally has to be classified as a mess , it is an enjoyable one if you 're in a throwback mood . After all , a film that comes up with a rare metal called Unobtainium ca n't be dismissed out of hand . '' In response to criticism of his screenplay 's lack of scientific realism , screenwriter John Rogers responded that he tried to make the science accurate , but expended three years fighting `` to get rid of the ... dinosaurs , magma - walks in ' space - suits ' , bullshit - sci - crap sources for the Earth 's crisis , and a windshield for the ship Virgil . '' On March 30 , 2009 , it was reported that Dustin Hoffman was leading a campaign to get more real science into science - fiction movies . Hoffman is on the advisory board of the Science & Entertainment Exchange , an initiative of the United States National Academy of Sciences , intended to foster collaborations between scientists and entertainment industry professionals in order to minimize inaccurate representations of science and technology such as those found in The Core . In a poll of hundreds of scientists about bad science fiction films , The Core was voted the worst . On February 21 , 2010 , The Guardian ran an article about American professor Sidney Perkowitz 's proposals to curb bad science in science fiction movies . In the article , Perkowitz is said to have hated The Core . `` If you violate ( the coherent rules of science ) you are in trouble . The chances are that the public will pick it up and that is what matters to Hollywood . The Core did not make money because people understood the science was so out to lunch , '' he added . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Numbers.com Jump up ^ Mitchell , Elvis ( March 28 , 2003 ) . `` Movie Review - ' The Core ' - Trying to Jump - Start the Earth 's Heart '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Core ' - MOVIE REVIEW - Los Angeles Times '' . LATimes.com . March 28 , 2003 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Screenwriter Of THE CORE Responds ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Jan 4 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Actor Dustin Hoffman lobbies for more reality in science - fiction movies ' '' . News.com.au . March 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ian Sample ( February 21 , 2010 ) . `` Drive to make Hollywood obey the laws of science Film '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Core The Core at AllMovie The Core at Box Office Mojo The Core on IMDb The Core at Metacritic The Core at Rotten Tomatoes Review of The physics of The Core at Bad Astronomy Review of the Core at Intuitor.com ( hide ) Films directed by Jon Amiel The Silent Twins ( 1986 ) Queen of Hearts ( 1989 ) Tune in Tomorrow ( 1990 ) Sommersby ( 1993 ) Copycat ( 1995 ) The Man Who Knew Too Little ( 1997 ) Entrapment ( 1999 ) The Core ( 2003 ) Creation ( 2009 ) Deliverance Creek ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Core&oldid=805558193 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films 2000s action films 2000s disaster films 2000s science fiction films American disaster films American films American science fiction action films Film scores by Christopher Young Films directed by Jon Amiel Films set in Alaska Films set in Boston Films set in California Films set in Chicago Films set in London Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Paris Films set in Rome Films set in San Francisco Films set in the Middle East Films set in the Pacific Ocean Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Films set in Utah Films set in Washington , D.C. Films about nuclear war and weapons Films shot in Vancouver Paramount Pictures films Travel to the Earth 's center United States Navy in films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 04 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | movie going to the center of the earth | [
"The Core is a 2003 American science fiction disaster film. The film focuses on a team whose mission is to drill to the center of the Earth and set off a series of nuclear explosions in order to restart the rotation of the Earth's core. The film was directed by Jon Amiel, and stars Aaron Eckhart, Hilary Swank, Delroy Lindo, Stanley Tucci, Tchéky Karyo, DJ Qualls, Bruce Greenwood and Alfre Woodard."
] | [
"The Core"
] |
1170002907557352648 | Grey's Anatomy (season 14) | Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 19 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season will consist of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper . This season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . The season also marked the last appearance for Martin Henderson as a series regular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . The season picks up right where it left off after the fire in the previous season finale . Grey - Sloan takes on a new , improved appearance after it is repaired of the damages from the fire . Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) finds herself in another love triangle with Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) and his long - lost fiancée , Megan Hunt ( Abigail Spencer ) , though she encourages Riggs to resume his relationship with Megan over her . Meredith performs a ground - breaking surgery on Megan , landing her a Harper Avery Award . Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) and Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) fiddle with the idea of a relationship after Jackson and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) decide to live apart . Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) returns to Seattle to assist with Megan 's reappearance and notices the tension in Owen and Amelia 's relationship . With the help of DeLuca 's sister , visiting doctor Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ) , Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) discovers she has a brain tumor that has been impairing her judgment for the last 10 years . After it is removed by her former professor Tom Koracick ( Greg Germann ) , Amelia and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) decide to end their marriage . Meanwhile , after Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) reveals to Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) that he tracked down her husband , Alex and Jo reconcile their relationship , with Jo declaring that she will divorce Paul ( Matthew Morrison ) . A new class of interns is introduced , one of which has a history with Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) . Ben Warren ( Jason George ) joins the Fire Academy but has trouble telling his wife , Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) threatens to pull funding from Grey - Sloan and fires Bailey as Chief , but he soon after passes away , reinstating Bailey in the position . After Eliza Minnick ( Marika Domińczyk ) is fired from Grey - Sloan , she ghosts Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , who subsequently begins dating Carina . Their relationship is short - lived , however , as Arizona inadvertently ends it while preparing for Sofia to return home from New York . Carina begins a sexual relationship with the newly single Owen . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Blake Hood as Clive Johnson Bethany Joy Lenz as Jenny Justin Bruening as Paramedic Matthew Taylor Nayah Damasen as Kimmie Park Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez Rachel Ticotin as Dr. Marie Cerone Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea ' Andy ' Herrera Scott Speedman as Dr. Nick Marsh Mary Kay Place as Olive Warner Sarah Utterback as Nurse Olivia Harper Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season , after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here and Now . Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project . Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season , Jessica Capshaw will return for the 14th season . On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Kim Raver is set to reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc . In August 2017 , it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season . After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character , Eliza Minnick , it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show . On September 13 , 2017 , another guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) , and later it was revealed that his character would be Tom Koracick , Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor . On October 9 , 2017 , the new group of interns to join the cast in the fourth episode `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam , Alex Blue Davis as Casey , Rushi Kota as Vik , Jaicy Elliot as Taryn , Sophia Ali as Dahlia , and Jake Borelli as Levi . On October 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode titled `` Danger Zone '' would be his last . On January 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground breaking surgery . On March 8 , 2018 , it was announced that both Jessica Capshaw and Sarah Drew would leave the series following the conclusion of the season . It was released on April 4 , 2018 that a familiar character would be returning to the set later on in the season as Sarah Utterback 's Nurse Olivia Harper would be revisiting Grey Sloan , not as a nurse but as mom of a patient . Details of her storyline or duration of arc have yet to be released . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10 , 2017 . It premiered on September 28 , 2017 , with a two - hour premiere . Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season . On April 28 , 2017 , veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season . On January 11 , 2018 , ABC released a six - episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series regular Sarah Drew . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift '' , Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan , Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas . With Megan 's reappearance , Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom , which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia . With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit , Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person . After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza , Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her . When DeLuca comes home , he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona . 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 Carina , DeLuca 's sister , asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard . Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon . Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex . Later , it is revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns . Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia , who seems to be avoiding him and his family . Even without the support of Jackson , Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor . She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain . 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor . Much to her chagrin , Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has not been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she is closest . Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him , Avery fires her . In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief . Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor . Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist , who winds up as a patient , to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan . Jo asks Alex to move back home . 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 Amelia has her brain tumor removed , but in the days following , she experiences some complications , such as speaking only French , and memory loss . Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine , which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper 's passing , a quarter billion dollars . Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate . Using her research to justify his entry into the country , Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America . Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness . Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home . Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her . 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she will start her new life with Nathan and her son , Farouk , they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah , Iraq . During their time overseas , Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was not initially intended for her . Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean . Despite the good news of the engagement , Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat , which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing . Distraught over her brother 's betrayal , she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops , leading to her disappearance . While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen , he bonds with Farouk , who is having trouble acclimating to the free world . He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith , as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy . 299 6 `` Come on Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal , JSA , Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure , made possible by Jo 's persuasion , to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis . The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat , whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home . Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence , recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard . While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina , Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting . At the surgeon - intern mixer , Meredith learns that she has been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however , the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient . Jackson gives half his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition . Jo learns she is in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge . DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past , while Owen and Carina are caught kissing . 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks , Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold . Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs . Cristina Yang , George O'Malley , and Izzie Stevens . Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR , after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair . As Arizona performs surgery on Liza , Izzie 's look - a-like , she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle . Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is , to which Alex says he knows how she is : a happily married surgeon with three children . As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston , Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek . Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department , due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues . Unable to fly out to Boston , in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award . 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons , Jo begins her reign as chief resident . Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial , as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million . Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented , Bailey realizes it is due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance . Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed , they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age '' . One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence , causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere . Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband , Paul , on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient . 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 8.27 While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon , Jo tries to steer clear of him . Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce . Drenched in blood , Jackson and Maggie save their patient 's life , and then bond in the locker room after showers ; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions , very similar to when they were overseas . Bailey works with an exceptionally computer - savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital ; this intern later outs himself as `` a proud trans man '' . After Paul 's fiancée , Jenny , tells him about her secret exchange with Jo , Meredith has to pretend to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital . However , he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit - and - run . This episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 , the episode 's title . 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 8.62 With Paul recovering from surgery , Meredith questions the alibi that Alex and Jo provide her . Believing that it is his fiancée , Jenny , who ran him over , Jo feels the need to consult her . April 's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé , Matthew , proving to be more than an awkward situation , as she helps deliver their baby , and then watches him deal with his wife 's unexpected death . Jackson , Bailey , and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12 - year - old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home by a window . Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER , prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker `` the talk '' . When Jo and Jenny go to Paul 's room to announce they are taking him to court , he gets in a bout of rage and falls out of his bed , knocking himself out and becoming brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated . April ends up in the shower with Roy , an intern , after she finds herself questioning her faith . 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' Nicole Rubio Elisabeth R. Finch February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 8.93 With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack , Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian ; however , after her doctors treat her condescendingly , assuming she is imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD , she calls on Maggie to come save her . When Maggie arrives , she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey 's record of attendance . With her life flashing before her eyes , Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she has gone through to get to this point in her life . Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life , Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up . Ben announces that he has quit being a firefighter , but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves . 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' Jeannot Szwarc Kiley Donovan February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 7.32 As the contest draws near , a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars . In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday , Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie , who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother 's death . Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case , in order to save their patient 's ability to sing , as well as retain all mental capabilities . Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient , who is back with multiple miniature spleens , which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition , and Jackson gets pulled into his mother 's gender confirmation proposal , despite his wishes . 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Nzingha Stewart Stacy McKee March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 7.52 A house fire brings two young boys , who were rescued by the Seattle Grace fire department -- Station 19 , to the ER . Meredith meets Andy Herrera , a firefighter , who has her hand inside the patient , clamping his abdominal aorta . While Andy gets a front row seat to view the action inside the OR , Ben struggles with idea of not being a surgeon anymore . Dr. Tom Koracik , Amelia 's former professor , shows up to help her with her research project , but quickly shoots down her ideas . However , when they confront each other about their difference in opinion , they come up with an idea to save her patient . Richard watches Bailey very closely , as it is her first day back after recovering from her heart attack . Jackson begins to worry about April and the fact that the interns have nicknamed her `` the Party '' . 307 14 `` Games People Play '' Chandra Wilson Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 7.07 As Maggie 's budding romance with Clive becomes more serious , Amelia suggests hosting a game night so they can secretly judge him . Meredith prepares to meet the owner of the patent she is ; however , she is surprised to find out that it is an old `` friend '' of her mother 's . When Marie turns down the opportunity to hand over the patent , Meredith resorts to showing her the device has already been implemented and works . The legal team is brought in after April forgets to file a report when she accidentally severs a patient 's ear , which falls to the floor and causes Deluca to slip and fall , resulting in a concussion . Alex requests permission to use medicinal marijuana on his underage patient , but when her grandma learns of his treatment plan , she temporarily fires him . The game night takes a turn when April has an inebriated breakdown and an unexpected guest shows up -- Clive 's wife . Calling off the relationship , Jackson sees his opportunity and makes his move on Maggie . Richard reveals to Meredith that Marie and Ellis had a falling out , which leads Meredith to the conclusion that she has been played . 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' Ellen Pompeo Tameson Duffy March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 7.18 Alex , Jo , and Maggie reflect on their first loves as they prepare their teenaged patient for heart surgery ; however , when a heart transplant becomes available , he denies it until his boyfriend breaks up with him . Marie tells Meredith that her friendship with Ellis ended when Ellis left her name off her Harper Avery award winning research . Marie gives Meredith the ultimatum that for her to get the patent , she must make a statement that the Grey Method is now the Grey - Cerone Method . After a night spent together , April confesses to Tom that her deviant behavior is a result of her failing faith and hatred of God . Maggie and Jackson learn to move past their quirks and baggage . Alex fears that Jo 's fellowship applications indicate that she 's willing to leave him behind in Seattle ; however , in a twist of events , Jo asks Alex to marry her and he quickly accepts . 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' Nicole Rubio Jalysa Conway March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 7.61 Bailey 's patient turns out to be one of her childhood heroes , a female astronaut who is in the process of building a time machine . Meredith throws in the towel on her research , since she is no longer receiving the patent . Richard and Catherine learn of Jackson and Maggie 's relationship , which causes some awkward tension as Jackson , Catherine , and Richard work together on the vaginoplasty case . April hijacks the trauma certification drill , and leaves the interns in tears and doubt . After Bailey loses her patient , she finds the inspiration needed to name her research project `` The Trailblazer '' , and Jo reignites Meredith 's will to continue on with her project . Amelia and Owen continue to pursue their `` friends with benefits '' relationship until she finds out how close Owen and Teddy are , and Arizona helps Sofia get accustomed to her new life away from New York . 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' Kevin McKidd Elisabeth R. Finch March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 7.15 April crosses Bailey when she disagrees on Bailey 's treatment plan for a rabbi who came in three times for diverticulitis and only gave him antibiotics , and who is now suffering from toxic epidermal necrolysis as a side effect . As April treats the rabbi , he gives her a lesson on faith which allows her to reflect on her recent struggles . Meredith buddies up with a new transplant surgeon from the Mayo Clinic , Dr Nick Marsh , who is recovering from a recent kidney transplant of his own . After his lab results come back , Meredith rushes him to surgery to remove a blood clot and successfully saves his kidney . After calling it quits with Amelia , Owen reconnects with Teddy , who now lives in Germany . However , after the short , happy reunion , Teddy learns that just a short while ago he was still sleeping with Amelia and refuses to be his second choice . 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' Geary McLeod Alex Manugian April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 6.84 Richard is surprised to see his AA sponsor , Ollie , arrive at Grey Sloan in an ambulance . After she denies him the ability to save her life once more , he enlists the help of Maggie and Meredith . Now that Owen is back in the States , he has to face the disdain of Arizona and Amelia 's failure to fix things with Teddy . In between the personal conversations , Arizona and Owen look further into a fraudulent oncologist . In their pursuit , they coincidentally learn that Arizona has breast cancer -- at least until it was proven that the image he produced was a fake . Alex , Amelia , and Tom resect Noah 's brain tumor , despite never performing the procedure before . Though successful , Amelia and Tom decide that it is too risky to do the same for Kimmy , which infuriates Alex. April strives to make amends with her colleagues , and Jackson , claiming that she has found Jesus again . Meredith and Jo learn that their research can be successful without the polymer , and that they can help patients grow livers and save lives . 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' Jeannot Szwarc Meg Marinis April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 6.97 Bailey gets caught off guard when an agent from ICE ( Immigration and Customs Enforcement ) shows up looking for one of her surgical interns , Sam . Unaware of the situation , Sam explains that she 's a `` dreamer '' protected by DACA . While Meredith and Andrew scheme up ideas to keep Sam from being deported back to El Salvador , Bailey distracts Agent Fields with concerns about his own health . As Arizona and Carina move forward in their research by learning from their previous patient 's death , April is surprised to see Matthew back at Grey Sloan with his baby who is failing to thrive . When Alex refuses to give up on Kimmy , Jo realizes Kimmy 's dream and signs off on discharge papers . Catherine comes back to support Richard who has stayed with Ollie right through her final breath . Meredith sends Sam to Zurich to study under Cristina ; Owen signs up to become a foster parent , and Jackson confronts Maggie about her tendency to resist their relationship . Jackson directs the Harper Avery Foundation to release a researcher from an agreement so she can collaborate with Amelia ; Catherine tells Richard that the hospital is now doomed . 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' Sydney Freeland Julie Wong April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) TBD 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' Kevin McKidd Mark Driscoll April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) TBD 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' Jesse Williams Andy Reaser May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) TBD 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' TBA TBA May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) TBD 317 24 `` All of Me '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) TBD Ratings ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 2.3 / 9 8.27 7 14 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 2.3 / 9 8.62 7 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 2.3 / 9 8.93 5 8 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 2.0 / 8 7.32 6 13 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 2.0 / 8 7.52 9 17 307 14 `` Games People Play '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 1.7 / 7 7.07 9 19 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 1.8 / 7 7.18 5 15 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 1.9 / 8 7.61 7 12 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 1.8 / 7 7.15 8 19 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 1.7 / 7 6.84 8 20 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 1.7 / 7 6.97 8 16 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 317 24 `` All of Me '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) Live + 7 day ( dvr ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.5 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.5 3.53 3.4 11.67 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.07 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 1.3 3.30 3.6 11.58 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 1.3 3.35 3.6 11.98 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 1.4 3.41 3.7 12.35 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 1.5 3.72 3.5 11.05 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 1.6 3.90 3.6 11.43 307 14 `` Games People Play '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 1.5 3.57 3.2 10.65 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 1.5 3.64 3.3 10.82 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 1.4 3.25 3.3 10.87 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 1.4 3.50 3.2 10.66 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 1.4 3.58 3.1 10.43 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 317 24 `` All of Me '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs '' . EW . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Jessica Capshaw , Sarah Drew to Exit After Season 14 , though this is not entirely sure yet '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role '' . E !. Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 '' . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns '' . E !. Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niles , Billy ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . eonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/02/scott-speedman-cast-greys-anatomy-guest-star-animal-kingdom-exit-tnt-1202279529/ ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Is Welcoming Back Another Familiar Face in Season 14 '' . E !. Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Ball HBO Series Casts Sosie Bacon , Daniel Zovatto , Raymond Lee & Jerrika Hinton '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy spoiler ! Look who else is leaving Grey Sloan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Another cast member exits '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . E ! Online . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( @ KristaVernoff ) ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14 ! # NeverSayNever '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team '' . People.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Tournament adjusts down but ahead of 2017 : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Sweet 16 ahead of last year : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1420 ) `` Judgment Day '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1421 ) `` Bad Reputation '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1422 ) `` Fight For Your Mind '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - grey 's anatomy on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy - Episode 14.24 - Episode Title Revealed '' . SpoilerTV. April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` FOX dominates , ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Grammys and ' NCIS ' carry CBS to victory : Week 18 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII ( obviously ) dominates week 19 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics push NBC to No. 1 for the season : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Low Oscars still carries ABC to No. 1 : Week 23 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' helps ABC lead the week 24 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' NCAA carry CBS to No. 1 : Week 25 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` March Madness and ' 60 Minutes ' carry CBS : Week 26 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' carries ABC to No. 1 in week 27 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ABC and CBS share lead in week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' is still No. 1 , but CBS wins week 29 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&oldid=837272458 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 19 : 53 . 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"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n294\n1\n\"Break Down the House\"\nDebbie Allen\nKrista Vernoff\nSeptember 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)\n8.07[25]\n\n\nIn a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan \"major uplift\", Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan, Owen's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas. With Megan's reappearance, Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom, which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia. With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit, Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person. After being \"ghosted\" by Eliza, Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her. When DeLuca comes home, he finds his sister half-naked on his couch with Arizona.\n\n\n295\n2\n\"Get Off on the Pain\"\nKevin McKidd\nKrista Vernoff\nSeptember 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)\n8.07[25]\n\n\nCarina, DeLuca's sister, asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital; Bailey obliges due to society's double standard. Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan's wounds; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith's intentions of being Megan's surgeon. Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex. Later, it is revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns. Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia, who seems to be avoiding him and his family. Even without the support of Jackson, Amelia fights to remove a patient's mastoid tumor. She later takes part in Carina's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain.\n\n\n296\n3\n\"Go Big or Go Home\"\nChandra Wilson\nMeg Marinis\nOctober 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)\n8.06[26]\n\n\nAmelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor. Much to her chagrin, Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has not been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she is closest. Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation; when Bailey stands up to him, Avery fires her. In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief. Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor. Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist, who winds up as a patient, to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan. Jo asks Alex to move back home.\n\n\n297\n4\n\"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?\"\nGeary McLeod\nMarlana Hope\nOctober 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)\n8.08[27]\n\n\nAmelia has her brain tumor removed, but in the days following, she experiences some complications, such as speaking only French, and memory loss. Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine, which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper's passing, a quarter billion dollars. Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate. Using her research to justify his entry into the country, Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan's adopted son to America. Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness. Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home. Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her.\n\n\n298\n5\n\"Danger Zone\"\nCecilie Mosli\nJalysa Conway\nOctober 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)\n7.67[28]\n\n\nAs Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she will start her new life with Nathan and her son, Farouk, they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah, Iraq. During their time overseas, Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was not initially intended for her. Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean. Despite the good news of the engagement, Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat, which is later revealed to her as Owen's own doing. Distraught over her brother's betrayal, she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops, leading to her disappearance. While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen, he bonds with Farouk, who is having trouble acclimating to the free world. He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith, as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy.\n\n\n299\n6\n\"Come on Down to My Boat, Baby\"\nLisa Leone\nKiley Donovan\nNovember 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)\n7.38[29]\n\n\nAs the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal, JSA, Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure, made possible by Jo's persuasion, to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis. The men of Grey Sloan take a \"sick day\" and hang out on a Jackson's newly purchased boat, whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder. Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home. Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence, recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard. While Arizona and April repair a woman's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina, Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting. At the surgeon-intern mixer, Meredith learns that she has been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award; however, the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient. Jackson gives half his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition. Jo learns she is in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge. DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past, while Owen and Carina are caught kissing.\n\n\n300\n7\n\"Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story\"\nDebbie Allen\nKrista Vernoff\nNovember 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)\n8.13[30]\n\n\nWhen a roller coaster car derails off its tracks, Meredith's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold. Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital: Drs. Cristina Yang, George O'Malley, and Izzie Stevens. Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR, after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair. As Arizona performs surgery on Liza, Izzie's look-a-like, she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia's return to Seattle. Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is, to which Alex says he knows how she is: a happily married surgeon with three children. As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston, Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek. Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department, due to Bailey's fear that he has commitment issues. Unable to fly out to Boston, in an OR—in front of her friends and colleagues—Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award.\n\n\n301\n8\n\"Out of Nowhere\"\nKevin McKidd\nWilliam Harper\nNovember 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)\n7.52[31]\n\n\nAs the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons, Jo begins her reign as chief resident. Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial, as all of the patients' records get held hostage for $20 million. Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented, Bailey realizes it is due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson's inheritance. Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed, they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the \"Stone Age\". One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence, causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere. Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband, Paul, on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient.\n\n\n302\n9\n\"1-800-799-7233\"\nBill D'Elia\nAndy Reaser\nJanuary 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)\n8.27[32]\n\n\n\nWhile the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon, Jo tries to steer clear of him. Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce. Drenched in blood, Jackson and Maggie save their patient's life, and then bond in the locker room after showers; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions, very similar to when they were overseas. Bailey works with an exceptionally computer-savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital; this intern later outs himself as \"a proud trans man\". After Paul's fiancée, Jenny, tells him about her secret exchange with Jo, Meredith has to pretend to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital. However, he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit-and-run.\n\nThis episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline: 1-800-799-7233, the episode's title.\n\n\n303\n10\n\"Personal Jesus\"\nKevin Sullivan\nZoanne Clack\nJanuary 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)\n8.62[33]\n\n\nWith Paul recovering from surgery, Meredith questions the alibi that Alex and Jo provide her. Believing that it is his fiancée, Jenny, who ran him over, Jo feels the need to consult her. April's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé, Matthew, proving to be more than an awkward situation, as she helps deliver their baby, and then watches him deal with his wife's unexpected death. Jackson, Bailey, and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12-year-old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home by a window. Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER, prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker \"the talk\". When Jo and Jenny go to Paul's room to announce they are taking him to court, he gets in a bout of rage and falls out of his bed, knocking himself out and becoming brain dead. Still legally his wife, Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated. April ends up in the shower with Roy, an intern, after she finds herself questioning her faith.\n\n\n304\n11\n\"(Don't Fear) the Reaper\"\nNicole Rubio\nElisabeth R. Finch\nFebruary 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)\n8.93[34]\n\n\nWith her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack, Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian; however, after her doctors treat her condescendingly, assuming she is imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD, she calls on Maggie to come save her. When Maggie arrives, she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey's record of attendance. With her life flashing before her eyes, Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she has gone through to get to this point in her life. Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life, Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up. Ben announces that he has quit being a firefighter, but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves.\n\n\n305\n12\n\"Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger\"\nJeannot Szwarc\nKiley Donovan\nFebruary 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)\n7.32[35]\n\n\nAs the contest draws near, a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars. In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday, Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie, who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother's death. Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case, in order to save their patient's ability to sing, as well as retain all mental capabilities. Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient, who is back with multiple miniature spleens, which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition, and Jackson gets pulled into his mother's gender confirmation proposal, despite his wishes.\n\n\n306\n13\n\"You Really Got a Hold on Me\"\nNzingha Stewart\nStacy McKee\nMarch 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)\n7.52[36]\n\n\nA house fire brings two young boys, who were rescued by the Seattle Grace fire department—Station 19, to the ER. Meredith meets Andy Herrera, a firefighter, who has her hand inside the patient, clamping his abdominal aorta. While Andy gets a front row seat to view the action inside the OR, Ben struggles with idea of not being a surgeon anymore. Dr. Tom Koracik, Amelia's former professor, shows up to help her with her research project, but quickly shoots down her ideas. However, when they confront each other about their difference in opinion, they come up with an idea to save her patient. Richard watches Bailey very closely, as it is her first day back after recovering from her heart attack. Jackson begins to worry about April and the fact that the interns have nicknamed her \"the Party\".\n\n\n307\n14\n\"Games People Play\"\nChandra Wilson\nJason Ganzel & Julie Wong\nMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)\n7.07[37]\n\n\nAs Maggie's budding romance with Clive becomes more serious, Amelia suggests hosting a game night so they can secretly judge him. Meredith prepares to meet the owner of the patent she is; however, she is surprised to find out that it is an old \"friend\" of her mother's. When Marie turns down the opportunity to hand over the patent, Meredith resorts to showing her the device has already been implemented and works. The legal team is brought in after April forgets to file a report when she accidentally severs a patient's ear, which falls to the floor and causes Deluca to slip and fall, resulting in a concussion. Alex requests permission to use medicinal marijuana on his underage patient, but when her grandma learns of his treatment plan, she temporarily fires him. The game night takes a turn when April has an inebriated breakdown and an unexpected guest shows up—Clive's wife. Calling off the relationship, Jackson sees his opportunity and makes his move on Maggie. Richard reveals to Meredith that Marie and Ellis had a falling out, which leads Meredith to the conclusion that she has been played.\n\n\n308\n15\n\"Old Scars, Future Hearts\"\nEllen Pompeo\nTameson Duffy\nMarch 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)\n7.18[38]\n\n\nAlex, Jo, and Maggie reflect on their first loves as they prepare their teenaged patient for heart surgery; however, when a heart transplant becomes available, he denies it until his boyfriend breaks up with him. Marie tells Meredith that her friendship with Ellis ended when Ellis left her name off her Harper Avery award winning research. Marie gives Meredith the ultimatum that for her to get the patent, she must make a statement that the Grey Method is now the Grey-Cerone Method. After a night spent together, April confesses to Tom that her deviant behavior is a result of her failing faith and hatred of God. Maggie and Jackson learn to move past their quirks and baggage. Alex fears that Jo's fellowship applications indicate that she’s willing to leave him behind in Seattle; however, in a twist of events, Jo asks Alex to marry her and he quickly accepts.\n\n\n309\n16\n\"Caught Somewhere in Time\"\nNicole Rubio\nJalysa Conway\nMarch 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)\n7.61[39]\n\n\nBailey's patient turns out to be one of her childhood heroes, a female astronaut who is in the process of building a time machine. Meredith throws in the towel on her research, since she is no longer receiving the patent. Richard and Catherine learn of Jackson and Maggie's relationship, which causes some awkward tension as Jackson, Catherine, and Richard work together on the vaginoplasty case. April hijacks the trauma certification drill, and leaves the interns in tears and doubt. After Bailey loses her patient, she finds the inspiration needed to name her research project \"The Trailblazer\", and Jo reignites Meredith’s will to continue on with her project. Amelia and Owen continue to pursue their \"friends with benefits\" relationship until she finds out how close Owen and Teddy are, and Arizona helps Sofia get accustomed to her new life away from New York.\n\n\n310\n17\n\"One Day Like This\"\nKevin McKidd\nElisabeth R. Finch\nMarch 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)\n7.15[40]\n\n\nApril crosses Bailey when she disagrees on Bailey's treatment plan for a rabbi who came in three times for diverticulitis and only gave him antibiotics, and who is now suffering from toxic epidermal necrolysis as a side effect. As April treats the rabbi, he gives her a lesson on faith which allows her to reflect on her recent struggles. Meredith buddies up with a new transplant surgeon from the Mayo Clinic, Dr Nick Marsh, who is recovering from a recent kidney transplant of his own. After his lab results come back, Meredith rushes him to surgery to remove a blood clot and successfully saves his kidney. After calling it quits with Amelia, Owen reconnects with Teddy, who now lives in Germany. However, after the short, happy reunion, Teddy learns that just a short while ago he was still sleeping with Amelia and refuses to be his second choice.\n\n\n311\n18\n\"Hold Back the River\"\nGeary McLeod\nAlex Manugian\nApril 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)\n6.84[41]\n\n\nRichard is surprised to see his AA sponsor, Ollie, arrive at Grey Sloan in an ambulance. After she denies him the ability to save her life once more, he enlists the help of Maggie and Meredith. Now that Owen is back in the States, he has to face the disdain of Arizona and Amelia's failure to fix things with Teddy. In between the personal conversations, Arizona and Owen look further into a fraudulent oncologist. In their pursuit, they coincidentally learn that Arizona has breast cancer—at least until it was proven that the image he produced was a fake. Alex, Amelia, and Tom resect Noah’s brain tumor, despite never performing the procedure before. Though successful, Amelia and Tom decide that it is too risky to do the same for Kimmy, which infuriates Alex. April strives to make amends with her colleagues, and Jackson, claiming that she has found Jesus again. Meredith and Jo learn that their research can be successful without the polymer, and that they can help patients grow livers and save lives.\n\n\n312\n19\n\"Beautiful Dreamer\"\nJeannot Szwarc\nMeg Marinis\nApril 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)\n6.97[42]\n\n\nBailey gets caught off guard when an agent from ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) shows up looking for one of her surgical interns, Sam. Unaware of the situation, Sam explains that she’s a “dreamer” protected by DACA. While Meredith and Andrew scheme up ideas to keep Sam from being deported back to El Salvador, Bailey distracts Agent Fields with concerns about his own health. As Arizona and Carina move forward in their research by learning from their previous patient’s death, April is surprised to see Matthew back at Grey Sloan with his baby who is failing to thrive. When Alex refuses to give up on Kimmy, Jo realizes Kimmy’s dream and signs off on discharge papers. Catherine comes back to support Richard who has stayed with Ollie right through her final breath. Meredith sends Sam to Zurich to study under Cristina; Owen signs up to become a foster parent, and Jackson confronts Maggie about her tendency to resist their relationship. Jackson directs the Harper Avery Foundation to release a researcher from an agreement so she can collaborate with Amelia; Catherine tells Richard that the hospital is now doomed.\n\n\n313\n20\n\"Judgment Day\"[43]\nSydney Freeland\nJulie Wong\nApril 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)\nTBD\n\n\n314\n21\n\"Bad Reputation\"[44]\nKevin McKidd\nMark Driscoll\nApril 26, 2018 (2018-04-26)\nTBD\n\n\n315\n22\n\"Fight for Your Mind\"[45]\nJesse Williams\nAndy Reaser\nMay 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)\nTBD\n\n\n316\n23\n\"Cold as Ice\"[46]\nTBA\nTBA\nMay 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)[46]\nTBD\n\n\n317\n24\n\"All of Me\"[46]\nDebbie Allen[47]\nKrista Vernoff[47]\nMay 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)[46]\nTBD\n\n"
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"April 26, 2018"
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-3728769634360520202 | War on Cancer | War on cancer - wikipedia War on cancer Jump to : navigation , search The War on Cancer refers to the effort to find a cure for cancer by increased research to improve the understanding of cancer biology and the development of more effective cancer treatments , such as targeted drug therapies . The aim of such efforts is to eradicate cancer as a major cause of death . The signing of the National Cancer Act of 1971 by United States president Richard Nixon is generally viewed as the beginning of this effort , though it was not described as a `` war '' in the legislation itself . Despite significant progress in the treatment of certain forms of cancer ( such as childhood leukemia ) , cancer in general remains a major cause of death 40 + years after this war on cancer began , leading to a perceived lack of progress and to new legislation aimed at augmenting the original National Cancer Act of 1971 . New research directions , in part based on the results of the Human Genome Project , hold promise for a better understanding of the genetic factors underlying cancer , and the development of new diagnostics , therapies , preventive measures , and early detection ability . However , targeting cancer proteins can be difficult , as a protein can be undruggable . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 National Cancer Act of 1971 1.2 NCI Director 's Challenge 1.3 Renewed focus on cancer 1.4 Livestrong Foundation 1.5 21st Century Cancer Access to Life - Saving Early detection , Research and Treatment ( ALERT ) Act 1.6 Obama - Biden Plan to Combat Cancer 1.7 World Cancer Campaign 2 Progress 2.1 Challenges 3 Modern cancer research 3.1 Genome - based cancer research projects 3.1. 1 The Cancer Genome Atlas 3.1. 2 Cancer Genome Project 3.2 Cancer research supportive infrastructure 4 Modern cancer treatment 4.1 Cancer clinical trials 4.2 Targeted tumor treatment 5 Public education and support 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Cancer National cancer Act of 1971 ( edit ) External video The Long War on Cancer , Retro Report The war on cancer began with the National Cancer Act of 1971 , a United States federal law . The act was intended `` to amend the Public Health Service Act so as to strengthen the National Cancer Institute in order to more effectively carry out the national effort against cancer '' . It was signed into law by President Nixon on December 23 , 1971 . Health activist and philanthropist Mary Lasker was instrumental in persuading the United States Congress to pass the National Cancer Act . She and her husband Albert Lasker were strong supporters of medical research . They established the Lasker Foundation which awarded people for their research . In the year of 1943 , Mary Lasker began changing the American Cancer Society to get more funding for research . Five years later she contributed to getting federal funding for the National Cancer Institute and the National Heart Institute . In 1946 the funding was around $2.8 million and had grown to over $1.4 billion by 1972 . In addition to all of these accomplishments , Mary became the president of the Lasker Foundation due to the death of her husband in 1952 . Lasker 's devotion to medical research and experience in the field eventually contributed to the passing of the National Cancer Act . The improved funding for cancer research has been quite beneficial over the last 40 years . In 1971 , the number of survivors in the U.S. was 3 million and as of 2007 has increased to more than 12 million . NCI director 's challenge ( edit ) In 2003 , Andrew von Eschenbach , the director of the National Cancer Institute ( who served as FDA Commissioner from 2006 - 2009 and is now a Director at biotechnology company BioTime ) issued a challenge `` to eliminate the suffering and death from cancer , and to do so by 2015 '' . This was supported by the American Association for Cancer Research in 2005 though some scientists felt this goal was impossible to reach and undermined von Eschenbach 's credibility . John E. Niederhuber , who succeeded Andrew von Eschenbach as NCI director , noted that cancer is a global health crisis , with 12.9 million new cases diagnosed in 2009 worldwide and that by 2030 , this number could rise to 27 million including 17 million deaths `` unless we take more pressing action . '' Harold Varmus , former director of the NIH and current director of the NCI , held a town hall meeting in 2010 in which he outlined his priorities for improving the cancer research program , including the following : reforming the clinical trials system , improving utilization of the NIH clinical center ( Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center ) , readjusting the drug approval and regulation processes , improving cancer treatment and prevention , and formulating new , more specific and science - based questions . Renewed focus on cancer ( edit ) Recent years have seen an increased perception of a lack of progress in the war on cancer , and renewed motivation to confront the disease . On July 15 , 2008 , the United States Senate Committee on Health , Education , Labor , and Pensions convened a panel discussion titled , Cancer : Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century . It included interviews with noted cancer survivors such as Arlen Specter , Elizabeth Edwards and Lance Armstrong , who came out of retirement in 2008 , returning to competitive cycling `` to raise awareness of the global cancer burden . '' Livestrong Foundation ( edit ) The Livestrong Foundation created the Livestrong Global Cancer Campaign to address the burden of cancer worldwide and encourage nations to make commitments to battle the disease and provide better access to care . In April 2009 , the foundation announced that the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan pledged $300 million to fund three important cancer control initiatives -- building a cutting - edge cancer treatment and research facility , developing a national cancer control plan and creating an Office of Advocacy and Survivorship . The Livestrong Foundation encourages similar commitments from other nations to combat the disease . Livestrong Day is an annual event established by the LAF to serve as `` a global day of action to raise awareness about the fight against cancer . '' Individuals from around the world are encouraged to host cancer - oriented events in their local communities and then register their events with the Livestrong website . 21st Century cancer access to Life - Saving early detection , research and treatment ( ALERT ) Act ( edit ) The US Senate on 26 March 2009 issued a new bill ( S. 717 ) , the 21st Century Cancer Access to Life - Saving Early detection , Research and Treatment ( ALERT ) Act intended to `` overhaul the 1971 National Cancer Act . '' The bill aims to improve patient access to prevention and early detection by : providing funding for research in early detection , supplying grants for screening and referrals for treatment , and increasing access to clinical trials and information . Obama - Biden plan to combat cancer ( edit ) During their 2008 U.S. presidential campaign then Senators Barack Obama and Joe Biden published a plan to combat cancer that entailed doubling `` federal funding for cancer research within 5 years , focusing on NIH and NCI '' as well as working `` with Congress to increase funding for the Food and Drug Administration . '' Their plan would provide additional funding for : research on rare cancers and those without effective treatment options , the study of health disparities and evaluation of possible interventions , and efforts to better understand genetic factors that can impact cancer onset and outcomes . President Obama 's 2009 economic stimulus package includes $10 billion for the NIH , which funds much of the cancer research in the U.S. , and he has pledged to increase federal funding for cancer research by a third for the next two years as part of a drive to find `` a cure for cancer in our time . '' In a message published in the July 2009 issue of Harper 's Bazaar , President Obama described his mother 's battle with ovarian cancer and , noting the additional funding his administration has slated for cancer research , stated : `` Now is the time to commit ourselves to waging a war against cancer as aggressive as the war cancer wages against us . '' On 30 September 2009 , Obama announced that $1 billion of a $5 billion medical research spending plan would be earmarked for research into the genetic causes of cancer and targeted cancer treatments . Cancer - related federal spending of money from the 2009 Recovery Act can be tracked online . Prostate cancer funding has been removed from the proposed 2016 CDC budget . World cancer campaign ( edit ) The International Union Against Cancer ( UICC ) has organized a World Cancer campaign in 2009 with the theme , `` I love my healthy active childhood , '' to promote healthy habits in children and thereby reduce their lifestyle - based cancer risk as adults . The World Health Organization is also promoting this campaign and joins with the UICC in annually promoting World Cancer Day on 4 February . Progress ( edit ) Though there has been significant progress in the understanding of cancer biology , risk factors , treatments , and prognosis of some types of cancer ( such as childhood leukemia ) since the inception of the National Cancer Act of 1971 , progress in reducing the overall cancer mortality rate has been disappointing . Many types of cancer remain largely incurable ( such as pancreatic cancer ) and the overall death rate from cancer has not decreased appreciably since the 1970s . The death rate for cancer in the U.S. , adjusted for population size and age , dropped only 5 percent from 1950 to 2005 . Cancer was expected to surpass cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death in the world by 2010 , according to the World Health Organization 's World Cancer Report 2008 . As of 2012 , WHO reported 8.2 million annual deaths from cancer Heart disease ( including both Ischaemic and hypertensive ) accounted for 8.5 million annual deaths . Stroke accounted for 6.7 million annual deaths . There is evidence for progress in reducing cancer mortality . Age - specific analysis of cancer mortality rates has had progress in reducing cancer mortality in the United States since 1955 . An August 2009 study found that age - specific cancer mortality rates have been steadily declining since the early 1950s for individuals born since 1925 , with the youngest age groups experiencing the steepest decline in mortality rate at 25.9 percent per decade , and the oldest age groups experiencing a 6.8 percent per decade decline . Dr. Eric Kort , the lead author of this study , claims that public reports often focus on cancer incidence rates and underappreciate the progress that has been achieved in reduced cancer mortality rates . The effectiveness and expansion of available therapies has seen significant improvements since the 1970s . For example , lumpectomy replaced more invasive mastectomy surgery for the treatment of breast cancer . Treatment of childhood leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia ( CML ) have undergone major advances since the war on cancer began . The drug Gleevec now cures most CML patients , compared to previous therapy with interferon , which extended life for approximately 1 year in only 20 - 30 percent of patients . Dr. Steven Rosenberg , chief of surgery at the NCI has said that as of the year 2000 , 50 % of all diagnosed cases of cancer are curable through a combination of surgery , radiation , and chemotherapy . Cancer surveillance experts have reported a 15.8 percent decrease in the age - standardized death rate from all cancers combined between 1991 and 2006 along with an approximately 1 percent annual decrease in the rate of new diagnoses between 1999 and 2006 . A large portion of this decreased mortality for men was attributable to smoking cessation efforts in the United States . A 2010 report from the American Cancer Society found that death rates for all cancers combined decreased 1.3 % per year from 2001 to 2006 in males and 0.5 % per year from 1998 to 2006 in females , largely due to decreases in the 3 major cancer sites in men ( lung , prostate , and colorectum ) and 2 major cancer sites in women ( breast and colorectum ) . Cancer death rates between 1990 and 2006 for all races combined decreased by 21.0 % among men and by 12.3 % among women . This reduction in the overall cancer death rates translates to the avoidance of approximately 767,000 deaths from cancer over the 16 - year period . Despite these reductions , the report noted , cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons younger than 85 years . An improvement in the number of cancer survivors living in the U.S. was indicated in a 2011 report by the CDC and the NCI , which noted that the number of cancer survivors in 2007 ( 11.7 million ) increased by 19 % from 2001 ( 9.8 million survivors ) . The number of cancer survivors in 1971 was 3 million . Breast , prostate , and colorectal cancers were the most common types of cancer among survivors , accounting for 51 % of diagnoses . As of January 1 , 2007 , an estimated 64.8 % of cancer survivors had lived ≥ 5 years after their diagnosis of cancer , and 59.5 % of survivors were aged ≥ 65 years . A continued decline in cancer rates in the U.S. among both women and men , across most major racial groups , and in the most common cancer sites ( lung , colon and rectum ) , was indicated in a 2013 report by the National Cancer Institute . However , the same report indicated an increase from 2000 to 2009 in cancers of the liver , pancreas and uterus . Challenges ( edit ) A multitude of factors have been cited as impeding progress in finding a cure for cancer and key areas have been identified and suggested as important to accelerate progress in cancer research . Since there are many different forms of cancer with distinct causes , each form requires different treatment approaches . However , this research could still lead to therapies and cures for many forms of cancer . Some of the factors that have posed challenges for the development of preventive measures and anti-cancer drugs and therapies include the following : Inherent biological complexity of the disease : number of changes within a cell leading to the cancerous state disease heterogeneity due to different tissues of origin contribution of numerous genetic and environmental risk factors complexity of cellular interactions and cell signaling within the tumor microenvironment suitability of model organisms for understanding human disease . Roadblocks to translational medicine Challenges of early detection and diagnosis The drug approval process Availability of and access to patients with suitable tumor tissue for research Challenges in implementing preventive measures , such as the development and use of preventive drugs and therapies Choropleth mapping of the changes over time , of the national incidence rate , by cancer type , relative to the population at risk , is a technical challenge . `` The public is so jaded by cancer research media attention at the moment ... And let 's face it , rather embarrassingly , most claimed ' breakthroughs ' are not proving to significantly advance cancer therapies ... It is a real conundrum for researchers today , because ' early publicity ' is needed for funding , capital raising and professional kudos , but not too helpful for the public who then think that an immediate cure might be just around the corner . '' Professor Brendon Coventry , 9 July 2013 Modern cancer research ( edit ) Genome - based cancer research projects ( edit ) The rise of a new class of molecular technologies developed during the Human Genome Project opens up new ways to study cancer and holds the promise for the discovery of new aspects of cancer biology that could eventually lead to novel , more effective diagnostics and therapies for cancer patients . These new technologies are capable of screening many biomolecules and genetic variations such as SNPs and copy number variations in a single experiment and are employed within functional genomics and personalized medicine studies . Speaking on the occasion of the announcement of $1 billion in new funding for genome - based cancer research , Dr. Francis Collins , director of the NIH claimed , `` We are about to see a quantum leap in our understanding of cancer . '' Harold Varmus , after his appointment to be the director of the NCI , said we are in a `` golden era for cancer research , '' poised to profit from advances in our understanding of the cancer genome . High - throughput DNA sequencing has been used to study the whole genome sequence of two different cancer tissues : a small - cell lung cancer metastasis and a malignant melanoma cell line . The sequence information provides a comprehensive catalog of approximately 90 % of the somatic mutations in the cancerous tissue , providing a more detailed molecular and genetic understanding of cancer biology than was previously possible , and offering hope for the development of new therapeutic strategies gleaned from these insights . The cancer Genome Atlas ( edit ) The Cancer Genome Atlas ( TCGA ) , a collaborative effort between the National Cancer Institute and the National Human Genome Research Institute , is an example of a basic research project that is employing some of these new molecular approaches . One TCGA publication notes the following : Here we report the interim integrative analysis of DNA copy number , gene expression and DNA methylation aberrations in 206 glioblastomas ... Together , these findings establish the feasibility and power of TCGA , demonstrating that it can rapidly expand knowledge of the molecular basis of cancer . In a cancer research funding announcement made by president Obama in September 2009 , TCGA project is slated to receive $175 million in funding to collect comprehensive gene sequence data on 20,000 tissue samples from people with more than 20 different types of cancer , in order to help researchers understand the genetic changes underlying cancer . New , targeted therapeutic approaches are expected to arise from the insights resulting from such studies . Cancer Genome Project ( edit ) The Cancer Genome Project at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute aims to identify sequence variants / mutations critical in the development of human cancers . The Cancer Genome Project combines knowledge of the human genome sequence with high throughput mutation detection techniques . Cancer research supportive infrastructure ( edit ) Advances in information technology supporting cancer research , such as the NCI 's caBIG project , promise to improve data sharing among cancer researchers and accelerate `` the discovery of new approaches for the detection , diagnosis , treatment , and prevention of cancer , ultimately improving patient outcomes . '' Modern cancer treatment ( edit ) Cancer clinical trials ( edit ) Researchers are considering ways to improve the efficiency , cost - effectiveness , and overall success rate of cancer clinical trials . Increased participation in rigorously designed clinical trials would increase the pace of research . Currently , about 3 % of people with cancer participate in clinical trials ; more than half of them are patients for whom no other options are left , patients who are participating in `` exploratory '' trials designed to burnish the researchers ' résumés or promote a drug rather than to produce meaningful information , or in trials that will not enroll enough patients to produce a statistically significant result . Targeted Tumor treatment ( edit ) A major challenge in cancer treatment is to find better ways to specifically target tumors with drugs and chemotherapeutic agents in order to provide a more effective , localized dose and to minimize exposure of healthy tissue in other parts of the body to the potentially adverse effects of the treatments . The accessibility of different tissues and organs to anti-tumor drugs contributes to this challenge . For example , the blood -- brain barrier blocks many drugs that may otherwise be effective against brain tumors . In November 2009 , a new , experimental therapeutic approach for treating glioblastoma was published in which the anti-tumor drug Avastin was delivered to turmor site within the brain through the use of microcatheters , along with mannitol to temporarily open the blood -- brain barrier permitting delivery of the chemotherapy into the brain . Public Education and support ( edit ) An important aspect to the war on cancer is improving public access to educational and supportive resources , to provide individuals with the latest information about cancer prevention and treatment , as well as access to support communities . Resources have been created by governmental and other organizations to provide support for cancer patients , their families and caregivers , to help them share information and find advice to guide decision making . 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( 2008 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways '' . Nature . 455 ( 7216 ) : 1061 -- 1068 . doi : 10.1038 / nature07385 . PMC 2671642 . PMID 18772890 . Jump up ^ `` The Cancer Genome Project website '' . Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` About caBIG '' . NCI 's cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid website . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Patlak , Margie ; Nass , Sharyl ( 2008 ) . Improving the Quality of Cancer Clinical Trials : Workshop Summary . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 11668 - 6 . Jump up ^ Grady , Denise ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Breaching a Barrier to Fight Brain Cancer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` World 's First Delivery of Intra-Arterial Avastin Directly Into Brain Tumor '' . Science Daily . 2009 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cancer Information Service '' . NCI . 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External links ( edit ) NCI Cancer Bulletin , biweekly updates on cancer research news Forty Years ' War , a series in The New York Times examining the War on Cancer ( 2009 ) Why We 're Losing the War on Cancer and How to Win It on CNN ( 2007 ) Waging War on Cancer , documentary television show hosted by Paula Zahn Richard Nixon 37th President of the United States ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) U.S. Senator from California ( 1950 -- 1953 ) U.S. Representative for CA - 12 ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Nixon Doctrine `` Bring Us Together '' Economic policies Nixon shock Tar Baby Option Environmental Protection Agency creation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space exploration 1971 National Cancer Act Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords `` Peace with Honor '' Silent majority Cold War period Linkage policy 1972 Visit to China Shanghai Communiqué Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Endangered Species Act Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Enemies List list of opponents Operation CHAOS Watergate timeline White House tapes United States v. 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the united states declare a war on cancer by passing the national cancer act | [
"The War on Cancer refers to the effort to find a cure for cancer by increased research to improve the understanding of cancer biology and the development of more effective cancer treatments, such as targeted drug therapies. The aim of such efforts is to eradicate cancer as a major cause of death. The signing of the National Cancer Act of 1971 by United States president Richard Nixon is generally viewed as the beginning of this effort, though it was not described as a \"war\" in the legislation itself.[1]"
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"1971"
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1245767533251081075 | Leader–member exchange theory | Leader -- member exchange theory - wikipedia Leader -- member exchange theory Jump to : navigation , search The leader -- member exchange ( LMX ) theory is a relationship - based approach to leadership that focuses on the two - way ( dyadic ) relationship between leaders and followers . It suggests that leaders develop an exchange with each of their subordinates , and that the quality of these leader -- member exchange relationships influences subordinates ' responsibility , decisions , and access to resources and performance . Relationships are based on trust and respect and are often emotional relationships that extend beyond the scope of employment . Leader -- member exchange may promote positive employment experiences and augment organizational effectiveness . It is widely used by many managers and is replacing many of its predecessors . The latest version ( 2016 ) of leader -- member exchange theory of leadership development explains the growth of vertical dyadic workplace influence and team performance in terms of selection and self - selection of informal apprenticeships in leadership . It suggests that leaders select the best and make offers and members of team accept or not . Apprentices who complete the program develop strong emotional attachments with their mentor - teacher . This is reflected in their descriptions by both of their relationship as one of mutual respect for competence , trust in character and benevolence toward each other . Those who complete the apprenticeship training are more collaborative , helpful to all team members , more deeply engaged in team activities and contribute more to team health and prosperity . This is seen as a win - win relationship by both parties , their team , network and overall organization . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theory 1.1 Background 1.2 Consequences 1.3 Culture 1.4 Citizenship behaviors 2 Evolution 2.1 The four stages 2.1. 1 Stage 1 : Vertical dyad linkage 2.1. 2 Stage 2 : Leader -- member exchange 2.1. 3 Stage 3 : Leadership - making 2.1. 4 Stage 4 : Team - making 3 Limitations 4 Future developments 5 See also 6 References Theory ( edit ) The goal of LMX theory is to explain the effects of leadership on members , teams , and organizations . According to the theory , leaders form strong trust , emotional , and respect - based relationships with some members of a team , but not with others . LMX theory claims that leaders do not treat each subordinate the same . The work - related attitudes and behaviors of those subordinates depend on how they are treated by their leader . Background ( edit ) Based on Dulebohn et al . Dulebohn et al. identify three primary groups of antecedents : leader characteristics , follower characteristics , and interpersonal relationships . Followers are evaluated by their competence , agreeableness , conscientiousness , extraversion , neuroticism , and openness , positive affectivity , negative affectivity , and locus of control . Leaders , on the other hand , are evaluated based on supervisor 's expectation of followers , contingent reward behavior , transformational leadership , extraversion , and agreeableness . Although the leader takes a dominant role in creating an LMX relationship , the follower also plays an important part in creating the relationship . Interpersonal relationship variables that may affect this relationship are perceived similarity , affect / liking , integration , self - promotion , assertiveness , and leader trust . This variety of characteristics creates the basis for LMX and allows it to be successful or unsuccessful , depending on the present traits . Of the follower characteristics , competence , agreeableness , conscientiousness , extraversion , locus of control , and positive affectivity are all positively correlated with LMX . Negative affectivity and neuroticism are negatively correlated with LMX . All of the listed leader characteristics are positively correlated with LMX . With the exception of assertiveness , all of the interpersonal relationship variable correlated positively with LMX . In an experiment run by Dulebohn et al. that measured the effects of various characteristics on LMX and its outcomes , leader behaviors and perceptions explained most of the variance . This study suggests that it is up to the leader to form the relationships necessary for successful implementation of LMX . Consequences ( edit ) Whether LMX is successful can be measured by a multitude of consequences . Some of the consequences that can be measured include : turnover intentions , actual turnover , overall organizational citizenship behavior , affective commitment , normative commitment , general job satisfaction , satisfaction with supervisor , satisfaction with pay , procedural justice , distributive justice , empowerment , perceptions of politics , role ambiguity , and role conflict . LMX typically decreases turnover intentions and actual turnover , as well as role ambiguity and role conflict . LMX increases the other measures , particularly increasing perceptual and attitudinal outcomes . In their 1997 meta - analysis of LMX correlates and constructs , Gerstner & Day explain that research has generally found relationships between LMX and positive work performance and attitude measures , especially for members ( as opposed to leaders ) . That is , especially for members , LMX is associated with higher performance ratings , better objective performance , higher overall satisfaction , more satisfaction with supervisor , stronger organizational commitment , and more positive role perceptions . Gerstner & Day 's meta - analysis used 79 studies to examine the correlates of LMX . Their analysis found a positive correlation between the member 's perceptions of LMX and the leader 's ratings of the member 's job performance . It also found an even stronger positive correlation between the leader 's perceptions of LMX and the leader 's ratings of the member 's job performance . Fortunately for some subordinates , Gerstner & Day explain that supervisors may have a tendency to rate a subordinate more favorably due to a positive LMX relationship . They further explain that LMX perceptions may cause a leader to form positive or negative expectations about an employee which can then affect actual employee performance rather than only performance ratings . This meta - analysis also found statistically significant positive correlations between LMX and objective performance ( as opposed to subjective performance ratings ) , satisfaction with supervisor , overall satisfaction , organizational commitment , and role clarity . It found statistically significant negative correlations between LMX and role conflict and turnover intentions . Culture ( edit ) Rockstuhl et al. 's 2012 meta - analysis of LMX theory and national culture correlates found that in Western cultures LMX is more strongly correlated with organizational citizenship behavior ( OCB ) , justice perceptions , job satisfaction , turnover intentions , and leader trust than in Asian cultures . This meta - analysis used 253 studies conducted in 23 countries to compare the differences in how LMX influenced work - related attitudes and behaviors such as task performance , OCB , distributive justice , procedural justice , interactional justice , job satisfaction , affective commitment , normative commitment , and turnover intentions between two different cultural configurations : horizontal - individualistic ( Western countries ) and vertical - collectivist ( Asian countries ) . The analysis found that the relationships between LMX and citizenship behaviors , between LMX and justice outcomes , between LMX and job satisfaction , between LMX and turnover intentions , and between LMX and leader trust are stronger in horizontal - individualistic cultures than in vertical - collectivist cultures . The analysis also found that there is not a cultural difference in the relationships between LMX and task performance and between LMX and affective and normative organizational commitment . Citizenship behaviors ( edit ) Ilies et al. 's 2007 meta - analysis of LMX theory and citizenship behaviors found a positive relationship between LMX and citizenship behaviors . The meta - analysis also found that the target of the citizenship behaviors has a moderating effect on the magnitude of the relationship between LMX and citizenship behaviors . That is , citizenship behaviors targeted at individuals are more strongly correlated with LMX than are citizenship behaviors targeted at an organization . Evolution ( edit ) Much of what has become leader -- member exchange theory has origins in the introduction of the vertical dyad linkage theory ( VDL ) in 1975 . Vertical dyad linkage theory has become widely known as leader -- member exchange theory , although researchers such as George B. Graen and Mary Uhl - Bien maintain that current LMX theory differs markedly from early VDL work . Previous leadership theories had assumed that all subordinates have similar characteristics and that all supervisors behaved in the same fashion with all their subordinates . Gerstner and Day explain that traditional leadership theories attributed leadership effectiveness to personal characteristics of the leader , to features of the situation , or to an interaction between the two . LMX seeks to provide a different perspective that treats each subordinate / supervisor pair as an individual dyad with its own relationships . According to LMX , the quality of this dyadic relationship predicts attitudinal and behavioral outcomes ( such as those discussed above ) at the individual , group , and organizational level . In 1976 Graen published `` Role - making processes in complex organizations '' in the Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , further increasing awareness about LMX . Before this article was published , few researchers explored LMX , but after its publication , LMX became a widely - researched and - cited theory . By the 1980s , researchers in this field began transitioning from VDL to LMX , with the primary difference being a new focus specifically on jobs and task domains . By the 1990s LMX had started to become a substantial theory , integrating the previous theories of organizational citizenship behavior ( OCB ) and perceived organizational support ( POS ) . It became increasingly clear that LMX correlated with job satisfaction and organizational commitment . In 1995 Graen and Uhl - Bien used four stages to explain how LMX theory had evolved over time . ( A more detailed discussion of these stages follows below . ) During the first stage the theory primarily involved work socialization and vertical dyad linkage , with the focus was on the analysis of differentiated dyads , that is , in - groups and out - groups . In the second stage LMX studies focussed on the quality of the leader - member relationship and on its outcomes . The third stage involved the creation of a prescriptive approach to building dyadic relationships . In the fourth stage , LMX moved beyond the dyad level and researchers assessed it at the systems - level , that is , at group and network levels . From 2000 to the present , leader -- member exchange theory has been researched extensively , adding more correlates and processes , as described in the # Antecedents and Consequences sections above . LMX is evolving into a theory that crosses dyad - group levels . The four stages ( edit ) In their 1995 paper titled `` Relationship - Based Approach to Leadership : Development of Leader - Member Exchange ( LMX ) Theory of Leadership over 25 Years : Applying a Multi-Level Multi-Domain Perspective , '' George B. Graen and Mary Uhl - Bien discuss the development of LMX from through four evolutionary stages . Based on Graen and Uhl - Bien Stage 1 : vertical dyad linkage ( edit ) Graen and Uhl - Bien explain that research into issues relating to leader -- member exchange began with studies on work socialization and vertical dyad linkage which found that many managerial processes in organizations occurred on a dyadic basis , with managers forming differentiated relationships with those who reported to them . Longitudinal studies of management teams were conducted in which managers and those who reported to them were asked to describe their work and working relationships in terms of inputs , process , and outcomes . When asked to describe their manager 's behavior , different employees gave very different descriptions of the same person . Some employees described what are called `` high - quality exchanges '' ( also known as `` in - group '' ) , which are `` characterized by a high degree of mutual trust , respect , and obligation . '' Others described `` low - quality exchanges '' ( also known as `` out - group '' ) , which are `` characterized by low trust , respect , and obligation . '' According to Graen and Uhl - Bien , early VDL research concluded that these differentiated relationships resulted from a manager 's limited time and social resources , allowing him / her to form only a few higher - quality exchange relationships . Stage 2 : leader -- member exchange ( edit ) In the second stage , terminology shifted from vertical dyad linkage to leader -- member exchange . Graen and Uhl - Bien explain that VDL research was followed by a series of studies which moved the theory `` beyond a description of the differentiated relationships in a work unit to an explanation of how these relationships develop and what the consequences of the relationships are for organizational functioning '' . A number of studies analyzed the specific characteristics of LMX relationships , and other studies analyzed the relationship between LMX and organizational outcomes / consequences . Graen and Uhl - Bien describe the central concepts of LMX research at this time as : `` ( 1 ) development of LMX relationships is influenced by characteristics and behaviors of leaders and members and occurs through a role - making process , and ( 2 ) higher - quality LMX relationships have very positive outcomes for leaders , followers , work units , and the organization in general . '' Stage 3 : leadership - Making ( edit ) Graen and Uhl - Bien recount that the research in the third stage moved beyond `` in - groups '' and `` out - groups '' and focused more on producing effective leadership process through the development of effective leadership relationships . According to Graen and Uhl - Bien , the key difference in this stage is that it says that managers should make high - quality LMX relationships available to all employees , rather than having differentiated relationships among employees as described in the VDL approach . This stage uses the Leadership Making model to provide a more prescriptive and practically useful model of leadership development . The idea of Leadership Making began with two longitudinal field experiments that analyzed what would happen if leaders were trained to give all of their subordinates the opportunity to develop a high - quality relationship . Results showed that the performance of subordinates who took advantage of the opportunity to develop a high - quality LMX improved dramatically . Overall , the performance of the work unit improved by increasing the number of high - quality LMX relationships . The Leadership Making model was developed based on these studies to emphasize the importance of forming high - quality relationships within organizations and to outline a process for how these relationships might be formed and maintained in practice . The model describes a process in which leader -- member relationships go from a `` stranger '' phase ( characterized by formal , contractual interactions ) to an `` acquaintance '' stage ( characterized by increased social exchanges and the sharing of information and resources on a personal and work level ) to a level of `` mature partnership '' exchanges ( characterized by `` in kind '' exchanges that are behavioral and emotional , by loyalty , by support , by mutual respect , by trust , and by a high degree of incremental influence ) . Stage 4 : team - Making ( edit ) At the fourth stage Graen and Uhl - Bien propose using a systems - level perspective to investigate how differentiated dyadic relationships combine to form larger , network systems . These networks are what make up an organization 's `` leadership structure '' , or the `` pattern of leadership relationships among individuals throughout the organization '' . Graen and Uhl - Bien explain that the leadership structure emerges from the network of relationships and mutual dependencies that develop as organization members fulfill roles and complete tasks . Investigation at this stage analyzes task interdependencies and the quality of the relationships that develop due to these interdependencies . Specifically , research seeks to identify where more effective leadership relationships have a large impact on task performance as well as how differentiated relationships affect each other and the entire leadership structure . Limitations ( edit ) The main limitation of leader -- member exchange theory , and research on the topic , is that it is not particularly helpful in describing the specific leader behaviors that promote high quality relationships . This is due largely to the fact that LMX is a descriptive ( rather than normative ) theory which focuses on explaining how people relate to and interact with each other rather than on a prescription for how to form high quality LMX relationships . LMX research has limited discussion of leader behaviors that can promote relationship building , for the most part offering only generalities about the need for leaders to show trust , respect , openness , autonomy and discretion . ( citation needed ) There has been some theorizing about how to form high - quality LMX relationships , such as Graen & Uhl - Bien 's Leadership Making model , but this area of investigation is lacking in useful empirical evidence . Future developments ( edit ) While much work has been done on leader -- member exchange ( LMX ) in the past forty years , LMX is still being actively researched . One of the main questions regards how LMX relationships form and how managers can most effectively create them . Thus far , most large - scale studies have relied on existing dyads and investigated the consequences of those existing relationships . There exist many theories about how the initial dyadic relationship forms , and how to form strong leader -- member relationships , yet there is little consensus among scientists . Additionally , there is much to be learned about the context surrounding LMX , such as organizational culture . Although some research has been done examining national culture and LMX , it is still being heavily investigated . Another area for future research , which is suggested by Graen & Uhl - Bien , is investigating LMX relationships on a network scale . This involves looking at multiple LMX relationships across an organization and analyzing how these relationships influence and depend on each other , and how the quality of these relationships influences performance across the organization . Further research could also be done on how LMX and job embeddedness may interact to lead to higher job satisfaction . According to a study by Harris , Wheeler , and Kacmar ( 2011 ) , LMX leads to job embeddedness , which then leads to higher job satisfaction . Job embeddedness is a measurement of the extent to which people feel a part of their company and it is also related to the many antecedents of LMX that are discussed above . Currently most of the research on LMX focuses more on behavioral and job performance outcomes than on employee 's job satisfaction . Since employee job satisfaction can have many organizational benefits , this area might warrant further investigation . See also ( edit ) Social exchange theory Attribution ( psychology ) Transactional leadership Transformational leadership References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Graen , G.B. ; Uhl - Bien , M. ( 1995 ) . `` The Relationship - based approach to leadership : Development of LMX theory of leadership over 25 years : Applying a multi-level , multi-domain perspective '' . Leadership Quarterly 6 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 247 . doi : 10.1016 / 1048 - 9843 ( 95 ) 90036 - 5 . Jump up ^ Deluga , R.J. ( 1 June 1998 ) . `` Leader - Member Exchange Quality and Effectiveness Ratings : The Role of Subordinate - Supervisor Conscientiousness Similarity '' . Group & Organization Management . 23 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 216 . doi : 10.1177 / 1059601198232006 . ^ Jump up to : Bauer , Tayla ; Ergoden , Berrin ( 2015 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Leader - Member Exchange . New York , NY 10016 : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199326174 . Jump up ^ Liden , R.C. ; Sparrowe , R.T. ; Wayne , S.J. ( 1997 ) . `` Leader - member exchange theory : The past and potential for the future '' . Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management . 15 : 47 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Graen , G.B. & Canedo , J. ( 2016 ) . The new workplace leadership development . Oxford Bibliography on Management . Oxford University Press , N.Y. , New York . Jump up ^ Graen , G.B. , & Schiemann , W. ( 2013 ) . Leadership - motivated excellence theory : An extension of LMX . Journal of Managerial Psychology , 28 ( 5 ) , 452 -- 469 . Jump up ^ Nier , S.L. ( 2013 ) . LMX as `` silver bullet '' to all things now experienced in US civil service . Survey of 13,000 US Government Employees . ^ Jump up to : Rockstuhl , Thomas , Dulebohn , James H. , Ang , Soon , & Shore , Lynn M. ( 2012 ) . `` Leader -- Member Exchange ( LMX ) and Culture : A Meta - Analysis of Correlates of LMX Across 23 Countries . '' Journal of Applied Psychology 97 ( 6 ) : 1097 - 1130 . ^ Jump up to : Dulebohn , James H. ; Bommer , William H. ; Liden , Robert C. ; Brouer , Robyn L. ; Ferris , Gerald R. ( 2012 - 11 - 01 ) . `` A Meta - Analysis of Antecedents and Consequences of Leader - Member Exchange Integrating the Past With an Eye Toward the Future '' . Journal of Management . 38 ( 6 ) : 1715 -- 1759 . doi : 10.1177 / 0149206311415280 . ISSN 0149 - 2063 . ^ Jump up to : Dulebohn , James ; Bommer , William ; Liden , Robert ; Brouer , Robyn ; Ferris , Gerald ( 6 November 2012 ) . `` A Meta - Analysis of Antecedents and Consequences of Leader - Member Exchange : Integrating the Past With an Eye Toward the Future '' . Journal of Management . 36 ( 6 ) : 1715 -- 1759 . doi : 10.1177 / 0149206311415280 . ^ Jump up to : Gerstner , Charlotte R. , & Day , David V. ( 1997 ) . `` Meta - Analytic Review of Leader - Member Exchange Theory : Correlates and Construct Issues . '' Journal of Applied Psychology 82 ( 6 ) : 827 - 844 . ^ Jump up to : Ilies , Remus , Nahrgang , Jennifer D. & Morgeson , Frederick P. ( 2007 ) . `` Leader -- Member Exchange and Citizenship Behaviors : A Meta - Analysis . '' Journal of Applied Psychology 92 ( 1 ) : 269 - 277 . ^ Jump up to : Day , David ; Miscenko , Darja ( 2016 ) . Bauer , Talya ; Erdogan , Berrin , eds . Leader - Member Exchange ( LMX ) : Construct Evolution , Contributions , and Future Prospects for Advancing Leadership Theory . New York , NY 10016 : Oxford University Press . pp. 9 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 932617 - 4 . Jump up ^ Graen , G.B. ( 1976 ) . `` Role - making processes in complex organizations '' . In Dunnette , Marvin D. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology . Chicago : Rand McNally College Pub. Co. p. 1201 - 1245 . ISBN 0528629123 . ^ Jump up to : Anand , S. , Hu , J. , Liden , R.C. , & Vidyarthi , P.R. ( 2011 ) . Leader - member exchange : Recent research findings and prospects for the future . A. Bryman et al , 311 - 325 . Jump up ^ Harris , Kenneth J. ; Wheeler , Anthony R. ; Kacmar , K. Michele ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) . `` The mediating role of organizational job embeddedness in the LMX -- outcomes relationships '' . The Leadership Quarterly . 22 ( 2 ) : 271 -- 281 . doi : 10.1016 / j. leaqua. 2011.02. 003 . Seibert , S.E. ; Sparrowe , R.T. ; Liden , R.C. ( 2003 ) . `` A group exchange structure approach to leadership in groups '' . In Pearce , C.L. ; Conger , J.A. Shared leadership : Reframing the hows and whys of leadership . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 2623 - 2 . 17 - A critical test of overall leadership theory compared 35 meta - analyses data for the best fitting structural equation model . Comparing LMX theory with transformational leadership theory , consideration and initiation of structuring theory , and contingent reward theory confirmed a new model of charismatic leadership ( 17 ) . This overall model of the process specified the necessary establishment of an interpersonal LMX contract first followed by incentives of either transformational leadership , consideration , structuring or contingent reward related to appropriate follower performance and organizational citizen behavior . This advanced model represents a new understanding of how the four leading theories relate to a common process of building `` charismatic leadership '' . The most researched competing theories were not complete and were made whole and integrated into a single model of best leadership style ( charisma ) . 17 - Gottfredson , R.K. , & Aguinis , H. ( 2016 ) . Leadership behaviors and follower performance : Deductive and inductive examination of theoretical rationales and underlying mechanisms . Journal of Organizational Behavior . Wiley Online Library . www.wileyonlinelibrary.com . DOI : 10.11002 / job. 2152 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leader -- member_exchange_theory&oldid = 805301775 '' Categories : Industrial and organizational psychology Management Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Português Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 13 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | high leader–member exchange (lmx) relationships are based on | [
"The leader–member exchange (LMX) theory is a relationship-based approach to leadership that focuses on the two-way (dyadic) relationship between leaders and followers.[1] It suggests that leaders develop an exchange with each of their subordinates, and that the quality of these leader–member exchange relationships influences subordinates' responsibility, decisions, and access to resources and performance.[2] Relationships are based on trust and respect and are often emotional relationships that extend beyond the scope of employment.[3] Leader–member exchange may promote positive employment experiences and augment organizational effectiveness.[4] It is widely used by many managers and is replacing many of its predecessors."
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"approach to leadership that focuses on the two-way (dyadic) relationship between leaders and followers."
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-6158636386420356685 | South Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics | South Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia South Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics . South Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics Flag of South Korea IOC code KOR NOC Korean Olympic Committee Website www.sports.or.kr ( in Korean ) ( in English ) in Pyeongchang , South Korea February 9 -- 25 , 2018 Competitors 122 in 15 sports Flag bearer None ( opening ) and Lee Seung - hoon ( closing ) Medals Ranked 7th Gold Silver Bronze Total 5 8 17 Winter Olympics appearances ( overview ) 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Other related appearances Korea South Korea competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , as the host nation . It was represented by 122 competitors in all 15 sports . In January 2018 , following inter-governmental talks , the teams representing South Korea and North Korea entered the Opening Ceremony marching under the Korean Unification Flag , while in women 's ice hockey there was a single united Korean team . The games were the most successful in South Korea 's history in terms of total medals , with South Korean athletes winning 17 ( five gold , eight silver and four bronze ) , and earning the country 7th place in the overall medal table . Of the total , 13 medals were won by long - track and short - track speed skaters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medalists 2 Records 3 Competitors 4 Alpine skiing 5 Biathlon 6 Bobsleigh 7 Cross-country skiing 8 Curling 8.1 Men 's tournament 8.2 Women 's tournament 8.3 Mixed doubles 9 Figure skating 10 Freestyle skiing 11 Ice hockey 11.1 Men 's tournament 11.2 Women 's tournament 12 Luge 13 Nordic combined 14 Short track speed skating 15 Skeleton 16 Ski jumping 17 Snowboarding 18 Speed skating 19 Notes 20 See also 21 References 22 External links Medalists ( edit ) Further information : 2018 Winter Olympics medal table The following South Korean competitors won medals at the Games . In the by discipline sections below , medalists ' names are bolded . Medal Name Sport Event Date 01 ! Gold Hyo - jun , Lim Lim Hyo - jun Short track speed skating Men 's 1500 metres 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 01 ! Gold Sung - bin , Yun Yun Sung - bin Skeleton Men 's 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 01 ! Gold Min - jeong , Choi Choi Min - jeong Short track speed skating Women 's 1500 metres 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 01 ! Gold Choi Min - jeong Kim A-lang Kim Ye - jin Lee Yu - bin Shim Suk - hee Short track speed skating Women 's 3000 metre relay 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 01 ! Gold Seung - hoon , Lee Lee Seung - hoon Speed skating Men 's mass start 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 February 02 ! Silver Sang - hwa , Lee Lee Sang - hwa Speed skating Women 's 500 metres 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 02 ! Silver Min - kyu , Cha Cha Min - kyu Speed skating Men 's 500 metres 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 02 ! Silver Seung - hoon , Lee Lee Seung - hoon Jae - won , Chung Chung Jae - won Min - seok , Kim Kim Min - seok Speed skating Men 's team pursuit 000000002018 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 02 ! Silver Dae - heon , Hwang Hwang Dae - heon Short track speed skating Men 's 500 metres 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 02 ! Silver Sang - ho , Lee Lee Sang - ho Snowboarding Men 's parallel giant slalom 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 February 02 ! Silver Bo - reum , Kim Kim Bo - reum Speed skating Women 's mass start 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 February 02 ! Silver Eun - jung , Kim Kim Eun - jung Kyeong - ae , Kim Kim Kyeong - ae Seon - yeong , Kim Kim Seon - yeong Yeong - mi , Kim Kim Yeong - mi Cho - hi , Kim Kim Cho - hi Curling Women 's tournament 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 February 02 ! Silver Jung - lin , Jun Jun Jung - lin Dong - hyun , Kim Kim Dong - hyun Young - woo , Seo Seo Young - woo Yun - jong , Won Won Yun - jong Bobsleigh Four - man 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 February 03 ! Bronze Min - seok , Kim Kim Min - seok Speed skating Men 's 1500 metres 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 February 03 ! Bronze Yi - ra , Seo Seo Yi - ra Short track speed skating Men 's 1000 metres 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 03 ! Bronze Hyo - jun , Lim Lim Hyo - jun Short track speed skating Men 's 500 metres 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 03 ! Bronze Tae - yun , Kim Kim Tae - yun Speed skating Men 's 1000 metres 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February Medals by sport Sport 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Short track speed skating 6 Speed skating 7 Skeleton 0 0 Bobsleigh 0 0 Curling 0 0 Snowboarding 0 0 Total 5 8 17 Medals by date Day Date 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Day 1 10 February 0 0 Day 2 11 February 0 0 0 0 Day 3 12 February 0 0 0 0 Day 4 13 February 0 0 Day 5 14 February 0 0 0 0 Day 6 15 February 0 0 0 0 Day 7 16 February 0 0 Day 8 17 February 0 Day 9 18 February 0 0 Day 10 19 February 0 0 Day 11 20 February 0 0 Day 12 21 February 0 0 Day 13 22 February 0 Day 14 23 February 0 0 Day 15 24 February 0 Day 16 25 February 0 0 Total 5 8 17 Medals by gender Gender 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Male 5 12 Female 0 5 Total 5 8 17 Records ( edit ) Sport Event Date Round Athlete Time Record Ref Short track speed skating Men 's 1500 metres 10 February Final A Lim Hyo - jun 2 : 10.485 OR Men 's 5000 metre relay 13 February Semifinal 2 Hwang Dae - heon Kim Do - kyoum Kwak Yoon - gy Lim Hyo - jun 6 : 34.510 OR Women 's 500 metres 10 February Heat 8 Choi Min - jeong 42.870 OR 13 February Semifinal 1 Choi Min - jeong 42.422 OR Competitors ( edit ) The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport / discipline . Sport Men Women Total Alpine skiing Biathlon 5 6 Bobsleigh 6 Cross-country skiing Curling 6 6 12 Figure skating 7 Freestyle skiing 5 9 Ice hockey 25 0 48 Luge 5 Nordic combined 0 Short track speed skating 5 5 10 Skeleton Ski jumping 5 Snowboarding 7 10 Speed skating 9 7 16 Total 78 45 123 Additionally , 23 athletes of the women 's ice hockey team formed part of a unified Korea women 's team which competed under a different country code ( COR ) . Alpine skiing ( edit ) Main article : Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics South Korea qualified a total of two male and two female athletes for alpine skiing . Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Jung Dong - hyun Men 's giant slalom DNF Men 's slalom 51.79 31 53.28 28 1 : 45.07 27 Kim Dong - woo Men 's downhill N / A 1 : 47.99 48 Men 's super-G N / A 1 : 31.64 44 Men 's combined 1 : 24.02 56 53.02 31 2 : 17.04 33 Men 's giant slalom 1 : 14.49 43 1 : 15.56 41 2 : 30.05 39 Men 's slalom DNF Gim So - hui Women 's giant slalom 1 : 19.13 48 1 : 16.24 45 2 : 35.37 45 Women 's slalom DNF Kang Young - seo Women 's giant slalom 1 : 19.67 50 1 : 17.39 48 2 : 37.06 47 Women 's slalom DNF Mixed Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Jung Dong - hyun Kim Dong - woo Gim So - hui Kang Young - seo Team Austria ( AUT ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance Biathlon ( edit ) Main article : Biathlon at the 2018 Winter Olympics Based on their Nations Cup ranking in the 2016 -- 17 Biathlon World Cup , South Korea qualified five women and received one men spot . Athlete Event Time Misses Rank Timofey Lapshin Men 's sprint 24 : 22.6 1 ( 0 + 1 ) 16 Men 's pursuit 35 : 50.7 4 ( 1 + 0 + 2 + 1 ) 22 Men 's individual 50 : 28.6 1 ( 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 ) 20 Men 's mass start 38 : 07.4 1 ( 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 ) 25 Ekaterina Avvakumova Women 's sprint 26 : 24.9 6 ( 3 + 3 ) 87 Women 's individual 44 : 25.3 1 ( 0 + 0 + 1 + 0 ) 16 Anna Frolina Women 's sprint 22 : 56.9 3 ( 2 + 1 ) 32 Women 's pursuit 36 : 14.2 8 ( 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 ) 50 Women 's individual 47 : 50.4 5 ( 1 + 0 + 1 + 3 ) 61 Jung Ju - mi Women 's individual 53 : 32.8 6 ( 2 + 2 + 0 + 2 ) 78 Ko Eun - jung Women 's sprint 25 : 12.1 2 ( 1 + 1 ) 78 Mun Ji - hee Women 's sprint 25 : 26.6 6 ( 2 + 4 ) 82 Women 's individual 50 : 21.5 7 ( 0 + 3 + 2 + 2 ) 78 Ekaterina Avvakumova Anna Frolina Ko Eun - jung Mun Ji - hee Women 's team relay 1 : 20 : 20.6 22 ( 5 + 17 ) 18 Bobsleigh ( edit ) Main article : Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics Based on their rankings in the 2017 -- 18 Bobsleigh World Cup , South Korea qualified three sleds . Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Won Yun - jong * Seo Young - woo Two - man 49.50 11 49.39 49.15 5 49.36 5 3 : 17.40 6 Jun Jung - lin Kim Dong - hyun Seo Young - woo Won Yun - jong * Four - man 48.65 49.19 48.89 49.65 10 3 : 16.38 02 ! Kim Min - seong Kim Yoo - ran * Two - woman 51.24 = 15 51.20 12 51.32 13 51.55 17 3 : 25.31 15 * Denotes the driver of each sled Cross-country skiing ( edit ) Main article : cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics South Korea qualified a total of two male and two female athletes for cross-country skiing . Distance Athlete Event Classical Freestyle Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Deficit Rank Kim Eun - ho Men 's 15 km freestyle N / A 39 : 07.9 + 5 : 24.0 85 Men 's 30 km skiathlon 48 : 29.9 66 LAP Men 's 50 km classical N / A LAP Kim Magnus Men 's 15 km freestyle N / A 36 : 39.0 + 2 : 55.1 45 Men 's 50 km classical N / A 2 : 24 : 14.0 + 15 : 51.9 47 Ju Hye - ri Women 's 10 km freestyle N / A 31 : 27.1 + 6 : 26.6 79 Lee Chae - won Women 's 10 km freestyle N / A 28 : 37.5 + 3 : 37.0 51 Women 's 15 km skiathlon 25 : 05.5 59 21 : 06.8 42 46 : 44.5 + 5 : 59.6 57 Sprint Athlete Event Qualification Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Kim Magnus Men 's sprint 3 : 22.36 49 Did not advance Kim Eun - ho Kim Magnus Men 's team sprint N / A 17 : 56.71 13 Did not advance Ju Hye - ri Women 's sprint 4 : 11.92 67 Did not advance Ju Hye - ri Lee Chae - won Women 's team sprint N / A 19 : 19.17 11 Did not advance Curling ( edit ) Main article : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics South Korea qualified their men 's team ( five athletes ) , their women 's team ( five athletes ) , and their mixed doubles team ( two athletes ) . Summary Team Event Group Stage Tiebreaker Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Kim Chang - min Seong Se - hyeon Oh Eun - su Lee Ki - bok Kim Min - chan Men 's tournament USA L 7 -- 11 SWE L 2 -- 7 NOR L 5 -- 7 CAN L 6 -- 7 GBR W 11 -- 5 DEN L 8 -- 9 ITA W 8 -- 6 SUI W 8 -- 7 JPN W 10 -- 4 7 Did not advance Kim Eun - jung Kim Kyeong - ae Kim Seon - yeong Kim Yeong - mi Kim Cho - hi Women 's tournament CAN W 8 -- 6 JPN L 5 -- 7 SUI W 7 -- 5 GBR W 7 -- 4 CHN W 12 -- 5 SWE W 7 -- 6 USA W 9 -- 6 OAR W 11 -- 2 DEN W 9 -- 3 1 Q BYE JPN W 8 -- 7 SWE L 3 -- 8 02 ! Jang Hye - ji Lee Ki - jeong Mixed doubles FIN W 9 - 4 CHN L 7 - 8 NOR L 3 - 8 USA W 9 - 1 OAR L 5 - 6 SUI L 4 - 6 CAN L 3 - 7 N / A 5 Did not advance Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's tournament South Korea qualified a men 's team as the host country . Final round robin standings Key Teams to playoffs Teams to tiebreaker Country Skip PF PA Ends won Ends lost Blank ends Stolen ends Shot % Sweden Niklas Edin 7 62 43 34 28 13 8 87 % Canada Kevin Koe 6 56 46 36 34 14 8 87 % United States John Shuster 5 67 63 37 39 6 80 % Great Britain Kyle Smith 5 55 60 40 37 8 7 82 % Switzerland Peter de Cruz 5 60 55 39 37 10 6 83 % Norway Thomas Ulsrud 5 45 54 32 36 6 6 82 % South Korea Kim Chang - min 5 54 59 40 41 7 8 82 % Japan Yusuke Morozumi 5 48 56 33 35 13 5 81 % Italy Joël Retornaz 6 50 56 37 38 15 7 81 % Denmark Rasmus Stjerne 7 53 70 36 39 12 5 83 % Round - robin South Korea had a bye in draws 3 , 7 and 11 . Draw 1 Wednesday , 14 February , 09 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 7 United States ( Shuster ) 0 0 0 0 X 11 Draw 2 Wednesday , 14 February , 20 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 X 7 Draw 4 Friday , 16 February , 09 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Norway ( Ulsrud ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Draw 5 Friday , 16 February , 20 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Koe ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 6 Saturday , 17 February , 14 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 X 11 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Draw 8 Sunday , 18 February , 20 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Denmark ( Stjerne ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Draw 9 Monday , 19 February , 14 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Draw 10 Tuesday , 20 February , 09 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Switzerland ( de Cruz ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 12 Wednesday , 21 February , 14 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 X X 10 Japan ( Morozumi ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Women 's tournament South Korea qualified a women 's team as the host country . Final round robin standings Key Teams to playoffs Country Skip PF PA Ends won Ends lost Blank ends Stolen ends Shot % South Korea Kim Eun - jung 8 75 44 41 34 5 15 79 % Sweden Anna Hasselborg 7 64 48 42 34 14 13 83 % Great Britain Eve Muirhead 6 61 56 39 38 12 6 79 % Japan Satsuki Fujisawa 5 59 55 38 36 10 13 75 % China Wang Bingyu 5 57 65 35 38 12 5 78 % Canada Rachel Homan 5 68 59 40 36 10 12 81 % Switzerland Silvana Tirinzoni 5 60 55 34 37 12 7 78 % United States Nina Roth 5 56 65 38 39 7 6 78 % Olympic Athletes from Russia Victoria Moiseeva 7 45 76 34 40 8 6 76 % Denmark Madeleine Dupont 8 50 72 32 41 10 6 73 % Round - robin South Korea had a bye in draws 1 , 5 and 9 . Draw 2 Thursday , 15 February , 09 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Homan ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Draw 3 Thursday , 15 February , 20 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 4 Friday , 16 February , 14 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 7 Switzerland ( Tirinzoni ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Draw 6 Saturday , 17 February , 20 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Draw 7 Sunday , 18 February , 14 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final China ( Wang ) 0 0 0 0 X X 5 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 X X 12 Draw 8 Monday , 19 February , 09 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 10 Tuesday , 20 February , 14 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final United States ( Roth ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 X 9 Draw 11 Wednesday , 21 February , 09 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 X X X X 11 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( Moiseeva ) 0 0 0 0 X X X X Draw 12 Wednesday , 21 February , 20 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 X X X 9 Denmark ( Dupont ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Semifinal Friday , 23 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Gold Medal Game Sunday , 25 February , 09 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 X 8 Mixed doubles ( edit ) Main article : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Mixed doubles tournament South Korea qualified a mixed doubles team as the host country . Final round robin standings Key Teams to playoffs Teams to tiebreaker Country Athletes PF PA Ends won Ends lost Blank ends Stolen ends Shot % Canada Kaitlyn Lawes / John Morris 6 52 26 28 20 0 9 80 % Switzerland Jenny Perret / Martin Rios 5 45 40 29 26 0 10 71 % Olympic Athletes from Russia Anastasia Bryzgalova / Alexander Krushelnitskiy 36 44 26 27 7 67 % China Wang Rui / Ba Dexin 47 42 27 27 6 72 % Norway Kristin Skaslien / Magnus Nedregotten 39 43 26 25 8 74 % South Korea Jang Hye - ji / Lee Ki - jeong 5 40 40 23 29 7 67 % United States Rebecca Hamilton / Matt Hamilton 5 37 43 26 25 0 9 74 % Finland Oona Kauste / Tomi Rantamäki 6 35 53 23 29 0 6 67 % Draw 1 Thursday , February 8 , 9 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 Final South Korea ( Jang / Lee ) 0 0 0 X 9 Finland ( Kauste / Rantamäki ) 0 0 0 0 X Draw 2 Thursday , February 8 , 20 : 04 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 Final South Korea ( Jang / Lee ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 China ( Wang / Ba ) 0 0 0 0 8 Draw 3 Friday , February 9 , 8 : 35 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 Final South Korea ( Jang / Lee ) 0 0 0 0 0 X Norway ( Skaslien / Nedregotten ) 0 0 X 8 Draw 4 Friday , February 9 , 13 : 35 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 Final United States ( R. Hamilton / M. Hamilton ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X South Korea ( Jang / Lee ) 0 X X 9 Draw 5 Saturday , February 10 , 9 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 Final South Korea ( Jang / Lee ) 0 0 0 0 0 5 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( Bryzgalova / Krushelnitskiy ) 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 6 Saturday , February 10 , 20 : 04 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 Final Switzerland ( Perret / Rios ) 0 0 0 6 South Korea ( Jang / Lee ) 0 0 0 0 0 Draw 7 Sunday , February 11 , 9 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 Final Canada ( Lawes / Morris ) 0 0 X 7 South Korea ( Jang / Lee ) 0 0 0 0 0 X Figure Skating ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics South Korea qualified two female figure skaters , based on its placement at the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships in Helsinki , Finland . They additionally qualified one male figure skater as well as an entry in ice dancing through the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy . As hosts , they were given a quota to compete in the pairs event . Athlete Event SP / SD FS / FD Total Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Cha Jun - hwan Men 's singles 83.43 16 Q 165.16 14 248.59 15 Choi Da - bin Ladies ' singles 67.77 8 Q 131.49 8 199.26 7 Kim Ha - nul 54.33 21 Q 121.38 10 175.71 13 Kim Kyu - eun / Alex Kang - chan Kam Pairs 42.93 22 Did not advance Yura Min / Alexander Gamelin Ice dancing 61.22 16 Q 86.52 19 147.74 18 Team event Athlete Event Short program / Short dance Free skate / Free dance Men 's Ladies ' Pairs Ice dance Total Men 's Ladies ' Pairs Ice dance Total Points Team points Points Team points Points Team points Points Team points Points Rank Points Team points Points Team points Points Team points Points Team points Points Rank Cha Jun - hwan ( M ) Choi Da - bin ( L ) Kim Kyu - eun / Alex Kam ( P ) Yura Min / Alexander Gamelin ( ID ) Team event 77.70 5 65.73 5 52.10 51.97 13 8 Did Not Advance Freestyle skiing ( edit ) Main article : Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics Aerials Athlete Event Qualification Final Jump 1 Jump 2 Jump 1 Jump 2 Jump 3 Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Kim Kyoung - eun Women 's aerials 35.67 25 44.20 19 Did not advance Halfpipe Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Rank Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Best Rank Lee Kang - bok Men 's halfpipe 5.80 13.00 13.00 27 Did not advance Jang Yu - jin Women 's halfpipe 64.40 60.00 64.40 18 Did not advance Moguls Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Time Points Total Rank Time Points Total Rank Time Points Total Rank Time Points Total Rank Time Points Total Rank Choi Jae - woo Men 's moguls 24.95 57.85 72.95 20 25.93 67.42 81.23 1 Q 24.86 63.04 78.26 10 Q DNF Did not advance Kim Ji - hyon 26.05 56.20 69.85 24 26.62 55.27 69.85 17 Did not advance Seo Myung - joon 25.02 53.44 68.45 26 25.41 65.02 69.51 18 Did not advance Seo Jee - won Women 's moguls 30.71 55.07 68.46 19 31.55 52.16 68.46 14 Did not advance Seo Jung - hwa 41.80 15.67 16.57 30 29.45 66.77 71.58 6 Q 29.77 67.86 72.31 14 Did not advance Slopestyle Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Rank Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Best Rank Lee Mee - hyun Women 's slopestyle 46.80 72.80 72.80 13 Did not advance Ice hockey ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics Summary Key : OT -- Overtime GWS -- Match decided by penalty - shootout Team Event Group Stage Qualification playoff Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank South Korea men 's Men 's tournament Czech Republic L 1 -- 2 Switzerland L 0 -- 8 Canada L 0 -- 4 Finland L 2 -- 5 Did not advance 12 Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's tournament South Korea men 's national ice hockey team qualified as the host . Team roster Men 's team event -- 1 team of 25 players Preliminary round Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification Czech Republic 0 0 9 + 5 8 Quarterfinals Canada 0 0 11 + 7 7 Switzerland 0 0 10 9 + 1 Qualification playoffs South Korea ( H ) 0 0 0 14 − 13 0 Source : IIHF ( H ) Host . 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2018 21 : 10 Czech Republic 2 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 ) South Korea Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,025 ( show ) Game reference Pavel Francouz Goalies Matt Dalton Referees : Mark Lemelin Linus Öhlund Linesmen : Henrik Pihlblad Sakari Suominen 0 -- 1 07 : 34 -- Cho M. ( Radunske , Swift ) Kovář ( Řepík , Sekáč ) ( PP ) -- 11 : 59 1 -- 1 Řepík ( Birner , Francouz ) ( SH ) -- 16 : 18 2 -- 1 8 min Penalties 6 min 40 Shots 18 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 2018 16 : 40 South Korea 0 -- 8 ( 0 -- 1 , 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 5 ) Switzerland Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,568 ( show ) Game reference Matt Dalton Park Sung - je Goalies Jonas Hiller Referees : Jan Hribik Aleksi Rantala Linesmen : Miroslav Lhotský Fraser McIntyre 0 -- 1 10 : 23 -- Hollenstein ( Haas , Loeffel ) 0 -- 2 27 : 36 -- Du Bois 0 -- 3 35 : 55 -- Suter ( Herzog ) 0 -- 4 43 : 50 -- Rüfenacht ( Untersander , Almond ) 0 -- 5 45 : 17 -- Suter ( Ambühl , Moser ) 0 -- 6 46 : 45 -- Schäppi ( Almond , Geering ) 0 -- 7 51 : 24 -- Suter ( Geering , Ambühl ) 0 -- 8 55 : 10 -- Corvi ( Hofmann , Du Bois ) 8 min Penalties 10 min 25 Shots 34 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2018 21 : 10 Canada 4 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 ) South Korea Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 6,038 ( show ) Game reference Kevin Poulin Goalies Matt Dalton Referees : Jozef Kubuš Daniel Stricker Linesmen : Nicolas Fluri Vít Lederer Thomas ( Genoway , Wolski ) -- 07 : 36 1 -- 0 O'Dell ( Gragnani , Klinkhammer ) -- 34 : 22 2 -- 0 Lapierre ( Roy ) -- 45 : 43 3 -- 0 Brulé ( Lee , Roy ) ( PP ) -- 58 : 02 4 -- 0 8 min Penalties 8 min 49 Shots 19 Qualification playoff 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 2018 21 : 10 Finland 5 -- 2 ( 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 , 2 -- 0 ) South Korea Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 5,409 ( show ) Game reference Mikko Koskinen Goalies Matt Dalton Referees : Roman Gofman Timothy Mayer Linesmen : Nicolas Fluri Gleb Lazarev Kontiola ( Tolvanen , Kemppainen ) ( PP ) -- 04 : 42 1 -- 0 Kontiola ( Lepistö , Tolvanen ) ( PP ) -- 23 : 44 2 -- 0 Heiskanen ( Tolvanen ) -- 26 : 23 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 30 : 06 -- Radunske ( Regan , Kim S . ) 3 -- 2 32 : 09 -- Ahn ( Shin S-h ) Hietanen ( Osala , Savinainen ) ( PP ) -- 47 : 20 4 -- 2 Manninen ( Hietanen , Koskiranta ) ( ENG ) -- 59 : 53 5 -- 2 2 min Penalties 8 min 36 Shots 19 Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main articles : Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Women 's tournament and Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics South Korea women 's national ice hockey team qualified as the host . In January 2018 , it was announced that the South Korean team would be amalgamated with a group of North Korean players to form a single Korean team in the tournament . In this team , at least three North Korean players were selected for each game . Luge ( edit ) Main article : Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics Based on the results from the World Cups during the 2017 -- 18 Luge World Cup season , South Korea qualified four sleds . Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Lim Nam - kyu Men 's singles 49.461 31 48.591 28 48.620 29 Did not advance 2 : 26.672 30 Cho Jung - myung Park Jin - yong Men 's doubles 46.396 10 46.276 8 N / A 1 : 32.672 9 Aileen Frisch Women 's singles 46.350 5 46.456 9 46.751 13 46.843 11 3 : 06.400 8 Sung Eun - ryung 46.918 18 46.851 20 47.205 18 47.276 18 3 : 08.250 18 Mixed team relay Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Aileen Frisch Lim Nam - kyu Cho Jung - myung Park Jin - yong Team relay 47.211 6 49.854 13 49.478 8 2 : 26.543 9 Nordic combined ( edit ) Main article : Nordic combined at the 2018 Winter Olympics Athlete Event Ski jumping Cross-country Total Distance Points Rank Time Rank Time Rank Park Je - un Normal hill / 10 km 86.0 73.3 42 27 : 07.5 47 30 : 56.5 46 Large hill / 10 km 104.5 60.4 48 26 : 14.8 45 31 : 28.8 47 Short Track Speed Skating ( edit ) Main article : Short track speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics According to the ISU Special Olympic Qualification Rankings , South Korea qualified a full squad of five men and five women each . Men Athlete Event Heat Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Hwang Dae - heon 500 m 40.758 1 Q 40.861 2 Q 40.108 1 FA 39.854 02 ! 1500 m 2 : 15.561 1 Q N / A 2 : 11.469 2 FA DNF 7 Lim Hyo - jun 500 m 40.418 1 Q 40.400 1 Q 40.132 2 FA 39.919 03 ! 1000 m 1 : 23.971 1 Q 1 : 24.095 1 Q 1 : 26.463 1 FA 1 : 33.312 1500 m 2 : 13.891 1 Q N / A 2 : 11.389 1 FA 2 : 10.485 OR 01 ! Seo Yi - ra 500 m 40.438 1 Q 1 : 17.779 Did not advance 1000 m 1 : 24.734 2 Q 1 : 24.053 1 Q 1 : 24.252 2 FA 1 : 31.619 03 ! 1500 m 2 : 18.750 1 Q N / A 2 : 11.126 3 FB 2 : 26.346 9 Hwang Dae - heon Kim Do - kyoum Kwak Yoon - gy Lim Hyo - jun Seo Yi - ra 5000 m relay N / A 6 : 34.510 OR 1 FA 6 : 42.118 Women Athlete Event Heat Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Choi Min - jeong 500 m 42.870 OR 1 Q 42.996 2 Q 42.442 OR 1 FA PEN 5 1000 m 1 : 31.190 1 Q 1 : 30.940 1 Q 1 : 31.131 3 AA 1 : 42.434 1500 m 2 : 24.595 1 Q N / A 2 : 22.295 1 FA 2 : 24.948 01 ! Kim A-lang 500 m 43.724 Did not advance 1000 m 1 : 30.459 1 Q 1 : 30.137 2 Q 1 : 29.212 3 FB -- 5 1500 m 2 : 20.891 1 Q N / A 2 : 22.691 1 FA 2 : 25.941 Shim Suk - hee 500 m 43.048 Did not advance 1000 m 1 : 34.940 1 Q 1 : 29.159 1 Q 1 : 30.974 2 FA PEN 6 1500 m 2 : 39.984 N / A Did not advance Choi Min - jeong Kim A-lang Kim Ye - jin Lee Yu - bin Shim Suk - hee 3000 m relay N / A 4 : 06.387 OR 1 FA 4 : 07.361 01 ! Key : AA -- Advanced to medal round due to being impeded by another skater ; ADV -- Advanced due to being impeded by another skater ; FA -- Qualified to medal round ; FB -- Qualified to consolation round Skeleton ( edit ) Main article : Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics Based on the world rankings , South Korea qualified three sleds . Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Kim Ji - soo Men 's 50.80 50.86 6 50.51 50.81 6 3 : 22.98 6 Yun Sung - bin 50.28 50.07 50.18 50.02 3 : 20.55 01 ! Jeong Sophia Women 's 52.47 13 52.67 15 52.47 15 52.28 12 3 : 29.89 15 Ski jumping ( edit ) Main article : Ski jumping at the 2018 Winter Olympics Athlete Event Qualification First round Final Total Distance Points Rank Distance Points Rank Distance Points Rank Points Rank Choi Seo - u Men 's normal hill 89.0 94.7 39 Q 93.5 83.9 41 Did not advance Men 's large hill 114.5 73.5 46 Q 114.0 93.2 45 Did not advance Kim Hyun - ki Men 's normal hill 84.0 83.1 52 Did not advance Men 's large hill 101.5 46.4 56 Did not advance Kim Hyun - ki Park Je - un Choi Heung - chul Choi Seo - u Men 's team large hill N / A 409.5 274.5 12 Did not advance Park Guy - lim Women 's normal hill N / A 56.0 14.2 35 Did Not Advance Snowboarding ( edit ) Main article : Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics Freestyle Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Rank Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Best Rank Lee Min - sik Men 's big air 68.75 72.25 72.25 14 Did not advance Men 's slopestyle DNS Kim Ho - jun Men 's halfpipe 54.50 10.25 54.50 24 Did not advance Kweon Lee - jun 58.50 62.75 62.75 21 Did not advance Lee Kwang - ki 75.00 72.00 75.00 14 Did not advance Kwon Sun - oo Women 's halfpipe 19.25 35.00 35.00 20 Did not advance Parallel Athlete Event Qualification Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Time Rank Opposition Time Opposition Time Opposition Time Opposition Time Rank Choi Bo - gun Men 's giant slalom 1 : 26.78 26 Did not advance Kim Sang - kyum 1 : 25.88 15 Q Košir ( SLO ) L + 1.14 Did not advance Lee Sang - ho 1 : 25.06 3 Q Sarsembaev ( OAR ) W -- 0.54 Karl ( AUT ) W -- 0.94 Košir ( SLO ) W -- 0.01 Galmarini ( SUI ) L + 0.43 02 ! Jeong Hae - rim Women 's giant slalom 1 : 34.11 20 Did not advance Shin Da - hae 1 : 36.04 25 Did not advance Speed skating ( edit ) Main article : Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Men Athlete Event Race Time Rank Cha Min - kyu 500 m 34.42 02 ! 1000 m 1 : 09.27 12 Chung Jae - woong 1000 m 1 : 09.43 13 Joo Hyong - jun 1500 m 1 : 46.65 17 Kim Jun - ho 500 m 35.01 12 Kim Min - seok 1500 m 1 : 44.93 03 ! Kim Tae - yun 1000 m 1 : 08.22 03 ! Lee Seung - hoon 5000 m 6 : 14.15 5 10,000 m 12 : 55.54 Mo Tae - bum 500 m 35.154 16 Women Athlete Event Race Time Rank Kim Bo - reum 3000 m 4 : 12.79 18 Kim Hyun - yung 500 m 38.251 12 1000 m 1 : 16.366 18 Kim Min - sun 500 m 38.534 16 Lee Sang - hwa 500 m 37.33 02 ! Noh Seon - yeong 1500 m 1 : 58.75 14 Park Seung - hi 1000 m 1 : 16.11 16 Mass start Athlete Event Semifinal Final Points Time Rank Points Time Rank Chung Jae - won Men 's mass start 5 8 : 17.02 6 Q 8 : 32.71 8 Lee Seung - hoon 5 8 : 45.37 6 Q 60 7 : 43.97 01 ! Kim Bo - reum Women 's mass start 9 : 22.21 6 Q 40 8 : 32.99 02 ! Park Ji - woo 8 : 33.43 9 Did not advance Team pursuit Athlete Event Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Opposition Time Rank Opposition Time Rank Opposition Time Rank Chung Jae - won Kim Min - seok Lee Seung - hoon Joo Hyong - jun Men 's team pursuit Italy ( ITA ) W 3 : 39.29 1 Q New Zealand ( NZL ) W 3 : 38.82 1 FA Norway ( NOR ) L 3 : 38.52 02 ! Kim Bo - reum Noh Seon - yeong Park Ji - woo Park Seung - hi Women 's team pursuit Netherlands ( NED ) L 3 : 03.76 7 FD Did not advance Poland ( POL ) L 3 : 07.30 8 Did not play . Notes ( edit ) Park Je - un took part in two sports : nordic combined and ski jumping . South Korea did not march at the Parade of Nations . Its delegates marched in the opening ceremony , together with North Korea 's delegates , as a unified `` Korea '' team . South Korean bobsleigher Won Yun - jong along with North Korean ice hockey player Hwang Chung - gum were the flagbearers of this unified Korea team . See also ( edit ) South Korea at the 2017 Asian Winter Games North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Olympics ' most powerful moment '' . NewsComAu. 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Closing Ceremony Flagbearers - Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Sang - hun , Choe ( 17 January 2018 ) . `` North and South Korean Teams to March as One at Olympics '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Short Track Speed Skating ( 쇼트 트랙 스피드 스케이팅 / Patinage de vitesse sur piste courte ) : Men 's 1,500 m Finals ( 남자 1,500 m 결승 / 1 500 m hommes Finales ) -- Results ( 경기 결과 / Résultats ) '' ( PDF ) . Pyeongchang 2018 . International Olympic Committee . 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Short Track Speed Skating ( 쇼트 트랙 스피드 스케이팅 / Patinage de vitesse sur piste courte ) : Men 's 5,000 m Relay Heats ( 남자 5,000 m 계주 예선 / Relais 5 000 m hommes Séries éliminatoires ) -- Results ( 경기 결과 / Résultats ) '' ( PDF ) . Pyeongchang 2018 . International Olympic Committee . 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Short Track Speed Skating ( 쇼트 트랙 스피드 스케이팅 / Patinage de vitesse sur piste courte ) : Ladies ' 500m Heats ( 여자 500m 예선 / 500 m femmes Séries éliminatoires ) -- Results ( 경기 결과 / Résultats ) '' ( PDF ) . Pyeongchang 2018 . International Olympic Committee . 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Short Track Speed Skating ( 쇼트 트랙 스피드 스케이팅 / Patinage de vitesse sur piste courte ) : Ladies ' 500m Semifinals ( 여자 500m 준결승 / 500 m femmes Demi - finales ) -- Results ( 경기 결과 / Résultats ) '' ( PDF ) . Pyeongchang 2018 . International Olympic Committee . 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NOC Entries - Republic of Korea '' . Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Winter Games . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` N. Korea to send 22 athletes in three sports to PyeongChang Winter Olympics : IOC '' . Yonhap. 18 January 2018 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Women 's Biathlon rankings Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - 2 - man Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . www.ibsf.org . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - 4 - man Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . www.ibsf.org . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Women _́ s Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . www.ibsf.org . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics '' . worldcurling.org . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating Quota places for the XXIII Olympic Winter Games 2018 '' . www.isu.org/ . International Skating Union . 4 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ISU communication 2119 '' . www.isu.org/ . International Skating Union . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Winter Olympics '' . IIHF . iihf.com . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics 2018 : North Korea will send 22 athletes to Pyeongchang '' . BBC News . 20 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking list '' ( PDF ) . fil-luge.org . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XXI II Olympic Winter Games 2018 PyeongChang : Qualified quota places Short Track Speed Skating '' . International Skating Union ( ISU ) . 23 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Men 's Skeleton - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . www.ibsf.org . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Women 's Skeleton - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . www.ibsf.org . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . 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South Korea did not participate in 1980 due to a boycott . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Korea_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=830350682 '' Categories : Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics South Korea at the Winter Olympics by year Hidden categories : Articles with Korean - language external links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 08 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many korean athletes in winter olympics 2018 | [
"South Korea competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, from 9 to 25 February 2018, as the host nation. It was represented by 122 competitors[a] in all 15 sports."
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"122"
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-7143096835826050980 | Establishment Clause | Establishment Clause - wikipedia Establishment Clause Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism In United States law , the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , together with that Amendment 's Free Exercise Clause , form the constitutional right of freedom of religion . The relevant constitutional text is : `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... '' . The Establishment Clause was based on a number of precursors , including the Constitutions of Clarendon , the Bill of Rights 1689 , and the Pennsylvania and New Jersey colonial constitutions . An initial draft by John Dickinson was prepared in conjunction with his drafting the Articles of Confederation . In 1789 , then - congressman James Madison prepared another draft which , following discussion and debate in the First Congress , would become part of the text of the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights . The second half of the Establishment Clause includes the Free Exercise Clause , which allows individual citizens freedom from governmental interference in both private and public religious affairs . The Establishment Clause is a limitation placed upon the United States Congress preventing it from passing legislation respecting an establishment of religion . The second half of the Establishment Clause inherently prohibits the government from preferring any one religion over another . While the Establishment Clause does prohibit Congress from preferring or elevating one religion over another , it does not prohibit the government 's entry into the religious domain to make accommodations for religious observances and practices in order to achieve the purposes of the Free Exercise Clause . Contents 1 Historical background 1.1 Constitutions of Clarendon 1.2 1689 Bill of Rights 1.3 Colonial New Jersey and Pennsylvania Constitutions 1.4 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom 1.5 United States Bill of Rights 1.6 Concerns of Virginia Baptists 2 Incorporation 3 Financial assistance 4 State - sanctioned prayer in public schools 5 Religious displays 6 Blue laws 7 See also 8 References 9 Research resources 10 Further reading Historical background ( edit ) Constitutions of Clarendon ( edit ) The Constitutions of Clarendon , a 12th century English law , had prohibited criminal defendants ' using religious laws ( at that time , in medieval England , canon law of the Roman Catholic Church ) to seek exemption from criminal prosecution . 1689 Bill of Rights ( edit ) The 1689 English Bill of Rights secured the rights of all `` persons '' to be free from establishment of Roman Catholic laws in the government of England . Colonial New Jersey and Pennsylvania constitutions ( edit ) The original Mason - Dixon line was the demarcation line between the Catholic colony of Maryland and the New Jersey and Pennsylvania colonies , which followed the 1689 Bill of Rights and their own colonial constitutions which provided similar protections against the establishment of Catholic laws in government . Virginia statute for religious Freedom ( edit ) Main article : Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom A possible additional precursor of the Free Exercise Clause was the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom . The statute was drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1777 and was introduced in the Virginia General Assembly in 1779 . It did not pass the General Assembly until 1786 . James Madison played an important role in its passage . The statute disestablished the Church of England in Virginia and guaranteed freedom of religion exercise to men of all religious faiths , including Catholics and Jews as well as members of all Protestant denominations . The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom granted these rights to men , whereas the First Amendment to the United States Constitution grants rights to persons , as does the 1689 Bill of Rights and the colonial constitutions in New Jersey and Pennsylvania . United States Bill of Rights ( edit ) Main article : United States Bill of Rights See also : Anti-Federalism The First Amendment is part of a group of 10 Amendments to the United States Constitution known as the Bill of Rights . The idea of adding a Bill of Rights to the Constitution was proposed by George Mason five days before the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia in 1787 . His proposal was rejected by the other delegates . Alexander Hamilton later argued in The Federalist Papers that a Bill of Rights was unnecessary , claiming that since the Constitution granted limited powers to the federal government , it did not grant the new government the power to abuse the rights that would be secured by a Bill of Rights . Nevertheless , the supporters of the Constitution ( known as Federalists ) in order to secure its ratification in Massachusetts , agreed to add a group of Amendments to the Constitution after its ratification that would serve as a Bill of Rights . Later , six more states likewise recommended the addition of a Bill of Rights , and the idea also gained the support of Jefferson and Madison . When the First Federal Congress met in 1789 , Madison implemented the idea by introducing 17 Amendments to the Constitution . By December 1791 , ten of his Amendments were ratified by the necessary three quarters of the states , and they became part of the US Constitution , thereafter becoming known as `` the Bill of Rights '' . Concerns of Virginia Baptists ( edit ) The Establishment Clause addressed the concerns of members of minority faiths who did not want the federal government to establish a state religion for the entire nation . The Baptists in Virginia , for example , had suffered discrimination prior to the disestablishment of the Anglican church in 1786 . As Virginia prepared to hold its elections to the state ratifying convention in 1788 , the Baptists were concerned that the Constitution had no safeguard against the creation of a new national church . In Orange County , Virginia , two federalist candidates , James Madison and James Gordon Jr. , were running against two anti-federalists ( opponents of the Constitution ) , Thomas Barbour and Charles Porter . Barbour requested to John Leland , an influential Baptist preacher and fervent lifelong proponent of religious liberty , that he write a letter to Barbour outlining his objections to the proposed Constitution . Leland stated in the letter that , among his other concerns , the Constitution had no Bill of Rights and no safeguards for religious liberty and freedom of the press . A number of historians have concluded on the basis of compelling circumstantial evidence that , just prior to the election in March 1788 , Madison met with Leland and gained his support of ratification by addressing these concerns and providing him with the necessary reassurances . In any event , Leland cast his vote for Madison . Leland 's support , according to Scarberry , was likely key to the landslide victory of Madison and Gordon . Incorporation ( edit ) Main article : Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Prior to the enactment of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1868 , the Supreme Court generally held that the substantive protections of the Bill of Rights did not apply to state governments . Subsequently , under the Incorporation doctrine , the Bill of Rights has been broadly applied to limit state and local government as well . The process of incorporating the two Religion Clauses in the First Amendment was twofold . The first step was the Supreme Court 's conclusion in 1940 that the Free Exercise Clause was made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment . Conceptually , this raised few difficulties : the Due Process Clause protects those rights in the Bill of Rights `` implicit in the concept of ordered liberty , '' and free exercise of religion is a quintessential individual right ( and had been recognized as such at the state level from the beginning ) . Incorporation of the Establishment Clause in 1947 proved to be problematic in several ways and subject to critique . The controversy surrounding Establishment Clause incorporation primarily stems from the fact that one of the intentions of the Establishment Clause was to prevent Congress from interfering with state establishments of religion that existed at the time of the founding ( at least six states had established religions at the founding ) -- a fact conceded by even those members of the Court who believe the Establishment Clause was made applicable to the states through incorporation . Critics have also argued that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is understood to incorporate only individual rights found in the Bill of Rights ; the Establishment Clause , unlike the Free Exercise Clause ( which critics readily concede protects individual rights ) , does not purport to protect individual rights . Financial assistance ( edit ) The Supreme Court first considered the question of financial assistance to religious organizations in Bradfield v. Roberts ( 1899 ) . The federal government had funded a hospital operated by a Roman Catholic institution . In that case , the Court ruled that the funding was to a secular organization -- the hospital -- and was therefore permissible . In the twentieth century , the Supreme Court more closely scrutinized government activity involving religious institutions . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Supreme Court upheld a New Jersey statute funding student transportation to schools , whether parochial or not . Justice Hugo Black held , The `` establishment of religion '' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : Neither a state nor the federal government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions , or prefer one religion over another . Neither can force nor influence a person to go to or to remain away from church against his will or force him to profess a belief or disbelief in any religion . No person can be punished for entertaining or professing religious beliefs or disbeliefs , for church attendance or non-attendance . No tax in any amount , large or small , can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions , whatever they may be called , or whatever form they may adopt to teach or practice religion . Neither a state nor the Federal Government can , openly or secretly , participate in the affairs of any religious organizations or groups and vice versa . In the words of Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect `` a wall of separation between church and State . '' The New Jersey law was upheld , for it applied `` to all its citizens without regard to their religious belief . '' After Everson , lawsuits in several states sought to disentangle public monies from religious teaching , the leading case being the 1951 Dixon School Case out of New Mexico . The Jefferson quotation cited in Black 's opinion is from a letter Jefferson wrote in 1802 to the Baptists of Danbury , Connecticut , that there should be `` a wall of separation between church and state . '' Critics of Black 's reasoning ( most notably , former Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist ) have argued that the majority of states did have `` official '' churches at the time of the First Amendment 's adoption and that James Madison , not Jefferson , was the principal drafter . However , Madison himself often wrote of `` perfect separation between the ecclesiastical and civil matters '' ( 1822 letter to Livingston ) , which means the authority of the church ( that which comes from the church ) is decided by church authority , and that which is decided in civil government is decided by civil authorities ; neither may decree law or policy in each other 's realm . Another description reads : `` line of separation between the rights of religion and the civil authority ... entire abstinence of the government '' ( 1832 letter Rev. Adams ) , and `` practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government as essential to the purity of both , and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States '' ( 1811 letter to Baptist Churches ) . In Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that government may not `` excessively entangle '' with religion . The case involved two Pennsylvania laws : one permitting the state to `` purchase '' services in secular fields from religious schools , and the other permitting the state to pay a percentage of the salaries of private school teachers , including teachers in religious institutions . The Supreme Court found that the government was `` excessively entangled '' with religion , and invalidated the statutes in question . The excessive entanglement test , together with the secular purpose and primary effect tests thereafter became known as the Lemon test , which judges have often used to test the constitutionality of a statute on establishment clause grounds . The Supreme Court decided Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist and Sloan v. Lemon in 1973 . In both cases , states -- New York and Pennsylvania -- had enacted laws whereby public tax revenues would be paid to low - income parents so as to permit them to send students to private schools . It was held that in both cases , the state unconstitutionally provided aid to religious organizations . The ruling was partially reversed in Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) . There , the Court upheld a Minnesota statute permitting the use of tax revenues to reimburse parents of students . The Court noted that the Minnesota statute granted such aid to parents of all students , whether they attended public or private schools . While the Court has prevented states from directly funding parochial schools , it has not stopped them from aiding religious colleges and universities . In Tilton v. Richardson ( 1971 ) , the Court permitted the use of public funds for the construction of facilities in religious institutions of higher learning . It was found that there was no `` excessive entanglement '' since the buildings were themselves not religious , unlike teachers in parochial schools , and because the aid came in the form of a one - time grant , rather than continuous assistance . One of the largest recent controversies over the amendment centered on school vouchers -- government aid for students to attend private and predominantly religious schools . The Supreme Court , in Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) , upheld the constitutionality of private school vouchers , turning away an Establishment Clause challenge . State - sanctioned Prayer in public schools ( edit ) Earl Warren was Chief Justice when Engel v. Vitale was decided . Further important decisions came in the 1960s , during the Warren Court era . One of the Court 's most controversial decisions came in Engel v. Vitale in 1962 . The case involved the mandatory daily recitation by public school officials of a prayer written by the New York Board of Regents , which read `` Almighty God , we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee , and we beg Thy blessings upon us , our parents , our teachers and our Country '' . The Supreme Court deemed it unconstitutional and struck it down , with Justice Black writing `` it is no part of the official business of government to compose official prayers for any group of American people to recite as part of a religious program carried out by the Government . '' The reading of the Lord 's Prayer or of the Bible in the classroom of a public school by the teacher was ruled unconstitutional in 1963 . The ruling did not apply to parochial or private schools in general . The decision has been met with both criticism and praise . Many social conservatives are critical of the court 's reasoning , including the late Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist . Conversely , the ACLU and other civil libertarian groups hailed the court 's decision . In Abington Township v. Schempp ( 1963 ) , the case involving the mandatory reading of the Lord 's Prayer in class , the Supreme Court introduced the `` secular purpose '' and `` primary effect '' tests , which were to be used to determine compatibility with the establishment clause . Essentially , the law in question must have a valid secular purpose , and its primary effect must not be to promote or inhibit a particular religion . Since the law requiring the recital of the Lord 's Prayer violated these tests , it was struck down . The `` excessive entanglement '' test was added in Lemon v. Kurtzman ( vide supra ) . In Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) , the Supreme Court struck down an Alabama law whereby students in public schools would observe daily a period of silence for the purpose of private prayer . The Court did not , however , find that the moment of silence was itself unconstitutional . Rather , it ruled that Alabama lawmakers had passed the statute solely to advance religion , thereby violating the secular purpose test . The 1990s were marked by controversies surrounding religion 's role in public affairs . In Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) , the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional the offering of prayers by religious officials before voluntarily attending ceremonies such as graduation . Thus , the Court established that the state could not conduct religious exercises at public occasions even if attendance was not strictly compulsory . In Lee the Court developed the coercion test . Under this test the government does not violate the establishment clause unless it ( 1 ) provides direct aid to religion in a way that would tend to establish a state church , or ( 2 ) coerces people to support or participate in religion against their will . In Santa Fe Independent School Dist . v. Doe ( 2000 ) , the Court ruled that a vote of the student body could not authorize student - led prayer prior to school events . In 2002 , controversy centered on a ruling by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2002 ) , which struck down a California law providing for the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance ( which includes the phrase `` under God '' ) in classrooms . Each House of Congress passed resolutions reaffirming their support for the pledge ; the Senate vote was 99 -- 0 and the House vote was 416 -- 3 . The Supreme Court heard arguments on the case , but did not rule on the merits , instead reversing the Ninth Circuit 's decision on standing grounds . Religious displays ( edit ) The inclusion of religious symbols in public holiday displays came before the Supreme Court in Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) , and again in Allegheny County v. Greater Pittsburgh ACLU ( 1989 ) . In the former case , the Court upheld the public display of a crèche , ruling that any benefit to religion was `` indirect , remote , and incidental . '' In Allegheny County , however , the Court struck down a crèche display , which occupied a prominent position in the county courthouse and bore the words Gloria in Excelsis Deo , the words sung by the angels at the Nativity ( Luke 2 : 14 in the Latin Vulgate translation ) . At the same time , the Allegheny County Court upheld the display of a nearby menorah , which appeared along with a Christmas tree and a sign saluting liberty , reasoning that `` the combined display of the tree , the sign , and the menorah ... simply recognizes that both Christmas and Hanukkah are part of the same winter - holiday season , which has attained a secular status in our society . '' In Lynch v. Donnelly the Supreme Court also developed with the endorsement test a further test to determine the constitutionality under the Establishment Clause of certain government actions . In 2001 , Roy Moore , then Chief Justice of Alabama , installed a monument to the Ten Commandments in the state judicial building . In 2003 , he was ordered in the case of Glassroth v. Moore by a federal judge to remove the monument , but he refused to comply , ultimately leading to his removal from office . The Supreme Court refused to hear the case , allowing the lower court 's decision to stand . On March 2 , 2005 , the Supreme Court heard arguments for two cases involving religious displays , Van Orden v. Perry and McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky . These were the first cases directly dealing with display of the Ten Commandments the Court had heard since Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) . These cases were decided on June 27 , 2005 . In Van Orden , the Court upheld , by a 5 -- 4 vote , the legality of a Ten Commandments display at the Texas State Capitol due to the monument 's `` secular purpose '' . In McCreary County , however , the Court ruled 5 -- 4 that displays of the Ten Commandments in several Kentucky county courthouses were unconstitutional because they were not clearly integrated with a secular display , and thus were considered to have a religious purpose . Blue laws ( edit ) In the 1964 case McGowan v. Maryland the Supreme Court held that blue laws which restricted the sale of goods on Sundays ( and were originally intended to increase Church attendance ) did not violate the Establishment Clause because they served a present secular purpose of providing a uniform day of rest for everyone . See also ( edit ) Faith - based initiatives No Religious Test Clause Separation of church and state in the United States Torcaso v. Watkins United States religious history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Act for Establishing Religious Freedom , January 16 , 1786 '' . Shaping the Constitution . Virginia Memory . ^ Jump up to : Labunski , Richard ( 2006 ) . James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199740992 . Jump up ^ Bruns , Roger A . `` A More Perfect Union : The Creation of the U.S. Constitution '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scarberry , Mark S. ( 2009 ) . `` John Leland and James Madison : Religious influence on the Ratification of the Constitution and on the Proposal of the Bill of Rights '' . Penn State Law Review . 113 ( 3 ) : 733 -- 800 . SSRN 1262520 . See p. 764 , footnote 147 , which presents a quote from a copy of Leland 's letter ( as quoted in an article by L.H. Butterfield ) : `` Sir , According to your Request , I have sent you my objections to the Foederal Constitution , which are as follows ... `` . Jump up ^ Scarberry , Mark S. ( 2009 ) . `` John Leland and James Madison : Religious influence on the Ratification of the Constitution and on the Proposal of the Bill of Rights '' . Penn State Law Review . 113 ( 3 ) : 733 -- 800 . SSRN 1262520 . Jump up ^ Scarberry , Mark S. ( 2009 ) . `` John Leland and James Madison : Religious influence on the Ratification of the Constitution and on the Proposal of the Bill of Rights '' . Penn State Law Review . 113 ( 3 ) : 733 -- 800 . SSRN 1262520 . Scarberry states on pp. 775 - 6 : `` At the very least , it seems probable that Madison met with Leland before the election and persuaded Leland to support Madison 's candidacy , which otherwise likely would have failed . '' Jump up ^ Hamburger , Philip ( 2004 ) . Separation of Church and State . Harvard University Press . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01374 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cantwell v. Connecticut , 310 U.S. 296 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Palko v. Connecticut , 302 U.S. 319 , 326 ( 1937 ) ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Michael W. ; Garvey , John H. ; Berg , Thomas C. ( 2006 ) . Religion and the Constitution . Aspen casebook series . Wolters Kluwer Law & Business . p. 74 . ISBN 073550718X . Jump up ^ Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ School District of Abington Township v. Schempp , 374 U.S. 203 ( 1963 ) ( Brennan , J. , concurring ) ( `` The absorption of the Establishment Clause has , however , come later and by a route less easily charted . '' ) Jump up ^ Lietzau , William K. ( 1990 ) . `` Rediscovering the Establishment Clause : Federalism and the Rollback of Incorporation '' . DePaul L. Rev. 39 ( 1191 ) . Jump up ^ Smith , Stephen D. ( 1995 ) . `` Chapter 2 : The Jurisdictional Character of the Religion Clauses '' . Foreordained Failure : The Quest for a Constitutional Principle of Religious Freedom . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , 542 U.S. 1 ( 2004 ) ( Thomas , J. , concurring ) ( `` I accept that the Free Exercise Clause ... applies against the States through the Fourteenth Amendment . But the Establishment Clause is another matter . '' ) ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Michael W. ( 1990 ) . `` The Origins and Historical Understanding of Free Exercise of Religion '' . Harvard Law Review . 103 ( 7 ) : 1409 -- 1517 . doi : 10.2307 / 1341281 . Jump up ^ Abington v. Schempp , 374 U.S. 203 ( 1963 ) ( Brennan , J. , concurring ) Jump up ^ Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , 542 U.S. 1 ( 2004 ) ( Thomas , J. , concurring ) . Jump up ^ Pfeffer , Leo ( 1967 ) Church , state , and freedom Beacon Press , Boston , Massachusetts , pages 545 - 549 Jump up ^ But see Bown v. Gwinnett County School District , 112 F. 3d 1464 ( 11th Cir. 1997 ) . Jump up ^ `` Town of Greece v. Galloway : A deep dive '' . The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago - Kent College of Law . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ For the Endorsement test see Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ `` McGowan v. Maryland '' . Oyez . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Marnell , William , H. ( 1964 ) . The First Amendment : Religious Freedom in America from Colonial Days to The School Prayer Controversy . Doubleday & Company . Research resources ( edit ) First Amendment Library entry for Establishment Clause Cases ( with links to all of the Supreme Court 's Establishment Clause cases ) Defending Jefferson 's `` wall of separation '' metaphor Religious Expression in American Public Life : A Joint Statement of Current Law Further reading ( edit ) Dreisbach , Daniel L. Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation Between Church and State . New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 1935 - 0 . Royal C. Gilkey , `` The Problem of Church and State in Terms of the Nonestablishment and Free Exercise of Religion '' , William & Mary Law Review , Vol. 9 , Issue I , 1967 , 149 - 165 Scarberry , Mark S. ( April 2009 ) . `` John Leland and James Madison : Religious Influence on the Ratification of the Constitution and on the Proposal of the Bill of Rights '' ( PDF ) . Penn State Law Review . 113 ( 3 ) : 733 -- 800 . Stone , Geoffrey R. ( 2008 ) . `` The World of the Framers : A Christian Nation ? '' . UCLA L. Rev. 56 ( 1 ) . Tillman , Seth Barrett ( 2009 ) . `` Blushing Our Way Past Historical Fact And Fiction : A Response to Professor Geoffrey R. Stone 's Melville B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture and Essay '' . Penn St. L. Rev. 114 ( 391 ) . SSRN 1333576 . Wiecek , William M. ; United States , Permanent Committee for the Oliver Wendell Holmes Devise ( 2006 ) . `` The Establishment of Religion '' . The birth of the modern Constitution : the United States Supreme Court , 1941 - 1953 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 250 -- 284 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84820 - 6 . 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Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa. 2005 ) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Other McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor , Inc. ( 1985 ) Texas Monthly , Inc. v. Bullock ( 1989 ) Hosanna - Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 2012 ) Free Exercise Clause Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) Davis v. Beason ( 1890 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) United States v. Ballard ( 1944 ) Braunfeld v. Brown ( 1961 ) Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church ( 1969 ) Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) Harris v. McRae ( 1980 ) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division ( 1981 ) United States v. Lee ( 1982 ) Bob Jones University v. United States ( 1983 ) Bowen v. Roy ( 1986 ) Goldman v. Weinberger ( 1986 ) Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton ( 2002 ) Cutter v. Wilkinson ( 2005 ) Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia , Inc. v. Comer ( 2017 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( 2018 ) National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra ( 2018 ) Freedom of speech ( portal ) Sedition and imminent danger Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten ( S.D.N.Y. 1917 ) Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 , 1961 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Bond v. Floyd ( 1966 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) Hess v. Indiana ( 1973 ) False speech United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Terminiello v. Chicago ( 1949 ) Feiner v. New York ( 1951 ) Gregory v. Chicago ( 1969 ) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie ( 1977 ) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ( 1992 ) Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ) Elonis v. United States ( 2015 ) Freedom of assembly and public forums Hague v. CIO ( 1939 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Thornhill v. Alabama ( 1940 ) Martin v. City of Struthers ( 1943 ) Marsh v. Alabama ( 1946 ) Niemotko v. Maryland ( 1951 ) Edwards v. South Carolina ( 1963 ) Cox v. Louisiana ( 1965 ) Brown v. Louisiana ( 1966 ) Adderley v. Florida ( 1966 ) Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne ( 1968 ) Coates v. Cincinnati ( 1971 ) Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe ( 1971 ) Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner ( 1972 ) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins ( 1980 ) Hill v. Colorado ( 2000 ) McCullen v. Coakley ( 2014 ) Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) Symbolic speech Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) Smith v. Goguen ( 1974 ) Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) Virginia v. Black ( 2003 ) Compelled speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Wooley v. Maynard ( 1977 ) Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International , Inc. ( 2013 ) National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra ( 2018 ) Compelled subsidy of others ' speech Abood v. Detroit Board of Education ( 1977 ) Communications Workers of America v. Beck ( 1978 ) Keller v. State Bar of California ( 1990 ) Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth ( 2000 ) Johanns v. 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the establishment clause in the first amendment prohibits the federal government from | [
"The Establishment Clause is a limitation placed upon the United States Congress preventing it from passing legislation respecting an establishment of religion. The second half of the Establishment Clause inherently prohibits the government from preferring any one religion over another. While the Establishment Clause does prohibit Congress from preferring or elevating one religion over another, it does not prohibit the government's entry into the religious domain to make accommodations for religious observances and practices in order to achieve the purposes of the Free Exercise Clause.\n"
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"from passing legislation respecting an establishment of religion"
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9180941097522354600 | Darling River | Darling River - Wikipedia Darling River Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Great Darling Anabranch . Darling River Aerial view of the Darling River near Menindee Country Australia State New South Wales Part of Murray River , Murray - Darling basin Tributaries - left Barwon River , Little Bogan River - right Culgoa River , Warrego River , Paroo River Cities Bourke , Wilcannia , Menindee , Wentworth Source confluence of Barwon and Culgoa Rivers - location near Brewarrina , NSW - elevation 119 m ( 390 ft ) - coordinates 29 ° 57 ′ 31 '' S 146 ° 18 ′ 28 '' E / 29.95861 ° S 146.30778 ° E / - 29.95861 ; 146.30778 Mouth confluence with Murray River - location Wentworth , NSW - elevation 35 m ( 115 ft ) - coordinates 34 ° 6 ′ 47 '' S 141 ° 54 ′ 43 '' E / 34.11306 ° S 141.91194 ° E / - 34.11306 ; 141.91194 Coordinates : 34 ° 6 ′ 47 '' S 141 ° 54 ′ 43 '' E / 34.11306 ° S 141.91194 ° E / - 34.11306 ; 141.91194 Length 1,472 km ( 915 mi ) Basin 609,283 km ( 235,245 sq mi ) Discharge - average 100 m / s ( 3,530 cu ft / s ) approx . The Darling is a major tributary of the Murray - Darling system The Darling River is the third longest river in Australia , measuring 1,472 kilometres ( 915 mi ) from its source in northern New South Wales to its confluence with the Murray River at Wentworth , New South Wales . Including its longest contiguous tributaries it is 2,844 km ( 1,767 mi ) long , making it the longest river system in Australia . The Darling River is the outback 's most famous waterway . The Darling has been in poor health , suffering from overuse of its waters , pollution from pesticide runoff and prolonged drought . In some years it has barely flowed at all . The river has a high salt content and declining water quality . Increased rainfall in its catchment in 2010 has improved flow , but the health of the river will depend on long - term management . The Division of Darling , Division of Riverina - Darling , Electoral district of Darling and Electoral district of Lachlan and Lower Darling were named after the river . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Course 2.1 Population centres 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The flood in the Darling , 1890 , oil on canvas by William Charles Piguenit The Queensland headwaters of the Darling ( the area now known as the Darling Downs ) were gradually colonized from 1815 onward . In 1828 the explorers Charles Sturt and Hamilton Hume were sent by the Governor of New South Wales , Sir Ralph Darling , to investigate the course of the Macquarie River . He discovered the Bogan River and then , early in 1829 , the upper Darling , which he named after the Governor . In 1835 , Major Thomas Mitchell travelled a 483 - kilometre ( 300 mi ) portion of the Darling River . Although his party never reached the junction with the Murray River he correctly assumed the rivers joined . In 1856 , the Blandowski Expedition set off for the junction of the Darling and Murray Rivers to discover and collect fish species for the National Museum . The expedition was a success with 17,400 specimens arriving in Adelaide the next year . Although its flow is extraordinarily irregular ( the river dried up on no fewer than forty - five occasions between 1885 and 1960 ) , in the later 19th century the Darling became a major transportation route , the pastoralists of western New South Wales using it to send their wool by shallow - draft paddle steamer from busy river ports such as Bourke and Wilcannia to the South Australian railheads at Morgan and Murray Bridge . But over the past century the river 's importance as a transportation route has declined . In 1992 , the Darling River suffered from severe cyanobacterial bloom that stretched the length of the river . The presence of phosphorus was essential for the toxic algae to flourish . Flow rates , turbulence , turbidity and temperature were other contributing factors . In 2008 , the Federal government purchased Toorale Station in northern New South Wales for A $ 23 million . The purchase allowed the government to return 11 gigalitres ( 2.4 × 10 ^ imp gal ; 2.9 × 10 ^ US gal ) of environmental flows back into the Darling . Course ( edit ) The whole Murray -- Darling river system , one of the largest in the world , drains all of New South Wales west of the Great Dividing Range , much of northern Victoria and southern Queensland and parts of South Australia . Its meandering course is three times longer than the direct distance it traverses . Much of the land that the Darling flows through are plains and is therefore relatively flat , having an average gradient of just 16 mm per kilometre . Officially the Darling begins between Brewarrina and Bourke at the confluence of the Culgoa and Barwon rivers ; streams whose tributaries rise in the ranges of southern Queensland and northern New South Wales west of the Great Dividing Range . These tributaries include the Balonne River ( of which the Culgoa is one of three main branches ) and its tributaries ; the Macintyre River and its tributaries such as the Dumaresq River and the Severn Rivers ( there are two - one either side or the state border ) ; the Gwydir River ; the Namoi River ; the Castlereagh River ; and the Macquarie River . Other rivers join the Darling near Bourke or below - the Bogan River , the Warrego River and Paroo River . Darling River at Louth South east of Broken Hill , the Menindee Lakes are a series of lakes that were once connected to the Darling River by short creeks . The Menindee Lake Scheme has reduced the frequency of flooding in the Menindee Lakes . As a result , about 13,800 hectares of lignum and 8,700 hectares of Black box have been destroyed . Weirs and constant low flows have fragmented the river system and blocked fish passage . The Darling River runs south - south - west , leaving the Far West region of New South Wales , to join the Murray River on the New South Wales - Victoria border at Wentworth , New South Wales . The Barrier Highway at Wilcania , the Silver City Highway at Wentworth and the Broken Hill railway line at Menindee , all cross the Darling River . Part of the river north of Menindee marks the border of Kinchega National Park . In response to the 1956 Murray River flood , a weir was constructed at Menindee to mitigate flows from the Darling River . The north of the Darling River is in the Southeast Australia temperate savanna ecoregion and the southwest of the Darling is part of the Murray Darling Depression ecoregion . Population centres ( edit ) Major settlements along the river include Brewarrina , Bourke , Louth , Tilpa , Wilcannia , Menindee , Pooncarie and Wentworth . Wentworth was Australia 's busiest inland port in the late 1880s . Navigation by steam boat to Brewarrina was first achieved in 1859 . Brewarrina was also the location of intertribal meetings for Indigenous Australians who speak Darling and live in the river basin . Ancient fish traps in the river provided food for feasts . These heritage listed rock formations have been estimated at more than 40,000 years old making them the oldest man - made structure on the planet . In popular culture ( edit ) Australian poet Henry Lawson wrote a well - known ironic tribute to the Darling River . To quote another Henry Lawson poem : The skies are brass and the plains are bare , Death and ruin are everywhere ; And all that is left of the last year 's flood Is a sickly stream on the grey - black mud ; The salt - springs bubble and the quagmires quiver , And this is the dirge of the Darling River . -- Henry Lawson He also wrote about the river in The Union Buries Its Dead and `` Andy 's Gone With Cattle '' . Other bush poets who have written about the river include Will Ogilvie and Breaker Morant . See also ( edit ) New South Wales portal Environment portal Water portal Darling River hardyhead Great Darling Anabranch List of rivers of New South Wales List of Darling River distances Water security in Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ( Australia 's ) Longest Rivers '' . Geoscience Australia . 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Sally Macmillan ( 24 January 2009 ) . `` Darling River townships offer historic route '' . The Courier - Mail . Queensland Newspapers . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Baker , D.W.A. ( 1967 ) . `` Mitchell , Sir Thomas Livingstone ( 1792 - 1855 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Melbourne University Publishing . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blandowski , William ( 1822 - 1878 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Algal Blooms '' . CSIRO Land and Water . 28 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Matthew ( 9 January 2010 ) . `` Wong slaps down critics of $23 m Darling River water purchase '' . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Surface Water Resources '' . Murray Darling Basin Commission . 29 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Darling River '' . Central Darling Shire Council . Archived from the original on 15 February 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Menindee Lakes '' . Discovering the Darling . Murray Darling Environmental Foundation . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Henry . `` The Darling River '' . Classic Reader . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Darling River '' . Bourke Shire Council . Archived from the original on 16 February 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . External links ( edit ) Darling River . `` Macquarie - Bogan River catchment '' ( map ) . Office of Environment and Heritage . Government of New South Wales . `` Barwon , Darling and Far Western catchments '' ( map ) . Office of Environment and Heritage . Government of New South Wales . `` A river runs through it '' Daily Telegraph article - 6 June 2007 Photos of the Darling / Barwon river between Brewarrina and Bourke , taken over 2003 - 2006 . Flickr River systems and rivers of the Darling River catchments , Australia Bogan Condamine Darling Great Darling Anabranch Maranoa Menindee Lakes Merivale Paroo / Warrego / Culgoa catchment Birrie Culgoa ( QLD / NSW ) Langlo Nive Nivelle Paroo ( QLD / NSW ) Ward Warrego ( QLD / NSW ) Weir ( QLD / NSW ) Balonne / Macintyre catchment Balonne Beardy ( NSW ) Beardy Waters ( NSW ) Bluff ( NSW ) Deepwater ( NSW ) Dumaresq ( NSW ) Macintyre ( NSW / QLD ) Macintyre Brook Merivale Mole ( NSW / QLD ) Narran ( QLD / NSW ) Severn - NSW ( NSW ) Severn - QLD ( QLD / NSW ) Barwon / Macquarie catchment Barwon Bell Bokhara ( QLD / NSW ) Boomi Campbells Castlereagh Cobrabald Cockburn Coolaburragundy Crudine Cudgegong Duckmaloi Fish Gwydir Horton Little Weir Little ( Dubbo ) Macdonald Macquarie Manilla Mehi Meroo Mooki Moonie Namoi Peel Rocky Talbragar Turon Bald Berrygil Bowman Brigalow Crossing Moredun Tycannah River systems and rivers of New South Wales , Australia Rivers flowing towards the Coral and Tasman seas of the South Pacific Ocean Rivers of the Northern Rivers catchment Aberfoyle Apsley Back Barcoongere Bellinger Beaury Bielsdown Blicks Blue Mountain Bobo Boonoo Boonoo Boundary ( Glen Fernaigh ) Boundary ( Nymboida ) Boyd Brunswick Camden Haven Cataract Chandler Chandlers Christmas Clarence Clouds Coldstream Commissioners Waters Coopers Corindi Doyles Dyke Eden Ellenborough Esk Evans Forbes Gara Georges Glen Fernaigh Guy Fawkes Hastings Henry Kalang Kangaroo Kunderang Leycester Little Murray Little Nymboida Macleay Mann Maria Maryland Nambucca Never Never Nowlands Nymboida Oaky Oban Orara Oxley Pappinbarra Pipers Ralfes Richmond Rosewood Rous Sandon Sandy Sara Shannon Stewarts Styx Taylors Arm Thone Tia Timbarra Tobins Tooloom Towallum Tweed Urumbilum Warnes Wilson Wilsons Wollomombi Wooli Wooli Yarrow Yarrowitch Rivers of the Hunter - Central Rivers catchment Allyn Avon Back Baerami Barigan Barnard Barrington Blackwater Bobin Bow Bowman Burns Bylong Caparra Cattle Creek Cedar Cedar Party Cells Chichester Cobark Congewai Connollys Cooba Bulga Coolongolook Cooplacurripa Crawford Curricabark Dawson Dilgry Dingo Gloucester Goulburn Growee Hunter Isis Karuah Kerripit Krui Lansdowne Mammy Johnsons Manning Merriwa Moonan Moppy Mummel Munmurra Myall Nowendoc Pages Creek Pages River Paterson Pigna Barney Rouchel Rowleys Stewarts Telegherry The Branch Walcrow Wallamba Wallingat Wangat Wang Wauk Wards Widden Williams Wollombi Worondi Rivers of the Sydney Basin Avoca Lake Avon Bargo Bedford Budgewoi Lake Burke Capertee Cataract Colo Cooks Coorongooba Cordeaux Coxs Duck Du Faur Erskine Georges Grose Hacking Hawkesbury Hollanders Jenolan Jooriland Kanangra Kedumba Kowmung Lake Macquarie Lake Munmorah Lane Cove Little ( Oberon ) Little ( Wingecarribee ) Little ( Wollondilly ) Macdonald Mangrove Mogo Mooney Mooney Mulwaree Nattai Nepean Ourimbah Paddys Parramatta Pittwater River Lett Rush Tarlo Terrigal Lagoon Tonalli Tuggerah Lake Tuglow Wamberal Lagoon Warragamba Webbs Wingecarribee Wolgan Wollangambe Wollemi Wollondilly Woronora Wyong Rivers of the Southern Rivers catchment Araluen Back Bega Bemboka Bendoc Bermagui Berrima Bettowynd Bimberamala Bombala Brogo Buckenbowra Burrungubugge Clyde Coolumbooka Corang Delegate Deua Endrick Eucumbene Genoa Goobarragandra Gungarlin Imlay Ingeegoodbee Jacobs Jerrabattgulla Kangaroo Lake Illawarra Little Plains Little Thredbo Maclaughlin Merimbula Lake Merrica Minnamurra Mongarlowe Moruya Mowamba Murrah Nadgee Nullica Nunnock Pambula Pinch Port Kembla Queensborough Queens Pound Shoalhaven Snowy St Georges Basin Thredbo Tomaga Towamba Tuross Twofold Bay Undowah Wadbilliga Wallagaraugh White Rock Wog Wog Wonboyn Yadboro Yowaka Yowrie Rivers of the Murray -- Darling basin Murray catchment Billabong Edward Jerra Jerra Little Murray Murray Niemur Rufus Tooma Wakool Darling catchment Bogan Culgoa Darling Little ( Parkes ) Barwon / Macintyre / Macquarie sub-catchments Abington Bakers Barwon Beardy Bell Bluff Bokhara ( QLD / NSW ) Boomi Bundock Campbells Carole Castlereagh Cheshire Cobrabald Cockburn Coolaburragundy Coolibah Watercourse Crudine Cudgegong Deepwater Duckmaloi Dumaresq Dungowan Emu Swamp Ewenmar Evans Plains Fish Frazers Gwydir Halls Horsearm Horton Little Weir Little ( Dubbo ) Macdonald Macintyre ( QLD / NSW ) Macquarie Manilla Mehi Meroo Mole Mooki Moonie Namoi Narran Peel Queen Charlottes Quegobla Quirindi Reedy Rocky Sandy ( Cobar ) Sandy ( Tamworth ) Severn ( NSW ) Sewells Summer Hill Talbragar Turon Murrumbidgee catchment Adelong Adjungbilly Balgalal Barmedman Berthong Big Badja Billabong ( Junee ) Blakney Bland Bowning Bredbo Bulla Burkes Burra ( Palerang ) Burra ( Gundagai ) Cooks Vale Cooma Cooma Back Cowriga Cullinga Derringullen Flyers Goobarragandra Goodradigbee Goorudee Happy Jacks Jeir Jugiong Kindra Kybeyan Lachlan Molonglo ( NSW / ACT ) Murrumbidgee ( NSW / ACT ) MIA Numeralla Peak Pinchgut Queanbeyan ( NSW / ACT ) Rock Flat Rocky Ponds Sandy ( Mirrool ) Strike - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the darling river meet the murray | [
"\n\nDarling River\n\n\n\n\nAerial view of the Darling River near Menindee\n\n\n\nCountry\nAustralia\n\n\nState\nNew South Wales\n\n\n\n\n\nPart of\nMurray River, Murray-Darling basin\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - left\nBarwon River, Little Bogan River\n\n\n - right\nCulgoa River, Warrego River, Paroo River\n\n\nCities\nBourke, Wilcannia, Menindee, Wentworth\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nconfluence of Barwon and Culgoa Rivers\n\n\n - location\nnear Brewarrina, NSW\n\n\n - elevation\n119 m (390 ft)\n\n\n - coordinates\n29°57′31″S 146°18′28″E / 29.95861°S 146.30778°E / -29.95861; 146.30778\n\n\nMouth\nconfluence with Murray River\n\n\n - location\nWentworth, NSW\n\n\n - elevation\n35 m (115 ft)\n\n\n - coordinates\n34°6′47″S 141°54′43″E / 34.11306°S 141.91194°E / -34.11306; 141.91194Coordinates: 34°6′47″S 141°54′43″E / 34.11306°S 141.91194°E / -34.11306; 141.91194\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n1,472 km (915 mi)\n\n\nBasin\n609,283 km2 (235,245 sq mi)\n\n\nDischarge\n\n\n\n - average\n100 m3/s (3,530 cu ft/s) approx.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Darling is a major tributary of the Murray-Darling system\n\n\n"
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-1945127507868750063 | Stone Mountain | Stone Mountain - wikipedia Stone Mountain This article is about the mountain in the U.S. state of Georgia . For the city of the same name , see Stone Mountain , Georgia . For other uses , see Stone Mountain ( disambiguation ) . Stone Mountain The mountain , rock relief , and train Highest point Elevation 1,686 ft ( 514 m ) Prominence 825 ft ( 251 m ) Coordinates 33 ° 48 ′ 21.40 '' N 84 ° 8 ′ 43.52 '' W / 33.8059444 ° N 84.1454222 ° W / 33.8059444 ; - 84.1454222 Coordinates : 33 ° 48 ′ 21.40 '' N 84 ° 8 ′ 43.52 '' W / 33.8059444 ° N 84.1454222 ° W / 33.8059444 ; - 84.1454222 Geography Stone Mountain Stone Mountain , Georgia , United States Topo map USGS Stone Mountain , Georgia Stone Mountain is a quartz monzonite dome monadnock and the site of Stone Mountain Park near Stone Mountain , Georgia . At its summit , the elevation is 1,686 feet ( 514 m ) MSL and 825 feet ( 251 m ) above the surrounding area . Stone Mountain is well known for not only its geology , but also the enormous rock relief on its north face , the largest bas - relief in the world . The carving depicts three Confederate figures , Jefferson Davis , Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson , and has been the subject of widespread controversy . Stone Mountain was once owned by the Venable Brothers and was the site of the founding of the second Ku Klux Klan in 1915 . It was purchased by the State of Georgia in 1958 `` as a memorial to the Confederacy . '' Stone Mountain Park officially opened on April 14 , 1965 -- 100 years to the day after Lincoln 's assassination . It is the most visited destination in the state of Georgia . Stone Mountain is more than 5 miles ( 8 km ) in circumference at its base . The summit of the mountain can be reached by a walk - up trail on the west side of the mountain or by the Skyride aerial tram . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Natural history 3 Confederate Memorial 3.1 Carving and the Ku Klux Klan 3.2 Confederate Memorial controversy 4 History 4.1 Aviation incidents 4.2 Governance 5 Places of interest 5.1 Broadcast tower 5.2 Scenic Railroad 5.3 Stone Mountain trails 5.4 Attractions 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Geology ( edit ) South side of Stone Mountain from the Songbird Habitat and Trail in 2009 Stone Mountain is a pluton , a type of igneous intrusion . Primarily composed of quartz monzonite , the dome of Stone Mountain was formed during the formation of the Blue Ridge Mountains around 300 -- 350 million years ago ( during the Carboniferous period ) , part of the Appalachian Mountains . It formed as a result of the upwelling of magma from within the Earth 's crust . This magma solidified to form granite within the crust five to ten miles below the surface . The Stone Mountain pluton continues underground 9 miles ( 14 km ) at its longest point into Gwinnett County . Numerous reference books and Georgia literature have dubbed Stone Mountain as `` the largest exposed piece of granite in the world '' . This misconception is most likely a result of misrepresentation by granite companies and early park administration . Stone Mountain , though often called a pink granite dome , actually ranges in composition from quartz monzonite to granite and granodiorite . The minerals within the rock include quartz , plagioclase feldspar , microcline and muscovite , with smaller amounts of biotite and tourmaline . The tourmaline is mostly black in color , and the majority of it exists as optically continuous skeletal crystals , but much larger , euhedral pegmatitic tourmaline crystals can also be found in the mountain 's numerous , cross-cutting felsic dikes . Embedded in the granite are xenoliths or pieces of foreign rocks entrained in the magma . The granite intruded into the metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont region during the last stages of the Alleghenian Orogeny , which was the time when North America and North Africa collided . Over time , erosion eventually exposed the present mountain of more resistant igneous rock . This intrusion of granite also gave rise to Panola Mountain and Arabia Mountain , both in DeKalb County , smaller outcroppings farther south of Stone Mountain . Natural history ( edit ) Summit of Stone Mountain , Kennesaw Mountain in background The top of the mountain is a landscape of bare rock and rock pools , and it provides views of the surrounding area including the skyline of downtown Atlanta , often Kennesaw Mountain , and on very clear days even the Appalachian Mountains . On some days , the top of the mountain is shrouded in a heavy fog , and visibility may be limited to only a few feet . The clear freshwater pools on the summit form by rainwater gathering in eroded depressions , and are home to unusual clam shrimp and fairy shrimp . The tiny shrimp appear only during the rainy season . Through the process of cryptobiosis , the tiny shrimp eggs ( or cysts ) can remain dormant for years in the dried out depressions , awaiting favorable conditions . Leaves of the Georgia oak The mountain 's lower slopes are wooded . The rare Georgia oak was first discovered at the summit , and several specimens can easily be found along the walk - up trail and in the woods around the base of the mountain . In the fall , the extremely rare Confederate yellow daisy ( Helianthus porteri ) flowers appear on the mountain , growing in rock crevices and in the large wooded areas . Confederate Memorial ( edit ) Close - up of the memorial 1925 Stone Mountain Memorial Half Dollar The largest bas - relief sculpture in the world , the Confederate Memorial Carving depicts three Confederate leaders of the Civil War : President Jefferson Davis and Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson ( and their favorite horses , `` Blackjack '' , `` Traveller '' , and `` Little Sorrel '' , respectively ) . The entire carved surface measures 1.57 acres ( 6,400 m ) . The carving of the three men towers 400 feet ( 120 m ) above the ground , measures 76 by 158 feet ( 23 by 48 m ) , and is recessed 42 feet ( 13 m ) into the mountain . The deepest point of the carving is at Lee 's right elbow , which is 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) to the mountain 's surface . The carving was conceived by Mrs. C. Helen Plane , a charter member of the United Daughters of the Confederacy ( UDC ) . The Venable Brothers , owners of the mountain , deeded the north face of the mountain to the UDC in 1916 . The UDC was given 12 years to complete a sizable Civil War monument . Gutzon Borglum was commissioned to do the carving . Borglum abandoned the project in 1925 ( and later went on to begin Mount Rushmore ) . The US Mint issued a 1925 Commemorative silver US half dollar , bearing the words `` Stone Mountain '' , as part of a fundraiser for the monument . American sculptor Augustus Lukeman continued until 1928 , when further work stopped for thirty years . In 1941 segregationist Governor Eugene Talmadge formed the Stone Mountain Memorial Association ( SMMA ) to continue work on the memorial , but the project was delayed once again by the U.S. entry into World War II ( 1941 -- 45 ) . In response to Brown v. Board of Education of 1954 , and the birth of the Civil Rights Movement , in 1958 , at the urging of segregationist Governor Marvin Griffin , the Georgia legislature approved a measure to purchase Stone Mountain at a price of $1,125,000 . In 1963 , Walker Hancock was selected to complete the carving , and work began in 1964 . The carving was completed by Roy Faulkner , who later operated the Stone Mountain Carving Museum ( now closed ) on nearby Memorial Drive commemorating the carving 's history . The carving was completed on March 3 , 1972 . An extensive archival collection related to the project is now at Emory University , with the bulk of the materials dating from 1915 to 1930 ; the finding aid provides a history of the project , and an index of the papers contained in the collection . Stone Mountain Park officially opened on April 14 , 1965 -- 100 years to the day after Lincoln 's assassination . Four flags of the Confederacy are flown . The Stone Mountain Memorial Lawn `` contains ... thirteen terraces -- one for each Confederate state ... Each terrace flies the flag that the state flew as member of the Confederacy . '' Carving and the Ku Klux Klan ( edit ) The revival of the Ku Klux Klan was emboldened by the release of D.W. Griffith 's Klan - glorifying film The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) . It was followed in August by the highly publicized lynching of Leo Frank in nearby Marietta , Georgia . On November 25 of the same year , Thanksgiving Day , a small group , including fifteen robed and hooded `` charter members '' of the new organization , met at the summit of Stone Mountain to create a new iteration of the Klan . They were led by William J. Simmons , and included two elderly members of the original Klan . As part of their ceremony , they set up on the summit an altar covered with a flag , opened a Bible , and burned a 16 - foot cross . Fundraising for the monument resumed in 1923 . In October of that year , Venable granted the Klan easement with perpetual right to hold celebrations as they desired . The influence of the UDC continued , in support of Mrs. Plane 's vision of a carving explicitly for the purpose of creating a Confederate memorial . She suggested in a letter to the first sculptor , Gutzon Borglum : I feel it is due to the Klan ( , ) which saved us from Negro dominations ( sic ) and carpetbag rule , that it be immortalized on Stone Mountain . Why not represent a small group of them in their nightly uniform approaching in the distance ? The UDC established the Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial Association ( SMCMA ) for fundraising and on - site supervision of the project . Venable and Borglum , who were both closely associated with the Klan , arranged to pack the SMCMA with Klan members . The SMCMA , along with the United Daughters of the Confederacy , continued fundraising efforts . Of the $250,000 raised , part came from the federal government , which in 1925 issued special fifty - cent coins with the soldiers Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson on them . The image on the verso of the coin was based upon ' The Last Meeting of Lee and Jackson ' executed in 1869 by Everett B.D. Fabrino Julio ( American , b . St. Helena 1843 -- 1879 , emigrated to US 1860 ) itself an icon of ' Lost Cause ' mythology , now in the American Civil War Museum ( until 2012 the Museum of the Confederacy ) , Richmond VA . When the state completed the purchase in 1960 , it condemned the property to remove Venable 's agreement to allow the Klan perpetual right to hold meetings on the premises . William J. Simmons founded the reborn Klan atop Stone Mountain in 1915 The Atlanta Constitution clipping Nov. 28 , 1915 , describing the Klan re-establishment atop Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial controversy ( edit ) See also : Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials After the Charleston church shooting in the summer of 2015 , Stone Mountain was the subject of a political debate related to the removal of symbols of the Confederacy . This controversy was stimulated by a movement in other states to remove the Confederate battle flag and statues of Confederate leaders from public areas . A proposal was made to remove the Confederate carving from Stone Mountain Park . However , according to Georgia state law , no one is allowed to alter the figures carved upon the stone face . Any changes within the state park would require approval by the state legislature . On October 11 , 2015 , The Atlanta Journal - Constitution reported the park is considering a proposal of a permanent `` Freedom Bell '' honoring Martin Luther King , Jr. and the line `` Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia '' as part of King 's `` I Have A Dream '' speech of 1963 . The proposed monument is inspired by a bell - ringing ceremony held in 2013 honoring the 50th anniversary of King 's speech . It is not supported by the NAACP or King - founded Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) , who want the Confederate symbols removed . In August 2017 , after the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia - a white nationalist protest against the removal of a Confederate monument - turned violent , many people across the country again demanded the removal of many Confederate monuments and memorials as a part of a national political debate . Georgia State Representative and gubernatorial candidate Stacey Abrams called for the removal of Stone Mountain 's carving . History ( edit ) Stone Mountain , c. 1910 Human habitation of Stone Mountain and its surroundings date back into prehistory . When the mountain was first encountered by European explorers , its summit was encircled by a rock wall , similar to that still to be found on Georgia 's Fort Mountain . The wall is believed to have been built by early Native American inhabitants of the area , although its purpose remains unclear . By the beginning of the 20th century , the wall had disappeared , the rocks having been taken away by early visitors as souvenirs , rolled down the rockface , or removed by the commercial quarrying operation . The mountain was as well the eastern end of the Campbellton Trail , a Native American path that ran through what is now the Atlanta area . Europeans first learned of the mountain in 1567 , when Spanish explorers were told of a mountain farther inland which was `` very high , shining when the sun set like a fire . '' By this time , the Stone Mountain area was inhabited by the Creek and ( to a lesser extent ) Cherokee peoples . In the early 19th century , the area was known as Rock Mountain . After the founding of DeKalb County and the county seat of Decatur in 1822 , Stone Mountain was a natural recreation area ; it was common for young couples on dates to ride to the mountain on horseback . The mountain is easy to climb and there has been a path since the nineteenth century . Entrepreneur Aaron Cloud built a 165 feet ( 50 m ) wooden observation tower at the summit of the mountain in 1838 , but it was destroyed by a storm and replaced by a much smaller tower in 1851 . Visitors to the mountain would travel to the area by rail and road , and then walk up the 1.1 - mile ( 1.8 km ) mountaintop trail to the top , where Cloud also had a restaurant and club . Granite quarrying started at Stone Mountain in the 1830s , but became a major industry following the completion of a railroad spur to the quarry site in 1847 . This line was rebuilt by the Georgia Railroad in 1869 . Over the years , Stone Mountain granite was used in many buildings and structures , including the locks of the Panama Canal , the steps to the East Wing of the United States Capitol and the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo . In recent years , granite suppliers in Georgia sent stone samples cut from Stone Mountain to the Martin Luther King , Jr . Memorial Foundation to be considered for use in a planned monument in King 's honor ; the Foundation later chose to use granite imported from China . Unfortunately , quarrying during earlier periods also destroyed several spectacular geological features on Stone Mountain , such as the Devil 's Crossroads , which was located on top of the mountain . In 1887 Stone Mountain was purchased for $45,000 by the Venable Brothers of Atlanta , who quarried the mountain for 24 more years , and descendents of the Venable family would retain ownership of the mountain until it was purchased by the State of Georgia in the 1950s . Martin Luther King , Jr. mentioned the monument in his 1963 `` I Have a Dream '' speech in Washington , D.C. , when he said `` let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia ! '' During the 1996 Summer Olympics , Stone Mountain Park provided venues for Olympic events in tennis , archery and track cycling . The venues for archery and cycling were temporary and are now part of the songbird and habitat trail . Some of the outdoor scenes for the Netflix series Stranger Things were filmed in the park . Aviation incidents ( edit ) Grist Mill at Stone Mountain According to George Weiblen 's annotated calendar for Monday , May 7 , 1928 : `` Mail plane crashed on mountain at 8 : 00 P.M. '' The pilot , Johnny S. Kytle ( 1905 -- 1931 ) , not only survived the crash , but managed to grab the mail and walk down the mountain . Around dusk on September 16 , 2003 , in clear weather , a small airplane circled the mountain five times , then crashed headlong into the south side , burst into flames and killed the pilot . A witness testifying at the NTSB investigation stated that the pilot , a 69 - year - old accountant , had threatened on multiple occasions to commit suicide by flying into the mountain . The official NTSB accident report lists the probable cause as `` The pilot 's intentional flight into the ground for the purpose of suicide while impaired by alcohol . '' Governance ( edit ) Stone Mountain Park , which surrounds the Confederate Memorial , is owned by the state of Georgia and managed by the Stone Mountain Memorial Association , a Georgia state authority . The Herschend Family Entertainment Corporation currently has a long - term contract to operate park attractions while the Stone Mountain Memorial Association retains ownership and the right to reject any project deemed unfit . Places of interest ( edit ) Covered Bridge at Stone Mountain Stone Mountain Scenic Railroad depot ( 1971 photograph ) Carillon at Stone Mountain Park ; January 2012 Pavilion and transmitting tower at the summit of Stone Mountain Confederate Hall , operated directly by the Stone Mountain Memorial Association or SMMA , is a museum that educates students and park guests on the geology and ecology of Stone Mountain as well as historical aspects of the area . A small theater shows a historical documentary about the Civil War in Georgia called `` The Battle for Georgia '' . The education department is host to thousands of students each school year , teaching the subjects of geology , ecology , and history . Classes are designed to meet the Georgia Performance Standards and the North American Association for Environmental Education guidelines . The Antebellum Plantation and Farmyard is an open - air museum composed of 19 historic buildings , built between 1790 and 1875 , which have been re-erected on the site to represent a pre-Civil War Georgia plantation . The historic houses have been furnished with an extensive collection of period furniture and decorations . The farm features a petting zoo . A 732 - bell carillon that originated at the 1964 New York World 's Fair provides a daily concert . A covered bridge , dating from 1892 , which originally spanned the Oconee River in Athens , Georgia . A grist mill , dating from 1869 and moved to the park in 1965 . Broadcast tower ( edit ) The mountain top and Skyride The short broadcast tower on the top of the mountain transmits two non-commercial stations : television station WGTV TV 8 , and weather radio station KEC80 on 162.55 MHz . FM radio station WABE FM 90.1 was located on this tower from 1984 until 2005 , when it was required to relocate to accommodate WGTV 's digital conversion . W266BW FM 101.1 now has a permit as well . Atop the tower also sits the W4BOC Amateur Radio repeater , which operates on a frequency of 146.760 mhz . The tower is also used for the park 's Project 25 two - way radio systems . Scenic Railroad ( edit ) Main article : Stone Mountain Scenic Railroad Stone Mountain trails ( edit ) Stone Mountain walk - up trail Walk Up Trail : A 1.3 - mile ( 2.1 km ) trail to the top of Stone Mountain ascending 786 ft ( 240 m ) in elevation to a height of 1,686 ft ( 514 m ) . The trail is steep , but spectacular panoramic views and cool winds await hikers at the top . Cherokee Trail : A 5 - mile ( 8 km ) National Recreation Trail , the Cherokee Trail loops around the mountain base , with a mile section going up and over the west side of the mountain ( crosses Walk Up Trail ) . It passes primarily through an oak - hickory forest , but views of the lakes , streams , and mountain are common . Nature Garden Trail : A scenic ⁄ mile ( 1.2 km ) loop trail through a mature oak - hickory forest community , it is excellent for viewing shade - loving native plants . A small garden with interpretive native plant signs is at the entrance to the trail . Songbird Habitat Trails : Comprising two loop trails each running 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , the field trail is an excellent birding spot and the woodland trail provides shade and numerous native plants . Dogs are not allowed . Attractions ( edit ) Stone Mountain riverboat The Park features several attractions that are operated by Herschend Family Entertainment Corporation . On summer evenings the mountain hosts the Stone Mountain Laser Show Spectacular , a fireworks and laser light display . The laser lightshow projects moving images of the Deep South as well as Georgia history onto the Confederate Memorial carving on the side of the mountain . During Memorial Day Weekend of 2011 , Stone Mountain unveiled its overhaul of the laser show , dubbed Mountainvision . This incorporates digital projectors , lasers , special effects , and pyrotechnics . The Skyride , a Swiss - built cable car to the summit of the mountain , passes by the carving on the way up . The Riverboat offered a scenic cruise aboard a reproduction of a Mississippi riverboat on 363 - acre ( 147 ha ) Stone Mountain Lake . It has been retired . The Antebellum Plantation is a collection of historic buildings relocated from around the state of Georgia , including three plantation manor - houses dating from 1794 , 1850 , and 1845 ; two slave cabins ; a barn ; and other outbuildings . The Plantation Farmyard features historic breeds of sheep , goats , and pigs that guests can pet . Crossroads is a recreation of an 1872 southern town with several attractions that include a modern 4 - D movie theater , an adventure mini-golf course , a duck tour ride , stores and restaurants . Craft demonstrators include glass blowing and candy - making . Among other attractions in this area : The Great Barn is a children 's activity area that features 65 interactive games , climbing structures , trampoline floors , slides and more . Sky Hike is a family ropes adventure course . Guests can choose their own path and level of challenge . Geyser Towers is a playground featuring a large fountain at the entrance , so guests have the option of climbing through the course or getting wet . Panoramic view from the top of Stone Mountain . The skyline of Atlanta is visible at right . See also ( edit ) Atlanta portal List of colossal sculpture in situ References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stone Mountain Archived 2008 - 04 - 22 at the Wayback Machine ... '' georgia.gov , retrieved February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stone Mountain Controversy '' `` ( 1 ) . '' `` smithsonianmag.com , '' retrieved May 2018 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Bruce E. ( 31 October 2016 ) . `` Stone Mountain '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Suggs , Ernie ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Birth of an idea : Where the King monument on Stone Mountain came from '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . ^ Jump up to : McKinney , Debra ( Spring 2018 ) . `` Stone Mountain . A Monumental Dilemma '' . Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report . No. 164 . pp. 18 -- 22 . Jump up ^ `` New Georgia Encyclopedia : Granite Outcrops '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org. 2005 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Scheffel , Richard L. ; Wernet , Susan J. , eds. ( 1980 ) . Natural Wonders of the World . United States of America : Reader 's Digest Association , Inc. p. 358 . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 087 - 3 . Jump up ^ Herrmann , L.A. 1954 . Geology of the Stone Mountain - Lithonia District , Georgia . Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 61 . Atlanta , GA . Jump up ^ Grant , W.H. 1962 . Field excursion , Stone Mountain - Lithonia district . Georgia Geologic Survey Guidebook 2 . Atlanta , Georgia Jump up ^ Skeletal Tourmaline , Undercooling , and Crystallization History of the Stone Mountain Granite , Georgia , U.S.A. , Kristen M. Longfellow and Samuel E. Swanson ( incomplete ref ) Jump up ^ Mellen , Mickey ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Just how big is the Stone Mountain sculpture ? '' . Google Earth Blog . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Stone Mountain collection , 1915 - 1977 . Manuscript Collection No. 95 . Stuart A. Rose Manuscript , Archives , and Rare Book Library . Emory University . emory.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Pilitowski , Tom . `` Information about the Stone Mountain Half Dollar coin '' . U.S. Rare Coin Investments . The authorized issue was 5 million coins , to be sold at $1 each , but only 1.3 million coins released . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Bruce E. ( 2004 ) . `` Stone Mountain '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pousner , Howard ( June 16 , 1985 ) . `` Stone Mountain 's mass appeal also brings some tall problems '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Stone Mountain Park . stonemountainpark.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mark ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Flag causes flap at Stone Mountain '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Corson , Pete . `` Photos : Confederate memorials in metro Atlanta '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Painful Present as Historians Confront a Nation 's Bloody Past '' . Hartford-hwp.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Various Shady Lives of the Ku Klux Klan '' . Time . April 9 , 1965 . An itinerant Methodist preacher named William Joseph Simmons started up the Klan again in Atlanta in 1915 . Simmons , an ascetic - looking man , was a fetishist on fraternal organizations . He was already a `` colonel '' in the Woodmen of the World , but he decided to build an organization all his own . He was an effective speaker , with an affinity for alliteration ; he had preached on `` Women , Weddings and Wives , '' `` Red Heads , Dead Heads and No Heads , '' and the `` Kinship of Kourtship and Kissing . '' On Thanksgiving Eve 1915 , Simmons took 15 friends to the top of Stone Mountain , near Atlanta , built an altar on which he placed an American flag , a Bible and an unsheathed sword , set fire to a crude wooden cross , muttered a few incantations about a `` practical fraternity among men , '' and declared himself Imperial Wizard of the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan . Jump up ^ Patsy Sims ( 1996 ) . The Klan . University Press of Kentucky . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 0887 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Stone Mountain Carving '' . Ngeorgia.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Shaff , Howard & Audrey arl Shaff , ' ' Six Wars at a Time : the lif and times of Gutzon Borglum , Sculptor of Mt . Rushmore ' ' , The Center For Western Studies , Sioux Falls , South Dakota , 1985 p. 207 Jump up ^ `` Confederate Half Dollar '' . xroads.virginia.edu . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Meeting '' . Encyclopediavirginia.org \ accessdate = 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Debate brewing over Stone Mountain Park 's Confederate flags '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 11 ... Jump up ^ `` NAACP calls for removal of giant Confederate carving on Georgia mountainside '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The removal of the Confederate carving at Stone Mountain is seen as unlikely '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 26 . `` Jump up ^ `` A monument to MLK will crown Stone Mountain - Political Insider blog '' . Politics.blog.ajc.com . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Suggs , Ernie ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Civil rights groups oppose King monument on Stone Mountain '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schachar , Natalie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jindal seeks to block removal of Confederate monuments in New Orleans '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenning , Chris ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` U.S. cities step up removal of Confederate statues , despite Virginia '' . Reuters . August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Week : After Charlottesville , eyes turn to Stone Mountain '' . ajc . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Democracy in America American politics ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Martin Luther King : A blockheaded memorial '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ King , Martin Luther , Jr ( 28 August 1963 ) . `` I have a Dream '' . Lillian Goldman Law Library . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia ! Jump up ^ 1996 Summer Olympics official report . Volume 1 . p. 543 . Jump up ^ 1996 Summer Olympics official report . Volume 3 . pp. 448 , 453 . Jump up ^ Driving Map : Stone Mountain Park ( 2009 ) . Pamphlet . Stone Mountain , Georgia : Stone Mountain Park . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Locations for Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . Deep South Magazine . Deep South Media . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Georgia 's small towns outside of Atlanta , including Douglasville , Conyers , Jackson , Winston and Fayetteville , easily pass for the Midwest , and Jackson 's intact downtown is n't a far stretch from 1983 Hawkins on film . Jump up ^ NTSB Accident Report : Stone Mountain Archived 2006 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , 16 September 2003 . Jump up ^ Seibert , David . `` Stone Mountain Covered Bridge '' . GeorgiaInfo : an Online Georgia Almanac . Digital Library of Georgia . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Stone Mountain Park Memorial Association system : WPRF799 ( public safety ) FCC website Jump up ^ Stone Mountain Park Memorial Association system : WNAU431 ( businesses ) FCC website Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Stone Mountain Park Debuts New Lasershow Spectacular TM in Mountainvision This Summer -- STONE MOUNTAIN , Ga. , March 21 , 2011 / PRNewswire / '' . Prnewswire.com. 2011 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Further reading ( edit ) Deborah Yost ( 1997 ) . Georgia 's Stone Mountain Park . Aerial Photography Services , Inc . ISBN 1 - 880970 - 11 - 2 . Golden Ink ( 1994 -- 2003 ) . About North Georgia : Stone Mountain . Retrieved July 29 , 2005 . James W. Loewen ( 1999 ) . Lies Across America : What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong . New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 344 - 4 . `` Ecosystem '' . Stone Mountain Park . Stone Mountain Memorial Association . Archived from the original on 4 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . United Daughters of the Confederacy ( 2007 ) . Georgia Division , United Daughters of the Confederacy . Atlanta 's Stone Mountain : A Multicultural History ( 2011 ) Written by : Paul Stephen Hudson and Laura Pond Mirza . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stone Mountain Park , Georgia . Atlanta , Georgia , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary City of Stone Mountain , Georgia , from the City of Stone Mountain Main Street Stone Mountain Stone Mountain article , from the New Georgia Encyclopedia Stone Mountain Park and City Information Stone Mountain Park Photos Stone Mountain Park website , from the state authority that owns the park Stone Mountain Park guide , with current and historical photos View from the top of Stone Mountain looking Northeast ( 1934 ) and Granite Quarry at Stone Mountain ( 1913 ) from the Georgia Geological Survey photographs in the collection of the Georgia Archives . Stone Mountain Granite Corporation -- Producers and Manufacturers Stone Mountain Light Gray Granite For Building Work -- Dorian Gray For Mausoleums and Monuments & Stone Mountain Granite Corporation Granite Price List , circa 1914 ( Office , quarries , and finishing plant located at Stone Mountain , Georgia ) Southeast Granite Company -- Stone Mountain Granite Memorial / Monumental Stones Catalog ( 1920s ) Shades of Gray : The Changing Focus of Stone Mountain Park Gutzon Borglum Works Alexander Hamilton Stephens General Philip Sheridan ( 1908 ) Harvey W. Scott ( 1933 ) Mount Rushmore Nathaniel Wheeler Memorial Fountain North Carolina Monument Rabboni ( 1909 ) Seated Lincoln ( 1911 ) Stone Mountain Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar Wars of America ( 1926 ) Zebulon Baird Vance ( 1916 ) Mountains of Georgia Blue Ridge Mountains Big Bald Mountain Big John Dick Mountain Black Mountain Black Rock Mountain Blood Mountain Brasstown Bald Coosa Bald Cowrock Mountain Currahee Mountain Dick 's Knob Double Spring Knob Flat Top Fort Mountain Glade Mountain Glassy Mountain Grassy Mountain Grassy Ridge Hightower Bald Horsetrough Mountain Jacks Knob Levelland Mountain Mount Oglethorpe Rabun Bald Rich Mountain Slaughter Mountain Springer Mountain Tray Mountain Wildcat Mountain Wolfpen Ridge Young Lick Rich Knob Screamer Mountain Three Sisters Yonah Mountain Rock Mountain Rocky Knob Rocky Mountain Ridge - and - Valley Baugh Mountain Blossom Hill Horseleg Mountain Lookout Mountain Lumpkin Hill Johns Mountain Old Shorter Hill Jackson Hill Pigeon Mountain Snodgrass Hill Taylor Ridge Turkey Mountain Others Alcovy Mountain Arabia Mountain Bear Mountain Blackjack Mountain Chenocetah Mountain Dowdell 's Knob Kennesaw Mountain Little Kennesaw Mountain Mount Wilkinson Panola Mountain Pine Log Mountain Pine Mountain ( Bartow County ) Pine Mountain ( Cobb County ) Sawnee Mountain Six Flags Hill Stone Mountain Sweat Mountain Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics Olympic Ring Alexander Memorial Coliseum Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium Clark Atlanta University Stadium Cycling road course Georgia Dome Georgia State University Gymnasium Georgia Tech Aquatic Center Georgia World Congress Center Marathon course Morehouse College Gymnasium Morris Brown College Stadium Centennial Olympic Stadium Omni Coliseum Walking course Metro Atlanta Atlanta Beach Georgia International Horse Park Lake Lanier Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome Stone Mountain Tennis Center Wolf Creek Shooting Complex Other venues Florida Citrus Bowl ( Orlando , Florida ) Golden Park ( Columbus , Georgia ) Legion Field ( Birmingham , Alabama ) Ocoee Whitewater Center ( Polk County , Tennessee ) Orange Bowl ( Miami , Florida ) RFK Memorial Stadium ( Washington , D.C. ) Sanford Stadium ( Athens , Georgia ) University of Georgia Coliseum ( Athens , Georgia ) Wassaw Sound ( Savannah , Georgia ) Olympic venues in archery 1900 : Bois de Vincennes 1904 : Francis Field 1908 : White City Stadium 1920 : Nachtegalen Park 1972 : Bogenschießlage 1976 : Olympic Archery Field , Joliette 1980 : Krylatskoye Sports Complex Archery Field 1984 : El Dorado Park 1988 : Hwarang Archery Field 1992 : Olympic Archery Field 1996 : Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome 2000 : Sydney International Archery Park 2004 : Panathenaic Stadium 2008 : Olympic Green Archery Field 2012 : Lord 's 2016 : Sambódromo 2020 : Dream Island Archery Field 2024 : Les Invalides 2028 : Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Olympic venues in cycling 1896 Marathon ( city ) , Neo Phaliron Velodrome 1900 Vélodrome de Vincennes 1904 Francis Field 1908 White City Stadium 1912 Liljeholmen , Mälaren 1920 Antwerp , Vélodrome d'Anvers Zuremborg 1924 Stade de Colombes , Vélodrome de Vincennes 1928 Amsterdam , Olympic Stadium 1932 Los Angeles Avenue , Pacific Coast Highway , Rose Bowl in Pasadena , Vineyard Avenue 1936 Avus Motor Road , BSV 92 Field & Stadium 1948 Herne Hill Velodrome , Windsor Great Park 1952 Käpylä , Maunula , Pakila , Velodrome 1956 Broadmeadows , Velodrome 1960 Olympic Velodrome , Via Cassia , Via Flaminia , Via Cristoforo Colombo , Via di Grottarossa 1964 Hachioji City , Hachioji Velodrome 1968 Agustín Melgar Olympic Velodrome , Satellite Circuit 1972 Bundesautobahn 96 , Grünwald , Radstadion 1976 Mount Royal Park , Olympic Velodrome , Quebec Autoroute 40 1980 Krylatskoye Sports Complex Cycling Circuit , Krylatskoye Sports Complex Velodrome , Moscow - Minsk Highway 1984 Artesia Freeway , Olympic Velodrome , Streets of Mission Viejo 1988 Olympic Velodrome , Tongillo Road Course 1992 A-17 highway , Circuit de Barcelona - Catalunya , Sant Sadurní Cycling Circuit , Velòdrom d'Horta Cycling road course , Georgia International Horse Park , Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome 2000 Centennial Parklands , Dunc Gray Velodrome , Western Sydney Parklands Athens Olympic Velodrome , Kotzia Square , Parnitha Olympic Mountain Bike Venue , Vouliagmeni Olympic Centre 2008 Laoshan Bicycle Moto Cross ( BMX ) Venue , Laoshan Mountain Bike Course , Laoshan Velodrome , Urban Road Cycling Course 2012 BMX Circuit , Hadleigh Farm , London Velodrome , Hampton Court Palace 2016 Fort Copacabana , Mountain Bike Centre , Olympic BMX Centre , Pontal , Rio Olympic Velodrome 2020 Izu Velodrome , Fuji Speedway , Olympic BMX Course 2024 Vélodrome de Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines , Champs - Élysées , Élancourt Hill 2028 VELO Sports Center , Los Angeles Convention Center , Grand Park , Downtown Long Beach , Frank G. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what type of geologic feature is stone mountain | [
"Stone Mountain is a pluton, a type of igneous intrusion. Primarily composed of quartz monzonite, the dome of Stone Mountain was formed during the formation of the Blue Ridge Mountains around 300–350 million years ago (during the Carboniferous period), part of the Appalachian Mountains.[6] It formed as a result of the upwelling of magma from within the Earth's crust. This magma solidified to form granite within the crust five to ten miles below the surface."
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"a pluton, a type of igneous intrusion"
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5334103133798533576 | Buzz Lightyear | Buzz Lightyear - wikipedia Buzz Lightyear Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Buzz Lightyear Toy Story character First appearance Toy Story ( 1995 ) Created by John Lasseter Pete Docter Andrew Stanton Joe Ranft Voiced by Tim Allen ( films , Toy Story Toons , `` Kingdom Hearts III '' , Toy Story of Terror ! , Toy Story That Time Forgot , Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( DTV dub ) , Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue , Toy Story Racer , Toy Story Mania ! , commercials ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Treats , video games , merchandise , attractions ) Patrick Warburton ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( redub ) , TV series , Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Video Game ) Mike MacRae ( video games ) Javier Fernandez - Peña ( Spanish Buzz ) Teddy Newton ( mini counterpart ) Corey Burton ( Toy Story 3 : Disney On Ice ) Information Species Spaceman action figure Gender Male Occupation Toy Title Space Ranger Significant other ( s ) Jessie Hair color unknown Buzz Lightyear is a fictional character in the Toy Story franchise . He is a toy space ranger hero according to the movies and action figure in the Toy Story franchise . Along with Woody , he is one of the two lead characters in all three Toy Story movies . He also appeared in the movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins and the television series spin - off Buzz Lightyear of Star Command , as well as the two film sequels . Tim Allen voiced the character in the Toy Story film series and the Buzz Lightyear movie , while Patrick Warburton provided Buzz 's voice for the TV series , and Pat Fraley voiced him for the video games and the attractions in Disney Parks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and creation 2 Appearances 2.1 Films 2.2 Buzz Lightyear of Star Command 2.3 Other appearances 3 Characteristics 4 Action figure 5 Cultural impact 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Concept and creation ( edit ) Buzz Lightyear 's name was inspired by Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin , the second person to walk on the Moon . Aldrin acknowledged the tribute when he pulled a Buzz Lightyear doll out during a speech at NASA , to rapturous cheers . A clip of this can be found on the Toy Story 10th Anniversary DVD . Aldrin did not , however , receive any endorsement fees for the use of his first name . Regarding the design of Lightyear , his creator , John Lasseter , is on record as saying he wanted to create an action figure in the line of G.I. Joe for Toy Story and decided upon a spaceman figure . He attributes his design to the influence of Apollo astronauts , in particular their clear helmets , skullcaps , communication devices and white suits . The purple and lime green color scheme were his and his wife 's own favorite colors respectively . The looks of television actor Ed Kemmer are also believed to be a prototype for Lightyear . Kemmer played Commander Buzz Corry in Space Patrol , one of the first science - fiction series on US TV . Appearances ( edit ) Films ( edit ) In Toy Story , Buzz Lightyear is first seen when given as a gift to Andy from his mother at his birthday party . He also believes that he is a real space ranger , rather than a toy . Previously , the distinction of being Andy 's favorite toy was held by Woody ( a cowboy doll ) , but Buzz quickly becomes the new favorite ; as a result , Woody is left to develop animosity toward Buzz . The effects of Woody 's jealousy eventually leads them to be captured by Sid , a child who enjoys torturing toys and lives next door to Andy 's house . While imprisoned in Sid 's house , Buzz sees his own television ad , thus convincing him that he is a toy and not a space ranger . Upon understanding this , Buzz becomes depressed , but Woody eventually convinces him that it is a good thing . Buzz regains hope , and the two work together to escape , return to Andy , and become friends . In Toy Story 2 , After Woody is kidnapped by a greedy toy collector named Al , who is intent on selling him to a toy museum in Japan , Buzz leads Andy 's toys on a daring mission to rescue him . On the journey , Buzz accidentally comes across a newer Buzz Lightyear toy with a utility belt . When he tries to take the belt , the newer Buzz ( who , like Andy 's Buzz in the first film , believes he is a real space ranger ) attacks him , believing that he is a disobedient space ranger . The two Buzzes fight and Utility Belt Buzz traps Andy 's Buzz in a cardboard rocket ship similar to the one he originally came in . Soon the other toys find Utility Belt Buzz and mistake him for Andy 's Buzz , despite Buzz 's cries of `` You 've got the wrong Buzz , YOU 'VE GOT THE WRONG BUZZ ! '' . Utility Belt Buzz joins the gang after Rex tells him that he knows how to defeat Emperor Zurg ( in a video game . ) Andy 's Buzz eventually breaks free from his cardboard prison and tracks down Utility Belt Buzz and the rest of the toys . After arguing with Utility Belt Buzz over who the real Buzz is , he eventually convinces them that he is the real Buzz by showing them the bottom of his boot , which has Andy 's name written on it . Although he manages to convince Woody to return home , Stinky Pete stops him , as the latter wants to go to Japan . After Buzz and the gang fight Zurg in the elevator shaft , they use a pizza planet truck to chase after Al to the airport ( while Utility Belt Buzz stays behind to play with an amnesiac Zurg ) , with Buzz controlling the steering wheel as well as moving a pizza box on the driver 's seat to help him reach it . Eventually , they manage to rescue Woody along with Jessie and Bullseye . At the end of the film , we see that Buzz has developed a crush on Jessie . In Toy Story 3 , Woody , Buzz , and the other toys accidentally end up in a daycare center after a mistake when Andy is packing for college . The daycare center toys are led by the teddy bear Lotso , who is later revealed as manipulative , untruthful , misunderstood , and some might say `` evil '' . Buzz is caught spying on one of his secret meetings . To stop Buzz , Lotso switches Buzz back to `` demo mode '' causing him to again believe he is a space ranger and turn against his friends . When escaping , Woody and the other toys accidentally switch Buzz to `` Spanish mode '' causing confusion for many characters and comedic character changes and opportunities for the audience . Buzz turns back to his normal self after he nearly gets crushed by a television set in a garbage truck . After making their way back to Andy 's house , Buzz , Woody , Jessie , and the other toys are given by Andy to a little girl named Bonnie . The end shows the toys embracing their new life with Bonnie . In Toy Story 4 , Buzz will return where he and the others will help Woody reunite with Bo Peep . Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ( edit ) In Buzz Lightyear of Star Command , Buzz is a space ranger working for Star Command , protecting the universe from Evil Emperor Zurg . He works in a team alongside Mira Nova , a Tangean princess with phasing powers , Booster , a janitor from the planet Jo - Ad , and XR , a robot created by the Little Green Men ( the aliens from the movies , LGM for short ) . This version of Buzz is completely different from the one in Toy Story , in looks and personality . Buzz also has had many love interests on the show . He once had a friend and partner named Warp Darkmatter , however , he later joined Zurg and became his primary agent . Buzz also seems to never take off the purple headwear that he has with his Space Ranger uniform . Aside from his regular catch phrase , he has a habit of telling villains that `` Evil never wins ! '' Other appearances ( edit ) Buzz also appears in Pixar 's 2003 film Finding Nemo . He also appeared as a car in Pixar 's 2006 movie , Cars , along with Woody and Hamm . He is also seen in the Toy Story Toons episodes Hawaiian Vacation ( released with Cars 2 ) , Small Fry ( released with The Muppets ) and Partysaurus Rex ( released during the 2012 3D re-release of Finding Nemo ) , and the two specials : Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Buzz also appeared in two episodes of Family Guy both times in cutaway gags set up by Stewie Griffin . In the 2013 episode Chris Cross , after Stewie has seriated Brian Griffin with You Needed Me , he complains that he invited Buzz to watch and he did not show up . This cuts to Buzz talking with a woman at a bar . In the 2017 episode The Finer Strings , when Brain insists that Carter is his friend , Stewie says `` That 's what Woody thought about Buzz Lightyear . '' This leads to a cutaway gag where Woody catches Buzz making out with Bo Peep . Buzz has also been referenced on The Simpsons . In the 2005 episode The Italian Bob , Lisa Simpson mentions both Buzz and his voice actor Tim Allen . In The Simpsons , in the 2010 episode , The Color Yellow , probably as a promotion for the theatrical release of Toy Story 3 , Ralph Wiggum holds on a picture where he is with Buzz and Elmo from Sesame Street , `` saying Martin Luther King had a dream . Dreams are where Elmo and Toy Story had a party , and I went there '' . In the 2011 episode Flaming Moe , Bart Simpson is playing with a toy parodying Buzz . Buzz was also in the 2008 Disney film Bedtime Stories and the Disney film The Sorcerer 's Apprentice which was released the same year as Toy Story 3 . Buzz is slated to appear in the upcoming Kingdom Hearts III , in which Tim Allen will voice him . Characteristics ( edit ) Tim Allen Buzz Lightyear is known for his bravery and courage . Buzz believes that following rules is the way people should live their life . Though a great leader , at times he exhibits rather unemotional , erratic , and impulsive behaviour , a triumvirate of his biggest character flaws . Buzz is trained in several forms of martial arts and is a highly skilled warrior in hand - to - hand combat . Being in peak physical condition , Buzz makes a perfect space ranger and is an example to many . Perhaps unexpectedly , Buzz Lightyear the space ranger toy enjoys his closest personal relationships with two cowboy dolls : his best friend in the trilogy is Sheriff Woody Pride and by the end of Toy Story 2 , he has developed a crush on Jessie the Cowgirl , which is actualized with their mild romance in Toy Story 3 . Buzz wears a high - tech space suit , similar to those of modern - day astronauts though more streamlined and iconic . The suit chest features a control panel . On the left hand side of the suit , a large red button activates the suit 's flight system , which are two purple wings with candy cane lining , and green and red wing tips . The buttons on the right of the suit have numerous functions such as contacting Star Command , shooting grappling hooks , and activating full throttle . On the toy Buzz of movies however , all they do is make Buzz say different catch phrases . Buzz 's suit also protects against the vacuum and cold of space . It can also translate all he says into any language even an outer space dialect . A retractable helmet , when activated , covers Buzz 's head and allows him to breathe in space or on planets lacking a sufficient supply of oxygen . The left arm of the suit has a panel that flips open to reveal a display that contains a mission log in the wrist area to record history and provide records . The right arm contains the weapon system which projects an unusually strong and powerful red - colored laser out of the small cannon on the back of the wrist . Buzz has a utility belt as an upgrade to suit . It has various things such as anti-gravity servos , magnets for climbing purposes , and a grappling hook . Action figure ( edit ) Toy figure , Buzz Lightyear , with packaging , licensed from the film Toy Story , plastic / cardboard , made for Thinkway Toys in China , 1995 - 1999 . The Buzz Lightyear figure was manufactured by Thinkway Toys , New York between 1995 - 1999 . An enhanced , newer model was released in 2009 to coincide with the Toy Story 3 - D Double Feature . Originally , Tim Allen 's voice was on the action figure . The newer models feature a voice actor who sounds similar to Allen . The Toy Story Action Figure , Buzz Lightyear was subject to mass sales in the Christmas after the film 's release , mainly in the United States and United Kingdom . In 1995 , Thinkway did n't think that Toy Story would be that popular hence did n't make enough dolls to meet demand , as referenced in Toy Story 2 . When Toy Story 3 came out they made 2 more Buzz Lightyear action figures for the Toy Story Collection , one normal one and an extra one with the utility belt from Toy Story 2 . Produced by Thinkway Toys also with the spaceship box from the movies . John Lasseter , director of Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , and the upcoming Toy Story 4 , NASA Deputy Administrator Lori Garver , and Gen. J.R. `` Jack '' Dailey , holding the action figure of Buzz Lightyear , which became the longest serving toy in space In May 2008 , NASA and Disney announced that an original Thinkway Toys ' Buzz Lightyear action figure would fly aboard the space shuttle Discovery on mission STS - 124 . The 12 - inch toy was to remain on the International Space Station for six months , where it would take part in an experiment and appear in a video downlink from space . The flight was arranged as part of the Toys In Space program that began in 1985 . The mission launched with Buzz aboard the NASA space shuttle Discovery ( STS - 124 ) on May 31 , 2008 , to celebrate the opening of Toy Story Midway Mania at Disney 's Hollywood Studios and Disney California Adventure Park theme parks , with the ultimate destination of the International Space Station ( ISS ) . The action figure `` ate '' dinner with the 10 astronauts and cosmonauts and was seen peering out a window aboard the ISS . The action figure stayed aboard the space station for a period of six months as part of a NASA toys - in - space educational program . The Buzz Lightyear action figure returned from the space station on September 11 , 2009 aboard mission STS - 128 . In October 2009 , Thinkway Toys released a replica Buzz Lightyear figure based on the figure in the Toy Story movies as part of their Toy Story Collection series of toys . This Buzz Lightyear was much more accurately detailed than the other Buzz Lightyear figures and it has features similar to the figure seen in the movie with similar pop - out wings complete with blinking lights at the wing tips , laser , wrist communicator and the figure has over 65 phrases with original voice . However , the figure lacks the karate chop action . The figure also comes with a Certificate of Authenticity and comes packaged in the spaceship packaging as seen in the movies . In 2010 , Lego created a Buzz Lightyear action figure . The Lego set is number 7592 and has 205 pieces . When the figure is completely built it has articulating head , arms , hands , torso , legs , feet , wings and visor . In 2010 Lego created a Buzz Lightyear mini-figure it was released in two variants . Both variants featured the same molded elements with different printing both mini-figures had a total of five new molded elements for the minifigure being the head , the two winged pieces , the head cover and the torso of his spacesuit . One being the standard variant to represent the `` clean '' Buzz Lightyear . This minifigure was featured in 7 sets : 30073 , 7593 , 7598 , 7597 , 7590 , 9002700 ( watch set ) and a magnet set ( 852949 ) featuring Buzz , Woody and a pizza planet alien . The other variant was the `` dirty '' version of Buzz Lightyear as seen in Toy Story 3 . This mini-figure was featured in 1 set which was 7599 . This variant featured the same Buzz mini-figure with printed on dirt stains . In 2016 a new version of Buzz Lightyear was created for the Lego mini-figures Disney series . This mini-figure featured new prints for legs and arms of the minifigure and removed the Star Command logo from the chest of the torso piece . The most noticeable difference between this mini-figure and the 2010 release was the mini-figure head which is now a classic styled mini-figure head and not a molded piece . Cultural impact ( edit ) On October 2007 , readers of Empire voted him No. 1 of the Top 20 Greatest Pixar Characters . They also rated him the 94th greatest movie character of all time . Buzz 's classic line `` To infinity ... and beyond ! '' has seen usage not only on T - shirts , but among philosophers and mathematical theorists as well . A book about the history of infinity from 1991 ( 4 years before Toy Story ) , by Eli Maor Lucia uses the phrase for its title . Hall of The Humanist linked the film 's plot to an interpretation of humanism . She compared the phrase to `` All this and heaven , too ! '' , indicating one who is happy with a life on Earth as well as having an afterlife . The 2008 quadruple platinum song `` Single Ladies '' by Beyoncé includes the lyric `` ... and delivers me to a destiny , to infinity and beyond . '' Also in 2008 , astronauts took an action figure of Buzz Lightyear into space on the Space Shuttle `` Discovery '' as part of an educational experience for students while stressing the catchphrase . The action figure was used for experiments in zero - g . Also in 2008 , the phrase made international news when it was reported that a father and son had continually repeated the phrase to help them keep track of each other while treading water for 15 hours in the Atlantic Ocean . See also ( edit ) Disney portal Fictional characters portal Buzz Lightyear ( attractions ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Toy Story 3 Featurette - Buzz Lightyear '' . Trailer Addict . June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Deborah ; Oth , Christian ( June 15 , 2009 and June 21 , 2009 ) . `` Questions for Buzz Aldrin : The Man on the Moon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Note : nytimes.com print - view software lists the article date as June 21 , 2009 ; main article webpage shows June 15 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Josh ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` Watch John Lasseter Explain The Origins of Buzz Lightyear '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Disney 's Buzz Lightyear and Wall - E explore space for NASA June 24 , 2008 , collectspace.com Jump up ^ Brian Pendreigh Ed Kemmer TV star and inspiration for the character of Buzz Lightyear November 19 , 2004 , The Herald Scotland Jump up ^ Stopera , Dave ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` 23 Things You Probably Did n't Know About The Movie `` Finding Nemo '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hero Complex '' . The Los Angeles Times . December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian 's National Air and Space Museum Receives Buzz Lightyear Flown in Space '' ( Press release ) . Smithsonian 's National Air and Space Museum . March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pearlman , Robert Z . ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` Buzz Lightyear Becomes Real Space Ranger '' . Space.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Marcia ( June 6 , 2008 ) . `` Japan 's space lab just got bigger '' . MSNBC.com . Associated Press . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Return of Buzz Lightyear '' . NASA . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 7592 Construct - a-Buzz '' . The LEGO Group . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Features '' . Empire . December 5 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 94 . Buzz Lightyear '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dusek , Val ( 2006 ) . Philosophy of Technology : An Introduction . Blackwell Publishing . p. 59 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1163 - 1 . Jump up ^ To Infinity and Beyond : A Cultural History of the Infinite . Princeton University Press . 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 02511 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hall , Lucia K.B. ( March 1 , 2000 ) . `` Toy Stories for Humanists ? '' . The Humanist . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Buzz Lightyear got us through '' . Star Tribune . Associated Press . September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Toy Story ' Line Helped Father , Son Survive in Water for 15 Hours '' . Fox News . Associated Press . September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Buzz Lightyear Official character page Buzz Lightyear at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia Disney Infinity Buzz Lightyear ( hide ) Toy Story Films Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear RC Racer Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania ! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Debian naming convention Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buzz_Lightyear&oldid=804233059 '' Categories : Toy Story characters Extraterrestrial superheroes Space police officers Fictional dolls and dummies Fictional characters introduced in 1995 1990s toys Fictional characters who became a protagonist in a spin - off Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from August 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 16 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the voice of buzz lightyear in toy story | [
"Tim Allen voiced the character in the Toy Story film series and the Buzz Lightyear movie, while Patrick Warburton provided Buzz's voice for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for the video games and the attractions in Disney Parks."
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"Tim Allen"
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-1794862461698424477 | My Side of the Mountain | My Side of the Mountain - Wikipedia My Side of the Mountain This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) My Side of the Mountain First edition cover of My Side of the Mountain Author Jean Craighead George Country United States Language English Series Mountain Genre Children 's adventure novel Publisher E.P. Dutton Publication date 1959 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book Pages 179 Followed by On the Far Side of the Mountain Children 's literature portal My Side of the Mountain is a children or young adult adventure novel written and illustrated by American writer Jean Craighead George published by E.P. Dutton in 1959 . It features a boy who learns about courage , independence , and the need for companionship while attempting to live in a forested area of New York state . In 1960 , it was one of three Newbery Medal Honor Books ( runners - up ) and in 1969 it was loosely adapted as a film of the same name . George continued the story in print , decades later . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Critical reception and impact 4 Adaptations 5 Series 6 References Plot summary ( edit ) The book is about Sam Gribley , a 14 - year - old boy who intensely dislikes living in his parents ' cramped New York City apartment with his eight brothers and sisters . He decides to run away to his great - grandfather 's abandoned farm in the Catskill Mountains to live in the wilderness . The reader meets Frightful , Sam 's pet peregrine falcon , and The Baron , a weasel that Sam befriends . Roughly the first 80 percent of the novel is Sam 's reminiscences during a snowstorm about how he came to be in a home made out of a hollowed - out tree , while the remainder of the novel is a traditional linear narrative about what happens after the snowstorm . The second chapter opens with Sam Gribley remembering how he came to dislike living in New York City ; how he learned of his grandfather 's abandoned farm near Delhi , New York ; how he learned wilderness survival skills by reading a book at the New York City Public Library ; and about his trip to the small town of Delhi using $40 he earned by selling magazine subscriptions . Realizing his son will run away from home no matter what he does , Sam 's father permits him to go to Delhi as long as Sam lets people in the town know that he is staying at the farm . Sam enters the forest near the town , builds a tent out of hemlock evergreen tree branches , and catches five trout in a nearby stream . But his survival skills are incomplete , and he is unable to build a fire . The next day , Sam searches for his grandfather 's farm and fails to find it . However , he does meet Bill , a man living in a cabin in the woods . Bill teaches him how to make a fire . Sam is forced to go into town to learn where his grandfather 's land is . He tells the local librarian who he is and where he is going , then journeys to the farm . Sam discovers the stone foundation for the long - destroyed farmhouse , but little else remains of the homestead . Over the next several chapters , Sam continues to reminisce about how he came to be self - sufficient by living off the plants and animals he finds on his grandfather 's abandoned farm . He finds a hollow tree and decides to make it his home . Remembering how Native Americans used fire to create dugout canoes , he uses fire to make the interior of the hollow tree bigger . One day , while Sam is chopping an ash tree to make a bed , an old woman named Mrs. Thomas Fiedler forces him to help her pick strawberries . Seeing a peregrine falcon hunting for its prey , Sam decides he wants a falcon as a hunting bird . Sam returns to town to get a haircut , and reads up on falconry at the local public library . He camps near a cliff for several days to learn the location of a peregrine falcon nest , and steals a chick from the nest while the mother bird attacks him . He names the bird Frightful , because of the difficult time he had getting the nestling . A short time later , Sam is forced to hide in the woods for two days . A forest ranger , spotting the smoke from Sam 's cooking fire , came to investigate what he believed was a forest fire . The ranger lingers near Sam 's home overnight , but leaves after believing that whoever started the fire must have left the place . Sam also relates to the reader his memories about his adventures in the fall . He makes a box trap to catch animals to eat , but ends up catching a weasel instead . Sam calls the weasel The Baron for the fearless way the animal moves about the hollowed - out treehouse . Realizing winter is coming , Sam wants to kill a deer so he can make a door for his home . He learns how to smoke meat to preserve it for winter , and how to tan hides . When a poacher illegally kills a deer , Sam hides the carcass from the hunter so he can use it for food , a door , and a new pair of clothes . Sam remembers how he tanned the hide using a hollow tree stump and various plants . He also avoids townspeople who wander near his home by hiding in the woods . Sam trains Frightful to hunt , and the bird proves very good at it . Sam prepares for winter by hunting frogs , pheasants , rabbits , and sparrows ; preserving wild grains and tubers ; smoking fish and meat ; and preparing storage spaces by hollowing out the trunks of trees . Finding another poached deer , Sam makes himself deerskin clothing to replace his worn - out city clothes . Sam notices a raccoon digging for mussels in the creek , and he learns how to hunt for shellfish . Sam names the raccoon Jesse Coon James , because it looks like a bandit and reminds him of the legendary outlaw Jesse Coon James . A willow whistle , similar to the one made in the novel My Side of the Mountain . Shortly after befriending the raccoon , Sam hears sirens nearby . When he returns to his hollowed out tree home , he finds a man there . At first , Sam believes the man is a criminal , and nicknames him `` Bando '' ( a shortened version of `` bandit '' ) . But the man is a professor of English literature , and is merely lost . He is surprised to find Sam , and gives Sam the nickname `` Thoreau '' . Bando spends 10 days with Sam , building a raft to take them downstream to catch fish . He gives Sam 10 pounds of sugar and teaches him to make jam . He also shows Sam how to make a whistle out of a willow branch . Bando also tries to make clay pots . Bando departs , and they agree that Bando will come back at Christmas to visit with Sam . Sam remembers how , as winter came closer , he realized he needed to make a clay fireplace to keep his home warm . Sam steals two more dead deer from local hunters to make winter clothes , begins rapidly storing as many fruits and nuts as he can ( trying desperately to get to them before the squirrels do ) , and builds his fireplace . Sam insulates his treehouse home too well , however : his fire generates too much carbon monoxide and not enough oxygen can get inside the treehouse . Frightful becomes sick with CO poisoning , which warns Sam . Sam puts ventilation holes in the walls of his treehouse to admit more fresh air . He tries to go into town to visit the library again , but is forced to climb a tree and stay there all day to avoid being discovered by hunters . He obtains two more deer ; their carcasses freeze in the winter cold , so he does not need to smoke them . Sam feels lonely and visits the town again , where he gets a haircut and meets another teenage boy ( Tom Sidler ) . On Christmas Eve , Bando finally arrives back at the mountain , showing Sam many newspaper articles about the `` wild boy '' living in the forest . On Christmas Day , Sam gets a surprise : Sam 's father has come to visit . Sam is overjoyed to see his father again , and the three have a Christmas dinner of venison together . Sam 's father is greatly relieved to find that Sam is doing just fine . The novel ceases to be a flashback in Chapter 18 , and becomes a straightforward narrative . Sam learns many things about how animals behave in winter , even during terrible storms . After the blizzard ends , Sam must still forage for food . He is happy that a great horned owl has taken up residence on the farm , for it means that no people or building developments are nearby . Sam learns how Frightful and The Baron manage to survive during winter , helps the local deer find nourishment by cutting down tree branches for them to eat , and overcomes his own vitamin deficiency by eating the right foods . After spring arrives , Matt Spell , a teenager who wants to become a reporter for the local newspaper , arrives at Sam 's treehouse home . Matt wants to write about Sam 's presence on the Gribley farm . At first , Sam lies to Matt and says the `` wild boy '' is someone who lives in a nearby cave . But Matt does n't believe him . Sam then offers Matt a deal : Matt can come live with him for a week during school spring break , if Matt will not reveal his location . Matt agrees . After Matt leaves , Sam realizes he is very lonely and debates with himself whether he wants to be `` caught '' or not . A few weeks later , Sam encounters Aaron , a Jewish songwriter who is visiting the forest for inspiration and singing a song . He tells Sam it is close to Passover , which makes Sam realize Matt will be visiting soon . Matt spends a week with Sam , mostly gathering food during this time . Matt is thrilled to be there , but Sam is sad because he realizes he is beginning to replicate his old life in New York City . Matt makes Sam even more unhappy by confessing that he told newspaper photographers where to find Sam . Bando arrives while Matt is visiting , and the two work on making one of the other trees into a guest house . A short time later , Tom Sidler discovers Sam living at the farm . Sam calls him `` Mr. Jacket , '' and the two boys play for a while . Tom 's visit makes Sam realize he is desperate for human companionship . Bando returns to check on Sam , and Sam asks Bando to bring him some jeans and a shirt next time so he can visit his new friend Tom in town . In June , Sam is surprised one day to find that his father , mother , and all his siblings have arrived at the farm . His father announces that the entire family is moving to the farm . At first , Sam is overjoyed that his family has come to see him . But he is also upset , because it means the end of his life living off the land alone . Sam argues with his father about the family 's decision . But his father says the family is as loyal to Sam as Sam has been to them , and that he will build a proper house for the family on the farm . Sam is especially upset about the decision to build a traditional home . The novel ends as Sam meditates on the fact that , even if he went across the Pacific Ocean to get away from people , he still craves friendship and family . His journey in life , he decides , is about balancing his desire to live off the land with his desire to be with the people he loves . Characters ( edit ) Sam Gribley -- a 14 - year - old boy who leaves home to live in the wilderness . Dad ( Sam Gribley 's Father ) -- Sam 's father . He lets Sam leave home , believing Sam will return after just a day or two . He is surprised at Sam 's independence and tenacity . Bill - a man who helps strangers in the woods . Mrs. Thomas Fiedler -- a 97 - year - old woman who forces Sam to help her pick strawberries for her famous jam . Miss Turner -- a librarian at a public library in Delhi , New York who befriends Sam . Frightful -- Sam 's peregrine falcon . Sam trains Frightful to hunt for food that Sam can eat . Baron Weasel -- a weasel that Sam accidentally traps . The weasel is best friend Sam . Bando -- an English professor who is lost in the woods , and spends 10 days with Sam . He becomes a father - figure to Sam over the next year . Jesse Coon James -- a raccoon that Sam befriends . Sam learns how to hunt for mussels by watching Jesse . Matt Spell -- a teenage boy who writes for a local newspaper and visits Sam . He writes about Sam in the newspaper . Aaron -- a Jewish songwriter who visits the wilderness near Sam 's home to get inspiration . Tom Sidler -- called `` Mr. Jacket '' by Sam , Tom is a boy who lives in the town of Delhi in the state of New York . Alice Gribley - Sam 's younger sister who decides to stay with him . Mom Gribley - Sam 's adoptive mother . Critical reception and impact ( edit ) Many people travel to Delhi , New York , to seek out the Gribley farm . The Gribley farm is fictional . Hallaway Dairy Farm , however , is a real farm near Delhi . My Side of the Mountain won critical plaudits upon its release . Numerous reviewers praised the novel for its detailed depiction of the wilderness and animals , its unsentimental treatment of animals and nature , and its characters , their maturation , and development . The New York Times in 1959 gave the novel a solid review , calling it `` a delightful flight from civilization , written with real feeling for the woods . '' Children 's author Zena Sutherland , writing in Children & Books at the time , called Sam 's development from immature , impulsive child into a mature young adult `` wholly convincing '' . Ruth Hill Viguers , reviewing the book in The Horn Book Magazine , concluded in 1959 , `` I believe it will be read year after year , linking together many generations in a chain of well - remembered joy and refreshment . '' In addition to being named to the Newbery Award Honors list , the book was also an American Library Association 's Notable Book for 1959 , was placed on the Hans Christian Andersen Award 1959 honors list , was given a Lewis Carroll Shelf Award citation ( in 1965 ) , and won the 1959 George G. Stone Center for Children 's Books Award . The book continued to be praised in the 1990s and 2000s . Book critic Eden Ross Lipson included it in her 2000 list of the best children 's books , and said it `` skillfully blends themes of nature , courage , curiosity , and independence '' . Librarians and authors Janice DeLong and Rachel Schwedt listed the book as one of a `` core collection for small libraries '' of the contemporary fiction section . Author Charles Wohlforth , writing in 2004 , agreed that it was a classic of contemporary children 's literature . By 1998 , the book had been translated into numerous foreign languages , and visitors to the Cannon Free Library in Delhi , New York , often asked to see the abandoned farm where the novel was set . ( The abandoned farm does not actually exist ; the Gribley farm is entirely fictional . ) The book has not always won uncritical praise . In 1999 , reviewer Mary Harris Russell noted that `` the narrator , Sam , speaks with a tone more measured than that of most teenagers . That tone grates on some readers . '' Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has cited My Side of the Mountain with inspiring him to become a falconer , which led him into a career in environmental law and environmental activism . Television host and pet advice author Marc Morrone and award - winning natural history author Ken Lamberton also credit the book with generating their interest in falconry . Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named the book one of its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . In 2012 it was ranked number 77 among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal . Adaptations ( edit ) Main article : My Side of the Mountain ( film ) A film adaptation directed by James B. Clark was released by Paramount Pictures in 1969 . The film My Side of the Mountain is set in Toronto and the Notre Dame Mountains , a Quebec province section of the Appalachians , rather than in New York City and a New York state section . Series ( edit ) A sequel written and illustrated by George was published in 1990 , more than three decades after the original . Over the next 16 years there were three more sequels , a third novel illustrated by George and two picture books illustrated by Daniel San Souci . All the sequels were published by Dutton Children 's Books , an imprint of Penguin Books since its acquisition of the original publisher E.P. Dutton in 1986 . My Side of the Mountain ( 1959 ) , illus . George OCLC 276356 On the Far Side of the Mountain ( 1990 ) , illus . George OCLC 20631814 Frightful 's Mountain ( 1999 ) , illus . George OCLC 41445775 Frightful 's Daughter ( 2002 ) , illus . Daniel San Souci , 32 pages OCLC 50556042 Frightful 's Daughter Meets the Baron Weasel ( 2007 ) , illus . San Souci , 48 pp. OCLC 76863950 The three novels were issued in an omnibus edition that retains the original pagination , about 600 pages in sum : My Side of the Mountain Trilogy ( 2000 ) . OCLC 45610215 In 2009 , Dutton published A Pocket Guide to the Outdoors : Based on ' My Side of the Mountain ' , by George and her daughter Twig C. George . According to a library summary : `` This guide to the outdoors provides advice and instructions on camping , building shelters , finding water , and cooking outdoors . Some activities may require adult supervision . '' Inside responsibility credits John C. George and T. Luke George as well . OCLC 311783530 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hendrix , Steve ( October 11 , 2009 ) . `` Into the Woods '' . The Washington Post . Washington , D.C . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Horning , Kathleen T . The Newbery & Caldecott Awards : A Guide to the Medal and Honor Books . Chicago : American Library Association , 2009 , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Cullinan , Bernice E. and Person , Diane Goetz . The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children 's Literature . New York : Continuum , 2005 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ `` Third Avenue Thoreau . '' New York Times . September 13 , 1959 . Jump up ^ Viguers , Ruth Hill . `` Review : My Side of the Mountain . '' The Horn Book Magazine . October 1959 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Lipson , Eden Ross . The ' New York Times ' Parent 's Guide to the Best Books for Children . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2000 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ DeLong , Janice A. and Schwedt , Rachel E. Core Collection for Small Libraries : An Annotated Bibliography of Books for Children and Young Adults . Lanham , Md. : Scarecrow Press , 1997 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Wohlforth , Charles P . The Whale and the Supercomputer : On the Northern Front of Climate Change . New York : North Point Press , 2004 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Sive , Mary Robinson . Lost Villages : Historic Driving Tours in the Catskills . Delhi , N.Y. : Delaware County Historical Association , 1998 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Russell , Mary Harris . `` Welcome Back '' . New York Times . November 21 , 1999 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Silvey , Anita . Everything I Need to Know I Learned From a Children 's Book : Life Lessons From Notable People From All Walks of Life . New York : Roaring Brook Press , 2009 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Morrone , Marc and Ellis - Bell , Nancy . A Man for All Species : The Remarkable Adventures of an Animal Lover and Expert Pet Keeper . New York : Harmony Books , 2010 , p. 46 ; Lamberton , Ken . Beyond Desert Walls : Essays from Prison . Tucson , Ariz. : University of Arizona Press , 2005 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Howard . `` A Boy Grows Up '' . The New York Times . June 26 , 1969 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Side_of_the_Mountain&oldid=855352982 '' Categories : 1959 American novels American adventure novels Novels about survival American children 's novels Newbery Honor - winning works Novels set in New York ( state ) American novels adapted into films E.P. Dutton books 1959 children 's books Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 17 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what genre is my side of the mountain | [
"My Side of the Mountain is a children or young adult adventure novel written and illustrated by American writer Jean Craighead George published by E. P. Dutton in 1959.[1] It features a boy who learns about courage, independence, and the need for companionship while attempting to live in a forested area of New York state. In 1960, it was one of three Newbery Medal Honor Books (runners-up)[2] and in 1969 it was loosely adapted as a film of the same name. George continued the story in print, decades later.\n"
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"children or young adult adventure novel"
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-4151591906028191284 | The Adventures of the Wilderness Family | The Adventures of the Wilderness family - wikipedia The Adventures of the Wilderness family Jump to : navigation , search The Adventures of the Wilderness Family Theatrical release poster Directed by Stewart Raffill Produced by Arthur R. Dubs Written by Arthur R. Dubs Stewart Raffill Starring Robert Logan Susan Damante - Shaw George Buck Flower Music by Gene Kauer Douglas M. Lackey Cinematography Gérard Alcan Distributed by Pacific International Enterprises Release date December 19 , 1975 Running time 100 min . Country United States Language English Box office $31,223,000 The Adventures of the Wilderness Family ( a.k.a. The Wilderness Family ) is a 1975 family movie that stars Robert Logan , George Buck Flower and Susan Damante - Shaw . The film had two sequels : The Further Adventures of the Wilderness Family ( 1978 , a.k.a. Adventures of the Wilderness Family 2 ) and Mountain Family Robinson ( 1979 , a.k.a. Adventures of the Wilderness Family 3 ) . The filming location was the Gunnison National Forest in the state of Colorado . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Main cast 3 DVD details 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Skip Robinson is a construction worker who lives with his family in Los Angeles , California . Concerned about his daughter 's health and the welfare of his family , as well as despising his job , Skip grows tired of the city life and decides to move his family to the Rocky Mountains with no plans to ever return due to the smog and congestion . After moving his wife Pat and two children , eleven - year - old Jennifer and seven - year - old Toby to the wilderness and then building their own cabin near a large lake , they settle in to find out that their new environment is n't always as peaceful as it may appear . From the start , the Robinson family seemed to be adjusting to their new life in the Canadian wilderness . A few days after finishing building their new cabin , Toby and Skip go out hunting one morning with their dog , Crust and succeed in catching a grouse for the family dinner . Later that day , while climbing along the rocky slopes of a large hill , Skip and his son almost get caught in a deadly landslide . They later find a pair of young grizzly bear cubs who have lost their mother to the same landslide they got caught in . The cubs are quickly adopted into the Robinson family , but Pat and Skip tell their children that sooner or later the cubs would have to be released back into the wild when they are fully grown . During the next few weeks , the Robinson family slowly adapt to their new life in the mountains . In addition to the two young bear cubs and their family dog , Skip and his family also befriend a raccoon that they find living near their cabin and name him Bandito . While Jenny and Toby are collecting flowers , they encounter cougar cubs near their den . The family receive numerous letters and packages from friends and family back in Los Angeles . Pat receives several letters from her mother and Jenny and Toby are given numerous schoolbooks from the Los Angeles schoolboard . Skip continues hunting for small game and fishing in the nearest creek to provide food for his family , while his wife works around the house and their two children work on their schoolwork . One day , while fishing for some trout down by the creek with the two grizzly cubs , Skip and the cubs are scared by a large black bear that was roaming along the creekbed . Jenny and Toby had gone out for a walk with their dog Crust , to which they later encounter the same bear that their dad saw down by the creek . While Toby heads back to the cabin to get his parents , Jenny goes after Crust , who has managed to scare the bear away . Skip is informed by Toby of what happened , and he heads out with his rifle to find his daughter . While trying to find their way back to the cabin , Jenny and Crust are attacked by a pack of timber wolves who chase them down to a nearby lake and almost attack Jenny . The dog Crust is able to fend the wolves off long enough for Skip to arrive in the nick of time and drive the pack away . Despite this frightening encounter , Jenny quickly recovers from the shock of what had happened and is brought home safe and sound . The next day , Skip and his family meet a friendly aging mountain man who introduces himself as Boomer . Boomer informs them that he had been a longtime partner and friend to ol ' Jake , Skip 's uncle who lived in the same area where the Robinsons had built their cabin . Ol ' Jake had been known to take extremely good care of the local wildlife in the area , including a large black bear named Samson that was the same black bear that Skip and his family had encountered a few times before . Boomer also warns Skip and his family to keep a watchful eye for Three - Toes , a locally notorious grizzly bear that has been known to invade the properties of humans who are living in the mountains . Boomer is then forced to leave when the two bear cubs accidentally frighten away Boomer 's mule Flora . One day , while Pat and Jenny are picking berries , they encounter Three - Toes ; Crust manages to fend off Three - Toes while Pat retrieves Jenny , who suffered a massive shock . Skip goes to find Crust while tracking down Three - Toes . The following morning , Jenny 's condition has gotten worse , Skip tries to call for help but the radio 's batteries are dead , so he has to walk to get help . During a wind storm , Three - Toes tries to break into the cabin , but Pat tries to fend him off . Samson comes to fight off Three - Toes and Pat manages kills him . Skip returns with a doctor , saying that Jenny 's health is improving . Pat is still hesitant about staying but she tries to adapt . Boomer then shows up and then loses his animals . Main cast ( edit ) Robert Logan ... Skip Robinson Susan Damante - Shaw ... Pat Robinson Hollye Holmes ... Jenny Robinson Ham Larsen ... Toby Robinson George Buck Flower ... Boomer DVD details ( edit ) Release date : January 1 , 2003 Full Screen Region : 1 Aspect Ratio : 1.33 : 1 Audio tracks : English Subtitles : English , Spanish Running time : 100 minutes See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1975 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of the Wilderness Family , Worldwide Box Office '' . Worldwide Box Office . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) The Adventures of the Wilderness Family on IMDb Adventures of the Wilderness Family at the TCM Movie Database The Adventures of the Wilderness Family at AllMovie ( hide ) Films directed by Stewart Raffill The Tender Warrior ( 1971 ) The Adventures of the Wilderness Family ( 1975 ) Across the Great Divide ( 1976 ) The Sea Gypsies ( 1978 ) High Risk ( 1981 ) The Ice Pirates ( 1984 ) The Philadelphia Experiment ( 1984 ) Mac and Me ( 1988 ) Mannequin Two : On the Move ( 1991 ) Lost in Africa ( 1994 ) Tammy and the T - Rex ( 1994 ) The New Swiss Family Robinson ( 1998 ) Grizzly Falls ( 1999 ) A Month of Sundays ( 2001 ) Survival Island ( 2005 ) Sirens of the Caribbean ( 2007 ) Standing Ovation ( 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventures_of_the_Wilderness_Family&oldid=799188110 '' Categories : English - language films 1975 films American children 's adventure films American children 's drama films 1970s drama films American films Films directed by Stewart Raffill 1970s adventure films Grizzly bears in popular culture Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Bahasa Melayu Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 05 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the adventures of the wilderness family filmed | [
"The Adventures of the Wilderness Family (a.k.a. The Wilderness Family) is a 1975 family movie that stars Robert Logan, George Buck Flower and Susan Damante-Shaw. The film had two sequels: The Further Adventures of the Wilderness Family (1978, a.k.a. Adventures of the Wilderness Family 2) and Mountain Family Robinson (1979, a.k.a. Adventures of the Wilderness Family 3). The filming location was the Gunnison National Forest in the state of Colorado."
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"Gunnison National Forest in the state of Colorado"
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554374619803007079 | Federal Emergency Relief Administration | Federal Emergency Relief Administration - wikipedia Federal Emergency Relief Administration Jump to : navigation , search Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) Camp for unemployed women in Pennsylvania ( 1934 ) Agency overview Formed May 1933 Preceding Emergency Relief Administration ( ERA ) Dissolved December 1935 Superseding agency Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) Employees Provided work for over 20 million people Child agency Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) The Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) was the new name given by the Roosevelt Administration to the Emergency Relief Administration ( ERA ) which President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had created in 1933 . FERA was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act and was replaced in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) . Prior to 1933 , the federal government gave loans to the states to operate relief programs . One of these , the New York state program TERA ( Temporary Emergency Relief Administration ) , was set up in 1931 and headed by Harry Hopkins , a close adviser to Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt . Roosevelt asked Congress to set up FERA -- which gave grants to the states for the same purpose -- in May 1933 , and appointed Hopkins to head it . Along with the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) it was the first relief operation under the New Deal . FERA 's main goal was to alleviate household unemployment by creating new unskilled jobs in local and state government . Jobs were more expensive than direct cash payments ( called `` the dole '' ) , but were psychologically more beneficial to the unemployed , who wanted any sort of job , for self - esteem and to build and maintain skills . From May 1933 until it closed in December 1935 , FERA gave states and localities $3.1 billion ( the equivalent of $5.54 billion in 2017 ) . FERA provided work for over 20 million people and developed facilities on public lands across the country . Faced with continued high unemployment and concerns for public welfare during the coming winter of 1933 -- 34 , FERA instituted the Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) as a $400 million short - term measure to get people to work . The Federal Emergency Relief Administration was shut down in 1935 and its work taken over by two completely new federal agencies , the Works Progress Administration and the Social Security Administration Contents ( hide ) 1 Projects 1.1 Vocational education 1.2 Women 1.3 Food 2 State and local studies 2.1 Oklahoma 2.2 Nebraska 2.3 Tenant farmers 2.4 Key West 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Projects ( edit ) Road construction project in progress in Kirkland , Washington ( 1934 ) Camp for unemployed women in Atlanta ( 1934 ) Distribution of clothing in Seattle ( 1934 ) FERA operated a wide variety of work - relief projects , including construction , projects for professionals ( e.g. , writers , artists , actors , and musicians ) , and production of consumer goods . Vocational education ( edit ) Workers ' education , a form of adult education , emphasized the study of economic and social problems from the workers ' perspective . When the FERA created its adult education program in 1933 , workers ' education classes were included . Between 1933 and 1943 , 36 experiment programs in workers ' education were launched , 17 of them lasting over ten years . With as many as two thousand teachers employed at one time , officials conservatively estimated that the program reached at least one million workers nationwide until it was ended in World War II . Three distinct phases of a federal workers ' education program existed : FERA ( 1933 -- 1935 ) , Works Progress Administration ( WPA -- prior to separation from the other adult education programs , 1935 -- 1939 ) , and WPA Workers ' Service Program ( 1939 -- 1943 ) . FERA and WPA workers ' education stimulated educational activities within the labor movement . For example , in Indiana this program was particularly popular among the new , more radical CIO unions . Federal workers ' education activities also encouraged union - university cooperation and laid the foundation for labor education at Indiana University . New Dealers designed the WPA Workers ' Service Program as the model for a Federal Labor Extension Service , similar to the existing federal agricultural extension program , but it was never implemented . Women ( edit ) Ellen S. Woodward directed FERA 's women 's programs and later became an administrator for the Works Progress Administration and Social Security Administration Ellen Sullivan Woodward was director of women 's work for FERA and CWA . During the short lifespan of the CWA , Woodward placed women in such civil works projects as sanitation surveys , highway and park beautification , public building renovation , public records surveys , and museum development . Most were unemployed white collar clerical workers . In July 1934 , the FERA established a separate division for professional and nonconstruction projects . Project designers in the division for professional projects faced an enormous challenge in creating effective and meaningful work for unskilled women . In 1935 she became assistant administrator of the Works Progress Administration , where she directed the income - earning projects of some 500,000 women . Food ( edit ) Poor people lacked enough food in the Depression , and farmers had too much . The mismatch was solved by the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation ( FSRC ) , FERA , and WPA programs which aimed to reduce farm surpluses by government purchase and then redistribution of food to the needy . Three methods of distribution were employed with varying success : direct distribution , food stamps , and school lunches . State and local studies ( edit ) Oklahoma ( edit ) Mullins ( 1999 ) examines the hesitant relief efforts of Oklahoma City residents during the early years of the Depression , 1930 -- 35 , under Governor William H. Murray , emphasizing the community 's reluctance to comply with FERA rules . Fearing that aid recipients would become dependent on their assistance , Oklahoma City administrators sparingly doled out federal and local relief funds ; city leaders initiated a campaign to discourage migration into the city ; local newspapers failed to print the location of soup lines ; voters rejected a bond issue to bolster relief funds ; and the city council declined to increase taxes to boost its depression relief budget . At issue was the control over FERA distribution imposed by Governor Murray , and lawmakers ' reluctance to meet federal funding match assessments , despite a budget surplus in Oklahoma City and sufficient state funds to reduce property taxes . Although he criticized the welfare bureaucracy , Murray championed the state 's yeoman farmers and took credit for the food , seed , and books that they received from federal funds . New Deal administrators ultimately removed Murray from his oversight role , charging corruption in aid distribution , failure to meet employment quotas , and the inability to determine local funding needs . Nebraska ( edit ) In Nebraska , Democratic Governor Charles W. Bryan ( brother of William Jennings Bryan and the party 's Vice President nominee in 1924 ) was at first unwilling to request aid from the Hoover administration . When Roosevelt 's FERA became law in 1933 Nebraska took part . Rowland Haynes , the state 's emergency relief director , was the major force in implementing such national programs as the FERA and CWA . Robert L. Cochran , who became governor in 1935 , was a `` cautious progressive '' who sought federal assistance and placed Nebraska among the first American states to adopt a social security law . The enduring impact of FERA and social security in Nebraska was to shift responsibility for social welfare from counties to the state , which henceforth accepted federal funding and guidelines . The change in state and national relations may have been the most important legacy of these New Deal programs in Nebraska . Tenant farmers ( edit ) FERA made welfare payments to Southern tenant farmers 1933 - 35 , with the distribution of money across states and counties was strongly influenced by state governments and the influential planter class . Their interests rested mainly in not allowing federal welfare to undermine their authority and the economic structure that favored landowners . Tenant farmers , however , exerted significant counterpressure by organizing the Southern Tenant Farmers Union and the Alabama Sharecroppers ' Union under the auspices of the Socialist Party and the Communist Party . The unions agitated for welfare assistance , and their events and campaigns drew national publicity . While tenant farmers remained terribly disadvantaged politically , their collective efforts improved matters substantially in areas where their organizations were strongest . Key West ( edit ) Julius Stone , Jr. , changed the economic direction of Key West , Florida , when he was the director of the southeast region of FERA . In 1934 , Key West went bankrupt and state turned the city over to the FERA in a dubious constitutional move . Within two years , Stone had reversed the economic disaster and successfully moved the city into tourism . See also ( edit ) Social Security ( United States ) Darwin William Tate , Los Angeles City Council member , 1933 -- 39 , critical of FERA California State Emergency Relief Administration References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trowbridge , D.J. ( 2016 ) . A History of the United States : 1865 to present . Asheville , NC : Soomo Learning . http://www.webtexts.com/courses/19333-schaller/traditional_book/chapters/1696149-the-new-deal-and-origins-of-world-war-ii-19321939/pages/1428876-the-first-hundred-days?q=FERA Jump up ^ http://rrp.sagepub.com/content/20/1/46.short Jump up ^ Rose , Nancy E. ( 1988 ) . `` Production - for - use or Production - for - profit ? : the Contradictions of Consumer Goods Production in 1930s Work Relief '' . Review of Radical Political Economics . 20 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 61 . doi : 10.1177 / 048661348802000103 . ISSN 0486 - 6134 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Donald Eugene ( 1984 ) . A History of FERA and WPA Workers ' Education : The Indiana Experience 1933 - 1943 . PhD dissertation Ball State U ... DAI 1984 45 ( 3 ) : 919 - 920 - A. DA8412604 Fulltext : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Jump up ^ Swain , Martha H. ( 1983 ) . `` ' The Forgotten Woman ' : Ellen S. Woodward an Women 's Relief in the New Deal '' . Prologue. 15 ( 4 ) : 201 -- 213 . ISSN 0033 - 1031 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Floyd W. ; Lambert , C. Roger ( 1978 ) . `` Food for the Hungry : Federal Food Programs in Arkansas , 1933 - 42 '' . Arkansas Historical Quarterly . 37 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 43 . doi : 10.2307 / 40023163 . ISSN 0004 - 1823 . Jump up ^ William H. Mullins , `` In the midst of Adversity : the City , the Governor , and the FERA , '' Chronicles of Oklahoma ( 1999 ) 76 ( 4 ) : 374 - 391 and 77 ( 1 ) : 54 - 73 . ISSN 0009 - 6024 Jump up ^ Grimes , Mary Cochran ( 1990 ) . `` From Emergency Relief to Social Security in Nebraska '' . Nebraska History . 71 ( 3 ) : 126 -- 141 . ISSN 0028 - 1859 . Jump up ^ Southworth , Caleb ( 2002 ) . `` Aid to Sharecroppers : How Agrarian Class Structure and Tenant - farmer Politics Influenced Federal Relief in the South , 1933 - 1935 '' . Social Science History . 26 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 70 . doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 26 - 1 - 33 . ISSN 0145 - 5532 . Jump up ^ Boulard , Garry ( 1988 ) . `` ' State of Emergency ' : Key West in the Great Depression '' ( PDF ) . Florida Historical Quarterly . 67 ( 2 ) : 166 -- 183 . ISSN 0015 - 4113 . Further reading ( edit ) Bremer William W. `` Along the American Way : The New Deal 's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed . '' Journal of American History 62 ( December 1975 ) : 636 - 652 . online at JSTOR Brock William R. Welfare , Democracy and the New Deal ( 1988 ) , a British view Charles , Searle F. Minister of Relief : Harry Hopkins and the Depression ( 1963 ) Hopkins , June . `` The road not taken : Harry Hopkins and New Deal Work Relief . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 29 , 2 ( 306 - 316 ) . online edition Howard , Donald S . The WPA and Federal Relief Policy ( 1943 ) full text online Meriam ; Lewis . Relief and Social Security The Brookings Institution . ( 1946 ) . Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs ; 900 pages online edition Mertz , Paul . New Deal Policy and Southern Rural Poverty. ( 1978 ) Sautter , Udo . `` Government and Unemployment : The Use of Public Works before the New Deal , '' The Journal of American History , Vol. 73 , No. 1 ( Jun. , 1986 ) , pp. 59 -- 86 in JSTOR Sautter , Udo . Three Cheers for the Unemployed : Government and Unemployment before the New Deal ( 1992 ) excerpt and text search Singleton , Jeff . The American Dole : Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression ( 2000 ) online edition ; also excerpt and text search Sternsher , Bernard . Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal ( 1964 ) online edition Venkataramani , M.S. `` Norman Thomas , Arkansas sharecroppers , and the Roosevelt agricultural policies , 1933 -- 1937 . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1960 ) 47 : 225 -- 46 . in JSTOR Williams ; Edward Ainsworth Federal Aid for Relief ( 1939 ) online edition Primary sources Hopkins , Harry L. Spending to save : the complete story of relief . Seattle : University of Washington Press , 1936 . Kirk , J.S. ed. Emergency Relief in North Carolina a Record of the Development and the Activities of the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration 1932 - 1935 ( 1936 ) 544pp ; complete text online McElvaine , Robert S. Down & out in the Great Depression : Letters from the `` Forgotten Man '' ( 1983 ) ; letters to Harry Hopkins ; online edition External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal Emergency Relief Administration . FERA Program description University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections -- Federal Emergency Relief Administration Photographs Essay on the program and images documenting the Federal Emergency Relief Administration program in King County , Washington , 1933 - 35 . ERA and FERA in Utah Complete List of New Deal Communities , of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration , the Resettlement Administration , and the Division of Subsistence Homesteads , from the National New Deal Preservation Association Franklin D. 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Roosevelt Harold L. Ickes Frances Perkins Harry Hopkins Henry Morgenthau , Jr . Huey Long Herbert Hoover Robert F. Wagner Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration&oldid=837265486 '' Categories : 73rd United States Congress 1933 in law United States federal labor legislation New Deal agencies Former United States Federal assistance programs 1933 establishments in the United States 1935 disestablishments Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 18 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the federal emergency relief act passed | [
"The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was the new name given by the Roosevelt Administration to the Emergency Relief Administration (ERA) which President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had created in 1933. FERA was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act and was replaced in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA)."
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3160615792905159780 | Electoral College (United States) | Electoral College ( United states ) - wikipedia Electoral College ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the United States Electoral College . For electoral colleges in general , see Electoral college . For other uses and regions , see Electoral college ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Electoral College 2016 presidential election The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the election of the president and vice president of the United States by small groups of appointed representatives , electors , from each state and the District of Columbia . The Constitution specifies that each state legislature individually determines its own process for appointing electors . In practice , all state legislatures use popular voting to choose a slate of electors who are pledged to vote for a particular party 's candidate . Thus , today the president and vice president are effectively chosen through indirect election by the citizens . The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president and another vote for vice president . In each state and the District of Columbia , electors are chosen every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November , and then meet to cast ballots on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . The candidates who receive a majority of electoral votes among the states are elected president and vice president of the United States when the Electoral College vote is certified by Congress in early January . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the terms for president and vice president end at noon on January 20 following an election for those offices ; the new terms for those offices then begin . Each state chooses electors , equal in number to that state 's combined total of senators and representatives . There are a total of 538 electors , corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors for the District of Columbia as provided by the Twenty - third Amendment . The Constitution bars any federal official , elected or appointed , from being an elector . The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College . Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen , the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide , except in four elections : 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so the true national popular vote is uncertain ; the electors failed to select a winning candidate , so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives . All states except California ( before 1913 ) , Maine , and Nebraska have chosen electors on a `` winner - take - all '' basis since the 1880s . Under the winner - take - all system , the state 's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state , thus maximizing the state 's influence in the national election . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method , '' selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote . Although no elector is required by federal law to honor his pledge , there have been very few occasions when an elector voted contrary to a pledge , and not once has it impacted the final outcome of a national election . If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president , the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president , with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote . If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president , then the Senate will select the vice president , with each of the 100 senators having one vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Original plan 2.2 Breakdown and revision 2.3 Evolution to the general ticket 2.4 Evolution of selection plans 2.5 Fourteenth Amendment 2.6 Meeting of electors date over the years 3 Modern mechanics 3.1 Summary 3.2 Electors 3.2. 1 Apportionment 3.2. 2 Nomination 3.2. 3 Selection 3.2. 4 Meetings 3.2. 5 Faithlessness 3.3 Joint session of Congress and contingencies 3.3. 1 Contingent presidential election by House 3.3. 2 Contingent vice presidential election by Senate 3.3. 3 Deadlocked election 3.4 Current electoral vote distribution 4 Chronological table 5 Alternative methods of choosing electors 5.1 Appointment by state legislature 5.2 Electoral districts 5.3 Proportional vote 5.4 Congressional district method 5.4. 1 Implementation 6 Contemporary issues 6.1 Criticism 6.1. 1 Nondeterminacy of popular vote 6.1. 2 Exclusive focus on large swing states 6.1. 3 Discouragement of turnout and participation 6.1. 4 Obscuring disenfranchisement within states 6.1. 5 Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories 6.1. 6 Advantage based on state population 6.1. 7 Disadvantage for third parties 6.1. 8 Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues 6.2 Support 6.2. 1 Prevention of an urban - centric victory 6.2. 2 Maintenance of the federal character of the nation 6.2. 3 Enhancement of the status of minority groups 6.2. 4 Encouragement of stability through the two - party system 6.2. 5 Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies 6.2. 6 Isolation of election problems 7 Efforts to abolish 7.1 Bayh -- Celler amendment 7.2 Carter proposal 7.3 Cohen proposal 7.4 National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions , as the Virginia delegation had proposed it first . The Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president . Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election . However , a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president , recommended instead the election be by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress ( the formula for which had been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the Connecticut Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise ) , but chosen by each state `` in such manner as its Legislature may direct . '' Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change ; among others , there were fears of `` intrigue '' if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly , as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by the Congress . However , once the Electoral College had been decided on , several delegates ( Mason , Butler , Morris , Wilson , and Madison ) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal , corruption , intrigue , and faction . Some delegates , including James Wilson and James Madison , preferred popular election of the executive . Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal , it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of slavery in the South : There was one difficulty however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people . The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States ; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes . The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . The Convention approved the Committee 's Electoral College proposal , with minor modifications , on September 6 , 1787 . Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut , New Jersey , and Maryland generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states . At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates , the small states supposed that the House of Representatives with each state delegation casting one vote would decide most elections . In The Federalist Papers , James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution . In Federalist No. 39 , Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state - based and population - based government . Congress would have two houses : the state - based Senate and the population - based House of Representatives . Meanwhile , the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College . The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only , and for that time only . This avoided a party - run legislature , or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election . Hamilton explained the election was to take place among all the states , so no corruption in any state could taint `` the great body of the people '' in their selection . The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College , as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government . Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public . Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector , none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate . Another consideration was the decision would be made without `` tumult and disorder , '' as it would be a broad - based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision - makers could deliberate reasonably , not in one place where decision - makers could be threatened or intimidated . If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority , then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates , ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character . Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified , but with a talent for `` low intrigue , and the little arts of popularity , '' attaining high office . Additionally , in the Federalist No. 10 , James Madison argued against `` an interested and overbearing majority '' and the `` mischiefs of faction '' in an electoral system . He defined a faction as `` a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community . '' What was then called republican government ( i.e. , federalism , as opposed to direct democracy ) , with its varied distribution of voter rights and powers , would countervail against factions . Madison further postulated in the Federalist No. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic , the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism . Although the United States Constitution refers to `` Electors '' and `` electors , '' neither the phrase `` Electoral College '' nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively . It was not until the early 19th century the name `` Electoral College '' came into general usage as the collective designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president . The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845 and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. § 4 , in the section heading and in the text as `` college of electors . '' History Original plan Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution states : Each State shall appoint , in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct , a Number of Electors , equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative , or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States , shall be appointed an Elector . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 of the Constitution states : The Congress may determine the Time of chusing ( sic ) the Electors , and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors chose the president and vice president . Under the original plan , the candidate who received a majority of votes from the electors would become president ; the candidate receiving the second most votes would become vice president . The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution : Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district - by - district basis . Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting . Candidates would not pair together on the same ticket with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president . The system as designed would rarely produce a winner , thus sending the election to Congress . According to the text of Article II , however , each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors , and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors . Several different methods for selecting electors are described at length below . Breakdown and revision The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800 . In 1796 , Federalist Party candidate John Adams won the presidential election . Finishing in second place was Democratic - Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson , the Federalists ' opponent , who became the vice president . This resulted in the president and vice president being of different political parties . In 1800 , the Democratic - Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president and also nominated Aaron Burr for vice president . After the election , Jefferson and Burr both obtained a majority of electoral votes , but tied one another with 73 votes each . Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president , every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president , despite Jefferson clearly being his party 's first choice . Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards , the election had to be decided by the House of Representatives pursuant to the Constitution 's contingency election provision . Having already lost the presidential contest , Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition by attempting to elect Burr over Jefferson . The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House ( the votes of nine states were needed for a conclusive election ) . Jefferson achieved electoral victory on the 36th ballot , but only after Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton -- who disfavored Burr 's personal character more than Jefferson 's policies -- had made known his preference for Jefferson . Responding to the problems from those elections , the Congress proposed on December 9 , 1803 , and three - fourths of the states ratified by June 15 , 1804 , the Twelfth Amendment . Starting with the 1804 election , the amendment requires electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president , replacing the system outlined in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 . Evolution to the general ticket Alexander Hamilton described the framers ' view of how electors would be chosen : `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated ( tasks ) . '' The founders assumed this would take place district by district . That plan was carried out by many states until the 1880s . For example , in Massachusetts in 1820 , the rule stated `` the people shall vote by ballot , on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district . '' In other words , the people did not place the name of a candidate for a president on the ballot , instead they voted for their local elector , whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president . Some states reasoned that the favorite presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way -- a `` general ticket '' of electors pledged to a party candidate . So the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents , independent thinkers , or deliberative representatives . They became `` voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities . '' Once one state took that strategy , the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election . When James Madison and Hamilton , two of the most important architects of the Electoral College , saw this strategy being taken by some states , they protested strongly . Madison and Hamilton both made it clear this approach violated the spirit of the Constitution . According to Hamilton , the selection of the president should be `` made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station ( of president ) . '' According to Hamilton , the electors were to analyze the list of potential presidents and select the best one . He also used the term `` deliberate . '' Hamilton considered a pre-pledged elector to violate the spirit of Article II of the Constitution insofar as such electors could make no `` analysis '' or `` deliberate '' concerning the candidates . Madison agreed entirely , saying that when the Constitution was written , all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts and it was inconceivable a `` general ticket '' of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept . Madison wrote to George Hay , The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted ; & was exchanged for the general ticket ( many years later ) . The Founders assumed that electors would be elected by the citizens of their district and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president . Madison and Hamilton were so upset by what they saw as a distortion of the framers ' original intent that they advocated a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan : `` the election of Presidential Electors by districts , is an amendment very proper to be brought forward , '' Madison told George Hay in 1823 . Hamilton went further . He actually drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors . Evolution of selection plans In 1789 , at - large popular vote , the winner - take - all method , began with Pennsylvania and Maryland ; Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote , and in the five other states participating in the election ( Connecticut , Georgia , Maryland , New Hampshire New Jersey and South Carolina ) , state legislatures chose . By 1800 , Virginia and Rhode Island voted at - large , Kentucky , Maryland and North Carolina voted popularly by district , and eleven states voted by state legislature . Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner - take - all system for statewide popular vote . States using their state legislature to choose presidential electors have included fourteen states from all regions of the country . By 1832 , only South Carolina used the state legislature , and it abandoned the method after 1860 . States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country . By 1832 there was only Maryland , and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century , though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only . Since 1836 , statewide , winner - take - all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice . As of 2016 , Maine ( from 1972 ) and Nebraska ( from 1996 ) use the district plan , with two at - large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote . Fourteenth Amendment Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment allows for a state 's representation in the House of Representatives to be reduced if a state unconstitutionally denies people the right to vote . The reduction is in keeping with the proportion of people denied a vote . This amendment refers to `` the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , '' among other elections , the only place in the Constitution mentioning electors being selected by popular vote . On May 8 , 1866 , during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thaddeus Stevens , the leader of the Republicans in the House of Representatives , delivered a speech on the amendment 's intent . Regarding Section 2 , he said : The second section I consider the most important in the article . It fixes the basis of representation in Congress . If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise , or abridge that right , she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion . The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government , both legislative and executive . Federal law ( 2 U.S.C. § 6 ) implements Section 2 's mandate . Meeting of electors date over the years For 1789 , the first Wednesday in February next be the day for the Electors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President from Resolution of 13 September 1788 by the Confederation ( Continental ) Congress . For 1792 through 1884 , the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December from 1 Stat. 239 , Section 2 . For 1889 through 1933 , the Electors of each State shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their appointment from 24 Stat. 373 , Section 1. For 1936 to the present , the Electors of President and Vice President of each State shall meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment from 62 Stat. 673 , now codified as United States Code : Title 3 , Section 7 ( 3 USC 7 ) . Modern mechanics The 2012 Certificate of Vote issued by Maryland 's delegation to the Electoral College . Summary Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials , media organizations , and the Federal Election Commission , the people only indirectly elect the president , as the national popular vote is not the basis for electing the president or vice president . The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College , which consists of 538 presidential electors from the fifty states and Washington , D.C. Presidential electors are selected on a state - by - state basis , as determined by the laws of each state . Since the election of 1824 , most states have appointed their electors on a winner - take - all basis , based on the statewide popular vote on Election Day . Maine and Nebraska are the only two current exceptions , as both states use the congressional district method . Although ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates ( who run on a ticket ) , voters actually choose electors when they vote for president and vice president . These presidential electors in turn cast electoral votes for those two offices . Electors usually pledge to vote for their party 's nominee , but some `` faithless electors '' have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes ( currently 270 ) to win the presidency or the vice presidency . If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president , the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment . In such a situation , the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote - winners as the president , while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote - winners as vice president . Electors Apportionment. Further information : United States congressional apportionment State population per electoral vote for the 50 states and Washington D.C. A state 's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for both senators the state has in the United States Congress . The number of representatives is based on the respective populations , determined every 10 years by the United States Census . Each representative represents on average 711,000 persons . Under the Twenty - third Amendment , Washington , D.C. , is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state , but no more electors than the least populous state . The least populous state ( which is Wyoming , according to the 2010 census ) has three electors ; thus , D.C. can not have more than three electors . Even if D.C. were a state , its population would entitle it to only three electors ; based on its population per electoral vote , D.C. has the second highest per capita Electoral College representation , after Wyoming . Currently , there is a total of 538 electors , there being 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors allocated to Washington , D.C. The six states with the most electors are California ( 55 ) , Texas ( 38 ) , New York ( 29 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , Illinois ( 20 ) , and Pennsylvania ( 20 ) . The seven smallest states by population -- Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming -- have three electors each . This is because each of these states is entitled to one representative and two senators . Nomination Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day . In some states , the electors are nominated by voters in primaries , the same way other presidential candidates are nominated . In some states , such as Oklahoma , Virginia and North Carolina , electors are nominated in party conventions . In Pennsylvania , the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates ( an attempt to discourage faithless electors ) . Varying by state , electors may also be elected by state legislatures , or appointed by the parties themselves . Selection Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen , but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office , either elected or appointed , from being an elector . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , any person who has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office , and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so , is disqualified from being an elector . However , the Congress may remove this disqualification by a two - thirds vote in each House . Since the Civil War , all states have chosen presidential electors by popular vote . This process has been normalized to the point the names of the electors appear on the ballot in only eight states : Rhode Island , Tennessee , Louisiana , Arizona , Idaho , Oklahoma , North Dakota and South Dakota . The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections , called the Election Day . In 48 states and Washington , D.C. , the `` winner - takes - all method '' is used ( electors selected as a single bloc ) . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and selecting the remaining two electors by a statewide popular vote . This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996 . The current system of choosing electors is called the `` short ballot '' . In most states , voters choose a slate of electors , and only a few states list on the ballot the names of proposed electors . In some states , if a voter wants to write in a candidate for president , the voter is also required to write in the names of proposed electors . After the election , each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment , each listing the candidates for president and vice president , their pledged electors , and the total votes each candidacy received . One certificate is sent , as soon after Election Day as practicable , to the National Archivist in Washington D.C. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the State Seal , and the signature of the Governor ( in the case of the District of Columbia , the Certificate is signed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia . ) Meetings Certificate for the electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana ( 1876 ) . The Electoral College never meets as one body . Electors meet in their respective state capitals ( electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District ) on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December , at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president . Although procedures in each state vary slightly , the electors generally follow a similar series of steps , and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow . The meeting is opened by the election certification official -- often that state 's secretary of state or equivalent -- who reads the Certificate of Ascertainment . This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes . The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing . The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting , sometimes also with a vice chairman . The electors sometimes choose a secretary , often not himself an elector , to take the minutes of the meeting . In many states , political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings . When the time for balloting arrives , the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers . Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes ( the candidate for president of the political party of the electors ) . Each elector submits a written ballot with the name of a candidate for president . In New Jersey , the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card ; in North Carolina , the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card . The tellers count the ballots and announce the result . The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president , which follows a similar pattern . Each state 's electors must complete six Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must be signed by all of the electors and a Certificate of Ascertainment must be attached to each of the Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president . The electors certify the Certificates of Vote and copies of the Certificates are then sent in the following fashion : One is sent by registered mail to the President of the Senate ( who usually is the incumbent Vice President of the United States ) ; Two are sent by registered mail to the Archivist of the United States ; Two are sent to the state 's Secretary of State ; and One is sent to the chief judge of the United States district court where those electors met . A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the Certificates of Vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress . The Certificates are arranged -- unopened -- in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes . Alabama through Missouri ( including the District of Columbia ) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box . Before 1950 , the Secretary of State 's office oversaw the certifications , but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist 's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed , sometimes requiring states to correct the documents . Faithlessness Main article : Faithless elector Faithless electors are those who either cast electoral votes for someone other than the candidate of the party that they pledged to vote for or who abstain . Twenty - nine states plus the District of Columbia have passed laws to punish faithless electors , although none have ever been enforced . Many constitutional scholars claim that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment . In 1952 , the constitutionality of state pledge laws was brought before the Supreme Court in Ray v. Blair , 343 U.S. 214 ( 1952 ) . The Court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate , as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge . As stated in the ruling , electors are acting as a functionary of the state , not the federal government . Therefore , states have the right to govern the process of choosing electors . The constitutionality of state laws punishing electors for actually casting a faithless vote , rather than refusing to pledge , has never been decided by the Supreme Court . However , in his dissent in Ray v. Blair , Justice Robert Jackson wrote : `` no one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text -- that electors would be free agents , to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation 's highest offices . '' While many laws punish a faithless elector only after the fact , states like Michigan also specify a faithless elector 's vote be voided . As electoral slates are typically chosen by the political party or the party 's presidential nominee , electors usually have high loyalty to the party and its candidate : a faithless elector runs a greater risk of party censure than of criminal charges . In 2000 , elector Barbara Lett - Simmons of Washington , D.C. , chose not to vote , rather than voting for Al Gore as she had pledged to do . In 2016 , seven electors voted contrary to their pledges . Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election . Joint session of Congress and contingencies Further information : Contingent election The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election . The session is ordinarily required to take place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors . Since the Twentieth Amendment , the newly elected Congress declares the winner of the election ; all elections before 1936 were determined by the outgoing House . The meeting is held at 1 p.m. in the Chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives . The sitting vice president is expected to preside , but in several cases the president pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings . The vice president and the Speaker of the House sit at the podium , with the vice president in the seat of the Speaker of the House . Senate pages bring in the two mahogany boxes containing each state 's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives . Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote ( normally one member of each political party ) . Relevant portions of the Certificate of Vote are read for each state , in alphabetical order . Members of Congress can object to any state 's vote count , provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress . An objection supported by at least one senator and one representative will be followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each House of Congress ; after both Houses deliberate on the objection , the joint session is resumed . A state 's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress vote to accept the objection . In that case , the votes from the State in question are simply ignored . The votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected in the presidential election of 1872 . Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised , although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the vice president of the United States , Al Gore . Gore , who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat ( by five electoral votes ) , denied the objections , all of which were raised by only several representatives and would have favored his candidacy , after no senators would agree to jointly object . Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections , and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator . Although the joint session was suspended , the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress . If there are no objections or all objections are overruled , the presiding officer simply includes a state 's votes , as declared in the certificate of vote , in the official tally . After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted , the presiding officer simply announces the final result of the vote and , provided the required absolute majority of votes was achieved , declares the names of the persons elected president and vice president . This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president - elect and of the vice president - elect . The senators then depart from the House Chamber . The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals . Contingent presidential election by House The Twelfth Amendment requires the House of Representatives to go into session immediately to vote for a president if no candidate for president receives a majority of the electoral votes ( since 1964 , 270 of the 538 electoral votes ) . In this event , the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president . Each state delegation votes en bloc -- each delegation having a single vote ; the District of Columbia does not receive a vote . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes ( i.e. , at present , a minimum of 26 votes ) in order for that candidate to become the president - elect . Additionally , delegations from at least two thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place . The House continues balloting until it elects a president . The House of Representatives has chosen the president only twice : in 1801 under Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 ; and in 1825 under the Twelfth Amendment . Contingent vice presidential election by Senate If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes , then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president . The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president . Normally this would mean two candidates , one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote . However , the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election -- this number could theoretically be larger than two . The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case ( i.e. , ballots are individually cast by each senator , not by state delegations ) . However , two - thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place . Additionally , the Twelfth Amendment states a `` majority of the whole number '' of senators ( currently 51 of 100 ) is necessary for election . Further , the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie that might occur , although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary . The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837 . In that instance , the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud . The rules further stated , `` ( I ) fa majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger , he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States '' ; the Senate chose Johnson . Deadlocked election Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies if the House of Representatives has not chosen a president - elect in time for the inauguration ( noon EST on January 20 ) , then the vice president - elect becomes acting president until the House selects a president . Section 3 also specifies Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect in time for the inauguration . Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , the Speaker of the House would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president . Neither of these situations has ever occurred . Current Electoral vote distribution See also : Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections Electoral votes ( EV ) allocations for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . Triangular markers ( ) indicate gains or losses following the 2010 Census . EV × States States 3 × 8 = 24 Alaska , Delaware , District of Columbia * , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , Wyoming 4 × 5 = 20 Hawaii , Idaho , Maine * * , New Hampshire , Rhode Island 5 × 3 = 15 Nebraska * * , New Mexico , West Virginia 6 × 6 = 36 Arkansas , Iowa , Kansas , Mississippi , Nevada , Utah 7 × 3 = 21 Connecticut , Oklahoma , Oregon 8 × 2 = 16 Kentucky , Louisiana 9 × 3 = 27 Alabama , Colorado , South Carolina 10 × 4 = 40 Maryland , Minnesota , Missouri , Wisconsin 11 × 4 = 44 Arizona , Indiana , Massachusetts , Tennessee 12 × 1 = 12 Washington 13 × 1 = 13 Virginia 14 × 1 = 14 New Jersey 15 × 1 = 15 North Carolina 16 × 2 = 32 Georgia , Michigan 18 × 1 = 18 Ohio 20 × 2 = 40 Illinois , Pennsylvania 29 × 2 = 58 Florida , New York 38 × 1 = 38 Texas 55 × 1 = 55 California = 538 Total electors * The Twenty - third Amendment grants electors to DC as if it were a state , but not more than the least populous state . This has always been three . * * Maine 's four electors and Nebraska 's five are distributed using the Congressional district method . Chronological Table Number of presidential electors by state and year Election year 1788 -- 1800 1804 -- 1900 1904 -- 2000 2004 -- ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 State 22 Alabama 5 7 7 9 9 9 9 0.1 ! 0 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 49 Alaska 48 Arizona 5 6 7 8 10 11 25 Arkansas 0.1 ! 0 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 31 California 05 ! 5 5 6 6 8 9 9 10 10 13 22 25 32 32 40 45 47 54 55 55 38 Colorado 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 5 Connecticut 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 06 ! 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 51 ! - D.C. Delaware 03 ! 3 27 Florida 0.1 ! 0 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 14 17 21 25 27 29 Georgia 5 6 8 8 8 9 11 11 10 10 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 15 16 50 Hawaii 43 Idaho 21 Illinois 5 5 9 9 11 11 16 16 21 21 22 24 24 27 27 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 24 22 21 20 19 Indiana 5 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 29 Iowa 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 10 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 34 Kansas 03 ! 3 5 5 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 15 Kentucky 8 12 12 12 14 15 15 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 18 Louisiana 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0.1 ! 0 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 23 Maine 9 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 07 ! 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 7 Maryland 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 07 ! 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 Massachusetts 10 16 16 19 22 22 15 15 14 14 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 18 17 16 16 16 14 14 13 12 12 11 26 Michigan 5 5 6 6 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 14 14 14 14 15 19 19 20 20 21 21 20 18 17 16 32 Minnesota 04 ! 4 5 5 7 9 9 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 Mississippi 6 6 7 7 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 24 Missouri 7 7 9 9 11 11 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 15 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 41 Montana 37 Nebraska 5 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 36 Nevada 03 ! 3 5 6 9 New Hampshire 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 New Jersey 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 07 ! 7 7 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 15 15 14 47 New Mexico 5 5 5 5 11 New York 8 12 12 19 29 29 29 36 42 42 36 36 35 35 33 33 35 35 36 36 36 39 39 45 47 47 45 45 43 41 36 33 31 29 12 North Carolina 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 13 13 13 14 15 15 39 North Dakota 5 17 Ohio 8 8 8 16 21 21 23 23 23 23 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 26 25 25 25 26 25 23 21 20 18 46 Oklahoma 7 10 11 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 33 Oregon 03 ! 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Pennsylvania 10 15 15 20 25 25 25 28 30 30 26 26 27 27 26 26 29 29 30 32 32 34 34 38 36 35 32 32 29 27 25 23 21 20 13 Rhode Island 04 ! 4 5 8 South Carolina 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 8 0.1 ! 0 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 40 South Dakota 5 16 Tennessee 5 8 8 8 11 15 15 13 13 12 12 0.1 ! 0 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 28 Texas 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 13 15 15 18 18 20 23 23 24 24 25 26 29 32 34 38 45 Utah 5 5 5 6 14 Vermont 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 10 Virginia 12 21 21 24 25 25 25 24 23 23 17 17 15 15 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 42 Washington 5 5 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 35 West Virginia 05 ! 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 30 Wisconsin 5 5 08 ! 8 8 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 44 Wyoming # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 Source : Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2000 at Psephos ( Adam Carr 's Election Archive ) Note : In 1788 , 1792 , 1796 , and 1800 , each elector cast two votes for president . Number of electors from each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . 12 electoral votes changed between 18 states , based on the 2010 census . Eight states lost one electoral vote and two ( New York & Ohio ) each lost two electoral votes . Eight states gained electoral votes , six gained one electoral vote , Florida gained two & Texas gained four . Alternative methods of choosing electors Methods of presidential elector selection , by state , 1789 -- 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA 1789 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1792 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1796 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1800 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1804 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1808 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1812 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1816 -- -- -- -- -- 1820 1824 1828 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA Key Popular vote , At - large Popular vote , Districting Legislative selection Hybrid system Before the advent of the short ballot in the early 20th century , as described above , the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket . The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it . In the general ticket , voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector ( while in the short ballot , voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors ) . In the general ticket , the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector , a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill . Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at - large or winner - takes - all voting . The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times ; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932 . Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot . The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature 's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases . In McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 ( 1892 ) , the Court cited Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 which states that a state 's electors are selected `` in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct '' and wrote these words `` operat ( e ) as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power '' . In Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board , 531 U.S. 70 ( 2000 ) , a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated ( not reversed ) based on McPherson . On the other hand , three dissenting justices in Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) , wrote : `` ( N ) othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it . '' Appointment by state legislature In the earliest presidential elections , state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors . A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 ( 9 of 15 ) and 1800 ( 10 of 16 ) , and half of them did so in 1812 . Even in the 1824 election , a quarter of state legislatures ( 6 of 24 ) chose electors . In that election , Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having pluralities of both the popular and electoral votes , with the outcome being decided by the six state legislatures choosing the electors . Some state legislatures simply chose electors , while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote . By 1828 , with the rise of Jacksonian democracy , only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice . Delaware ended its practice the following election ( 1832 ) , while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860 . South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election . Excluding South Carolina , legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832 : In 1848 , Massachusetts statute awarded the state 's electoral votes to the winner of the at - large popular vote , but only if that candidate won an absolute majority . When the vote produced no winner between the Democratic , Free Soil , and Whig parties , the state legislature selected the electors , giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs . In 1864 , Nevada , having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day , had no choice but to legislatively appoint . In 1868 , the newly reconstructed state of Florida legislatively appointed its electors , having been readmitted too late to hold elections . Finally , in 1876 , the legislature of the newly admitted state of Colorado used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election . Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election . Had the recount continued , the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe - harbor deadline for choosing electors . The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state 's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors . As noted above , the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election . However , appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences : bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate . This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors . Electoral districts Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts . By this method , voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector . This was similar to how states are currently separated by congressional districts . However , the difference stems from the fact every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts . As with congressional districts , moreover , this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering . Proportional vote Under such a system , electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party , rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote . Congressional district method There are two versions of the congressional district method : one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska ; another has been proposed in Virginia . Under the implemented congressional district method , the electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the states ' congressional districts ; the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional electoral votes . In 2013 , a different version of the congressional district method was proposed in Virginia . This version would distribute Virginia 's electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia 's congressional districts ; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate won the most congressional districts , rather than on who won Virginia 's statewide popular vote . The congressional district method can more easily be implemented than other alternatives to the winner - takes - all method , in view of major party resistance to relatively enabling third parties under the proportional method . State legislation is sufficient to use this method . Advocates of the congressional district method believe the system would encourage higher voter turnout and incentivize presidential candidates to broaden their campaigns in non-competitive states . Winner - take - all systems ignore thousands of popular votes ; in Democratic California there are Republican districts , in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts . Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts , with a district plan , candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus seven `` swing '' states . Opponents of the system , however , argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can . Unlike simple congressional district comparisons , the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56 % of the Electoral College versus the 68 % he did win , it `` would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won ( 53 % ) '' . Implementation Of the 43 states whose electoral votes could be affected by the congressional district method , only Maine and Nebraska apply it today . Maine has four electoral votes , based on its two representatives and two senators . Nebraska has two senators and three representatives , giving it five electoral votes . Maine began using the congressional district method in the election of 1972 . Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the election of 1992 . Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election , and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840 : Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , North Carolina , Massachusetts , Illinois , Maine , Missouri , and New York . The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates . Prior to 2008 , neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes . Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008 , giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts , while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district . Following the 2008 split , some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner - takes - all system . In January 2010 , a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner - take - all system ; the bill died in committee in March 2011 . Republicans had also passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to eliminate the congressional district method in Nebraska , but those bills were vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson . In 2010 , Republicans in Pennsylvania , who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship , put forward a plan to change the state 's winner - takes - all system to a congressional district method system . Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections , so some saw this as an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes . Although Democrat Barack Obama won Pennsylvania in 2008 , he won only 55 % of Pennsylvania 's popular vote . The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes , a 52.4 % that is closer to the popular vote yet still overcoming Republican gerrymandering . The plan later lost support . Other Republicans , including Michigan state representative Pete Lund , RNC Chairman Reince Priebus , and Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker , have floated similar ideas . Contemporary issues Arguments between proponents and opponents of the current electoral system include four separate but related topics : indirect election , disproportionate voting power by some states , the winner - takes - all distribution method ( as chosen by 48 of the 50 states ) , and federalism . Arguments against the Electoral College in common discussion focus mostly on the allocation of the voting power among the states . Gary Bugh 's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to a traditional version of representation , whereas reform advocates have tended to reference a more democratic view . Criticism Nondeterminacy of popular vote See also : United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the popular vote can still lose in a hypothetical electoral college system . A bar graph of popular votes in presidential elections ( through 2016 ) , with blue stars marking the five elections in which the winner did not have the plurality of the popular vote . Black squares mark the cases where the electoral vote resulted in a tie , or the winner did not have the majority of electoral votes . An ' H ' marks the two cases where the election was decided by the House , and an ' S ' marks the one case where the election was finalized by the Supreme Court . The elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected . When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824 , the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors . The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the 1960 election , and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated . Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function . One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality , since presidential elections are not decided by the one - person one - vote principle . Outcomes of this sort are attributable to the federal nature of the system . Supporters of the Electoral College argue candidates must build a popular base that is geographically broader and more diverse in voter interests than either a simple national plurality or majority . Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of presidents , caused instead by the winner - takes - all method of allocating each state 's slate of electors . Allocation of electors in proportion to the state 's popular vote could reduce this effect . Proponents of a national popular vote point out combined population of the 50 biggest cities ( not including metropolitan areas ) only amounts to 15 % of the population , and that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate , and for statewide allocation of electoral votes , do not ignore voters in less populated areas . In addition , it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states ; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states ( three reliably Republican states , four swing states , and four reliably Democratic states ) , not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself . If all of those states came to lean reliably for one party , then the Electoral College itself would bring about an urban - centric victory . Comparison of the four elections in which the Electoral College winner ( projected winner in the 2016 election ) lost the popular vote . Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds the requisite configuration of states ( and thus captures their electoral votes ) by small margins , but the losing candidate secures large voter margins in the remaining states . In this case , the very large margins secured by the losing candidate in the other states would aggregate to a plurality of the ballots cast nationally . However , commentators question the legitimacy of this national popular vote ; pointing out that the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system does not reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system ; as each electoral institution produces different incentives for , and strategy choices by , presidential campaigns . Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system , it is generally presumed candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College ; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get - out - the - vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using limited campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered `` safe '' for themselves or their opponents , respectively . Conversely , the institutional structure of a national popular vote system would encourage candidates to pursue voter turnout wherever votes could be found , even in `` safe '' states they are already expected to win , and in `` safe '' states they have no hope of winning . Educational YouTuber CGP Grey , who has produced several short videos criticizing the Electoral College , has illustrated how it is technically possible to win the necessary 270 electoral votes while winning only 22 % of the overall popular vote , by winning the barest simple majority of the 39 smallest states and the District of Columbia . Though the current political geography of the United States makes such an election unlikely ( it would require winning both reliably Democratic jurisdictions like Massachusetts and D.C. and reliably Republican states like Utah and Alaska ) , he argues that a system in which such a result is even remotely possible is `` indefensible . '' The United States is the only country that elects a politically powerful president via an electoral college and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting . -- George C. Edwards III , 2011 Exclusive focus on large swing states Main article : Swing state These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the Bush and Kerry campaigns during the final five weeks of the 2004 election . At the top , each waving hand represents a visit from a presidential or vice presidential candidate during the final five weeks . At the bottom , each dollar sign represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising by the campaigns during the same time period . According to this criticism , the Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so - called `` swing states '' while ignoring the rest of the country . Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers and debates , while `` four out of five '' voters in the national election are `` absolutely ignored '' , according to one assessment . Since most states use a winner - takes - all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state 's electoral votes , there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states ; in recent elections , these states have included Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Florida in 2004 and 2008 , and also Colorado in 2012 . In contrast , states with large populations such as California , Texas , and New York , have in recent elections been considered `` safe '' for a particular party -- Democratic for California and New York and Republican for Texas -- and therefore campaigns spend less time and money there . Many small states are also considered to be `` safe '' for one of the two political parties and are also generally ignored by campaigners : of the 13 smallest states , six are reliably Democratic , six are reliably Republican , and only New Hampshire is considered as a swing state , according to critic George C. Edwards III . In the 2008 election , campaigns did not mount nationwide efforts but rather focused on select states . Discouragement of turnout and participation Except in closely fought swing states , voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states . The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out , except in those swing states . If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote , in contrast , campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere . Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote . The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly . Obscuring disenfranchisement within states According to this criticism , the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state , and , as a result , it obscures any voting problems within a particular state . For example , if a particular state blocks some groups from voting , perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests , poll taxes , registration requirements , or legally disfranchising specific minority groups , then voting inside that state would be reduced , but as the state 's electoral count would be the same , disenfranchisement has no effect on the overall electoral tally . Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is partially obscured by the Electoral College . A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout : there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state 's electoral count remains fixed in any event . According to this view , if elections were by popular vote , then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally . Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups of citizens . Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled the southern states to disenfranchise its slave populations . It permitted southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the three - fifths compromise . They noted that constitutional Framer James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge but that `` the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' Akhil and Vikram Amar added that The founders ' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women . In a direct national election system , any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout . Under the Electoral College , however , a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise ; as with slaves , what mattered was how many women lived in a state , not how many were empowered ... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout . By contrast , a well - designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote . -- Akhil and Vikram Amar Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories See also : Voting rights in the United States § Overseas and nonresident citizens Territories of the United States , such as Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and Guam , are not entitled to electors in presidential elections . Constitutionally , only U.S. states ( per Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 ) and Washington , D.C. ( per the Twenty - third Amendment ) are entitled to electors . Guam has held non-binding straw polls for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact . This means that roughly 4 million Americans do not have the right to vote in presidential elections . Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic . Half of the population lives in these counties Advantage based on state population Researchers have variously attempted to measure which states ' voters have the greatest impact in such an indirect election . Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes , regardless of population , which gives low - population states a disproportionate number of electors per capita . For example , an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming . Sparsely populated states are likely to be increasingly overrepresented in the electoral college over time , because Americans are increasingly moving to big cities , most of which are in big states . This analysis gives a strong advantage to the smallest states , but ignores any extra influence that comes from larger states ' ability to deliver their votes as a single bloc . Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocs , such as the Banzhaf power index ( BPI ) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters relative power . In 1968 , John F. Banzhaf III ( who developed the Banzhaf power index ) determined that a voter in the state of New York had , on average , 3.312 times as much voting power in presidential elections as a voter in any other U.S. state . It was found that based on 1990 census and districting , individual voters in California , the largest state , had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a President than voters of Montana , the largest of the minimum 3 elector states . Because Banzhaf 's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states , it has been criticized for treating votes like independent coin - flips . More empirically based models of voting yield results that seem to favor larger states less . Disadvantage for third parties See also : Duverger 's law and Causes of a two - party system In practice , the winner - take - all manner of allocating a state 's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties . However , it has been argued the Electoral College is not a cause of the two - party system , and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third - party candidates in some situations . Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues While many of the critics of the Electoral College wish to abolish or weaken it , others are seeking to strengthen it , at least in regard to its original aim of preventing the election of demagogues by too direct of a system of election . Allowing for representatives to vote their conscience dispassionately for the good of the country is considered hampered by the potential for legal consequences in some states at being a faithless elector ( though the Constitutionality of these laws have to date not been challenged ) and the lack of secret ballot by electors in the voting process itself may lead to a consequent stigma and even death threats for those voting against the electorate . Support Prevention of an urban - centric victory Proponents of the Electoral College claim that it prevents a candidate from winning the presidency by simply winning in heavily populated urban areas , and pushes candidates to make a wider geographic appeal than they would if they simply had to win the national popular vote . They believe that adoption of the popular vote would shift the disproportionate focus to large cities at the expense of rural areas . Maintenance of the federal character of the Nation The United States of America is a federal coalition that consists of component states . Proponents of the current system argue the collective opinion of even a small state merits attention at the federal level greater than that given to a small , though numerically equivalent , portion of a very populous state . The system also allows each state the freedom , within constitutional bounds , to design its own laws on voting and enfranchisement without an undue incentive to maximize the number of votes cast . For many years early in the nation 's history , up until the Jacksonian Era , many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature , and proponents argue that , in the end , the election of the president must still come down to the decisions of each state , or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive , centralized government . In his book A More Perfect Constitution , Professor Larry Sabato elaborated on this advantage of the Electoral College , arguing to `` mend it , do n't end it , '' in part because of its usefulness in forcing candidates to pay attention to lightly populated states and reinforcing the role of the state in federalism . Enhancement of the status of minority groups Instead of decreasing the power of minority groups by depressing voter turnout , proponents argue that by making the votes of a given state an all - or - nothing affair , minority groups can provide the critical edge that allows a candidate to win . This encourages candidates to court a wide variety of such minorities and advocacy groups . Encouragement of stability through the two - party system Proponents of the Electoral College see its negative effect on third parties as beneficial . They argue the two party system has provided stability because it encourages a delayed adjustment during times of rapid political and cultural change . They believe it protects the most powerful office in the country from control by what these proponents view as regional minorities until they can moderate their views to win broad , long - term support across the nation . Advocates of a national popular vote for president suggest that this effect would also be true in popular vote elections . Of 918 elections for governor between 1948 and 2009 , for example , more than 90 % were won by candidates securing more than 50 % of the vote , and none have been won with less than 35 % of the vote . Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies According to this argument , the fact the Electoral College is made up of real people instead of mere numbers allows for human judgment and flexibility to make a decision , if it happens that a candidate dies or becomes legally disabled around the time of the election . Advocates of the current system argue that human electors would be in a better position to choose a suitable replacement than the general voting public . According to this view , electors could act decisively during the critical time interval between when ballot choices become fixed in state ballots until mid-December when the electors formally cast their ballots . In the election of 1872 , losing Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval , which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party , who also supported Greeley , but the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for different alternate candidates . A situation in which the winning candidate died has never happened . In the election of 1912 , Vice President Sherman died shortly before the election when it was too late for states to remove his name from their ballots ; accordingly , Sherman was listed posthumously , but the eight electoral votes that Sherman would have received were cast instead for Nicholas Murray Butler . Isolation of election problems Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud , or other such problems , to the state where it occurs . It prevents instances where a party dominant in one state may dishonestly inflate the votes for a candidate and thereby affect the election outcome . For instance , recounts occur only on a state - by - state basis , not nationwide . Results in a single state where the popular vote is very close -- such as Florida in 2000 -- can decide the national election . Efforts to abolish Bayh -- Celler Amendment The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress ( 1969 -- 1971 ) . The presidential election of 1968 resulted in Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes ( 56 % of electors ) , Hubert Humphrey 191 ( 35.5 % ) , and George Wallace 46 ( 8.5 % ) with 13.5 % of the popular vote . However , Nixon had received only 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey , 43.5 % to 42.9 % , less than 1 % of the national total . Representative Emanuel Celler ( D -- New York ) , chairman of the House Judiciary Committee , responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681 , a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote . With this system , the pair of candidates who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency provided they won at least 40 % of the national popular vote . If no pair received 40 % of the popular vote , a runoff election would be held in which the choice of president and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election . The word `` pair '' was defined as `` two persons who shall have consented to the joining of their names as candidates for the offices of President and Vice President . '' On April 29 , 1969 , the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal . Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11 , 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18 , 1969 , by a vote of 339 to 70 . On September 30 , 1969 , President Richard Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal , encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal , which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution 1 by Senator Birch Bayh ( D -- Indiana ) . On October 8 , 1969 , the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were `` either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate . '' Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption . The paper also reported that six other states had yet to state a preference , six were leaning toward opposition and eight were solidly opposed . On August 14 , 1970 , the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate . The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6 . The six members who opposed the plan , Democratic Senators James Eastland of Mississippi , John Little McClellan of Arkansas , and Sam Ervin of North Carolina , along with Republican Senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska , Hiram Fong of Hawaii , and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes , it had worked well throughout the years . Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate . He called upon President Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal . However , Nixon , while not reneging on his previous endorsement , chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal . On September 8 , 1970 , the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly filibustered . The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states , both Democrats and Republicans , who argued abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states ' political influence . On September 17 , 1970 , a motion for cloture , which would have ended the filibuster , received 54 votes to 36 for cloture , failing to receive the then required a two - thirds majority of senators voting . A second motion for cloture on September 29 , 1970 , also failed , by 53 to 34 . Thereafter , the Senate majority leader , Mike Mansfield of Montana , moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business . However , the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3 , 1971 . Carter proposal On March 22 , 1977 , President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of essentially abolishing the Electoral College . The letter read in part : My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President . Such an amendment , which would abolish the Electoral College , will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes President . Under the Electoral College , it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected . This has already happened in three elections , 1824 , 1876 , and 1888 . In the last election , the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii , despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million . I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly . I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance . But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue . I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment . I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal . President Carter 's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern president during this time , and in some aspects of the package , it went beyond original expectations . Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter 's proposal at that time as `` a modest surprise '' because of the indication of Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form . Newspaper reaction to Carter 's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials , like that in the Chicago Tribune , criticizing the president for proposing the end of the Electoral College . In a letter to The New York Times , Representative Jonathan B. Bingham ( D - New York ) highlighted the danger of the `` flawed , outdated mechanism of the Electoral College '' by underscoring how a shift of fewer than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford being reelected despite Jimmy Carter 's nationwide 1.7 million - vote margin . Cohen proposal On January 5 , 2017 , Representative Steve Cohen ( D - Tennessee ) introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the President and Vice President . Unlike the Bayh -- Celler amendment 40 % threshold for election , Cohen 's proposal only requires a candidate to have the `` greatest number of votes '' to be elected . National popular vote Interstate compact Main article : National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Several states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact . The compact is based on the current rule in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses its electors . Those jurisdictions joining the compact agree to eventually pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote . The compact will not come into effect until the number of states agreeing to the compact equals a majority ( at least 270 ) of all electors . Some scholars have suggested that Article I , Section 10 , Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the compact could be enforceable ; thus , any attempted implementation of the compact could face court challenges to its constitutionality . As of 2018 , 10 states and the District of Columbia have joined the compact ; collectively , these jurisdictions control 165 electoral votes , which is 61 % of the 270 required for the compact to take effect . Only strongly `` blue '' states have joined the compact , each of which returned large victory margins for Barack Obama in the 2012 election . See also County Unit System Lists of United States presidential electors : 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 List of United States presidential electors from North Dakota United States presidential elections : 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , 2016 United States presidential election maps Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections List of U.S. states and territories by population Number of Electoral Votes Per Popular Vote References Jump up ^ Openshaw , Pamela Romney ( 2014 ) . Promises Of The Constitution : Yesterday Today Tomorrow . BookBaby . p. 10.3 . ASIN B00LEWCS4E . Jump up ^ Ross , Tara ( 2017 ) . The Indispensable Electoral College : How the Founders ' Plan Saves Our Country from Mob Rule . Gateway Editions . p. 26 . ASIN B072FK8W7X . Jump up ^ Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Does the Electoral College Work ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why the Constitution 's Framers did n't want us to directly elect the president '' . MinnPost . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1994 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic , 1787 -- 1804 . Greenwood . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29151 - 7 . OCLC 29518703 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Roles and Responsibilities '' . Jump up ^ Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution ^ Jump up to : Zak , Dan ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The electoral college is n't a real place . But someone has to answer all the angry phone calls these days '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gore , D'Angelo ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Presidents Winning Without Popular Vote '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Morris , Irwin L. ( 2010 ) . The American Presidency : An Analytical Approach . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49162 - 4 . OCLC 607985767 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electoral College -- Maine and Nebraska '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Appointment of 2004 Electors for President and Vice President of the United States '' . Jump up ^ Many states have laws designed to ensure electors vote for their pledged candidate , but the constitutionality of these laws has never been positively established . See The Green Papers Jump up ^ Library of Congress -- Election Process Archived April 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Fast Facts -- US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : May 29 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : June 2 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 4 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Records of the Federal Convention , p. 57 Farrand 's Records , Volume 2 , A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 , Library of Congress Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 6 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1966 ) . Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 . The Norton Library . p. 294 . ASIN B003G6AKX2 . Jump up ^ Patrick , John J. ; Pious , Richard M. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514273 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Federalist 39 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton . The Federalist Papers : No. 68 The Avalon Project , Yale Law School . viewed November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Twelfth Amendment changed this to the top three candidates Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers : Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , John Jay The New American Library , 1961 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ Chang , Stanley ( 2007 ) . `` Updating the Electoral College : The National Popular Vote Legislation '' . Harvard Journal on Legislation . Cambridge , MA : President and Fellows of Harvard College . 44 ( 205 , at 208 ) . Jump up ^ Describing how the Electoral College was designed to work , Alexander Hamilton wrote , `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations ( decisions regarding the selection of a president ) . '' ( Hamilton , Federalist 68 ) . Hamilton so strongly believed this was to be done district by district , and when states began doing otherwise , he proposed a constitutional amendment to mandate the district system ( Hamilton , Draft of a Constitutional Amendment ) . Madison concurred , `` The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted . '' ( Madison to Hay , 1823 Archived May 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Avalon Project : Federalist No 68 '' . Jump up ^ `` Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts : Passed at Their Session , which Commenced on Wednesday , the Thirty First of May , and Ended on the Seventeenth of June , One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty . Published Agreeably to Resolve of 16th January , 1812 . Boston , Russell & Gardner , for B. Russell , 1820 ; ( repr '' . Boston Book Company . January 1 , 1820 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Devin McCarthy ( Ph. D. Polysci , Duke ) , `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' Jump up ^ Chief Justice Robert Jackson , Ray v. Blair , dissent , 1952 ^ Jump up to : `` Founders Online : James Madison to George Hay , 23 August 1823 '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the ... '' . Jump up ^ `` 1788 Election For the First Term , 1789 - 1793 '' . U.S. Electoral College . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . New York , North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate in the election . New York 's electors deadlocked and abstained ; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution . `` United States presidential election of 1789 '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 11 Jump up ^ THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT from America Book 9 ( archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 27 ) Jump up ^ The selected papers of Thaddeus Stevens , v. 2 , Stevens , Thaddeus , 1792 -- 1868 , Palmer , Beverly Wilson , 1936 , Ochoa , Holly Byers , 1951 , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh , Digital Research Library , 2011 , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ McCarthy , Devin . `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' . Fairvote . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ The present allotment of electors by state is shown in the Electoral vote distribution section . Jump up ^ The number of electors allocated to each state is based on Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , subject to being reduced pursuant to Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment . Jump up ^ Congressional Apportionment. 2010 Census Briefs U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2011 Archived November 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . in State Totals : Vintage 2011 Archived August 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` How is the president elected ? Here is a basic guide to the electoral college system '' . Jump up ^ Sabrina Eaton ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Brown learns he ca n't serve as Kerry elector , steps down '' ( PDF ) . Cleveland Plain Dealer ( reprint at Edison Research ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Darrell J. Kozlowski ( 2010 ) . Federalism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 33 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 218 - 2 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 1 A uniform national date for presidential elections was not set until 1845 , although the Congress always had constitutional authority to do so . -- Kimberling , William C. ( 1992 ) The Electoral College , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Instructions to State Officials '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia Certificate of Ascertainment ( archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 ) Jump up ^ `` Twelfth Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - third Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.C. § 7 : US Code -- Section 7 : Meeting and vote of electors '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College -- For State Officials '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Congress meets to count electoral votes '' . MSNBC . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Bill ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Electors almost always follow the vote in their state '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Election Law Section 168.47 '' . Legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Papers '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boccagno , Julia ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Which candidates did the seven `` faithless '' electors support ? `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The President of the Senate shall , in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted . '' Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 -- 27 , National Archives and Records Administration ^ Jump up to : 3 U.S.C. § 15 , Counting electoral votes in Congress Jump up ^ David A. McKnight ( 1878 ) . The Electoral System of the United States : A Critical and Historical Exposition of Its Fundamental Principles in the Constitution and the Acts and Proceedings of Congress Enforcing It . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 2446 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` RL30804 : The Electoral College : An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals , L. Paige Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale , January 16 , 2001 '' . Ncseonline.org . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longley , Lawrence D. ; Pierce , Neal R. ( 1999 ) . `` The Electoral College Primer 2000 '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Election evolves into ' perfect ' electoral storm '' . USA Today . December 12 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Journal from 1837 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives Based on the 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau . December 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Each state 's number of electoral votes is equal to its total congressional representation ( its number of Representatives plus its two Senators ) . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : State Population and the Distribution of Electoral Votes and Representatives '' . The Green Papers . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc . pp. 254 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Bush v. Gore , ( Justice Stevens dissenting ) ( quote in second paragraph ) Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Kolodny , Robin ( 1996 ) . `` The Several Elections of 1824 '' . Congress & the Presidency. 23 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 64 . doi : 10.1080 / 07343469609507834 . Jump up ^ `` Election 101 '' ( PDF ) . Princeton Press . Princeton University Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Our Electoral College system is weird -- and not in a good way '' . MinnPost . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Action ? , The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer , November 30 , 2000 '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on 2001 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` FairVote '' . FairVote . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiddling with the Rules '' . Franklin & Marshall College . March 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Nia - Malika ; Haines , Errin ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Republicans in Virginia , other states seeking electoral college changes '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Election Reform '' ( PDF ) . Dos.state.pa.us . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Timothy ( December 23 , 2012 ) . `` Pennsylvania looks to alter state 's electoral vote system '' . Pittsburgh Post Gazette . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry . `` A more perfect Constitution '' viewed November 22 , 2014 . ( archiveed from the original on 2016 - 01 - 02 ) Jump up ^ Levy , Robert A. , Should we reform the Electoral College ? Cato Institute , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral College -- Reform Options '' . Fairvote.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Services Electoral College , p. 15 , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Articles -- Upgrading The College '' . President Elect . September 5 , 2004 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Methods of Choosing Presidential Electors '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Maralee ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Nebraska 's Vote Change '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Skelley , Geoffrey ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` What Goes Around Comes Around ? '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Michigan split its electoral votes in 1892 election '' . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Books , `` Presidential Elections : 1789 -- 1996 '' , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tysver , Robynn ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Obama wins electoral vote in Nebraska '' . Omaha World Herald . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Molai , Nabil ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Republicans Push to Change Electoral Vote System '' . KPTM Fox 42 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jean ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bill targets Neb. ability to split electoral votes '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kleeb , Jane ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fail : Sen. McCoy 's Partisan Electoral College Bill '' . Bold Nebraska . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Republicans Weigh Electoral Vote Changes '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Ponders Bold Democrat - Screwing Electoral Plan '' -- via Slate . Jump up ^ GOP Pennsylvania electoral vote plan might be out of steam -- The York Daily Record ( archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Gray , Kathleen ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Bill to change Michigan 's electoral vote gets hearing '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Louis ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Ramifications of Changing the Electoral College '' . Governing Magazine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` The GOP 's Electoral College Scheme '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bugh , Gary E. ( 2016 ) . `` Representation in Congressional Efforts to Amend the Presidential Election System '' . In Bugh , Gary . Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities . Routledge . pp. 5 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 14527 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Op - Chart : How Much Is Your Vote Worth ? Op - Chart '' . November 2 , 2008 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ FairVote.org . `` Problems with the Electoral College -- Fairvote '' . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards III , George C. ( 2011 ) . Why the Electoral College is Bad for America ( Second ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . pp. 1 , 37 , 61 , 176 -- 77 , 193 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16649 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Mischief , The Wall Street Journal , September 8 , 2004 '' . Opinionjournal.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote ? '' . RealClearPolitics . October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Carlos Felipe . `` National Popular Vote -- Electoral college reform by direct election of the President '' . archive.nationalpopularvote.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ See also List of United States cities by population Jump up ^ Myths about Big Cities and Big States by National Popular Vote ( archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 ) Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) , Re : The Trouble With The Electoral College -- Cities , Metro Areas , Elections and The United States , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Jonathan H. Adler . `` Your candidate got more of the popular vote ? Irrelevant '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashe Schow . `` Why the popular vote is a meaningless statistic '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) , The Trouble with the Electoral College , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Pearson , Christopher ; Richie , Rob ; Johnson , Adam ( November 3 , 2005 ) . `` Who Picks the President ? '' ( PDF ) . FairVote -- The Center for Voting and Democracy . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College : Here 's how '' . The Nation . November 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nivola , Pietro ( January 2005 ) . `` Thinking About Political Polarization '' ( 139 ) . Brookings Institution Policy Brief . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Koza , John ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Every Vote Equal : A State - Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote '' ( PDF ) . p. xvii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Amar , Akhil ; Amar , Vikram ( September 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Electoral College Votes Against Equality '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Katrina vanden Heuvel ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College '' . The Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Electoral college defenders offer a range of arguments , from the openly anti-democratic ( direct election equals mob rule ) , to the nostalgic ( we 've always done it this way ) , to the opportunistic ( your little state will get ignored ! More vote - counting means more controversies ! The Electoral College protects hurricane victims ! ) . But none of those arguments overcome this one : One person , one vote . Jump up ^ `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` In Guam , ' Non-Binding Straw Poll ' Gives Obama A Commanding Win '' . NPR. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The electoral college badly distorts the vote . And it 's going to get worse '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) Jump up ^ Miroff , Bruce ; Seidelman , Raymond ; Swanstrom , Todd ( November 2001 ) . The Democratic Debate : An Introduction to American Politics ( Third ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05452 - 9 . Jump up ^ Banzhaf , John ( 1968 ) . `` One Man , 3.312 Votes : A Mathematical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . Villanova Law Review . 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Livingston , Department of Computer Science . `` Banzhaf Power Index '' . University of North Carolina . Jump up ^ Gelman , Andrew ; Katz , Jonathan ; Tuerlinckx , Francis ( 2002 ) . `` The Mathematics and Statistics of Voting Power '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Science . 17 ( 4 ) : 420 -- @ 35 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1049993201 . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/electoral-college-electors-232791 Jump up ^ http://www.houstonpress.com/news/despite-two-faithless-electors-in-texas-trump-wins-the-electoral-college-9040222 Jump up ^ P. Andrew Sandlin ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Why the Electoral College '' . Lewrockwell.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hands Off the Electoral College by Rep. Ron Paul , MD , December 28 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Kimberling , William C. ( May 1992 ) . `` The Electoral College '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry ( 2007 ) . A More Perfect Constitution ( First U.S. ed . ) . Walker Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1621 - 0 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Majority and Plurality in U.S. Gubernatorial Elections . FairVote.org ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Note : this may be a few days or even weeks before an election ; many states can not change ballots at a late stage . Jump up ^ Note : the day when the electors cast their votes is the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . Jump up ^ Note : three electoral votes were still cast for Greeley despite being dead . Jump up ^ Ethan Trex ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Electoral College for dummies '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... In 1872 , though , Democrat Horace Greeley died just over three weeks after Ulysses S. Grant thumped him in the election ... electors who would have voted for Greeley simply spread their 66 votes among other Democratic candidates ... Thomas Andrews Hendricks actually came in second in the election with 42 electoral votes despite not campaigning for the presidency ... Jump up ^ SHELLY FREIERMAN ( November 2 , 2000 ) . `` NEWS WATCH ; Looking for Comic Relief ? Then Consider the Duke '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... ( In 1872 , Horace Greeley , opposing Ulysses S. Grant , got zero electoral votes to Grant 's 286 , but five other candidates received from one to 42 votes each ) . Jump up ^ JAMES BARRON ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` When the Vice Presidency Was a Job for New Yorkers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... But Sherman died in office , less than a month before the election of 1912 ... The Republican Party designated Nicholas Murray Butler ... as the candidate to receive Sherman 's votes in the Electoral College ... Jump up ^ Darlington , Richard B . `` The Electoral College : Bulwark Against Fraud '' . Cornell University Department of Psychology . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2000 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myths about Recounts '' . National Popular Vote . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ For a more detailed account of this proposal read The Politics of Electoral College Reform by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ 1968 Electoral College Results , National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ `` Text of Proposed Amendment on Voting '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` House Unit Votes To Drop Electors '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of President Is Gaining in the House '' . The New York Times . September 12 , 1969 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` House Approves Direct Election of The President '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Comes Out For Direct Vote On Presidency '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Survey Finds 30 Legislatures Favor Direct Vote For President '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Warren ( April 24 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Unit Asks Popular Election of the President '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bayh Calls for Nixon 's Support As Senate Gets Electoral Plan '' . The New York Times . August 15 , 1970 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Warren ( September 18 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Debating Direct Election '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1970 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Senate in 1975 reduced the required vote for cloture from two thirds of those voting ( 66 votes ) to three fifths ( 60 votes ) . See United States Senate website . Jump up ^ `` Senate Puts Off Direct Vote Plan '' . The New York Times . September 30 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Carter Letter to Congress , Jimmy Carter : `` Election reform Message to the Congress '' , Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . ^ Jump up to : `` Carter Proposes End Of Electoral College In Presidential Votes '' , The New York Times , March 23 , 1977 , Pages 1 , 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carter v . The Electoral College '' , Chicago Tribune , March 24 , 1977 , Section 3 , Page 2 Jump up ^ `` Letters '' . The New York Times . 15 March 1979 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , George ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Cohen proposes elimination of Electoral College '' . WREG - TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 19 Jump up ^ Text of the compact Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. Electoral College Reform Congressional Research Service pp. 21 -- 22 , viewed November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Popular Vote '' . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Why a Plan to Circumvent the Electoral College Is Probably Doomed '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . External links Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Electoral College . U.S. Electoral College FAQ ( www.archives.gov ) Interactive U.S. Electoral Map Historical Documents on the Electoral College Electoral Vote 270 to win Winning The Electoral College `` Math Against Tyranny '' The Green Papers : More detailed description of reform proposals The Electoral College : How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections Congressional Research Service Electoral College Reform : Contemporary Issues for Congress Congressional Research Service Office of the Federal Register Joint Session of the 111th Congress for the purpose of certifying the Electoral College ballot count , January 9 , 2009 ( C - Span video ) Introductory chapter of Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities Voter Turnout Data - United States Election Project Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how are electoral college votes distributed among the states | [
"Each state chooses electors, equal in number to that state's combined total of senators and representatives. There are a total of 538 electors, corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators, plus the three electors for the District of Columbia as provided by the Twenty-third Amendment.[7] The Constitution bars any federal official, elected or appointed, from being an elector. The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College.[8] Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen, the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide, except in four elections: 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016. In 1824, there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed, rather than popularly elected, so the true national popular vote is uncertain; the electors failed to select a winning candidate, so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives.[9]"
] | [
"equal in number to that state's combined total of senators and representatives"
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5619520344787081903 | National Alliance to End Homelessness | National Alliance to End Homelessness - wikipedia National Alliance to End Homelessness Jump to : navigation , search `` The template Infobox organization is being considered for merging . '' National Alliance to End Homelessness Founded Focus Ending homelessness through policy advocacy , research , and capacity building . Location Washington , D.C. Website www.endhomelessness.org The National Alliance to End Homelessness is a United States - based organization addressing the issue of homelessness . The Alliance provides data and research to policymakers and elected officials in order to inform policy debates . They also work on the local level provide community partners with information on best practices and technical assistance . In March 2011 , the Alliance partnered with 26 leaders from Australia , Canada , the European Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States to create an International Alliance to End Homelessness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding and Structure 2 Publications 3 Definition of homelessness 4 Conferences 5 Canadian Alliance to End Homelessness 6 External links 7 Citations 8 References Founding and structure ( edit ) In 1983 , the National Citizens Committee for Food and Shelter was established to meet the emergency needs of the homeless population . In 1987 , the Committee determined that a more comprehensive approach was necessary and created the National Alliance to End Homelessness . The current President and CEO is Nan Roman . Ms. Roman works with the Board of Directors and the Alliance 's staff to execute its mission . Current members of the Board include Susan Baker , Co-Founder , Elizabeth Boyle , Co-Founder ; Mike Lowry , Gary M. Parsons , Robert Villency , President Nan Roman , Henry Cisneros , Stephen Coyle , Kenneth M. Duberstein , Jeffery Hayward , G. Allan Kingston , The Honorable John J. LaPalce , Tim Marx , Irene Mabry Moses , D. William Moreau , Norman B. Rice , Michael R. Steed , Robert D. Stillman , and Judy Woodruff . In addition to its board and staff , the Alliance partners with over 10,000 public agencies and community providers . A presenter speaks at the National Alliance to End Homelessness , at the Renaissance Washington DC Hotel , July 17 , 2012 . In 2000 Ms. Roman launched A Plan , Not a Dream : How to End Homelessness in Ten Years , -- a revolutionary nationwide initiative that provided a step - by - step community - based plan to end homelessness in a decade . By 2010 , there are 234 completed plans to end homelessness across the United States . Charity Watch rates the National Alliance to End Homelessness an `` A + '' . Ending Homelessness Through Public Policy : Nan Roman , CEO of the National Alliance to End Homelessness When Nan Roman first worked for the Institute for Poverty Studies , the concept of homelessness was not discussed . There was a phenomenon called `` residential displacement '' and there was a concern that `` if we keep tearing down all this affordable housing and converting apartments into condos and co-ops , there wo n't be enough housing for low - income people . '' At the time the federal government was not concerned because they believed `` widespread homelessness would never be accepted in the U.S. '' She later turned her focus to alleviating poverty by impacting public policy . Ms. Roman is a valued resource person for the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness ( USICH ) Publications ( edit ) The Homelessness Research Institute ( HRI ) , the research branch of the Alliance , publishes an annual report , the State of Homelessness in America Definition of Homelessness ( edit ) The Homelessness Research Institute ( HRI ) , the research arm of the National Alliance to End Homelessness uses the definition for `` homelessness '' or `` homeless '' set by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) , which considers an individual homeless if he or she lives in an emergency shelter , transitional housing program , haven , or a place not meant for human habitation , such as a car , abandoned buildings , or on the street . Continuums of Care ( CoCs ) are the local or regional planning bodies that coordinate services and funding for individuals and families experiencing homelessness . '' Conferences ( edit ) The Alliance hosts two conferences , the National Conference on Ending Homelessness and the National Conference on Ending Family and Youth Homelessness The 2015 National Conference on Ending Family and Youth Homelessness took place on February 18 to 20 at the Sheraton San Diego Hotel and Marina . The 2015 National Conference on Ending Homelessness will take place at the Renaissance Hotel in Washington DC from July 15 to 17 . Canadian Alliance to End Homelessness ( edit ) In 2012 the Canadian Alliance to End Homelessness was formed with Alex Himelfarb as the Chair , Tim Richter as Vice - Chair and Stephen Gaetz as secretary . Their objectives are similar to those National Alliance to End Homelessness , and they are actively supporting 10 - year plans in Canada . In 2008 Alberta became the first Canadian province to adopt a 10 - year plan with its two major cities , Calgary and Edmonton . Other cities soon followed . As President and CEO of the Calgary Homeless Foundation , Tim Richter led the implementation of Calgary , Alberta 's 10 Year Plan to End Homelessness from 2008 to 2012 which included the introduction of the Housing First program including the Pathways to Housing program . Health & Human Services Secretary Sebelius Speaks at the National Alliance to End Homelessness External links ( edit ) National Alliance to End Homelessness Official site . A Plan , Not a Dream : How to End Homelessness in Ten Years http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/481800 http://www.usich.gov/ The United States Interagency Council on Homelessness The United States Interagency Council on Homelessness , official site . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About us '' . National Alliance to End Homelessness . Washington , DC . 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roman , Nan ; Poppe , Barbara ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` International Leaders Create Alliance to End Homelessness '' . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . National Alliance to End Homelessness . Washington , DC . 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Read the Secretary 's Remarks Jump up ^ `` A Plan , Not a Dream : How to End Homelessness in Ten Years '' . National Alliance to End Homelessness. 2000 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roman , Nan ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` After 10 Years , Plan to End Homelessness Has Way to Go '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Charity Rating Guide and Watchdog Report , Volume Number 59 , December 2011 Jump up ^ Hayes , Cali ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Nan Roman , CEO of the National Alliance to End Homelessness '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Opening Doors : federal strategic plan to prevent and end homelessness : update 2011 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . United States Interagency Council on Homelessness ( USICH ) . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giraud , Jean - Michel ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` State Of Homelessness in America 2013 Unveiled By NAEH '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : State of Homelessness in America ( PDF ) . Homelessness Research Institute ( HRI ) ( Report ) . 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.prweb.com/releases/2010/07/prweb4237584.htm Jump up ^ http://www.usich.gov/media_center/blog/the_national_conference_to_end_family_and_youth_homelessness_and_the_work_o/ Jump up ^ http://help.endhomelessness.org/events/32 Jump up ^ http://www.endhomelessness.org/news/calendar/2015-national-conference-on-ending-homelessness Jump up ^ `` About CAEH '' . Toronto , Ontario . 2014 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ , Calgary Homeless Foundation , 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140222052530/http://calgaryhomeless.com/about-us/leadership/tim-richter/ , archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 , retrieved February 11 , 2014 Missing or empty title = ( help ) References ( edit ) The New York Times , July 17 , 2006 -- `` Bloomberg Unveils Plan to Reduce Homelessness '' Scott , Janny ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` Making a Flophouse a Home , and a Decent One at That '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . ( 1 ) The McKinney - Vento Homeless Assistance Act As amended by S. 896 The Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing ( HEARTH ) Act of 2009 A Plan : Not A Dream How to End Homelessness in Ten Years Executive Summary PDF 24 pages National Alliance to End Homelessness Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Alliance_to_End_Homelessness&oldid=825421986 '' Categories : Homelessness organizations Political advocacy groups in the United States Homelessness in the United States Organizations established in 1987 1987 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using infobox organization with unsupported parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 09 : 00 . About Wikipedia | who founded the national alliance to end homelessness | [
"In 1983, the National Citizens Committee for Food and Shelter was established to meet the emergency needs of the homeless population. In 1987, the Committee determined that a more comprehensive approach was necessary and created the National Alliance to End Homelessness.[1]\n"
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"National Citizens Committee for Food and Shelter"
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2368974856875134457 | Straight from the Heart (song) | Straight from the Heart ( song ) - wikipedia Straight from the Heart ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Straight from the Heart '' 7 '' Cover Single by Bryan Adams from the album Cuts Like a Knife B - side `` One Good Reason '' Released February 1983 ( US ) Format 7 '' Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 32 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Bryan Adams , Eric Kagna Producer ( s ) Bryan Adams and Bob Clearmountain Bryan Adams singles chronology `` Lonely Nights '' ( 1982 ) `` Straight from the Heart '' ( 1983 ) `` Cuts Like a Knife '' ( 1983 ) `` Lonely Nights '' ( 1982 ) `` Straight from the Heart '' ( 1983 ) `` Cuts Like a Knife '' ( 1983 ) CD Single Audio sample file help `` Straight from the Heart '' is a song by Canadian rock musician Bryan Adams . It was released in February 1983 as the lead single from his third studio album , Cuts Like a Knife . It was his breakthrough song in the U.S. , the first to make the top 40 , reaching number 10 . It also peaked at # 32 on the Adult Contemporary chart , the first Bryan Adams single to appear on that chart . Background ( edit ) Adams wrote the song when he was 18 in the late 1970s . Although Adams did not release his version of the song until 1983 , the song was first recorded by Ian Lloyd in 1980 , on his album Third Wave Civilization . Australian singer Jon English recorded the song for his 1981 album , In Roads . The song peaked at number 72 in Australia . Later , the song was covered by teen band Rosetta Stone in 1982 ( issued as a single in November that year , a month before Adams ' version came out as a single ) . Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler released it on a 45 in the US in May 1983 . It was featured on her 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night . Chart history ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 98 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 20 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 51 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 29 US Billboard Mainstream Rock 32 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bryan Adams - Cuts Like A Knife Jump up ^ Viglione , Joe . `` 3WC ( Third Wave Civilization ) '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Artist Chart History ( singles ) - Bryan Adams '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 12 . Bryan Adams Albums and singles Videos Awards Backing band Studio albums Bryan Adams You Want It You Got It Cuts Like a Knife Reckless Into the Fire Waking Up the Neighbours 18 til I Die On a Day Like Today Room Service 11 Tracks of My Years Get Up ! Live albums Live ! Live ! Live ! MTV Unplugged Live at the Budokan Bare Bones Live at Sydney Opera House Soundtracks Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron Colour Me Kubrick Compilations So Far So Good The Best of Me Anthology Icon Singles `` Let Me Take You Dancing '' `` Straight from the Heart '' `` Cuts Like a Knife '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm Ready '' `` Run to You '' `` Somebody '' `` Heaven '' `` Summer of ' 69 '' `` One Night Love Affair '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Heat of the Night '' `` Hearts on Fire '' `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' `` Ca n't Stop This Thing We Started '' `` There Will Never Be Another Tonight '' `` Thought I 'd Died and Gone to Heaven '' `` Do I Have to Say the Words ? '' `` Please Forgive Me '' `` The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You '' `` Let 's Make a Night to Remember '' `` I 'll Always Be Right There '' `` Star '' `` 18 til I Die '' `` Back to You '' `` I 'm Ready '' `` On a Day Like Today '' `` When You 're Gone '' `` Cloud Number Nine '' `` The Best of Me '' `` Cloud Number Nine ( Chicane Mix ) '' `` Inside Out '' `` Here I Am '' `` Open Road '' `` Flying '' `` Room Service '' `` This Side of Paradise '' `` Why Do You Have to Be So Hard to Love ? '' `` When You 're Gone '' `` I Thought I 'd Seen Everything '' `` Tonight We Have the Stars '' `` She 's Got a Way '' Notable collaborations and non-album singles `` Diana '' ( 1985 ) `` Christmas Time '' ( 1985 ) `` Young Lust '' ( 1990 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman ? '' ( 1995 ) `` Rock Steady '' ( 1995 ) `` I Finally Found Someone '' ( 1997 ) `` Do n't Give Up '' ( 2000 ) `` You 've Been a Friend to Me '' ( 2009 ) `` Bang the Drum '' ( 2010 ) `` One World , One Flame '' ( 2010 ) `` Feels Like Home '' ( 2015 ) Videography MTV Unplugged Live at the Budokan Live in Lisbon Live at Sydney Opera House Book Portal Jon English Discography Studio albums Wine Dark Sea ( 1973 ) It 's All a Game ( 1974 ) Hollywood Seven ( 1976 ) Minutes To Midnight ( 1977 ) Words Are Not Enough ( 1978 ) Calm Before the Storm ( 1980 ) In Roads ( 1981 ) Jokers and Queens ( with Marcia Hines ) ( 1982 ) Some People ... ( with The Foster Brothers ) ( 1982 ) Dark Horses ( 1987 ) Live albums Beating the Boards ( 1982 ) The Rock Show ( 2012 ) Soundtracks & Cast recordings Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1972 ) Ned Kelly ( 1974 ) Against the Wind ( 1978 ) Street Hero ( 1984 ) Paris ( 1990 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1994 ) Buskers and Angels ( 2000 ) Compilation albums English History ( 1979 ) Modern English : 16 Great Hits ( 1983 ) The Best of Jon English ( 1993 ) English History II ( 2001 ) Mot Alle Vindar -- Six Ribbons ( 2007 ) Legends -- Jon English ( 2008 ) Six Ribbons - The Ultimate Collection ( 2011 ) History ( 2016 ) Singles `` Handbags and Gladrags '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Turn the Page '' `` Lovin ' Arms '' `` Hollywood Seven '' `` Behind Blue Eyes '' `` Six Ribbons '' `` Get Your Love Right '' `` Hot Town '' `` Straight from the Heart '' `` Josephine ( Too Many Secrets ) '' `` Stand By Me '' Film , TV & Theare Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1972 ) Matlock Police ( 1975 ) Against the Wind ( 1978 ) Touch and Go ( 1980 ) All Together Now ( 1991 -- 93 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1994 ) The Mikado ( 1996 ) HMS Pinafore ( 1997 ) Walk the Talk ( 2000 ) Time Trackers ( 2007 ) Awards Logie Awards of 1979 Best New Talent Countdown Awards of 1979 Most Popular Male Performer Green Room Awards of 1983 Male Actor in a Leading Role Mo Awards of 1983 -- 85 Entertainer of the Year ARIA Music Awards of 1991 Best Soundtrack Related articles Sebastian Hardie `` You 're Not Alone ( Australian Olympians song ) '' Countdown Spectacular ( 2006 ) Bonnie Tyler songs Discography The World Starts Tonight `` Lost in France '' `` More Than a Lover '' Natural Force `` It 's a Heartache '' `` Living for the City '' `` Heaven '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Here Am I '' Diamond Cut `` Too Good to Last '' `` My Guns Are Loaded '' Goodbye to the Island `` I 'm Just a Woman '' `` Sometimes When We Touch '' `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean '' `` I Believe in Your Sweet Love '' Faster Than the Speed of Night `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' `` Faster Than the Speed of Night '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` Straight from the Heart '' Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire `` If You Were a Woman ( And I Was a Man ) '' `` Loving You 's a Dirty Job but Somebody 's Gotta Do It '' `` Band of Gold '' `` Lovers Again '' `` Holding Out for a Hero '' Hide Your Heart `` Hide Your Heart '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' `` Save Up All Your Tears '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` The Best '' Bitterblue `` Against the Wind '' `` Bitterblue '' `` Where Were You '' Angel Heart `` Fools Lullaby '' `` I Cry Myself to Sleep at Night '' Silhouette in Red `` You Are So Beautiful '' Free Spirit `` You 're the One '' `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' All in One Voice `` Angel of the Morning '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` The Rose '' `` He 's the King '' `` Silent Night '' Heart Strings `` Human Touch '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Amazed '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' `` Lean on Me '' `` In My Life '' `` Learning to Fly '' `` Right Here Waiting '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' `` Need Your Love So Bad '' `` It 's Over '' Simply Believe `` Si demain ... ( Turn Around ) '' `` Si tout s'arrête ( It 's a Heartache ) `` Darlin ' '' Wings `` Louise '' Rocks and Honey `` This Is Gonna Hurt '' `` Believe in Me '' `` What You Need from Me '' `` Love Is the Knife '' `` Mom '' Collaborations `` A Rockin ' Good Way ( to Mess Around and Fall in Love ) '' `` Islands '' `` Vergiß Es ( Forget It ) '' `` Amour Éternel ( Eternal Flame ) '' `` Love 's Holding On '' Other songs `` Sayonara Tokyo '' `` Here She Comes '' `` The Desert Is in Your Heart '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Straight_from_the_Heart_(song)&oldid=799906375 '' Categories : 1980 songs 1981 singles 1982 singles 1983 singles Bryan Adams songs Jon English songs Bonnie Tyler songs Songs written by Bryan Adams 1980s ballads Rock ballads A&M Records singles Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 14 : 46 . About Wikipedia | who sings the song straight from the heart | [
"\"Straight from the Heart\" is a song by Canadian rock musician Bryan Adams. It was released in February 1983 as the lead single from his third studio album, Cuts Like a Knife. It was his breakthrough song in the U.S., the first to make the top 40, reaching number 10.[1] It also peaked at #32 on the Adult Contemporary chart, the first Bryan Adams single to appear on that chart."
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"Bryan Adams"
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-3875511288793764634 | Croatia at the FIFA World Cup | Croatia at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Croatia at the FIFA World Cup Croatia - Iceland match at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia Croatia national football team have appeared in the FIFA World Cup on five occasions ( in 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2014 and 2018 ) since gaining independence in 1991 . Before that , from 1930 to 1990 Croatia was part of Yugoslavia . Their best result thus far was silver position at the 2018 final , where they lost 4 - 2 to France . Contents 1 Overview 2 Croatia in France 1998 2.1 Squad 2.2 Round of 16 2.3 Quarter - finals 2.4 Semi-finals 2.5 Third - place match 2.6 Legacy 3 Croatia in Korea / Japan 2002 3.1 Squad 4 Croatia in Germany 2006 4.1 Squad 5 Croatia in Brazil 2014 5.1 Squad 6 Croatia in Russia 2018 6.1 Squad 6.2 Round of 16 6.3 Quarter - finals 6.4 Semi-finals 6.5 Final 7 List of matches 8 Players with most appearances 9 Goalscorers 10 Awards 11 Squads 12 See also 13 References Overview ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GS GA 1930 to 1938 as part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1950 to 1990 as part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Did not enter 1998 Third place 3rd 7 5 0 11 5 2002 Group stage 23rd 0 2006 Group stage 22nd 0 Did not qualify 2014 Group stage 19th 0 6 6 2018 Runners - up 2nd 7 14 9 2022 To be determined 2026 Total 23 11 8 35 26 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show Croatia 's World Cup record First Match Croatia 3 -- 1 Jamaica ( 14 June 1998 ; Lens , France ) Biggest Win Croatia 4 -- 0 Cameroon ( 18 June 2014 ; Manaus , Brazil ) Biggest Defeat Brazil 3 -- 1 Croatia ( 12 June 2014 ; São Paulo , Brazil ) Mexico 3 -- 1 Croatia ( 23 June 2014 ; Recife , Brazil ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia ( 15 July 2018 ; Moscow , Russia ) Best Result Runners - up in 2018 Worst Result Group Stage in 2002 , 2006 and 2014 Croatia in France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the 1998 FIFA World Cup In the draw for the final tournament , held on 4 December 1997 at Stade Vélodrome in Marseille , Croatia was drawn to play in Group H , along with two other teams which qualified for the World Cup for the first time , Jamaica and Japan , and two - time World Cup winners Argentina . In their first match Croatia beat Jamaica 3 -- 1 , in a game memorable for Croatia 's first ever World Cup goal , an opener scored by Mario Stanić in the 27th minute . Croatia went on to beat Japan 1 -- 0 before losing their third group stage match against Argentina 0 -- 1 , in a game which was of little importance as both teams had already qualified for round of 16 . In round of 16 , Croatia faced Group G winners Romania ( who had finished top of their group in front of England ) and won the game through a penalty converted by Davor Šuker in stoppage time of the first half after a foul on Aljoša Asanović by Gabriel Popescu . After that Croatia faced Germany in the quarter - finals , in a game which was at the time touted by the Croatian media as a great opportunity to get back at Germany as it was them who had knocked out Croatia in the UEFA Euro 1996 quarter - finals two years earlier . In the 40th minute Christian Wörns received a direct red card and was sent off for fouling Davor Šuker , and Robert Jarni opened the scoring eight minutes later in stoppage time of the first half . Goran Vlaović and Davor Šuker added a second and third and the game ended in a 3 -- 0 win , which is still regarded by fans and the media as one of the most memorable matches Croatia ever played . Croatia went on to face hosts France in the semi-finals , but lost the game 1 -- 2 when an opener scored by Šuker in the 46th minute was immediately equalised by Lilian Thuram the following minute . Thuram also scored France 's second goal in the 69th minute . These were the only two goals Thuram ever scored for France in an international career spanning from 1994 to 2008 which saw him earn a total of 147 caps . After Croatia 's exit manager Blažević was heavily criticized by Croatian press for not sending in Robert Prosinečki soon enough after France took the lead ( Prosinečki came on as a substitute for Mario Stanić just minutes before the final whistle ) . Croatia captain Zvonimir Boban tried to take the blame for the defeat saying that he felt he needed to be substituted but wanted to stay on the pitch just a little while longer ( it was his defending mistake which led to Thuram 's equaliser ) . After being knocked out in the semi-finals , Croatia looked for consolation against Netherlands in the third place match played just three days later at Parc des Princes . Croatia went on to win 2 -- 1 through goals by Šuker and Prosinečki , but after the final whistle Dražen Ladić was labelled player of the match , for a career - best performance which saw him save numerous shots from Patrick Kluivert , Clarence Seedorf and Marc Overmars . Squad ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup squads Manager Miroslav Blažević included the following 22 players in the finals tournament squad . The 16 players who were capped at least once in one of the seven matches Croatia played in France are highlighted in bold . The remaining six players were unused at the tournament ( defenders Goran Jurić and Anthony Šerić , defensive midfielder Mamić , striker Ardian Kozniku , and second and third - choice goalkeepers Marijan Mrmić and Vladimir Vasilj ) . On the other hand , six players appeared in all seven matches : goalkeeper Dražen Ladić , defender Slaven Bilić , midfielders Aljoša Asanović , Mario Stanić , Robert Jarni , and striker Davor Šuker . Out of 11 goals scored by Croatia at the tournament , six were scored by Davor Šuker , who was awarded the Golden Shoe Award for the top goalscorer of the tournament , as well as the Silver Ball Award as the second most outstanding player of the tournament ( behind Ronaldo of Brazil ) . Robert Prosinečki ( who was retroactivelly given the 1990 FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award , where he had appeared for Yugoslavia ) , also scored two goals in matches against Jamaica and the Netherlands , which made him the only player in World Cup history to score goals at finals tournaments for two different countries . For three players ( Jarni , Prosinečki and Šuker ) this was their second appearance at the World Cup , having been members of Yugoslavia squad at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Alen Bokšić would have been fourth , having been a key player in Croatia 's qualifying campaign , but he was dropped from the tournament squad after sustaining an injury just months before the tournament in France . Aljoša Asanović Slaven Bilić Zvonimir Boban ( c ) Robert Jarni Krunoslav Jurčić Goran Jurić Ardian Kozniku Petar Krpan Dražen Ladić Zoran Mamić Silvio Marić Marijan Mrmić Robert Prosinečki Zvonimir Soldo Mario Stanić Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Igor Štimac Davor Šuker Igor Tudor Vladimir Vasilj Goran Vlaović Head coach : Miroslav Blažević Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina 0 0 7 0 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage Croatia 0 + 2 6 Jamaica 0 9 − 6 Japan 0 0 − 3 0 Source : FIFA 14 June 1998 21 : 00 Jamaica 1 -- 3 Croatia Earle 45 ' Report Stanić 27 ' Prosinečki 53 ' Šuker 69 ' Stade Félix - Bollaert , Lens Attendance : 38,100 Referee : Vítor Melo Pereira ( Portugal ) 20 June 1998 14 : 30 Japan 0 -- 1 Croatia Report Šuker 77 ' Stade de la Beaujoire , Nantes Attendance : 35,500 Referee : Ramesh Ramdhan ( Trinidad and Tobago ) 26 June 1998 16 : 00 Argentina 1 -- 0 Croatia Pineda 36 ' Report Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Attendance : 31,800 Referee : Said Belqola ( Morocco ) Round of 16 ( edit ) 30 June 1998 16 : 30 Romania 0 -- 1 Croatia Report Šuker 45 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Attendance : 31,800 Referee : Javier Castrilli ( Argentina ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) 4 July 1998 21 : 00 Germany 0 -- 3 Croatia Report Jarni 45 + 3 ' Vlaović 80 ' Šuker 85 ' Stade de Gerland , Lyon Attendance : 39,100 Referee : Rune Pedersen ( Norway ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 8 July 1998 21 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Croatia Thuram 47 ' , 70 ' Report Šuker 46 ' Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 76,000 Referee : José María García - Aranda ( Spain ) Third - place match ( edit ) 11 July 1998 21 : 00 Netherlands 1 -- 2 Croatia Zenden 22 ' Report Prosinečki 14 ' Šuker 36 ' Parc des Princes , Paris Attendance : 45,500 Referee : Epifanio González ( Paraguay ) Legacy ( edit ) Ladić Štimac Šimić Bilić Soldo Stanić Jarni Boban ( c ) Asanović Vlaović Šuker Croatia 's 3 - 5 - 2 lineup in the 1998 World Cup By beating Netherlands , Croatia finished third in their World Cup debut , a feat matched only by Eusébio 's Portugal in the 1966 World Cup 32 years earlier . Consequently , Croatia reached their highest ever FIFA ranking when they were third in the world for three months between January and March 1999 and were given the Best Mover of the Year Award in 1998 , the only team so far which won the award twice ( having been Best Movers in 1994 ) . Upon returning to Croatia , the whole squad was decorated by President Franjo Tuđman , and were nicknamed `` Brončani '' ( `` The Bronze Ones '' ) and `` Vatreni ' '' ( `` The Fiery Ones '' ) in the media . The latter stuck as a permanent nickname for the national team . Most players continued playing for the team throughout the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifiers , but after Croatia failed to qualify manager Miroslav Blažević resigned and soon after that some of the players retired from the national team . The next manager Mirko Jozić kept some of the remaining members of the Bronze Generation and even took them to 2002 FIFA World Cup ( such as Šuker , Prosinečki , Jarni , Stanić , Soldo , Vlaović , Šimić ) , but they failed to make an impact at the tournament and almost all of them retired soon afterwards , but a number of them later became prominent figures in Croatian football . Zvonimir Boban went into sports publishing and took over as CEO of Croatia 's sports daily Sportske novosti in 2005 and worked as a commentator for Italian television stations . Šuker launched his line of sports apparel and established a football academy carrying his name . Zvonimir Soldo , Robert Jarni , Slaven Bilić , Igor Štimac and Dražen Ladić all took up managing jobs ( Soldo coached Dinamo Zagreb to a Double in 2008 , while Jarni , Bilić and Štimac all had managerial spells at Hajduk Split ) . Štimac later became chairman of the association of Prva HNL clubs , the body regulating top flight football in Croatia , and Bilić took over as Croatia manager in 2006 , hiring Aljoša Asanović , Robert Prosinečki and Marijan Mrmić as his assistants . Dražen Ladić took up managing the Croatia under - 21 team in 2006 , and Krunoslav Jurčić is the current manager at Dinamo Zagreb , having been appointed in 2009 . Miroslav Blažević later managed a number of clubs in Croatia , Slovenia and Switzerland before taking over as Bosnia and Herzegovina manager in 2008 and sensationally leading them to the verge of qualifying for the 2010 World Cup . Croatia in Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Squad ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup squads Pletikosa Kovač Tomas Šimunić Soldo Šarić Jarni ( c ) Kovač Rapaić Bokšić Olić Croatia 's 3 -- 4 -- 1 - 2 lineup at the 2002 World Cup Boško Balaban Alen Bokšić Tomislav Butina Robert Jarni ( c ) Niko Kovač Robert Kovač Ivica Olić Stipe Pletikosa Robert Prosinečki Milan Rapaić Zvonimir Soldo Mario Stanić Daniel Šarić Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Josip Šimunić Davor Šuker Stjepan Tomas Vladimir Vasilj Goran Vlaović Jurica Vranješ Davor Vugrinec Boris Živković Head coach : Mirko Jozić Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Mexico 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage Italy + 1 Croatia 0 − 1 Ecuador 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 3 June 2002 15 : 30 Croatia 0 -- 1 Mexico Report Blanco 60 ' ( pen . ) Niigata Big Swan Stadium , Niigata Attendance : 32,239 Referee : Lu Jun ( China PR ) 8 June 2002 18 : 00 Italy 1 -- 2 Croatia Vieri 55 ' Report Olić 73 ' Rapaić 76 ' Kashima Soccer Stadium , Ibaraki Attendance : 36,472 Referee : Graham Poll ( England ) 13 June 2002 20 : 30 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Croatia Méndez 48 ' Report International Stadium Yokohama , Yokohama Attendance : 65,862 Referee : William Mattus ( Costa Rica ) Croatia in Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the 2006 FIFA World Cup Squad ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup squads Pletikosa Kovač Šimić Šimunić Tudor Kovač ( c ) Srna Babić Kranjčar Klasnić Pršo Croatia 's 3 -- 4 -- 1 -- 2 lineup at the 2006 World Cup Marko Babić Boško Balaban Ivan Bošnjak Tomislav Butina Joey Didulica Ivan Klasnić Niko Kovač ( c ) Robert Kovač Niko Kranjčar Ivan Leko Jerko Leko Luka Modrić Ivica Olić Stipe Pletikosa Dado Pršo Darijo Srna Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Josip Šimunić Mario Tokić Stjepan Tomas Igor Tudor Jurica Vranješ Head coach : Zlatko Kranjčar Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage Australia 5 5 0 Croatia 0 − 1 Japan 0 7 − 5 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 13 June 2006 21 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 0 Croatia Kaká 44 ' Report Olympiastadion , Berlin Attendance : 72,000 Referee : Benito Archundia ( Mexico ) 18 June 2006 15 : 00 Japan 0 -- 0 Croatia Report FIFA WM Stadion Nürnberg , Nuremberg Attendance : 41,000 Referee : Frank De Bleeckere ( Belgium ) 22 June 2006 21 : 00 Croatia 2 -- 2 Australia Srna 2 ' N. Kovač 56 ' Report Moore 38 ' ( pen . ) Kewell 79 ' Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart Attendance : 52,000 Referee : Graham Poll ( England ) Croatia in Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup Squad ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup squads Pletikosa Ćorluka Lovren Srna ( c ) Vrsaljko Rakitić Modrić Perišić Olić Kovačić Mandžukić Croatia 's 4 -- 2 -- 3 -- 1 lineup at the 2014 World Cup Milan Badelj Marcelo Brozović Vedran Ćorluka Eduardo da Silva Nikica Jelavić Mateo Kovačić Dejan Lovren Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić Ivica Olić Ivan Perišić Stipe Pletikosa Danijel Pranjić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Sammir Gordon Schildenfeld Darijo Srna ( c ) Danijel Subašić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Ognjen Vukojević Oliver Zelenika Head coach : Niko Kovač Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil ( H ) 0 7 + 5 7 Advance to knockout stage Mexico 0 + 3 7 Croatia 0 6 6 0 Cameroon 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria ( H ) Host . Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Group A 12 June 2014 17 : 00 UTC − 3 Brazil 3 -- 1 Croatia Neymar 29 ' , 71 ' ( pen . ) Oscar 90 + 1 ' Report Marcelo 11 ' ( o.g. ) Arena de São Paulo , São Paulo Attendance : 62,103 Referee : Yuichi Nishimura ( Japan ) 18 June 2014 18 : 00 UTC − 4 Cameroon 0 -- 4 Croatia Report Olić 11 ' Perišić 48 ' Mandžukić 61 ' , 73 ' Arena da Amazônia , Manaus Attendance : 39,982 Referee : Pedro Proença ( Portugal ) 23 June 2014 17 : 00 UTC − 3 Croatia 1 -- 3 Mexico Perišić 87 ' Report Márquez 72 ' Guardado 75 ' Hernández 82 ' Itaipava Arena Pernambuco , Recife Attendance : 41,212 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Croatia in Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Squad ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Subašić Lovren Vida Vrsaljko Strinić Brozović Rakitić Modrić Rebić Perišić Mandžukić Croatia 's 4 -- 3 - 3 lineup at the 2018 World Cup Milan Badelj Filip Bradarić Marcelo Brozović Duje Ćaleta - Car Vedran Ćorluka Tin Jedvaj Lovre Kalinić Nikola Kalinić Mateo Kovačić Andrej Kramarić Dominik Livaković Dejan Lovren Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić ( c ) Ivan Perišić Josip Pivarić Marko Pjaca Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Ivan Strinić Danijel Subašić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Head coach : Zlatko Dalić Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Croatia 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage Argentina 5 − 2 Nigeria 0 − 1 Iceland 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group D 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 21 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . ) Report Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 31,136 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia Report Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . ) Report Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Round of 16 ( edit ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 ' Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3 -- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 40,851 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 ' Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3 -- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 11 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Final ( edit ) 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) List of matches ( edit ) World Cup Round Opponent Score Result Venue Scorers 1998 Group stage Jamaica 3 -- 1 Lens Stanić , Prosinečki , Šuker Japan 1 -- 0 Nantes Šuker Argentina 0 -- 1 Bordeaux & -- Round of 16 Romania 1 -- 0 Bordeaux Šuker Quarter - final Germany 3 -- 0 Lyon Jarni , Vlaović , Šuker Semi-final France 1 -- 2 Saint - Denis Šuker Third place match Netherlands 2 -- 1 Paris Prosinečki , Šuker 2002 Group stage Mexico 0 -- 1 Niigata & -- Italy 2 -- 1 Ibaraki Olić , Rapaić Ecuador 0 -- 1 Yokohama & -- 2006 Group stage Brazil 0 -- 1 Berlin & -- Japan 0 -- 0 Nuremberg & -- Australia 2 -- 2 Stuttgart Srna , N. Kovač 2014 Group stage Brazil 1 -- 3 São Paulo Marcelo ( o.g. ) Cameroon 4 -- 0 Manaus Olić , Perišić , Mandžukić ( 2 ) Mexico 1 -- 3 Recife Perišić 2018 Group stage Nigeria 2 -- 0 Kaliningrad Etebo ( o.g. ) , Modrić Argentina 3 -- 0 Nizhny Novgorod Rebić , Modrić , Rakitić Iceland 2 -- 1 Rostov - on - Don Badelj , Perišić Round of 16 Denmark 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 p ) Nizhny Novgorod Mandžukić Quarter - finals Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 3 p ) Sochi Kramarić , Vida Semi-finals England 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Moscow Perišić , Mandžukić Final France 2 -- 4 Moscow Perišić , Mandžukić Players with most appearances ( edit ) Luka Modrić became Croatia 's record World Cup player when he captained his team in the final of the 2018 tournament . In 1998 , Davor Šuker became the oldest Golden Boot winner ever at age 30 and went on to become the president of the Croatian Football Federation in 2012 . The Croatia national football team in Russia 2018 Luka Modrić is the only Croatian player to ever win the Golden Ball award . He was team captain in 2018 , when Croatia reached the World Cup final . No . Name Matches World Cups Luka Modrić 12 2006 , 2014 and 2018 Dario Šimić 11 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Robert Jarni * 10 1998 and 2002 Dejan Lovren 10 2014 and 2018 Ivan Perišić 10 2014 and 2018 Ivan Rakitić 10 2014 and 2018 7 Mario Stanić 9 1998 and 2002 Stipe Pletikosa 9 2002 , 2006 and 2014 Ante Rebić 9 2014 and 2018 10 Zvonimir Soldo 8 1998 and 2002 Davor Šuker 8 1998 and 2002 Ivica Olić 8 2002 , 2006 and 2014 Šime Vrsaljko 8 2014 and 2018 Mateo Kovačić 8 2014 and 2018 Mario Mandžukić 8 2014 and 2018 * Robert Jarni also played one match at the 1990 World Cup , representing SFR Yugoslavia . Goalscorers ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Davor Šuker 6 1998 Ivan Perišić 5 2014 ( 2 ) and 2018 ( 3 ) Mario Mandžukić 5 2014 ( 2 ) and 2018 ( 3 ) Robert Prosinečki * 1998 Ivica Olić 2002 and 2014 Luka Modrić 2018 * Robert Prosinečki also scored one goal at the 1990 World Cup , representing SFR Yugoslavia . Awards ( edit ) Team Awards Third Place 1998 Second Place 2018 Individual Awards Golden Boot 1998 : Davor Šuker ( Oldest Golden Boot winner with 30 years ) Silver Ball 1998 : Davor Šuker All - Star Team 1998 : Davor Šuker Golden Ball 2018 : Luka Modrić All - Star Team 2018 : Luka Modrić Squads ( edit ) Croatia squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Ladić 2 Krpan 3 Šerić 4 Štimac 5 Jurić 6 Bilić 7 Asanović 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker 10 Boban ( c ) 11 Marić 12 Mrmić 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Tudor 16 Kozniku 17 Jarni 18 Mamić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 Jurčić 22 Vasilj Coach : Blažević Croatia squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Šerić 3 Šimunić 4 Tomas 5 Rapaić 6 Živković 7 Vugrinec 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker ( c ) 10 N. Kovač 11 Bokšić 12 Butina 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Šarić 16 Vranješ 17 Jarni 18 Olić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 R. Kovač 22 Balaban 23 Vasilj Coach : Jozić Croatia squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Srna 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Tudor 6 Vranješ 7 Šimić 8 Babić 9 Pršo 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Tokić 12 Didulica 13 Tomas 14 Modrić 15 I. Leko 16 J. Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 N. Kranjčar 20 Šerić 21 Balaban 22 Bošnjak 23 Butina Coach : Z . Kranjčar Croatia squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Vrsaljko 3 Pranjić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Zelenika 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Badelj 16 Rebić 17 Mandžukić 18 Olić 19 Sammir 20 Kovačić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Kovač Croatia squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Livaković 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić ( c ) 11 Brozović 12 L. Kalinić 13 Jedvaj 14 Bradarić 15 Ćaleta - Car 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rebić 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Pivarić 23 Subašić Coach : Dalić See also ( edit ) List of Croatia international footballers Croatia at the UEFA European Championship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Croatia v Nigeria '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Argentina v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Iceland v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Croatia v Denmark '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter - final -- Russia v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Semi-final -- Croatia v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Croatia national football team General Croatian Football Federation Statistics Results Hat - tricks Players 20 + caps World Cup Finals Summary 2018 FIFA World Cup Final European Finals Summary Notable matches SR Croatia 5 -- 2 Indonesia ( 1956 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 United States ( 1990 ) Other teams Men 's Under - 21 Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 17 Women 's Under - 19 Under - 17 Croatia at the FIFA World Cup France 1998 Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croatia_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856363525 '' Categories : Croatia at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Hrvatski Scots Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 17 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how far has croatia gone in the world cup before | [
"Croatia national football team have appeared in the FIFA World Cup on five occasions (in 1998, 2002, 2006, 2014 and 2018) since gaining independence in 1991. Before that, from 1930 to 1990 Croatia was part of Yugoslavia. Their best result thus far was silver position at the 2018 final, where they lost 4-2 to France.\n"
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"silver position"
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-1491599766550052987 | Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein | Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein - Wikipedia Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kuchh Tum Kaho Kuchh Hum Kahei Directed by K. Ravi Shankar Produced by D. Ramanaidu Written by Jainendra Jain ( dialogues ) Screenplay by Paruchuri Brothers Story by Uday Shankar , Deenaraj Starring Fardeen Khan Richa Pallod Farida Jalal Govind Namdeo Mukesh Tiwari Music by Anu Malik ( songs ) , R.P. Patnaik ( background score ) Cinematography Ajayan Vincent Edited by Marthand K. Venkatesh , Madhav Production company Suresh Productions Distributed by Dream Merchants Enterprise Release date 28 June 2002 Country India Language Hindi Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( English : You say something , I 'll say something ) is a 2002 Indian Hindi romance drama film directed by Ravi Shankar . The film stars Fardeen Khan opposite debutant Richa Pallod . It released worldwide on 28 June 2002 , and opened to a mixed response from critics and public . The story is based on two lovers who are unable to start a relationship because of their family 's feud and ancient grudge . The storyline is a remake of the Telugu movie Kalisundam Raa , and features similarities with William Shakespeare 's classical story , Romeo and Juliet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 3 Box office 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Vishnupratap Singh ( Vikram Gokhale ) is celebrating his 60th birthday in his village with his wife ( Farida Jalal ) . At the behest of his wife , Vishnu Pratap calls his estranged son 's family from Bombay for the event . Their grandson , Abhay ( Fardeen Khan ) , arrives with his mother and sister to the village , and is initially greeted with animosity . However , he shows a kind and caring side that wins the affections of his family members . He also starts to become friendly with Mangala ( Richa Pallod ) , and the two start playing pranks and teasing each other , which eventually leads to them falling in love . Abhay ends up getting into a fight with the family of Virendra Pratap ( Govind Namdeo ) , specifically his nephew , Rudra Pratap ( Sharad Kapoor ) . Vishnu Pratap slaps Abhay afterwards for his actions , even though he was defending himself against Rudra . Abhay finds out Rudra 's anger towards his family is a deep - rooted family feud . Virendra Pratap and Vishnu Pratap are brothers - in - law who were once very close friends after Vishnu married his sister to Virendra. 25 years before , they decided that Abhay 's father , Indra , would marry Virendra Pratap 's niece . However , Indra was in love with Abhay 's mother , and ran away on the day of the wedding to avoid the marriage . The bride , despondent over her humiliation , committed suicide that day ; Virendra Pratap 's son - in - law and brother also died , as a result of the fight that broke out at the wedding . Vishnu Pratap blames his son for the discourse within the family , and shunned him and his children , as a result . Abhay , hearing this , resolves to reunite the two families in some way . Rudra , however , is determined to kill Abhay and his family to avenge the deaths of his sister and father . Abhay eventually succeeds in reconciling the two families , and decides to ask his grandfather for permission to marry Mangala . However , Mangala 's marriage is arranged to a member of Virendra Pratap 's family in order to reunite the families permanently . Abhay sacrifices his love for Mangala in order to let the families come back together . However , Mangala refuses to agree , and runs away ; Abhay tries to stop her from leaving for the sake of their family . The families eventually find out about Mangala running away , and Rudra goes after her , intending to kill Abhay . The two get into a fight , until Rudra stabs Abhay . At that point , Vishnu Pratap and Virendra Pratap show up with the family after finding out about Abhay and Mangala 's love , and realizing the mistake they 've made . Rudra also comes to realize his mistake , and reunites Abhay and Mangala , as the families finally reconcile . Cast ( edit ) Fardeen Khan as Abhay Indra Vishnu Pratap Singh Richa Pallod as Mangala Jaikumar Solanki Vikram Gokhale as Vishnu Pratap Singh Farida Jalal as Mangala Dadi Govind Namdeo as Virendra Pratap Sharad Kapoor as Rudra Pratap Sanjai Mishra Vivek Mody as Child Neena Kulkarni as Virendra Pratap 's wife and Vishnu 's sister Karan Gulati as child artiste Box office ( edit ) It was an average grosser at the box office . Soundtrack ( edit ) music composed by Anu Malik . with lyrics by Sameer Title Singer ( s ) Aa Ra Raa Ra Raa Fardeen Khan , Sonu Nigam Chudi Chudi Shaan , Preeti & Pinky , Prashant Hua Salaam Dil Ka Udit Narayan , Alka Yagnik Jab Se Dekha Tumko Kumar Sanu , Alka Yagnik Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein Hariharan Tu Hi Hai Shaan , Sunidhi Chauhan Yeh Kya Majboori K.K. , Prashant References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Movie Preview Review Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein '' . Hindisong.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100205084551/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/05/stories/2002070501040201.htm . Archived from the original on 5 February 2010 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` KTKKHK Movie Overview '' . Apunkachoice.com . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080122102508/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw%3D%3D . Archived from the original on 22 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 March 2009 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein on IMDb William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Foreign Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Romeo and Juliet ( Spanish 1940 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) Los Tarantos ( Spanish 1963 ) Fury of Johnny Kid ( Italian 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( Italian 1971 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 1978 ) Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 1979 ) Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( Hindi 1981 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( Hindi 1988 ) Saudagar ( Hindi 1991 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( Telugu 1996 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Kalisundam Raa ( Telugu 2000 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( Hindi 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( English / Hindi 2002 ) Amar te duele ( Spanish 2002 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 2005 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( Hindi 2013 ) Issaq ( Hindi 2013 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuch_Tum_Kaho_Kuch_Hum_Kahein&oldid=812437473 '' Categories : Hindi - language films Indian films 2002 films 2000s Hindi - language films Indian film remakes Films scored by Anu Malik Films based on Romeo and Juliet Indian romantic drama films Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 21 : 11 . About Wikipedia | star cast of kuch tum kaho kuch hum kahein | [
"\n\nKuchh Tum Kaho Kuchh Hum Kahei\n\n\n\n\n\nDirected by\nK. Ravi Shankar\n\n\nProduced by\nD. Ramanaidu[1]\n\n\nWritten by\nJainendra Jain (dialogues)\n\n\nScreenplay by\nParuchuri Brothers\n\n\nStory by\nUday Shankar,\nDeenaraj\n\n\nStarring\nFardeen Khan\nRicha Pallod\nFarida Jalal\nGovind Namdeo\nMukesh Tiwari\n\n\nMusic by\nAnu Malik (songs),\nR. P. Patnaik (background score)\n\n\nCinematography\nAjayan Vincent\n\n\nEdited by\nMarthand K. Venkatesh,\nMadhav\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nSuresh Productions[2]\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nDream Merchants Enterprise\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n28 June 2002\n\n\nCountry\nIndia\n\n\nLanguage\nHindi\n\n",
"\n\nKuchh Tum Kaho Kuchh Hum Kahei\n\n\n\n\n\nDirected by\nK. Ravi Shankar\n\n\nProduced by\nD. Ramanaidu[1]\n\n\nWritten by\nJainendra Jain (dialogues)\n\n\nScreenplay by\nParuchuri Brothers\n\n\nStory by\nUday Shankar,\nDeenaraj\n\n\nStarring\nFardeen Khan\nRicha Pallod\nFarida Jalal\nGovind Namdeo\nMukesh Tiwari\n\n\nMusic by\nAnu Malik (songs),\nR. P. Patnaik (background score)\n\n\nCinematography\nAjayan Vincent\n\n\nEdited by\nMarthand K. Venkatesh,\nMadhav\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nSuresh Productions[2]\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nDream Merchants Enterprise\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n28 June 2002\n\n\nCountry\nIndia\n\n\nLanguage\nHindi\n\n",
"\n\nKuchh Tum Kaho Kuchh Hum Kahei\n\n\n\n\n\nDirected by\nK. Ravi Shankar\n\n\nProduced by\nD. Ramanaidu[1]\n\n\nWritten by\nJainendra Jain (dialogues)\n\n\nScreenplay by\nParuchuri Brothers\n\n\nStory by\nUday Shankar,\nDeenaraj\n\n\nStarring\nFardeen Khan\nRicha Pallod\nFarida Jalal\nGovind Namdeo\nMukesh Tiwari\n\n\nMusic by\nAnu Malik (songs),\nR. P. Patnaik (background score)\n\n\nCinematography\nAjayan Vincent\n\n\nEdited by\nMarthand K. Venkatesh,\nMadhav\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nSuresh Productions[2]\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nDream Merchants Enterprise\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n28 June 2002\n\n\nCountry\nIndia\n\n\nLanguage\nHindi\n\n",
"\n\nKuchh Tum Kaho Kuchh Hum Kahei\n\n\n\n\n\nDirected by\nK. Ravi Shankar\n\n\nProduced by\nD. Ramanaidu[1]\n\n\nWritten by\nJainendra Jain (dialogues)\n\n\nScreenplay by\nParuchuri Brothers\n\n\nStory by\nUday Shankar,\nDeenaraj\n\n\nStarring\nFardeen Khan\nRicha Pallod\nFarida Jalal\nGovind Namdeo\nMukesh Tiwari\n\n\nMusic by\nAnu Malik (songs),\nR. P. Patnaik (background score)\n\n\nCinematography\nAjayan Vincent\n\n\nEdited by\nMarthand K. Venkatesh,\nMadhav\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nSuresh Productions[2]\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nDream Merchants Enterprise\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n28 June 2002\n\n\nCountry\nIndia\n\n\nLanguage\nHindi\n\n",
"\n\nKuchh Tum Kaho Kuchh Hum Kahei\n\n\n\n\n\nDirected by\nK. Ravi Shankar\n\n\nProduced by\nD. Ramanaidu[1]\n\n\nWritten by\nJainendra Jain (dialogues)\n\n\nScreenplay by\nParuchuri Brothers\n\n\nStory by\nUday Shankar,\nDeenaraj\n\n\nStarring\nFardeen Khan\nRicha Pallod\nFarida Jalal\nGovind Namdeo\nMukesh Tiwari\n\n\nMusic by\nAnu Malik (songs),\nR. P. Patnaik (background score)\n\n\nCinematography\nAjayan Vincent\n\n\nEdited by\nMarthand K. Venkatesh,\nMadhav\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nSuresh Productions[2]\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nDream Merchants Enterprise\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n28 June 2002\n\n\nCountry\nIndia\n\n\nLanguage\nHindi\n\n"
] | [
"Fardeen Khan",
"Richa Pallod",
"Farida Jalal",
"Govind Namdeo",
"Mukesh Tiwari"
] |
-588636787905808601 | Dodgers–Giants rivalry | Dodgers -- Giants rivalry - wikipedia Dodgers -- Giants rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Dodgers -- Giants rivalry Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants First meeting May 3 , 1890 Washington Park ( I ) , Brooklyn , NY Latest meeting April 29 , 2018 AT&T Park , San Francisco , CA Next meeting June 15 , 2018 Dodger Stadium , Los Angeles , CA Statistics Meetings total 2,472 Regular season series 1,243 -- 1,212 -- 17 , Giants Largest victory 18 runs : 26 -- 8 , Giants ( April 30 , 1944 ) 20 -- 2 , Giants ( September 10 , 1938 ) 20 -- 2 , Giants ( May 6 , 1903 ) Longest win streak Dodgers : 10 ( July 12 to September 6 , 1953 ) Giants : 12 ( October 2 , 1937 to July 4 , 1938 ) Current win streak 1 , Giants Post-season history The Dodgers -- Giants rivalry is a rivalry between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants baseball teams of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . It is regarded as one of the most competitive and longest - standing rivalries in American baseball , with some observers considering it the greatest sports rivalry of all time . The rivalry between the Dodgers and Giants began in the late 19th century when both clubs were based in the New York City area . The Dodgers played in Brooklyn ( then a separate city , before being incorporated as a borough of Greater New York in 1898 ) and the Giants played at the Polo Grounds in Manhattan . After the 1957 season , Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley decided to move the team to Los Angeles for financial and other reasons . Along the way , he managed to convince Giants owner Horace Stoneham ( who was considering moving his team to Minnesota ) to preserve the rivalry by bringing his team to California as well . New York baseball fans were stunned and heartbroken by the move , which left New York with only one baseball team , the Yankees . However , to supplant the Giants ' absence , New York was granted a second baseball team , the Mets , who inherited the Giants ' team colors and even former logo . Given that the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been competitors in the economic , cultural , and political arenas , the teams ' new homes in California were fertile ground for the rivalry 's transplantation . Each team 's ability to endure for over a century while leaping across an entire continent , as well as the rivalry 's growth from a cross-city to a cross-state engagement , have led to the rivalry being considered one of the greatest in sports history . While the Dodgers have won the National League West fourteen times compared to the Giants ' eight since the beginning of the Divisional Era in 1969 , the Giants have more total wins , head - to - head wins , National League pennants ( 23 -- 22 ) , and World Series titles ( 8 -- 6 ) in franchise history . Since moving to California , Los Angeles holds the edge in pennants ( 10 -- 6 ) and World Series titles ( 5 -- 3 ) . Each team has advanced to the postseason as the wild card twice , the Giants most recently in 2016 . The 2014 World Series was the Giants ' most recent championship , while the Dodgers lost the 2017 World Series . As of the end of April 2018 , San Francisco is one of only two teams in the National League with a winning overall record against Los Angeles ( St. Louis is the other one ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins and early years 2 A long and balanced history 3 Pennant race drama 4 Spoilers 5 Pennants and championships 6 Fan reaction 7 Player reaction 8 Notorious incidents 8.1 Marichal -- Roseboro incident 8.2 Reggie Smith incident 8.3 Fan violence 8.4 Bryan Stow beating 8.5 Death of Jonathan Denver 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Origins and early years ( edit ) In the 1880s , New York City played host to a number of professional baseball clubs in the National League and the American Association . By 1889 , each league had but one representative in New York -- the Giants and Dodgers -- and the teams met in an early version of the World 's Championship Series in which the Giants defeated the Dodgers 6 games to 3 . In 1890 , the Dodgers switched to the National League and the rivalry was officially underway . Although the two teams were natural ( geographically proximate and National League ) rivals anyway , the animus between the two teams runs deeper than mere competitiveness . Giants fans were seen as well to do elitists of Manhattan while Dodger fans tended to be more blue collar and had more Latinos as fans due to what was then the working class atmosphere of Brooklyn . In 1900 , a year in which the Dodgers won the pennant and the Giants finished last , Giants owner Andrew Freedman attempted to have the National League split all profits equally , irrespective of the teams ' individual success or failure . In the early 1900s , the rivalry was heightened by a long - standing personal feud ( originally a business difference ) between Charles Ebbets , owner of the Dodgers , and John McGraw , manager of the Giants . The two used their teams as fighting surrogates , which caused incidents between players both on and off the field , and inflamed local fans ' passions sometimes to deadly levels . In 1940 , umpire George Magerkurth was brutally beaten during a game by an enraged Dodger fan ostensibly for making a pro-Giants call . The rivalry is said to have been the motive for at least one fan - on - fan homicide , in 1938 , and another in 2003 in the parking lot of Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles . Future Dodger manager Joe Torre recalled how he felt threatened being a Giants fan growing up in Brooklyn in the series . During the latter years for both teams in New York , players often engaged in purposeful , aggressive , physical altercations . In 1965 , Giants pitcher Juan Marichal knocked Dodger catcher John Roseboro in the head with a bat . A long and balanced history ( edit ) Dodger great Jackie Robinson retired before being traded to the Giants after the 1957 season . Since 1901 , the Giants and Dodgers have played more head - to - head games than any other two teams in Major League Baseball . In their 2,356 meetings ( seasons 1901 through 2012 ) , the Giants have won 1,190 games and the Dodgers have won 1,166 . The St. Louis Cardinals , Pittsburgh Pirates , and Cardinals rival Chicago Cubs ( in games versus each other ) are very close behind in head - to - head tallies from 1901 onwards . In total ( 1890 -- 2011 ) , they have played 2,346 games against each other . 2010 's results continued to reflect the closeness in the rivalry as the Giants won the season series 10 games to 8 . If ranked by the number of all - time MLB wins by franchise , the Giants ( 10,463 wins ) and Dodgers ( 10,157 wins ) are number 1 and 3 , respectively , number 2 being the Chicago Cubs ( 10,261 wins ) . What is notable about the rivalry is not only the balance between the teams but also how both have often played meaningful games late in the year . Since 1951 , the Giants and Dodgers have finished 1 -- 2 11 times , and in 3 other years were within several games of both first place and each other . Just as important is the role one team has played as spoiler to the other in the years when they were not directly competing in a pennant race . The New York Giants won the 68 - year series against the Brooklyn Dodgers , 722 -- 671 . But since relocating to the West Coast in 1958 , the Dodgers are ahead in the 945 games played between the two teams as of 2011 , 487 -- 458 . On July 14 , 2005 , the Giants became the first professional sports team to win 10,000 games with a 4 -- 3 win over the Dodgers . Two Dodgers benefited from controversial calls against the Giants to keep streaks alive that continue to be Major League Records . In 1968 , Don Drysdale set the current record for consecutive complete game shutouts ( 6 ) with a call against Dick Dietz for not attempting to avoid a bases loaded hit by pitch . In 1988 , Orel Hershiser established the current record for consecutive scoreless innings pitched ( 59 ) with the benefit of an interference call against Brett Butler for breaking up a double play . The Giants have lacked killer instinct in recent years , blowing big division leads to the Dodgers . The Giants blew a 9 1 / 2 game lead over the Dodgers in 2014 and in 2016 , despite the Dodgers missing star pitcher Clayton Kershaw for an extended amount of time , the Giants choked away an 8 - game lead over their rivals . Despite this , the Giants have won 3 World Series during the current decade , while the Dodgers are waiting for their first since 1988 . Pennant race drama ( edit ) One of the most famous pennant races in history is that of 1951 . The Dodgers held a 13 ⁄ - game lead over the Giants as late as August 11 . Led by rookie Willie Mays , however , the Giants charged through August and September to catch and pass the Dodgers . The Dodgers rallied to win the final game of the season , tying the Giants for first place and necessitating a three - game playoff for the pennant . The Giants won the first game , the Dodgers the second , with the Giants taking the tie - breaking third game with a dramatic ninth - inning home run by Bobby Thomson , a play known as the Shot Heard ' Round the World . In 1959 , the Giants led the Dodgers by three games as late as September 6 . However , a late - year three - game sweep of the Giants both eliminated San Francisco from contention and allowed the Dodgers to catch the Milwaukee Braves , whom they defeated two games to none in a three - game playoff en route to winning the World Series . This inaugurated the tight pennant races between the two teams in the 1960s , in which the Giants and Dodgers finished no further than four games apart from each other and first place four times through 1966 . In 1965 , the Giants went on a 14 - game winning streak in early September to take a 41⁄2 - game lead , but the Dodgers responded with a 13 - game winning streak and won 15 of their final 16 games to beat out the Giants by two games . In 1966 , a three - way race between the Dodgers , Giants , and Pirates came down to the last day of the season . The Dodgers went into the second game of a doubleheader with the Phillies ahead of the Giants by one game . Had the Dodgers lost , the Giants would have been 1⁄2 game out and would have had to fly to Cincinnati to make up a game that had been rained out earlier in the season . If the Giants won that game , they would then have met the Dodgers in a playoff . But the Dodgers won the second game in Philadelphia to win the pennant by 1 ⁄ games . In 1971 , the Dodgers rallied from a 61⁄2 - game September deficit to get within a game of the National League West - leading Giants with one game to play . But while the Dodgers were defeating the Houston Astros , the Giants beat the San Diego Padres to win the division . The closest finish came in 1962 , when the Dodgers , battling injuries and a hitting slump , blew a late lead , producing a Giants - Dodgers tie atop the National League standings at the end of the regular season , just as in 1951 . In the ensuing three - game playoff for the pennant , the Giants again took two out of three , with the deciding blow being four runs by the Giants in the ninth inning ( as the visiting team this time ) to take the series and the pennant . This would prove to be the last best - of - three tiebreaker , as both leagues now use a single - game tie - breaking format . As with 1951 , that playoff win turned out to be the Giants ' high - water mark of the season , as they lost the World Series to the New York Yankees on both occasions . During the season , Dodgers fan and Brooklyn native Danny Kaye had released a comic song called `` D-O-D-G-E-R-S '' which portrayed a fanciful game between the two clubs , featuring a miraculous comeback by the `` Flatbush Refugees '' . In the last line , Kaye asked , `` Do you think we 'll really win the pennant ? '' The answer turned out to be `` No '' , although they would win the World Series the following year . The Dodgers brutally returned the favor in 2004 . After virtually every other reliever in the Giants bullpen had attempted to preserve a 3 - 0 lead going into the bottom of the ninth , several walks and an error set the stage for Steve Finley 's dramatic grand slam off of Wayne Franklin , which clinched the division title for the Dodgers . Even with the wild card still up for grabs , this proved disastrous for the Giants -- despite ace Jason Schmidt 's fine performance in a 10 -- 0 rout over the Dodgers the following day , an Astros win during the game eliminated the Giants entirely from playoff contention . Had the Giants maintained their lead in the previous game and Schmidt performed similarly , the Giants would have forced a one - game playoff in San Francisco between the Giants and Dodgers for the division crown . Ironically , Finley and Schmidt would switch teams with each other in later seasons . In 2014 , Clayton Kershaw and the Dodgers shut down the Giants 5 -- 1 late in the season , giving the Dodgers their second straight NL West crown . Of the 19 games played between the two teams that year , Kershaw and fellow starter Zack Greinke had gone a combined 8 -- 0 against the Giants , resulting in a record of 10 -- 9 and the Dodgers ' first season series victory over the Giants since 2009 . The Giants qualified for the playoffs two days later , earning the NL 's second wild card . However , the Dodgers were eventually eliminated by the Cardinals for the second straight year in their NLDS , after which the Giants defeated the Cardinals in the NLCS and ultimately won the World Series against the Kansas City Royals , winning their 10th straight postseason series victory ( including the NL wild card game ) and third World Series in five years . Spoilers ( edit ) When not tied for first during the last few days of the season , both teams have a long and storied history of eliminating their rival from playoff contention . Prior to the 1934 season , Giants manager Bill Terry was asked his opinion of various teams for the upcoming campaign , including the Dodgers . His response of `` Are they still in the league ? '' was to prove provocative . While the Dodgers struggled , the Giants found themselves tied with the St. Louis Cardinals atop the National League with two games left to play , and facing the sixth - place Dodgers for a two - game series in Brooklyn . Despite winning 14 of 22 from the Dodgers that year , the Giants lost those last two to the `` Flatbush spoilers '' and the pennant to the Cardinals , who won their final two games . In 1980 , the Dodgers blew an eighth - inning lead at San Francisco in the last game of the second - to - last series of the year . This loss dropped the Dodgers three games behind the Astros and cost them the chance to win the National League West division outright when they swept Houston in the final three games of the year . Instead , they were forced to play the Astros in a one - game playoff -- which they lost . In 1982 , the Dodgers and Giants were tied for second in the NL West , both one game behind the Atlanta Braves , as they faced each other in the final three games of the year . The Dodgers won the first two games 4 -- 0 and 15 -- 4 to eliminate the Giants , but then the Giants knocked the Dodgers out of the pennant race on the season 's last day on an eighth - inning three - run home run by Joe Morgan , winning the game 5 -- 3 . Thus , the Braves finished first by one game . The Giants did it again in 1991 , as the Dodgers finished one game behind the Braves after dropping two of three in San Francisco over the final weekend . Trevor Wilson tossed a complete game shutout on the day in which the Dodgers were eliminated . The Dodgers responded in kind in 1993 , as two Mike Piazza home runs and a dominant complete - game performance by Kevin Gross resulted in a 12 -- 1 walloping on the final day of the season that kept the 103 - win Giants out of the playoffs in what many consider the last true pennant race ( before implementation of the wild card ) . True to the balanced spirit of the rivalry , despite winning the first three games of that four - game series in Los Angeles , the Giants were unable to sweep the Dodgers at their home park in a four - game series for the first time since 1923 , and the Braves won the division by one game . Coincidentally , Piazza 's 1993 heroics occurred on October 3 , a date which until then had featured two pennant - clinching Giant victories over the Dodgers ( 1951 and 1962 ) and one dramatic elimination of their arch - foe ( 1982 ) . In 1997 , a late September two - game sweep of the Dodgers at Candlestick Park highlighted by Barry Bonds ' twirl after a home run in the first game and Brian Johnson 's heroic home run in the bottom of the 12th in the second tied the Giants with the Dodgers for first place and eventually propelled them into the playoffs . The impact on both organizations was significant ; Fred Claire , who was then general manager of the Dodgers , said `` those two days have stayed with me for the last 10 years '' , and Los Angeles Times sports columnist Bill Plaschke argued that `` it led to an organizational upheaval ... ( from which ) ( i ) t has taken the Dodgers nearly a decade to recover . '' In contrast , the Giants ' run from 1997 through 2003 produced the most playoff appearances in that stretch for the franchise since the 1930s . The Dodgers have done their best to return the favor , however . In 2001 , the Giants finished two games behind the Arizona Diamondbacks as the Dodgers took two of the final three games of the year in San Francisco , despite Barry Bonds ' record of 73 home runs in the season . In the first game of the series , Bonds hit his record - breaking 71st home run of the season off Chan Ho Park , but the Dodgers won the game , thereby enabling Arizona to clinch the division title and eventually , the World Series . In 2012 , the Dodgers and Giants met in the final series of the regular season . The Dodgers took 2 out of 3 , but their 4 -- 3 loss in game 2 of the series eliminated them from wild - card contention , giving the lower wild - card seed to St. Louis . The Giants went on to win the World Series . All of these events and their associated quirks and symbols are relished by the fans of these two teams . In a unique case of the rivalry playing out `` indirectly '' , some New York Mets fans in their championship season of 1969 who happened to have been Brooklyn fans in years past , took vicarious pleasure in the Mets knocking the Chicago Cubs out of the pennant race after the Cubs had been in first place for much of the summer . The Cubs were managed by Leo Durocher , whose Giants had done likewise to the Dodgers in 1951 , while the Mets were managed by old Dodgers favorite Gil Hodges . Pennants and championships ( edit ) The Dodgers won the National League pennant 12 times in Brooklyn , and 10 times in Los Angeles . The Giants won the National League pennant 17 times in New York and 6 times in San Francisco . When the teams were based in New York , the Giants won five world championships , whereas the Dodgers won one . After the move to California , the Dodgers have won five , the Giants three . In both New York and in California , all of one team 's world championships preceded the other 's first one in that region to date . The Giants ' five world championships won in New York preceded the Dodgers ' only one in Brooklyn , in 1955 . The Dodgers ' five world championships won in Los Angeles preceded the Giants ' first one in San Francisco , in 2010 . All six of the Dodgers ' world championships are sandwiched by the Giants ' final world championship in New York ( 1954 ) and their first in San Francisco ( 2010 ) . Since 2000 , the Giants have advanced to the postseason seven times while the Dodgers have advanced eight times . In that time , the Giants made first - round playoff appearances in 2000 , 2003 and 2016 , won a National League pennant in 2002 , and won the 2010 World Series , 2012 World Series and the 2014 World Series . The Dodgers have made first - round playoff appearances in 2004 , 2006 , 2014 , and 2015 , made NLCS appearances in 2008 , 2009 , 2013 , and 2016 , and won a National League pennant in 2017 . Fan reaction ( edit ) Dodger Stadium ( left ) , the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers , and AT&T Park ( right ) , home of the San Francisco Giants . Ardent fans of each club would be likely to consider the other as their `` most hated '' rival , enjoying the other team 's misfortune almost as much as their own team 's success . A typical Giants fan may just as soon ask `` Did the Dodgers lose ? '' as they would `` Did the Giants win ? '' and vice versa . This view is supported by the consistently solid attendance figures for Giants - versus - Dodgers games at both home fields , and increased media coverage as well . A good example of this is that during the final 3 game Dodger - vs - Giants series in 1991 , the Giants drew over 150,000 fans . The attendance for these 3 games represented almost ⁄ of their total fans ( 1.7 million ) for the entire 81 game home schedule , and prompted at least one reporter on ESPN to wonder if the euphoria in the Bay Area following the games reflected a delusion that the Giants had won the World Series rather than simply knocking the Dodgers out . In 2009 , Forbes rated the Giants - Dodgers rivalry the most intense rivalry in baseball due to its lasting competitiveness through the 20th century and both fanbases ' willingness to be overcharged for Dodgers - Giants game tickets with a ticket markup of 44 % for the 2008 season . During games in Los Angeles , Dodger fans will chant `` Giants Suck '' , `` Frisco Sucks '' when the Giants are in town and also used to chant `` Barry Sucks '' , referring to former Giant outfielder Barry Bonds , often even when Bonds was not at bat or involved in a defensive play . In San Francisco , Giant fans will chant `` Beat L.A. '' and `` Dodgers Suck '' . A recent expression of these feelings was the 2007 All - Star Game in San Francisco , where the three Dodger All - Stars ( catcher Russell Martin and pitchers Brad Penny and Takashi Saito ) were roundly booed by partisan fans throughout the festivities . During the final rounds of the 2013 World Baseball Classic , held at San Francisco 's AT&T Park , Dodger infielder Hanley Ramírez , competing for his home country , the Dominican Republic , was consistently booed at every appearance and whenever his name was mentioned on the public - address system . Player reaction ( edit ) The Giants ' Tim Lincecum and the Dodgers ' Clayton Kershaw both won the NL Cy Young Award within two years of each other between 2009 and 2011 , adding fuel to the rivalry . The rivalry extends beyond the fans to the players . Jackie Robinson retired rather than report to the Giants after being traded to them by the Dodgers in December of 1956 . According to legend and his teammate Tommy Lasorda , he did so because he had come to hate the Giants after ten years in Dodger Blue . This notion has been challenged on the grounds that Robinson would have been 38 years old when the new season began , and simply decided to retire . Nevertheless , in a gesture that transcends this heated rivalry , Robinson 's retired blue Dodger numeral ' 42 ' hangs in the Giants ' home ballpark , AT&T Park , just as it does at all other MLB ballparks in remembrance of Robinson 's breaking the color barrier in Major League Baseball . Like Robinson , Willie Mays refused to sign with the Dodgers after the 1972 season , and was traded to the New York Mets , the National League successor to both the Giants and Dodgers in New York . Cy Young Award winners Tim Lincecum of the Giants and Clayton Kershaw of the Dodgers have helped keep the rivalry alive in recent years , as both have been the anchors of their respective teams ' postseason rotations since 2010 . Both teams play in the National League Western Division , and due to the unbalanced schedule , play 19 head - to - head games each year . This is comparable to the 22 games each year that they faced each other in New York and Brooklyn . In 2014 , the rivalry intensified when Dodgers outfielder Yasiel Puig flipped his bat when hitting a home run off of Giants pitcher Madison Bumgarner . Since then , the two players have sparked some bench clearing incidents . Notorious incidents ( edit ) Marichal -- Roseboro incident ( edit ) At Candlestick Park on August 22 , 1965 , Juan Marichal was involved in a major altercation with John Roseboro . As the 1965 season neared its climax , the Dodgers were involved in a tight pennant race , entering the game leading the Milwaukee Braves by half a game and the Giants by one and a half games . The incident occurred in the aftermath of the Watts riots near Roseboro 's Los Angeles home and while the Dominican Civil War raged in Marichal 's home country , so emotions were raw . Maury Wills led off the game with a bunt single off Marichal and , eventually scored a run when Ron Fairly hit a double . Marichal , a fierce competitor , viewed the bunt as a cheap way to get on base and took umbrage with Wills . When Wills came up to bat in the second inning , Marichal threw a pitch directly at Wills sending him sprawling to the ground . Willie Mays then led off the bottom of the second inning for the Giants and Dodgers ' pitcher Sandy Koufax threw a pitch over Mays ' head as a token form of retaliation . In the top of the third inning with two outs , Marichal threw a fastball that came close to hitting Fairly , prompting him to dive to the ground . Marichal 's act angered the Dodgers sitting in the dugout and home plate umpire Shag Crawford then warned both teams that any further retaliations would not be tolerated . Marichal came to bat in the third inning expecting Koufax to take further retaliation against him but instead , he was startled when Roseboro 's return throw to Koufax after the second pitch either brushed his ear or came close enough for him to feel the breeze off the ball . When Marichal confronted Roseboro about the proximity of his throw , Roseboro came out of his crouch with his fists clenched . Marichal afterwards stated that he thought Roseboro was about to attack him and raised his bat , striking Roseboro at least twice over the head with his bat , opening a two - inch gash that sent blood flowing down the catcher 's face that required 14 stitches . Koufax raced in from the mound to attempt to separate them and was joined by the umpires , players and coaches from both teams . A 14 - minute brawl ensued on the field before Koufax , Giants captain Willie Mays and other peacemakers restored order . Marichal was ejected from the game and afterwards , National League president Warren Giles suspended him for eight games ( two starts ) , fined him a then - NL record US $1,750 ( equivalent to $13,590 in 2017 ) , and also forbade him from traveling to Dodger Stadium for the final , crucial two - game series of the season . Roseboro filed a $110,000 damage suit against Marichal one week after the incident but , eventually settled out of court for $7,500 . Marichal did n't face the Dodgers again until spring training in April 3 , 1966 . In his first at bat against Marichal since the incident , Roseboro hit a three - run home run . Giants General Manager Chub Feeney approached Dodgers General Manager Buzzy Bavasi to attempt to arrange a handshake between Marichal and Roseboro however , Roseboro declined the offer . Years later , Roseboro stated that he was retaliating for Marichal having thrown at Wills . He explained that Koufax would not throw at batters for fear of hurting them due to the velocity of his pitches so , he decided to take matters into his own hands . He further stated that his throwing close to Marichal 's ear was , `` standard operating procedure '' , as a form of retribution . Dodger fans were angry at Marichal for several years after the violent incident with Roseboro , and reacted unfavorably when he was signed by the Dodgers in 1975 . However , by this time Roseboro had forgiven Marichal , and personally appealed to the fans to calm down . After years of bitterness , Roseboro and Marichal became close friends in the 1980s , getting together occasionally at Old - Timers games , golf tournaments and charity events . Roseboro also personally appealed to the Baseball Writers ' Association of America not to hold the incident against Marichal after it passed him over for election to the Hall of Fame two years in a row . Marichal did get elected in 1983 , and thanked Roseboro in his induction speech . When Roseboro died in 2002 , Marichal served as an honorary pallbearer and told the gathered , `` Johnny 's forgiving me was one of the best things that happened in my life . I wish I could have had John Roseboro as my catcher . '' Actor and performance artist Roger Guenver Smith performed his one - man show on the incident , `` Juan and John '' , at the Public Theater in Manhattan in December 2009 . Roseboro 's daughter , Morgan Fouch Roseboro , attended the debut . Reggie Smith incident ( edit ) In the 1981 season as a member of the Dodgers , Reggie Smith was taunted by Giants fan Michael Dooley , who then threw a batting helmet at him . Smith then jumped into the stands at Candlestick Park and started punching him . He was ejected from the game , and Dooley was arrested . Five months later , Smith joined the Giants as a free agent . Fan violence ( edit ) Giants fan Marc Antenorcruz was shot and killed by Dodgers fan Pete Marron on September 19 , 2003 , in the parking lot of Dodger Stadium , following a late - season Dodgers - Giants game . Marron was convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to 50 years in prison . A second defendant , Manuel Hernandez , pleaded no contest to voluntary manslaughter and had his 15 - year sentence suspended . There has also been Opening Day violence between the two teams ' fans at Dodger Stadium . In 2009 , Arthur Alverez , a reputed gang member , went to the Dodgers ' home opener with a couple and another man . After the game , Alverez and the other man , a Dodger fan , began quarreling in the stadium parking lot . Alvarez stabbed the 30 - year - old victim several times in the arm , back , and torso . He was arrested in May for suspicion of attempted murder , held on bail for $55,000 , and was expected to be tried on May 4 , 2009 . The trial by jury , held in August of that year , accepted Alvarez 's plea of self - defense and acquitted him on the charge of attempted murder . Bryan Stow beating ( edit ) On March 31 , 2011 , a 42 - year - old Giants fan , Bryan Stow of Santa Cruz , California , was critically injured when he was fighting with two Dodgers fans in the Dodger Stadium parking lot after the Dodgers and Giants opened the 2011 season . The suspects subsequently fled the scene in a vehicle driven by a woman . Stow , a paramedic and father of two , sustained severe injuries to his skull and brain and was placed into a medically induced coma after the incident . An early suspect , a 31 - year - old man was arrested in his East Hollywood home by SWAT officers in May 2011 in connection with the crime . The man was never formally charged and was declared innocent in July 2011 when Louie Sanchez and Marvin Norwood , of Rialto , were arrested and charged in the crime . Lawyers for Stow say his medical care is expected to cost more than $50 million . On May 24 , 2011 , Stow 's family filed a lawsuit against the Los Angeles Dodgers for $37.5 million for his lifetime care and compensation of lost earnings . On September 27 , 2011 , relatives reported that Stow showed signs of improvement and even went outside for the first time in six months . Stow began an intensive therapy program in the Rehabilitation Trauma Center at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center on October 11 , 2011 . Doctors have told his family that he will never fully recover . On December 19 , 2011 , NBC aired the interview with Bryan Stow on the program Rock Center with Brian Williams . On October 25 , 2012 , he attended Game 2 of the 2012 World Series at AT&T Park against the Detroit Tigers . In April 2013 , Stow 's insurance company stopped paying for his full - time care in a residential rehabilitation facility and he moved into his parents ' home in Capitola , California . Stow returned home on June 13 , 2013 for the first time in two years since the attack . On February 20 , 2014 , Sanchez and Norwood pleaded guilty . Under the plea bargain , Sanchez was sentenced to eight years in prison for felony mayhem and Norwood received four years for felony assault . On July 9 , 2014 , a jury found the Dodgers organization negligent in Stow 's beating . The jury awarded $18 million in damages to Stow ; the Dodgers are responsible for one quarter of this total . The remaining amount is to be split between Sanchez and Norwood . Death of Jonathan Denver ( edit ) On September 25 , 2013 at 11 : 30 pm , a Dodger fan was stabbed to death in front of his father and brother six blocks from AT&T Park , at Third and Harrison streets . The San Francisco medical examiner 's office identified the deceased man as Jonathan Denver , 24 , of Fort Bragg , California . Two people were arrested in connection with Denver 's death after the Giants ' 6 -- 4 win over Los Angeles , according to San Francisco Police Chief Greg Suhr . Suhr told the San Francisco Chronicle earlier that the victim of the attack was a Dodgers fan and was wearing Dodgers gear . Michael Montgomery , 21 , of Lodi was arrested on suspicion of murder . Montgomery was later released , prosecutors citing insufficient evidence to charge him . His father claimed the stabbing was done in self - defense . According to the official Dodgers Twitter account , Jonathan Denver was the son of a Dodger Stadium security guard . On March 12 , 2014 , San Francisco District Attorney George Gascón said that his office could not prove that Michael Montgomery did not act in self - defense when he stabbed Denver . According to Gascón , both Denver and his brother collectively weighed about 150 pounds more than Montgomery . According to witnesses , Montgomery had a bottle in his hand for self - defense while Denver was punching him . After Denver 's brother grabbed an aluminum chair and hit Montgomery on the head with it , Montgomery dropped the bottle , took out a knife , and stabbed Denver . San Francisco prosecutors ultimately declined to file charges in connection with the case . See also ( edit ) Chargers -- Raiders rivalry 49ers -- Rams rivalry Kings -- Sharks rivalry California Clásico Major League Baseball rivalries 1889 World Series References ( edit ) Inline citations ^ Jump up to : `` Head - to - Head results for New York Giants and San Francisco Giants vs. Brooklyn Superbas , Brooklyn Dodgers , Brooklyn Robins and Los Angeles Dodgers from 1890 to 2015 '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's top 10 rivalries '' . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt . `` In Depth : Baseball 's Most Intense Rivalries '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Robert ( 2009 ) . After many a summer : the passing of the Giants and Dodgers and a golden age in New York baseball . New York : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6068 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Neil J. ( 1987 ) . The Dodgers move west : the transfer of the Brooklyn baseball franchise to Los Angeles . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504366 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 greatest rivalries '' . ESPN.com . January 3 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Caple , Jim ( September 16 , 2002 ) . `` Giants - Dodgers best rivalry in baseball '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Beard , Donald ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Giants - Dodgers Covers a Lot of Ground '' . The Washington Post . p . H5 . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MLB : Series records : Los Angeles Dodgers - select an opponent '' . mcubed.net . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lansche , Jerry ( 1991 ) . Glory Fades Away : The Nineteenth Century World Series Rediscovered . Taylor . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 726 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Baxter , Kevin ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` Dodgers - Giants not what it used to be '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Giants fan killed in Dodger Stadium parking lot laid to rest '' . San Francisco Chronicle . September 28 , 2003 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers make it official , hire Torre '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . November 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Reference '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thoma , Mark ( July 15 , 2005 ) . `` Vizquel 's blast powers Giants '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Mark ( 2013 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Inside Hershiser 's scoreless streak : Twenty - five years ago today the Dodgers ' ace began a remarkable run '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ McManis , Sam ( 1988 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Hershiser Extends Scoreless String to 49 With 3 - 0 Win Over Giants '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben ( 2013 - 08 - 29 ) . `` A little deja Blue in Orel Hershiser 's record streak : The Dodgers ace needed a controversial call from an umpire in 1988 , not too unlike the one Don Drysdale got when he set the mark of 58 scoreless innings in 1968 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Camps , Mark ( 1988 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Hershiser Blanks Giants Too '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . D9 . Jump up ^ `` Hershiser makes pitch for history '' . Houston Chronicle. 1988 - 09 - 25 . p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 National League Replay '' . Baseball Race . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 New York Giants Schedule '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Jump up ^ `` 1934 St. Louis Cardinals Schedule '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( July 31 , 2007 ) . `` A turn for the worse '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : Feldmann , Doug ( 2006 ) . Miracle collapse : the 1969 Chicago Cubs . Lincoln , Neb. : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 2026 - X . Jump up ^ Sherman , Joel ( October 20 , 2002 ) . `` Mike Makes Right '' . New York Post . p. 98 . This is the worst - scenario World Series for the Dodgers ... San Francisco is the Dodgers ' most hated NL rival . The Angels are the Dodgers ' neighbors to the south ... ' This is not a good situation for the Dodgers , ' Lo Duca admitted . But he said because he has a relationship with Michael Lorri Scioscia and former Dodger coaches and current Angel coaches Mickey Hatcher and Ron Roenicke , it would be easy for him to root for Anaheim . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` Baseball 's Most Intense Rivalries '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lyle ( 2007 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Dodgers take All - Star Game by storm '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Lasorda , Tommy ( 2005 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Robinson had the heart of a lion '' . MLB.com . ^ Jump up to : Koppett , Leonard ( August 23 , 1965 ) . `` Marichal Hits Roseboro With Bat and Starts Brawl as Giants Top Dodgers '' . New York Times . p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Richard ( August 20 , 2002 ) . `` John Roseboro , a Dodgers Star , Dies at 69 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mann , Jack ( August 30 , 1965 ) . `` The Battle Of San Francisco '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marichal clubbing of Roseboro an ugly side of baseball '' . The Times - News . Associated Press . 22 August 1990 . p. 18 . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rosengren , John ( 2014 ) . `` Marichal , Roseboro and the inside story of baseball 's nastiest brawl '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` August 22 , 1965 Dodgers - Giants box score '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLBN Remembers ( '' Incident at Candlestick `` ) '' . MLBN - tv . November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Roseboro Hammers Homer In First Meeting With Juan Marichal '' . The Day . Associated Press . 4 April 1966 . p. 25 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Boiling Over : 25 Years After Juan Marichal Clubbed John Roseboro '' . Gettysburg Times . Associated Press . 21 August 1990 . p . B1 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Purdy , Dennis ( 2006 ) . The Team - by - Team Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball . New York City : Workman . ISBN 0 - 7611 - 3943 - 5 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( 22 August 2015 ) . `` Fifty years after Giants ' Juan Marichal hit Dodgers ' John Roseboro with a bat , all is forgiven '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Man Sentenced For Killing At Dodger Stadium '' . CBSSportsLine.com . October 26 , 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giants fan beaten after Dodger Stadium game '' . CBC Sports . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Associated Press . April 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Blankstein , Andrew ( 4 May 2009 ) . `` Man arrested in Dodger Stadium stabbing '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddy Hartenstein . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Blankstein , Andrew ( 17 August 2009 ) . `` Stabbing of fan at Dodgers ' home opener was self - defense , jury rules '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddy Hartenstein . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ CNN wire staff ( May 15 , 2011 ) . `` Assaulted baseball fan set to be moved to hospital closer to his home '' . CNN.com . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Giovanni Ramirez held on $1 million bail '' . ESPNLosAngeles.com . Jump up ^ Suspect in Bryan Stow beating is in custody , Los Angeles Times , May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas Watkins ( July 23 , 2011 ) . `` Complaint reveals gruesome details of fan beating '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lawyers : Giants fan 's medical costs to top $50 M '' . Sfgate.com . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Bryan Stow family suing Dodgers '' . ESPN . ESPN . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` San Francisco Giants fan Bryan Stow seeks least 37 million damages Los Angeles Dodgers trial goes jury '' . ESPN . ESPN . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stow out of ICU into Rehabilitation Trauma Center '' . foxsports.com . foxsports.com . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Norwood , Robyn. ( 2013 , June 26 ) . As Others Move On , Stow , Family Struggle . USA Today , p 1C . Jump up ^ `` Stow outside for first time in 6 months '' . foxsports.com . foxsports.com . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Stow in attendance at Game 2 '' . ESPN . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Bryan Stow home after 2 years '' . ESPN . ESPN . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Kurtis ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Guilty in Bryan Stow beating , Dodger fans called ' cretins ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Jury finds Dodgers negligent in Stow beating '' . ESPN . ESPN . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chiari , Mike . `` Man Stabbed to Death Near AT&T Park Following Dodgers - Giants Game '' . Bleacher Report . Bleacher Report , Inc . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrest made in fatal stabbing of fan '' . ESPN.GO.com . ESPN . Archived from the original on 15 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ FOX40 Web Desk . `` Lodi Man Arrested on Suspicion of Killing Dodgers Fan after Giants Game '' . FOX40 . Tribune Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Almendrala , Anna ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` Michael Montgomery , Man Suspected In Dodgers Fan Stabbing Death , Released From Jail '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kristopher ( 26 September 2013 ) . `` Lodi man arrested in connection with fatal stabbing in San Francisco '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Dodgers '' . @ Dodgers . Twitter . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Ho , Vivian ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` No charges in fatal stabbing fueled by Giants - Dodgers rivalry '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Bibliography Allen , Lee ( 1964 ) . The Giants and the Dodgers : The Fabulous Story of Baseball 's Fiercest Feud . Putnam . External links ( edit ) Dodgers - Giants : Baseball 's Greatest Rivalry Los Angeles Dodgers Established in 1884 Formerly the Brooklyn Robins and the Brooklyn Dodgers Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise History in Brooklyn History in Los Angeles Seasons Award winners Records No - hitters Players First - round draft picks Managers Owners and executives Coaches Broadcasters Los Angeles Dodgers Radio Network SportsNet LA Hall of Famers Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Washington Park Eastern Park Ridgewood Park Washington Park Ebbets Field Roosevelt Stadium Proposed domed stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Dodger Stadium Spring training : Whittington Park Majestic Park Barrs Field Tinker Field Clearwater Athletic Field City Island Ball Park Gran Stadium de La Habana Holman Stadium Camelback Ranch Culture Dodger Dog The First Rick Monday saves the American flag Chavez Ravine Dodger blue `` I Love L.A. '' Roy Campanella Award Historic Dodgertown Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Nancy Bea Hilda Chester 2011 bankruptcy 42 Lore Chronicle - Telegraph Cup 1955 World Series Fernandomania Kirk Gibson 's 1988 World Series home run Orel Hershiser 's scoreless innings streak Sandy Koufax 's perfect game `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' NL tie - breaker games / series 1946 NL tie - breaker series 1951 NL tie - breaker series 1959 NL tie - breaker series 1962 NL tie - breaker series 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Rivalries San Francisco Giants Los Angeles Angels New York Yankees Subway Series Hall of Fame members Walter Alston Roy Campanella Don Drysdale Leo Durocher Burleigh Grimes Willie Keeler Sandy Koufax Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Walter O'Malley Pee Wee Reese Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Wilbert Robinson Duke Snider Don Sutton Dazzy Vance Zack Wheat Key personnel Owner : Guggenheim Baseball Management President : Stan Kasten President of Baseball Operations : Andrew Friedman General Manager : Farhan Zaidi Manager : Dave Roberts World Series Championships ( 6 ) 1955 1959 1963 1965 1981 1988 League pennants ( 23 ) American Association : 1889 National League : 1890 1899 1900 1916 1920 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 1959 1963 1965 1966 1977 1978 1981 1988 2017 Division titles ( 16 ) 1977 1978 1981 ( first half ) 1985 1988 1995 2008 2009 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2006 Minor league affiliates AAA : Oklahoma City Dodgers AA : Tulsa Drillers A Adv. : Rancho Cucamonga Quakes A : Great Lakes Loons Rookie Adv. : Ogden Raptors Rookie : AZL Dodgers DSL Dodgers Guerrero DSL Dodgers Robinson Minor League Rosters Seasons ( 136 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 San Francisco Giants Established in 1883 Formerly the New York Gothams and the New York Giants Based in San Francisco , California ( Bay Area ) Franchise History in New York History in San Francisco Seasons Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Broadcasters Ballparks Polo Grounds Oakland Park St. George Grounds Hilltop Park Seals Stadium Candlestick Park AT&T Park Spring training : Payne Park Flamingo Field LSU Varsity Baseball Field Al Lang Stadium Phoenix Municipal Stadium Scottsdale Stadium Culture 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Curse of Coogan 's Bluff `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' `` Lights '' ( Journey song ) McCovey Cove New York Brickley Giants The Fan The Franchise ( Showtime TV series ) White Flag Trade Willie Mac Award `` You Dropped a Bomb on Me '' Lore 1894 Temple Cup Matt Cain 's perfect game Merkle 's Boner NL tie - breakers 1951 tie - breaker series 1962 tie - breaker series 1998 Wild Card tie - breaker game NL Wild Card Games 2014 2016 `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' The Catch Rivalries Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland Athletics Subway Series / New York Yankees Retired numbers NY NY 11 20 24 27 30 36 44 42 Pre-World Series Champions ( 2 ) 1888 1889 Temple Cup Champions ( 1 ) 1894 World Series Champions ( 8 ) 1905 1921 1922 1933 1954 2012 2014 National League Championships ( 23 ) 1888 1889 1904 1905 1911 1912 1913 1917 1921 1922 1923 1924 1933 1936 1937 1951 1954 1962 1989 2002 2012 2014 Division titles ( 8 ) 1971 1989 1997 2000 2003 2012 Wild card ( 3 ) 2002 2014 2016 Minor league affiliates AAA Sacramento River Cats AA Richmond Flying Squirrels A Adv . San Jose Giants Augusta GreenJackets Short A Salem - Keizer Volcanoes Rookie AZL Giants Black AZL Giants Orange DSL Giants Seasons ( 136 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Major League Baseball rivalries American League AL East Yankees -- Red Sox AL West Astros -- Rangers National League NL East Braves -- Mets Mets -- Phillies NL Central Brewers -- Cubs Cardinals -- Cubs NL West Dodgers -- Giants Interdivisional Phillies -- Pirates Interleague Angels -- Dodgers Athletics -- Giants Cardinals -- Royals Cubs -- White Sox Indians -- Reds Marlins -- Rays Mets -- Yankees ( Subway Series ) Nationals -- Orioles Historical Dodgers -- Yankees Giants -- Yankees Athletics -- Phillies Blue Jays -- Expos Subway Series Teams American Association Brooklyn Bridegrooms American League New York Yankees National League Brooklyn Dodgers New York Giants New York Mets Stadiums Dodgers Ebbets Field Giants Polo Grounds Mets Shea Stadium Yankees Yankee Stadium Rivalries Bridegrooms -- Giants Giants -- Yankees Dodgers -- Yankees Mets -- Yankees World Series Bridegrooms -- Giants 1889 Giants -- Yankees 1921 1922 1923 1936 1937 1951 1962 Dodgers -- Yankees 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 Mets -- Yankees 2000 Histories Brooklyn Bridegrooms / Dodgers New York Giants New York Mets New York Yankees Related articles Interleague play New York City Subway Major League Baseball rivalries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dodgers -- Giants_rivalry&oldid = 842094953 '' Categories : Major League Baseball rivalries Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 05 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won more world series dodgers or giants | [
"While the Dodgers have won the National League West fourteen times compared to the Giants' eight since the beginning of the Divisional Era in 1969, the Giants have more total wins, head-to-head wins, National League pennants (23–22), and World Series titles (8–6) in franchise history. Since moving to California, Los Angeles holds the edge in pennants (10–6) and World Series titles (5–3). Each team has advanced to the postseason as the wild card twice, the Giants most recently in 2016. The 2014 World Series was the Giants' most recent championship, while the Dodgers lost the 2017 World Series."
] | [
"the Dodgers"
] |
-1914996722895788424 | PowerEdge VRTX | PowerEdge VRTX - wikipedia PowerEdge VRTX Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dell PowerEdge VRTX is a computer hardware product line from Dell . It is a mini-blade chassis with built - in storage system . The VRTX comes in two models : a 19 '' rack version that is 5 rack units high or as a stand - alone tower system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Specifications 2 Usage 3 Operating systems 4 Announced features 5 See also 6 References Specifications ( edit ) The VRTX system is partially based on the Dell M1000e blade - enclosure and shares some technologies and components . There are also some differences with that system . The M1000e can support an EqualLogic storage area network that connects the servers to the storage via iSCSI , while the VRTX uses a shared PowerEdge RAID Controller ( 6Gbit PERC8 ) . A second difference is the option to add certain PCIe cards ( Gen2 support ) and assign them to any of the four servers . Servers : The VRTX chassis has 4 half - height slots available for Ivy - Bridge based PowerEdge blade servers . At launch the PE - M520 ( Xeon E5 - 2400v2 ) and the PE - M620 ( Xeon E5 - 2600v2 ) where the only two supported server blades , however the M520 was since discontinued . The same blades are used in the M1000e but for use in the VRTX they need to run specific configuration , using two PCIe 2.0 mezzanine cards per server . A conversion kit is available from Dell to allow moving a blade from a M1000e to VRTX chassis . Storage : The VRTX chassis includes shared storage slots that connect to a single or dual PERC 8 controller ( s ) via switched 6Gbit SAS . This controller which is managed through the CMC allows RAID groups to be configured and then allows for those RAID groups to be subdivided into individual virtual disks that can be presented out to either single or multiple blades . The shared storage slots are either 12 x 3.5 '' HDD slots or 24 x 2.5 '' HDD slots depending on the VRTX chassis purchased . Dell offers 12Gbit SAS disks for the VRTX , but these will operate at the slower 6Gbit rate for compatibility with the older PERC8 and SAS switches . Networking : The VRTX chassis has a built in IOM for supporting ethernet traffic to the server blades . At present the options for this IOM are an 8 port 1Gb pass - through module , a 24 Port 1Gb switch ( R2401 ) and a 20 X 10Gb ( + 2 * 1Gb ) switch ( R2210 ) . The 8 port pass through module offers 2 pass - through connections to each internal blade slot where the 24 port 1Gb switch option provides 16 internal ports ( 4 per blade slot ) and 8 external ports to be used to uplink to the network . The R2210 has 16 internal , 4 external and two additional 1Gb external ports . The I / O modules used on the VRTX are a different size to the I / O modules of the M1000e , so I / O modules are not compatible between the systems . Management : A CMC is responsible for the management of the entire system . The CMC is similar to the CMC used in the M1000e chassis . Connection to the CMCs is done via separate RJ45 ethernet connectors . Power and cooling : The system comes with four PSUs at 110 or 230V AC . There is no option to use - 48V DC PSUs . Each 1100 Watt PSU has a built - in fan . For cooling of the server - modules there are four blower - modules , each containing two fans , and for cooling of the rest of the chassis there are 6 internal fans which can only be reached by opening the chassis . The fans used are the same units as used in the PowerEdge R - 720xd rack - server . KVM : Unlike the M1000e the VRTX does n't have a separate KVM module , but it is built into the main chassis . The system only supports USB keyboard and mouse . Control of the KVM function is done via the mini LCD screen . These USB ports as well as the 15 pin VGA connector are at the front of the system . USB : The USB connectors are only for connecting keyboard and mouse ; it does n't support external storage via USB . LCD : Via the mini-LCD screen at the front of the system you can find status information of the system , configure some basic settings ( such as CMC IP address ) and manage the built - in KVM switch . The LCD screen functions can be controlled via a 5 button navigation system , similar to the system used on the M1000e . Serial : A single RS - 232 serial communication port is provided at the back of the system . This connector is only used for local configuration to the CMC : it does n't allow you to use this connector as serial port of a server in the system . Expansion slots : The system provides space for five PCIe Gen2 ( 2.0 ) expansion cards and 3 ' full height ' PCIe Gen2 ( 2.0 ) expansion cards . Via the management controller you can assign each slot to a specific server . You can only assign a PCIe slot to a server when the server is powered off as the PCIe card is recognized and initialized by the server BIOS at startup . Only certain PCIe cards are supported by Dell . Currently , VRTX support is limited to eight different PCIe cards , including six Ethernet NICs ( Intel and Broadcom ) , a 6Git SAS adapter ( LSI ) and the AMD FirePro TM W7000 . Usage ( edit ) The VRTX is targeted at two different user - groups : either local offices of large enterprises where the majority of the IT services are centrally provided via remote datacenters - where the VRTX system provides local functions such as a relative small virtualisation platform to provide locally needed services as VDI workstations , local Exchange or Lync server and local storage facilities . The entire system will normally be managed by the central IT department via the CMC ( for the chassis ) and some IT manager as SCCM or KACE for the servers running on the system . The other intended public is the SME market with limited IT requirements . The tower model is designed to run in a normal office environment . Dell claims that the noise level of the VRTX system is very low and can be installed in a normal office environment : there is no need to install the system in a special server - room . It is possible however to convert a tower - VRTX into a rack - mounted VRTX . Operating systems ( edit ) The server blades in a VRTX system ( M520 / M620 / M820 ) have a different list of supported operating systems than their M1000e counterparts . The operating systems supported to run on the blades are : Windows Server 2008 SP2 , Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 , Windows Server 2012 , Windows Server 2012 R2 , VMware ESX 5.1 , and VMware ESX 5.5 . Support for running other operating systems is only supported as virtual machines on Hyper - V or ESXi . The main intended and marketed use will be as a system running Hyper - V or ESXi The supported Hypervisors on the VRTX Chassis are Windows Hyper - V , VMware ESXi 5.1 , and VMware ESXi 5.5 . At this time other hypervisors , like Citrix Xenserver , are not supported . At launch no Linux based operating systems were supported , mainly because there was no Linux driver available for the MegaRAID controller for shared storage access . As of June 2014 , Linux support for the VRTX Shared PERC 8 was released . This driver supports the single - controller Entry Shared Mode ( ESM ) configuration , support for the dual - controller High Availability Shared PERC configuration has not been announced . Announced features ( edit ) Although not available at launch in June 2013 Dell has hinted about future improvements and functionality . These include : - ( Available as of April 2014 ) Support for dual PERC ( = PowerEdge Raid Controller ) for redundancy to internal shared storage slots - Support for 10Gb ethernet switch and pass - through modules - Support for additional operating systems , mainly Linux based . See also ( edit ) Dell PowerEdge - main article on Dell PowerEdge server family PowerEdge Generation 12 servers Power Edge M520 on the M1000e page Power Edge M620 on the M1000e page CMC - on the M1000e page References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chris Preimesberger ( 7 June 2013 ) . `` Why Dell may have hit home with new VRTX server '' . eWeek . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dell PowerEdge VRTX '' ( PDF ) . Specification Sheet . Dell . July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ R2401 & R2210 quick start guide , downloaded 3 July , 2017 Jump up ^ `` PowerEdge VRTX Technical Guide '' ( PDF ) . Dell.com . Dell . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chris Cowley 's BLOG : Dell announces VRTX , 4 June 2013 . Visited : 30 June 2013 Jump up ^ Dell reference architectures with 3 typical setup 's of VRTX : Exchange 2013 on Hyper - v , Hyper - V 2012 server and VRTX as VMware ESXi cluster , visited : 4 August 2013 Jump up ^ ServerWatch.com : Dell debuts VRTX for converged infrastructure , section ' Windows Only '. 5 June 2013 . Visited : 30 June 2013 Jump up ^ Dell.com : VRTX Shared PERC 8 driver for Linux , 17 Jun 2014 . Visited : 15 Jan 2015 ( hide ) Dell Technologies Computers Alienware Inspiron Latitude OptiPlex XPS Precision Discontinued computers Adamo Dimension Inspiron Mini Studio Vostro Servers PowerEdge M1000e blade - system PowerVault PowerEdge VRTX Thin clients FX100 Wyse Smartphones Streak Venue Pro Venue Acquisitions Alienware EqualLogic EMC Corporation Perot Systems Quest KACE Dell Boomi Ocarina Networks Dell Compellent Force10 SecureWorks Quest AppAssure Wyse SonicWall Other PowerConnect switches Axim Digital Jukebox ( DJ ) Monitors Dell Support Center Dell Diamond Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PowerEdge_VRTX&oldid=788800663 '' Categories : Dell hardware Server hardware Computer networking Dell Dell products Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2017 , at 15 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many half height server modules can poweredge vrtx support | [
"Servers: The VRTX chassis has 4 half-height slots available for Ivy-Bridge based PowerEdge blade servers. At launch the PE-M520 (Xeon E5-2400v2) and the PE-M620 (Xeon E5-2600v2) where the only two supported server blades, however the M520 was since discontinued. The same blades are used in the M1000e but for use in the VRTX they need to run specific configuration, using two PCIe 2.0 mezzanine cards per server. A conversion kit is available from Dell to allow moving a blade from a M1000e to VRTX chassis."
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-7433817729424666373 | List of American Idol alumni album sales in the United States | List of American Idol alumni album sales in the united states - wikipedia List of American Idol alumni album sales in the united states This article provides a list of albums recorded by alumni of the popular American televised singing competition American Idol in the post-Idol career . It only lists main albums released in the alumni 's post-Idol career . American Idol compilations , individual artist 's pre-Idol recordings , EPs , and compilation albums are not listed here , however , the numbers in parentheses may include sales from these releases . For complete list of releases including those not listed here for each artist , please see their individual discography pages ( linked here in the total number in parentheses ) . Sales figure listed are for U.S. only . Contents 1 Artists with sales of 500,000 or more albums 2 Artists with sales of less than 500,000 albums 3 References 4 External links Artists with sales of 500,000 or more albums ( edit ) This first list only includes contestants with at least 500,000 total album sales . Total albums sold listed in this pages for each artist is shown first . Certification status of album for units shipped in U.S. ( Gold , Platinum , and / or Multi-platinum ) is shown if awarded . The numbers in parentheses are for sales for all albums including EPs and compilations which may not be listed here . Contestant Total sales First album Second album Third album Fourth album Fifth album Sixth album Seventh album Eighth album 1 . Carrie Underwood ( season 4 , winner ) 16,540,000 Some Hearts ( November 15 , 2005 ) Arista Nashville 7,450,000 8x Platinum Peak : # 2 Carnival Ride ( October 23 , 2007 ) Arista Nashville 3,400,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Play On ( November 3 , 2009 ) Arista Nashville 2,300,000 3x Platinum Peak : # 1 Blown Away ( May 1 , 2012 ) Arista Nashville 1,794,800 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Storyteller ( October 23 , 2015 ) Arista Nashville 752,100 Platinum Peak : # 2 Cry Pretty ( September 14 , 2018 ) Capitol Nashville 250,700 Peak : # 1 2 . Kelly Clarkson ( season 1 , winner ) 14,351,250 Thankful ( April 15 , 2003 ) RCA 2,800,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Breakaway ( November 30 , 2004 ) RCA 6,355,000 6x Platinum Peak : # 3 My December ( June 26 , 2007 ) RCA 858,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 All I Ever Wanted ( March 10 , 2009 ) RCA 1,004,000 N / A Peak : # 1 Stronger ( October 24 , 2011 ) RCA 1,129,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 Wrapped in Red ( October 29 , 2013 ) RCA 942,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 Piece by Piece ( March 3 , 2015 ) RCA 284,000 Gold Peak : # 1 Meaning of Life ( October 27 , 2017 ) Atlantic 201,250 N / A Peak : # 2 3 . Chris Daughtry ( as Daughtry ) ( season 5 , 4th place ) 7,376,000 Daughtry ( November 21 , 2006 ) RCA 5,040,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Leave This Town ( July 14 , 2009 ) RCA 1,357,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Break the Spell ( November 21 , 2011 ) RCA 513,000 Gold Peak : # 8 Baptized ( November 19 , 2013 ) RCA 270,000 N / A Peak : # 6 Cage to Rattle ( July 17 , 2018 ) RCA 24,000 N / A Peak : # 10 4 . Clay Aiken ( season 2 , runner - up ) 5,069,000 Measure of a Man ( October 14 , 2003 ) RCA 2,786,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Merry Christmas with Love ( November 16 , 2004 ) RCA 1,416,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 A Thousand Different Ways ( September 19 , 2006 ) RCA 531,000 Gold Peak : # 2 On My Way Here ( May 6 , 2008 ) RCA 165,000 N / A Peak : # 4 Tried and True / Steadfast ( June 1 , 2010 ) / ( March 26 , 2012 ) Decca / Universal 80,000 N / A Peak : # 9 / # 120 5 . Fantasia Barrino ( season 3 , winner ) 3,332,000 Free Yourself ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 1,839,000 Platinum Peak : # 8 Fantasia ( December 12 , 2006 ) J Records 530,000 Gold Peak : # 19 Back to Me ( August 24 , 2010 ) J Records 490,000 N / A Peak : # 2 Side Effects of You ( April 23 , 2013 ) RCA 300,000 Peak : # 2 The Definition Of ... ( July 28 , 2016 ) RCA 32,000 Peak : # 6 6 . Ruben Studdard ( season 2 , winner ) 2,644,000 Soulful ( December 9 , 2003 ) J Records 1,792,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 I Need an Angel ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 483,000 Gold Peak : # 20 The Return ( October 17 , 2006 ) J Records 238,000 N / A Peak : # 8 Love Is ( May 19 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 50,000 N / A Peak : # 36 Letters from Birmingham ( March 13 , 2012 ) Shanachie 17,000 N / A Peak : # 150 Unconditional Love ( February 4 , 2014 ) The Verve Music Group 6,000 N / A Peak : # 46 7 . Scotty McCreery ( season 10 , winner ) 2,248,000 Clear as Day ( October 4 , 2011 ) Mercury Nashville 1,166,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Christmas With Scotty McCreery ( October 16 , 2012 ) Mercury Nashville 382,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See You Tonight ( October 15 , 2013 ) Mercury Nashville 269,900 N / A Peak : # 6 Season Change ( March 16 , 2018 ) Thirty Tiger 82,200 N / A Peak : # 7 8 . Kellie Pickler ( season 5 , 6th place ) 1,557,000 Small Town Girl ( October 31 , 2006 ) BNA 900,000 Gold Peak : # 9 Kellie Pickler ( September 30 , 2008 ) BNA 470,000 N / A Peak : # 9 100 Proof ( January 24 , 2012 ) BNA 90,000 N / A Peak : # 7 The Woman I Am November 11 , 2013 Black River Entertainment 47,000 N / A Peak : # 19 9 . David Cook ( season 7 , winner ) 1,510,000 David Cook ( November 18 , 2008 ) RCA 1,380,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 This Loud Morning ( June 28 , 2011 ) RCA 133,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Digital Vein ( September 18 , 2015 ) InGrooves Music 11,000 N / A Peak : # 35 10 . Phillip Phillips ( season 11 , winner ) 1,495,000 The World from the Side of the Moon ( November 19 , 2012 ) Interscope 1,033,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 Behind the Light ( May 19 , 2014 ) Interscope 123,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Collateral ( January 19 , 2018 ) Interscope 5,000 N / A Peak : # 141 11 . Jennifer Hudson ( season 3 , 7th place ) 1,446,000 Jennifer Hudson ( September 30 , 2008 ) Arista 839,000 Gold Peak : # 2 I Remember Me ( March 22 , 2011 ) Arista 459,000 Gold Peak : # 2 JHUD ( September 23 , 2014 ) RCA 61,000 N / A Peak : # 10 12 . Jordin Sparks ( season 6 , winner ) 1,313,000 Jordin Sparks ( November 20 , 2007 ) Jive 1,056,000 Platinum Peak : # 10 Battlefield ( July 21 , 2009 ) Jive 190,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Right Here , Right Now ( August 21 , 2015 ) Louder Than Life N / A Peak : # 161 13 . Adam Lambert ( season 8 , runner - up ) 1,173,000 For Your Entertainment ( November 23 , 2009 ) RCA 863,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Trespassing ( May 15 , 2012 ) RCA 197,000 N / A Peak : # 1 The Original High ( June 16 , 2015 ) Warner Bros Records 52,000 N / A Peak : # 3 14 . David Archuleta ( season 7 , runner - up ) 1,156,000 David Archuleta ( November 11 , 2008 ) Jive 765,000 Gold Peak : # 2 Christmas from the Heart ( October 13 , 2009 ) Jive 246,000 N / A Peak : # 30 The Other Side of Down ( October 5 , 2010 ) Jive 67,000 N / A Peak : # 13 Begin . ( August 7 , 2012 ) Highway Records 14,000 N / A Peak : # 28 No Matter How Far ( 2013 ) E1 Music 5,000 N / A Peak : # 110 15 . Mandisa ( season 5 , 9th place ) 928,000 True Beauty ( July 31 , 2007 ) Sparrow 226,000 N / A Peak : # 43 It 's Christmas ( October 14 , 2008 ) Sparrow 64,000 N / A Peak : # 85 Freedom ( March 24 , 2009 ) Sparrow 152,000 N / A Peak : # 83 What If We Were Real ( April 5 , 2011 ) Sparrow 270,000 N / A Peak : # 66 Overcomer ( August 27 , 2013 ) Sparrow 140,000 N / A Peak : # 29 Out of the Dark ( May 19 , 2017 ) Sparrow N / A Peak : # 20 16 . Josh Gracin ( season 2 , 4th place ) 804,000 Josh Gracin ( June 15 , 2004 ) Lyric Street 703,000 Gold Peak : # 11 We Were n't Crazy ( April 1 , 2008 ) Lyric Street 86,000 N / A Peak : # 33 Redemption ( November 8 , 2011 ) Average Joe 's 4,000 N / A Peak : N / A 17 . Taylor Hicks ( season 5 , winner ) 768,000 Taylor Hicks ( December 12 , 2006 ) Arista 705,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 The Distance ( March 10 , 2009 ) Modern Whomp 52,000 N / A Peak : # 58 18 . Bo Bice ( season 4 , runner - up ) 757,000 The Real Thing ( December 13 , 2005 ) RCA 673,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See the Light ( October 23 , 2007 ) StratArt 62,000 N / A Peak : # 150 ( May 18 , 2010 ) Saguaro Road 11,000 N / A Peak : # 154 19 . Elliott Yamin ( season 5 , 3rd place ) 696,000 Elliott Yamin ( March 20 , 2007 ) Hickory Records RED Distribution 527,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Sounds of the Season ( October 14 , 2007 ) Hickory Records 81,000 N / A Peak : # 32 My Kind of Holiday ( October 7 , 2008 ) TRP Records , Fontana Distribution 27,000 N / A Peak : # 162 Fight For Love ( May 5 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 49,000 N / A Peak : # 26 Let 's Get to What 's Real ( March 27 , 2012 ) E1 / Purpose Music Group 2,000 N / A Peak : N / A ^ Note 1 Aiken 's album , Tried & True was re-packaged and re-released by Decca under the new name , Steadfast , concurrent with his appearance on The Celebrity Apprentice in 2012 Artists with sales of less than 500,000 albums ( edit ) The following is a list of other American Idol alumni album sales and reflects that commercial success can be achieved through association with American Idol and with post-Idol promotion , although the degree of success varies considerably . This list only includes contestants who have numbers available , and again does not include EPs , American Idol compilations , or pre-Idol recordings , numbers in parentheses however may include sales from these releases : Rank Former Contestant Total Sales Albums 20 . Katharine McPhee ( season 5 , runner - up ) 475,000 Katharine McPhee ( 2007 ) # 2 -- 381,000 Unbroken ( 2010 ) # 27 -- 45,000 Christmas Is the Time ... To Say I Love You ( 2010 ) did not chart -- 23,000 Hysteria ( 2015 ) did not chart 21 . Lauren Alaina ( season 10 , runner - up ) 459,500 Wildflower ( 2011 ) # 5 -- 303,000 Road Less Traveled ( 2016 ) # 31 -- 34,500 22 . Bucky Covington ( season 5 , 8th place ) did not chart 436,000 Bucky Covington ( 2007 ) # 4 -- 433,000 Good Guys ( 2012 ) # 178 -- 3,000 23 . Blake Lewis ( season 6 , runner - up ) 413,000 A.D.D. ( Audio Day Dream ) ( 2007 ) # 10 -- 350,000 Heartbreak on Vinyl ( 2009 ) # 135 -- 10,000 Portrait of a Chameleon ( 2013 ) did not chart -- 2,000 24 . Kris Allen ( season 8 , winner ) 401,600 Kris Allen ( 2009 ) # 11 -- 346,000 Thank You Camellia ( 2012 ) # 26 -- 35,000 Horizons ( 2014 ) # 80 -- 4,000 Letting You In ( 2016 ) 25 . William Hung ( Season 3 , Auditioner ) 242,000 Inspiration ( 2004 ) # 34 -- 200,000 Hung for the Holidays ( 2004 ) did not chart -- 35,000 Miracle : Happy Summer from William Hung ( 2005 ) did not chart -- 7,000 26 . Kimberley Locke ( season 2 , 3rd place ) 241,000 One Love ( 2004 ) # 16 -- 212,000 Based on a True Story ( 2007 ) # 160 -- 22,000 Christmas ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 3,000 27 . Crystal Bowersox ( season 9 , runner - up ) 230,000 Farmer 's Daughter ( 2010 ) # 28 -- 205,000 All That For This ( 2013 ) # 71 -- 8,000 28 . Danny Gokey ( season 8 , 3rd place ) 204,000 My Best Days ( 2010 ) # 4 -- 204,000 Hope in Front of Me ( 2014 ) # 40 29 . James Durbin ( season 10 , 4th place ) 194,000 Memories of a Beautiful Disaster ( 2011 ) # 36 -- 123,000 Celebrate ( 2014 ) # 83 30 . Lee DeWyze ( season 9 , winner ) 178,000 Live It Up ( 2010 ) # 19 -- 153,000 Frames ( 2013 ) # 116 -- 3,000 Oil & Water ( 2016 ) 31 . Diana DeGarmo ( Season 3 , Runner - Up ) 168,000 Blue Skies ( 2004 ) # 52 32 . Justin Guarini ( season 1 , runner - up ) 146,000 Justin Guarini ( 2003 ) # 20 -- 146,000 Stranger Things Have Happened ( 2005 ) did not chart 33 . Haley Reinhart ( season 10 , 3rd place ) 143,500 Listen Up ! ( 2012 ) # 17 -- 77,000 Better ( 2016 ) did not chart -- 7,500 34 . Colton Dixon ( season 11 , 7th place ) 128,000 A Messenger ( 2013 ) # 15 -- 100,000 Anchor ( 2014 ) # 23 -- 28,000 The Calm Before the Storm ( 2015 ) did not chart 35 . Tamyra Gray ( season 1 , 4th place ) 123,000 The Dreamer ( 2004 ) # 23 36 . Jason Castro ( Season 7 , 4th Place ) 105,000 Jason Castro ( 2010 ) # 18 -- 54,000 Who I Am ( 2010 ) # 198 -- 18,000 Only a Mountain ( 2013 ) did not chart -- 20,000 37 . Allison Iraheta ( Season 8 , 4th Place ) 103,000 Just Like You ( 2009 ) # 35 38 . Melinda Doolittle ( season 6 , 3rd place ) 091,000 Coming Back to You ( 2009 ) # 58 39 . Casey James ( season 9 , 3rd place ) 077,000 Casey James ( 2012 ) # 23 40 . Chris Sligh ( season 6 , 10th place ) 064,000 Running Back to You ( 2008 ) # 190 -- 54,000 The Anatomy of Broken ( 2010 ) did not chart -- 10,000 41 . LaToya London ( Season 3 , 4th Place ) 058,000 Love & Life ( 2005 ) # 82 42 . Phil Stacey ( season 6 , 6th place ) 058,000 Phil Stacey ( 2008 ) # 43 -- 40,000 Into the Light ( 2009 ) did not chart -- 18,000 43 . Mario Vazquez ( season 4 , Top 12 ) 056,000 Mario Vazquez ( 2006 ) # 80 44 . George Huff ( season 3 , 5th place ) 52,000 Miracles ( 2005 ) did not chart -- 29,000 George Huff ( 2009 ) did not chart -- 4,000 45 . Brooke White ( season 7 , 5th place ) 048,000 High Hopes & Heartbreak ( 2009 ) # 50 -- 29,000 Gemini ( 2011 ) did not chart -- 2,000 46 . Carly Smithson ( as a part of We Are the Fallen ) ( Season 7 , 6th Place ) 041,000 Tear the World Down ( 2010 ) # 33 47 . Jessica Sanchez ( Season 11 , Runner - up ) 38,000 Me , You & the Music ( 2013 ) # 26 -- 17,000 48 . Kristy Lee Cook ( season 7 , 7th place ) 032,000 Why Wait ( 2008 ) # 49 49 . Candice Glover ( Season 12 , Winner ) 027,000 Music Speaks ( 2014 ) # 14 50 . Casey Abrams ( season 10 , 6th place ) 27,000 Casey Abrams ( 2012 ) # 101 51 . Constantine Maroulis ( season 4 , 6th place ) 25,000 Constantine ( 2007 ) # 75 52 . Caleb Johnson ( season 13 , winner ) 024,000 Testify ( 2014 ) # 24 53 . Paris Bennett ( season 5 , 5th place ) 22,300 Princess P ( 2007 ) # 133 -- 22,000 A Royal Christmas ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 300 54 . R.J. Helton ( season 1 , 5th place ) 022,000 Real Life ( 2004 ) did not chart 55 . John Stevens ( Season 3 , 6th Place ) 021,000 Red ( 2005 ) did not chart 56 . Michael Johns ( season 7 , 8th place ) 020,000 Hold Back My Heart ( 2009 ) # 97 57 . Jasmine Trias ( season 3 , 3rd place ) 014,000 Jasmine Trias ( 2005 ) did not chart 58 . Ace Young ( season 5 , 7th place ) 010,000 Ace Young ( 2008 ) # 160 59 . LaKisha Jones ( season 6 , 4th place ) 00 7,000 So Glad I 'm Me ( 2009 ) did not chart 60 . Nick Fradiani ( season 14 , winner ) 00 5,000 Hurricane ( 2016 ) # 121 61 . Danny Noriega ( season 7 , semi ) 00 5,000 Till Death Do Us Party ( 2014 ) # 59 62 . Trent Harmon ( season 15 , winner ) 00 4,500 You Got ' Em All ( 2018 ) did not chart 63 . Jim Verraros ( season 1 , 9th place ) 00 4,300 Rollercoaster ( 2005 ) did not chart Do Not Disturb ( 2011 ) did not chart 64 . Carmen Rasmusen ( season 2 , 6th place ) 00 3,100 Nothin ' Like the Summer ( 2007 ) did not chart 65 . Kimberly Caldwell ( season 2 , 7th place ) 00 3,000 Without Regret ( 2011 ) did not chart 66 . Ayla Brown ( season 5 , Top 16 ) 00 3,000 Forward ( 2006 ) did not chart 67 . Corey Clark ( season 2 , 9th place ) 00 2,600 Corey Clark ( 2005 ) did not chart 68 . Tim Halperin ( Season 10 , Semifinal ) 00 2,000 Rise and Fall ( 2011 ) did not chart 69 . Jon Peter Lewis ( Season 3 , 8th Place ) 00 1,600 Stories from Hollywood ( 2006 ) did not chart -- 1,100 Break the Silence ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 500 70 . Michael Sarver ( season 8 , 10th place ) 00 1,000 Michael Sarver ( 2010 ) did not chart 71 . Josiah Leming ( season 7 , Hollywood round ) 00 1,000 Come On Kid ( 2010 ) did not chart 72 . Kree Harrison ( season 12 , runner - up ) 000 900 This Old Thing ( 2016 ) did not chart References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Kelly Clarkson 's Career Sales & ' Wild Thoughts ' About Rihanna '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele 's ' 25 ' Hits 5 Million Sold in U.S. Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Some Hearts '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Chart Beat 's ' Piano Man ' Returns ! '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Carnival Ride '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Play On '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top Country Catalog Album Sales Chart : April 18 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Blown Away '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Chart : April 24 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Storyteller '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( September 24 , 2018 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart : September 24 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Thankful '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Breakaway '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- My December '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Stronger '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Wrapped in Red '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` Chart Data '' . Twitter . May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idols Top 10 Selling Performers of All Time '' . Billboard . Facebook . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Search - Daughtry '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Masley , Ed ( Jan 17 , 2013 ) . `` Hotlist : Best - selling ' American Idol ' albums '' . Jump up ^ Norman Byrd ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Daughtry fans get ' Baptized ' just before the holidays '' . AXS . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Daughtry -- Break the Spell '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/chris_daughtry/status/1004377986827767809?s=21 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' Scorpion ' Spends Fifth Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Phillips Takes Idol Title '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American certifications -- Clay Aiken '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 12 - 29 - 2010 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 01 - 19 - 2011 01 - 12 - 2011 numbers posted in comments section of Idol chatter 01 - 19 - 2011 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's ' Stronger ' hits the half - million mark '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Fantasia Archived 2013 - 02 - 01 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Fantasia Moves Forward Despite Personal Challenges Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7461832/dj-khaled-earns-his-first-no-1-album-on-billboard-200-album-chart-major-key ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Ruben Studdard ^ Jump up to : Ruben Studdard Reconnects With ' Love Is ' Jump up ^ Does Winning Idol Even Matter Any More Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Finalists : From Sanjaya to Taylor Hicks , Where Are They Now ? '' . The Daily Beast. 2012 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rauly Ramirez ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` Toni Braxton & Babyface 's Triumphant No. 1 Return to Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Scotty 's new single , more '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Scotty McCreery -- Clear as Day '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Country Album Chart News : The Week of December 18 , 2013 : Garth Brooks , Duck Dynasty , Cassadee Pope , Parmalee , & Scotty McCreery '' . Roughstock . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Scotty McCreery -- Christmas with Scotty McCreery '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Country Album Chart Report For April 15 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Sales figure given here ^ Jump up to : Wade Jessen ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Kellie Pickler Debuts in Top Five On Top Country Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Search - Kellie Pickler '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Country Album Chart News : The Week of January 22 , 2013 : Jennifer Nettles , Jon Pardi , Rosanne Cash Debut In Top 5 '' . Roughstock . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - David Cook Archived 2015 - 11 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 05 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Chart Watch : Eminem Returns to # 1 , Gaga Sinks to # 8 '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Phillip Phillips -- The World from the Side of the Moon '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Joe ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` 9 Albums That Flopped in 2014 ( Or Did They ? ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Keveney ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` TV singing shows fail to create stars '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Washington Post 05 - 23 - 2011 ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Jennifer Hudson Archived 2013 - 02 - 01 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Elysa Gardner ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson is happy to be ' this real girl ' '' . USA TODAY . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol 's All Time Top 24 ( 2012 ) '' . Billboard.com . February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ RIAA Search -- Jordin Sparks Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Selling American Idols '' . Arizona Central . July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Lambert Will Tour as Solo Artist ' If People Like This Record ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RIAA search - Adam Lambert Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CUVjID_UYAEKt7B.png ^ Jump up to : Chart Watch 02 - 20 - 2011 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - David Archuleta Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 01 - 07 - 2011 Jump up ^ Brian Mansfield ( Aug 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Idol ' album sales : Underwood , Clarkson , McCreery '' . Idol Chatter . USA today . Retrieved Aug 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Colton Dixon 's sales soar after ' Idol ' performance '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MANDISA 'S YEAR KICKS OFF WITH FIRST GRAMMY ® AWARD MAKING HER ONE OF ONLY FIVE AMERICAN IDOL ALUMNI TO WIN COVETED GRAMOPHONE '' . Star Radio . January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 03 - 30 - 2011 Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson : One Million ' Stronger ' '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chatter 04 - 27 - 2011 '' Jump up ^ `` Mandisa : Overcomer '' . Capitol Music . Jump up ^ Timothy Yap ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Mandisa Gets the Remix Treatment with `` Get Up : The Remixes '' `` . Hallels . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 12 - 08 - 2010 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Josh Gracin Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 08 - 03 - 2011 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Daughtry 's 129,000 sales ' Spell ' a top - ten debut '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Search - Taylor Hicks '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Bo Bice ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Idol sales : Cook returns to top 10 at year 's end '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 09 - 22 - 2010 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 03 - 04 - 2010 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Elliott Yamin Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 1 - 16 - 2008 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 03 - 12 - 2009 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` James Durbin sales up 520 perfect after ' Idol ' appearance '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Phillip Philips ' album sales rise '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Top 10 Country Album Sales Chart : January 8 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Phillip Phillips ' ' Home ' expansion '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol 's ' Blake Lewis Signs With Republic , Lands Microsoft Campaign '' . Billboard . February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The best - selling Idol albums from 2009 '' . Idol Chatter. 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Blake Lewis Signs To Republic Records , Teases New Tune '' . Reality Rocks . Feb 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shirley Halperin ( 2012 - 09 - 19 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Kris Allen and RCA Records Part Ways ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) . `` ' Ask Billboard : KRIS ALLEN SALES ) '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Idol ' Hits New Low '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Will ' The Voice ' ever find a Kelly Clarkson or Carrie Underwood ? Chart '' . EW.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Samantha ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` American Idol 's William Hung : Where Is He Now ? '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 01 - 10 ) . `` The Ultimate SoundScan Sales / Download Checklist '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 7 - 30 - 2008 Jump up ^ American Idol : With Scotty McCreery 's Successful Debut , Did Universal Learn From Sony 's Mistakes ? Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 03 - 16 - 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Finalist JAMES DURBIN 's Collaboration With QUIET RIOT Guitarist ALEX GROSSI : ' Roads ' Lyric Video '' . BLABBERMOUTH.NET . February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jason Lipshutz ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Lee DeWyze 's ' Frames ' : Exclusive Album Premiere '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Chart Moves : The Beatles Beat Backstreet Boys ; Tedeschi Trucks Band 's Best Week '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Chart Watch Extra : The American Idol Alumni Association Archived 2009 - 03 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ole Label Services Soars with Anthem '' . ole Majorly Indie. 2016 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Seven singers in the Billboard 200 '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 11 - 09 - 2010 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Chris Brown , Jennifer Hudson debut in The Billboard 200 's two top spots '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) . `` ' Idol ' performance boosts Fantasia sales '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No ' Idol ' albums in the Top 40 this week '' . USA Today . August 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 01 - 15 - 2010 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 10 - 14 - 2009 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 02 - 23 - 2011 Jump up ^ Billboard 20 Jan 2007 Jump up ^ Bonus sales numbers -- and free downloads , too Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Four Season 10 Idols stay in the top 200 '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ WE ARE THE FALLEN : First Episode Of ' Interrogation Video Blog ' - Sep. 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 01 - 07 - 2009 Jump up ^ Andy Graham . `` SoundScanner : Beck And Kid Cudi Crash The Charts '' . VH1 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` ' Idol ' performance puts Casey Abrams on the charts '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 5 - 21 - 2008 Jump up ^ Max Willens ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' These Were The Biggest Flops ' American Idol ' Has Ever Produced '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 6 - 11 - 2008 archived post Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' American Idol ' Reaches New Low for Winner 's Debut Albumd '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Adore Delano Sets ' Drag Race ' Record '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Chart : June 20 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 6 - 25 - 2008 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` The Billboard 200 : Where are the Idols ? '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Steady week for Idols on album chart '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 08 - 04 - 2010 Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart : July 21 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . External links ( edit ) Idol chatter American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Maddie Poppe Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Caleb Lee Hutchinson Other alumni Josh Gracin Jennifer Hudson Elliott Yamin Chris Daughtry Kellie Pickler Mandisa Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' `` Going Going Gone '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 Related programming Idol ( franchise ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Idol_alumni_album_sales_in_the_United_States&oldid=861470780 '' Categories : American Idol Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 September 2018 , at 17 : 29 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is the best selling american idol contestant | [
"\n\n\n\n\nContestantTotal sales\n\nFirst album\n\nSecond album\n\nThird album\n\nFourth album\n\nFifth album\n\nSixth album\n\nSeventh album\n\nEighth album\n\n\n1.\n\nCarrie Underwood(season 4, winner)16,540,000[1]\n\nSome Hearts(November 15, 2005)Arista Nashville7,450,000[2]8x Platinum[3]Peak: #2\n\nCarnival Ride(October 23, 2007)Arista Nashville3,400,000[4]4x Platinum[5]Peak: #1\n\nPlay On(November 3, 2009)Arista Nashville2,300,000[4]3x Platinum[6]Peak: #1\n\nBlown Away(May 1, 2012)Arista Nashville1,794,800[7]2x Platinum[8]Peak: #1\n\nStoryteller(October 23, 2015)Arista Nashville752,100[9]Platinum[10]Peak: #2\n\nCry Pretty(September 14, 2018)Capitol Nashville250,700[11]Peak: #1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2.\n\nKelly Clarkson(season 1, winner)14,351,250\n\nThankful (April 15, 2003)RCA2,800,000[1]2x Platinum[12]Peak: #1\n\nBreakaway(November 30, 2004)RCA6,355,000[1]6x Platinum[13]Peak: #3\n\nMy December(June 26, 2007)RCA858,000[1]Platinum[14]Peak: #2\n\nAll I Ever Wanted(March 10, 2009)RCA1,004,000[1]N/APeak: #1\n\nStronger(October 24, 2011)RCA1,129,000[1]Platinum[15]Peak: #2\n\nWrapped in Red(October 29, 2013)RCA942,000[1]Platinum[16]Peak: #3\n\nPiece by Piece(March 3, 2015)RCA284,000[1]GoldPeak: #1\n\nMeaning of Life(October 27, 2017)Atlantic 201,250[17]N/APeak: #2\n\n\n3.\n\nChris Daughtry(as Daughtry)(season 5, 4th place)7,376,000[18]\n\nDaughtry(November 21, 2006)RCA5,040,000[2]4x Platinum[19]Peak: #1\n\nLeave This Town(July 14, 2009)RCA1,357,000[20]Platinum[19]Peak: #1\n\nBreak the Spell(November 21, 2011)RCA513,000[21] Gold[22]Peak: #8\n\nBaptized(November 19, 2013)RCA270,000[23] N/APeak: #6\n\nCage to Rattle[24](July 17, 2018)RCA24,000[25] N/APeak: #10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4.\n\nClay Aiken(season 2, runner-up)5,069,000[18]\n\nMeasure of a Man(October 14, 2003)RCA2,786,000[26]2x Platinum[27]Peak: #1\n\nMerry Christmas with Love(November 16, 2004)RCA1,416,000[28]Platinum[27]Peak: #4\n\nA Thousand Different Ways(September 19, 2006)RCA531,000[29]Gold[27]Peak: #2\n\nOn My Way Here(May 6, 2008)RCA165,000[29]N/APeak: #4\n\nTried and True / Steadfast(June 1, 2010) / (March 26, 2012)Decca / Universal80,000 note 1[30] N/APeak: #9 / #120\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5.\n\nFantasia Barrino(season 3, winner)3,332,000[18]\n\nFree Yourself(November 23, 2004)J Records1,839,000[26]Platinum[31]Peak: #8\n\nFantasia(December 12, 2006)J Records530,000[32]Gold[31]Peak: #19\n\nBack to Me(August 24, 2010)J Records490,000[33]N/APeak: #2\n\nSide Effects of You(April 23, 2013)RCA300,000[34]Peak: #2\n\nThe Definition Of...(July 28, 2016)RCA32,000[35]Peak: #6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6.\n\nRuben Studdard(season 2, winner)2,644,000[18]\n\nSoulful(December 9, 2003)J Records1,792,000[26]Platinum[36]Peak: #1\n\nI Need an Angel(November 23, 2004)J Records483,000[37]Gold[36]Peak: #20\n\nThe Return(October 17, 2006)J Records238,000[37]N/APeak: #8\n\nLove Is(May 19, 2009)Hickory Records50,000[38]N/APeak: #36\n\nLetters from Birmingham(March 13, 2012)Shanachie17,000[39]N/APeak: #150\n\nUnconditional Love(February 4, 2014)The Verve Music Group6,000[40]N/APeak: #46\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7.\n\nScotty McCreery(season 10, winner)2,248,000[18]\n\nClear as Day(October 4, 2011)Mercury Nashville1,166,000[41]Platinum[42]Peak: #1\n\nChristmas With Scotty McCreery(October 16, 2012)Mercury Nashville382,000[43]Gold[44]Peak: #4\n\nSee You Tonight(October 15, 2013)Mercury Nashville269,900[45]N/APeak: #6\n\nSeason Change(March 16, 2018)Thirty Tiger82,200[11]N/APeak: #7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8.\n\nKellie Pickler(season 5, 6th place)1,557,000[18]\n\nSmall Town Girl(October 31, 2006)BNA900,000[46]Gold[47]Peak: #9\n\nKellie Pickler(September 30, 2008)BNA470,000[46]N/APeak: #9\n\n100 Proof(January 24, 2012)BNA90,000[46]N/APeak: #7\n\nThe Woman I AmNovember 11, 2013Black River Entertainment47,000[48]N/APeak: #19\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9.\n\nDavid Cook(season 7, winner)1,510,000[4]\n\nDavid Cook(November 18, 2008)RCA1,380,000[20]Platinum[49]Peak: #3\n\nThis Loud Morning(June 28, 2011)RCA133,000[50]N/APeak: #7\n\nDigital Vein(September 18, 2015)InGrooves Music11,000[51]N/APeak: #35\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10.\n\nPhillip Phillips (season 11, winner)1,495,000[18]\n\nThe World from the Side of the Moon(November 19, 2012)Interscope1,033,000[52]Platinum[53]Peak: #4\n\nBehind the Light(May 19, 2014)Interscope123,000[54]N/APeak: #7\n\nCollateral(January 19, 2018)Interscope5,000N/APeak: #141\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n11.\n\nJennifer Hudson(season 3, 7th place)1,446,000[55]\n\nJennifer Hudson(September 30, 2008)Arista839,000[56]Gold[57]Peak: #2\n\nI Remember Me(March 22, 2011)Arista459,000[58]Gold[57]Peak: #2\n\nJHUD(September 23, 2014)RCA61,000[54]N/APeak: #10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n12.\n\nJordin Sparks(season 6, winner)1,313,000[59]\n\nJordin Sparks(November 20, 2007)Jive1,056,000[20]Platinum[60]Peak: #10\n\nBattlefield(July 21, 2009)Jive190,000[61]N/APeak: #7\n\nRight Here, Right Now(August 21, 2015)Louder Than LifeN/APeak: #161\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n13.\n\nAdam Lambert(season 8, runner-up)1,173,000[62]\n\nFor Your Entertainment(November 23, 2009)RCA863,000[63]Gold[64]Peak: #3\n\nTrespassing(May 15, 2012)RCA197,000[65]N/APeak: #1\n\nThe Original High(June 16, 2015)Warner Bros Records52,000[66]N/APeak: #3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n14.\n\nDavid Archuleta(season 7, runner-up)1,156,000[55]\n\nDavid Archuleta(November 11, 2008)Jive765,000[67]Gold[68]Peak: #2\n\nChristmas from the Heart(October 13, 2009)Jive246,000[69]N/APeak: #30\n\nThe Other Side of Down(October 5, 2010)Jive67,000[67]N/APeak: #13\n\nBegin.(August 7, 2012)Highway Records14,000[70]N/APeak: #28\n\nNo Matter How Far(2013)E1 Music5,000[71]N/APeak: #110\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n15.\n\nMandisa (season 5, 9th place)928,000[72]\n\nTrue Beauty(July 31, 2007)Sparrow226,000[73]N/APeak: #43\n\nIt's Christmas(October 14, 2008)Sparrow64,000[74]N/APeak: #85\n\nFreedom(March 24, 2009)Sparrow152,000[75]N/APeak: #83\n\nWhat If We Were Real(April 5, 2011)Sparrow270,000[76]N/APeak: #66\n\nOvercomer(August 27, 2013)Sparrow140,000[77]N/APeak: #29\n\nOut of the Dark(May 19, 2017)SparrowN/APeak: #20\n\n\n\n\n\n\n16.\n\nJosh Gracin(season 2, 4th place)804,000[59]\n\nJosh Gracin(June 15, 2004)Lyric Street703,000[78]Gold[79]Peak: #11\n\nWe Weren't Crazy(April 1, 2008)Lyric Street86,000[80]N/APeak: #33\n\nRedemption(November 8, 2011)Average Joe's4,000[81]N/APeak: N/A\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n17.\n\nTaylor Hicks(season 5, winner)768,000[55]\n\nTaylor Hicks(December 12, 2006)Arista 705,000[56]Platinum[82]Peak: #2\n\nThe Distance(March 10, 2009)Modern Whomp 52,000[78]N/APeak: #58\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n18.\n\nBo Bice(season 4, runner-up)757,000[55]\n\nThe Real Thing(December 13, 2005)RCA673,000[56]Gold[83]Peak: #4\n\nSee the Light(October 23, 2007)StratArt62,000[84]N/APeak: #150\n\n3(May 18, 2010)Saguaro Road11,000[85]N/APeak: #154\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n19.\n\nElliott Yamin(season 5, 3rd place)696,000[59]\n\nElliott Yamin(March 20, 2007)Hickory RecordsRED Distribution527,000[86]Gold[87]Peak: #3\n\nSounds of the Season(October 14, 2007)Hickory Records81,000[88]N/APeak: #32\n\nMy Kind of Holiday(October 7, 2008)TRP Records,Fontana Distribution27,000[89]N/APeak: #162\n\nFight For Love(May 5, 2009)Hickory Records49,000[86]N/APeak: #26\n\nLet's Get to What's Real(March 27, 2012)E1/Purpose Music Group2,000[90]N/APeak: N/A\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Carrie Underwood"
] |
216635232026071501 | Batman in film | Batman in film - wikipedia Batman in film Jump to : navigation , search The fictional superhero Batman , who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics , has appeared in various films since his inception . Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger , the character first starred in two serial films in the 1940s , Batman and Batman and Robin . The character also appeared in the 1966 film Batman , which was a feature film adaptation of the 1960s Batman TV series starring Adam West and Burt Ward , who also starred in the film . Toward the end of the 1980s , the Warner Bros. studio began producing a series of feature films starring Batman , beginning with the 1989 film Batman , directed by Tim Burton and starring Michael Keaton . Burton and Keaton returned for the 1992 sequel Batman Returns , and in 1995 , Joel Schumacher directed Batman Forever with Val Kilmer as Batman . Schumacher also directed the 1997 sequel Batman & Robin , which starred George Clooney . Batman & Robin was poorly received by both critics and fans , leading to the cancellation of Batman Unchained . Over the course of seven years , Warner Bros. commissioned Darren Aronofsky for an adaptation of Batman : Year One and Wolfgang Petersen for Batman vs. Superman before deciding to reboot the film franchise in 2005 with Batman Begins , directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale . Nolan returned to direct two further installments through the release of The Dark Knight in 2008 and The Dark Knight Rises in 2012 , with Bale reprising his role in both films . Both sequels earned over $1 billion worldwide , making Batman the second film franchise to have two of its films earn more than $1 billion worldwide . Referred to as The Dark Knight Trilogy , the critical acclaim and commercial success of Nolan 's films have been credited with restoring widespread popularity to the superhero , with the second installment considered one of the best superhero movies of all - time . Ben Affleck became the newest actor to portray Batman in 2016 with Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , which began a sequence of DC Comics adaptations that Warner Bros. refers to as the DC Extended Universe , including Justice League , a crossover film featuring other DC Comics characters , in 2017 , and a stand - alone Batman film starring Affleck and directed by Matt Reeves that is set for release in 2019 . Batman has also appeared in multiple animated films , both as a starring character and as an ensemble character . While most animated films were released direct - to - video , the 1993 animated feature Batman : Mask of the Phantasm , based on the 1990s Batman : The Animated Series , was released theatrically . Having earned a total of U.S. $2,407,708,129 the Batman series is the fifth - highest - grossing film series in North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 2 Early films and serials 2.1 Batman ( 1943 ) 2.2 Batman and Robin ( 1949 ) 2.3 Batman ( 1966 ) 3 1970s and 80s 4 Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher 4.1 Batman ( 1989 ) 4.2 Batman Returns ( 1992 ) 4.3 Batman Forever ( 1995 ) 4.4 Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) 4.5 Proposals for fifth film 4.5. 1 Batman Unchained 4.5. 2 Batman : DarKnight 4.5. 3 Robin spin - off 4.6 Other proposals 4.6. 1 Batman : Year One and Batman Beyond 4.6. 2 Batman vs. Superman 4.7 OnStar commercials 5 Christopher Nolan -- The Dark Knight Trilogy 5.1 Batman Begins ( 2005 ) 5.2 The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) 5.3 The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) 6 Proposed Justice League film 6.1 Justice League : Mortal 7 DC Extended Universe 7.1 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) 7.2 Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) 7.3 Justice League ( 2017 ) 7.4 Untitled Justice League sequel 7.5 The Batman 8 Animated film 8.1 Batman solo 8.2 With other heroes 8.3 The Lego Movie series 8.4 Other 9 Cast and characters 10 Reception 10.1 Box office performance 10.2 Critical and public response 10.3 Academy Awards 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Films Film U.S. release date Actor Director Story by Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Distributor ( s ) Batman July 16 , 1943 ( 1943 - 07 - 16 ) Lewis Wilson Lambert Hillyer Victor McLeod , Leslie Swabacker and Harry L. Fraser Rudolph C. Flothow Columbia Pictures Batman and Robin June 26 , 1949 ( 1949 - 06 - 26 ) Robert Lowery Spencer Gordon Bennet George H. Plympton , Joseph F. Poland and Royal K. Cole Sam Katzman Batman July 30 , 1966 ( 1966 - 07 - 30 ) Adam West Leslie H. Martinson Lorenzo Semple , Jr . William Dozier 20th Century Fox Batman June 23 , 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 23 ) Michael Keaton Tim Burton Sam Hamm Sam Hamm and Warren Skaaren Peter Guber , Jon Peters , Benjamin Melniker and Michael Uslan Warner Bros . Batman Returns June 19 , 1992 ( 1992 - 06 - 19 ) Sam Hamm and Daniel Waters Daniel Waters Tim Burton and Denise Di Novi Batman Forever June 16 , 1995 ( 1995 - 06 - 16 ) Val Kilmer Joel Schumacher Lee Batchler and Janet Scott - Batchler Lee Batchler , Janet Scott - Batchler and Akiva Goldsman Tim Burton and Peter MacGregor - Scott Batman & Robin June 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 06 - 20 ) George Clooney Akiva Goldsman Peter MacGregor - Scott Batman Begins June 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 25 ) Christian Bale Christopher Nolan David S. Goyer Christopher Nolan and David S. Goyer Charles Roven , Emma Thomas and Larry Franco The Dark Knight July 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 18 ) Christopher Nolan and David S. Goyer Jonathan Nolan and Christopher Nolan Emma Thomas , Charles Roven and Christopher Nolan The Dark Knight Rises July 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 20 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) Ben Affleck Zack Snyder Zack Snyder and David S. Goyer Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer Deborah Snyder and Charles Roven Suicide Squad August 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 05 ) David Ayer David Ayer Charles Roven and Richard Suckle Justice League November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Zack Snyder David S. Goyer , Zack Snyder and Chris Terrio Chris Terrio Charles Roven , Deborah Snyder , Geoff Johns and John Berg The Batman TBA Matt Reeves Ben Affleck , Geoff Johns and Chris Terrio Geoff Johns , Jon Berg and Ben Affleck Early films and serials Batman ( 1943 ) Main article : Batman ( serial ) Batman was a 15 - chapter serial film released in 1943 by Columbia Pictures . The serial starred Lewis Wilson as Batman and Douglas Croft as Robin . J. Carrol Naish played the villain , an original character named Dr. Daka . Rounding out the cast were Shirley Patterson as Linda Page ( Bruce Wayne 's love interest ) , and William Austin as Alfred . The plot is based on Batman , a US government agent , attempting to defeat the Japanese agent Dr. Daka , at the height of World War II . The film is notable for being the first filmed appearance of Batman and for providing two core elements of the Batman mythos . The film introduced `` The Bat 's Cave '' and the Grandfather clock entrance . The name was altered to the Batcave for the comic . William Austin , who played Alfred , had a trim physique and sported a thin mustache , while the contemporary comic book version of Alfred was overweight and clean - shaven prior to the serial 's release . The comics version of Alfred was altered to match that of Austin 's , and has stayed that way . Batman and Robin ( 1949 ) Main article : Batman and Robin ( serial ) Batman and Robin was another 15 - chapter serial film released in 1949 by Columbia Pictures . Robert Lowery played Batman , while Johnny Duncan played Robin . Supporting players included Jane Adams as Vicki Vale and veteran character actor Lyle Talbot as Commissioner Gordon . The plot dealt with the Dynamic Duo facing off against the Wizard , a hooded villain whose identity remains a mystery throughout the serial until the end . Batman ( 1966 ) Main article : Batman ( 1966 film ) Batman ( also known as Batman : The Movie ) is a 1966 film adaptation of the popular Batman television series , and was the first full - length theatrical adaptation of the DC Comics character . The 20th Century Fox release starred Adam West as Batman and Burt Ward as Robin , as well as Cesar Romero as the Joker , Burgess Meredith as the Penguin , Lee Meriwether as Catwoman , and Frank Gorshin as the Riddler . The film was directed by Leslie H. Martinson , who also directed a pair of Batman episodes : `` The Penguin Goes Straight '' and `` Not Yet , He Ai n't , '' both from season one . 1970s and 80s In the late 1970s , Batman 's popularity was waning . CBS was interested in producing a Batman in Outer Space film . Producers Michael Uslan and Benjamin Melniker purchased the film rights of Batman from DC Comics on October 3 , 1979 . It was Uslan 's wish `` to make the definitive , dark , serious version of Batman , the way Bob Kane and Bill Finger had envisioned him in 1939 . A creature of the night ; stalking criminals in the shadows . '' Richard Maibaum was approached to write a script with Guy Hamilton to direct , but the two turned down the offer . Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching Batman to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s TV series . Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film . A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled Return of the Batman to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film . Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of The Dark Knight Returns , which his script pre-dated by six years . In November 1979 , producer Jon Peters and Casablanca FilmWorks , headed by Peter Guber , joined the project . The four producers felt it was best to pattern the film 's development after that of Superman ( 1978 ) . Uslan , Melniker and Guber pitched Batman to Universal Pictures , but the studio turned it down . The project was publicly announced with a budget of $15 million in July 1980 at the Comic Art Convention in New York . Casablanca FilmWorks was absorbed into PolyGram Pictures in 1980 . Guber and Peters left PolyGram Pictures in 1982 and took the Batman film rights with them , although PolyGram would retain at least 7.5 % of the profits of said rights due to a contractual agreement . Guber and Peters immediately set up shop at Warner Bros. , which finally decided to accept Batman . Tom Mankiewicz completed a script titled The Batman in June 1983 , focusing on Batman and Dick Grayson 's origins , with the Joker and Rupert Thorne as villains , and Silver St. Cloud as the romantic interest . Mankiewicz took inspiration from the limited series Batman : Strange Apparitions ( ISBN 1 - 56389 - 500 - 5 ) , written by Steve Englehart . Comic book artist Marshall Rogers , who worked with Englehart on Strange Apparitions , was hired for concept art . The Batman was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20 million . Originally , Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman , William Holden for James Gordon , David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth and Peter O'Toole as the Penguin who Mankiewicz wanted to portray as a mobster with low body temperature . Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983 , so this would never come to pass . A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz ' script , including Ivan Reitman and Joe Dante . Reitman wanted to cast Bill Murray as Batman . For the role of Robin , Eddie Murphy and Michael J. Fox were candidates . Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers . Most of them were based on Strange Apparitions . However , it was Mankiewicz 's script that was still being used to guide the project . Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher Batman ( 1989 ) Main article : Batman ( 1989 film ) Michael Keaton played Batman in the two films directed by Tim Burton Tim Burton took over as director of the first Batman film in 1986 . Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay . Numerous A-list actors were considered for the role of Batman before Michael Keaton was cast . Keaton was a controversial choice for the role since , by 1988 , he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers doubted he could portray a serious role . Jack Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated a high salary , a portion of the box office profits and his shooting schedule . Nicholson 's final salary is reported to be as high as $50 million . Principal photography took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989 . The budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million , while the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to drop out . Rewrites were performed by Warren Skaaren , Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems . Batman received positive reviews , broke numerous box office records , and won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction . The film grossed over $400 million , and left a legacy over the modern perception of the superhero film genre . Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Main article : Batman Returns Burton originally did not want to direct a sequel because of his mixed emotions over the previous film . Sam Hamm 's first script had the Penguin and Catwoman searching for hidden treasure . Daniel Waters delivered a script that satisfied Burton , which convinced him to direct the film . Wesley Strick did an uncredited rewrite , deleting characterizations of Harvey Dent and Robin and rewriting the climax . Various A-list actresses lobbied hard for the role of Catwoman before Michelle Pfeiffer was cast , while Danny DeVito signed on to portray the Penguin . Filming started at Warner Bros. in Burbank , California in June 1991 . Batman Returns was released with financial success , but Warner Bros. was disappointed with the film 's box office run because it earned less than its predecessor . However , Batman Returns was released to generally positive reviews , although a `` parental backlash '' criticized the film for containing violence and sexual innuendos that were thought to be unsuitable for children . McDonald 's shut down its Happy Meal tie - in for Batman Returns . Batman Forever ( 1995 ) Main article : Batman Forever Val Kilmer portrayed Batman in Batman Forever Although Batman Returns was a financial success , Warner Bros. felt the film should have made more money . The studio decided to change the direction of the Batman film series to be more mainstream . Joel Schumacher replaced Tim Burton as director , while Burton decided to stay on as producer . However , Michael Keaton did not like the new direction the film series was heading in , and was replaced by Val Kilmer as Batman . Chris O'Donnell was introduced as Robin , Jim Carrey starred as The Riddler , while Tommy Lee Jones starred as Two - Face . Filming started in September 1994 , and Schumacher encountered problems communicating with Kilmer and Jones . Batman Forever was released on June 16 , 1995 with financial success , earning over $350 million worldwide and three Academy Award nominations , but the film was met with mixed reviews from critics . Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) Main article : Batman & Robin ( film ) George Clooney took over the role of Batman in Batman and Robin After the release of Batman Forever , Warner Bros. started development on Batman & Robin , commissioning it on fast track for an adamant June 1997 release . Val Kilmer did not return , because of scheduling conflicts with The Saint , and was replaced by George Clooney . Arnold Schwarzenegger starred as Mr. Freeze , while Uma Thurman starred as Poison Ivy and Alicia Silverstone starred as Batgirl . Chris O'Donnell reprised his role as Robin . Principal photography began in September 1996 and finished in January 1997 , two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule . Batman & Robin was released on June 20 , 1997 , and received primarily negative reviews . Observers criticized the film for its toyetic and campy approach , and for homosexual innuendos added by Schumacher . Still , the film was a financial success , but remains to be the least commercially successful live - action Batman film ever . Batman & Robin received numerous nominations at the Razzie Awards and ranks among the worst rated superhero films of all time . Proposals for fifth film Batman Unchained During the filming of Batman & Robin , Warner Bros. was impressed with the dailies , prompting them to immediately hire Joel Schumacher to reprise his directing duties for a third film . Writer Akiva Goldsman , who worked on Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , turned down the chance to write the script . In late 1996 , Warner Bros. and Schumacher hired Mark Protosevich to write the script for a fifth Batman film . A projected mid-1999 release date was announced . Titled Batman Unchained but often incorrectly referred to as Batman Triumphant , Protosevich 's script had the Scarecrow as the main villain and the Joker would return as a hallucination in Batman 's mind caused by the Scarecrow 's fear toxin . Harley Quinn appeared as a supporting character , written as the Joker 's daughter trying to kill Batman to avenge her father 's death . George Clooney , Chris O'Donnell and Alicia Silverstone were set to reprise the roles of Batman , Robin , and Batgirl . Schumacher had also approached Nicolas Cage for the role of Scarecrow . However , when Batman & Robin received negative reviews and failed to outgross any of its predecessors , Warner Bros. was unsure of their plans for Batman Unchained . The studio decided it was best to consider a live - action Batman Beyond film and an adaptation of Frank Miller 's Batman : Year One . Warner Bros. would then greenlight whichever idea suited them the most . Schumacher felt he `` owe ( d ) the Batman culture a real Batman movie . I would go back to the basics and make a dark portrayal of the Dark Knight . '' He approached Warner Bros. to do Batman : Year One in mid-1998 . Batman : DarKnight Despite Warner Bros. and Schumacher 's interest with Year One , Lee Shapiro , a comic book fan , and Stephen Wise pitched the studio with a script titled Batman : DarKnight in mid-1998 . DarKnight had Bruce Wayne giving up his crime fighting career , and Dick Grayson attending Gotham University . Dr. Jonathan Crane uses his position as professor of psychology at Gotham University and as head psychiatrist at Arkham Asylum to conduct his experiments into fear ( this element would later appear in Batman Begins ) . During a vengeful confrontation with a colleague , Dr. Kirk Langstrom , Crane unknowingly initiates Kirk 's transformation into the creature known as Man - Bat . Citizens of Gotham believe Man - Bat 's nightly activities to be Batman 's `` bloodthirsty '' return . Bruce becomes Batman `` to clear his name , '' and solve the mystery of Man - Bat . Kirk struggles with his `` man - vs. - monster '' syndrome , as he longs to both reunite with his wife and get revenge on Crane , while Crane exacts revenge on those responsible for his dismissal from both Arkham and the university while encountering truths about his past . Warner Bros. decided not to move forward with the project , and passed on Batman : DarKnight in favor of Year One and Batman Beyond . Robin spin - off Chris O'Donnell revealed in a 2012 interview with Access Hollywood that a Robin spin - off was planned but was scrapped after Batman & Robin . Other proposals Batman : Year One and Batman Beyond By September 2000 Warner Bros. was developing a live action screen adaptation of Batman Beyond , written by Paul Dini , Neal Stephenson and Boaz Yakin , with the possibility of Yakin directing , as well as an adaptation of Frank Miller 's 1987 comic book story arc Batman : Year One . Despite interest from Schumacher , Darren Aronofsky was hired to direct and co-write with Miller , whom he previously collaborated with on an unproduced script for Ronin . Yakin developed one draft of the Batman Beyond screenplay with the writers but soon lost interest , and Warner Bros. abandoned Batman Beyond almost instantly in favor of Batman : Year One . Aronofsky and Miller intended to reboot the Batman franchise , `` it 's somewhat based on the comic book , '' Aronofsky said . `` Toss out everything you can imagine about Batman ! Everything ! We 're starting completely anew . '' Regular Aronofsky collaborator , Matthew Libatique , was set as cinematographer , and Christian Bale had been approached for the role of Batman . Coincidentally , Bale would be cast in the role for Batman Begins . At the same time , Warner Bros. was moving forward on a Catwoman spin - off . Around 2001 , Warner commissioned the rewriting of the film 's script to The Matrix directors The Wachowskis , but The Wachowskis ' script did n't convince Warner . Joss Whedon was later hired to rewrite the script , but like happened with The Wachowskis ' script , Warner did n't like his script - In June 2002 , the studio decided to move forward on Batman vs. Superman and abandon Year One . Batman vs. Superman Warner Bros. abandoned J.J. Abrams ' script for Superman : Flyby , which had been greenlighted with McG to direct . When McG dropped out in favor of Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle , Warner Bros. approached Wolfgang Petersen to direct Superman : Flyby , however , in August 2001 , Andrew Kevin Walker pitched Warner Bros. an idea titled Batman vs Superman , attaching Petersen as director . Superman : Flyby was put on hold , and Akiva Goldsman was hired to rewrite Walker 's Batman vs. Superman . Goldsman 's draft , dated June 21 , 2002 , had Bruce Wayne going through a mental breakdown after his five - year retirement from crime fighting . Dick Grayson , Alfred Pennyworth and Commissioner Gordon are all dead , but Bruce finds some solace in his fiancée , Elizabeth Miller . Meanwhile , Clark Kent is struggling because of a recent divorce from Lois Lane . Clark and Bruce are close friends , and Clark is Bruce 's best man . After the Joker kills Elizabeth on their honeymoon , Bruce swears revenge , while Clark tries to hold him back . Bruce blames Clark for her death , and the two go against one another . Ultimately , Lex Luthor is revealed to have masterminded the entire plot to get Batman and Superman to destroy each other . The two decide to team up and stop Luthor . Christian Bale , who would play the character in Christopher Nolan 's Batman film trilogy , was simultaneously approached to portray Batman for Darren Aronofsky 's Batman : Year One , while Josh Hartnett was offered the role of Superman . Filming was to start in early 2003 , with plans for a five - to six - month shoot . The release date was set for the summer of 2004 . However , Warner Bros. canceled development to focus on individual Superman and Batman projects after Abrams submitted another draft for Superman : Flyby . According to Petersen `` ( Warner Bros . ' chief ) Alan Horn was so torn , because it 's such a fascinating concept to do a Batman versus Superman film . '' In the opening scene of I Am Legend , a billboard displays the Superman symbol within the Batman symbol in Times Square . It is meant as an in - joke by the film 's writer , Akiva Goldsman , who also wrote the script for Batman vs. Superman . OnStar commercials Main article : Batman OnStar commercials The Batman OnStar commercials were a series of six television commercials featuring Batman , created by ad - agency Campbell - Ewald and aired from 2000 to the beginning of 2002 . The ads were based on the film series and was basically an amalgamation of both directors visuals . For example , The Batmobile was the one used in Batman and Batman Returns , while the Batsuit was a combination of what was worn by Val Kilmer in Batman Forever and George Clooney in Batman & Robin . The commercials also featured the Danny Elfman Batman theme from Tim Burton 's two films . Actor Bruce Thomas portrayed Batman in these ads , while Michael Gough reprised his role of Alfred Pennyworth in one of the ads . Baywatch actress Brooke Burns played Vicki Vale in an ad as well . Actor Brian Stepanek played the Riddler in an ad and Curtis Armstrong played the Joker in another . Christopher Nolan -- the Dark Knight trilogy According to Christopher Nolan , Christian Bale had `` exactly the balance of darkness and light that we were looking for . '' Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Main article : Batman Begins Following a rejected Batman origin story reboot Joss Whedon pitched in December 2002 , Warner Bros. hired Christopher Nolan and David S. Goyer to script Batman Begins . The duo aimed for a darker and more realistic tone , with humanity and realism being the basis of the film . The film was primarily shot in the United Kingdom and Chicago , and relied on traditional stunts and scale models with minimal use of computer - generated imagery . Christian Bale starred as Batman , Liam Neeson starred as Ra 's al Ghul , and Cillian Murphy as The Scarecrow . Katie Holmes also starred in the movie as Bruce 's love interest , Rachel Dawes , a role created for the film . Alfred , the ex-British Army SAS member was played by Michael Caine and Jim Gordon was portrayed by Gary Oldman . A new Batmobile ( called the Tumbler ) and a more mobile Batsuit were both created specifically for the film . The film begins with the death of Bruce 's parents and then explores his decision to leave Gotham and his training under the League of Assassins with Ra 's al Ghul , before he rebels against the League and adopts the guise of Batman , recognising that he can not condone their use of lethal force . The League attempt to attack Gotham using Jonathan Crane 's weaponised fear toxin , but Batman is able to defeat their plan , with Ra 's being apparently killed when a train he is in crashes during a fight with Batman . Batman Begins was both critically and commercially successful . The film opened on June 15 , 2005 , in the United States and Canada in 3,858 theaters . It grossed $48 million in its opening weekend , eventually grossing over $372 million worldwide . The film received an 85 % overall approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes . Critics noted that fear was a common motif throughout the film , and remarked that it had a darker tone compared with previous Batman films . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography and for three BAFTA awards . It was also listed at No. 81 on Empire 's `` 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' and has maintained a standing on IMDb.com 's `` Top 250 '' . The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Main article : The Dark Knight ( film ) Christopher Nolan reprised his duties as director , and brought his brother , Jonathan , to co-write the script for the second installment . The Dark Knight featured Christian Bale reprising his role as Batman / Bruce Wayne , Heath Ledger as The Joker , and Aaron Eckhart as Harvey Dent / Two - Face . Principal photography began in April 2007 in Chicago and concluded in November . Other locations included Pinewood Studios , Ministry of Sound in London and Hong Kong . On January 22 , 2008 , after he had completed filming The Dark Knight , Ledger died from a bad combination of prescription medication . Warner Bros. had created a viral marketing campaign for The Dark Knight , developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screen shots of Ledger as the Joker , but after Ledger 's death , the studio refocused its promotional campaign . The film depicts Gotham attempting to rebuild after Batman 's actions have caused so much damage to its organised crime families , aided by the prosecution of charismatic District Attorney Harvey Dent , but the involvement of the anarchic Joker threatens everything , as his actions lead to the death of Rachel Dawes and Harvey being scarred and transformed into Two - Face . Although Batman is able to stop the Joker from forcing two ferries - one loaded with civilians and the other with prisoners - to destroy each other , he is forced to take the blame for the murders committed by Dent to ensure that the city retains its hope for the future . The film received broad critical acclaim , and set numerous records during its theatrical run . With just over $1 billion in revenue worldwide , it is the 30th - highest - grossing film of all time , unadjusted for inflation . The film received eight Academy Award nominations ; it won the award for Best Sound Editing and Ledger was posthumously awarded Best Supporting Actor . The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) Main article : The Dark Knight Rises Nolan wanted the story for the third and final installment to keep him emotionally invested . `` On a more superficial level , I have to ask the question , '' he reasoned , `` how many good third movies in a franchise can people name ? '' He returned out of finding a necessary way to continue the story , but feared midway through filming he would find a sequel redundant . The Dark Knight Rises is intended to complete Nolan 's Batman trilogy . By December 2008 , Nolan completed a rough story outline , before he committed himself to Inception . In February 2010 , work on the screenplay was commencing with David S. Goyer and Jonathan Nolan . When Goyer left to work on the Superman reboot , Jonathan was writing the script based on the story by his brother and Goyer . Tom Hardy was cast as Bane and Anne Hathaway plays Selina Kyle . Joseph Gordon - Levitt was cast as John Blake , and Marion Cotillard was cast as Miranda Tate . Filming began in May 2011 and concluded in November . Nolan chose not to film in 3 - D but , by focusing on improving image quality and scale using the IMAX format , hoped to push technological boundaries while nevertheless making the style of the film consistent with the previous two . Nolan had several meetings with IMAX Vice-President David Keighley to work on the logistics of projecting films in digital IMAX venues . The Dark Knight Rises featured more scenes shot in IMAX than The Dark Knight . Cinematographer Wally Pfister expressed interest in shooting the film entirely in IMAX . During the film , set eight years after Dark Knight , the arrival of new foe Bane forces Bruce to return to his old role as Batman , only to find himself overpowered and captured by Bane as Gotham is cut off from the rest of the world with a stolen Wayne Enterprises fusion generator prototype set to go off in a few months . With the aid of thief Selina Kyle , Bruce is able to return to Gotham and defeat Bane while redeeming his image as Batman . The film concludes with Bruce having ' retired ' as Batman after faking his death to live with Selina Kyle , evidence suggesting that he has passed on the Batcave to new ally Detective John Blake ( real first name Robin ) while Gotham rebuilds in memory of the Dark Knight 's heroism . Upon release , The Dark Knight Rises received a positive critical response and was successful at the box office , going on to outgross its predecessor and become the 18th - highest - grossing film of all time grossing over $1.08 billion . However , unlike its predecessors , the film was not nominated for any Oscars during its year of eligibility at the 85th Academy Awards , much to the surprise of film industry insiders . Proposed Justice League film Justice League : mortal Main article : Justice League in other media § Film In February 2007 , during pre-production for The Dark Knight , Warner Bros. hired husband and wife screenwriting duo Michelle and Kieran Mulroney to script a Justice League film featuring a younger Batman in a separate franchise . George Miller was hired to direct the following September , with Armie Hammer cast as Batman a month later and Teresa Palmer as Talia al Ghul . Filming had nearly commenced at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney , but was pushed back over the Writer 's Guild of America strike , and once more when the Australian Film Commission denied Warner Bros. a 45 percent tax rebate over lack of Australian actors in the film . Production offices were moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada for an expected July 2008 start and a planned summer 2009 theatrical release date , but Warner Bros. ultimately canceled Justice League following the success of The Dark Knight . Hammer 's option on his contract lapsed and the studio was more willing to proceed with Christopher Nolan to finish his trilogy separately with The Dark Knight Rises . DC Extended universe Main article : DC Extended Universe Zack Snyder felt that casting a relatively older Batman ( Ben Affleck ) would be a layered juxtaposition to a younger Superman Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) Main article : Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice On June 13 , 2013 , a source from Warner Bros. told The Wrap that they were discussing more Man of Steel films , as well as a Superman / Batman film , Wonder Woman , and Aquaman . Warner Bros. announced that Superman and Batman would unite in a new film , a follow - up to Man of Steel ( 2013 ) , taking its inspiration from the comic The Dark Knight Returns and set for release in 2015 . Goyer stated at the Superman 75th Anniversary Panel at Comic - Con , that Batman and Superman would face off , and titles under consideration were Superman vs Batman or Batman vs Superman . On August 22 , 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter announced the casting of Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman . On January 17 , 2014 , it was announced that the film had been delayed from its original July 17 , 2015 release date to May 6 , 2016 , in order to give the filmmakers `` time to realize fully their vision , given the complex visual nature of the story '' . The film 's release was moved again to March 25 , 2016 , `` avoiding a high - profile showdown with Captain America : Civil War on May 6 , 2016 '' . At some point prior to the events of the film , Wayne Manor was burnt down , with Bruce and Alfred relocating to a smaller glass house above the Batcave . During the film , Bruce is subtly manipulated by Lex Luthor into perceiving Superman as an alien being too removed from humanity to be fully trusted , with Luthor intending to provoke a conflict between the two that will either force Superman to kill or see Batman defeat ' God ' . Bruce 's dark views are implied to be the result of the Joker killing Jason Todd in some past confrontation , with Batman showing a lack of concern about whether or not he kills his opponents in battle and branding certain criminals with the mark of the Bat . However , when he faces Superman with kryptonite weapons , he realises how far he has fallen when Superman asks him to ' save Martha ' ( Luthor using Martha Kent as a hostage to provoke Superman into confronting Batman ) , the reminder of his own mother helping Batman realise what he has become and acknowledge that Superman is fundamentally human despite his powers . After Batman saves Martha Kent from Luthor 's minions , he fights alongside Superman and new hero Wonder Woman to contain the Kryptonian deformity Luthor created to kill Superman , a battle that results in Superman 's death when he stabs the deformity with the kryptonite spear and is impaled himself . Taking Luthor 's metahuman files , Bruce states that he intends to gather the metahumans to prepare for an implied future threat that Luthor made reference to . Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) Main article : Suicide Squad ( film ) In February 2009 , Warner Bros. was developing a Suicide Squad film , with Dan Lin producing , and Justin Marks writing the script . In September 2014 , David Ayer signed on to direct and write the screenplay for the film . Charles Roven is also set to produce the film . In November 2014 and March 2015 , it was announced that Deadshot , Harley Quinn , Killer Croc and the Joker will appear in the film portrayed respectively by Will Smith , Margot Robbie , Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje and Jared Leto . Batman appears in brief flashbacks where he is involved in the capture of Deadshot and Harley Quinn , rescuing Harley from a submerged car after it crashed during a chase and she was abandoned by the Joker , and apprehending Deadshot after an anonymous tip led him to the assassin as Deadshot was Christmas - shopping with his daughter . Batman 's history with Killer Croc is also briefly referenced . At the film 's conclusion , Amanda Waller -- who appears to know that Bruce Wayne is Batman -- provides Bruce with files on various metahumans in exchange for his protection from future fallout from the Enchantress 's recent attack , Bruce informing Waller to shut down Task Force X as his friends will handle future problems . Justice League ( 2017 ) Main article : Justice League ( film ) Shortly after filming had finished for Man of Steel , Warner Bros hired Will Beall to script a new Justice League film in June 2012 . With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013 , Goyer was hired to write a new Justice League script , with the Beall draft being scrapped . In April 2014 , it was announced that Zack Snyder would also be directing Goyer 's Justice League script . Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July , after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman . Untitled Justice League sequel In March 2016 , it was revealed that Affleck signed on a three - picture deal that carries him through 2019 's sequel , while also having a minor appearance in Suicide Squad . The Batman By July 2015 , Ben Affleck was in talks to star in , co-write with Geoff Johns , and possibly direct a standalone Batman film . In March 2016 , Johns claimed that the appearance of Robin 's suit covered in graffiti from Dawn of Justice would be explored later and the identity of the deceased character was intentionally unspecified . Following the release of Dawn of Justice , William Morris Endeavor 's co-CEO Patrick Whitesell confirmed that Affleck had written a screenplay for a standalone Batman film that he hoped would be optioned by Warner Bros as well to direct . Warner Bros. CEO Kevin Tsujihara confirmed in April 2016 that the studio was moving ahead with Affleck 's stand - alone Batman film , which the actor would star in and direct . In May 2016 , Jeremy Irons confirmed that he was `` tied into The Batman '' , while Affleck stated that his solo Batman film would borrow from the comics , but mainly be an `` original story '' . In August 2016 , Jared Leto expressed his hope that his version of the Joker would appear in Affleck 's Batman solo film . Later that month , Deathstroke was teased by Affleck through test footage , later confirmed by Johns that the character would be played by Joe Manganiello . In October 2016 , Affleck stated the intended title for the film would be The Batman , but later clarified that the film could end up having a different title . Manganiello and Irons stated that filming would start in spring 2017 . In December 2016 , Affleck confirmed that the film was on track to begin shooting in spring 2017 . Later that month , Warner Bros. executive Greg Silverman stated that the film would be released in 2018 . Around the same time , Affleck stated that the film had no script and that he may end up not directing it . Affleck planned to shoot the film in Los Angeles as doubling for Gotham City . He reaffirmed his commitment to direct the film in his appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . In late January 2017 , Affleck decided to step down as director , but would remain involved as producer and actor . By this point , writer Chris Terrio , who won an Academy Award for writing Affleck 's Argo and also helped script Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , had turned in a rewrite of the script . On February 10 , 2017 , it was announced that Matt Reeves was in talks to replace Affleck as the director of the film , however on February 17 it was reported that talks had broken down . Two weeks later , Reeves had officially signed on to direct and co-produce the film . Production was delayed until 2018 as Reeves was tied up in post-production on War for the Planet of the Apes until June 2017 , and The Batman is being re-written to allow Reeves more creative freedom as a director . Reeves in an interview stated that the film will feature `` an almost - noir driven , detective version of Batman '' that will emphasize the heart and mind of the character and will take inspiration from Alfred Hitchcock . Animated film Batman solo Theatrical 1993 : Mask of the Phantasm , set in the continuity of Batman : The Animated Series with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman Direct - To - Video 1998 : Subzero , set in the continuity of Batman : The Animated Series with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2000 : Return of the Joker , set in the continuity of Batman Beyond with Will Friedle voicing Batman 2003 : Mystery of the Batwoman , set in the continuity of The New Batman Adventures with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2005 : The Batman vs. Dracula , set in the continuity of The Batman with Rino Romano voicing Batman 2010 : Under the Red Hood , an adaptation of Batman : Under the Hood with Bruce Greenwood voicing Batman 2011 : Year One , an adaptation of Batman : Year One with Benjamin McKenzie voicing Batman 2012 : The Dark Knight Returns -- Part 1 , an adaptation of the first half of The Dark Knight Returns with Peter Weller voicing Batman 2013 : The Dark Knight Returns -- Part 2 , an adaptation of the second half of The Dark Knight Returns with Peter Weller voicing Batman 2013 : DC Super Heroes Unite , an adaptation of Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes with Troy Baker voicing Batman 2014 : Son of Batman , a loose adaptation of Batman and Son with Jason O'Mara voicing Batman 2014 : Assault on Arkham , set in the continuity of Batman : Arkham with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2015 : Batman vs. Robin 2015 : Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts 2016 : Batman : Bad Blood , an animated film also featuring Batwoman and Batwing with Jason O'Mara voicing Batman 2016 : Batman : The Killing Joke , an adaptation of Batman : The Killing Joke with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2016 : Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders , based on the Batman television series with Adam West voicing Batman 2017 : Batman and Harley Quinn , an animated film with a similar tone to the DC Animated Universe with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman . 2017 : Batman vs. Two - Face , based on the Batman television series with Adam West voicing Batman With other Heroes 2008 : Justice League : The New Frontier , based on the comic of the same name with Jeremy Sisto voicing Batman 2009 : Superman / Batman : Public Enemies , based on the comic of the same name with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2010 : Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths , a loose adaptation of various DC comics with William Baldwin voicing Batman 2010 : Superman / Batman : Apocalypse , based on Superman / Batman : The Supergirl from Krypton with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2010 : DC Super Friends , based on the Fisher - Price toyline with Daran Norris voicing Batman 2012 : Justice League : Doom , based on JLA : Tower of Babel with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2013 : Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox , based on Flashpoint with Kevin McKidd voicing Batman 2014 : JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time , an original story with Diedrich Bader voicing Batman 2014 : Justice League : War , based on Justice League : Origin with Jason O'Mara voicing Batman 2014 : Lego DC Comics : Batman Be-Leaguered animated television special , with Troy Baker reprising his role as Batman from the Lego video games . 2015 : Justice League : Throne of Atlantis , based on Throne of Atlantis with Jason O'Mara voicing Batman 2015 : Justice League : Gods and Monsters 2015 : Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League , with Troy Baker reprising his role . 2016 : Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Cosmic Clash , with Troy Baker reprising his role . The Lego Movie series 2014 : A Lego - themed version of Batman appears in The Lego Movie , voiced by Will Arnett . 2017 : The character receives his own spin - off film , The Lego Batman Movie , voiced again by Arnett . This film takes place in a universe where all of the previous live - action films , as well as the Animated Series , have happened . Other 2008 : Batman : Gotham Knight , a collection of original shorts with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman Cast and characters Main article : List of Batman films cast members Reception Box Office performance Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Batman June 23 , 1989 $251,188,924 $160,160,000 $411,348,924 # 71 # 50 # 156 $35 million Batman Returns June 19 , 1992 $162,831,698 $103,990,656 $266,822,354 # 206 # 167 # 338 $80 million Batman : Mask of the Phantasm December 25 , 1993 $5,617,391 $5,617,391 # 4,653 Batman Forever June 16 , 1995 $184,031,112 $152,498,032 $336,529,144 # 148 # 140 # 231 $100 million Batman & Robin June 20 , 1997 $107,325,195 $130,881,927 $238,207,122 # 460 # 394 $125 million Batman Begins June 15 , 2005 $206,852,432 $167,366,241 $374,218,673 # 120 # 182 $150 million The Dark Knight July 18 , 2008 $534,858,444 $469,700,000 $1,004,558,444 # 4 # 29 # 14 $185 million The Dark Knight Rises July 20 , 2012 $448,139,099 $636,300,000 $1,084,439,099 # 7 # 63 # 8 $250 million Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice March 25 , 2016 $328,843,925 $542,232,023 $871,075,948 # 45 # 46 $250 million Batman : The Killing Joke July 25 , 2016 $3,775,000 $586,038 $4,361,038 $3.5 million Total $ 7009223346322000000 ♠ 2,233,463,220 $ 7009236371491700000 ♠ 2,363,714,917 $ 7009459717813700000 ♠ 4,597,178,137 $1.178 billion List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates information is not available . indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices ( calculated by Box Office Mojo ) . Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases . Critical and public response Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Batman ( 1966 ) 80 % ( 30 reviews ) Batman ( 1989 ) 72 % ( 68 reviews ) 69 ( 21 reviews ) Batman Returns 81 % ( 72 reviews ) 68 ( 23 reviews ) Batman : Mask of the Phantasm 82 % ( 28 reviews ) Batman Forever 41 % ( 59 reviews ) 51 ( 23 reviews ) A − Batman & Robin 10 % ( 86 reviews ) 28 ( 21 reviews ) C+ Batman Begins 84 % ( 270 reviews ) 70 ( 41 reviews ) The Dark Knight 94 % ( 325 reviews ) 82 ( 39 reviews ) The Dark Knight Rises 87 % ( 336 reviews ) 78 ( 45 reviews ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice 27 % ( 364 reviews ) 44 ( 51 reviews ) Batman : The Killing Joke 44 % ( 32 reviews ) The Lego Batman Movie 90 % ( 251 reviews ) 75 ( 48 reviews ) A − List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Academy Awards Award Burton / Schumacher series The Dark Knight Trilogy DC Extended Universe Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Supporting Actor Won ( Heath Ledger ) Art Direction Won Nominated Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Film Editing Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Sound Editing Nominated Won Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated See also Superhero fiction portal Film in the United States portal Batman franchise media Category : Fan films based on Batman Superman in film Catwoman References Jump up ^ Goulart , Ron , Comic Book Encyclopedia ( Harper Entertainment , New York , 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 053816 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Aaron Couch ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Batman ' Movie Series : List of Unmade Projects - Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . 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Jump up ^ `` ' Suicide Squad ' Cast Revealed : Jared Leto to Play the Joker , Will Smith is Deadshot '' . Variety . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Margot Robbie to Play Harley Quinn in SUICIDE SQUAD '' . Collider . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide Squad Casts Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje As Killer Croc '' . comicbook.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeff Sneider ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Beall writing ' Justice League ' for Warner Bros . '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Nikki Finke ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) . `` ' Man Of Steel ' Sequel Underway With Zack Snyder And David S. Goyer '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alex Stedman ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) . `` Zack Snyder to Direct ' Justice League ' Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming ( 2014 - 07 - 25 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Scribe Chris Terrio For ' Justice League ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck Has Written His Own ' Batman ' Script '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` ' Batman ' : Ben Affleck in Talks to Star in , Co-Write , Possibly Direct Standalone Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` How Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice maps out DC 's movie universe '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Betancourt , David ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck will star in and direct a solo Batman film , in his apparent master plan to rule DC 's Gotham '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Irons Says Batman V Superman Deserved Its Critical Mauling '' . WhatCulture.com . May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ M Smith , Nigel ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck 's Batman film will be ' original story ' independent of comics '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jared Leto wants his Joker to battle Ben Affleck 's Batman in the solo movie '' . Independent . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben . `` Joe Manganiello Will Play Deathstroke in Ben Affleck 's Batman Movie '' . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck reveals solo Batman movie title '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Affleck 's Batman Movie May Not Be Called The Batman After All '' . October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Exclusive : Joe Manganiello Doing ' Great ' After Health Scare , Prepping for ' Batman ' Movie . Entertainment Tonight . October 17 , 2016 . Event occurs at 00 : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Irons Talks ' Justice League , ' Oscar Bait Role in ' Man Who Knew Infinity ' '' . Variety . October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck Says ' The Batman ' On Track to Shoot in Spring : ' Everything Is Coming Together ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Warner Bros Shakeup : Greg Silverman Steps Down , Toby Emmerich Takes Top Production Post ; Duo Set To Run NL '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Martyn ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Affleck : ' My wildest dreams have come true , but at a price ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Begley , Chris ( January 2 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Affleck will probably shoot ' The Batman ' in Los Angeles '' . Batman on Film . Jump up ^ Jimmy Kimmel Live ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Affleck on New Justice League Movie '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Golderberg , Matt ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Affleck Will Not Direct ' The Batman ' '' . Collider.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Affleck Will Not Direct ' The Batman ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Affleck Not Directing Batman '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Reeves is The Batman Director ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Batman ' : Negotiations Break Down Between Studio and Director Matt Reeves '' . Variety . February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official ! Matt Reeves will Direct The Batman '' . Comingsoon.net . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` With ' The Batman ' Delayed , Warner Bros. Looking for Another DC Movie to Shoot This Year '' . Collider.com . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Batman ' Delayed as the Script is Rewritten From Scratch '' . Comingsoon.net . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Batman ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Returns ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Mask of The Phantasm ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman and Robin ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Begins ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Killing Joke '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Movie ( 1966 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Batman ( 1989 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Returns '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Mask of the Phantasm '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Forever ( 1995 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Begins '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Begins ( 2005 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Batman Movie reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . External links Batman franchise overview at Box Office Mojo The Dark Knight Rises on IMDb Behind Batman : Public Domain Analysis of the Film Franchise Batman in film 1989 -- 1997 series Batman Score Soundtrack Batman Returns Soundtrack Batman Forever Score Soundtrack Batman & Robin Soundtrack The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins Soundtrack Video game Rachel Dawes The Dark Knight Soundtrack Cancelled video game The Joker The Dark Knight Rises Soundtrack Video games Batman home computer game Batman : The Video Game for the NES and Game Boy Batman : The Video Game for the Sega Genesis Batman arcade game Batman Returns Batman Forever video game Batman Forever pinball Batman Forever : The Arcade Game Batman and Robin Unofficial and fan films Features English Batman Dracula The Wild World of Batwoman Filipino Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight ! Alyas Batman en Robin Shorts Live action Batman : Dead End Grayson World 's Finest Robin 's Big Date City of Scars Seeds of Arkham Batman : Death Wish See also Batman franchise media Batman : Gotham Knight Batman OnStar commercials Catwoman Batman franchise media Live - action television Batman episodes Legends of the Superheroes OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Return to the Batcave : The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham episodes season 3 characters Live - action serials and films Batman ( 1943 ) Batman and Robin Batman ( 1966 ) 1989 -- 97 film series Batman ( 1989 ) Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League Animated television Featuring Batman The Adventures of Batman The Batman / Superman Hour The Batman / Tarzan Adventure Hour The New Adventures of Batman Batman : The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures episodes Batman Beyond episodes The Batman episodes Batman : The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman episodes With other heroes Super Friends episodes Justice League episodes Justice League Unlimited episodes Young Justice episodes Justice League Action episodes Animated films Featuring Batman Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Under the Red Hood Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Batman vs. Robin Bad Blood The Killing Joke Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two - Face With Justice League Justice League : The New Frontier Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem Justice League vs. Teen Titans Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants With Justice League Dark Justice League Dark Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Novels Dead White Fear Itself Inferno The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Enemies in other media Joker Bane Catwoman Other characters in other media Robin Barbara Gordon Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne ( unproduced series ) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Bat phone Bat - Manga ! : The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children 's books Batman music Live - action films based on DC Comics Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel Spy Smasher Batman Hop Harrigan The Vigilante Superman Congo Bill Batman and Robin Atom Man vs. Superman Blackhawk Single films Supergirl Steel Road to Perdition The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Catwoman Constantine A History of Violence V for Vendetta Watchmen The Losers Jonah Hex Green Lantern Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Franchises Batman 1966 Batman Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin 2005 Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Superman 1951 Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman 1978 Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Superman Returns 2013 Man of Steel Red Red Red 2 Swamp Thing Swamp Thing The Return of Swamp Thing See also DC Extended Universe Justice League Mortal Batman Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger in `` The Case of the Chemical Syndicate '' Other contributors Characters List of Batman supporting characters List of Batman Family adversaries List of Batman enemies in other media Locations Gotham City Ace Chemicals Arkham Asylum Batcave Blackgate Penitentiary Gotham Academy GothCorp Gotham City Police Department Haly 's Circus Iceberg Lounge Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Blüdhaven Lazarus Pit Santa Prisca Technology and units Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit Utility Belt Bat - Signal Bat phone Vehicles Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Redbird Batman in other media In film In video games In amusement parks In children 's books Ongoing publications Batman Batman Beyond Batman / Superman Detective Comics Miscellanea Homosexuality in the Batman franchise Dark Knight ( nickname ) The Bat Whispers Batkid The Essential Batman Encyclopedia Venom Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batman_in_film&oldid=803141987 '' Categories : Batman films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2012 Comics navigational boxes purge Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Latviešu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 18 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the dark knight movies in order | [
"Over the course of seven years, Warner Bros. commissioned Darren Aronofsky for an adaptation of Batman: Year One and Wolfgang Petersen for Batman vs. Superman before deciding to reboot the film franchise in 2005 with Batman Begins, directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale. Nolan returned to direct two further installments through the release of The Dark Knight in 2008 and The Dark Knight Rises in 2012, with Bale reprising his role in both films. Both sequels earned over $1 billion worldwide, making Batman the second film franchise to have two of its films earn more than $1 billion worldwide.[3] Referred to as The Dark Knight Trilogy, the critical acclaim and commercial success of Nolan's films have been credited with restoring widespread popularity to the superhero, with the second installment considered one of the best superhero movies of all-time. Ben Affleck became the newest actor to portray Batman in 2016 with Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, which began a sequence of DC Comics adaptations that Warner Bros. refers to as the DC Extended Universe, including Justice League, a crossover film featuring other DC Comics characters, in 2017, and a stand-alone Batman film starring Affleck and directed by Matt Reeves that is set for release in 2019.",
"Over the course of seven years, Warner Bros. commissioned Darren Aronofsky for an adaptation of Batman: Year One and Wolfgang Petersen for Batman vs. Superman before deciding to reboot the film franchise in 2005 with Batman Begins, directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale. Nolan returned to direct two further installments through the release of The Dark Knight in 2008 and The Dark Knight Rises in 2012, with Bale reprising his role in both films. Both sequels earned over $1 billion worldwide, making Batman the second film franchise to have two of its films earn more than $1 billion worldwide.[3] Referred to as The Dark Knight Trilogy, the critical acclaim and commercial success of Nolan's films have been credited with restoring widespread popularity to the superhero, with the second installment considered one of the best superhero movies of all-time. Ben Affleck became the newest actor to portray Batman in 2016 with Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, which began a sequence of DC Comics adaptations that Warner Bros. refers to as the DC Extended Universe, including Justice League, a crossover film featuring other DC Comics characters, in 2017, and a stand-alone Batman film starring Affleck and directed by Matt Reeves that is set for release in 2019.",
"Over the course of seven years, Warner Bros. commissioned Darren Aronofsky for an adaptation of Batman: Year One and Wolfgang Petersen for Batman vs. Superman before deciding to reboot the film franchise in 2005 with Batman Begins, directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale. Nolan returned to direct two further installments through the release of The Dark Knight in 2008 and The Dark Knight Rises in 2012, with Bale reprising his role in both films. Both sequels earned over $1 billion worldwide, making Batman the second film franchise to have two of its films earn more than $1 billion worldwide.[3] Referred to as The Dark Knight Trilogy, the critical acclaim and commercial success of Nolan's films have been credited with restoring widespread popularity to the superhero, with the second installment considered one of the best superhero movies of all-time. Ben Affleck became the newest actor to portray Batman in 2016 with Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, which began a sequence of DC Comics adaptations that Warner Bros. refers to as the DC Extended Universe, including Justice League, a crossover film featuring other DC Comics characters, in 2017, and a stand-alone Batman film starring Affleck and directed by Matt Reeves that is set for release in 2019."
] | [
"2005 with Batman Begins",
"The Dark Knight in 2008",
"The Dark Knight Rises in 2012"
] |
3592392556664362488 | The Coldest Winter Ever | The Coldest Winter Ever - wikipedia The Coldest Winter Ever The Coldest Winter Ever is an award - winning novel by Sister Souljah published by Simon and Schuster . The novel has a prequel and a sequel , and is currently being shopped to movie studios to be produced as a film . The Coldest Winter Ever Author Sister Souljah Cover artist Michael Legrou Country United States Language English Genre Literary fiction Urban fiction Publisher Simon & Schuster ( hardcover ) Pocket Books ( mass - market paperback ) Washington Square Press ( trade paperback ) Publication date April 1999 Media type Print Pages 337 pp. ( hardcover ) 544 pp. ( mass -- market paperback ) 368 pp. ( trade paperback ) ISBN 0 - 671 - 02578 - 3 ( hardcover ) ISBN 1 - 4165 - 2169 - 0 ( mass - market paperback ) ISBN 0 - 7432 - 7010 - X ( trade paperback ) OCLC 40682955 Followed by Midnight : A Gangster Love Story ( 2008 ) Contents 1 Plot Summary 2 Characters 3 Reception 4 Themes 5 Related Books 5.1 Spin - off series 5.2 Sequel 6 Movie rights 7 References Plot summary ( edit ) The story is set in Brooklyn , New York . The main character is Winter Santiaga , the teenaged daughter of a local drug kingpin . Winter is brash and self - important ; she says , `` it was important for me to know I deserved the best , no slum jewelry or knock - offs '' . The story is told from her perspective in slang that is highly influenced by hip - hop and black culture . Due to the power of her father , Winter is infamous in her neighborhood , and she uses her power to get what she wants . This all changes when Winter 's father is arrested for drug trafficking , and Winter finds herself in a girls ' home . Winter takes up the skills she learned from her father to maintain her lifestyle , such as selling illicit items in the girls ' home to make money . Winter eventually meets Sister Souljah , who mentors her , but Winter ultimately values material objects and beauty over knowledge and self - improvement . The book closes with Winter in jail and trying to attend her mother 's funeral . Winter storm Characters ( edit ) Winter Santiaga : The protagonist of the story . She is born to a teen mother and drug lord father during extreme winter weather . The story follows her life , first as a pampered child and adolescent of questionable morality . She is highly focused on attainment of material wealth and is also sexually promiscuous . After her father is arrested , Winter encounters much more strife , and eventually lands up repeating many of the mistakes and experiences of her parents . Simone : Winter 's nemesis . She is initially a coconspirator of Winter 's as they are involved in illegal activities together . She is eventually arrested while pregnant and is angry when Winter turns her back on her . As such , she seeks revenge , resulting in an escalating rivalry that becomes violent . Sister Souljah : A fictional portrayal of the author herself , who advocates for the improvement of black communities . In the novel , she provides a home for a displaced Winter . She is an advocate and role model for young black men and women . Ricky Santiaga : Winter 's father and he is depicted as a man who lavishes attention , love , and material gifts on the women in his life , while being a calculated and violent drug lord . He is depicted as an initially successful man who lets greed and his vices overpower him . Moms : Winter 's mother who is more sister than mother . She is a teen mother who seems to be content with her lot in life as long as she is provided material compensation for her sexual favors . She is not very maternal towards her family . Rashida : Winter 's Housemate at House of Success . She is responsible for facilitating the relationship between Winter and Sister Souljah . Bullet : Winter 's wealthy ex-boyfriend . He is depicted as being ultimately selfish and focused on his own best interests . Mercedes Santiaga : Younger sister of Winter . Lexus Santiaga : Younger sister of Winter . Porsche Santiaga : Younger sister of Winter who takes after her . Lauren : Sister Souljah 's sister . Natalie : Winter 's friend . Midnight : Young yet strategic worker for Ricky Santiago . Smart , loyal , and mysterious . Winter 's crush . Reception ( edit ) The Coldest Winter Ever was one of the best - selling novels of 1999 , and since its debut , it has continued to enjoy success in sales year after year . As a result of this book , Sister Souljah cemented her role as a successful novelist . While the reviews of the book have been overwhelmingly positive , fans say the classification of the book as street lit / urban lit has diminished its status . Sister Souljah believes the splitting of fiction as such is a result of the exclusionary hierarchy of literature that sidelines authors of color . Sister Souljah told The Root in an interview , `` I 'm not in sync with this street - lit genre . I think that when European authors or Euro - American authors write about urban , suburban or rural areas , it 's just called literature . So I call my work literature , and anyone who reads my books knows that it 's literature . '' A 1999 review in Publisher 's Weekly commended and criticized Sister Souljah 's writing style , calling it both `` raw and true '' and `` rough and unsophisticated '' in the same sentence . The reviewer calls the book `` honest ... at the expense of disciplined writing . '' Kirkus Reviews lauds the language , calling it a `` frank '' `` tour de force '' , but criticizes Winter for her narcissism and materialism as though it were a reflection on Sister Souljah herself or had some bearing on the quality of the writing . Themes ( edit ) The novel deals with drugs , sex , prostitution , violence , greed , and the cycle of poverty . Sex is used throughout the novel as a means of currency , power , control , and expression of love . Moms 's rapid descent into drug use and prostitution , eventually resulting in her death , provides the most extreme example . She has no marketable skills , and used her beauty as a means to provide for herself . She makes herself beautiful enough to be attractive to the wealthiest man , but due to the nature of their society , his skill was not put towards a legal profession and he was removed from the community . ( Ricky Santiaga was not only a drug trafficker , he was a violent criminal as well , a tendency which continues after his incarceration . ) After his incarceration , his wife has no safety net , and she does not have the means to continue making herself attractive . Her beauty regimen requires matching outfits , expensive makeup , regular hair care , and other expensive items . Without her husband , she reduces herself to prostituting herself for drugs and quickly becomes ill . All the characters show greed , a condition the fictional Sister Souljah believes is ubiquitous in her community and would like to remedy . The greed extends not just to money , but to power and sex as well . For example , Winter discovers that her father has a mistress who bore him a son . He was greedy for more children , for a son , for more women . His girlfriend wanted his money and access to his power . Winter wants money , power , beauty . Perhaps the only reason that she wants money and beauty is the access they afford her to power over others . Midnight is perhaps the only character who seems immune to greed and lust , as he `` has plans '' for living well legally . Related Books ( edit ) Spin - off series ( edit ) Midnight : A Gangster Love Story Midnight and the Meaning of Love A Moment of Silence ( Midnight III ) Sequel ( edit ) A Deeper Love Inside : The Porsche Santiaga Story Movie rights ( edit ) According to the May 2008 issue of Vibe Magazine , Jada Pinkett Smith was developing a film based on the book and was going to serve as its executive producer . In 2011 , she told the magazine that she had n't found a good business package yet , but she was still interested in creating a film . According to Souljah 's Web site , the rights of the novel have been optioned and are no longer available . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Souljah , Sister . The Coldest Winter Ever . Simon and Schuster . ^ Jump up to : Pearl , Nancy . `` The Coldest Winter Ever '' . Library Journal . no . 7 ( 1999 ) : 146 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence , Arin M. `` After a Season : The Book Credited with Igniting the Urban Genre , Sister Souljah 's the Coldest Winter Ever , Is Back in a Collector 's Edition '' . Black Issues Book Review . no . 2 ( 2005 ) : 46 . ^ Jump up to : D'Addario , Daniel . `` Sister Souljah 's New Movement '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ofori - Atta , Akoto . `` Sister Souljah : More Than a Street - Lit Author '' . The Root . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Coldest Winter Ever : A Coming - of - Age Tale & Hip - Hop Opera - WEIRD SISTER '' . WEIRD SISTER. 2016 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiction Book Review : The Coldest Winter Ever by Sister Souljah , Author Atria Books $23 ( 352p ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 02578 - 6 '' . PublishersWeekly.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Coldest Winter Ever - Kirkus Reviews '' . Kirkus Reviews . Archived from the original on archive - url = requires archive - date = ( help ) . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Intersectional Book Review : The Coldest Winter Ever by Sista Souljah -- Roaring Gold '' . roaringgold.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Souljah -- Books '' . 2018 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Group , Vibe Media ( 2008 - 09 ) . Vibe . Vibe Media Group . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sister Souljah Reveals Status Of `` Coldest Winter '' Movie , More Books `` . Vibe. 2011 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Souljah -- Film Rights '' . 2018 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Coldest_Winter_Ever&oldid=860908378 '' Categories : 1999 American novels Novels by Sister Souljah Urban fiction Novels set in New York City Brooklyn in fiction Hidden categories : Pages with archiveurl citation errors CS1 errors : dates Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 September 2018 , at 22 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what kind of book is the coldest winter ever | [
"The Coldest Winter Ever \nAuthor\nSister SouljahCover artist\nMichael LegrouCountry\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishGenre\nLiterary fictionUrban fictionPublisher\nSimon & Schuster (hardcover)Pocket Books (mass-market paperback)Washington Square Press (trade paperback)Publication date\nApril 1999Media type\nPrintPages\n337 pp. (hardcover)544 pp. (mass–market paperback)368 pp. (trade paperback)ISBN\n.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:\"\\\"\"\"\\\"\"\"'\"\"'\"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}0-671-02578-3 (hardcover)ISBN 1-4165-2169-0 (mass-market paperback)ISBN 0-7432-7010-X (trade paperback)OCLC\n40682955Followed by\nMidnight: A Gangster Love Story (2008)",
"The Coldest Winter Ever \nAuthor\nSister SouljahCover artist\nMichael LegrouCountry\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishGenre\nLiterary fictionUrban fictionPublisher\nSimon & Schuster (hardcover)Pocket Books (mass-market paperback)Washington Square Press (trade paperback)Publication date\nApril 1999Media type\nPrintPages\n337 pp. (hardcover)544 pp. (mass–market paperback)368 pp. (trade paperback)ISBN\n.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:\"\\\"\"\"\\\"\"\"'\"\"'\"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}0-671-02578-3 (hardcover)ISBN 1-4165-2169-0 (mass-market paperback)ISBN 0-7432-7010-X (trade paperback)OCLC\n40682955Followed by\nMidnight: A Gangster Love Story (2008)"
] | [
"Literary fiction",
"Urban fiction"
] |
-1118126684008536728 | Kente cloth | Kente cloth - wikipedia Kente cloth Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kente cloth , the traditional garment worn by Akans and the Kingdom of Ashanti royalty . Currently prevalent throughout Asanteman . Kente , known as nwentom in Akan , is a type of silk and cotton fabric made of interwoven cloth strips and is native to the Akan ethnic group of South Ghana . Kente is made in Akan lands such as Ashanti Kingdom , ( Bonwire , Adanwomase , Sakora Wonoo , Ntonso in the Kwabre areas of the Ashanti Region ) and by Akans in Ivory Coast . It is also worn by many other groups who have been influenced by Akans . Kente comes from the word kenten , which means basket in Akan dialect Asante . Akans refer to kente as nwentoma , meaning woven cloth . It is an Akan royal and sacred cloth worn only in times of extreme importance and was the cloth of kings . Over time , the use of kente became more widespread . However , its importance has remained and it is held in high esteem with Akans . The Ewe people especially those from Agortime - Kpetoe of Ghana also claim that , Kente which they also refer to as Agbamevor has always been their traditional cloth . According to their history , weaving was the skill they came with when they migrated from Egypt through Nigeria to their present location in Ghana . Per the oral history of the people , during the Ashante wars they captured some of their men who were skilled in the weaving of Agbamevor . These captured men were asked by their captors ( Ashantes ) to teach them how to weave Agbamevor ; the Ewe kente experts instruct them to `` Ke '' meaning spread or open in the Ewe language , pass the waft through , and `` Te '' meaning tighten or press also in Ewe . For that reason , the Ewes believe that the name Kete originates from the method used to weave such cloths which is also the same name that has been corrupted into kente , as time goes on . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Origins 3 Symbolic meanings of the colors 4 Traditions 5 Modern use of kente 6 References 7 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Kente characterized by weft designs woven into every available block of plain weave is called adweneasa . The Akan people choose kente cloths as much for their names as their colors and patterns . Although the cloths are identified primarily by the patterns found in the lengthwise ( warp ) threads , there is often little correlation between appearance and name . Names are derived from several sources , including proverbs , historical events , important chiefs , queen mothers , and plants . Origins ( edit ) West Africa has had a cloth weaving culture for centuries via the stripweave method , but Akan history tells of the cloth being created independent of outsider influence . Kente cloth has its origin in the Ashanti kingdom , and was adopted by people in Ivory Coast and many other West African countries . The origin of kente is in the Akan empire of Bonoman . Most Akans migrated out of the area that was Bonoman to create various states . The Ewe people think the weaving of Kente originates with them , although they are not claiming they invented the art of weaving . They suggest that the name is derived from Kete which relates to the two alternating rhythmic actions ( ke and te , meaning open and press in the Ewe language ) associated with the weaving of the loom . The Maroon people of Suriname in South America are the descendants of people who were brought from Africa as slaves after the mid-17th century and who escaped to live in the forests of the interior , eventually obtaining the right of self - government from the colonial powers . The Pangi cloth made by the Maroons is a cotton fabric with multi-colored vertical and horizontal stripes , similar to West African kente cloth . Symbolic Meanings of the colors ( edit ) Akan Kente cloth color variations Meanings of the colors in kente cloth : black : maturation , intensified spiritual energy blue : peacefulness , harmony and love green : vegetation , planting , harvesting , growth , spiritual renewal gold : royalty , wealth , high status , glory , spiritual purity grey : healing and cleansing rituals ; associated with ash maroon : the color of mother earth ; associated with healing pink : assoc . with the female essence of life ; a mild , gentle aspect of red purple : assoc . with feminine aspects of life ; usually worn by women red : political and spiritual moods ; bloodshed ; sacrificial rites and death . silver : serenity , purity , joy ; associated with the moon white : purification , sanctification rites and festive occasions yellow : preciousness , royalty , wealth , fertility , beauty Traditions ( edit ) Play media Theora Video of Akan Kente clothing tailor preparing Kente attire in Adanwomase Kente village in Ashanti . A variety of kente patterns have been invented , each of which has a certain concept or concepts traditionally associated with it . For example , the Obaakofoo Mmu Man pattern symbolizes democratic rule ; Emaa Da , novel creativity and knowledge from experience ; and Sika Fre Mogya , responsibility to share monetary success with one 's relations . Legend has it that kente was first made by two Akan friends who went hunting in an Asanteman forest found a spider making its web . The friends stood and watched the spider for two days then returned home and implemented what they had seen . Modern use of Kente ( edit ) Kente cloth used as a stole Kente academic stoles are often used by African Americans as a symbol of ethnic pride . This practice is also very popular with historically black Greek letter fraternities and sororities . African American students hold special ceremonies called `` Donning of the Kente '' where the stoles are presented to the graduates . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kwasi Konadu , Kwasi Konadu , Indigenous medicine and knowledge in African society , Routledge , 2007 . pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ `` Obia Oso : An Ngjuka Maroon Shrine from Suriname '' . Yale Peabody Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Maroon Community '' . Surinam Designz , Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kente Cloth Colors KENTECLOTH.net '' . www.kentecloth.net . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kente Cloth Archived 2009 - 01 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... '' African Journey . projectexploration.org. 25 Sep 2007 . Jump up ^ Wisdom : Adinkra Symbols & Meanings . welltempered.net . Jump up ^ G.F. Kojo Arthur and Robert Rowe ( 2001 ) . `` Akan Kente Cloths and Motifs '' . Akan Cultural Symbols Project . Marshall University . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ West African Wisdom : Adinkra Symbols & Meanings -- Bibliography Jump up ^ Lynch , Annette ; Strauss , Mitchell D. ( 2014 ) . Ethnic Dress in the United States : A Cultural Encyclopedia . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 176 . ISBN 9780759121508 . Jump up ^ Matory , J. Lorand ( 2015 ) . Stigma and Culture : Last - Place Anxiety in Black America . University of Chicago Press . p. 134 . ISBN 9780226297736 . Jump up ^ Boateng , Boatema ( 2011 ) . The Copyright Thing Does n't Work Here : Adinkra and Kente Cloth and Intellectual Property in Ghana . University of Minnesota Press . p. 140 . ISBN 9780816670024 . Jump up ^ `` Fraternity and Sorority Kente Stoles '' . KENTECLOTH.net . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . External links ( edit ) African fabric and fashion Kente Cloth from A to Z Folk costume Africa Balgha Boubou Dashiki Djellaba Head tie Jellabiya Kente cloth Kufi Tagelmust Wrapper Asia Central Chapan Deel Paranja East China Changshan Cheongsam Chinese tunic suit Hanfu Magua Tangzhuang Japan Hachimaki Kimono Korea Cheopji Daenggi Gache Hanbok Hwagwan Jokduri Manggeon South Afghanistan Pakol Bhutan Gho Kira Dhoti Dupatta India Lungi Nepal Pakistan Pathin Perak Peshawari pagri Sari Shalwar kameez Sherwani Southeast Burma Longyi Gaung baung Cambodia Krama Sampot Indonesia Batik Blangkon Ikat Kebaya Kupiah Songket Peci Ulos Laos Xout lao Suea pat Sinh Malaysia Baju Kurung Baju Melayu Philippines Maria Clara gown Barong Tagalog Malong Thailand Sbai Chang kben Sinh Raj pattern Tudong Vietnam Áo bà ba Áo dài Áo giao lĩnh Áo tứ thân Western Chador Kurdish Europe Balkan Albanian Brez Çorape Opinga Qeleshe Xhamadan Xhubleta Croatia Fustanella Greek Chiton Chlamys Himation Kosovo Macedonia Romania Serbia British Is . Country attire Court attire Ireland Scotland Aboyne Feather bonnet Kilt Sporran Wales Central Dirndl Lederhosen Poffer Poland Tracht Eastern Armenia Azerbaijan Kalaghai Ukraine Ukrainian wreath Russia Kokoshnik Kosovorotka Lapti Orenburg shawl Sarafan Nordic Bunad Gákti Iceland Sweden Middle East Abaya Assyria Boshiya Burqa Izaar Jilbāb Keffiyeh Kurdish Niqāb Palestine Thawb Turban Hejazi Latin America Aguayo Chile Chamanto Chilote cap Chilote poncho Chupalla Chullo Guayabera Huipil Mexico Huarache Mexican pointy boots Rebozo Serape Sombrero Quechquemitl Liqui liqui Lliklla Panama hat Pollera Poncho Ruana North America Tignon Western wear Bolo tie Chaps Oceania Grass skirt Feather cloak I - sala Lap - lap Lava - lava Kiekie ( clothing ) Pareo Sulu ( skirt ) Ta'ovala Tēfui Tupenu Fabric Woven Aertex Airdura Airguard Barathea Barkcloth Batiste Bedford cord Bengaline Beta cloth Bombazine Brilliantine Broadcloth Buckram Bunting Burlap C change Calico Cambric Canvas Chambray Capilene Cedar bark Challis Char cloth Charmeuse Charvet Cheesecloth Chiffon Chino Chintz Cloqué Cloth of gold Cordura Corduroy Duck Coutil Crape Crêpe Cretonne Dazzle Denim Dimity Donegal tweed Dornix Dowlas Drill Drugget Eolienne Flannel Foulard Fustian Gabardine Gauze Gazar Georgette Ghalamkar Gingham Grenadine Grenfell Cloth Grosgrain Habutai Haircloth Harris Tweed Herringbone Himroo Hodden Irish linen Jamdani Kerseymere Khādī Khaki drill Kente cloth Lamé Lawn Linsey - woolsey Loden Longcloth Mackinaw Madapolam Madras Moleskin Muslin Nainsook Nankeen Ninon Oilskin Organdy Organza Osnaburg Ottoman Oxford Paduasoy Percale Pongee Poplin Rakematiz Rayadillo Rep Rinzu Ripstop Russell cord Saga Nishiki Samite Sateen Satin Saye Scarlet Seersucker Sendal Serge Scrim Shot silk Stuff Taffeta Tais Toile Tucuyo Tweed Twill Ultrasuede Vegetable flannel Ventile Vinyl coated polyester Viyella Voile Wadmal Wigan Whipcord Zephyr Zorbeez Figured woven Brocade Camlet Damask Lampas Songket Pile woven Baize Chenille Corduroy Crimplene Fustian Mockado Moquette Plush Polar fleece Terrycloth Velours du Kasaï Velvet Velveteen Zibeline Nonwoven Felt Cedar bark Knitted Boiled wool Coolmax Machine knitting Milliskin Jersey Velour Netted Bobbinet Carbon fiber Lace Mesh Needlerun net Ninon Tulle Technical Ballistic nylon Ban - Lon Conductive Darlexx E-textiles Gannex Gore - Tex Silnylon Spandex Stub - tex SympaTex Windstopper Patterns Argyle Bizarre silk Chiné Herringbone Houndstooth Paisley Pin stripes Polka dot Shweshwe Tartan ( plaid ) Tattersall Textile fibers Acrylic Alpaca Angora Cashmere Coir Cotton Eisengarn Hemp Jute Kevlar Linen Mohair Nylon Microfiber Olefin Pashmina Polyester Piña Ramie Rayon Sea silk Silk Sisal Spandex Spider silk Wool Finishing and printing Androsia Batik Beetling Bingata Bògòlanfini Burnout Calendering Decatising Devoré Finishing Fulling Heatsetting Mercerization Moire Nap Rogan printing Rōketsuzome Roller printing Sanforization Tenterhook Textile printing Warp printing Waxed cotton Woodblock printing Indienne Fabric mills Carlo Barbera Cerruti Dormeuil Drago Ermenegildo Zegna E. Thomas Holland & Sherry Larusmiani Loro Piana Reda Scabal Vitale Barberis Canonico Related Dyeing Fiber History of textiles History of silk Knitting Pandy Shrinkage Swatches and strike - offs Synthetic fabric Terminology Manufacturing Preservation Weaving Yarn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kente_cloth&oldid=798813084 '' Categories : Akan Akan culture Ashanti people Woven fabrics African clothing Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2011 Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2016 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Lietuvių 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 23 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the mmeeda kente cloth pattern worn | [
"Kente, known as nwentom in Akan, is a type of silk and cotton fabric made of interwoven cloth strips and is native to the Akan ethnic group of South Ghana. Kente is made in Akan lands such as Ashanti Kingdom, (Bonwire, Adanwomase, Sakora Wonoo, Ntonso in the Kwabre areas of the Ashanti Region) and by Akans in Ivory Coast. It is also worn by many other groups who have been influenced by Akans. Kente comes from the word kenten, which means basket in Akan dialect Asante. Akans refer to kente as nwentoma, meaning woven cloth. It is an Akan royal and sacred cloth worn only in times of extreme importance and was the cloth of kings. Over time, the use of kente became more widespread. However, its importance has remained and it is held in high esteem with Akans. The Ewe people especially those from Agortime-Kpetoe of Ghana also claim that, Kente which they also refer to as Agbamevor has always been their traditional cloth. According to their history, weaving was the skill they came with when they migrated from Egypt through Nigeria to their present location in Ghana. Per the oral history of the people, during the Ashante wars they captured some of their men who were skilled in the weaving of Agbamevor. These captured men were asked by their captors (Ashantes) to teach them how to weave Agbamevor; the Ewe kente experts instruct them to \"Ke\" meaning spread or open in the Ewe language, pass the waft through, and \"Te\" meaning tighten or press also in Ewe. For that reason, the Ewes believe that the name Kete originates from the method used to weave such cloths which is also the same name that has been corrupted into kente, as time goes on."
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"in times of extreme importance"
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612101885390099706 | Brachial plexus | Brachial plexus - Wikipedia Brachial plexus Jump to : navigation , search Brachial plexus The right brachial plexus with its short branches , viewed from in front . Details From C5 , C6 , C7 , C8 , T1 Innervates Sensory and motor innervation to the upper limb Identifiers Latin plexus brachialis MeSH D001917 TA A14. 2.03. 001 FMA 5906 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by the anterior rami of the lower four cervical nerves and first thoracic nerve ( C5 , C6 , C7 , C8 , and T1 ) . This plexus extends from the spinal cord , through the cervicoaxillary canal in the neck , over the first rib , and into the armpit . It supplies afferent and efferent nerve fibers to the chest , shoulder , arm and hand . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Roots 1.2 Trunks 1.3 Divisions 1.4 Cords 1.5 Branches 1.6 Diagram 1.7 Specific branches 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Injury 3.1. 1 Definition 3.1. 2 Motorcycle accidents 3.1. 3 Sports Injuries 3.1. 4 Penetrating wounds 3.1. 5 Injuries during birth 3.2 Tumors 3.3 Imaging 3.4 In anaesthetics 4 Additional images 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The brachial plexus is divided into five roots , three trunks , six divisions , three anterior and three posterior , three cords , and five branches . There are five `` terminal '' branches and numerous other `` pre-terminal '' or `` collateral '' branches , such as the subscapular nerve , the thoracodorsal nerve , and the long thoracic nerve , that leave the plexus at various points along its length . A common structure used to identify part of the brachial plexus in cadaver dissections is the M or W shape made by the musculocutaneous nerve , lateral cord , median nerve , medial cord , and ulnar nerve . Roots ( edit ) The five roots are the five anterior rami of the spinal nerves , after they have given off their segmental supply to the muscles of the neck . The brachial plexus emerges at five different levels ; C5 , C6 , C7 , C8 , and T1 . C5 and C6 merge to establish the upper trunk , C7 continuously forms the middle trunk , and C8 and T1 merge to establish the lower trunk . Prefixed or postfixed formations in some cases involve C4 or T2 , respectively . The dorsal scapular nerve comes from the superior trunk and innervates the rhomboid muscles which retract the scapula . The subclavian nerve originates in both C5 and C6 and innervates the subclavius , a muscle that involves lifting the first ribs during respiration . The long thoracic nerve arises from C5 , C6 , and C7 . This nerve innervates the serratus anterior , which draws the scapula laterally and is the prime mover in all forward - reaching and pushing actions . Trunks ( edit ) These roots merge to form three trunks : `` superior '' or `` upper '' ( C5 - C6 ) `` middle '' ( C7 ) `` inferior '' or `` lower '' ( C8 , T1 ) Divisions ( edit ) Each trunk then splits in two , to form six divisions : anterior divisions of the upper , middle , and lower trunks posterior divisions of the upper , middle , and lower trunks when observing the body in an anatomical position , the anterior divisions are superficial to the posterior divisions Cords ( edit ) These six divisions regroup to become the three cords or large fiber bundles . The cords are named by their position with respect to the axillary artery . The posterior cord is formed from the three posterior divisions of the trunks ( C5 - C8 , T1 ) The lateral cord is formed from the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks ( C5 - C7 ) The medial cord is simply a continuation of the anterior division of the lower trunk ( C8 , T1 ) Branches ( edit ) The branches are listed below . Most branch from the cords , but a few branch ( indicated in italics ) directly from earlier structures . The five on the left are considered `` terminal branches '' . These terminal branches are the musculocutaneous nerve , the axillary nerve , the radial nerve , the median nerve , and the ulnar nerve . Due to both emerging from the lateral cord the musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve are well connected . The musculocutaneous nerve has even been shown to send a branch to the median nerve further connecting them . There have been several variations reported in the branching pattern but these are very rare . Diagram ( edit ) Anatomical illustration of the brachial plexus with areas of roots , trunks , divisions and cords marked . Clicking on names of branches will link to their Wikipedia entry . Diagrammatic representation of the brachial plexus using colour to illustrate the contributions of each nerve root to the branches . The brachial plexus , including all branches of the C5 - T1 ventral primary rami . Includes mnemonics for learning the plexus 's connections and branches . Specific branches ( edit ) Bold indicates primary spinal root component of nerve . Italics indicate spinal roots that frequently , but not always , contribute to the nerve . From Nerve Roots Muscles Cutaneous roots dorsal scapular nerve C4 , C5 rhomboid muscles and levator scapulae - roots long thoracic nerve C5 , C6 , C7 serratus anterior - roots branch to phrenic nerve C5 Diaphragm - upper trunk nerve to the subclavius C5 , C6 subclavius muscle - upper trunk suprascapular nerve C5 , C6 supraspinatus and infraspinatus - lateral cord lateral pectoral nerve C5 , C6 , C7 pectoralis major and pectoralis minor ( by communicating with the medial pectoral nerve ) - lateral cord musculocutaneous nerve C5 , C6 , C7 coracobrachialis , brachialis and biceps brachii Becomes the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm Innervates the skin of the anterolateral forearm ; elbow joint . lateral cord lateral root of the median nerve C5 , C6 , C7 fibres to the median nerve ( see below ) - posterior cord upper subscapular nerve C5 , C6 subscapularis ( upper part ) - posterior cord thoracodorsal nerve ( middle subscapular nerve ) C6 , C7 , C8 latissimus dorsi - posterior cord lower subscapular nerve C5 , C6 subscapularis ( lower part ) and teres major - posterior cord axillary nerve C5 , C6 anterior branch : deltoid and a small area of overlying skin posterior branch : teres minor and deltoid muscles posterior branch becomes superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm Innervates the skin of the lateral shoulder and arm : shoulder joint . posterior cord radial nerve C5 , C6 , C7 , C8 , T1 triceps brachii , supinator , anconeus , the extensor muscles of the forearm , and brachioradialis skin of the posterior arm as the posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm . Also superficial branch of radial nerve supplies back of the hand , including the web of skin between the thumb and index finger . medial cord medial pectoral nerve C8 , T1 pectoralis major and pectoralis minor - medial cord medial root of the median nerve C8 , T1 all of the flexors in the forearm except flexor carpi ulnaris and that part of flexor digitorum profundus that supplies the 4th and 5th digits 1st and 2nd lumbrical muscles . muscles of the thenar eminence by a recurrent thenar branch portions of hand not served by ulnar or radial , i.e skin of the palmar side of the thumb , the index and middle finger , half the ring finger , and the nail bed of these fingers medial cord medial cutaneous nerve of the arm C8 , T1 - front and medial skin of the arm medial cord medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm C8 , T1 - medial skin of the forearm medial cord ulnar nerve C8 , T1 flexor carpi ulnaris , the medial two bellies of flexor digitorum profundus , the intrinsic hand muscles , except the thenar muscles and the two lateral lumbricals of the hand which are served by the median nerve the skin of the medial side of the hand and medial one and a half fingers on the palmar side and medial two and a half fingers on the dorsal side Function ( edit ) The brachial plexus is responsible for cutaneous and muscular innervation of the entire upper limb , with two exceptions : the trapezius muscle innervated by the spinal accessory nerve ( CN XI ) and an area of skin near the axilla innervated by the intercostobrachial nerve . The brachial plexus communicates through the sympathetic trunk via gray rami communicantes that join the plexus roots . The terminal branches of the brachial plexus ( musculocutaneous n. , axillary n. , radial n. , median n. , and ulnar n . ) all have specific sensory , motor and proprioceptive functions . Terminal Branch Sensory Innervation Muscular Innervation musculocutaneous nerve Skin of the anterolateral forearm Brachialis , biceps brachii , coracobrachialis axillary nerve Skin of lateral portion of the shoulder and upper arm Deltoid and teres minor radial nerve Posterior aspect of the lateral forearm and wrist ; posterior arm Triceps brachii , brachioradialis , anconeus , extensor muscles of the posterior arm and forearm median nerve Skin of lateral 2 / 3rd of hand and the tips of digits 1 - 4 Forearm flexors , thenar eminence , lumbricals of the hand 1 - 2 ulnar nerve Skin of palm and medial side of hand and digits 3 - 5 Hypothenar eminence , some forearm flexors , thumb adductor , lumbricals 3 - 4 , interosseous muscles Lesions can lead to severe functional impairment . Clinical significance ( edit ) Injury ( edit ) Main article : Brachial plexus injury Brachial plexus injury affects cutaneous sensations and movements in the upper limb . They can be caused by stretching , diseases , and wounds to the lateral cervical region ( posterior triangle ) of the neck or the axilla . Depending on the location of the injury , the signs and symptoms can range from complete paralysis to anesthesia . Testing the patient 's ability to perform movements and comparing it to their normal side is a method to assess the degree of paralysis . A common brachial plexus injury is from a hard landing where the shoulder widely separates from the neck ( such as in the case of motorcycle accidents or falling from a tree ) . These stretches can cause ruptures to the superior portions of the brachial plexus or avulse the roots from the spinal cord . Upper brachial plexus injuries are frequent in newborns when excessive stretching of the neck occurs during delivery . Studies have shown a relationship between birth weight and brachial plexus injuries ; however , the number of cesarean deliveries necessary to prevent a single injury is high at most birth weights . For the upper brachial plexus injuries , paralysis occurs in those muscles supplied by C5 and C6 like the deltoid , biceps , brachialis , and brachioradialis . A loss of sensation in the lateral aspect of the upper limb is also common with such injuries . An inferior brachial plexus injury is far less common , but can occur when a person grasps something to break a fall or a baby 's upper limb is pulled excessively during delivery . In this case , the short muscles of the hand would be affected and cause the inability to form a full fist position . To differentiate between pre ganglionic and post ganglionic injury , clinical examination requires that the physician keep the following points in mind . Pre ganglionic injuries cause loss of sensation above the level of the clavicle , pain in an otherwise insensate hand , ipsilateral Horner 's syndrome , and loss of function of muscles supplied by branches arising directly from roots -- i.e. , long thoracic nerve palsy leading to winging of scapula and elevation of ipsilateral diaphragm due to phrenic nerve palsy . Acute brachial plexus neuritis is a neurological disorder that is characterized by the onset of severe pain in the shoulder region . Additionally , the compression of cords can cause pain radiating down the arm , numbness , paresthesia , erythema , and weakness of the hands . This kind of injury is common for people who have prolonged hyperabduction of the arm when they are performing tasks above their head . Definition ( edit ) Brachial plexus injuries are injuries that affect the nerves that carry signals from the spine to the shoulder . This can be caused by the shoulder being pushed down and the head being pulled up , which stretches or tears the nerves . Injuries associated with malpositioning commonly affect the brachial plexus nerves , rather than other peripheral nerve groups . Due to the brachial plexus nerves being very sensitive to position , there are very limited ways of preventing such injuries . The most common victims of brachial plexus injuries consist of victims of motor vehicle accidents and newborns . Motorcycle accidents ( edit ) Motorcyclists who are involved in accidents are very susceptible to brachial plexus injuries due to the nature of the collision . `` Brachial plexus injuries were identified in 54 of 4538 patients presenting to a regional trauma facility ... Motor vehicle accidents were the most frequent cause overall . '' Many of these patients were forced to undergo reconstructive surgery . During physical therapy , the position of the brachial plexus became very important to avoid further damage . `` The risk can be reduced by thorough release of the tissues from the inferior surface of the clavicle before mobilization of the fracture fragments . '' By wearing protective gear , like a helmet , a motorcyclist can help prevent nerve damage after collisions . In this photo , the subject performs an example of a motorcyclist colliding with the floor at an angle , which may damage the brachial plexus nerves . The photo shows how head and shoulder are extremely separated , which may stretch or even tear the nerves in the between area . Protective gear can help prevent nerve damage by providing extra support on the opposite side of the head to prevent over-stretching the neck . Sports injuries ( edit ) One sports injury that is becoming prevalent in contact sports , particularly in the sport of American football , is called a `` stinger . '' An athlete can incur this injury in a collision that can cause cervical axial compression , flexion , or extension of nerve roots or terminal branches of the brachial plexus . In a study conducted on football players at United States Military Academy , researchers found that the most common mechanism of injury is , `` the compression of the fixed brachial plexus between the shoulder pad and the superior medial scapula when the pad is pushed into the area of Erb 's point , where the brachial plexus is most superficial . '' . The result of this is a `` burning '' or `` stinging '' pain that radiates from the region of the neck to the fingertips . Although this injury causes only a temporary sensation , in some cases it can cause chronic symptoms . Penetrating wounds ( edit ) Most penetration wounds require immediate treatment and are not as easy to repair . For example , a deep knife wound to the brachial plexus could damage and / or sever the nerve . According to where the cut was made , it could inhibit action potentials needed to innervate that nerve 's specific muscle or muscles . Injuries during birth ( edit ) Brachial Plexus injuries can occur during the delivery of newborns when after the delivery of the head , the anterior shoulder of the infant can not pass below the pubic symphysis without manipulation . This manipulation can cause the baby 's shoulder to stretch , which can damage the brachial plexus to varying degrees . This type of injury is referred to as shoulder dystocia . Shoulder dystocia can cause obstetric brachial plexus palsy ( OBPP ) , which is the actual injury to the brachial plexus . The incidence of OBPP in the United States is 1.5 per 1000 births , while it is lower in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland ( 0.42 per 1000 births ) . While there are no known risk factors for OBPP , if a newborn does have shoulder dystocia it increases their risk for OBPP 100-fold . Nerve damage has been connected to birth weight with larger newborns being more susceptible to the injury but it also has to do with the delivery methods . Although very hard to prevent during live birth , doctors must be able to deliver a newborn with precise and gentle movements to decrease chances of injuring the child . Tumors ( edit ) Tumors that may occur in the brachial plexus are schwannomas , neurofibromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors . Imaging ( edit ) Imaging of the Brachial Plexus can be done effectively by using a higher magnetic strength MRI Scanner like 1.5 T or more . It is impossible to evaluate the brachial plexuses with plain Xray , CT and ultrasound scanning can manage to view the plexuses to an extent ; hence MRI is preferred in imaging brachial plexus over other imaging modalities due to its multiplanar capability and the tissue contrast difference between brachial plexus and adjacent vessels . The plexuses are best imaged in coronal and sagittal planes , but axial images give an idea about the nerve roots . Generally , T1 WI and T2 WI images are used in various planes for the imaging ; but new sequences like MR Myelolography , Fiesta 3D and T2 cube are also used in addition to the basic sequences to gather more information to evaluate the anatomy more . In anaesthetics ( edit ) Main article : Brachial plexus block Additional images ( edit ) Mind map showing branches of brachial plexus The axillary artery and its branches . Nerves in the infraclavicular portion of the right brachial plexus in the axillary fossa . Cutaneous nerves of right upper extremity . Diagram of segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the right upper extremity . The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic , abdominal , and pelvic plexuses . Dissection of brachial plexus Brachial plexus Brachial plexus Brachial plexus Spinal cord . Brachial plexus . Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kawai , H ; Kawabata , H ( 2000 ) . Brachial Plexus Palsy . Singapore : World Scientific . pp. 6 , 20 . ISBN 9810231393 . ^ Jump up to : Saladin , Kenneth ( 2015 ) . Anatomy and Physiology ( 7 ed . ) . New York : McGraw Hill . pp. 489 -- 491 . ISBN 9789814646437 . Jump up ^ Goel , Shivi ; Rustagi , SM ; Kumar , A ; Mehta , V ; Suri , RK ( Mar 13 , 2014 ) . `` Multiple unilateral variations in medial and lateral cords of brachial plexus and their branches '' . Anatomy & Cell Biology . 47 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 80 . doi : 10.5115 / acb. 2014.47. 1.77 . PMC 3968270 . PMID 24693486 . Jump up ^ Moore , K.L. ; Agur , A.M. ( 2007 ) . Essential Clinical Anatomy ( 3rd ed . ) . Baltimore : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 430 -- 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 6274 - 8 . Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth ( 2007 ) . Anatomy and Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . p. 491 . ISBN 9789814646437 . Jump up ^ `` Axillary Brachial Plexus Block '' . www.nysora.com . New York School of Regional Anesthesia. 2013 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Moore , K.L. ; Agur , A.M. ( 2007 ) . Essential Clinical Anatomy ( 3rd ed . ) . Baltimore : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 434 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 6274 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ecker , Jeffrey L. ; Greenberg , James A. ; Norwitz , Errol R. ; Nadel , Allan S. ; Repke , John T. ( 1997 ) . `` Birth Weight as a Predictor of Brachial Plexus Injury '' . Obstetrics & Gynecology. 89 ( 5 ) : 643 -- 47 . doi : 10.1016 / S0029 - 7844 ( 97 ) 00007 - 0 . PMID 9166293 . Jump up ^ Moore , Keith ( 2006 ) . Clinically Oriented Anatomy . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 778 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 3639 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/brachial-plexus-injury/DS00897/Brachial Jump up ^ Cooper , DE ; Jenkins , RS ; Bready , L ; Rockwood Jr , CA ( 1988 ) . `` The prevention of injuries of the brachial plexus secondary to malposition of the patient during surgery '' . Clinical orthopaedics and related research ( 228 ) : 33 -- 41 . doi : 10.1097 / 00003086 - 198803000 - 00005 . PMID 3342585 . Jump up ^ Jeyaseelan , L. ; Singh , V.K. ; Ghosh , S. ; Sinisi , M. ; Fox , M. ( 2013 ) . `` Iatropathic brachial plexus injury : A complication of delayed fixation of clavicle fractures '' . The Bone & Joint Journal . 95 -- B ( 1 ) : 106 -- 10 . doi : 10.1302 / 0301 - 620X. 95B1. 29625 . PMID 23307682 . Jump up ^ Midha , Rajiv ( 1997 ) . `` Epidemiology of Brachial Plexus Injuries in a Multitrauma Population '' . Neurosurgery. 40 ( 6 ) : 1182 -- 8 ; discussion 1188 -- 9 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006123 - 199706000 - 00014 . PMID 9179891 . Jump up ^ http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/tc/physical-therapy-topic-overview Jump up ^ Elias , Ilan . `` Recurrent burner syndrome due to presumed cervical spine osteoblastoma in a collision sport athlete - a case report '' . Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury . Retrieved 12 / 2 / 15 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cunnane , M ( 2011 ) . `` A retrospective study looking at the incidence of ' stinger ' injuries in professional rugby union players '' . British Journal of Sports Medicine . 45 : A19 . doi : 10.1136 / bjsports - 2011 - 090606.60 . Retrieved 12 / 2 / 15 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Brachial Plexus Injuries Information Page : National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ( NINDS ) '' . www.ninds.nih.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Doumouchtsis , Stergios K. ; Arulkumaran , Sabaratnam ( 2009 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Are all brachial plexus injuries caused by shoulder dystocia ? '' . Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey . 64 ( 9 ) : 615 -- 623 . doi : 10.1097 / OGX. 0b013e3181b27a3a . ISSN 1533 - 9866 . PMID 19691859 . Bibliography ( edit ) Saladin , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . Anatomy and Physiology ( 7th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Education . p. 491 . Kishner , Stephen . `` Brachial Plexus Anatomy '' . Medscape . WebMD . Retrieved 29 Nov 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brachial plexus . Schematic diagram of Brachial plexus Brachial Plexus Injury / Illustration , Cincinnati Children 's Hospital Medical Center Brachial Plexus : Schema by Frank H. Netter Learn the Brachial Plexus in Five Minutes or Less by Daniel S. Romm , M.D. and Dennis A. Chu Chu , M.D. ( 1 ) Video of the dissected axilla and Brachial Plexus Spinal nerves Cervical C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 anterior Cervical plexus Brachial plexus posterior Posterior branches of cervical nerves Suboccipital -- C1 Greater occipital -- C2 Third occipital -- C3 Thoracic T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 anterior Intercostal Intercostobrachial -- T2 Thoraco - abdominal nerves -- T7 -- T11 Subcostal -- T12 posterior Posterior branches of thoracic nerves Lumbar L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 anterior Lumbar plexus Lumbosacral trunk posterior Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves Superior cluneal L1 -- L3 Sacral S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 anterior Sacral plexus posterior Posterior branches of sacral nerves Medial cluneal nerves Coccygeal anterior Coccygeal plexus posterior Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve Nerves of the brachial plexus Supraclavicular root ( dorsal scapular , long thoracic ) upper trunk ( suprascapular , to the subclavius ) Infraclavicular lateral cord lateral pectoral ansa pectoralis musculocutaneous ( lateral cutaneous of forearm ) median / lateral root : anterior interosseous palmar recurrent common palmar digital ( proper palmar digital ) medial cord medial pectoral ansa pectoralis cutaneous : medial cutaneous of forearm medial cutaneous of arm ulnar : muscular palmar dorsal ( dorsal digital nerves ) superficial ( common palmar digital , proper palmar digital ) deep median / medial root : see above posterior cord subscapular ( upper , lower ) thoracodorsal axillary ( superior lateral cutaneous of arm ) radial : muscular cutaneous ( posterior of arm , inferior lateral of arm , posterior of forearm ) superficial ( dorsal digital nerves ) deep ( posterior interosseous ) Other cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brachial_plexus&oldid=825171951 '' Categories : Nerve plexus Nerves of the upper limb Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing more detailed references CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do all nerves in the arm root from | [
"The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by the anterior rami of the lower four cervical nerves and first thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1). This plexus extends from the spinal cord, through the cervicoaxillary canal in the neck, over the first rib, and into the armpit. It supplies afferent and efferent nerve fibers to the chest, shoulder, arm and hand."
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"brachial plexus"
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